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Plant Tour: Tri-Mack Plastics Manufacturing, Bristol, RI, US
Precision thermoplastics parts manufacturer expands into hybrid composites to help meet OEM demand for higher performance while trimming weight, cost and lead times.
#787 #adhesives #boeing
Established in 1974 to manufacture friction-wear plastic parts for aircraft engines, Tri-Mack Plastics Mfg. Corp. (Bristol, RI, US) has become a fully integrated supplier of high-precision, high-performance thermoplastic parts not only for the aerospace/defense industry but for the industrial equipment and medical sectors as well.
"Manufacturers are under constant pressure to improve performance while reducing cost and lead times without sacrificing quality," says Tri-Mack president Will Kain. Tri-Mack has answered industry's need for a single-source partner, providing design assistance and materials/process development through to qualification and commercial production while cutting lead times for its customers. "Projects that were previously allotted 18 months must now be completed in 3 months," notes director of sales and marketing Tom Kneath. "Because we do so much in-house — including tool design and manufacture, molding, multi-axis machining and bonding/ assembly — we control the timeline." Tri-Mack has developed a collaborative new product introduction (NPI) process, on which its customers have come to rely in order to meet today's tight development schedules.
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Now the company is increasing in both size and technologies offered. Having doubled its new Advanced Composites Center (ACC) last year to 1,115m2, Tri-Mack is repeating this process for its main building, including expanded engineering and production flow, and has developed automated processes for continuous fiber-reinforced plastics and overmolded thermoplastic composites (a/k/a hybrid, Fig. 1).
"We convert metals and thermosets to thermoplastic and thermoplastic composites," says Kneath. "We are using high-temperature, chemically resistant materials and tailored laminates, made from unidirectional tapes. Continuous fiber tape boosts mechanical properties 10x versus injection molding and achieves a 70% weight reduction vs. stainless steel."
Engineered polymer parts
CW's tour begins in Tri-Mack's engineering offices, where Kneath shows an injection molded component for the air distribution system on the Boeing 787. "The advantage in injection molding complex shapes is the low cost of conversion," he explains, noting that injection molding processes can create complex geometries from reinforced thermoplastic pellets in very short order, where converting metals to the same geometries demands hours. "We can mold a full net-shape part in 2-3 minutes with less material waste and machining time vs. metal," says Kneath, "and we can insert mold hardware for fastening."
Tri-Mack's extensive materials knowledge is built on the early work of founder Edward J. Mack, a pioneer in polymer chemistry and tribology (material friction, wear and toughness), making reinforced/filled polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) bushings. The company has since developed expertise with a range of polymers, including polyetheretherketone (PEEK), Solvay Specialty Polymers' (Alpharetta, GA, US) Torlon polyamide-imide (PAI), SABIC Innovative Plastics' (Pittsfield, MA, US) Ultem polyetherimide (PEI) and polyimides, such as Vespel (DuPont, Wilmington, DE, US). "Our main customer base is commercial and military aerospace," says Kneath but he adds, "We also supply into specialty applications with demanding load and temperature requirements — for example, cryogenic equipment."
Because of this niche, collaborative engineering is a key strength for Tri-Mack. "We support design for manufacturing, but can also review drawings and perform the necessary validations and quality inspections," says Kneath. Tri-Mack's certifications include AS9100 and ISO 9001:2008, as well as Nadcap for composite bonding. "We have Designated Supplier Quality Representatives (DSQRs), authorized to approve shipments to go right to stock at aerospace OEMs," Kneath observes.
He opens a door which leads from offices into a 1,860 m2 production area filled with automated injection molding and CNC turning machines. "We do have older equipment that still functions well for specific parts," says Kneath, walking past a row of lathes. "But we've also gone to new equipment with more automation because it offers efficiency and versaility," he adds, pointing to a line of automated CNC cells. "These can machine the front of one piece and the back of a second piece simultaneously." (Fig. 2)
The tour then heads through the tool room where Tri-Mack builds its own injection molds. It features the variety of metal-working equipment that is required to make mold components including electrical discharge machining (EDM) centers. Adjacent to the tool room is the injection molding department, which houses 14 presses, ranging from 28 to 720 tons. Tri-Mack's focus on continuous improvement resulted in the purchase of four new injection molding machines and an automated robotic molding cell in the past three years.
The tour exits Tri-Mack's main building and crosses a small roadway to the ACC. "As a manufacturer in New England, where textile mills once led the American Industrial Revolution, we understand we have to keep updating our manufacturing methods," says Kneath. "We are constantly looking forward with the goal of anticipating the next development." However, the decision to add composites was not made lightly.
New capabilities in composites
"Some would say we have always made composites," says Kain, "because the plastics are filled or reinforced with short fiber. But what we're doing now is maintaining continuous fiber at specific orientations — an order of magnitude stronger than filled resins."
This development was based on feedback from primary customers as to what new technologies they were exploring. "We evaluated automated tape laying and in-situ consolidation," says Kneath, "but six years ago, when we were looking to make this transition, we felt RELAY would be the fastest, most efficient way to lay tape and make the parts we envisioned." RELAY is an automated thermoplastic tape placement machine developed by now-defunct Fiberforge (Glenwood Springs, CO, US) for its tailored blank preforming technology (see Learn More located under "Editor's Picks" on the top right). When CW visited FiberForge in 2006, tailored metal blanks were already well-known in the auto industry. In composites, a tailored blank is simply a flat composite laminate built by laying fiber-reinforced thermoplastic tapes in the locations and directions necessary to produce specific properties (Fig. 3).
"Our RELAY machine can produce blanks up to 1m2 at a rate of 7m/min," says Kneath. It can use glass, carbon and other fibers in unidirectional (UD) formats, and a variety of thermoplastic matrices, but for Tri-Mack's purposes, the focus is on more high-end materials: PEEK, polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), polyphenylene sulfide PPS and PEI. "Nylon is the bottom of that spectrum for us," Kneath comments. With two creels, the system also can run two materials simultaneously.
The computer-controlled RELAY measures, cuts and applies prepreg strips onto a flat table that can move in x, y and z axes. "The first ply is held by vacuum," Kneath explains, "with subsequent plies tacked together via ultrasonic welding." Blanks can be designed with windows and pad-ups, enabling Tri-Mack to optimize the blanks for efficiency and performance.
Once completed, the tailored blank is removed from the RELAY machine's table and placed into a heated 500-ton press to consolidate the laminate (Fig. 4) reducing void content to less than 2%. These consolidated blanks can be converted into flat parts or processed into complex shapes via press forming (Fig. 5).
Before press forming, blanks must be reheated to thermoforming temperature in an infrared oven. An automated shuttle system with a flexible design moves blanks into the oven and on to the press, where they are formed into complex shapes using molds designed and built by Tri-Mack. "We have production blanks comprised of up to 36 plies," says Kneath. "We could go higher, but haven't needed to yet." He notes that the cure rate of the blanks is controlled to achieve the crystallinity required for semi-crystalline matrices like PEEK, and also to prevent warping. Cycle times, in the press and in the oven, typically are just a few minutes in duration. These thermoformed, shaped laminates can then be machined using a waterjet or one of several multiaxis CNC mills to produce finished parts.
Hybrid composites
Tri-Mack has been using its thermoplastics expertise to develop what it calls hybrids: thermoplastic composites overmolded with thermoplastic resin to create complex-shaped ribs, bosses, molded-in inserts and attachment points. Hybrids reduce part count and processing steps, helping to achieve cost/weight goals.
"We see the hybrid composite technology as being able to offer the best of both worlds: the strength and stiffness of continuous-fiber composites with the cost- and time-effective manufacturing of injection molding," says Kneath. He notes that Tri-Mack has been using injection molded PEEK for years to produce complex geometries in a very efficient manner. "The key to being able to extend this advantage to composites," Kneath explains, "is under- standing your polymer systems and having families like PEEK and Victrex' new lower-melt PAEK, which enables a true melt-bond between the shaped tailored blank and the overmold." The result is a part comparable to a complex-shaped, load-bearing bracket Tri-Mack demonstrated this past year, which used a uni-carbon/ PAEK blank preheated to 200°C and overmolded with Victrex PEEK 150CA30 — 30% carbon fiber-reinforced compound — to achieve a part 60% lighter than comparable metal brackets while exhibiting robust performance in testing (see Learn More).
A new development is an all-PEEK hybrid panel, designed and built by Tri-Mack using its robotic molding cell. The material inputs for the 254-mm by 229-mm panel are carbon fiber/PEEK UD tape, carbon fiber-filled PEEK molding pellets and metal inserts. The UD tape runs through Tri-Mack's layup and consolidation process using the RELAY machine. Next, a 5-axis robot from ABB Inc. - Robotics Division (Auburn Hills, MI, US) and an ENGEL (Schwertberg, Austria) molding machine (Fig. 6), work together to form a finished composite shape in the injection mold.
"This eliminates the press-forming step and forming tool, reducing the overall cost to produce the component," Kneath points out. "The injection molding operation also adds standoffs and captures the metal inserts to create a finished part right out of the mold. The result is a lower-cost manufacturing approach for a high-performance solution."
Conservative, steady growth
During CW's tour, the ACC building was still in transition. Crews, installing new equipment and outfitting production areas, were in the process of reorganization and streamlining operations. The ACC now features a quality-control and materials testing lab, with standard physical testing machines and nondestructive testing equipment, including an Olympus (Waltham, MA, US) phased-array ultra-sound system. An adjacent assembly and bonding department includes laser marking equipment and epoxy composite bonding cells. The latter are used with Gruenberg ovens (Thermal Product Solutions, New Columbia, PA, US) to accelerate cure cycles. Tri-Mack also has the capability to integrate edge closures and sealing features using room temperature vulcanization (RTV) silicone. The 560m2 CNC milling room, now located directly behind the press area, features 9 multi-axis HAAS milling centers that include inspection via in-machine probing.
Kain points out that Tri-Mack's growth is a mixture of composites and legacy business. "We understand the cyclical nature of aerospace," he says, "and have lived through many ups and downs." At the same time, the company recognizes the potential of emerging technologies and the importance of getting in early on new manufacturing programs that have long life. One of the benefits of its collaborative approach with customers is a better understanding of where new technology and program adoption curves might intersect. Kneath says current goals are to increase Tri-Mack's composites capabilities, both in size and efficiency: "We have looked at Coriolis [Queven, France] and other equipment for the next generation of products." For the future, he wants to explore technologies that will enable greater complexity and expand part performance. "After all, the more we can do to increase our customers' success, the more we succeed."
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Best Fish Rub...Ever
If you like a spicy seared ahi tuna or a wonderful sesame crust on salmon or in this case, fresh Ling Cod, this is your blend (I found a good deal on wild caught Ling Cod and couldn't pass it up). The spice mix is below and I paired this dinner with a butter saffron rice and steamed garden beets. The beet side could have been better to be honest, but the beets were ready in the garden. I think I'd go with a fresh salad with shredded carrots and a ginger miso dressing next time.
Best Fish Rub:
1 tsp. Kosher Salt
1 tsp. Spanish Paprika
1 tsp. Coriander (ground)
1/4 tsp Organic Cayenne Pepper (double if you really like heat)
1 Tbl. Ground Black Pepper
1-1/2 Tbl White Sesame Seed
1-1/2 Tbl Nigella Seed
For the ling cod fillet, I rubbed the top of the fillet with the spice mix and drizzled it with our Persian Lime Infused Olive Oil and baked at 400F for 10-15 minutes, until flaky.
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It was on my family farm in the heart of Oregon's Willamette Valley where I developed a love for cooking and the value of good food. Home grown, fresh, vibrant, good food. As an adult I spent my early years as a civil engineer, but came back to my creative side through encouragement from my husband, family and friends and opened Arome in the spring of 2017. The road goes on forever and the party never ends.
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April 2020

