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Privacy & Security
Security & Privacy
Protecting Your Personal Information:
The Privacy Information was last updated 8/6/2019.
Our Company
Our postal address is:
blessedflooring.com, Inc.
9630 Clarewood Dr
Suite B-3
Houston TX 77036
Tel: 281-501-8330
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September 2000Volume 18, Number 9
Web-Page PrivacyLlewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr.
For two years, the White House has been haranguing owners of large websites, telling them not to violate their visitors' supposed right to privacy. Now, just on the face of it, this is absurd. The proper way to think about websites is as private property. When you go to a website, you are a visitor on someone else's property; the owner has the right to record what interests you. If you don't like it, you shouldn't visit. It's that simple.
The government's attempt to restrict the right of private sites to collect information on users, then, is nothing short of a violation of private-property rights. It also has the effect of hampering commerce. Websites like you to visit, particularly if you have commercial purposes in mind. If they didn't, they would install password protection or charge for the service. If they do, the site has an incentive not to collect information in a way that is objectionable to you.
All of the issues raised about collecting and using information on the net are easily settled by the free market. For example, Microsoft has come out with software that informs users precisely what kind of information is being gathered as they surf. There may indeed be a demand to know.
At the same time, consumers have an interest in having companies gather information. Amazon.com, for example, tracks your purchases and surfings with the hope of serving you better. When you go to the opening page, the site displays titles that interest you and you alone. This is a fabulous marketing technique, and it benefits buyer and seller.
If you have ever frequented a small bookstore that knows your interests, and saves books for you behind the counter, you know what I mean. Clothing stores also gather information on the sizes and styles preferred by their best customers. This kind of attention to the customer is good business and highly praiseworthy. If a customer were to denounce the proprietor as a violator of privacy for knowing what books he likes, or what sizes he wears, he would rightly be regarded as a lunatic.
"Cookies" are an especially important means for commercial web enterprises to target advertising to customers. Whereas a newspaper ad or a billboard goes out to the general public, the cookies technology allows advertisers to inform the group most interested in the products or services they have to offer. The company called Doubleclick, which has developed much of the software that makes this possible, has been attacked and reviled by opponents of web commerce, but in fact it is on the cutting edge of making the web commercially viable.
There is even a case for general snooping on surfers, in the same way that retail stores use cameras and other means of inventory controls. They need to know what their visitors are doing in order to protect their property from misuse. Again, if the customers don't like being watched, there is an easy solution: don't go there.
The silliest aspect of the government's privacy campaign against web property is that the government is the biggest violator of real privacy rights. The government forces us to fill out census and tax forms that no one would file absent coercion of the state. They use this information to track our whereabouts and loot our income, to bully us with their central plans and social-engineering schemes. It is precisely this form of privacy invasion that ought to concern us, not the attempt by commercial enterprises to serve us better.
So it is not surprising to discover that the federal government has used its own websites doing the same thing. First, it came out that the National Drug Control Policy Office was dropping cookies onto its visitors' hard drives, and using those cookies to track their web use. If you went to the White House site, and then looked at a site that came up from a search for "pot," you would get a little message from the federal government telling you to stop using drugs. It is not only outrageously invasive; the practice violated the federal government's own policy goals for private-sector sites.
It later turned out that the federal government drops cookies from hundreds of its websites, some of which actually have some useful information on them, particularly for those of us interested in tracking official lies. And yet, many of us have wondered what kind of information these people were collecting on us. Surely the government wouldn't use its web presence to track our interests. Think again.
What is the correct policy on web privacy? It's very simple: privacy for the people who want to surf on dot gov sites, and no privacy for the government. There should be no cookies on the feds' websites. They are public property and they should allow unlimited usage and contain every bit of information the public wants to know about the state. On the other hand, private websites should be treated like private property, with the owners having the final say over what kinds of information to collect and use.
There is no contradiction here: the distinction between public and private property is fundamental in a free society. But as usual, the Clinton administration has the truth reversed, trying to prevent private owners from managing their property even as they treat the government as their own private weapon to wield against the rest of us.
Llewellyn H. Rockwell, Jr. (Rockwell@ mises.org) is president of the Mises Institute.

subset: commoncrawl


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Heads up: for the next few hours you can grab PS4 Pro at a lower price of $359.99 (10% off). You can also grab Final Fantasy XV Deluxe Edition (PS4) and regular edition for 10% off as well if you haven't got your order in for that yet. It's raining deals!
You can grab it on Amazon (link)
Or at Target (link) with the promo code TECH


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New Beacon Bible Commentary series to be completed in 2021
The New Beacon Bible Commentary, The Foundry's commentary set written from a uniquely Wesleyan perspective, has announced a completion date of summer 2021.
"With only five commentaries left to publish, we are pleased to announce the complete set will be available next summer," said Bonnie Perry, editorial director at The Foundry Publishing. "This is the finest commentary set in the Wesleyan-Holiness tradition, and we are proud to announce its completion."
Each commentary is authored by notable biblical scholars and is designed for use by pastors, teachers, and Bible students.
The Foundry Publishing offers a membership that allows those who sign up to receive 30 percent off past volumes and new releases in the NBBC series.
Learn more about each title in the series at TheNewBBC.com.


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Li pleads not guilty in Greyhound beheading trial
Believing he was acting on orders from God, Vincent Li attacked a stranger on a Greyhound bus last summer, mutilating his victim before decapitating him and cannibalizing part of the body.
In a clear voice, Li pleaded not guilty Tuesday in Winnipeg to a charge of second-degree murder in the death of 22-year-old Timothy McLean of Winnipeg on a Greyhound bus in Manitoba last July.
The Crown and defence have agreed on a statement of facts read to the court on Tuesday that suggests Li was mentally ill at the time of the slaying.
And forensic psychiatrist Dr. Stanley Yaren gave evidence that Li was diagnosed as schizophrenic and suffering a major psychotic episode — tormented by auditory hallucinations — at the time of the killing.
Yaren, head of Manitoba's forensic psychiatry program, said Li was delusional, believing God had told him to board the bus carrying a concealed knife. Yaren said it appeared Li sat beside McLean only because the young man offered him a friendly greeting.
The psychiatrist testified that according to Li, God told him that McLean was a "force of evil" who was about to stab Li unless he protected himself.
Even after the killing, Li believed McLean had supernatural powers and would come back to life unless he dismembered the body and spread the body parts around the bus. Yaren testified Li was not capable of understanding his actions were wrong.
In the agreed statement of facts, the Crown and defence say that Li, 40, apologized to police when he was arrested and pleaded with officers to kill him. The statement says Li attacked McLean "for no apparent reason" and ignored other horrified passengers as he stabbed the young man.
Court was told Li wrote to his ex-wife before leaving Edmonton aboard the Greyhound.
"I'm gone," he said. "Don't look for me. I wish you were happy."
Crown attorney Joyce Dalmyn said Li got on the bus in Edmonton and disembarked at a rural stop in Manitoba. He stayed there overnight, selling and burning most of his possessions. He was there 24 hours before getting on the bus again.
Victim trapped
After a stop between Brandon and Portage la Prairie, Man., Li moved to sit beside McLean at the back of the bus. McLean was listening to an iPod.
Around midnight, near Portage la Prairie, Li started stabbing McLean.
McLean struggled to escape but, seated at the back of the bus, he had nowhere to go. The driver pulled over and horrified passengers fled for safety.
McLean's body was damaged in more than 100 places, the Crown said, noting the attack was so unrelentingly violent that some of the victim's body parts could not be found.
Court was told Li had no criminal record. He came to Canada as an immigrant from China in 2001, where he also had no criminal past. Li has a computer science degree and became a Canadian citizen in 2005. He moved from Winnipeg to Edmonton in 2006.
Li worked as a caretaker in a church, as a supervisor at a McDonald's restaurant and as a newspaper carrier. But, court heard, he was prone to unexplained absences from work and sometimes took long road trips on the bus while offering friends and family members long, rambling talks.
Despite the urging of those close to him, he refused to seek medical treatment.
RCMP officers said Li's responses were appropriate and polite when he was finally arrested.
Li asked police to kill him
He declined a lawyer at one point, and told the police: "I'm guilty. Please kill me."
The defence is arguing that Li is not criminally responsible for his actions due to mental illness.
The finding means Li could be sent to a provincial psychiatric facility rather than to prison. He would be placed under the authority of a provincial review board, which would judge whether he poses a risk to the public. The review board has the power to keep Li under its authority or, if he is no longer considered a risk, discharge him.
McLean's family has been lobbying for changes to the Criminal Code, pushing for victim-protection legislation they call "Tim's law."
The proposed legislation would prevent a person found not criminally responsible of a crime from being released into the community. It would mean that the most violent, unpredictable people who have committed a crime would face incarceration for life, with no possibility of release.
Tim McLean's mother, Carol deDelley, told CBC News prior to the trial that she does not want to see Li ever released from custody.


