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Inside of
The narrative of international adoption is dominated by adoption profiteers: Adoption agencies or adoptive parents. Giving an orphaned child a loving home in a wealthy nation, making a childless couple's dream come true.
The story of adoption does not start with a happy adoptive family. But with a child born its mother. #NoMotherNoChild explores where adoptions begin and features the most unheard voices of the adoption experiences: the first mothers.
This project shows photographs of Colombian mothers whose children were adopted internationally.
For most Colombian adoptees it is impossible to find their mothers. As a result they are unable to gain information about where they are from and why they entered the adoption system. #NoMotherNoChild allows the silenced Colombian mothers to speak up and tell their stories after being marginalised for so long.
After years of being silenced and marginalized they speake up and tell their stories.
Margarita is one of the many mothers who lost their children to adoption after the tragedy of Armero.
It was the 13th of November 1985. The tragedy was biblical. The sky was filled with black clouds; fire and stones fell from the sky. They buried all Armero and its people. Only 3,000 people survived but 25.000 perished during this natural disaster.
She was outside town running errands with one of her children. In the news she saw the volcano explosion had buried Armero. She knew her husband and three of her children were caught up in the middle of this natural disaster.
"On the day of the volcanic eruption, I was running errands with my youngest child in a city close by. It was 13 November 1985. The catastrophe was of a biblical proportion. The sky was full of black clouds, fire and stones fell from the sky. Armero was buried and with it, its people. Many disappeared – died. Some who didn't die went mad from the trauma they experienced. Many lost their memories and no longer knew who they were. It was chaos, people were rushing and screaming. My husband survived but three of our children disappeared. We didn't believe they were buried under the rubble or had died.
We found out many children were taken to the surrounding orphanages. We searched all of them. In Ibagué we found Alfonso. We saw him playing in the courtyard of a children's home. We weren't allowed in and were told the boy we pointed to was called Fernando. We had lost everything to prove he was our son. The director didn't permit a meeting. My husband tried to explain to her that Alfonso, who was ten years old at the time, would know who his parents were and would recognize us – that he would remember us as soon as he saw us but they wouldn't listen and sent us away. Our efforts were worthless, she wouldn't give us a chance. When we went to try again a different time, they told us he was adopted internationally. From a neighbor we heard that also Carlos and Regina were still alive. She had seen them in a report about the disaster on television but we never found out where they were taken. The sadness gives me a migraine.
I hope that my children are in a good family and live happily, but we are also their family and we fought for them. We are poor but we cultivate our own land, we go fishing, keep chickens and live together with four generations of our family. We support each other"
"We are fighting for our children and against the ongoing injustice of forced adoption."
Sandra Carolina
Sandra Carolina is one of the mothers who became a victim of the forced adoption practice and corruption. She founded a group called "Madres del Silencio". This organisation helps mothers keep their children while offering free legal support for mothers in cases of forced adoption.
Children homes are businesses that are a part of our economic system. Every child inside the system will be funded by the government and also used to bring in donations. So the more children the orphanage can take into care, the more money they receive to cover housing, food, education and salaries. For every child who gets adopted at least one new one needs to enter so the budget can grow or be kept stable. Some managers of children homes put extra efforts into making sure the balance offers a comfortable reward.
"I spent 17 deadly years looking for my children. My children were illegally adopted. I never gave them up for adoption. I will never stop looking for them. I love them with my whole being and I want them to meet their brothers and sisters. I received a letter from the youth welfare office after they snatched my children from our home. I was working as a prostitute at the time. That was reason enough to take my children from me. The letter said the circumstances of my home were not appropriate but nobody from this institute ever came to my home to investigate the circumstances. There was no hearing. Every month I received a letter demanding a payment of 150,000 pesos for my children. I always raised the money, no matter how. The administrator of the children's home – Dora Luz Escobar – never looked me in the face. She didn't sign the letters I received from the office because she wasn't there. Strangely though, she always signed the bills I got. They were making money by putting children in the home, it was a business. My baby got sick and nobody told me my son was in hospital and almost died. The only message I received about the condition of my children was: 'Congratulations, your children have been adopted internationally'.
I am not the only one. At a Plan Angel meeting, I met a woman whose children were also stolen by the ICBF. Señora Escobar had also signed her documents. The whole country is full of women with stories like ours. I say we must break the silence like the women from the Plaza de Mayo in Argentina did! I am an actress now. I travel all over the country. I have a voice and with this voice I founded a group called Madres del Silencio, in Bogotá. We are fighting for our children and against the ongoing injustice of forced adoption."
The Work
of Plan Angel
Plan Angel uses a multi-disciplinary approach to empower families and help them find their biological children. One of their most important tools in helping families is DNA testing.
"I don't know why they took them to the orphanage."
Adriana Patricia
Adriana Patricia needed to work full-time, So she took her children to what she believed were private nurseries
"When I met my first husband I was very young, just 14 years old. We had five children together. He was involved in drug dealing and abused me. I lost my first son in 1977. I found work in a village near Medellin so I gave him to a couple. They wanted to take care of him until I could pick him up the next morning after work. The couple disappeared overnight and stole my son. It was only last year that we found him. There I stood, in front of my 40-year-old son. He had spent his whole life with another family. My two other children I lost, were sent to an orphanage by their private foster mother. After my husband was sent to prison, I had to bring up four children on my own. I took a full-time job to compensate for the loss of support. I gave two of my children to my parents-in-law. I left the other two with a private foster mother; after reading the local newspaper I discovered she had taken my children to the child welfare office and they took them to the orphanage . I saw a photo of them."
"When I went to Bienestar Familiar La América to pick up my children, they asked me to prove that the children were mine. I said : 'Get my children. They will recognize me. I am their mother. Just let me see them.' But the director refused my request. Later I found out my children had been adopted and sent abroad without my signature or consent. I don't know why the foster mother gave my children to the ICBF Maybe she was paid, or someone advised her to? I could not confront her about it, my hatred is too big. I can't face her."
"Can you tell me why he isn't looking for me after all these years?"
Ana Milena
Ana Milena's family made a false case in Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar and gave away her child. When she pleaded to get back her son from the Institution to right the wrongs done to her and him, she was told by the director, that her son was better off without her as a mother in good American family. No one was ever held accountable.
"When I was 14 I lived on my own. I was a saleswoman and drove from city to city. At the age of 19, after giving birth to my second son, I decided to leave my violent husband. My aunt supported me and took me and my baby in, but she didn't want my two-year-old son in the house. I was forced to leave him with my friend Itagüi. I was young and liked to go out those days. I met a mafiosi with whom I fell in love. It was terribly romantic until my girlfriend and I witnessed a murder one evening when we were dancing on the street and walking through the neighbourhood. We had to leave the city immediately. We couldn't go back home. We only had the clothes we were wearing. For three months we hid in Barranquilla. My family had no phone so I couldn't tell them where I was. When I returned, I first visited my friend and my eldest son. I had saved some money and paid her the expenses. Then I went back to my family. I was happy to be home again and finally wanted to see my baby. But my aunt had given him to a home. She had claimed not to know his mother. I had just been an unknown washerwoman and who had abandoned her son. They even gave him a false name: Mauricio. We went together to the youth welfare office Bienestar Familiar la América to get my Cristian back and make everything right again, but it was too late. Apparently they searched for Mauricio's mother with a newspaper announcement and afterwards released him for adoption. I told the director about the lies, and she found out about my contacts to the mafia. My son had been given up for adoption under false pretences, but the only thing this director continued telling me was: "your son is now in an American family and better off there than with a mother like you".
Whether a prostitute or a thief, a child belongs to its mother! I will always be his mother. I know he has a new family now, a new name and that I lost the right to be his mother. I don't want to intervene. I just want to tell him my story. Can you tell me why he isn't looking for me after all those years?"
Sandra Cecilia
After placing two of her children for adoption, she only wanted to die. It was an impossible thing to do. And she did it in the hope of securing a better life for her children. It was a sacrifice that almost cost her her life.
"My daughter Yasmina was devine, beautiful, and innocent. She was with me for seven years. My son Daniel, I called him carry-me-carry-me and food-food. Nothing made him happier than when he was fed. But I hardly had anything. It was terribly difficult. For as little as milk and panela for my children I had to do some favors for men. My family didn't recognise my children as theirs. They hardly saw me as a daughter and abused me. It was bad enough that I lived in the house with them. My middle child Bryan lived with his paternal grandmother. I didn't get to see him. But I didn't have to worry about him. Everyone pushed me to give up my children. The decision that I couldn't go on any further was made when my mother – as so often – threw me out onto the street. I was desperate and cried: "God, what should I do?" A child should have a right to father and mother, to a home and education. A family in which they can learn discipline and become successful. I did the most terrible thing, something no woman does without being forced to. Look at my nephews and nieces, all without work, they take dangerous drugs. They never went to school. If my children had stayed here, they would've ended up like that. How could I let that happen? Not long ago I found my children on Facebook. The youth welfare office had revealed to me that they were adopted by a diplomat family. My son told me that he didn't want any contact and blocked me. His sister looked beautiful in the pictures wearing her graduation dress.
After giving them away, I thought, 'God let me die', but he wouldn't. My current husband had to shower and feed me. I had given up on living. But the love for Jesus saved me. I bought a house for my children. So that they would know that although I suffered all this time, I continued to fight for them. So that they have something here when they come back."
"Plan Angel gave me hope for the first time that I might see him again before I die."
Maria Leonisa
Maria Leonisa's son got lost at a train station when he was 8 years old. Even 57 years later, she never learned what happened to him.
"God gave me nine children, two of them daughters. Two of my sons were murdered in the drug war. But I lost Luís much earlier. All my children were still small and half of them were not even born. I drove with them to the city centre of Medellín. At that time I had four children. My youngest was just two months old, the oldest twelve. I had to run errands. Luís distanced himself from us. He liked taking strolls on his own because he kept coins to buy sweets from the street vendors at the train station. Everyone around us went about their usual business. Luís didn't come back from his stroll. At the time he was eight years old. He knew my name, he knew where we lived. I don't understand why he didn't find his way home, why nobody brought him home. We went straight to the police station. But the investigation didn't bring any findings. I'm sure he was stolen and sold. I've been waiting 55 years for him to come back. A few months ago, I found out about the DNA program of an organisation called Plan Angel and told them about my son. They knew a Hector José with my name from Medellín who remembered getting lost at a train station. He was adopted to Holland and looking for his family. The organisation did a DNA test with me to see if he could be my Luís. I haven't received the results yet.
I've lived so long with the loss of my son, more than half of my life. Plan Angel gave me hope for the first time that I might see him again before I die."
Results of DNA-Testing
Maria Leonisas DNA test came back as no match with that Luís, who got in contact wit Plan Angel. Everyone involved in this case, hopes that her Luís went into adoption and was not a victim of other crimes and that he is still alive. With working with a world wide database and not a one on one DNA test, there is a chance that the right Luís will get t o know about Plan Angel and the Family Finder of Family Tree DNA and decide to do the test. In that case, Maria Leonisa will get a direct match with her son.
Support this project
There are are many ways you can support me collecting and spreading the testimonies of Colombian first mothers. One way is donating to help me keep this production independent from political and economical interests.
Please get in contact with me anytime.
I was the orphan
The story of adoption does not start with an orphaned child, but with a child born to it's mother. After years of being silenced and marginalized, our Colombian mothers speak up and tell their own stories. And maybe we see that we adoptees were not abandoned at all.
Cologne, Germany
Medellín, Colombia
Email Me