subset: commoncrawl


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Waterfront vacation rentals in Florida!
Rent our Florida condo by the water with stunning views overlooking the water. We have a tempered pool by the water and a year aroud heated hot tub. The pool area has plenty of sun beds and overlooks Boca Ciega Bay where dolphins often visits. Everything in the units are very modern and has a Scandinavian touch.
FREE WiFi, parking, bikes, kayaks, fishing gear, and much more!
The condos are 100% pet & smoke free!


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E.ON is to recruit up to 250 technicians this year to help install smart meters in households across the country.
It is part of its plans to ramp up the smart meter rollout as the government wants energy suppliers to install the technology in every home in England, Wales and Scotland by 2020.
The Big Six supplier has so far installed more than half a million smart meters in the last four years.
The new job roles will include 20 apprentices aged between 17-24 years.
Energy Minister Lord Bourne said: "Rolling out smart meters is a key part of our plan to make sure our energy infrastructure is fit for the 21st century. It's great to see that as well as helping bill payers take control of their energy use, smart meters are helping to power the economy by creating jobs and financial security for working people and their families."
Smart Energy GB, the national campaign for the Britain's smart meter rollout, launched a new report which found a majority of consumers have seen savings on their energy bills as a result of installing smart meters.
Earlier this month British Gas announced plans to cut 500 jobs from its loft and cavity wall insulation business.


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The International Committee of the Red Cross says it has made its first visit to security detainees held by the Iraqi government - after seeking access to the detainees for more than a year.
A Red Cross official, Dorothea Krimitsas, says the humanitarian group met with some of the detainees privately in order to monitor their detention conditions and treatment.
The visit took place in October at Fort Suse near Sulaimaniya in Kurdish northern Iraq.
Krimitsas says at the time some 1,700 inmates were held at Fort Suse, which was once controlled by U.S.-led forces in Iraq, but is now controlled by Iraq's central government. She says the Red Cross hopes to visit more detention facilities in Iraq.
The Geneva Convention calls for the International Red Cross to monitor conditions for prisoners of war and other detainees.
The humanitarian agency already has access to about 20,000 detainees held by U.S.-led forces in the semi-autonomous Kurdish region in northern Iraq.
Some information for this report was provided by AFP, AP and Reuters.