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To book an appointment or simply to find out more about any of the therapies available, please either call Mary on the number below or send an email using the following form. If I am unable to take your call please leave your name, number and message and I will call you back as soon as I can.
Treatments Dunfermline:
6, Rose Tay Court Dunfermline ( Monday,Wednesday & Friday)


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Ruby on Rails DeveloperIf you're a rails developer interested in joining a bootstrapped and profitable company that's leading the way in Instagram scraping, this job might be right for you! I'm looking for a developer with 3+ years of Rails experience that has a solid portfolio of work. It's a plus if you have UX/UI experience.
If interested, please send your resume to [email protected]
Please include work samples and why you're interested. I'd love for it to be someone who is already using Vurku regularly or is a Vurku PRO member, but this is not a requirement.


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Weekly Columns
Weekly Column of U.S. Senator Lamar Alexander (R-Tenn.) - Our Lincolnian System of Higher Education
Posted on May 10, 2009
When figuring out what to do about education, Republicans might well ask, "What would Lincoln do?" During the first 16 months of his presidency, Abraham Lincoln helped enact three of the most important and successful pieces of legislation in American history: The Homestead Act; the Morrill Acts, which created land-grant colleges; and the Pacific Railroad Act. What made these laws successful, according to Harvard professor Bill Stuntz in his April 6 article in The Weekly Standard, was that they "did not depend on the complex judgments made by members of congress or government regulators. [They] were meant to confer opportunities, not to solve problems…the necessary elbow grease was supplied by the private citizens whose prospects Lincoln improved." These three laws helped American farmers create the world's most productive farmland, and helped American universities produce the most educated workforce. The transcontinental railroad knitted together this sprawling nation. A later version of this same thinking produced the GI Bill scholarships which followed veterans to the colleges of their choice. Then came Pell grants and students loans, which today follow two out of three students to the college of their choice. Similarly, $31 Billion of federal research money is handed out each year to universities. Almost all of it is peer-reviewed and competitively granted, not parceled out by legislators and regulators. All of this might be called the Lincoln approach to federal government involvement in education: "conferring opportunities." Compare it to the command-and-control model best exemplified by our K-12 system of education. Students don't choose; they are told where to go to school. Government money goes directly to institutions, not to students. Government and unions write rules handcuffing teachers and school leaders. Virtually no teacher is paid more for outstanding teaching. There is yet another approach. No federal involvement at all: leave education to the states or communities. I believe the federal government should be involved in education, but I am for the Lincoln empowering model as opposed to the FDR-era command-and-control model. I believe that 95% of making K-12 education better depends on parents, teachers, and school leaders. While I believe it is virtually impossible for regulators and politicians in Washington to make schools better, I believe it is sometimes possible for Washington to help parents, teachers, school leaders and the communities make schools better. So, then, exactly what should the federal government do to empower parents and to be better parents? • Pell Grants for Kids—Give every middle- and lower-income child $500 to spend after school at any state-approved education program. This would help fund music and art, English, or other catch-up and get-ahead lessons. It would pour billions into poorer school districts, perhaps encouraging public schools to get busy and attract students by offering the after-school lessons themselves. • Home schooling—Never hinder home schooling and look for ways to help. Why punish parents who are doing their job well? • Help adults learn English—There are lines of new Americans outside federally funded programs to help adults learn English. Encouraging our common language is a federal role, and if the parents speak English, the child is more likely to speak it better. To help teachers and school leaders be better, the federal government should support: • Higher standards and data collection—Set by states or groups of states, so teachers, as well as parents, can know what is expected. • Pay good teachers more—Every child benefits from exceptional teaching. Now that we know how to relate student achievement to the skills of a teacher or group of teachers, we should pay teachers for their superior skills. Expand the Teacher's Incentive Fund to help local school districts reward outstanding teaching. As Albert Shanker said, "If you can have master plumbers, why not master teachers?" • Encourage charter schools—Liberating teachers and school leaders to use their own good judgment to help the children assigned to them. • Teach for America—Supply new, raw talent to the classroom and form an alumni corps of support for excellence in public schools. • Summer academies—Expand summer academies for outstanding teachers of U.S. History as well as the sciences. These are inexpensive and enriching. • School leaders—The biggest bang for the buck is training school leaders. Again, expand the Teacher Incentive Program and the New Leaders for New Schools program. Our higher-education system is molded upon Lincolnian principles. It is also the best in the world. Our K-12 system is smothered by commands and controls from governments and unions. It is a source of constant concern. Republicans should create proposals and policies that confer opportunities for parents, teachers, students, school leaders, and researchers—and stay away from programs that create command-and-control orders from politicians and regulators. That is the lesson from our founder, Abraham Lincoln.


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Huskies roll, extend winning streak to 80
Collier hits final 11 shots to finish with 23 points in win over Mocs
HARTFORD >> The game was nearly two minutes old when the ball made its way into the hands of the reliable Napheesa Collier just a few feet from the basket.
The sophomore forward from O'Fallon, Missouri with a field-goal percentage of nearly 60 percent through the first four games then produced a rare miss on a shot around the rim.
Collier would not miss again.
She made her final 11 shots and only free throw to lead No. 2 UConn to an 80-43 victory over Chattanooga on Tuesday before a crowd of 6,090 at the XL Center to extend the second longest winning streak in NCAA Division I women's basketball history to 80 games.
If Collier had made her initial shot, she would have broken Rebecca Lobo's single-game program record for most shots in a game without a miss. At it was, she finished with a game-high 23 points along with four rebounds, four assists, two blocked shots and no turnovers.
"Let me fix it," Collier said was her initial reaction after her early miss. "It is frustrating especially when it is a shot you usually make so I just tried to adjust. I just feel good so I kept taking it in.
"I think everybody should have that mentality that when they get the ball that they are going to score."
Collier certainly has that belief with three 20-point games in the first five games of the season.
"She is unorthodox in a lot of ways," UConn coach Geno Auriemma said. "She is able to create space for herself that a lot of other people can't. When she gets the ball anywhere around the basket, she knows where the basket and she has a knack for (scoring). Some players they got it 10 times and five times she will turn the wrong way. She is going to do exactly what she has to do to get the ball up on the rim and score and that is why her shooting percentage is so high when she touches the ball. She has a great feel and it is not anything we've taught her."
Collier is also developing a tremendous on-court relationship with fellow undersized forward Gabby Williams. Williams had four assists, all of them on Collier baskets.
"I try to give her the ball as much as possible," Williams said. "This game we had a lot of high/low action and to be she is an automatic two points once she gets the ball in that area. She looks really comfortable and I think she is only going to get better."
Katie Lou Samuelson had 19 points, Williams finished with 11 points, 10 rebounds, four assists and four steals while Kia Nurse added 12 points and four assists for UConn (5-0).
The game was not as lopsided as the final score would indicate.
Chattanooga (3-6) was within seven points on three occasions in the second quarter and went into halftime only down by 12.
The Mocs were just 4 of 22 from 3-point range in Sunday's 49-39 loss to Maine but hit five 3-pointers in the first half against the Huskies. It was enough for Auriemma to question his team's toughness and claim he was hoping one of the five ranked teams UConn will play in December knock the Huskies from the undefeated ranks.
The Mocs were aided by the return of junior guard Chelsey Shumpert, who came into the season with 109 career 3-pointers but missed the previous two games with an ankle injury. Shumpert had a pair of 3-pointers in the first half and the other three were by Lakelyn Bouldin.
Chattanooga missed its first 12 3-point attempts in the second half and finished with 12 points in the final two quarters.
UConn played without freshman guard Crystal Dangerfield, who is still dealing with concussion-like symptoms after a collision in last week's win over Dayton. Dangerfield hasn't practiced since that game but according to UConn coach Geno Auriemma, she could be cleared in time for Thursday's game against No. 15 DePaul.
Chattanooga made six of its first 10 shots to take an early 14-11 lead however the Mocs only hit baskets in consecutive possessions only once more for the remainder of the first half.
Williams and Samuelson had four points each as the Huskies ripped off 12 straight points to erase the early advantage by the Mocs.
Queen Alford, Jasmine Joyner, Shumpert and Bouldin all had nine points for Chattanooga.


