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Life Insurance Center
How To Find Affordable High Risk Life Insurance
It's all about you. We want to help you make the right coverage choices.
We strive to help you make confident insurance decisions. Comparison shopping should be easy. We partner with top insurance providers. This doesn't influence our content. Our opinions are our own.
Article 9 of 12 in What to Know Before You Buy Life Insurance
Life insurance companies make money by collecting premium payments and not paying out death benefits, which means they commonly avoid high risk consumers. In order to determine who will get life insurance, companies have developed underwriting criteria that indicate how much of a risk an applicant is. Most life insurance applicants are required to undergo a medical exam so the insurance company can find any high risk health concerns. If you fall in the category of high risk life insurance because of an illness or unhealthy lifestyle, then you may be rejected by a life insurance company, or see higher premium rates.
TIP: If you are high risk, it is important to shop around. While all companies may charge you more because of your risk level, you may be able to find a good life insurance policy at an affordable price if you take the time to look for one.
Life Insurance Underwriting
Life insurance companies generally underwrite individual applicants for life insurance policies. The underwriting process is designed to screen out people who are uninsurable due to serious illness or extreme health risk, and classify the remaining people into risk categories depending on how healthy they are and charge them premiums accordingly. A healthy 35 year old who weighs 150 pounds can expect to pay significantly less than a 35 year old who has diabetes and weighs 300 pounds.
The underwriting process can be very simple. For certain policies it may just consist of a few questions about gender, age, weight, your smoking habits and health history. If you are able to demonstrate that you are healthy and do not engage in dangerous or unhealthy activities then you will be placed in a lower risk category. However, if you are not healthy or engage in dangerous activities, then the insurance company underwriting will place you in a high risk category and make it difficult for you to get insured at a low price.
Evaluation and underwriting of risks varies differently for each company and from person to person. For this reason, you should always shop around and compare life insurance quotes, and ask an experienced agent should you have any questions.
Life Insurance for the High Risk
Some companies are comfortable taking in people who are less than perfectly healthy and take in a range of risks. Such companies may promise guaranteed high risk life insurance despite your health problems. These companies will usually have a limit on how much insurance you can purchase, and their rates tend to be high. Also, the policy may be limited to refund of premiums and interest only if death occurs during a few years after the insurance is purchased.
TIP: Companies offering high risk life insurance policies will charge higher premiums, but are sometimes the only source of coverage you need. Shop around and consult a life insurance agent to find the best high risk company for your situation.
Whether you are applying to a company specializing in high risk policies, or in any company advertising low life insurance, be sure you are likely to be accepted at the affordable rates before you apply! A rejection on a life insurance application could come back to haunt you. Just applying to a company that claims to have the lowest price is usually NOT the answer. If that company does not accept you or rates your policy as non-standard then it may harm you when you apply to another company. Other insurance companies will know if you have applied for life insurance, and each application is a red flag that can cause your premium rates to increase.
TIP: When you apply for life insurance most companies ask if you have ever been denied or rated on a life insurance policy. A false statement makes any policy that is issued contestable for at least 2 years, and it is not hard for your company to find a previous application.
Before you apply for high risk life insurance, speak with a good insurance agent or broker who specializes in dealing with people who have problems obtaining life insurance coverage. He or she should be able to recommend a company that has a favorable view of people with your health condition.
What You Can Do to Get High Risk Life Insurance Coverage
Whether you are looking for life insurance for a smoker, or if you have a history of cancer and life insurance has been hard to obtain, there are some things you can do.
- See if you are automatically eligible for group life coverage through your employer or an organization you belong to. Group coverage is sometimes issued without any individual underwriting; the insurance company relies on the general experience of the whole group. Very often, group plans permit people to buy up to a fixed amount without any evidence of insurability. If so, buy as much as you need and can afford.
- Consider a permanent life insurance plan, such as whole life or universal life. Life companies often are more liberal in terms of underwriting on permanent insurance than on term life insurance.
- See if you are eligible for any other form of life insurance that does not require underwriting. Such policies generally are awful, with low benefits and high premiums, the premiums usually are very high, but even though there may be a 2 year waiting period before your beneficiaries would be able to collect anything more than the premium you paid in, these policies may make sense for those who can't get life insurance. Some of these polices are called burial policies or final expense policies and offer small face value amounts. But, if you can't get life insurance any other place, these policies could be an option.
- Consider buying Accidental Death and Dismemberment Insurance (AD&D). AD&D covers only deaths that result from accidents, but that may be better than nothing.
- Consider certain types of credit card insurance -- the cost is normally outrageously high, but it does offer an alternative.