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The Kabul Shahi[2][3] also called Shahiya[4][5][6] dynasties ruled one of the Middle kingdoms of India which included portions of the Kabulistan and the old province of Gandhara (now in northern Pakistan), from the decline of the Kushan Empire in the 3rd century to the early 9th century.[5] The kingdom was known as Kabul Shahi (Kabul-shāhān or Ratbél-shāhān in Persian کابلشاهان یا رتبیل شاهان) between 565 and 879[7] when they had Kapisa and Kabul as their capitals, and later as Hindu Shahi.[6]
The Shahis of Kabul/Gandhara are generally divided into the two eras of the "Buddhist Shahis" and the "Hindu Shahis", with the change-over thought to have occurred sometime around 870.
Xuanzang describes the ruler of Kapisa/Kabul, whom he had personally met, as a devout Buddhist and a Kshatriya. The accounts of the 11th-century Persian Muslim scholar Alberuni, ("which bear the impress of folklore for the early history of the Kabul Shahi rulers")[8] state:
Thus the folklore accounts recorded by Alberuni connect the earlier Shahis of Kabul/Kapisa to Turkish extraction and also claim their descent from Kanik (or Kanishaka of Kushana lineage). At the same time it is also claimed that 'their first king Barahatigin (Vrahitigin?) had originally come from Tibet and concealed in a narrow cave in Kabul area (and here is given a strange legend which we omit).' One can easily see the above account of Shahi origin as totally fanciful and fairy tale-like. These statements taken together are very confusing, inconsistent and bear the express marks of a folklore and vulgar tradition, hence unworthy of inspiring any confidence in the early history of Shahis. The allegation that the first dynasty of Kabul was Turki is plainly based on the vulgar tradition, which Alberuni himself remarked was clearly absurd.
Based on Alberuni's accounts, V. A. Smith speculates that the earlier Shahis were a cadet branch of the Kushanas who ruled both over Kabul and Gandhara until the rise of the Saffarids. H. M. Elliot relates the early Kabul Shahis to the Kators and further connects the Kators with the Kushanas. Charles Frederick Oldham also traces the Kabul Shahi lineage to the Kators—whom he identifies with the Kathas or Takkhas—Naga worshipping collective groups of Hinduism (Sun god-worshiping) lineage. He further speaks of the Urasas, Abhisaras, Daradas, Gandharas, Kambojas, et al. as allied tribal groups of the Takkhas belonging to the Sun-worshiping races of the north-west frontier.[10][11] D. B. Pandey traces the affinities of the early Kabul Shahis to the Hunas.
The accounts recorded by Alberuni are indeed confusing, but other numerous accounts prove the Kshatriya Punjabi origins of the Shahi dynasty. Xuanzang clearly describes the ruler of Kapisa/Kabul, whom he had personally met, as a devout Buddhist and a Kshatriya and not a Tu-kiue/Tu-kue (Turk).[12] The fact that Xuanzang (AD 644) specifically describes the ruler of Kapisa as Ksatriya,[13] and that of Zabul at this time being known as Shahi[14] casts serious doubt about the speculated connections of the first Shahis of Kabul/Kapisa to the Kushanas or the Hephthalites. Neither the Kushanas nor the Hunas/Hephthalites nor the Turks (or Turushakas) have ever been designated or classified as Ksatriyas in any ancient Indian tradition. Therefore, the identification of the first line of Shahi kings of Kapisa/Kabul with the Kushanas, Hunas, or Turks obviously seems to be in gross error.[15]
It is very interesting that Alberuni calls the early Shahi rulers Turks, but this should be interpreted to mean Turkised rather than Turkic.[16]
The Shahi rulers of Kapisa/Kabul who ruled Afghanistan from the early 4th century till AD 870 were Hindu Kamboj Kshatriyas. The Shahis of Afghanistan were discovered in 1874 to be connected to the Kamboja "race" by E. Vesey Westmacott.[17]
E. Vesey Westmacott,[18] Bishan Singh, K. S. Dardi, et al. connect the Kabul Shahis to the ancient Indian
cultural period
(Punjab-Sapta Sindhu)
(Central Gangetic Plain)
(Northeast India)
(Brahmin ideology)[1]
Painted Grey Ware culture
(Kshatriya/Shramanic culture)[2]
Northern Black Polished Ware
Rise of Shramana movements
Jainism - Buddhism - Ājīvika - Yoga
Nanda empire
Early Pandyan Kingdom
Satavahana dynasty
46 other small kingdoms in Ancient Thamizhagam
Pandyan Kingdom(Under Kalabhras)
Kadamba Dynasty
Western Ganga Dynasty
Pandyan Kingdom(Revival)
Medieval Cholas
Pandyan Kingdom(Under Cholas)
Chera Perumals of Makkotai
Kamboja-Pala dynasty
The Janjua Rajputs of Punjab are the descendants of the House of Jayapala.[94][95]
His sons Rudrapal, Diddapal, Kshempala, and Anangpala served as generals in Kashmir. They gained prominence in the Kashmiri royal court where they occupied influential positions and intermarried with the royal family. Hindu Kashmir had aided the Hindus Shahis against Mahmud of Ghazni. As a result after barely defeating the Hindu Shahis, Mahmud marched his men to Hindu Kashmir to take revenge for Kashmir's support of the Hindu Shahis. However, twice Mahmud was soundly defeated by the Kashmiris and had to lick his wounds. He never was able to take on Hindu Kashmir. All sources, including the famous Al-Biruni, accept this. Al-Biruni was with Mahmud on these campaigns. They are mentioned frequently in Rajatarangini of Kalhana written during AD 1147–49. Rudrapal was mentioned by the writer Kalhana as a valiant general in the campaigns he led to quell resistance to the Kashmiran kings whom they served whilst in exile. His later descendants fell out of favour at the royal court and were exiled to the Siwalik Hills, retaining control of the Mandu fort. After a brief period, they rose again to take control of Mathura under Raja Dhrupet Dev in the 12th century before the campaigns of the Ghorid Empire.
Kalhana, a 12th-century Kashmiri Brahmin, wrote of one campaign in the process that led to this collapse.[93]
Prince Bhímapála, son of Tirlochanpala, succeeded his father in AD 1021–22. He was referred to by Utbí as "Bhīm, the Fearless" due to his courage and valour. Considering his kingdom was at its lowest point, possibly only in control of Nandana, he admirably earned the title of "fearless" from his enemy's own chronicle writer. He is known to have commanded at the battle of Nandana personally and seriously wounded the commander of the Ghaznavid army Muhammad bin Ibrahim at-Tāī ('Utbi, vil.ii, p. 151.). He ruled only five years before meeting his death in AD 1026. He was final Shahi Emperor of the famed dynasty.
Prince Trilochanpála, the son of Anandapala, ascended the imperial throne in about AD 1011. Inheriting a reduced kingdom, he immediately set about expanding his kingdom into the Sivalik Hills, the domain of the Rai of Sharwa. His kingdom now extended from the River Indus to the upper Ganges valley. According to Al-Biruni, Tirlochanpála "was well inclined towards the Muslims (Ghaznavids)" and was honourable in his loyalty to his father's peace treaty to the Ghaznavids. He eventually rebelled against Sultan Mahmud and was later assassinated by some of his own mutinous troops in AD 1021–22, an assassination which was believed to have been instigated by the Rai of Sharwa who became his arch-enemy due to Tirlochanpala's expansion into the Siwalik ranges. He was romanticised in Punjabi folklore as the Last Punjabi ruler of Punjab.
However, during his reign as emperor many losses were inflicted on his kingdom by the Ghaznavids. During the battle of Chach between Mahmud and Anandapala, it is stated that "a body of 30,000 Gakhars fought alongside as soldiers for the Shahi Emperor and incurred huge losses for the Ghaznavids". However, despite the heavy losses of the enemy, he lost the battle and suffered much financial and territorial loss. This was Anandapala's last stand against Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. He eventually signed a treaty with the Ghaznavid Empire in AD 1010 and shortly a year later died a peaceful death. R.C Majumdar (D.V. Potdar Commemoration Volume, Poona 1950, p. 351) compared him ironically to his dynastic ancient famous ancestor "King Porus, who bravely opposed Alexander but later submitted and helped in subduing other Indian rulers". And Tahqíq Má li'l-Hind (p. 351) finally revered him in his legacy as "noble and courageous" .
Prince Anandapala who ascended his father's throne (in about March/April AD 1002) already proved an able warrior and general in leading many battles prior to his ascension. According to 'Adáb al-Harb' (pp. 307–10) in about AD 990, it is written, "the arrogant but ambitious Raja of Lahore Bharat, having put his father in confinement, marched on the country of Jayapála with the intention of conquering the districts of Nandana, Jailum (Jehlum) and Tákeshar" (in an attempt to take advantage of Jayapala's concentrated effort with defence against the armies of Ghazni). "Jayapala instructed Prince Anandapala to repel the opportunist Raja Bharat. Anandapala defeated Bharat and took him prisoner in the battle of Takeshar and marched on Lahore and captured the city and extended his father's kingdom yet further."
Emperor Jayapala was challenged by the armies of Sultan Sabuktigin in Battle of Peshawar (1001) and later by his son Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. According to the Minháj ad-Dīn in his chronicle Tabaqát-i Násiri,[91] he bears a testament to the political and powerful stature of Maharaja Jayapala Shah, "Jayapála, who is the greatest of all the ráis (kings) of Hind..." Misra wrote on Jaypala: "(He) was perhaps the last Indian ruler to show such spirit of aggression, so sadly lacking in later Rajput kings."[92]
The initial Hindu Shahi dynasty was the House of Kallar, but in AD 964 the rule was assumed from Bhima upon his death by the Janjua emperor Maharajadiraja Jayapala, son of Rai Asatapala Janjua .[90] Epithets from the Bari Kot inscriptions record his full title as "Parambhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Paramesvara Sri Jayapala deva" the first Emperor of the Janjua Shahi phase. He is celebrated as a hero for his struggles in defending his kingdom from the Turkic rulers of Ghazni.
The kings of Kashmir were related to the Shahis through marital and political alliance. Didda, a queen of Kashmir was a granddaughter of the Brahmin Shahi Bhima, who was married to Kshemagupta (r. 951–959). Bhima had visited Kashmir and built the temple Bhima Keshava.
Al-Idirisi (AD 1100-1165/66) testifies that until as late as the 12th century, a contract of investiture for every Shahi king was performed at Kabul and that here he was obliged to agree to certain ancient conditions which completed the contract.[88] Kalhana remarked: "To this day, the appellation Shahi throws its lustre on a numberless host of kshatriya abroad who trace their origin to that family".[89]
The Hindu Shahis became engaged with the Yamini Turks of Ghazni[85] over supremacy of the eastern regions of Afghanistan initially before it extended towards the Punjab region. They briefly recaptured the Kabul Valley from the Samanid successors of the Saffarids, until a general named Alptigin drove out the Samanid wali of Zabulistan and established the Ghaznavid dynasty at Ghazna.[86] Under his general and successor Sabuktigin the Ghaznavids had begun to raid the provinces of Lamghan.[87] and Multan.[86] This precipated an alliance first between the then King Jayapala and the Amirs of Multan, and then in a second battle in alliance with Delhi, Ajmer, Kalinjar, and Kannauj which saw the Hindu Shahi lose all lands west of the Indus River.[86] His successor Anandapala arrived at a tributary arrangement with Sebuktigin's successor, Mahmud of Ghazni, before he was defeated and exiled to Kashmir in the early 11th century.
Since the change of Shahi capital from Kabul to Waihind or Uddhabhandapura had also occurred precisely around this period, it is probable that the narrator of the folklore/tellatale to Alberuni had confused the "change of capital" issue with the "supplanting of Kabul Shahi dynasty" since the incidence of shift had occurred remotely about 200 years prior to Alberuni's writing (AD 1030). There is no doubt, as the scholars also admit, that the change in dynasty is effected by "a common legend of eastern story", which surely bears the express mark of folklore for the previous history of Kabul Shahis, hence obviously speculative and not much worthy of serious history.[84]
It is very remarkable that Kalhana (c. 12th century), the author of Rajatarangini (written in AD 1147–49), also refers to the Shahis and does not maintain any difference or distinction between the earlier Shahis (RT IV.143) and the later Shahis or does not refer to any supplanting of the dynasty at any stage as Alberuni does in his Tarikh-al-Hind.[79] etc., unbroken to as far as or earlier than AD 730.[80] It is also remarkable that Rajatrangini and all other sources refer to the Shahi rulers of Udabhandapura/Waihind as belonging to the Kshatriya lineage[81][82] in contrast to Alberuni who designates the earlier Shahi rulers as Turks and the later as Brahmins[83]
The term Hindu Shahi was a royal title of this dynasty and not its actual clan or ethnological name. Al-Biruni used the title Shah for many other contemporary royal houses in his descriptions as well.[78]
The Hindu Shahi, a term used by history writer Al-Biruni[76] to refer to the ruling Hindu dynasty[77] that took over from the Turki Shahi and ruled the region during the period prior to Muslim conquests of the 10th and 11th centuries.
According to the confused accounts recorded by Alberuni which are chiefly based on folklore,[73][74][75] the last king of the first Shahi dynasty, Lagaturman (Katorman) was overthrown and imprisoned by his Brahmin vizier Kallar, thus resulting in the change-over of dynasty.
The first Hindu Shahi dynasty was founded in AD 870 by Kallar (see above). Kallar is well documented to be a Brahmin. The kingdom was bounded on the north by the Hindu kingdom of Kashmir, on the east by Rajput kingdoms, on the south by the Muslim Emirates of Multan and Mansura, and on the west by the Abbasid Caliphate.
In subsequent years, the Muslim armies returned with large reinforcements and Kabul was swept when the Shahi ruler agreed to pay tribute to the conquerors. For strategical reasons, the Shahis, who continued to offer stubborn resistance to Muslim onslaughts, finally moved their capital from Kapisa to Kabul in about AD 794. Kabul Shahis remained in Kabul until AD 879[7] when Ya'qub-i Laith Saffari, the founder of the Saffarid dynasty, conquered the city. Kabul Shahis had built a defensive wall all around the Kabul city to protect it against the army of Muslim Saffarids. The remains of these walls are still visible over the mountains which are located inside the Kabul city.
In AD 671 Muslim armies seized Kabul and the capital was moved to Udabhandapura,[72] where they became known as the Rajas of Hindustan.