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A Brief Excursion and Other Stories
Publication Date
January 2000
Page Count
252 pages
Trim Size
5 1/4 x 7 3/4
A Brief Excursion and Other Stories
The novel A Brief Excursion anchors this collection of fiction by one of the most significant postwar Croatian writers. This novel and six stories, including many from Soljan's first book, Traitors, reveal a sensibility both comic and poignant, devoted to questions of identity and solidarity, of how the one and the many conflict and intermingle-issues that were at the center of both political and literary life for Soljan. Whether fixing up a summerhouse on the Istrian coast or confronting prejudice and the past in a tourist town, Soljan's characters are stirred to action by an undefined longing, only to find the stark landscape of self-knowledge and loss.


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Yongle Emperor
|Yongle Emperor
|3rd Emperor of the Ming dynasty
|17 July 1402 – 12 August 1424
|17 July 1402
|Jianwen Emperor
|Hongxi Emperor
|2 May 1360
Yingtian, (present-day Nanjing, then actually controlled by Zhu Yuanzhang's military government) Jiangzhe province, Yuan dynasty
|12 August 1424
(aged 64)
Yumuchuan, Nurgan, Ming dynasty
|19 December 1424
Changling Mausoleum, Ming tombs, Beijing
(m. 1376; died 1407)
|Hongxi Emperor
Zhu Gaoxu
Zhu Gaosui
Princess Yong'an
Princess Yongping
Princess Ancheng
Princess Xianning
Princess Changning
|House of Zhu
|Hongwu Emperor
|Empress Xiaocigao
|Yongle Emperor
"Yongle Emperor" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
|Traditional Chinese
|Simplified Chinese
|Literal meaning
|"Perpetual Happiness"
The Yongle Emperor (pronounced [jʊ̀ŋ.lɤ̂], yong-luh; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424) — personal name Zhu Di (WG: Chu Ti) — was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dynasty. He was originally enfeoffed as the Prince of Yan (燕王) in May 1370,[1] with the capital of his princedom at Beiping (modern Beijing). Amid the continuing struggle against the Mongols of the Northern Yuan dynasty, Zhu Di consolidated his own power and eliminated rivals such as the general Lan Yu. He initially accepted his father's appointment of his eldest brother Zhu Biao and then his nephew Zhu Yunwen as crown prince, but when Zhu Yunwen ascended the throne as the Jianwen Emperor and began executing and demoting his powerful uncles, Zhu Di found pretext for rising in rebellion against his nephew.[1] Assisted in large part by eunuchs mistreated by the Hongwu and Jianwen Emperors, who both favored the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats,[2] Zhu Di survived the initial attacks on his princedom and drove south to launch the Jingnan Campaign against the Jianwen Emperor in Nanjing. In 1402, he successfully overthrew his nephew and occupied the imperial capital, Nanjing, after which he was proclaimed Emperor and adopted the era name Yongle, which means "perpetual happiness".
Eager to establish his own legitimacy, Zhu Di voided the Jianwen Emperor's reign and established a wide-ranging effort to destroy or falsify records concerning his childhood and rebellion.[1] This included a massive purge of the Confucian scholars in Nanjing[1] and grants of extraordinary extralegal authority to the eunuch secret police.[2] One favorite was Zheng He, who employed his authority to launch major voyages of exploration into the South Pacific and Indian Oceans. The difficulties in Nanjing also led the Yongle Emperor to re-establish Beiping (present-day Beijing) as the new imperial capital. He repaired and reopened the Grand Canal and, between 1406 and 1420, directed the construction of the Forbidden City. He was also responsible for the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, considered one of the wonders of the world before its destruction by the Taiping rebels in 1856. As part of his continuing attempt to control the Confucian scholar-bureaucrats, the Yongle Emperor also greatly expanded the imperial examination system in place of his father's use of personal recommendation and appointment. These scholars completed the monumental Yongle Encyclopedia during his reign.
The Yongle Emperor died while personally leading a military campaign against the Mongols. He was buried in the Changling Tomb, the central and largest mausoleum of the Ming tombs located north of Beijing.
Youth [ edit ]
The Yongle Emperor was born Zhu Di (朱棣) on 2 May 1360, the fourth son of the new leader of the central Red Turbans, Zhu Yuanzhang. Zhu Yuanzhang would later rise to become the Hongwu Emperor, the first emperor of the Ming dynasty. According to surviving Ming historical records, Zhu Di's mother was the Hongwu Emperor's primary consort, Empress Ma, the view Zhu Di himself maintained. Some contemporaries maintained, however, that Zhu Di's mother was one of his father's concubines, who might be of Korean origin,[1][3] and that the official records were changed during his reign to list him as a son of the Empress Ma in order to sanction his succession on the "death" of the Jianwen Emperor.
The Mongols circulated a legend found in Altan Tobchi that the Yongle Emperor was the son of a Mongol empress who was pregnant with a Mongol child and captured after the Ming took over Beijing, and that she prayed that her pregnancy would be extended miraculously so the Hongwu Emperor would not suspect the child wasn't his, and that her pregnancy was extended by a miracle to 13 months instead of 9 months. This legend is disproven by the fact that it was only in 1368 when Beijing was captured and entered by the Hongwu Emperor's army while 2 May 1360 was the birthdate of the Yongle Emperor (Zhu Di) which was much earlier than the capture of Beijing.[4][5] The Ming circulated a similar story regarding Yuan Emperor Huizong's paternity with Chinese Emperor Gong of Song. According to the Ming story Emperor Gong of Song had an affair with Yuan Empress Mailaiti, a descendant of Arslan Khan of the Karluks, a wife of Yuan Emperor Mingzong. Zhao Xian allegedly fathered Yuan Emperor Huizong with Mailaiti.[6]
Zhu Di grew up as a prince in a loving, caring environment.[citation needed] His father supplied nothing but the best education[citation needed] and, trusting them alone, reestablished the old feudal principalities for his many sons. Zhu Di was created Prince of Yan, a location important for being both the former capital of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty and the frontline of battle against Northern Yuan dynasty, a successor state to the Yuan dynasty. When Zhu Di moved to Beiping, the former Khanbaliq of Yuan, he found a city that had been devastated by famine and disease, but he worked with his father's general Xu Da – who was also his own father-in-law – to continue the pacification of the region. The official Ming histories portray a Zhu Di who impressed his father with his energy, daring, and leadership amid numerous successes; nonetheless, the Ming dynasty suffered numerous reverses during his tenure and the great victory at Buir Lake was won not by Zhu Di but by his brother's partisan Lan Yu. Similarly, when the Hongwu Emperor sent large forces to the north, they were not placed under Zhu Di's command.
Rise to power [ edit ]
The Hongwu Emperor was long-lived and survived his first heir, Zhu Biao, the Crown Prince. He worried about his succession and issued a series of dynastic instructions for his family, the Huang Ming Zu Xun. These instructions made it clear that the rule would pass only to children from the Emperor's primary consort, excluding the Prince of Yan in favour of Zhu Yunwen, Zhu Biao's son.[1] When the Hongwu Emperor died on 24 June 1398, Zhu Yunwen succeeded his grandfather as the Jianwen Emperor. In direct violation of the dynastic instructions, the Prince of Yan attempted to mourn his father in Nanjing, bringing a large armed guard with him. The imperial army was able to block him at Huai'an and, given that three of his sons were serving as hostages in the capital, the prince withdrew in disgrace.[1]
The Jianwen Emperor's harsh campaign against his weaker uncles (dubbed 削蕃, lit. "Weakening the Marcher Lords") made accommodation much more difficult, however: Zhu Di's full brother, Zhu Su (朱橚), was arrested and exiled to Yunnan; the Prince of Dai Zhu Gui (朱桂) was reduced to a commoner; the Prince of Xiang Zhu Bai (朱柏) committed suicide under duress; the Princes of Qi and Min, Zhu Fu (朱榑) and Zhu Pian (朱楩) respectively, were demoted all within the later half of 1398 and the first half of 1399. Faced with certain hostility, Zhu Di pretended to fall ill and then "went mad" for a number of months before achieving his aim of freeing his sons from captivity to visit him in the north in June 1399. On 5 August, Zhu Di declared that the Jianwen Emperor had fallen victim to "evil counselors" (奸臣) and that the Hongwu Emperor's dynastic instructions obliged him to rise in arms to remove them, a conflict known as the Jingnan Campaign.[1]
In the first year, Zhu Di survived the initial assaults by superior forces under Geng Bingwen (耿炳文) and Li Jinglong (李景龍) thanks to superior tactics and capable Mongol auxiliaries. He also issued numerous justifications for his rebellion, including questionable claims to have been the son of Empress Ma and bold-faced lies that his father had attempted to name him as the rightful heir, only to be thwarted by bureaucrats scheming to empower Zhu Biao's son. Whether because of this propaganda or for personal motives, Zhu Di began to receive a steady stream of turncoat eunuchs and generals who provided him with invaluable intelligence allowing a hit-and-run campaign against the imperial supply depots along the Grand Canal. By 1402, he knew enough to be able to avoid the main hosts of the imperial army while sacking Xuzhou, Suzhou, and Yangzhou. The betrayal of Chen Xuan gave him the imperial army's Yangtze River fleet; the betrayal of Li Jinglong and the prince's half-brother Zhu Hui (朱橞) opened the gates of Nanjing on 13 July. Amid the disorder, the imperial palace quickly caught fire: Zhu Di enabled his own succession by claiming three bodies – charred beyond recognition – as the Jianwen emperor, his consort, and their son but rumours circulated for decades that the Jianwen Emperor had escaped in disguise as a Buddhist monk.[1][7][8]
Having captured the capital, Zhu Di now left aside his former arguments about rescuing his nephew from evil counsel and voided the Jianwen Emperor's entire reign, taking 1402 as the 35th year of the Hongwu era.[1] His own brother Zhu Biao, whom the Jianwen Emperor had posthumously elevated to emperor, was now posthumously demoted; Zhu Biao's surviving two sons were demoted to commoners and placed under house arrest; and the Jianwen Emperor's surviving younger son was imprisoned and hidden for the next 55 years. After a brief show of humility where he repeatedly refused offers to take the throne, Zhu Di accepted and proclaimed that the next year would be the first year of the Yongle era. On 17 July 1402, after a brief visit to his father's tomb, Zhu Di was crowned[clarification needed] emperor of the Ming Empire at the age of 42. He would spend most of his early years suppressing rumours and outlaws.
Becoming the emperor [ edit ]
With many scholar-bureaucrats in Nanjing refusing to recognise the legitimacy of his claim to the throne, the Yongle Emperor began a thorough purge of them and their families, including women and children. Other supporters of the Jianwen Emperor's regime were extirpated throughout the country, while a reign of terror was seen due to eunuchs settling scores with the two prior administrations.[2]
Chinese law had long allowed for the execution of families along with principals: The Classic of History records insubordinate officers being threatened with it as far back as the Shang dynasty. The Hongwu Emperor had fully restored the practice, punishing rebels and traitors with death by a thousand cuts as well as the death of their grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts, siblings by birth or by bond, children, nephews and nieces, grandchildren, and all cohabitants of whatever family,[9][10] although children were sometimes spared and women were sometimes permitted to choose slavery instead. Four of the purged scholars became known as the Four Martyrs, the most famous of whom was Fang Xiaoru, the former tutor to the Jianwen Emperor: threatened with execution of all nine degrees of his kinship, he fatuously replied "Never mind nine! Go with ten!" and – alone in Chinese history – he was sentenced to execution of 10 degrees of kinship: along with his entire family, every former student or peer of Fang Xiaoru that the Yongle Emperor's agents could find was also killed. It was said that as he died, cut in half at the waist, Fang used his own blood to write the character 篡 ("usurper") on the floor and that 872 other people were executed in the ordeal.
The Yongle Emperor followed traditional rituals closely and held many popular beliefs. He did not overindulge in the luxuries of palace life, but still used Buddhism and Buddhist festivals to help calm civil unrest. He stopped the warring between the various Chinese tribes and reorganised the provinces to best provide peace within the Ming Empire. The Yongle Emperor was said to be an "ardent Buddhist" by Ernst Faber.[11]
Due to the stress and overwhelming amount of thinking involved in running a post-rebellion empire, the Yongle Emperor searched for scholars to serve in his government. He had many of the best scholars chosen as candidates and took great care in choosing them, even creating terms by which he hired people. He was also concerned about the degeneration of Buddhism in China.