- Consider going without life insurance. Save the money you would have paid as premiums to build a nest egg for your survivors.
- Do what you can do to address the health concerns that caused you to be denied insurance. That may involve weight loss, exercise, diet, smoking cessation, etc.
- Consider reapplying after you have addressed the health concerns or time has passed. Someone who may not have been insurable at age 40 because of a recent cancer diagnosis may become insurable at 45 if there is no recurrence. Even if you have been turned down for life insurance because you had a terminal illness eight year ago but now you are considered cured, you can still try other companies.
If you think you can't get life insurance, you should take the time to thoroughly search your options. Each life insurance company has its own standards for underwriting. While one company might turn you down or deny you, another may approve you. Or could put you at a higher charge of a sub standard rate and another might charge at standard rate. Fortunately, since there are thousands of companies in this business, you have a good possibility of finding one that will cover you. Visit the Free Advice life insurance quote center to obtain a quote on high risk life insurance.
Read more articles to help you understand life insurance by clicking here.


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Trashbots are on Indiegogo right now! A fun inexpensive way to bring STEAM robotics into your classroom. In this episode, Jon talks with Sidharth Srinivasan one of the founders of Trashbots. He is only 16 years old and just finished his sophomore year of high school. Listen to his story about how Sidharth and his brother got the inspiration to start Trashbots.
We welcome special guest Vicky Sedgwick on the show to talk BBC Micro:bits. Join Jon Samuelson and Brian Briggs for an extended episode on this great physical computing device. There is also an Adobe Spark page of resources for the show. Check out @jonsamuelson on Twitter for the details.
Our special guest is Tara Linney talking about her new book, Achieving Gender Equity in Coding. Jon Samuelson talks with Tara about how we can start to make a difference and strategies to teach computer science.
Jon Samuelson and Scott Bedley are back! Talking about Twitter battles and Global School Play Day in February.
For the third consecutive year, Jon and Scott bring in the New Year talking about education. Sound effects are making a comeback in 2018 and there is also a Spotify playlist of new songs and old to keep you hip on pop culture.
Scott Bedley and Jon Samuelson talk a little Hour of Code and Global School Play Day. Check out the new Grumpy Dozen playlist on Spotify!
Brian Briggs, Jon Samuelson, and special guest, Susan Stewart talk about all things Hour of Code. It's easy to try, so be like Nike and just do it! We will give you the resources with links of places to start on the Twitters. Check out @bribriggs, @jonsamuelson, and @techcoachsusan for the list.
Brian Briggs and Jon Samuelson discuss Ozobots and how they are using them with students. There is also a good story on how Ozobots were low frustration for a special education classroom. There is always some cool finds on Crowdsource Corner...so give us a try!
Jon Samuelson and Brian Briggs talk about what they are looking forward to in STEAM this upcoming school year, and give you some ideas for your classroom. We buy the toys and give you our opinion so you can make informed decisions. The Steam Team is back!
Scott and Jon are back and grumping about common sense, Scott's TEDx Talk, and digitizing your teaching...but not in a good way.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tuesday, December 24, 2013
Saturday, December 21, 2013
A winter's day
- Alan and Kirk and I met up this morning for a little winter fishing. It's been cold and snowy around here over the last week and the stream was wearing it's winter coat of snow and ice. It was a bit difficult to fish due to the fact that most of the deeper, slower water where fish hold in the winter was iced over and covered with a blanket of snow. I did manage one small brook trout on a mini muddler by fishing it along an ice over hang. It was small stream ice fishing! Look for an open "hole" and try to drift a fly under.
Late morning, we modified our plan and moved to a section of stream which carries more water hoping to find more open water which proved to be a better plan in the end. I ended up fishing Alan's pink worm and picked up a nicely colored wild brown in a plunge pool.
|Still nicely colored despite the cold
After wishing each other a Merry Christmas, I decided the check out one bridge that sometime holds the odd rainbow. Sure enough a dark rainbow saw the pink worm and decided he wanted it so I ended the day with a brook, brown, and rainbow trout.
|A small stream winter rainbow
This was probably my last outing before Christmas, so I will take the opportunity to wish each of you and your families a Merry Christmas! God bless
Saturday, December 7, 2013
A December outing
|Winterberry adding some color to a gray December day
|The sun brightening an otherwise gray day
The brook trout were enthusiastic despite the raw day and showed an interest in a variety of flies. Sometimes you just want to fish a certain way, even if it isn't the most productive for the conditions. Today was one of those days, I really wanted to fish a dry so I chose one of Fran's mini muddler since I could fish it both dry and wet. The fish took it off the surface keeping my dry fly streak alive but they also took it stripped sub-surface.
|A handful of colorful December brook trout
|The first brown of the afternoon
|The last and best fish of the afternoon
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Editor's note: This post is brought to you by INB's tax services in conjunction with Dave Ramsey, a personal money-management expert and popular national radio personality. INB Senior Vice President Chris Parks, CPA, is the Dave Ramsey-endorsed local provider for tax services in the Springfield area. Schedule an appointment today with Chris by calling 217-679-1676.