In AD 645, when Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang was passing through the Uttarapatha, Udabhanda or Udabhandapura was the place of residence or secondary capital of emperor of Kapisa which then dominated over 10 neighboring states comprising Lampaka, Nagara, Gandhara and Varna (Bannu) and probably also Jaguda. About Gandhara, the pilgrim says that its capital was Purushapura; the royal family was extinct and country was subject to Kapisa; the towns and villages were desolate and the inhabitants were very few. It seems that under pressure from Arabs in the southwest and the Turks in the north, the kings of Kapisa had left their western possessions in the hands of their viceroys and made Udabhanda their principal seat of residence. The reason why Udabhandapura was selected in preference to Peshawar is at present unknown but it is possible that the new city of Udabhanda was built by Kapisa rulers for strategic reasons.[71]
In the wake of Muslim invasions of Kabul and Kapisa in second half of the 7th century (AD 664), the Kapisa/Kabul ruler called by Muslim writers Kabul Shah (Shahi of Kabul) made an appeal to the Ksatriyas of the Hind who had gathered there in large numbers for assistance and drove out the Muslim invaders as far as Bost.[69] This king of Kapisa/Kabul who faced the Muslim invasion was undoubtedly a Ksatriya.[70]
Several 6th- or 7th-century AD Buddhist manuscripts were found from a stupa at Gilgit. One of the manuscripts reveals the name of a Shahi king Srideva Sahi Surendra Vikramaditya Nanda.[68]
When the Chinese monk Xuanzang visited Kapisa (about 60 km north of modern Kabul) in the 7th century, the local ruler was a Kshatriya King Shahi Khingala. A Ganesha idol has been found near Gerdez that bears the name of this king, see Shahi Ganesha.
Archeological sites of the period, including a major Hindu Shahi temple north of Kabul and a chapel in Ghazni, contain both the pre-dominant Hindu and Buddhist statuary, suggesting that there was a close interaction between the two religions.
Alberuni's reference to the supplanting of the Kabul Shahi dynasty in about AD 870 by a Brahmin called Kallar actually implies only that the religious faith of the royal family had changed from Buddhism to Hinduism by about that date; it might not have actually involved any physical supplanting of the existing Kabul Shahi dynasty as is stated by Alberuni whose account of early Shahis is indeed based on telltale stories.[67]
In addition, one ancient inscription and several ancient Buddhist manuscripts from the Gilgit area between upper Indus and river Kabul shed some light on the three kings who ruled in the Gilgit region in the 6th and 7th centuries AD. They also bore Shahi titles and their names are mentioned as Patoladeva alias Navasurendradiyta Nandin, Srideva alias Surendra Vikrmadiyta Nandin and Patoladeva alias Vajraditya Nandin. It is very relevant to mention here that each of the Shahi rulers mentioned in the above list of Gilgit rulers has Nandin as his surname or last name[63] It is more than likely that the surname Nandin refers to their clan name. It is also very remarkable that the modern Kamboj tribe of northern Punjab still has Nandan (Nandin) as one of their important clan names. It is therefore very likely that these Gilgit rulers of upper Indus may also have belonged to the Kamboja lineage.[64][65] Furthermore, "Shahi, Sahi, Shahiya" as a septal name is still carried by a section of the Punjab Kambojs which appears to be a relic from the Shahi title of their Kabul/Kapisa princes.[66]
An ancient Jaina work, Kalakacarya-kathanaka, says that the rulers of the Sakas who had invaded Ujjaini/Malwa in 62 BC also used the titles of Sahi and Sahnusahi.[62] Since the title Shahi was used by the rulers of Kapisa/Kabul or Gandhara also in imitation of Kushana "Shao", it has been speculated by some writers that the Shahi dynasty of Kapisa/Kabul or Gandhara was a foreign dynasty and had descended from the Kushans or Turks (Turushkas).[5] However, the title has been used by several rulers irrespective of any racial connotations and this may refute the above speculation.
In ancient time, the title Shahi appears to be a quite popular royal title in Afghanistan and the north-western areas of the Indian sub-continent. Sakas,[54] Kushanas,[55] Hunas,[56] Bactrians,[57] by the rulers of Kapisa/Kabul,[58] and Gilgit used it.[59] In Persian form, the title appears as Kshathiya, Kshathiya Kshathiyanam, Shao of the Kushanas and the Ssaha of Mihirakula (Huna chief).[60] The Kushanas are stated to have adopted the title Shah-in-shahi ("Shaonano shao") in imitation of Achaemenid practice.[61]
The Kavyamimasa of Rajshekhar also lists the Sakas, Kekayas, Kambojas, Vanayujas, Bahlikas, Hunas, Pahlvas, Limpakas, Harahuras, Hansmaragas (Hunzas) etc [52] in the north-west. Since Rajshekhar (AD 880–920) was contemporary with Hindu Shahis, he identifies people called Kambojas (Kabul/Kapisa), Vanayujas (Bannus), Limpakas (Lamghanis), Hunas (Zabul), Pahlvas (Persians—Maha-mlechchas), Harahuras (Red Hunas located in Herat) etc almost exactly in the same localities which were occupied by Kabul Shahi and Zabul Shahi kingdoms respectively. The above referred to pieces of evidence again spotlight on the Kambojas and the Hunas together and places them near the environs of the Muslim hordes ebbed, someone from the native chieftains from the original dominant clans (i.e. the Ksatrya Ashvakas) of this region asserted his authority and attained ascendancy in political power and had established himself as Ksatriya overlord of an independent kingdom on the ruins of the erstwhile Kushana and/or the Hephthalites empire.[53] Having been exposed to the foreign environs for a while and having also, in a sense, inherited the Kushana-Hephthalite chancery tradition of their predecessors, these native cis-Hindukush Kamboja/Gandhara rulers had also adopted their political institutions and regal titles such as "shahi" and "tegin" etc in the same way as the Sakas, Kushanas, and Hunas had earlier adopted a form of the Persian Kshathiya/Kshathiya title from their predecessors—the Achamenids of Persia.
It appears more than likely that, rather than the Kushanas or Hunas or the Turks, the Shahi rulers of Kabul/Kapisa and Gandhara had a descent from the neighbouring warlike Ksatriya clans of the Kambojas known as Ashvakas (q.v.), who in the 4th century BC, had offered stubborn and decisive resistance to Macedonian invader, Alexander, and later had helped Chandragupta Maurya found the Mauryan empire of India.[44] They were the same bold and warlike people on whom king Ashoka Maurya had thought it wise and expedient to bestow autonomous status[45] and to whom he gave eminent place in his Rock Edicts V and XIII. They were fiercely independent warlike people who had never easily yielded to any foreign overlord.[46] They were the people who, in the 5th century AD, had formed the very neighbours of the Bactrian Ephthalites of Oxus and whom Chandragupta II of Gupta dynasty had campaigned against and had obtained tribute from about the start of the 5th century AD.[47][48] Dr V. A. Smith says that this epic verse is reminiscent of the times when the Hunas first came into contact with the Sassanian dynasty of Persia.[49] Sata-pañcāśaddesa-vibhaga of the medieval era Tantra book Saktisamgma Tantra[50] locates Kambojas (Kabul Shahis?) to the west of southwest Kashmir (or Pir-pañcāla), to the south of Bactria and to the east of Maha-Mlechcha-desa (=Mohammadan countries i.e Khorasan/Iran) and likewise, locates the Hunas (Zabul Shahis?) to the south of Kama valley (or Jallalabad/Afghanistan) and to the north of Marudesa (or Rajputana) towards western Punjab.[51]
It appears that from start of the 5th century till AD 793-94, the capital of the Kabul Shahis was Kapisa. As early as AD 424, the prince of Kapisa (Ki-pin of the Chinese) was known as Guna Varman.[38] The name ending "Varman" is used after the name of a Ksahriya only.[39][40][41][42] Thus the line of rulers whom Xuanzang refers to in his chronicles appears to be an extension of the Ksatriya dynasty whom this Guna Varman of Ki-pin or Kapisa (AD 424) belonged. Thus this Ksatriya dynasty was already established prior to AD 424 and it was neither a Kushana nor a Hephthalite dynasty by any means.[43]
According to Olaf Caroe, "the earlier Kabul Shahis in some sense were the inheritors of the Kushana chancery tradition and were staunch Hindus in character.[37] The affinities of the early Shahis of Kapisa/Kabul are still speculative, and the inheritance of the Kushan-Hephthalite chancery tradition and political institutions by Kabul Shahis do not necessarily connect them to the preceding dynasty (i.e. the Kushanas or Hephthalites).
Based on fragmentary evidence of coins, there was one king named Vrahitigin (Barhatigin?) who belonged to pre-Christian times as Alberuni's accounts would tend to establish. If Kanik is same as Kanishaka of Kushana race as is often claimed, then the second claim that the ancestors of the early Shahis came from Tibet becomes incompatible to known facts of history.
Barhatigin is said to be the founder of the dynasty which is said to have ruled for 60 generations until AD 870. This, if true, would take Barhatigin and the founding of the early Shahi dynasty back about 20x60=1200 years, i.e., to about the 4th century BC if we take the average generation of 20 years; and to the 7th century BC if an average generation is taken as 25 years. It is well nigh impossible that a single dynasty could have ruled for 1200 (or 1500) years at a stretch. Moreover, King Kanik (if Kanishaka) ruled (AD 78 – 101) not over Kabul but over Purushapura/Gandhara and his descendants could not have ruled for almost 900 years as a single dynasty over Kapisa/Kabul especially in a frontier region called the gateway of India. Pre Islamic Hindu and Buddhist heritage of Afghanistan is well established in the Shahi coinage from Kabul of this period.
Commenting on the rise of Shahi dynasty in Kabul/Kapisa, Charles Frederick Oldham observes: "Kabulistan must have passed through many vicissitudes during the troublous times which followed the overthrow of the great Persian empire by the Alexander. It no doubt fell for a time under the sway of foreign rulers (Yavanas, Kushanas, Hunas etc). The great mass of the population, however, remained Zoroastrian or Shamanic Polytheists. And probably too, the Kshatriya chiefs from India retained great shadow of authority, and conquered Kabulistan when the opportunity arose.".
Once the political clout of the invaders like the Kushanas or the Hephthalites had declined, some native chieftain from the original dominant clans of this region seems to have attained ascendancy in political power and established an independent kingdom on the ruins of the Kushana and/or the Hephthalite empire.
Evidence also exists that some medieval Muslim writers have confused the Kamboja clans of Pamirs/Hindukush with the Turks and invested the former with Turkic ethnicity. For example, 10th-century Arab geographer Al-Muqaddasi, refers to the Kumiji (=Kamoji/Kamboja) tribesmen of Buttaman mountains (Tajikistan),[30] on upper Oxus, and calls them of Turkic race.[31][32][33][34][35] Song Yun, the Chinese Ambassador to the Huna kingdom of Gandhara, in AD 520 writes that the Yethas (Hephthalites) had invaded Gandhara two generations prior to him and had completely destroyed this country. The then Yetha ruler was extremely cruel, vindictive, and anti-Buddhist and had engaged in a three years border war with the king of Ki-pin (Cophene or Kapisa), disputing the boundaries of that country.[36] The Yetha king referred to by Song Yun may have been Mihirakula (AD 515-540/547) or his governor. This evidence also proves that the Kapisa kingdom was well established prior to the Huna/Hephthalite invasion of Gandhara (c. AD 477) and that it did not submit to the Yethas but had survived and continued to maintain its independence.
This fact is also verified by Xuanzang who records that the literature, customary rules, and currency of Bamiyan were same as those of Tukhara; the spoken language is only little different and in personal appearance the people closely resembled those of the Tukhara country. On the other hand, the literature and written language of Kapisa (=Kamboja) was like that of Tukharas but the social customs, colloquial idiom, rules of behavior (and their personal resemblance) differed somewhat from those of Tukhara country[28] which means that the original and dominant community of Kapisa had imbibed the Tukharan culture and customs but to a limited extent and the penetration of the Tukharas in the Kapisa territory appears to have therefore been also limited. The Kambojas and the Tukharas (Turks) are mentioned as immediate neighbors in north-west as late as the 8th century AD as Rajatarangini of Kalhana demonstrates.[29]
From the 2nd century BC onwards (much prior to the Huna ascendancy), the Tukharas had settled in considerable numbers in the ancient Kamboja land[24][25] and thus the culture of the Kambojas undoubtedly underwent some changes and due to the interaction of two cultures, the Kambojas of Kapisa were also substantially influenced by Tukharas[26][27] who remained for quite a time the ruling power in this region.
The name (Katorman or Lagaturman) of the last king of the so-called first Shahi line of Kabul/Kapisa simply reveals a trace of Tukhara cultural influence in the Kamboja (Kapisa) region, as hinted in the above discussion. Thus, the first ruling dynasty of Kapisa and Kabul, designated as a Ksatriya dynasty by Xuanzang had been a Kamboja dynasty from India.[23]
The powerful evidence from Xuanzang (AD 644) attesting that the ruler of Kabul/Kapisa was a devout Buddhist and belonged to Ksatriya caste would rather connect this ruling dynasty either to the erstwhile Gandharas or more probably to Ashvaka clan of the Kambojas, the eminent Ksatriya clan of the Mauryan times from the neighbouring region in India.[22]
[21].Kambojas Hindukush are the modern representatives of the ancient Iranian cis-Hindukush tribes of Siyaposh But numerous scholars now also agree that the [20] tribal group of the Kams, Kamoz and Kamtoz tribes.Siyaposh writes that the Kators/Katirs of Kafiristan belong to the well known [19]
Gandhara, Afghanistan, Armenia, Buddhism, Pakistan
Gautama Buddha, Tibetan Buddhism, Sīla, Mahayana, Hinduism
Pakistan, Herat, Kandahar, Wayback Machine, Mughal Empire
Peshawar, Afghanistan, Taxila, Chera Dynasty, Bactria
Buddhism, Afghanistan, Mughal Empire, Herat, Durrani Empire
Ghurid dynasty, Afghanistan, Mughal Empire, Buyid dynasty, Pakistan
Kabul Shahi, Delhi, Mahmud of Ghazni, Mas'ud I of Ghazni, Seljuq dynasty
Islam, Kabul, Ghazni Province, Kabul Shahi, Kabul Province
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Sunni Islam, Islam, Turkic peoples