Reign [ edit ]
Relations with Tibet [ edit ]
Tibetan Buddhism was patronised by Yongle.[12][13]
In 1403, the Yongle Emperor sent messages, gifts, and envoys to Tibet inviting Deshin Shekpa, the fifth Gyalwa Karmapa of the Kagyu school of Tibetan Buddhism, to visit the imperial capital – apparently after having a vision of the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. After a long journey, Deshin Shekpa arrived in Nanjing on 10 April 1407 riding on an elephant towards the imperial palace, where tens of thousands of monks greeted him.
Deshin Shekpa convinced the Yongle Emperor that there were different religions for different people, which does not mean that one is better than the others. The Karmapa was very well received during his visit and a number of miraculous occurrences were reported. He also performed ceremonies for the imperial family. The emperor presented him with 700 measures of silver objects and bestowed the title of 'Precious Religious King, Great Loving One of the West, Mighty Buddha of Peace'.[14]
Aside from the religious matter, the Yongle Emperor wished to establish an alliance with the Karmapa similar to the one the 13th- and 14th-century Yuan khans had established with the Sakyapa.[15] He apparently offered to send armies to unify Tibet under the Karmapa but Deshin Shekpa demurred, as parts of Tibet were still firmly controlled by partisans of the former Yuan dynasty.[16]
Deshin Shekpa left Nanjing on 17 May 1408.[17] In 1410, he returned to Tsurphu where he had his monastery rebuilt following severe damage from an earthquake.
Selecting an heir [ edit ]
When it was time for him to choose an heir, the Yongle Emperor wanted to choose his second son, Zhu Gaoxu. Zhu Gaoxu had an athletic-warrior personality which contrasted sharply with his elder brother's intellectual and humanitarian nature. Despite much counsel from his advisers, the Yongle Emperor chose his older son, Zhu Gaozhi (the future Hongxi Emperor), as his heir apparent mainly due to advice from Xie Jin. As a result, Zhu Gaoxu became infuriated and refused to give up jockeying for his father's favour and refusing to move to Yunnan Province, where his princedom was located. He even went so far as to undermine Xie Jin's counsel and eventually killed him.
National economy and construction projects [ edit ]
After the Yongle Emperor's overthrow of the Jianwen Emperor, China's countryside was devastated. The fragile new economy had to deal with low production and depopulation. The Yongle Emperor laid out a long and extensive plan to strengthen and stabilise the new economy, but first he had to silence dissension. He created an elaborate system of censors to remove corrupt officials from office that spread such rumors. The emperor dispatched some of his most trusted officers to reveal or destroy secret societies, bandits, and loyalists to his other relatives. To strengthen the economy, he fought population decline, using the most he could from the existing labour force, and maximising textile and agricultural production.
The Yongle Emperor also worked to reclaim production rich regions such as the Lower Yangtze Delta and called for a massive reconstruction of the Grand Canal. During his reign, the Grand Canal was almost completely rebuilt and was eventually moving imported goods from all over the world. The Yongle Emperor's short-term goal was to revitalise northern urban centres, especially his new capital at Beijing. Before the Grand Canal was rebuilt, grain was transferred to Beijing in two ways; one route was simply via the East China Sea, from the port of Liujiagang (near Suzhou); the other was a far more laborious process of transferring the grain from large to small shallow barges (after passing the Huai River and having to cross southwestern Shandong), then transferred back to large river barges on the Yellow River before finally reaching Beijing.[18] With the necessary tribute grain shipments of four million shi (one shi equal to 107 liters) to the north each year, both processes became incredibly inefficient.[18] It was a magistrate of Jining, Shandong who sent a memorandum to the Yongle Emperor protesting the current method of grain shipment, a request that the emperor ultimately granted.[19]
The Yongle Emperor ambitiously planned to move his capital to Beijing. According to a popular legend, the capital was moved when the emperor's advisers brought the emperor to the hills surrounding Nanjing and pointed out the emperor's palace showing the vulnerability of the palace to artillery attack.
The emperor planned to build a massive network of structures in Beijing in which government offices, officials, and the imperial family resided. After a painfully long construction time (1407–1420), the Forbidden City was finally completed and became the imperial capital for the next 500 years.
The Yongle Emperor finalised the architectural ensemble of his father's Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing by erecting a monumental "Square Pavilion" (Sifangcheng) with an eight-metre-tall tortoise-borne stele, extolling the merits and virtues of the Hongwu Emperor. In fact, the Yongle Emperor's original idea for the memorial was to erect an unprecedented stele 73 metres tall. However, due to the impossibility of moving or erecting the giant parts of that monuments, they have been left unfinished in Yangshan Quarry, where they remain to this day.[20]
Even though the Hongwu Emperor may have meant for his descendants to be buried near his own Xiaoling Mausoleum (this was how the Hongwu Emperor's heir apparent, Zhu Biao was buried), the Yongle Emperor's relocation of the capital to Beijing necessitated the creation of a new imperial burial ground. On the advice of fengshui experts, the Yongle Emperor chose a site north of Beijing, where he and his successors were to be buried. Over the next two centuries, thirteen emperors in total were laid to rest in the Ming Tombs.
Religion and philosophy [ edit ]
The Yongle Emperor sponsored and created many cultural traditions. He promoted Confucianism and kept traditional ritual ceremonies with a rich cultural theme. His respect for classical culture was apparent. He commissioned his Grand Secretary, Xie Jin, to write a compilation of every subject and every known book of the Chinese. The massive project's goal was to preserve Chinese culture and literature in writing. The initial copy took 17 months to transcribe and another copy was transcribed in 1557. The book, named the Yongle Encyclopedia, is still considered one of the most marvellous human achievements in history, despite it being gradually lost by time.
The Yongle Emperor's tolerance of Chinese ideas that did not agree with his own philosophies was well known. He treated Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism equally (though he favoured Confucianism). Strict Confucianists considered him hypocritical, but his even-handed approach helped him win the support of the people and unify China. His love for Chinese culture sparked a sincere hatred for Mongol culture. He considered it rotten and forbade the use of popular Mongol names, habits, language, and clothing. Great lengths were taken by the Yongle Emperor to eradicate Mongol culture from China.[citation needed]
The Yongle Emperor called for the construction and repair of Islamic mosques during his reign. Two mosques were built by him, one in Nanjing and the other in Xi'an and they still stand today. Repairs were encouraged and the mosques were not allowed to be converted to any other use.[21][22]
Military campaigns [ edit ]
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Wars against the Mongols [ edit ]
Mongol invaders were still causing many problems for the Ming Empire. The Yongle Emperor prepared to eliminate this threat. He mounted five military expeditions into the Mongol steppes and crushed the remnants of the Yuan dynasty that had fled north after being defeated by the Hongwu Emperor. He repaired the northern defences and forged buffer alliances to keep the Mongols at bay in order to build an army. His strategy was to force the Mongols into economic dependence on the Chinese and to launch periodic initiatives into Mongolia to cripple their offensive power. He attempted to compel Mongolia to become a Chinese tributary, with all the tribes submitting and proclaiming themselves vassals of the Ming Empire, and wanted to contain and isolate the Mongols. Through fighting, the Yongle Emperor learned to appreciate the importance of cavalry in battle and eventually began spending much of his resources to keep horses in good supply. The emperor spent his entire life fighting the Mongols. Failures and successes came and went, but after the emperor's second personal campaign against the Mongols, the Ming Empire was at peace for over seven years.
Tang Taizong was cited by Yongle as his model for being familiar with both China and the steppe people.[23]
The "Heavenly Qaghan" Tang Emperor Taizong was imitated by Yongle as was the Tang's multi-ethnic nature.[24]
Conquest of Vietnam [ edit ]
Vietnam was a significant source of difficulties during the Yongle Emperor's reign. In 1406, the emperor responded to several formal petitions from members of the Trần dynasty, however on arrival to Vietnam, both the Trần prince and the accompanying Chinese ambassador were ambushed and killed. In response to this insult, the Yongle Emperor sent two armies led by Zhang Fu and Mu Sheng to conquer Vietnam. As the Trần royal family were all executed,[25]:112–113 Vietnam was integrated as a province of China, just as it had been up until 939. With the Ho monarch defeated in 1407, the Chinese began a serious and sustained effort to sinicise the population. Various ancient sites such as pagoda Bao Minh were looted and destroyed. On 2 December 1407, the Yongle Emperor gave orders to Zhang Fu that innocent Vietnamese were not to be harmed, ordering family members of rebels to be spared such as young males if they themselves were not involved in rebellion.[26] In early 1418, Lê Lợi, who founded the Lê dynasty, started a major rebellion against Ming rule. By the time the Yongle Emperor died in 1424, the Vietnamese rebels under Lê Lợi's leadership had captured nearly the entire province. By 1427, the Xuande Emperor gave up the effort started by his grandfather and formally acknowledged Vietnam's independence on condition they accept vassal status.
Diplomatic missions and exploration of the world [ edit ]
As part of his desire to expand Chinese influence throughout the known world, the Yongle Emperor sponsored the massive and long term treasure voyages led by admiral Zheng He. While Chinese ships continued travelling to Japan, Ryukyu, and many locations in Southeast Asia before and after the Yongle Emperor's reign, Zheng He's expeditions were China's only major sea-going explorations of the world (although the Chinese may have been sailing to Arabia, East Africa, and Egypt since the Tang dynasty[28] or earlier). The first expedition was launched in 1405 (18 years before Henry the Navigator began Portugal's voyages of discovery). The expeditions were under the command of Zheng He and his associates (Wang Jinghong, Hong Bao, etc.). Seven expeditions were launched between 1405 and 1433, reaching major trade centres of Asia (as far as Tenavarai (Dondra Head), Hormuz and Aden) and northeastern Africa (Malindi). Some of the ships used were apparently the largest sail-powered wooden ships in human history.[29]
The Chinese expeditions were a remarkable technical and logistical achievement. The Yongle Emperor's successors, the Hongxi and Xuande Emperors, felt that the costly expeditions were harmful to the Ming Empire. The Hongxi Emperor ended further expeditions and the descendants of the Xuande Emperor suppressed much of the information about Zheng He's treasure voyages.
On 30 January 1406, the Yongle Emperor expressed horror when the Ryukyuans castrated some of their own children to become eunuchs to serve in the Ming imperial palace. The emperor said that the boys who were castrated were innocent and did not deserve castration, and he returned the boys to Ryukyu and instructed them not to send eunuchs again.[30]
In 1411, a smaller fleet, built in Jilin and commanded by another eunuch Yishiha, who was a Jurchen, sailed down the Sungari and Amur Rivers. The expedition established a Nurgan Regional Military Commission in the region, headquartered at the place the Chinese called Telin (特林; now the village of Tyr, Russia). The local Nivkh or Tungusic chiefs were granted ranks in the imperial administration. Yishiha's expeditions returned to the lower Amur several more times during the reigns of the Yongle and Xuande Emperors, the last one visiting the region in the 1430s.[31][32][33]
After the death of Timur, who intended to invade China, relations between the Ming Empire and Shakhrukh's state in Persia and Transoxania state considerably improved, and the states exchanged large official delegations on a number of occasions. Both the Ming Empire's envoy to Samarkand and Herat, Chen Cheng, and his counterpart, Ghiyasu'd-Din Naqqah, recorded detailed accounts of their visits to each other's states.
One of the Yongle Emperor's consorts was a Jurchen princess, which resulted in many of the eunuchs serving him being of Jurchen origin, notably Yishiha.[34][35]
The Yongle Emperor instituted a Ming governor on Luzon during Zheng He's voyages and appointed Ko-ch'a-lao (許柴佬; Xu Chailao) to that position in 1405.[36][37] China also had vassals among the leaders in the archipelago.[38][39] China attained ascendancy in trade with the area in the Yongle Emperor's reign.[40] The local rulers on Luzon were "confirmed" by the governor or "high officer" appointed by the Yongle Emperor.[41]