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Interesting week for the Yankees' Marcus Thames, who went from hero to goat to injured in three wild and wacky days.
Before things turned sour I got a bit of a Twitter discussion going upon inviting followers to suggest a Thames home run call for John Sterling, who whiffed on his first attempt.
My favorite, from @nicoleauerbach: "Timmm-berrrr!"
Feel free to contribute via comment or email. I'm at email@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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Main Letters in Drug Design & Discovery Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Lipophilic Analogs of Anethol Trithione
You can write a book review and share your experiences. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books you've read. Whether you've loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them.


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I love following electoral politics: the leadership races, debates, speeches, campaigns, the who's who, the cabinet and its rising stars, the leaders in waiting, and the has-beens who are hanging on.
I've worked for candidates in municipal, provincial, and federal campaigns. I am a member of a national party. In my university days, I was president of the youth wing of my party's provincial riding association. (It doesn't matter which one.)
And it carried into my first career calling. My years as a reporter were devoted to municipal government; I was the one-man bureau and it was pretty much all I wrote about.
And now, strangely but not surprisingly, it's followed me into ministry.
We live in a political age. It's human nature, and it's infused our denomination to the extent that every move we make – whether on the floor of General Assembly, in presbytery and its committees, even on sessions – seems calculated.
It's what happens when the house is divided. And that's where legislatures, parliaments, and the courts of the church are similar: there are two or more parties or factions competing for control and influence.
The Presbyterian Church in Canada is no different than other denominations, which are fraught with liberal and conservative theologies in conflict. It's a centuries-old tug of war. I don't remember when the Presbyterian Church in Canada was predominantly conservative in theology, but it had to be have been at one time for our main subordinate standard, Living Faith, to have a relatively orthodox outlook. Check out Section 3, in which Jesus Christ is proclaimed as "truly God, truly human, Saviour, Lord" and the source of salvation. And of course, Section 8.2.3, the definition of marriage. Given the widespread lack of support for this one section, particularly so at 50 Wynford Drive these days, it's clear that a new wave of thinking has emerged. It didn't happen overnight.
And as our Church Doctrine Committee and our Life and Mission Agency and Committee consider the feedback to all those papers dispersed by the 2017 General Assembly, we see divided presbyteries battling over nominees to committees and positions on theological papers. In one Toronto-area court which voted in support of Option "B" (a wholesale change in our marriage standards), we saw the brave witness of presbyters registering their dissent.
So, is all this a good thing? Despite my love and fascination with politics, I'm not so sure. What I do know is that it's part of human nature. Yes, God wants us to stand for what is right. And He wants godly women and men to bring their faith into our legislative assemblies and not be afraid to declare it. Like those dissenting elders, we must stand and be counted.
As the Church Doctrine Committee and the Life and Mission Agency and Committee pore over stacks of responses and prepare their reports to 2018 General Assembly, we pray for their eyes to be wide open to see the light of Christ. 1 John 1:5-10 tells us that God is light and if we claim to be followers of a triune God, then we will remain in the light, declare our innately sinful nature, seek forgiveness, and declare that we are steeped in sin.
May all of our eyes be opened.
Pray for each member of the Life and Mission Agency Committee (see page 33 of the 2017 Acts and Proceedings for members' names) and the Church Doctrine Committee (page 31) as they prepare their reports to 2018 General Assembly. Pray for staff at the Life and Mission Agency and the General Assembly offices. Pray for our 2018 commissioners-in-waiting. Pray for God to open our eyes to which of the three candidates for General Assembly moderator would be best to lead us to submit to God's will.
Just pray.
Pray for our eyes to be wide open to the enduring truth that Christ came to bring life to its fullest and that life is not to be lived in the flesh but in the Spirit, which is as pure as light and white as snow.


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ImageOut and Gallery Q are co-presenting "Take the Long Way Home," an exhibit of recent work by artists and married couple Nancy Topolski and Allen C. Topolski. This is their first time exhibiting together, and their work pairs well together — both reconfigure found materials and are explorations of personal and cultural themes. Nancy's new body of mixed media work is sourced from Visual Studies Workshop's Soibelman Syndicate New Agency Archive as well as her own collection of vintage imagery, and much of it was produced during her recent residency at VSW. Allen's sculptural work, from his "Things I used to Need" series, incorporates outdated and nearly outdated tools juxtaposed with painted imagery and lighting.
The exhibit continues through January 25. Gallery Q (in the Alliance Resource Center, 100 College Avenue) is open Monday and Friday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m.; and Tuesday through Thursdays, 9 a.m. to 8:30 p.m. Admission is free. 244-8640; gayalliance.org.


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The Carina Press authors are "Getting In Character!"
What is your character's favorite guilty-pleasure snack/dessert, and why?
Sarah Murphy from Fault Lines is a hyper-competent, gorgeous wedding planner. She also carries a dark secret that keeps her from letting any man too close to her heart. That is, until she meets Joe, the hot photographer with a big heart and a difficult past of his own.
Joe gains Sarah's trust and helps her recover from her past, but along the way, there is a deep and urgent need for cookies.
Specifically, the famous chocolate chips cookies made by her friend, Jane from I'll Become the Sea. Sarah devours them and she doesn't feel bad about it because they are awesome. Here's the recipe. – Rebecca Rogers Maher
Jack Summers is an ex-soccer star who had to give up his sporting career because of injury in Finally Home. He now runs an Edwardian manor house hotel in a country town in South West England. His mother is constantly pushing him to get hitched, but he's not keen. Once bitten, twice shy!
He still loves soccer, and always looks forward to family weekends at his mother's house where he gets to play soccer with his nephews. He adores his mother as well, although she is a little eccentric and does test his patience at times.
He has a secret weakness for curry with French fries because it reminds him of his early days playing soccer when he and his team mates went out after a match.
Are you unable to resist these snacks too? Tell us what you love to indulge in!
My characters live in early 19th century England, and I couldn't say that they have guilty pleasure foods, as such – but my heroine is thoroughly sick of the ratafia biscuits her family's cook always makes to use up the egg whites left over from making custard, and would much rather have jam tarts; the viscount has had a fondness since childhood for sticky gingerbread; and the naval lieutenant can hardly do without his coffee.
I wouldn't mind a jam tart and a black coffee right about now, myself! Thanks for sharing, Julian. Your characters sound like a lot of fun!