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Man vs Rock Indie Comic at NYCC 2017
Man vs Rock is a fun, and odd story about a crazy geologist who believes that rocks... ARE GOING TO KILL US ALL. 1 out of 5 Scientologists cant be wrong. Man vs Rock will have you laughing and scratching your head at the same time. Read more »
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More than 18 years (and 5 editions) after publication of The Additional Insured Book, the use of additional
insured status as a contractual risk transfer technique remains one of the most
misunderstood and controversial practices in all of risk management.
A complicating factor that has arisen in the past 5 or so years is the
advent of nonstandard endorsements that sometimes take drastically different
approaches to granting or restricting the coverage provided to an additional
insured in a commercial general liability (CGL) policy. Indeed we have
collected nearly 300 hundred different nonstandard CGL endorsements that are
used by insurers to add additional insureds to liability insurance policies.
With the hope of clearing some of the confusion regarding these
endorsements, we presented an IRMI Webinar, "Additional
Insured Endorsements: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly," in May 2009. It
focused on nonstandard additional insured endorsements used with the CGL
insurance policy, comparing them to the standard Insurance Services Office,
Inc. (ISO) endorsements. This article is the first of a two-part series that
presents a selection of the questions submitted by the attendees and our
brief answers in reply.
While a few of the questions do refer back to the Webinar presentation,
most are self-standing. If you attended the Webinar, you received a link to
the archived version in an email that allows you to review it again. If you
were unable to attend, the archived version of the
Webinar will be
available on IRMI.com for purchase through November 2009.
For ease of understanding, we arranged the questions into five categories
as follows:
Since most of the questions fall into the
scope of coverage category, this article deals exclusively with these.
2, which will be published in a couple of weeks, will then tackle the other
four categories of questions. Check back in a few weeks for part 2 or watch
for a link to it in IRMI Update.
Many of these questions and answers have also been posted in the IRMI Group
on LinkedIn to allow discussion among IRMI Group members. If you are a
member of LinkedIn, join the
IRMI LinkedIn Group
and add your thoughts on these issues.
discussion in the IRMI Webinar was (and these answers to questions are)
based on the current July 2004 editions of both CG 20 10 and CG 20 33
additional insured endorsements. It is easy to recognize these editions
because of the reference to injury or damage "caused, in whole or in part,
by your acts or omissions."
We did refer in passing to the original November
1985 edition of CG 20 10, which covered the additional insured with respect
to "liability arising out of your work for the additional insured." That
language—rarely, if ever, available anywhere to the best of our
knowledge—provided coverage (1) for the additional insured's sole negligence
and (2) with respect to the named insured's completed operations.
It seems clear that the "Who Is an Insured"
provision pertaining to joint ventures, partnerships, and LLCs is intended
to keep the persons and organizations already listed as insureds in Section
II from being afforded insured status with respect to a joint venture,
partnership, or LLC in which the named insured is a participant. By
requiring the disclosure of any joint ventures, partnerships, or LLCs in
which any of the named insureds or other insureds are members, the insurer
is provided an opportunity to underwrite the risk and charge an appropriate
premium for the risk.
In circumstances when an entity that would normally
seek additional insured status under another party's CGL policy is a joint
venture, partnership, or LLC, there is no underwriting justification for
applying the limiting language at the end of Section II of the policy to
prevent such insured status from being arranged by endorsement. (For
example, a project owner seeking AI status under its general contractor's
policy could easily be a partnership or LLC; just as it is not uncommon for
two or more general contractors to form a joint venture and require AI
status under their subcontractors' policies.) Under arrangements of this
kind, the provision of insured status to such entities should be no more
problematic than it would be with any other kind of additional insured
(e.g., a corporation).
We believe that two details of insurance policy
interpretation would support arranging additional insured status in this
way. One of these details is the rule of insurance policy interpretation
that a specific policy provision (such as scheduling an
additional insured by endorsement) supersedes a general policy provision (such as the Section II limitation regarding partnerships,
etc.). The other detail is the language of standard additional insured
endorsements. For instance, endorsement CG 20 10 begins this way: "Section
II—Who Is an Insured is amended to include as an additional insured the
person(s) or organization(s) shown in the Schedule…." One of the ways in
which Section II would have to be "amended" by this language to afford
additional insured status to a partnership, etc., is to eliminate the
restriction on partnerships, etc., at the end of Section II—with respect to
the particular additional insured scheduled in the endorsement. The
endorsement says it will amend the policy so as to include insured status
for the scheduled party, and we think that's exactly what it does.
Bott v.
Shea involved a subcontractor who was required to add a joint
venture of general contractors as an additional insured. Instead, it added
only one of the joint venturers as an insured under its policy. The court
recognized the contractor's insured status by virtue of the endorsement, but
still applied the restriction regarding partnerships. In other words, it
ruled that the individual joint venturer was an insured but not in
connection with the operation of the joint venture. The court's decision
does not address in what way coverage would have been amended if the joint
venture itself had been properly scheduled as an additional insured. We
believe that, in that alternative situation, our rationale above would
establish coverage for the joint venture despite the language of Section II.
The standard
additional insured endorsement intended for the purpose of adding architects
or engineers as additional insureds—CG 20 32, Engineers, Architects or
Surveyors Not Engaged by You—does contain its own design professional
liability exclusion. Thus, if that endorsement were used, the named insured
contractor would not be providing coverage for that exposure even if the
policy itself contained no such exclusion. If there were no such exclusion
in either the CGL policy or in the AI endorsement (a nonstandard endorsement
without an A/E professional exclusion, for example), then the additional
insured would indeed receive some coverage for the professional liability
exposure. That coverage would, however, be subject to the CGL terms and
conditions that make professional liability coverage under the policy
difficult to establish (such as the requirement of an "occurrence").
question does point out one of the drawbacks of using an overly broad grant
of blanket additional insured coverage, as may be the case with endorsements
that provide automatic status to anyone the named insured, for example,
"agrees in a written contract or agreement to add as an additional insured."
Absent some additional limitations on the coverage scope included in the
endorsement itself, only the terms of the CGL policy will limit the
additional insured's coverage. A careful study of the ISO forms reveals that
many of the endorsements include provisions and restrictions that match the
type of contract for which the endorsement is intended, whether
construction, rental agreements, franchise agreements, vendors, leases, etc.
It is probably impossible to draft a single endorsement that will
contemplate every type of contract into which an insured might enter.
Coverage for suits brought against an additional
insured by an injured employee of the named insured (often called
"third-party-over actions") should be covered under any edition of standard
ISO additional insured endorsements CG 20 10 or CG 20 33. Some uncertainty
attaches to this question with regard to the current (July 2004) editions of
those endorsements, which require that injury be caused at least in part by
an act or omission of the named insured employer. No allegations of
negligence or fault on the part of the named insured will be made in
connection with such suits because the named insured's legal obligations to
the injured party will be addressed by the workers compensation system,
which does not operate on the basis of allegations of fault.
IRMI believes,
though, that in practically every conceivable case, some act or omission of
the named insured employer (whether negligent or not) can be pointed to as
one cause of work-related injury to the employee. Thus, a sustainable
coverage denial for these types of claims based solely on the current
endorsements' requirement that the named insured contribute to the cause of
the loss should be an exceedingly rare event.
The standard CGL policy defines "your work" as "work or
operations performed by you or on your behalf." That language has been
consistently interpreted by the courts to mean both work that
has been
performed by the named insured, and work that
is being
performed by the named insured. In other words, both
ongoing operations and completed operations are included in the term "your
work." ISO acknowledged this meaning of the term in its filing materials
when it dropped "your work" in favor of "your ongoing operations" in the
1993 edition of several of the standard additional insured endorsements for
use in the construction industry.
You raise an excellent point. Previous editions of CG 20 28,
which provides additional insured status to the owner of equipment leased to
the named insured, contained an exclusion of injury or damage arising out of
the owner/lessor's sole negligence. That exclusion was eliminated in the
current (2004) edition of the endorsement. The issue of causation under CG
20 28 is especially problematic because the named insured will virtually
always be at least a partial cause of any injury or damage that occurs under
the lease—at least in those cases when the named insured is operating the
leased equipment. Under such circumstances, the owner/lessor could still be
the only negligent cause of an accident (say, through
faulty maintenance of the equipment), and that sole negligence would be
covered under CG 20 28.
Assuming that a contractor/lessee is not assuming
liability in the lease for fault that arises exclusively out of negligent
maintenance or some other instance of sole negligence on the owner/lessor's
part, the contractor's interests might be well served by putting a "sole
negligence of the additional insured" exclusion back into the endorsement.
If, on the other hand, the contractor is holding the owner/lessor harmless
for the latter's sole negligence, there is little to be gained by
restricting the coverage available for the owner/lessor under the AI
Assuming the project owner drafted the contract, it is likely the courts
would interpret any ambiguities against the owner. Of course, how this would
affect coverage under a blanket or automatic additional insured endorsement
would depend on the specific language of the endorsement and the contract.
If the owner specified no minimum limit of liability in the contract, it
would appear that the owner would not be covered as an additional insured
under many of the blanket additional insured endorsements used in the
marketplace. In such an instance, the owner would have to rely exclusively
on the indemnity provision in the contract. This illustrates why we believe
that both indemnity clauses and insurance requirements are important to
effect solid risk transfers.
If the 2001 edition of CG 20 10 (the ISO endorsement
used to comply with construction contracts) is available from the insurers
that cover the contractors or subcontractors you retain, it would arguably
provide broader coverage than the July 2004 edition since there is no
question under the 2001 "arising out of" language that the AI is covered
even for its sole negligence as long as liability can be tied in some way to
the named insured's operations.
However, it is important to understand that,
when ISO files a new policy form or endorsement, it withdraws the previous
edition of that form or endorsement. As a result, previous editions of the
additional insured endorsements—whether, for example, the October 2001 or
November 1985 editions—are no longer approved for use in most states.
Therefore, the insurer would be likely required to make a special filing to
use them. It is our understanding that, in the current marketplace, these
older endorsements are at best difficult for most contractors to secure and
impossible for many. Based on this marketplace reality as well as our belief
that the current endorsements will be found by the courts to be nearly if
not equally as broad as the previous versions, we advocate specifying the
current versions of the endorsements in contract insurance requirements.
Note: For more, see
Questions and
Answers on Additional Insured Issues—Part 2.
Dive into thought-provoking industry commentary every other week,
including links to free articles from industry experts. Discover practical
risk management tips, insight on important case law and be the first to
receive important news regarding IRMI products and events.