States in Luzon,[42][43] Sulu (under King Paduka Pahala),[41][44] Sumatra,[45] and Brunei[46][47] all established diplomatic relations with the Ming Empire and exchanged envoys and sent tribute to the Yongle Emperor.
The Yongle Emperor exchanged ambassadors with Shahrukh Mirza, sending Chen Cheng to Samarkand and Herat, and Shahrukh sent Ghiyāth al-dīn Naqqāsh to Beijing.
Death [ edit ]
On 1 April 1424, the Yongle Emperor launched a large campaign into the Gobi Desert to chase an army of fleeing Oirats. Frustrated at his inability to catch up with his swift opponents, Yongle fell into a deep depression and then into illness, possibly owing to a series of minor strokes.[citation needed] On 12 August 1424, the Yongle Emperor died. He was entombed in Changling (長陵), a location northwest of Beijing.
Legacy [ edit ]
Many[who?] have seen the Yongle Emperor as in a lifelong pursuit of power, prestige, and glory. He respected and worked hard to preserve Chinese culture by designing monuments such as the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, while undermining and expelling from Chinese society people from foreign cultures. He deeply admired and wished to save his father's accomplishments[citation needed] and spent a lot of time proving his claim to the throne. His reign was a mixed blessing for the Chinese populace. The Yongle Emperor's economic, educational, and military reforms provided unprecedented benefits for the people[citation needed], but his despotic style of government set up a spy agency. Despite these negatives, he is considered[who?] an architect and keeper of Chinese culture, history, and statecraft and an influential ruler in Chinese history.
He is remembered very much for his cruelty, just like his father. He killed most of the Jianwen Emperor's palace servants, tortured many of his nephew's loyalists to death, killed or by other means badly treated their relatives.[48][49][50][51] He ordered 2,800 concubines, servant girls and eunuchs who guarded them to death as the Yongle Emperor tried to suppress a sex scandal which threatened to humiliate him.[52][better source needed] His successor freed most of the survivors.
Family [ edit ]
- Parents:
- Zhu Yuanzhang, the Hongwu Emperor (高皇帝 朱元璋; 21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398)
- Empress Xiaocigao, of the Ma clan (孝慈高皇后 馬氏; 1332–1382), personal name Xiuying (秀英)
- Consorts and Issue:
- Empress Renxiaowen, of the Xu clan (仁孝文皇后 徐氏; 1362–1407), personal name Yihua (儀華)
- Princess Yong'an (永安公主; 1377–1417), personal name Yuying (玉英), first daughter
- Married Yuan Rong, Marquis Guangping (袁容) in 1395, and had issue (one son, three daughters)
- Zhu Gaochi, the Hongxi Emperor (仁宗 朱高熾; 16 August 1378 – 29 May 1425), first son
- Princess Yongping (永平公主; 1379 – 22 April 1444), second daughter
- Married Li Rang, Marquis Fuyang (李讓) in 1395, and had issue (one son)
- Zhu Gaoxu, Prince of Han (漢王 朱高煦; 30 December 1380 – 6 October 1426), second son
- Zhu Gaosui, Prince Jian of Zhao (趙簡王 朱高燧; 19 January 1383 – 5 October 1431), third son
- Princess Ancheng (安成公主; 1384 – 16 September 1443), third daughter
- Married Song Hu, Marquis Xining (宋琥) in 1402, and had issue (one son)
- Princess Xianning (咸寧公主; 1385 – 27 July 1440), fourth daughter
- Married Song Ying, Marquis Xining (宋瑛; d. 1449) in 1403, and had issue (one son)
- Princess Yong'an (永安公主; 1377–1417), personal name Yuying (玉英), first daughter
- Noble Consort Zhaoyi, of the Zhang clan (昭懿貴妃 張氏)
- Noble Consort Zhaoxian, of the Wang clan (昭獻貴妃 王氏; d. 1420)
- Consort Huang
- Consort Kangmuhui, of the Wu clan (康穆惠妃 吳氏)
- Zhu Gaoxi (朱高爔; 18 January 1392 – January/February 1392), fourth son
- Consort Gongxianxian, of the Kwon clan of Andong (恭獻賢妃 安東權氏; 1391–1410)
- Consort Kangjinghui, of the Choi clan (康靖惠妃 崔氏; 1395–1424)
- Consort Kanghuili, of the Han clan of Cheongju (康惠麗妃 清州韓氏; d. 12 August 1424)
- Consort Zhaoshunde, of the Liu clan (昭順德妃 劉氏)
- Consort Kangyishun, of the Li clan (康懿順妃 李氏)
- Consort Huimushun, of the Guo clan (惠穆順妃 郭氏)
- Consort Zhenjingshun, of the Zhang clan (貞靜順妃 張氏)
- Consort Zhongjingxian, of the Yu clan (忠敬賢妃 喻氏; d. 1421)
- Consort Gongshunli, of the Chen clan (恭順麗妃 陳氏)
- Consort Duanjingshu, of the Yang clan (端靜淑妃 楊氏)
- Consort Gonghexian, of the Wang clan (恭和賢妃 王氏)
- Consort Zhaosuxian, of the Wang clan (昭肅賢妃 王氏)
- Consort Zhaohuishun, of the Wang clan (昭惠順妃 王氏)
- Consort Huimushun, of the Qian clan (惠穆順妃 錢氏)
- Consort Anshunhui, of the Long clan (安順惠妃 龍氏)
- Unknown
- Princess Changning (常寧公主; 1387 – 5 April 1408), fifth daughter
- Married Mu Xin (沐昕; 1386–1453), the fourth son of Mu Ying, on 20 June 1403, and had issue (one son)
- Princess Changning (常寧公主; 1387 – 5 April 1408), fifth daughter
- Empress Renxiaowen, of the Xu clan (仁孝文皇后 徐氏; 1362–1407), personal name Yihua (儀華)
See also [ edit ]
References [ edit ]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Chan Hok-lam. "Legitimating Usurpation: Historical Revisions under the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424)". The Legitimation of New Orders: Case Studies in World History. Chinese University Press, 2007. ISBN 9789629962395. Accessed 12 Oct 2012.
- ^ a b c Crawford, Robert B. "Eunuch Power in the Ming Dynasty". T'oung Pao, 2d Series, Vol. 49, Livr. 3 (1961), pp. 115–148. Accessed 9 Oct 2012.
- ^ Levathes, Louise. When China Ruled The Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433, p. 59. Oxford Univ. Press (New York), 1994.
- ^ Louise Levathes (1994). When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405–1433. Simon & Schuster. p. 213. ISBN 978-0-671-70158-1.
- ^ Louise Levathes (2 December 2014). When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433. Open Road Distribution. ISBN 978-1-5040-0736-8.
- ^ 《庚申外史》
- ^ Lü Bi (吕毖). A Short History of the Ming Dynasty (《明朝小史》), Vol. 3. (in Chinese)
- ^ Gu Yingtai (谷應泰). Major Events in Ming History (《明史紀事本末》), Vol. 16. (in Chinese)
- ^ Chinamonitor.org. "Examination of China's Death Penalty: Torture from the Time of the Ming" (《中国死刑观察--明初酷刑》). (in Chinese)
- ^ Ni Zhengmao (倪正茂). An Exploration of Comparative Law (比较法学探析). China Legal Publishing (中国法制出版社), 2006.
- ^ Ernst Faber (1902). Chronological handbook of the history of China: a manuscript left by the late Rev. Ernst Faber. Pub. by the General Evangelical Protestant missionary society of Germany. p. 196. Retrieved 2011-06-06.
- ^ http://www.history.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/readings/robinson_culture_courtiers_ch.8.pdf
- ^ https://www.sav.sk/journals/uploads/040214374_Slobodn%C3%ADk.pdf p 166.
- ^ Brown, 34.
- ^ Sperling, 283–284.
- ^ Brown, 33–34.
- ^ Sperling, 284.
- ^ a b Brook, 46–47.
- ^ Brook, 47.
- ^ Yang, Xinhua (杨新华); Lu, Haiming (卢海鸣) (2001), 南京明清建筑 (Ming and Qing architecture of Nanjing), 南京大学出版社 (Nanjing University Press), pp. 595–599, 616–617, ISBN 7-305-03669-2
- ^ China archaeology and art digest, Volume 3, Issue 4. Art Text (HK) Ltd. 2000. p. 29. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Dru C. Gladney (1996). Muslim Chinese: ethnic nationalism in the People's Republic. Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 269. ISBN 0-674-59497-5. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Robinson, David M., Delimiting the Realm under the Ming Dynasty (PDF), p. 22
- ^ http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/journal/articles/v60p299.pdf p. 304.
- ^ Maspero, G., 2002, The Champa Kingdom, Bangkok: White Lotus Co., Ltd., ISBN 9747534991
- ^ "Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource". Geoff Wade, translator. Singapore: Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore. p. 1014. Retrieved July 6, 2014. CS1 maint: others (link)
- ^ Duyvendak, J.J.L. (1939), "The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century The True Dates of the Chinese Maritime Expeditions in the Early Fifteenth Century", T'oung Pao, Second Series, 34 (5): 402, JSTOR 4527170
- ^ Based on descriptions of the coast from 860. Ronan, Colin; Needham, Joseph (1986), The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, 3, p. 133
- ^ National Geographic, May 2004
Wade, Geoff (July 1, 2007). "Ryukyu in the Ming Reign Annals 1380s–1580s" (PDF). Working Paper Series (93). Asia Research Institute National University of Singapore: 75. SSRN 1317152. Retrieved 6 July 2014.
Cite journal requires
- ^ L. Carrington Godrich, Chaoying Fang (editors), "Dictionary of Ming Biography, 1368–1644". Volume I (A-L). Columbia University Press, 1976. ISBN 0-231-03801-1. (Article on Ishiha, pp. 685–686)
- ^ Tsai (2002), pp. 158–159.
Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
While Hai Tong and Hou Xian were busy courting the Mongols and Tibetans, a Ming eunuch of Manchurian stock, Yishiha, also quietly carried the guidon in the exploration of Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. In 1375, the Ming dynasty established the Liaodong Regional Military Commission at Liaoyang, using twenty-five guards (each guard consisted of roughly 5,600 soldiers) to control Southern Manchuria. In 1409, six years after the Yongle Emperor ascended the throne, he launched three campaigns to shore up Ming influence in the lower Amur River valley. The upshot was the establishment of the Nuerkan Regional Military Commission with several battalions (1,120 soldiers theoretically made up a battalion) deployed along the Songari, Ussuri, Khor, Urmi, Muling and Nen Rivers. The Nuerkan Commission, which parallelled that of the Liaodong Commission, was a special frontier administrations; therefore the Ming government permitted its commanding officers to transmit their offices to their sons and grandsons without any dimunition in rank. In the meantime, The Ming court periodically sent special envoys and inspectors to the region, making sure that the chiefs of various tribes remained loyal to the Ming emperor. But the one enboy who was most active and played the most significant role in the region was the eunuch Yishiha.
- ^ Taisuke Mitamura (1970). Chinese eunuchs: the structure of intimate politics. C.E. Tuttle Co. p. 54. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). The eunuchs in the Ming dynasty (illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-7914-2687-4. Retrieved 2012-03-02.
Yishiha belonged to the Haixi tribe of the Jurchen race. The Ming shi provides no background information on this Manchurian castrato except that Yishiha worked under two powerful early Ming eunuchs, Wang Zhen, and Cao Jixiang. It is also likely that Yishiha gained prominence by enduring the hard knocks of court politics and serving imperial concubines of Manchurian origin, as the Yongle Emperor kept Jurchen women in his harem. At any rate, in the spring of 1411, the Yongle Emperor commissioned Yishiha to vie for the heart and soul of the peoples in Northern Manchuria and Eastern Siberia. Yishiha led a party of more than 1,000 officers and soldiers who boarded twenty-five ships and sailed along the Amur River for several days before reaching the Nuerkan Command post. Nuerkan was located on the east bank of the Amur River, approximately 300 li from the river's entrance and 250 li form the present-day Russian town of Nikolayevka. Yishiha's immediate assignment was to confer titles on tribal chiefs, giving them seals and uniforms. He also actively sought new recruits to fill out the official ranks for the Regional Commission.17
- ^ Ho 2009, p. 33.
- ^ Karnow 2010,
- ^ Yust 1949, p. 75.
- ^ Yust 1954, p. 75.
- ^ "Philippine Almanac & Handbook of Facts" 1977, p. 59.
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- ^ Finlay, Robert (2010). The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History. Volume 11 of California World History Library (illustrated ed.). University of California Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0520945388. Retrieved 24 April 2014. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^ Reid, Anthony; Alilunas-Rodgers, Kristine, eds. (1996). Sojourners and Settlers: Histories of Southeast China and the Chinese. Contributor Kristine Alilunas-Rodgers (illustrated, reprint ed.). University of Hawaii Press. p. 26. ISBN 0824824466. Retrieved 24 April 2014. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^ Reid, Anthony (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680: Expansion and crisis, Volume 2. Volume 2 of Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce, 1450-1680 (illustrated ed.). Yale University Press. p. 206. ISBN 0300054122. Retrieved 24 April 2014. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^ Wink, André (2004). Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries. Volume 3 of Al-Hind Series. BRILL. p. 238. ISBN 9004135618. Retrieved 24 April 2014. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- ^ Bo Yang, 中國人史綱, ch.28
- ^ 宋端儀, 立齋閑錄, vol.2
- ^ 陸人龍, 型世言, ch.1
- ^ 建文帝出亡宁德之谜揭秘八:建文帝出亡闽东金邶寺
- ^ "Forbidden scandal in China". Travel Weekly. 22 October 2012.
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Further reading [ edit ]
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
- Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry, Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle, University of Washington Press, 2002. ISBN 0-295-98124-5. Partial text on Google Books.
- Louise Levathes, When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433, Oxford University Press, 1997, trade paperback, ISBN 0-19-511207-5
- 《明實錄太宗實錄》 in the Veritable Records of the Ming
Yongle EmperorBorn: 2 May 1360 Died: 12 August 1424
|Chinese royalty
|New creation
|Prince of Yan
|Merged into the Crown
|Regnal titles
|Preceded by
Jianwen Emperor
|Emperor of the Ming dynasty
Emperor of China
|Succeeded by
Hongxi Emperor