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2010 NFL Power Rankings: Training camp edition
Last we checked, the New Orleans Saints were the defending champions thanks to a 31-17 victory over the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV.
As we unveil the 2010 training camp edition of ESPN.com's NFL Power Rankings, the Colts and the Saints rank Nos. 1 and 2, respectively. A preseason Power Rankings title is no replacement for the Lombardi trophy, but the Colts can take some solace in the distinction.
The list was determined by polling ESPN.com NFL national writer John Clayton (AFC East, NFC East) and James Walker (AFC North, NFC North), Paul Kuharsky (AFC South, AFC West) and Mike Sando (NFC South, NFC West) of our NFL Blog Network.
The Minnesota Vikings, Dallas Cowboys and Baltimore Ravens round out our top five.
Among the big movers since the Week 18 edition of the 2009 Power Rankings was published in January: The Washington Redskins leaped from No. 29 to No. 20, thanks in part to the addition of quarterback Donovan McNabb. The Eagles, who traded McNabb to their NFC East rivals, tumbled from No. 7 at the end of last season to No. 17 this summer.
Look for the next edition of our Power Rankings on Sept. 7, two days before the Vikings visit the Saints to kick off the regular season.
Editor's note: "LW" indicates each team's ranking in the Week 18 edition of the 2009 Power Rankings.
2010 Power Rankings: Offseason
1 (1) Colts 14-2-0 Their fate might depend on what others have done to narrow the gap. (Kuharsky)
2 (5) Saints 13-3-0 The Saints should not expect another magical season because every team is different, but they still can contend for the Super Bowl. (Sando)
3 (3) Vikings 12-4-0 Brett Favre is waiting for a two-hour TV special to announce his return. (Walker)
4 (4) Cowboys 11-5-0 The Cowboys are loaded and will look to secure a Super Bowl "home game." (Clayton)
5 (11) Ravens 9-7-0 The defense-heavy Ravens finally believe they have a high-powered offense. Scary thought. (Walker)
6 (6) Packers 11-5-0 Improved pass protection for QB Aaron Rodgers could go a long way. (Walker)
7 (12) Jets 9-7-0 With 12 Pro Bowl position players, the Jets are loaded to challenge the Pats. (Clayton)
8 (15) Falcons 9-7-0 The fortunes are looking up again now that RB Michael Turner is healthy and apparently in great condition. (Sando)
9 (10) Patriots 10-6-0 Who keeps the Patriots ahead of every other AFC East team? Tom Brady. (Clayton)
10 (2) Chargers 13-3-0 I'd like the Chargers a lot more with WR Vincent Jackson than without him. (Kuharsky)
11 (9) Bengals 10-6-0 This is the deepest Bengals team of the Marvin Lewis era. But can it handle a first-place schedule? (Walker)
12 (19) 49ers 8-8-0 The defense is already strong and the offense is finally in position to improve -- if QB Alex Smith is ready. (Sando)
13 (21) Dolphins 7-9-0 It's up to QB Chad Henne to see if he can compete against the big boys in the AFC East. (Clayton)
14 (14) Texans 9-7-0 Pass defense might determine the Texans' fate more than anything else. (Kuharsky)
15 ( Cardinals 10-6-0 Keep an eye on youngsters Beanie Wells (RB) and Early Doucet (WR) this season. Arizona needs them. (Sando)
16 (20) Giants 8-8-0 Tom Coughlin must sort out the defensive problems to keep the Giants in contention. (Clayton)
17 (7) Eagles 11-5-0 Even though the Eagles have tons of talent, their schedule pulls them down. (Clayton)
18 (16) Titans 8-8-0 The Titans are going to be an offensive football team. (Kuharsky)
19 (13) Steelers 9-7-0 The first 4-6 games without QB Ben Roethlisberger could make or break their season. (Walker)
20 (29) Redskins 4-12-0 New QB Donovan McNabb should add a TD per game to the Redskins' offense. (Clayton)
21 (22) Bears 7-9-0 Do people realize QB Jay Cutler is just 24-29 as a starter? (Walker)
22 (1 Panthers 8-8-0 Carolina has the NFL's youngest roster and a head coach entering the final year of his deal. (Sando)
23 (17) Broncos 8-8-0 I'm betting QB Tim Tebow scores a TD on opening day in Jacksonville. (Kuharsky)
24 (26) Raiders 5-11-0 Did the Raiders build a pretty good defense? (Kuharsky)
25 (27) Seahawks 5-11-0 Immediate expectations for QB Charlie Whitehurst subsided pretty quickly once Seattle hit the practice field. (Sando)
26 (23) Jaguars 7-9-0 If only the Jaguars resided in the AFC West ... or the NFC West.(Kuharsky)
27 (2 Chiefs 4-12-0 The Chiefs are hoping safety Eric Berry will provide immediate help. KC's defense ranked 30th in 2009. (Kuharsky)
28 (25) Browns 5-11-0 The first year of the Mike Holmgren era could be rough. This team lacks talent across the board. (Walker)
29 (31) Lions 2-14-0 After the 2009 season, the Lions have nowhere to go but up. So does the pass defense, which ranked 32nd last season and allowed 266 yards per game.(Walker)
30 (30) Buccaneers 3-13-0 How well can a young head coach with a defensive background manage Josh Freeman, a franchise QB entering his first full season as an NFL starter? (Sando)
31 (24) Bills 6-10-0 The only thing the Bills can look forward to is the 2011 draft and a new quarterback. (Clayton)
32 (32) Rams 1-15-0 The big question heading into camp is whether rookie QB Sam Bradford can earn the starting job by Week 1. (Sando)


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Top 10 Psychological Films to Watch This Summer
Posted by Enna in Psychology on July 1, 2018
They say that the type of movies you watch says a lot about you as a person. If you looked at my recent viewed films on Netflix you'd probably think I was a raging conspiracy theorist, with a strange curiosity for the paranormal and the psychological. (Oh, and you'd probably think I have way too much […]
Posted in Leisure | Tagged Films, Movies, Psychological Thrillers, psychology, Psychology Films
5 Must Watch Psychology Movies
Posted by Tasmin in Psychology on September 7, 2016
I thought I'd kick off my blog in true fashion talking about my favourite pass time – movies. As a psychology blogger I felt inclined to narrow my long list of movie gems, into psychology themed ones for everyone (especially psychology students) to sink their teeth into before term begins. Get binge watching! 1) Ex […]
Posted in Leisure, Uncategorized | Tagged American Psycho, Christian Bale, Ex Machina, Films, Movies, Psychological Thrillers, Psychology Films, Rain Man, Standford Prison Experiment, Tom Cruise, We Need to Talk About Kevin | 6 Responses


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A migraine is much more than a bad headache; unless you suffer from them it is difficult to appreciate just how debilitating a migraine can be. Often people with a migraine can do nothing but lie quietly in a darkened room waiting for the pain to pass. The pain is excruciating, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting and an increased sensitivity to light and sound. A migraine can last for a few hours or a few days. Migraines occur more commonly in women than men (one in four women and one in 12 men) in the UK. and usually affect people in their teenage years up to around 40 years of age, although they do sometimes occur in children. Migraine affects about 15 per cent of adults in the UK (NHS Choices, 2012q).
A range of common factors that can cause migraines in some people have been identified. Some scientists suggest that fluctuating levels of hormones may be linked to the causes of migraines (hence the higher number of women affected). Other factors include: emotional, physical, environmental, medicinal and dietary factors. Foods are frequently identified as triggers and the most common culprits include dairy products (particularly cheese), chocolate, alcohol (particularly red wine), caffeine, citrus fruits, nuts, fried foods and foods containing monosodium glutamate (MSG) such as some Chinese food, processed meats and frozen pizzas. Other triggers include cigarette smoke, bright lights, hunger, certain drugs (such as sleeping tablets, HRT and the combined oral contraceptive pill), loud noises, strong smells, neck and back pain, stress and tiredness. All these factors and others can lead to a migraine, and some people may experience a migraine following any one or a combination of these factors.
One study looked at a range of 36 possible (hormonal, environmental and dietary) triggering factors that may precipitate a migraine in a group of 123 migraine sufferers. The dietary factors included: chocolate, cheese, citrus fruits, alcohol, aspartame, MSG, a fat-rich diet, dairy products and caffeine as well as skipped meals or fasting and deprivation or insufficient intake of water. Out of all the patients tested, only 2.4 per cent did not complain about any dietary factor (Camboim Rockett et al., 2012). The national medical charity Allergy UK lists cheese (particularly Stilton, Brie, Camembert and Emmenthal) as the third commonest cause of food-induced migraine after alcohol and chocolate. They suggest that 29 per cent of food-induced migraines are caused by alcohol, 19 per cent by chocolate, 18 per cent by cheese and 11 per cent by citrus foods. Other foods thought to trigger migraine include fried and fatty foods, onions, pork, pickled herring and yeast extract (Allergy UK, 2005).
In a study at Great Ormond Street Children's Hospital in London, 88 children with severe and frequent migraines were treated with a diet that eliminated many foods linked to migraine, 93 per cent of the children responded well to the diet and were free of headaches (Egger et al., 1983). Foods were gradually reintroduced to identify those most likely to provoke a migraine. Top of the list was cow's milk, followed by chocolate (containing cow's milk), the food preservative benzoic acid, eggs, the synthetic yellow food colouring agent tartrazine, wheat, cheese, citrus, coffee and fish. Interestingly, children who had initially developed a migraine in response to factors other than food (for example flashing lights or exercise) no longer responded to these triggers while on the special elimination diet.
The relationship between food allergy or intolerance and migraine is difficult to prove and, despite the evidence, remains a controversial subject. However, the possibility of cow's milk allergy or intolerance should be considered in all cases of migraine.


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Home / I can't believe it's not Visual Studio
Developing in C# from OS X using MonoDevelop
April 11, 2013
by gguuss
Read Article →
IMPORTANT NOTE – The .NET client libraries have had significant updates since this post was written. Please read this POST for the updated information. Before…


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Durability and Appeal of Custom Vinyl Signs and Banners
If you ever want to advertise a particular event or business, vinyl banners, self-adhesive vinyl signs, and even custom vinyl signs may be what you want to look for. These signs are great ways to not only advertise something on a vehicle, but really shows that you are willing to do whatever it takes to market a particular product, service, or business and they are very affordable and can be very attractive ways of advertising.
These types of adhesive signage are very durable and do not of fall off; they will stay in place and can really show your creative side and allows you to make it your own. There are additional options to consider for these custom vinyl signs such as tabs and grommets. You can use tabs to further strengthen your banner and add strength to an already durable piece of equipment. You usually just peel the tab off of the sign and place it in the corner of the vinyl banners and press firmly. This allows the banner to stay in place and gives you peace of mind that it will stay wherever you have it located. Some people prefer these over grommets. Grommets are another piece of add-ons that can work as well as tabs. Grommets reinforce the holes used to hang vinyl signs.
All businesses utilize banner signage to increase their visibility on the road they are on and even within their own shopping center. Even schools use this for particular functions such as fundraisers, dances, and any other event that they have going on for that given time period. Having a custom banner printed up for your business or event shows a higher level of professionalism. Religious groups can use this type of promotion as well, whether it is to advertise a service for church or a particular function going on for that situation.
These custom banners have durability and an appeal that can surpass plenty of other types of advertisements. They will always be a popular tool for marketing of events or businesses. The next time you are in need of vinyl signs and vinyl banners, get in touch with Vamp Graphics!


text: Okay, Day 2 complete. 17% of trip is done. We're at a small town named Destruction Bay. Tomorrow, we'll go through Whitehorse and beyond in our amazing Yukon stretch of the trip. We're doing okay, no problems of any sort. I'm at a loss as to what to add to that. It'll be a few days before you hear from us again, but once we make it past the border, I can be a little more chatty. ... It's sad how the beauty and splendour of North America can get dull and repetitive. Very important edit: HAY relee I'M IN UR COUNTRY


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Is GIMP the best open source alternative to Photoshop?
Is GIMP the best open source alternative to Photoshop?
It will be eighteen years this weekend since GIMP, the GNU Image Manipulation Program, hit version 1.0 on June 5, 1996, and over twenty since the open source project first became generally available to the public. In that time, it has come a long way in both the expansion of features and in usability, and for many users, beginners and experts alike,it has become their preferred image editor.
But is GIMP really a full replacement for Photoshop? It probably depends on both what you need it for, and how rigid you are in your workflow. In many educational programs, designers and artists are often taught a single proprietary option from day one of their training; they aren't taught design so much as how to use a specific application. Industry completes the cycle by advertising job requirements around a specific tool, and building a whole design workflow around it, making it harder to break in with an open source alternative.
This cycle doesn't explain the whole world of graphic editing software, though. Many home users are perfectly content to use whatever tool works for them, and if it's freely available, all the better to them. Many small businesses see the advantages of using open source applications over their proprietary alternatives. And even many enterprise corporations are becoming more welcoming to software diversity inside their walls.
In addition, there are other image tools with a growing following: Krita, which specializes in being sketching and painting for artistic purposes, is a great example.
So what do you think? Is GIMP a viable Photoshop alternative you? And of the open source options available, is it the one that best meets your needs, or do you use others? Let us know in the comment below.