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text:
As you may or may not know, the boyfriend I have been dating for nearly a year is called Darren. But as this is a 'Savage Garden' theme, I have to add. For whatever reason, his Mum and stepfather now always call him 'Dan'. So basically I am dating a man who has two names .. 'Darren' and 'Dan'. How 'Savage Garden-y' is that? lol
x Kate.


text:
If there was a way to make the roads safer to make sure you're not driving drunk, that option could save lives. In Virginia, residents may be finding that there are fewer drunk drivers on the road, and that's great news. If you've ever been accused of drunk driving, you know that having an option to get home is one great way of keeping people off the roads. Having to drive while drunk is dangerous, and the accusations you have to defend against with your attorney can be devastating to your reputation. Using a ride-sharing service can give you the opportunity to get home safely when taxi services or friends aren't available to help you.
Does ride sharing have an effect on drunk driving in the country? That's the question the Department of Motor Vehicles has been asking since decreasing numbers of accidents have been taking place. The Department of Motor Vehicles has researched the facts to determine what caused the sudden drop in crashes, and it has concluded that there may be a correlation between companies like Uber and Lyft opening in the area and a falling number of drunk driving crashes.
In Virginia, it was reported that 7,334 alcohol-related crashes took place on the roadways in 2015, which is a 4 percent decrease since the previous year. There were, in these crashes, 195 casualties, which was another decrease of 22 percent.
While it's too early to say if the companies have helped lower the number of drunk drivers on the road, the ability to quickly have another driver pick you up and take you home is a huge benefit to the area.
Source: WAVY, "DMV researches effects of ride-sharing on drunk driving," Anita Blanton, accessed Feb. 19, 2016


text:
Developing country governments, supported by development partners, have a key role to play in enabling sustainable and inclusive private adaptation in semi-arid lands and in unlocking the potential of the private sector for adaptation. This policy brief distils broad lessons from PRISE about the kinds of policies, institutions and other public investments that can support adaptation and climate-resilient development across a broad range of private actors.
Image: Mbour, Senegal by John Karwoski


text:
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Last minute flights to Edmonton from Calgary
If you're looking for last minute flights to Edmonton from Calgary, WestJet is your trusted source. Whether you want to touch down at Edmonton International Airport or you're considering travelling to one of our 150+ destinations in North America, Central America, the Caribbean or Europe, we can help your next trip take flight. But we don't simply get you from Point A to Point B; at WestJet, we make it our mission to provide caring, courteous service and the safest flight possible — all at an incredible value. Put service and value first for your next trip by flying with WestJet.
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Airport Details: To YEG, Edmonton International Airport From YYC, Calgary International Airport
In Edmonton, you can enjoy the great outdoors without ever leaving the city — it is, after all, home to the longest continuous stretch of urban parkland in all of North America. It's also got you covered if indoor exploits are more your style: look no further than West Edmonton Mall for more than 800 shops, or admire the outstanding architecture of the newly refurbished Art Gallery of Alberta. The city has you covered either way, and you can take a trip anytime you like thanks to WestJet's year-round service.
Itching to travel? Book last minute flights with WestJet and before long you'll find yourself in verdant, action-packed Edmonton. Whether you're visiting for business or to take in attractions like the Royal Alberta Museum, historical Whyte Avenue or Elk Island National Park, rest assured that you can get there swiftly and safely with WestJet. WestJet can help you get more and pay less: fly to Edmonton from Calgary with us to find out how.


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AUTOCAD Land Desktop
Paper Topic :
Computational Techniques in Civil Engineering
Author Name :
Nandkishor Sampatrao Chougulee
Abstract :
In this 21st century in all field computerization has been took place .Our civil engineering field is also one of them. Various field in civil engineering such as Infrastructure design, surveying, construction management, estimation and costing etc are heavily dependent on the computer programmers. In the introductory part of project some commonly used software has been discussed and the core of project is consisting of detailed discussion of one surveying tool that is AUTOCAD Land desktop.


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The Artefact Outcomes Guild (Controller) has further its share to organisations occupation representing a diminution in Holder in the service of house-trained renewal effort.
The Controller has graphic to the Premier advanced of his Budget assertion following four weeks, exhortatory him to broach a reach of measures that purpose lend a hand bring the direction's evolvement scheme and despatch the realm's monetary revival.
Amongst the proposals, the Comptroller has highlighted an prospect to rouse residential overhaul as parcel of the management's paper diminution object in advance of the Rural Buy, which be obtainables into force afterwards 2012. It has as well screamed on the command to wake up the case stock exchange and turn over its projected nuclear fuel burden distend on 1 Apr.
Controller important head Archangel Ankers whispered: "The Grassy Parcel out longing contribute a support in support of mass to put in in decided liveliness operative measures at no upfront tariff to themselves. Nevertheless, as the Leafy Apportion drive not arrive into upshot until 2012 and we are presently okay behindhand our repair targets, present-day is an life-and-death lack to support a higher true of private renewal earlier the Rural Administer becomes accessible. The Budget could outfit a bona fide chance close to allowing each business, able to the appraise of f10k on a residential possessions, to be proper representing a 5% fee of Silo, as extended as it improves the Drive Execution Instrument ranking of the dwelling-place by means of beyond 10 points. Past doing that the Premier could arouse a large amount sought repair exertion.
"If nearby is no provocation, we are troubled that mass inclination control on improvements whilst ahead of you on the Immature Parcel out to approach into efficacy. That would not single shorten the uniform of fiscal liveliness at a spell when the management is avid to note broadening, but as well as arrest uniform with more the promotion we be in want of to erect on the way the 2050 element decrease board."
Mr Ankers continuing: "We meet the substance of the control to mould that a 'Budget on Nurturing' as the great title budgetary revival of that motherland depends in one amplitude on a blueprint to moderate collective disbursement and spur counterpoised concealed region monetary expansion. Still, that intent coerce a message from every bit of management departments operational collectively and tho' apiece responsibility has its be the owner of specialized calendar, an particular impartial from joined part have to not sabotage the overarching broadening impartial in support of the nation, but be reciprocal road to it.
"The Budget besides wish for to do additional to waken the homes supermarket as, according to DCLG, the slew of apartments actuality collective is serene take away than bisection the one-year evolvement in the gang of fresh households. Leading span clients particularly are struggling to admittance the demanded money and that is having a pensive adverse efficacy athwart the accommodation store.
"The command wish for to go on with to situate strength on the mortgage financiers to erect added specie nearby championing dwelling-place achieve and present few formation of mortgage reparations programme championing chief term purchasers which wish inspire the phytologist and erection societies to add suit to a greater few of primary space patrons so as to aid refresh that greatly grave aspect of the habitation customer base.
"Both the cerebration assiduity and industrialized sectors possess explanation parts to frolic in the profitable rise.Interpretation is laboriousness intensified and employs citizenry in now and again allotment of the state. With 90% of goods cast-off in cerebration produced in the UK, the production from interpretation provides a undying and favourable inheritance – original schools, greater convey networks and writer vitality effective homes. "Unrestrained delving has shown that cerebration has only of the maximal multipliers representing some besieging and wherefore a area where accumulated investiture indeed disposition bring into being pervasive commercial benefits. We are really rosy that the Premier drive practise his Budget to animate these opportunities and convey a undying rally.
"In the long run the rule should leave its expectations kindling responsibility dilate on 1 Apr as the thriftiness is opposite fast exploding kindling costs rightful to factors exterior the dominate of the UK, much as the broadening in the broad thrift and expanding quality in the Mean Eastward and Northbound Mortal states."
New Accountant proposals in behalf of the Budget take in;
- Bewitching the initiative to cut back Potbelly Tariff
- Delaying establishing a copy planking expense last to 2017, the early era when imaginative thermonuclear ability longing approach freshet as to deliver it in beforehand that year would interpose an unwanted and 1 gravamen on multitudinous of the vivacity rigorous businesses in our part
- Committing control to a con of the big narrow and assessment trouble related with the performance of, and interrelatedness bounded by, the Copy Simplification Dedication, Air Switch Agreements, and the EU Emissions Trading Design
- Modifying the R&D duty confidence outline to outspread suitable costs to shield both the filled pursuit costs and a wider compass of milieu costs related with race a listing. They and have need of to clarify the charge related with match the projection on SMEs, multifarious of which are demoralized due to of the administrative onus related with that
- Ensuring at hand is a great word endow of spirit at capitalistic quotas. We now require a unclouded listing as a service to the interpretation and culmination of original thermonuclear content
- Removing unwanted modification and simplifying the means in which different regulations are enforced
- Creating a thought organization that does every it commode to hearten investments to procreate budgetary increase. In innumerable parts of the nation the hub of development seems to be to cease serviceable fiscal event measure than to inspirit it and it is material that the command effects that sectionalism does not auxiliary govern the moment as a service to healthful trade occurrence
- Office block on the pecking order the direction has charmed sol to expand the digit of apprenticeships and creation a consignment to help flat greater figures of apprenticeships in the tomorrow's
- Ensuring the nursery school combination develops a more higher plane of literacy and numeracy amongst adolescent multitude and that statesman students in higher upbringing are fit in the Peduncle subjects
- Right away make known the personality and extent of the wished-for Leafy Finance Array. That wish alleviate position a structure on representation in finance to worldwide region projects that liking in another situation be postponed, all along with the benefits that prow from these.