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Lemon has today launched its another entry-level and super-economical Lemon Duo 401 Phone which boasts of Dual-SIM (GSM+GSM) support with dual SIM standby and features large 2.6-inch color display and comes with several pre-installed JAVA apps and Opera Mini browser for enhanced browsing.
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Indian strawberry (Duchesnea indica) is a weed that grows in damp ground and is especially pervasive. The plant spreads easily, chokes out other plants and is considered a noxious weed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The fruit looks like a strawberry, but it is tasteless and has a bright yellow flower. Because the weed can drain nutrients from other plants, it is important to kill it as soon as you notice it in your garden or lawn.
Grasp the Indian strawberry by its main stalk. The main stalk is the largest and thickest part of the Indian strawberry plant. Gently rock the stalk back and forth to loosen it from the soil.
Pull the stalk out of the dirt. Pull slowly to remove as many of the roots as you can. Indian strawberry plants have a large series of runner roots, and it is impossible to remove all of them. Removing as many of them as possible will, however, produce a more thorough result.
Reach into the hole where the Indian strawberry plant was and grasp the shoot runner. Pull the shoot runners. Continue pulling as many as you can find. If the weed is very developed, there will dozens of shoot runners.
Spray herbicide containing triclopyr and clopyralid directly onto the area where the Indian strawberry was growing. This will hinder some of the growth but the weed will likely grow back.
Respray the area as soon as you notice new growth. Continue pulling the weeds and runners when you notice them.
Things Needed
- Gardening gloves
- Herbicide containing triclopyr and clopyralid
- Don't hoe the area to remove the Indian strawberry. This will cut up the runners, allowing them to propagate and spread throughout your garden and lawn.
- Prevent Indian strawberry from growing in the first place by ensuring that your lawn and garden are well drained. Aerating the lawn often will also help deter the weed from growing.
Photo Credits
- Jupiterimages/liquidlibrary/Getty Images