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Displaced Heimats: The National Landscape in the works of German-Jewish Émigré Filmmakers and Photographers
Research conducted by Dr. Ofer Ashkenazi
My proposed research project examines the contemplation of the German concept of Heimat by Jewish intellectuals and artists who were in exile between the years 1933 and 1945. Loosely translated as "homeland," the notion of Heimat traditionally embeds an organic territory, a landscape which gives rise to the unique characteristics of the national community. Based on generic representations of the local place as a metaphor for the imagined nation, Heimat iconography was a vital component in the formation of modern German national identity. In its emphasis on homogeneous authenticity, however, this concept had often appeared to undermine the fundamentals of assimilation. Despite and perhaps because of this tension Heimat had become a vital trope in the literature and visual art of German-speaking Jews. In focusing on the visual aspects of Heimat-culture, my research will analyze the utilization of generic Heimat imagery in the works of Jewish émigrés. The focus on their participation in and criticism of the production of Heimat imagery would highlight two hitherto understudied phenomena. First, it would explore how the artistic contemplation of place enabled men and women of Jewish ancestry to play a significant role in the German national identity discourse both before 1933 and after 1945. Second, it would underscore an overlooked yet substantial influence of the Weimar-era Jewish experience on the formation of post-1945 national cultures in the United States, Germany and Israel. In emphasizing these two phenomena, this research will argue that the pre-1933 Jewish confrontation with the imaginary German "national space" had a vital impact on the ways national identities have been envisioned in the post-World War II context.
To download the detailed synopsis – click here


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If you're currently in the market for a new gaming PC or workstation PC, you may be overwhelmed with the bevy of choices and options that are out there. And though certain specs may be the same from builder to builder, one of the key differentiators that makes certain brands stand out above others is the form factor. But how much does the form factor matter? Is it really that important? Truth is yes, it matters a lot, and here's why:
As someone assumingly in the market for a high end PC, cooling ability should be one of your prime considerations. In general, the larger the case, the more air is able to flow through it and across your components, resulting in overall better performance, stability, and longevity. So if a smaller form factor mATX chassis is what has your eye, make sure it has sufficient fans for cooling.
We recommend at least one push and one pull fan, configured in the direction of the natural flow heat through the system. When we designed the MX3 chassis for example, we placed the main fans on the top and bottom, to allow heat to rise naturally up and out of the system. The optional side fans supplement these top and bottom fans, making it the best cooling mATX chassis on the market. Or at least we think so.
When choosing a form factor, you want to make sure there's enough physical space inside the chassis for not only the components you want now, but also the components you might upgrade to in the future. There's nothing worse than drooling over the latest graphics card, then realizing a poorly placed hard drive cage in your chosen form factor keeps it from fitting.
And going beyond just total space, efficient use of that space is important too. A well designed form factor will make good use of the space that it has, taking care to not limit expandability or wasting space unnecessarily.
And yes, looks
Hey, looks do matter. Unless the idea of filling your office with mass produced plastic is appealing, the aesthetics of the case you choose should be important. A well designed chassis has style and flare without being garish or gawdy. Think about this: which is more likely to make your friends jealous, the all aluminum MX3 featured above, or the plastic and steel system made in China below. We thought so.
Josh Covington
Latest posts by Josh Covington (see all)
- Do I need a Sound Card? - October 16, 2020
- AMD Ryzen 3000 vs Ryzen 4000G - August 6, 2020
- G-Sync vs FreeSync – Which is Better? - April 15, 2020


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- Brand New With Tags
- Worn during 2015-16 season
- 100% Official Soccer Merchandise
- Suitable for Adults – Available in Multiple Sizes
- Size : XS 1.5/2 UK Foot
Official 2015 2016 PSG Home Socks available to buy online. These are the brand new navy football socks of Paris Saint GermainThese PSG soccer socks are available to buy in adult and junior sizes and are manufactured by Nike.The Nike PSG Home Socks 2015 2016 offer a comfortable fit thanks to the knitted design with an elasticated ribbed opening and a stitched, supportive foot bed, complete with the Dri-Fit designed for greater moisture management. These Home Socks are complete with a contrasting finish to the top and a Nike Swoosh and PSG lettering to the shin. > Football Socks > Knitted design > Ribbed opening > Supportive foot bed > Contrasting finish > Dri-Fit > Nike Swoosh > PSG lettering > Machine washable Product Code 658669-410


text: Leadership Microsoft's Ballmer to retire in 12 months Nestor E. Arellano @NestorArellano Published: August 23rd, 2013Microsoft Corp. CEO Steve Ballmer announced today that he is ready to retire in the next 12 months once a suitable successor to the top post in the computer company is found."There is never a perfect time for this type of transition, but now is the right time, Ballmer said in statement released today. "…My original thoughts on timing would have had my retirement happen in the middle of our company transformation to a device and services company."Microsoft chairman Bill Gates is heading the succession planning committee."As member of the succession planning committee, I'll work closely with the other members of the board to identify a great new CEO," he said in a statement. "We're fortunate to have Steve in his role until the new CEO assumes these duties. During Ballmer's watch the PC went from a "hobbyist plaything to mainstream workhorse" at home and in the workplace and Ballmer was instrumental in fundamentally "rewiring how people get work done," said London, Ont.,-based industry analyst Carmi Levy. In the long-term though, Levy foresees that a new leadership will "gradually influence the culture of the organization."Ballmer will continue as CEO and lead Microsoft through the next steps of its transformation to a device and services company.At least one Canadian technology analyst said the controversial CEO could have stayed a bit longer."I think you could argue he could have hung in a bit longer," said James Alexander, senior vice-president of Canadian IT research firm Info-Tech Research Group. "They are well positioned I think in terms of strategy of having a user experience across all device types and form factors."Another analyst described Ballmer's planned retirement as "good news" for the software giant. RELATED CONTENTDoes Microsoft reorganization matter to customers?Microsoft Canada president steps downMicrosoft lacks Plan B for Surface line "Ballmer is part of the old guard," David Senf, vice-president of the information solutions group at IDC Canada, said in describing Ballmer, who joined Microsoft in the 1980s and is actually employee number 30 of the company. "Like the reorganization announced back in July, this announcement indicates the Microsoft board – including Bill Gates – wants to skate to where the puck will be, not where it is today," he said. "They tried this with Ray Ozzie. But internal politics and other factors conspired against his efforts." Among those factors, Senf said, were "Google, Amazon, Apple and lengthy list of startups" that represented the shift of IT towards cloud and mobility. News of Ballmer's departure plans also comes at a time when Microsoft continues to struggle with getting its new touchy Windows 8 operating systems and tablet devices gain greater acceptance in the market place. The company's Surface RT and Surface Pro tablets have been fighting a steep uphill battle against rivals such as Apple Inc.'s iPad, Samsung's Galaxy Tab and other Android OS tablet devices. Levy said that a change in the leadership of Microsoft will not impact costumers. "In the near-term there likely won't be any noticeable impact on consumer and enterprise customers," he said. "Just as Apple continued to function consistently following the retirement of Steve Jobs, there's no reason to expect Microsoft's experience will be any different following Mr. Ballmer's departure. Today, Ballmer said Microsoft has an "amazing senior leadership team," and the company will "need a CEO who will be there for the longer term of this new direction." In a blog Forrester Research analyst Ted Schadler said that under Ballmer, Microsoft made "massive inroads into enterprise server software and tools. But, he added, while it spent on consumer services and mobile it didn't make much progress. Meanwhile cloud-based competitors like Google, Amazon and Salesforce have become enterprise suppliers. The new CEO will have to face what Schadler called its "IBM or GE moment:" Keep the company as it is (as GE did), or split it up (as IBM did by selling its PC division to Lenovo). Three forces will drive that decision, he wrote: Technology is increasingly not split into personal and business (think of smart phones); premise-based software is disappearing; and the move from desktop to doing work on mobile devices. Microsoft has appointed a special committee to direct the process of selecting a successor to Ballmer. The committee is chaired by John Thompson, the board's lead independent director.Other members of the committee are: Gates; Chuck Noski, chairman of Microsoft's audit committee; and Steve Luczo, chairman of the compensation committee.Recruitment firm Heidrick & Struggles International Inc., will work with the special committee in considering both external and internal candidates.Thompson said the committee is concentrating its efforts in finding "a new CEO to work with the company's senior leadership team to chart the company's course and execute on it in a highly competitive industry."While Ballmer has received much criticism in recent years for being slow to change, Alexander said it remains a formidable tech company."You have to say regardless of whether the criticism he receives for not growing the company or it getting stodgy, it's still in business and has the largest footprint in the corporate world of any organization," he said. In terms of a possible internal successor, Alexander mentioned Kevin Turner, longtime chief operating officer of the firm, who has an excellent retail background from his previous position at Walmart. "It's that kind of background that would propel someone forward or bring fresh new energy and perspective," he said. It is likely Microsoft could go the other route and consider a candidate from the outside perhaps from Google or a competing competing company, Alexander said. Senf said finding a successor to run Microsoft in the changing IT industry is a tall order but he doesn't think Turner is a good choice. "What Microsoft doesn't need is a Jack Welch, Lou Gestner or even an insider such as Kevin Turner-style of CEO," he said. "They'll have a COO for those tasks. Visonary wanted. Someone like Ford's CEO Alan Mulally would fit well." (With files from Jeff Jedras) Leadership IT jobs, Microsoft


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Also known as
Voacanga africana is a small tropical African tree that grows to 6m in height. It has leaves that are up to 30 cm in length, and the tree produces yellow or white flowers, which become berries with yellow seeds. The bark and seeds of the tree are used in Ghana as a poison, stimulant, aphrodisiac, and ceremonial intoxicant. These effects are due to the presence of a complex mixture of alkaloids such as voacangine, vocamine, amataine, akuammidine, tabersonine, coronaridine and vobtusine.
Harvest Data
Origin: Africa
Whole seeds or powdered seeds
The statements made on this website have not been evaluated by the FDA (U.S. Food & Drug Administration). Our products are not intended to diagnose, cure or prevent any disease. For propagation purposes only, not for human consumption. Customers must be over 18 years of age to purchase anything from this site. Research all items before using.