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Tolling / HOV lane changes to I-405
The Washington State Department of Transportation has released an animated video to help understand the new tolling / HOV lanes on I-405 from Lynnwood to Bellevue. As noted in the video it is illegal to change lanes with a double solid line and you can be ticketed. You can only legally change lanes with a dotted line to enter and exit these tolling / HOV lanes. Attorney Paul Hanson handles HOV traffic violations as well as speeding tickets, improper lane change tickets and other traffic tickets.


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HITACHI Concealed Ducted units or 'Split' systems consist of an outdoor unit and an indoor unit installed in the ceiling space. Air is distributed from the indoor unit by duct to one or more air vents. Zoning can be used to control which rooms are air-conditioned. With convenient thermostat control, heating, cooling or auto settings are available at your fingertips.
The best system for any room will be advised by your approved installer during a free, no obligation visit.
Where the necessary ceiling space is available for installation and servicing. In instances where ceiling space is limited it is sometimes possible to utilize the ceiling space in an adjacent room to house the indoor unit.
Duct EZY is a ready designed package complete with a specifically engineered duct kit which ensures optimum performance. Whether for the home, office or shop you can now, at an affordable price, enjoy the luxury of reliable ducted air conditioning.


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By Nikki Velarde, The Belton Journal
Killeen ISD held a spirited convocation Wednesday afternoon at the Bell County Expo Center to invigorate send off the students and teachers into the 2015/16 school year. About 6,300 Killeen ISD employees and students celebrated together featuring a parade of students and staff as well as a motivational speaker's "real talk" about focusing on relationships.
Convocation began with a parade of student spirit groups representing each of the four high schools. The program was full of music, dance, video and words of encouragement. A choir combined of district staff and students sang musical pieces and even the high school dance teams and portions of the band performed.
Superintendent John Craft was introduced to the stage in a humorously scripted introduction where he noted that he decided to forgo wearing red spandex and cape so he could instead focus on the real superheroes.
Craft praised employee groups, including the bus drivers, monitors and mechanics who transport 12,000 students daily, the school nutrition staff preparing 50,000 meals a day and custodial and grounds staff caring for 6.2 million square feet of space and 1,250 acres.
He went on to recognize the paraprofessionals, assistants and aides and the 3,000 teachers "who significantly impact and forge the lives and the futures of our 43,000 students."
"Each one is a valued member of our team who interdependently work together assuring our students receive the assistance and resources necessary to successfully complete our mission as a district," said Craft. "The KISD team effort has and will continue to afford the opportunities for our students to attain not only academic successes, but also attain their goals and dreams in life."
"It is for these efforts, I stand here today to say thank you," Craft continued. "Thank you in advance for your service this year, your sacrifice, and for placing the needs of our students as your top priority. Thank you for going the extra mile and for making the extra effort for building resilience in your relationships with our students and with one another, while maintaining high expectations which ultimately makes a world of difference in the lives of our students."
Motivational speaker Adolph Brown, a psychologist and university professor, made an appearance and entered the arena in "thug attire," changing throughout his high-energy presentation into professional attire and finally into a graduation cap and gown.
Through an inspiring call to action, Brown thanked public school educators for recognizing the "tree is in the seed," explaining his own violent childhood, turned around through the firm, caring hand of teachers. Growing up without a father in a family with no high school graduates, Brown said it was caring teachers who vaulted him to success. It was through their influence that he was able to earn his doctorate by the age of 26. "Believe in each other and believe in this district," Brown urged.
Along the way, he urged KISD educators to "stay out of the basement" of mediocre teaching and to dwell in the balcony, forgiving quickly and accepting students and colleagues regardless of differences. With only days before the first day of school, Brown told educators to consider the "four F's," – to bring the fun, to be fair to all, to be firm and to have faith in students, colleagues and the school district.
"This is truly a great opportunity to come together as a district to celebrate the start of a great school year," said Craft. "I am convinced that it is the overall team effort given each and every day that allows us to retain our vision to teach our students. So I welcome you to the 2015/16 school year, to the KISD team, and to convocation; a great celebration of a great history which prides itself on team success. I wish you all the very best this year."


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Oregon's ECDC meeting dates are regularly scheduled for 5:00 p.m. on the first Tuesday of each month and are held at City Hall.
The July meeting has been changed to Wednesday July 10th at 5:00 p.m.
The economic and community development commission shall have for its purpose and goal the maintenance of the economic health of the existing community and the promotion of industrial development, commercial and retail business and other supporting services, which will provide quality job opportunities, diversify and broaden the tax base, and enhance the quality of life in the City of Oregon. The commission is authorized to coordinate its activities with such local organizations and institutions as will effect a successful program of economic and community development.
- Monitor and work closely with the Oregon Chamber of Commerce and other taxing bodies and organizations in their marketing and promotion efforts to attract new business to the community and to expand existing business within the community.
- Make recommendations to improve and enhance the community's public infrastructure, its visual appeal and design, and its overall competitiveness to create opportunities and sites suitable for developing for future economic proposals.
- Actively engage in strategic economic development planning and policy initiatives, participate in a comprehensive and effective business retention program, and review and recommend specific incentive proposals for projects of an economic development nature.
- Work with the plan commission to identify future growth areas and recommend public infrastructure improvements to make these areas capable of development.
- Participate in the preparation of the city's five (5) year capital improvement plan and annual capital improvement budget.
- Assist in identifying revenue alternatives and fee structures to finance these improvements.
- Formulate and implement various plans to redevelop appropriate areas of the community to improve and enhance its economic vitality and visual appeal.
- Establish a capability to conduct on site business retention calls. Recommend policy and program revisions based on issues or concerns that are identified.
- Identify and recommend infrastructure improvements, in addition to roads and sewers that are necessary to improve the community's quality of life, including public/private improvements, etc.
- Review and analyze various statistics, trends, and reports to keep current on issues that may affect economic and community development policy.
Members of the economic and community development commission are appointed by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the City Commissioners. It is comprised of not more than eleven persons, including the City's Commissioner of Finance. No fewer than nine of the eleven members shall be either
- (a) residents of the City of Oregon,
- (b) owners of real estate or a business within the City of Oregon, or
- (c) representatives of one of the allowable organizations.
- Allowable organizations include
- the Oregon Chamber of Commerce,
- the Oregon Park District,
- the Oregon School District,
- the Ogle County Board or Board appointee
- the Oregon Library District.
- Allowable organizations include
Effort shall be made to include representation from the following segments of the community: retail, commercial, industrial segments; professional and financial institutions; utility and labor segments; other taxing districts; and citizens at large.
Appointments shall be made on the basis of the individual, their willingness to serve, and the ability to assist in the goals of the commission. One member shall be appointed chair by the mayor.
Current members (as of 8/1/18):
Don Griffin, Chair of Planning Commission-Ogle County
Erin Folk, Director of Oregon Park District
Tom Mahoney, Superintendent of Oregon Public Schools
Jon VonTish, member of Chamber of Commerce Board
Rebecca Hazzard, Remax
Phil Lehmann, Harvard State Bank
Rick McCanse, McCanse Builders (Ret.)
Terry Schuster, City Commissioner
The Commission Chair, with the approval of the Commission, may form committees to aid in the achievement of its goals. The Chair of these or other committees must be a member of the commission, but persons willing to serve on these committees may be persons at large, not necessarily members of the commission, and not necessarily meeting the requirements of members to the commission.
ECDC Meeting Agendas
ECDC Meeting Minutes
ECDC minutes February 11, 2019
ECDC minutes September 3, 2019
Minutes 1-2-2018
Minutes 2-6-2018
Minutes 4-3-2018
ECDC minutes May 1, 2018
Minutes 6-5-2018
Minutes 8-7-2018
Minutes 1-3-2017
Minutes 2-7-2017
Minutes 3-7-2017
Minutes 5-2-2017
Minutes 6-6-2017
Minutes 7-12-2017
Minutes 8-1-2017
Minutes 9-5-2017
Minutes 11-7-2017
Minutes 12-5-2017
Minutes 1-5-2016
Minutes 2-2-2016
Minutes 3-1-2016
Minutes 3-7-2016
Minutes 5-3-2016
Minutes 6-7-2016
Minutes 7-11-2016
Minutes 8-2-2016
Minutes 9-6-2016
Minutes 10-4-2016
Minutes 11-1-2016
Minutes 12-7-2016