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Posted by Simone Aïda Baur, a multi-lingual, multi-cultural and multi-passionate international interior designer and ex-hotelier, who's discovered her love for blogging. Learn more about her here and connect with her on Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Instagram and YouTube.
As the excitement of the Amara Interior Blog Award was slowly wearing off, I received the somewhat unexpected, but very welcome news that I am a finalist for yet another blog award – the Bloggers' Lounge Blogger of the Year Award 2014 in the category Design and Interior! Woohooo!!!
Who would have thought, that one day, I would be an active member of the blogosphere, considering that only a couple of years ago I was somewhat of a technophobe (in particular by the standards of my ex-boyfriend…) And what a journey it has been! I wrote my first blog post based on a hunch back in February 2014 and thus a new passion was born! I am therefore anything but a seasoned blogger and it's been a steep learning curve for me dominated by the principle of 'learning by doing'. Initially this meant endless hours on the Internet until the wee hours of the mornings, conducting research on 'how to do this and how to do that…' and eventually the realisation that writing an interesting post with good photography, always takes longer than expected…
Even though I enjoy the research and writing process, what I love most about blogging is the fact that I learn something new with every post I write. The learning, the tremendous support and encouragement from friends and family as well as my readers and the successes along the way are the key factors that motivate me to keep going.
Blogging has become an integral part of my business and also my life itself. In fact, sometimes I feel as if my blog has got a life and path of its own and this is why this award would mean so much to me! The #BLAward is set up slightly differently compared to the previous award I competed for. This time I had to register for the competition and then the Bloggers' Lounge team went through the hundreds of entries, to select the top 5 blogs in each category. However, in order to win this award, I still need your support, which is why I am asking you to please vote for me.
I promise it only takes a few seconds… just follow this Link, scroll down to the category Design and Interior, select Global Inspirations Design and click on 'vote' – that's it! Kindly note that the deadline for voting is December 16th!
Thank you so much in advance for your continuous support!
Gratefully yours,