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Kayley Very Happy With Her Overseas Award
Year 12 student Kayley Balderstone has been selected for a Language Immersion Award with AFS (a commonly known exchange service/programme). This involves spending six months during 2017 in a French speaking country, living the language and experiencing French culture. "I'm so excited, it's such an amazing opportunity. I barely got my application in, I did it in a week and submitted the forms two minutes before deadline!" She says. This scholarship allows for Kayley to travel on an exchange to France, Switzerland or Belgium- specific placement still to be confirmed. "I'm going to Europe next year. I can't believe it." The opportunity to apply became available through Careers Advisor Mr Tod, who noticed applications were closing and through French teacher Mrs Drabble advised the French class to apply. "I decided to go for it. If I got rejected at least I would have tried. After a long wait I was told I'd been selected! I can't wait to see how this goes." This will be a fantastic experience and we congratulate Kayley for her achievement.


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Enable maintenance mode in GoDaddy Pro on my website
Take a website offline by placing it in maintenance mode in GoDaddy Pro.
- Log in to your GoDaddy account. (Need help logging in?)
- Click Sites in the left sidebar.
- Hover over the website and click Open website dashboard.
- Click More Tools in the left sidebar and click Maintenance Mode.
- Select the Maintenance or Coming Soon template. Or, to use your own maintenance mode page, edit the HTML in the code window.
- (Optional) Select Also show maintenance mode for logged in users and select the roles that should see the maintenance mode.
Note: When no roles are selected, maintenance mode will not be visible to logged in users.
- Click Activate maintenance mode.


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An applied approach to epidemiology and toxicology for engineers : NIOSH instruction module
Published Date:June 1993
Personal Author:
Corporate Authors:
Description:"This study package was developed to provide the student with an introduction to the disciplines of epidemiology and toxicology, emphasizing topics of special relevance to the engineer. The first unit in the module introduced the participant to the basic concepts of epidemiology and demonstrated its relevance to engineering. Also discussed were the types of epidemiologic studies and the strengths and weaknesses of this approach. The second unit introduced the participant to the different types of analytical epidemiologic studies, when each should be used, the limits of epidemiologic investigations, and key questions to ask when assessing any epidemiologic study. Unit three introduced toxicology and demonstrated the utility of basic precepts of this discipline. The difference between exposure and dose was discussed. Unit four was a overview of the health concerns of persons working in wastewater treatment facilities and evaluated the effects of lead (7439921). An introduction was also provided in this unit to the use of control technologies in terms of moderating risks to workers. Unit five discussed the way in which hazardous waste problems have both an environmental and occupational focus. The need for an interdisciplinary team of specialists in addressing the resulting problems of hazard identification, risk management, and risk abatement was demonstrated in a case involving polychlorinated biphenyls." - NIOSHTIC-2 NIOSHIC No 00218229
Content Notes:"SHAPE: Safety/Health Awareness for Preventive Engineering"--Cover. "NIOSH instructional module"--Cover. Shipping list no.: 95-0530-M. "NIOSH Order no. 939342"--P. ii. Includes bibliographical references.
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The first blooming plant that I will show you you is my new bush mallow (Malacothamnus fremontii). I bought two these over the summer, one of which was in bloom when I received it, but they both died shortly after I planted them. I bought a third one at the end of September, at the fall sale of the California Native Plant Society Redbud Chapter, in Grass Valley. It had buds then, but no flowers. Now it finally has flowers!
I had expected the flowers to be pink, but they're mostly white. A few start out pink, but soon fade to white.
The other plant that's currently in bloom is also new: sulfur buckwheat (Eriogonum umbellatum). I bought this at a farmer's market in Chico a few weeks ago. When I got home and looked up more information about it, I immediately started to regret having bought it, because it really prefers drier conditions and better drainage than I can possibly give it. But it's surprised me by doing just fine so far. Planting it in the middle of a lawn, as I appear to have done here (though I'm actually sort of in the process of transforming this section of lawn into a flowerbed - the grasses I've left for now are clumping grasses that are relatively drought-tolerant), probably seems insane. However, strange though it may seem, our lawn actually is the driest and best-drained portion of the property. This is because (1) we don't water it or take care of it as a lawn ought to be taken care of, and (2) the lawn is on a slope and has been amended to death by past residents with relatively fast-draining soil, whereas the rest of the property is flat and has solid adobe clay soil.
November isn't all about blooms, though - it's also supposed to be about fall color. We don't have a whole lot of that in California, and what little fall color we do get is mostly from non-native plants. So my native plant garden has especially little to offer in terms of fall color. I should eventually have some fall color from my native grapevine (Vitis californica), but for now the grape leaves are still green. The redbud (Cercis occidentalis) is also still green. But I do have a little bit of fall color from a few leaves on my golden currant (Ribes aureum). This plant is only semi-deciduous, so most of its leaves are still green and will probably remain green all winter, but a few of them are rather reddish this month.
November is also about newly sprouted seedlings. I scattered a whole bunch of seeds this year of elegant clarkia Clarkia unguiculata), Chinese houses (Collinsia heterophylla), sand-dune wallflower (Erysimum capitatum), and a mix of California native wildflowers that, unfortunately, didn't name specific species (so I assume they're the weediest native species imaginable and I may bitterly regret planting them - but oh well, I really need to cover up the bare dirt with something green, and native disasters are likely to be more controllable than non-native disasters). Now the seeds have begun coming up.
The California golden poppy (Eschscholzia californica) seedlings that self-seeded from last year's crop and then sprouted in early September when I watered the area with the hose are now huge. There are also some smaller California golden poppy seedlings that I scattered by hand in October and that sprouted with the first actual rain of the season. And there are a few sky lupines (Lupinus nanus) from seeds I collected last spring in a wild colony more or less directly across the street from our duplex.
There are seedlings from the seeds I purchased, too. This is a seedling of elegant clarkia (Clarkia unguiculata).
This (in the center) is a seedling of sky lupine (Lupinus nanus).
I don't really know what this one is. Someone told me that seedlings in the mustard family often look like this, and the sand-dune wallflower (Erysimum capitatum) seeds I scattered are in the mustard family, so it might be that. But it doesn't at all resemble the foliage of fully grown sand-dune wallflower plants.
I also bought my first fern recently. This is giant chain fern (Woodwardia fimbriata).
The garden is always full of Pacific tree frogs, but this is the first time I've gotten a decent photograph of one of them. It was sitting on the coiled-up garden hose that was hanging on the side of the house.
In addition to growing plants in the garden, I've also been taking it upon myself to fix the gate between the front and back gardens, which had been boarded up and unusable since before I moved in. Our landlady is a slumlord who responds to all maintenance requests by leaving angry tirades on our telephone answering service, saying she cannot believe that we're too stupid to figure out how to fix everything ourselves. So I tried. Unfortunately, everything in and around this duplex is incredibly sloppily built, and this turned out to include the gate. The first gate latch I bought was too short to stretch across the unusually large gap between the screw holes in our gate. The second gate latch I bought didn't align correctly with the screw holes in the silver metal post. So I took pieces of both the gate latches I'd bought and attached them in a creatively lopsided manner, as shown below. It looks a bit odd, but it functions! But the gate is still boarded up for now anyway, because I also need to replace a rotted, broken fence slat with a new board. For now, if the gate weren't boarded up, the dogs would probably escape through the hole.


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This is a very rural area of the Ohio River. You can get lost in its pristine beauty and splendor. If you like fishing away from civilization this is the pool for you.
Surprisingly there are several launching areas for this pool, both on the Ohio side and the West Virginia side. Check with local anglers/boaters and local maps for details.
Tailrace Waters Below The Belleville Dam (Mile 203.9)
These tailrace waters are consistent producers of sauger and white bass. There is plenty of rip rap and rock in this area to fish.
Rock Banks (Mile 208-210)
There are excellent rock banks along both sides of the River. Fish any area in this stretch of River that is different, unusual, or stands out for any reason—size, color, whatever.
Shade River (Ohio-Mile 210.6)
One of the best tributaries on the pool.
Old Lock and Dam #21 (Ohio-Mile 214.6)
There is an area of deep water and wood along the ruins of this dam. It is an excellent catfish spot.
Buffington Island (Mile 217)
Fish the rocky shoreline areas.
Rock Bar (West Virginia-Mile 222.8)
This rocky bar will hold fish at times.
Old Lock and Dam #23 (Ohio-Mile 231.4)
Try this area for both channel cats and flatheads.
Letart Island (Mile 235.3)
The head of this island consistently produces smallmouth bass and spotted bass.
Tributaries/Creeks/Ditches (All Along The Pool)
This pool has hundreds of small tributaries, creeks, and ditches flowing into it. They all will not produce but many of them will. If you are going to fish The Racine Pool on a regular basis get to know these areas well. Trial and error is the best method as different techniques will produce at different locations.