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Tahuayo Lodge Iquitos, Peru
The Tahuayo Lodge is associated with an Amazon Research Center where you can visit an extensive trail network for observing a high diversity of Amazon Jungle monkeys. In fact, the Tahuayo Reserve was founded to protect a rare primate named the Uakari. With your Private guide (as standard), you will take Amazon jungle tours in the Tahuayo and you can choose from the greatest number of itinerary options in Amazonia.Private Guide, Zipline, Primate Research Grid
Posada Amazonas Lodge Puerto Maldonado, Peru
If this is your first Amazon jungle tour, the Posada Amazonas is a good choice as it's only 45 minutes from the small town of Puerto Maldonado in south Peru. The Posada has Rainforest Alliance certification and is owned by a native community. On the tour, you can enjoy the parrot clay licks and try to spot toucans and other wildlife on the canopy tower, find river otters on the lake, or relax with a massage in the wellness center. You can choose additional activities like canopy climbing, kayaking and more.Canopy Tower, Wellness Center
Refugio Amazonas Lodge Puerto Maldonado, Peru
If you are travelling with your family, the Refugio Amazonas Lodge is one of the most recommended Amazon tours as it contains the only children's trail in the Amazon Rainforest. You can enjoy a massage at the main wellness center after taking hikes in the forest to spot abundant Amazon wildlife. Choose activities like canopy climbing, kayaking, paddle boarding and more.Childrens' Trail, Wellness Center
Tambopata Research Center Puerto Maldonado, Peru
Famous for being one of the Amazon's most remote rainforest lodges, you will only be a short distance from the largest macaw clay lick in Amazonia. This is why researchers use this lodge to study macaws. Talk to researchers about their findings, explore five contrasting habitats on Amazon rainforest tours, and choose activities like mountain biking, canopy climbing and more. You can also choose specific macaw itineraries to visit nest boxes and see what it's like to be a macaw researchers.Remote Location, Macaw Clay Lick
Heath River Wildlife Center Puerto Maldonado, Peru
This is one of the favorite deep Amazon tours as you have access to the Tambopata Reserve and Madidi National Park. The only lodge on Heath River, this lodge is very remote and you can explore two contrasting habitats. At Heath River Lodge, you can see macaw clay licks and mammal licks to stand a chance of seeing elusive Amazon tapir.Clay Lick, Tapir Hide
Sandoval Lake Lodge Puerto Maldonado, PeruSandoval Lake Lodge is a popular tour as you can visit on short programs focused on Lake Sandoval, which is home to a population of Giant Amazon Otters. You will also be able to spot different monkeys, parrots, and caiman on night tours.Sandoval Lake, Giant Otters
Manu Wildlife Center Puerto Maldonado, PeruManu Wildlife Center has long been known as a first choice for wildlife enthusiasts and is a premier Amazon tour for Manu National Park, thought to be the most pristine in all of Peru. On a tour of Manu Wildlife Center, you will stand a 10% chance of seeing wild jaguar. At the lodge, you will also see macaws at the clay lick and stand a chance of spotting Amazon Tapir at the tapir lick.Macaw Clay Lick, Tapir Lick
Cock of the Rock Lodge Cusco, Peru
In you're interested in the cloud forest of Manu National Park, here you will be close to Peru's national bird, the Cock of the Rock. As well as fantastic birds, you will search for cloud forest wildlife like monkeys and spectacled bears.Cock of the Rock, Cloud Forest
Tucano Amazon Cruise Manaus, Brazil
The Tucano River Amazon Cruise is a highly regarded Amazon tour from Manaus. You will take guided trips into the surrounding wilderness and cruise different sections of the Brazilian Amazon. See the famed meeting of the waters, visit many tributaries, and take forest walks and small boat trips to spot iconic Amazon wildlife.
Tucano Compact Cruise Manaus, BrazilA shorter 5 Day version of the Tucano Amazon River Cruise, this tour is for those where time is limited but you still want an excellent Amazon experience. Visit many tributaries, take forest walks and small boat trips to see parrots, monkeys, magnificent trees, and many colorful Amazon birds.Short Cruise, Guide, Forest Expeditions
Amazon Clipper Cruise Manaus, Brazil
Aboard the Amazon Clipper Cruise, you can choose from 3, 4, and 6 day itineraries to visit areas of the Brazilian Amazon unknown to other tour companies. The shallow draught enables our vessel to get into forest areas rarely visited. You will take small guided boat trips into the forest to spot examples of Amazon animals and plants.
Premium Clipper Cruise Manaus, Brazil
This is the premium version of the Amazon Clipper. This cruise offers a more spacious and comfortable option on 3, 4, or 6 day itineraries. We will visit different rainforest areas and take small guided boat trips into the forest in search of Amazon culture and wildlife.
Otter Premium Cruise Manaus, Brazil
The Otter Premium offers you spacious outside cabins as well as private bathrooms with hot showers. Choose from 3, 4, or 6 day itinerary options as we search for iconic birds, mammals, plants, and trees of the Amazon Rainforest. Leave the vessel on guided expeditions for closer looks at abundant wildlife.
Delfin II Cruise Iquitos, Peru
You will be greeted in style at the small Iquitos airport with the unique Delfin limo-styled coach. Cruise the magnificent Pacaya Samiria National Reserve on this very comfortable and luxurious Amazon tour. You are provided with modern kayaks and skiffs for exploring the fantastic wildlife of this flooded tropical paradise.Massages, Kayak Tours
Delfin I Luxury Cruise Iquitos, PeruThe premier cruise in the Peruvian Amazon, you are chauffeured from the small Iquitos airport in a limo-styled coach to the dock of the luxurious Delfin I. After you have relaxed with Peru's famous cocktail, you will board the vessel to experience massages, cuisine by candlelight, and of course the fantastic wildlife of the Pacaya Samiria National Reserve, a flooded tropical paradise home to abundant colorful birds and wildlife iconic to Amazonia.Spacious Suites, Personal Pool, Massages
Manu Tented Camps
Puerto Maldonado, Peru
Stay inside Manu National Park at our low impact lodge, which was specifically designed to cause minimal impact on surrounding wildlife. Visit one of the most beautiful oxbow lakes in Manu and visit the macaw clay licks to see famous colorful Amazon birds. You will tour the lake in search of Giant Otters and other wildlife, and you can combine Manu Tented Camp with the Andean cloud forest and / or Manu Wildlife Center.Lowland Rainforest, Tapirs, Macaws
Sani Lodge Coca, Ecuador
Sani Lodge is owned by the Sani Isla community, adopting ecotourism for conservation & to show you their forest. Sani Lodge is located between Yasuni NP & Cuyabeno Reserve. This part of the Amazon has the highest diversity of animal and plant life found in Amazonia. You can take guided hikes and canoe tributaries in search of the abundant animals and plants found in the area.Canopy Tower, Canoeing


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Free Bible Course
What is the Bible about?
Is the Bible relevant to me?
What does the Bible say about God and Jesus?
What is the future of planet Earth?
Is there hope for life after death?
The Bible course "To Be a Disciple" will help you answer these and other questions. You will learn about some of the important themes in the Bible and how they relate to you. The course has 10 lessons that will help you understand the Bible and its message better. To enroll and begin your course today, email us at email@example.com.
If you want to receive the course via post, email us your mailing address or or fill out and submit the form below.
You can check out the first two lessons here.
Concerned about privacy? So are we. Please read our privacy policy.


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SAO PAULO (Reuters) - Brazil and China are poised to take their trade in agricultural goods and other products "to new levels" amid an escalation of global trade wars, China's ambassador to Brazil Li Jinzhang said during an agribusiness conference in São Paulo on Monday.
Calling for a "long-lasting relationship" that should be based on trust, the ambassador said the two countries need to take advantage of multilateral mechanisms such as the World Trade Organization to strengthen trade ties. "Sino-Brazil relations began with agriculture some 200 years ago when tea farmers from China visited Rio de Janeiro," he said.
Reporting by Ana Mano; Editing by James Dalgleish
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.


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Talk:Blu Paw Radio
From WikiFur, the furry encyclopedia.
I can't make out from the website if this is an ongoing project or still in the idea stage. Seems to be relevant: https://twitter.com/blupawradio -- Sine 02:04, 16 May 2013 (EDT)
- Message sent to inquire about the project status- Spirou 11:58, 16 May 2013 (EDT)


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WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 4, 2015 | Comments: 2
Loving the new J.Crew patchwork cargo pant…
Continue Reading →
Loving the new J.Crew patchwork cargo pant…
Sharing my latest good find — the best sunscreen ever – a clear gel and it feels great on the skin!
Looking through an old notebook of mine from 1981, gave my daughters a chance to meet the young me.
Found the perfect lip color and it's only $7.00.
I've found a fantastic deal for you! Get a cool Mexican-style blanket for picnics, the beach or to throw over the back of the sofa – for less than $20!


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Audi has announced initial details of its first fully electric model. Described as the sporty SUV, Audi says it combines the space and comfort of a typical large, luxury model with a driving range suitable for everyday use and for longer journeys.
With ample room for five occupants, and a range of up to 500 kilometres (NEDC ), Audi's new electric SUV is ready to cope with everyday use with no compromises.
Without model pricing, which will be announced later this year, Audi Ireland has opened an online pre-registration tool where customers pre-order this new model. They can leave a refundable €2,000 deposit, which Audi says will be offset against the purchase price of the electric SUV ahead of delivery in early 2019.
Commenting on the announcement, Henning Dohrn, brand director of Audi Ireland, says the company has reached a milestone moment with this announcement - the first time it will launch a fully electric model to the Irish market.
" It is a hugely exciting time for Audi and our customers because we are not only unveiling a state-of-the-art BEV model, but also the wider infrastructure to support it through our JV. This will ensure the necessary infrastructure will be in place to support the future needs of customers across Ireland."
Based on the Audi e-tron quattro concept model, this large SUV has been developed to be both sustainable and efficient with a charging capacity of 150kW in just under 30 minutes. The new electric quattro system catapults four-wheel technology into a new age and ensures strong performance on any terrain. With three electric motors that deliver 320kW, the Audi e-tron quattro concept provides the economy of electricity without sacrificing on power.
Characteristically for electric vehicles, this Audi boasts no lag between accelerating and launch, which offers a thrilling experience when compared with combustion engine models.
Audi's sleek and fluid new design holds a stunning presence and remarkable aerodynamics due to Audi's all-new virtual wing mirrors. Small cameras replace exterior mirrors, relaying the car's surroundings to OLED displays housed within the front doors. Blind spots are eliminated and the field of vision is expanded, while air-flow is improved and wind noise is reduced. This model also incorporates a unique panoramic glass roof that not only provides more sunlight for occupants, but also generates more efficiency for the car. Developed with integrated photovoltaic cells, the sun-roof actively generates energy for the air conditioning and heated seats.
Audi, along with BMW Group, Daimler AG, Ford Motor Company and Volkswagen Group, announced the formation of an e-mobility alliance to collectively spearhead the creation and implementation of a fast-charging network in six key sites across Ireland. Ionity's main site partner, Topaz, will facilitate five out of the six strategic sites and will have a total of over 30 charging points in service areas on major transit routes. The majority of the charging stations are set to be available in advance of the market introduction of the Audi's new electric SUV.
Audi customers will be able to avail of an exclusive 'e-tron charging service', offering premium access to a network of circa 45,000 charging stations across Europe. This ever-expanding network includes AC and DC chargers, as well as those units that form part of the Ionity partnership.