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Last night I arrived around 6:30, just in time to get the robot to the room and checked in before the panel discussion. It was my first panel dicussion and was a little nervous but otherwise just rambled as usual so it was not too bad.
I had a few drinks and met some new people bought a few people a beer and just chatted about stuff, though I was very, very tired and was not on top-form.


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An Economic Impact Study of Bicycling in Arizona Arizona Department of Transportation's brief summary of findings with links to executive summary and full final report dated June 2013.
A Summary of a Comprehensive Evaluation of Pedestrian and Bicycle Crashes and Causes in Michigan Prepared by the Michigan Office of Highway Safety Planning for the Transportation Research Center for Livable Communities, Western Michigan University dated February 29, 2016.
Bicycle … crash risks and liability exposure: evidence from the research literature "The evidence that bicycling on sidewalks and similar facilities is more hazardous than bicycling on streets is overwhelming." Graphic summary of the widely used "Relative Danger Index" comparing different types of bike facilities and bikeways (multi-use paths, sidewalks, bike routes, bike lanes, etc.), illustrations of where crashes typically occur (with frequencies), plus citations to relevant literature.
Bicycle-Involved Crashes in Michigan 2014-2018 Comprehensive report provides an analysis of police-reported motor vehicle crashes involving bicycles on public roadways in Michigan from 2014 through 2018. From the Center for the Management of Information for Safe and Sustainable Transportation, University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute.
Cost Estimates for Bicycle Facilities Unit cost estimates per mile for Class I-III bikeways in Nevada County, CA Master Bicycle Plan (2013) are in Table 6-1 on page 75. Note: Class I = "Bike Path;" Class II – "Bike Lanes;" Class III = "Bike Route."
Cost Estimates for Bikeways Brief summary of costs per mile and related measures for Placer County, CA in 2001 begins on page 5-1, within a more complete county-wide / regional plan.
Community and Economic Benefits of Bicycling in Michigan August 2014 report by MDOT explains the economic benefit bicycling has on Michigan's local and statewide economies.
Complete Streets: Fact-Based Resources Compendium of definitions, plus related safety and place making information; links to many sources and citations; three pages.
Costs for Pedestrian and Bicyclist Infrastructure Improvements Report dated October 2013 by FHWA and University of North Carolina. Link is to summary of comments by the report editors; follow link at the top of the page for full report. Cited by many other web sites.
County of Kalamazoo Detailed Profile A detailed profile of Kalamazoo County that includes mode of transportation data for commuters, by car, bicycle and walking (among a host of other information). Can search database for other cities and counties, etc. From City-Data.com.
County of Van Buren Detailed Profile A detailed profile of Van Buren County that includes mode of transportation data for commuters, by car, bicycle and walking (among a host of other information). Can search database for other cities and counties, etc. From City-Data.com.
Cycling – Health Benefits Summary of health benefits related to bicycling. Presents many useful statistics.
Economic Benefits of Bicycle Infrastructure Investments From AARP; summary of benefits with link to full report.
Estimating the Cost of Unintentional Injuries, 2015 (Fatal and Nonfatal) National Safety Council estimates of variety of traffic (and other) injuries. Costs used by engineers to estimate the time of return on various road safety improvements. From the report: "The calculable costs of motor-vehicle crashes are wage and productivity losses, medical expenses, administrative expenses, motor vehicle damage, and employers' uninsured costs. (See the definitions on the reverse for a description of what is included in each component.) The costs of all these items for each death (not each fatal crash) … were: $1,542,000 …"
Michigan Traffic Crash Facts Searchable database of state, county and local information. Scroll through the page to find information of interest or use the query tool. When making comparisons trends are often greatly skewed by the choice of of start/end periods.
Michigan Traffic Crash Facts – Bicycles 2018 Summary of bicycle related crash facts in Michigan for 2018.
List of U.S. Cities With Most Bicycle Commuters Wikipedia article; contains an extract of the more detailed report on bicycle commuting by the American League of Bicyclists covering cities of 65,000 population or greater.
MTOT-Safety Program Links to MDOT's current Time of Return (TOR) Calculation Spreadsheet, used by engineers to calculate the time it takes to pay back a variety of road safety measures (e.g., traffic signals and widened shoulders).
National Complete Streets Coalition Fact Sheets Series of fact sheets exploring the many benefits of Complete Streets, including for various types of users, public health, and safety.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Extensive set of safety related links.
Nearly Killed Me An emerging project with two key goals: To demonstrate the reality of dangerous driving behavior and to further technology for citizen reporting of traffic safety hazards and near misses. Report traffic near misses or hazardous conditions and your incident will be added to the map.
Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center National clearinghouse of safety, health, transportation, environmental, energy, economic and quality of life information funded by USDOT. Browse site for state-based resources, to find or submit bike maps, benefits of bicycling and extensive additional resources such as crash statistics.
People for Bikes Extensive library of facts and statistics on bicycling and its benefits.
Protected Bike Lanes in NYC Results of NYC Dept. of Transportation three year study include: total injuries dropped 20%; vehicle travel times improved overall; retail sales improved vs. comparison areas; crossing distances along corridor reduced by 17-30 feet.
Reasons for Paved Highway Shoulders These 22 reasons are what AASHTO has to say about the benefits of paved shoulders in three important areas: safety, capacity and maintenance. By frequency of use, motorists and taxpayers are the primary beneficiary of paved shoulders.
Roundabouts & Bicycle Facility Design – Selected Resources Compendium of basic design considerations, including key factors related to safety and bicycling "how to" information; links to many sources and citations; six pages.
Sharing the Road: Optimizing Pedestrian Safety and Vehicle Mobility Recommendations for improving the multimodal transportation network of the Michigan Department of Transportation through the use of practices, guidelines and policies; April 2012.
Survey of North American Bicycle Commuters – Design and Aggregate Results William E Moritz, Transportation Research Record 1578, Paper 970979, pp. 91-101 (2003). Moritz is often cited by MDOT and other authorities as a basis for non-motorized safety recommendations.
Where We Ride: Analysis of Bicycling in America's Cities Data-based review of bicycle commuting by state, city, and a number of other dimensions; 2012 analysis based on Census Bureau data for cities of 65,000 population or greater.


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Simple Parenting accessories designed for the Doona and you. Stylish, practical and stress free solutions for the busy parent on the go. The Doona Rain Cover has been designed to have every aspect of your baby's safety and comfort in mind. It is made of Baby safe PVC free material, incorporating side ventilation holes to ensure your baby is always comfortable whilst being kept safe and dry. The wide zipper opening provides easy access to your baby and can be securely left open with its clever fastening system. With simple snap on connectors, attaching and removing the rain cover is quick and easy and it comes with its own carry case for smart compact storage when not in use.
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