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Aubrey de Grey
Dr. Aubrey de Grey is a biomedical gerontologist, a Fellow of the IEET, and the Chief Science Officer of the SENS Foundation. The editor of Rejuvenation Research, the world's only peer-reviewed journal focused on intervention in aging, he is an advocate of research seeking answers to how molecular and cellular metabolic damage brings about aging and ways humans can intervene to repair and/or obviate that damage.
The central goal of Aubrey de Grey's work is the expedition of developing a true cure for human aging. In his view, the main obstacle to developing such technology is the position of biogerontology at the boundary between basic science and medicine. He believes that the fundamental knowledge necessary to develop truly effective anti-aging medicine mostly exists, but the goal-directed frame of mind that is best suited to turning research findings into tools is very different from the curiosity-driven ethos that generated those findings in the first place.
As a scientist with a training in an engineering discipline, specifically that of computer science, Dr. De Grey believes himself to be well placed to bridge this gap. He attempt to do so in three main ways: by doing basic biogerontology research, identifying and promoting specific technological approaches to the reversal (not merely the prevention) of various aspects of aging, and by arguing in a wide range of forums, extending beyond biologists, for the adoption of a more proactive approach to extending the healthy human lifespan sooner rather than later.
Please direct media and research inquiries to firstname.lastname@example.com.
Home Page | CV | Twitter
The End of the Beginning: Life, Society and Economy on the Brink of the Singularity by Ben Goertzel (2015)
Between Ape and Artilect: Conversations with Pioneers of AGI and Other Transformative Technologies by Ben Goertzel ed. (2014)
The Transhumanist Reader: Classical and Contemporary Essays by eds. Max More and Natasha Vita-More (2013)
Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Biotechnologies That Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime by Aubrey de Grey and Michael Rae (2007)
Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence: Why Genuine Control of Aging May Be Foreseeable by Aubrey de Grey (editor) (2004)
"Report on Nigeria ICT Festival 2015" Ethical Technology (Jan 19, 2016)
"When Is A Minion Not A Minion? - Should We Create Aware Machines?" The Edge (May 26, 2015)
"Live-Blogging the Morning of Day Two of Humanity+ San Francisco" Ethical Technology (Dec 2, 2012)
"Live-Blogging the Afternoon of Day One of Humanity+ San Francisco" Ethical Technology (Dec 1, 2012)
"Live-Blogging Morning of Day One of Humanity+ San Francisco" Ethical Technology (Dec 1, 2012)
"Never Say Die: A Slate/New America Seminar on Radical Life Extension" New America Foundation (Nov 16, 2010)
"The singularity and the Methuselarity: similarities and differences" Strategy for the Future of Health. Bushko R, ed. 2009. (Sep 14, 2009)
"Can regenerative medicine defeat aging?" BioNews (Aug 13, 2009)
"Old People Are People Too" Cato Unbound (Dec 3, 2007)
"The Natural Biogerontology Portfolio: Defeating Aging" as a Multi-stage Ultra-grand Challenge" Biogerontology: Mechanisms and Interventions 1100 (april) Ann NY Aca Sci (Apr 1, 2007)
"SENS scrutinized" Sentient Developments (Jun 10, 2006)
"The scientific quest to "cure aging"" Metamagician and the Hellfire Club (Apr 2, 2006)
"Life extension, human rights, and the rational refinement of repugnance" Journal of Medical Ethics 2005;31:659-663 (Nov 18, 2005)
"Resistance to debate on how to postpone ageing is delaying progress and costing lives" EMBO Reports (Oct 14, 2005)
"Nanotech in Medicine" Always On (Sep 7, 2005)
"Extended life spans within reach" CNN (May 12, 2005)
Recent Multimedia
Aubrey de Grey - Nigeria ICT Fest 2015 2016-01-04
Undoing Aging with Regenerative Medicine 2015-12-21
The Future of Work and Death (Trailer) 2015-10-05
Molecular and Cellular Damage as the Cause of the Diseases of Aging (1:20min) 2015-03-23
Future Day Online 2015-03-01
New Journal of Emerging Technologies Announced (Jul 25, 2018)
HumanityPlus @ Melbourne Conference (Apr 10, 2012)
New JET article by Nicholas Agar (Nov 29, 2010)
Ben Goertzel offering accredited summer course on The Singularity through Rutgers University (Mar 21, 2010)
Nick and Aubrey featured in Time Magazine (Mar 15, 2009)
Past Appearances
Stambler, de Grey @ Super Longevity Conference (New Delhi, India - Oct 03, 2015)
Hughes, Vita-More, de Grey, Roux @ TransVision 2014 (Paris, France - Nov 20, 2014)
2014 Longevity and Genetics Conference: Vancouver (Vancouver - Nov 15, 2014)
Vita-More, de Grey, Pearce @ London Futurists' Anticipating 2025 (London, UK - Mar 22, 2014)
Natasha Vita-More, Aubrey de Grey, David Pearce @ Anticipating 2025 (Birkbeck, University of London - Mar 22, 2014)


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(Application no. 41760/04)
25 November 2008
This judgment may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Kostić v. Serbia,
The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Françoise Tulkens, President,
Ireneu Cabral Barreto,
Vladimiro Zagrebelsky,
Danutė Jočienė,
Dragoljub Popović,
Nona Tsotsoria,
Işıl Karakaş, judges,
and Sally Dollé, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 4 November 2008,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
1. The case originated in an application (no. 41760/04) against the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, lodged with the Court, under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ("the Convention"), by, at that time, two citizens of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, Mr Nedeljko Kostić and Ms Zorka Kostić ("the applicants"), on 2 November 2004.
2. As of 3 June 2006, following the Montenegrin declaration of independence, Serbia remained the sole respondent in the proceedings before the Court.
3. The applicants were represented by Mr A. Mančev, a lawyer practicing in Belgrade. The Government of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and, subsequently, the Government of Serbia ("the Government") were represented by their Agent, Mr S. Carić.
4. The applicants complained under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention about the non-enforcement of a demolition order rendered in their favour.
5. On 11 September 2006 the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.
6. The applicants are spouses. They were both born in 1947 and currently live in Belgrade.
7. The facts of the case, as submitted by the parties, may be summarised as follows.
8. The applicants and a certain M.P. were co-owners of a house and five other buildings in Belgrade.
9. On 21 May 1998 M.P. obtained a building permit for the partial reconstruction of the house co-owned by the applicants, authorising him to convert his flat into a duplex and enlarge it by approximately 100 meters squared.
10. M.P. started with the construction work immediately thereafter.
11. On 7 August 1998, on the basis of an on-site intervention, the Inspectorate of the Voždovac Municipality ("the Municipality") concluded that M.P. was not performing the construction work in line with the building permit. It therefore ordered him to stop all work and to file a request for a new permit.
12. On 2 September 1998 the Inspectorate ordered M.P. to demolish, within three days, that part of the construction which had been erected contrary to the building permit.
13. On 11 September 1998 the Inspectorate issued an enforcement order in this respect.
14. Meanwhile, M.P. filed a request for a new building permit.
15. On 24 September 1998 the Municipality issued a favourable interim decision.
16. On 15 December 1998 the second-instance authority quashed this decision, remitting the case for re-consideration.
17. On 13 July 1999 the Municipality dismissed M.P.'s request for a new building permit, finding that his plan did not satisfy the requirements prescribed by the relevant domestic legislation.
18. On the same date, a technical report noted that "following the recent precipitation" and the construction work undertaken by M.P. the applicants' property had been seriously damaged. In particular, mortar had fallen, walls had cracked, and extensive damp and leakages had appeared throughout the premises.
19. On 27 March 2001 and 20 June 2002 the applicants filed criminal complaints against unidentified officials employed with the Municipality, alleging abuse of office.
20. On 25 November 2003 this complaint was rejected by the Fifth Municipal Public Prosecutor's Office (Peto opštinsko javno tužilaštvo) in Belgrade.
21. Following the entry into force of the new Planning and Construction Act in May 2003, M.P filed a request with the Municipality for the "legalisation" of the reconstruction of his flat (see paragraphs 32-34 below).
22. On 22 May 2003 and 11 June 2004 the applicants lodged submissions opposing the said legalisation.
23. On 11 February 2005 the Municipality informed the applicants that M.P. had filed a request for legalisation.
24. On 14 December 2005 M.P. supplemented this request.
25. Over the years, the applicants had repeatedly requested enforcement of the demolition order dated 2 September 1998, but to no avail.
A. General Administrative Proceedings Act (Zakon o opštem upravnom postupku, published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia - OG RS - nos. 55/96, 33/97 and 31/01)
26. Article 39 defines a party to an administrative case as a person at whose request the proceedings have been instituted, a person against whom the proceedings have been brought, or, indeed, any other person who is entitled to participate in the proceedings with a view to protecting his or her rights or interests.
27. Article 261 § 2 provides that an administrative decision shall be executed once it becomes enforceable.
28. Article 268 § 1 provides, inter alia, that the authority in charge of the enforcement of an administrative decision shall, ex officio or at the request of a party, issue an enforcement order. Such an order shall declare that the decision has become enforceable and determine the means and object of the enforcement.
29. Article 271 provides, inter alia, that enforcement proceedings shall be terminated ex officio if the enforcement title itself has been repealed in the meantime. These proceedings shall, however, be stayed "if it is established" that an interim decision, which was being executed, has subsequently been replaced by a contradicting separate "decision in respect of the main issue".
B. Planning and Area Development Act (Zakon o planiranju i uređenju prostora i naselja, published in OG RS nos. 44/95, 23/96, 16/97 and 46/98)
30. Article 5 provided, inter alia, that an area's development was to be carried out in such a way as to: (i) protect its natural and man-made characteristics; (ii) respect the relevant planning regulations; (iii) preserve its natural resources; and (iv) protect the environment, as well as the public interest in general.
31. This Act was repealed on 13 May 2003.
C. Planning and Construction Act (Zakon o planiranju i izgradnji, published in OG RS nos. 47/03 and 34/06)
32. Articles 160-162 provide, inter alia, that the owner of a building, a flat or, indeed, of any other object erected or reconstructed in the absence of a valid building permit shall have to inform the competent administrative authority ("the authority") of this situation by 13 November 2003. This authority shall have sixty days to advise the owner about the relevant conditions for the "legalisation" of the construction in question, as well as the documents needed in this regard. The owner himself shall then have another sixty days to comply with this instruction. Should he do so and depending on whether the relevant conditions have been met, the authority shall accept the legalisation sought. In the event, however, that the owner does not abide by the set deadlines, the authority shall adopt a demolition order in respect of the said construction.
33. Article 171 provides, inter alia, that requests concerning the "issuance of building permits", as well as those to do with "other individual rights and obligations", lodged before the entry into force of this Act, shall be dealt with on the basis of prior legislation.
34. The Planning and Construction Act entered into force on 13 May 2003.
D. Obligations Act (Zakon o obligacionim odnosima; published in the Official Gazette of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - OG SFRY - nos. 29/78, 39/85, 45/89 and 57/89, as well as in the Official Gazette of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - OG FRY - no. 31/93)
35. Article 154 defines different grounds for claiming civil compensation.
36. Article 172 § 1 provides that a legal entity is liable for any damage caused by one of "its own bodies".
E. Domestic case-law referred to by the Government
37. On 17 May 2005 the First Municipal Court (Prvi opštinski sud) in Belgrade ordered the Municipality of Stari Grad to pay the plaintiff a specified amount of compensation on account of the lost rent. The court relied, inter alia, on Article 172 of the Obligations Act and explained that the plaintiff had been unable to lease his flat for a certain period of time as a result of the Municipality's failure to evict a protected tenant from the flat in question (XVIII P br. 9031/04). On 16 March 2006 this judgment was upheld by the District Court (Okružni sud) in Belgrade (Gž. br. 12872/05).
38. On 21 February 2006 the Municipal Court in Novi Sad ordered the respondent State to pay the plaintiff a specified amount of compensation for the breach of his rights guaranteed under Article 5 of the Convention (P br. 1848/05). On 8 November 2006 this judgment was upheld by the District Court in Novi Sad (Gž. br. 3293/06). Based on such jurisprudence, the Government maintained that the Serbian courts were willing to directly apply the Convention, as well as the Protocols thereto.
F. Property Act (Zakon o osnovama svojinskopravnih odnosa; published in OG SFRY nos. 6/80 and 36/90; as well as in OG FRY no. 29/96 and OG RS no. 115/05)
39. Under Article 25 § 1 if a builder was aware of the fact that he was building on land owned by another, or was not aware of this but the land's owner had immediately expressed his opposition to the work undertaken, the latter shall have the right to: (i) seek recognition of his ownership of the building erected; (ii) request that this building be demolished; or (iii) seek compensation from the builder for the usurped land, based on its market price.
40. Under Article 43, inter alia, a co-owner shall be entitled to file a claim for the protection of his or her rights in respect of an entire property, as well as the protection of that individual's stake therein.
G. Code of Criminal Procedure (Zakonik o krivičnom postupku; published in OG FRY nos. 70/01 and 68/02, as well as OG RS nos. 58/04, 85/05 and 115 /05)
41. Under Articles 61 and 201-212, should a Public Prosecutor reject a criminal complaint filed in respect of a crime prosecuted ex officio, the victim may personally take over the prosecution of his own case before a court and simultaneously file a claim for any civil damages suffered.
42. The applicants complained under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 about the non-enforcement of the demolition order dated 2 September 1998.
43. Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 reads as follows:
"Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law.
The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties."
A. Admissibility
1. Compatibility ratione temporis
44. The Government submitted that the application should be rejected as being incompatible ratione temporis with the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. In this regard, they noted that the damage suffered by the applicants had been instantaneous and had occurred before 13 July 1999 (see paragraphs 17 and 18 above) whilst Serbia had ratified Protocol No. 1 on 3 March 2004.
45. The applicants maintained that the violations in question were of a continuing nature.
46. Given the fact that the impugned non-enforcement of the demolition order has continued to date, the Court finds that the application is compatible with the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 ratione temporis and dismisses the Governments objection in this regard.
2. Compatibility ratione materiae
47. The Government further argued that the application was incompatible ratione materiae with the provisions of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. They maintained, in particular, that the applicants had requested the adoption of the demolition order based on Article 5 of the Planning and Area Development Act, a provision which was unrelated to the issue of "property rights protection".
48. The applicants argued that the violation alleged fell within the scope of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.
49. Irrespective of the legal basis for the adoption of the demolition order, the Court finds that it clearly concerns the peaceful enjoyment of the applicants' property rights (see paragraphs 64-67 below). Accordingly, without prejudging the merits of the applicants' complaint, the Government's objection in this regard must be dismissed.
3. Exhaustion of domestic remedies
50. Finally, the Government submitted that the applicants had not exhausted all effective domestic remedies. In particular, they had failed to: (i) file a civil action against the Municipality, under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, as well as Articles 154 and 172 of the Obligations Act (see paragraphs 35 and 36 above); (ii) bring a separate civil claim against M.P. personally, in accordance with Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, Article 154 of the Obligations Act and Article 43 of the Property Act (see paragraphs 35 and 40 above); and (iii) take over the prosecution of their criminal case, following its initial rejection by the Public Prosecutor's Office, in accordance with Articles 61 and 201 of the Criminal Procedure Code (see paragraph 41 above).
51. The applicants contended that they had exhausted all effective domestic redress.
52. As regards the Government's submissions under (i) and (iii), the Court recalls that it has already held that remedies of this sort were ineffective within the meaning of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention (see, mutatis mutandis, ZIT Company v. Serbia, no. 37343/05, §§ 45-47, 27 November 2007). It sees no reason to depart from this finding in the present case.
53. Concerning the Government's submissions under (ii), the Court notes that the remedies referred to relate to M.P. only, not the Municipality as but one emanation of the respondent State. Since the applicants' complaint concerns the failure of the Serbian authorities to enforce their own demolition order, the Court finds that such redress against the private individual was not necessary to be exhausted within the meaning of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention.
54. It follows that the Government's objection must be dismissed in its entirety.
4. Conclusion
55. The Court considers that the applicants' complaint is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention and finds no other ground to declare it inadmissible. The complaint must therefore be declared admissible.
B. Merits
1. Arguments of the parties
56. The Government conceded that the demolition order in question remained enforceable, but noted that its actual execution would have been "contra legem" and/or served no useful purpose.
57. In particular, whilst the interim building permit was in force it made no sense to undertake the demolition sought which, in any event, should have been stayed in accordance with Article 271 of the General Administrative Proceedings Act.
58. As regards the period thereafter, the Municipality "did not have the time" to proceed with the demolition because of the large number of other illegally erected buildings.
59. In May 2003 the new Planning and Construction Act entered into force whereby, pursuant to Articles 160-162, it was possible to file for the legalisation of all buildings constructed without a valid building permit. Since M.P. had filed such a request with the Municipality, any demolition in the meantime would have been unwarranted.
60. Lastly, the Government observed that there was no evidence that the applicants had been unable to lease their property or dispose of it due to the construction work carried out by M.P. On the contrary, the value of their real estate could have even increased in accordance with Article 25 § 1 of the Property Act.
61. The applicants reaffirmed their complaints, noting that the impugned non-enforcement had resulted in a permanent restriction of their property rights.
62. Further, the said Planning and Construction Act did not provide that all existing demolition orders were to be considered null and void.
63. Ultimately, the applicants noted that M.P. could not obtain the legalisation sought as they, being the co-owners of the house in question, were firmly opposed to this.
2. Relevant principles
64. Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 guarantees, inter alia, the right of property, which includes the right to enjoy one's property peacefully, as well as the right to dispose of it (see, among many other authorities, Marckx v. Belgium, 13 June 1979, § 63, Series A no. 31).
65. By virtue of Article 1 of the Convention, each Contracting Party "shall secure to everyone within [its] jurisdiction the rights and freedoms defined in [the] Convention". The discharge of this general duty may entail positive obligations inherent in ensuring the effective exercise of the rights guaranteed by the Convention.
66. In the context of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, those positive obligations may require the State to take the measures necessary to protect the right of property (see, for example, Broniowski v. Poland [GC], no. 31443/96, § 143, ECHR 2004-V), particularly where there is a direct link between the measures which an applicant may legitimately expect the authorities to undertake and the effective enjoyment of his possessions (see Öneryıldız v. Turkey [GC], no. 48939/99, § 134, ECHR 2004-XII).
67. It is thus the State's responsibility to make use of all available legal means at its disposal in order to enforce a final administrative decision, notwithstanding the fact that it has been issued against a private party, as well as to make sure that all relevant domestic procedures are duly complied with (see Ilić v. Serbia, no. 30132/04, §§ 74 and 75, 9 October 2007).
3. The Court's assessment as regards the present case
68. The Court, in the first place, notes that the very existence of an unauthorised construction amounts to an interference with the applicants' property rights (see paragraph 64 above).
69. Secondly, the demolition order in question was issued on 2 September 1998 and its enforcement was sanctioned on 11 September 1998 (see paragraphs 12 and 13 above).
70. Thirdly, Serbia ratified Protocol No. 1 on 3 March 2004, meaning that the impugned proceedings have been within the Court's competence ratione temporis for a period of more than four years and seven months.
71. Fourthly, the interim building permit issued in favour of M.P. was repealed by 15 December 1998, which is why, inter alia, Article 271 of the General Administrative Proceedings Act was irrelevant as regards all developments following the ratification (see paragraphs 16 and 29 above).
72. Fifthly, there is indeed nothing in the Planning and Construction Act to the effect that existing demolition orders are to be deemed null and void. On the contrary, Article 171 thereof would appear to suggest otherwise (see paragraphs 32-34 above).
73. Sixthly, there is no evidence that the value of the applicants' real estate "could have increased" in accordance with Article 25 § 1 of the Property Act", as argued by the Government (see paragraphs 39 and 60 above).
74. In view of the foregoing, the Court finds that the Serbian authorities have failed to fulfil their positive obligation, within the meaning of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, to enforce the demolition order of 2 September 1998 (see paragraphs 66 and 67 above). There has, accordingly, been a violation of the said provision.
75. The relevant provisions of these Articles read as follows:
Article 41
"If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party."
Article 46
"1. The High Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties.
2. The final judgment of the Court shall be transmitted to the Committee of Ministers, which shall supervise its execution."
A. Damage
76. The applicants claimed a total of 600.000 euros (EUR) in respect of the pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages suffered. As regards the former, they referred to the "reduced value of their real estate"; concerning the latter they emphasised the mental anguish which they had endured as a result of not being able to freely use their property or, indeed, even leave for holidays since 1998 for fear that their other neighbours might themselves engage in illegal construction.
77. The Government contested these claims.
78. The Court sees no reason to doubt that the applicants have suffered distress as a result of the breach of their rights secured under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, which is why a finding of a violation of this provision alone would clearly not constitute sufficient just satisfaction. Having regard to the above and on the basis of equity, as required by Article 41, the Court awards the applicants jointly EUR 4,000 in non-pecuniary damage.
79. The Court further points out that, under Article 46 of the Convention, the High Contracting Parties undertook to abide by the final judgments of the Court in any case to which they were parties, execution being supervised by the Committee of Ministers. It follows, inter alia, that a judgment in which the Court finds a breach imposes on the respondent State a legal obligation not just to pay those concerned the sums awarded by way of just satisfaction, but also to choose, subject to supervision by the Committee of Ministers, the general and/or, if appropriate, individual measures to be adopted in their domestic legal order to put an end to the violation found and to redress, in so far as possible, the effects thereof (see Scozzari and Giunta v. Italy [GC], nos. 39221/98 and 41963/98, § 249, ECHR 2000-VIII).
80. The Court considers, therefore, taking into account the fact that the applicants have failed to substantiate the "reduction in the value of their real estate", that their pecuniary damage claim must be met by the Government ensuring, through appropriate means, the speedy enforcement of the demolition order dated 2 September 1998 (see, mutatis mutandis, Ilić v. Serbia, no. 30132/04, § 112, 9 October 2007).
B. Costs and expenses
81. The applicants did not specify their claim in this respect. Accordingly, the Court makes no award under this head.
C. Default interest
82. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
1. Declares the application admissible;
2. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1;
3. Holds
(a) that the respondent State shall ensure, by appropriate means, within six months from the date on which the judgment becomes final, in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, the enforcement of the decisions adopted by the Municipality of Voždovac on 2 September 1998 and 11 September 1998, respectively;
(b) that the respondent State is to pay the applicants jointly, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final, EUR 4,000 (four thousand euros) in respect of the non-pecuniary damage suffered, which sum is to be converted into the national currency of the respondent State at the rate applicable on the date of settlement, plus any tax that may be chargeable;
(c) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amount at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
4. Dismisses the remainder of the applicants' claim for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 25 November 2008, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Sally Dollé Françoise Tulkens
Registrar President
KOSTIĆ v. SERBIA JUDGMENT
KOSTIĆ v. SERBIA JUDGMENT


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- The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
- Source: The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 84, Issue 1, 5 Jan 2011, p. 15 - 19
f National Serologic Survey of Haematobium Schistosomiasis in Morocco: Evidence for Elimination
The Moroccan Health Ministry launched a Process of Eliminating Schistosomiasis in 1994. During 2005–2009, the epidemiologic status showed a clear interruption of disease transmission at the national level; only a few residual cases were recorded. Our present study is the first systematic serologic survey to evaluate the transmission status in remaining disease-endemic foci. A study population of 2,382 children born after the date of the last autochthonous cases were selected from provinces with histories of high schistosomiasis transmission (Tata, Chtouka Ait Baha, Errachidia, El Kelaa Des Sraghna, and Beni Mellal). To identify the presence of disease, specific antibodies directed against Schistosoma haematobium adult worm microsomal antigens were detected by using an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay. The results showed an absence of antibodies in all serum samples. Consequently, our findings confirm either a low transmission status or an interruption of schistosomiasis transmission within the last disease endemic foci.
- 02 Jul 2010
- 20 Sep 2010
- 05 Jan 2011


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In back-to-back races at Laurel Park yesterday (Equibase):
In the 8th, "MARKEESA, four wide, ranged up to loom boldly in upper stretch, lost her rider after sustaining a catastrophic injury in mid stretch then was euthanized." Markeesa was two; this was her 3rd time under the whip. In her first two races, she finished second-to-last and last, a combined 25 lengths back.
In the 9th, "AMIGO, four wide the first turn, failed to be a factor, pulled up lame near the eighth pole and was euthanized." Amigo was seven; this was his 30th time under the whip. In his last four races (prior to this one), he was a "Did Not Finish" twice.
With these two, Laurel has notched three kills in two days (Minor Legend Saturday). How proud they must be. And what of the people in the stands and the others who placed bets across the country? Well, had they not gone or wagered, Laurel could not have held those races; no races, no dead horses this morning. It's as simple as that. Do the right thing: Stop supporting this wickedness. End horseracing. Now.


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Birch Paper Straws
I love the 'scandi' look of these black and white birch print paper straws.
A perfect touch for something a little differen - , use for Christmas, a woodland or winter wonderland theme!
Made from bio-degradable paper these paper straws are the perfect stylish little detail for any party or special event.
Packet of 12


text: Thinking of conditioning the settlement of a customer arbitration claim on the customer agreeing to expunge her complaint against you? Think again. The FINRA is now awaiting the SEC's approval of a FINRA rule proposal that would prohibit associated persons from conditioning settlements of customer disputes on, or otherwise compensating customers for, an agreement not to oppose a request to expunge information from an associated person's Central Registration Depository (CRD) record. Continue reading "The End of Not Opposing Expungements in Return For Settlement?"


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Our journey through Christmas treats continues - and what Christmas isn't complete without a chocolate dish!
Tronco de Navidad - Christmas Log
- 6 eggs
- 4 level tablespoons of plain flour
- 300g of dulce de leche
- 300g of icing sugar
- 1 teaspoon of vanilla essence
- 4 bars of chocolate
On a flat rectangular tray (lined with baking paper) tip the mixture and flatten. Place in a pre-heated oven at 180 degrees. After 8-10 minutes remove from the tray and place on a damp tea towel. Sprinkle with some sugar and spread the dulce de leche. Proceed to roll.
Cut one slice off the end. Cut the slice in half and place on top of the roll like knots on a tree trunk.
In a bain marie melt the chocolate. Once melted place over the roll - simulating a pattern like a tree trunk (fork works well!) .


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The Week in iPhone Cases: An attic shall I seek
This week's roundup of iPhone protection includes a case inspired by a popular TV family that's getting a new lease on life courtesy of Internet streaming. Not a fan of the Bluths? Worry not, for we've got plenty to go around, from the rugged to the fashionable.
An attic shall I seek
This week's roundup of iPhone protection includes a case inspired by a popular TV family that's getting a new lease on life courtesy of Internet streaming. Not a fan of the Bluths? Worry not, for we've got plenty to go around, from the rugged to the fashionable.
The Bonjour (iPhone 5; $38) is made from rigid plastic to protect your handset from bumps and scratches, and it features all the appropriate openings to ensure unfettered access to the handset's ports, buttons, and cameras.
The case comes in ivory white with a cute vintage-inspired image on the back.
The Karim Rashid Collection (iPhone 4, 4S, and 5; $169) features six different sleeves and cases for your handset designed by the eponymous artist.
Each of the cases is built using high-end Italian leather dyed in a variety of colors and embossed with patterns that improve grip and give them a distinct look.
Griffin Technology
The Survivor + Catalyst (iPhone 5; $70) is built to be waterproof up to ten feet—perfect for a day at the beach, in your swimming pool, or even just your bathtub.
The case's design also makes easy work of installation and removal, without the need for additional hardware or tools, and the case is completely transparent, allowing easy use of the iPhone's cameras.
Marc Jacobs
Although called the Foil Covered (iPhone 5; $38), I prefer to think of this case by Marc Jacobs as something inspired by the golden mylar coverings you'll find on a spaceship.
In addition to the aforementioned golden foil, the case also comes in a silver variant (which, admittedly, looks more oven-ready than space-like).
The Shark Skin Collection (iPhone 5; $28) features an embossed pattern designed to be scratch-resistant and offer optimal balance between grip and comfort.
The case comes in teal, blue, orange, purple, or grey.
Pong Research
The Rugged Case (iPhone 5; $70) is built using an exclusive technology that the company claims helps your handset work better by directing radiation away from your head and body.
Capable of keeping your iPhone safe from falls of up to six feet, the case comes in black, red, grey, or aqua.
The Cube3D (iPhone 5; $35) blends an energy-absorption material with a plastic hardshell exterior with a unique, stylish design with three-dimensional features.
The Cube3D comes in white, purple, black, or red.
Fans of Arrested Development won't want to miss the Many Faces of Tobias Fünke (all iPhone models; $36 to $40), which features the looks of David Cross's character from the cult series.
The case itself is available in two models, and is made from hard plastic to protect your phone from bumps and scratches. It features all the appropriate cutouts to allow access to the handset's cameras, buttons, and ports.
The Mophie Helium Series (iPhone 5; $20) is designed to marry Slickwraps's popular adhesive covers with Mophie's Helium battery packs for the iPhone.
Available in dozens of colors and styles, ranging from natural wood to leather to carbon fiber, the wraps include full-body protection—including, of course, the battery packs themselves.
The Leather Case (iPhone 5; €69) is handmade in Italy from fine Florentine Vachetta brown leather. It features a minimalist profile and weighs only 21 grams.
A pocket on the case's back can be used to stash plastic cards and or cash.
Waterfield Design
The Finn Wallet (all iPhone models; $29) is made from naturally tanned and distressed full-grain leather, and it's available in two sizes that allow you to stash varying amounts of cards and cash alongside your handset.
The Finn Wallet comes in black, camel, grey, red, green, or brown.
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