The 2018 tax reform bill—formally known as the "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act"—was introduced a full year ago, but it didn't apply to the taxes you filed last year.
When you file this April, however, you'll notice the difference, and we're here to help you navigate those changes. Some of the biggest changes can be found in differences in the income brackets and marginal tax rates, as well as new standard deductions and mortgage deductions.
Here are some other ways that the tax reform bill may impact you for 2019…
The Estate Tax Exemption
Estate tax is a tax you pay on inherited money and property. In the new tax reform bill, you can now inherit a total of $11.2 million in money and property in your lifetime before you are hit with the 40% estate tax (increased from $5.49 million).
Charitable Donations
In 2017, you could deduct up to half of your income in qualified charitable donations if you itemized your deductions. The new tax reform bill has increased that limit to 60% of your income.
SALT Deductions
SALT stands for "state and local taxes," and in the past, there was no limit on the deduction of state and local taxes. The new tax reform bill keeps the SALT deduction but limits the total deductible amount to $10,000, including income, sales and property taxes.
Medical Expenses
Before the new tax reform bill, you could deduct unreimbursed medical expenses above 10% of your adjusted gross income (which is your total income minus other deductions you have already taken). The new tax reform bill has reduced that hurdle to 7.5% of your adjusted gross income, which means you can deduct more.
Child Tax Credit
The 2018 tax reform bill increases the child tax credit to $2,000 per qualified child and raises the income limits for the credit to $400,000 jointly and $200,000 individually. There are also changes regarding 529 college plans. Read more here.
Disappearing Deductions Include:
Filing your taxes doesn't have to feel overwhelming with the help of experienced professionals. Contact INB's expert tax team and schedule an appointment by calling Chris Parks at 217-679-1676.
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"All people are created with sacred worth"
All are welcome regardless of belief, gender, nationality, age, sexuality or disability; everyone is a child of God and we greet you in this way.
Video from Unity.org
At Unity you are welcome as you! Affirming, welcoming and inclusive, the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer community has long been welcome at Unity. You will find members of the LGBTQ+ community not just attending centres and churches but across the world leading as ordained ministers, prayer partners and teachers.
Unity teaches that all people are created with sacred worth and that no one exists outside the heart of God. Its basic principles state that God is Good, and because all people exist within God, they also are inherently good.
To reflect its inclusiveness, Unity issued a formal Statement of Diversity in 1995:
"We believe that all people are created with sacred worth. Therefore, we recognize the importance of serving all people within the Unity family in spiritually and emotionally caring ways. We strive for our ministries, publications and programs to reach out to all who seek Unity support and spiritual growth. It is imperative that our ministries and
outreaches be free of discrimination on the basis of race, colour, gender, age, creed, religion, national origin, ethnicity, physical disability or sexual orientation.
Our sincere desire is to ensure that all Unity organizations are nondiscriminatory and support diversity.


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Joel Gould, DDS
Ongoing advancements in science, technology, and understanding of the human body ensure that dentistry is an evolving field of medicine. In his 25 years as a practicing dentist in Canada and the United States, Dr. Joel Gould has been at the forefront of this evolution.
Dr. Gould launched a dynamic new practice concept, which he calls Modern American Dentistry. Begun at his flagship Manhattan Beach office in California, he has also expanded his practice to a 2nd location in Woodland Hills.
At Modern American Dentistry, Dr. Gould advances a straightforward and innovative approach to modern dental practices in an environment that is consistently comfortable and effective for his patients. His dental teams provide general and cosmetic dentistry and a broad range of comprehensive oral medical care.
He uses this new practice philosophy to embrace the dramatic evolution happening in dental care and treatment. "I created Modern American Dentistry to show people that the practice of dentistry in 2016 can be a common sense, organized system that ensures all patients receive appropriate and timely treatment," he says.
An example of Dr. Gould's innovative approach is a collaboration with Dimitriy's Dental Studios in Glendale, Calif., to create the "Supermodel Veneer," part of his Instant Smile Makeover and Instant Pageant Makeover processes. He has developed several other cosmetic dental products. In addition, Dr. Gould has completed training in the art, science, and application of Botox and Juvéderm facial fillers from top Beverly Hills plastic surgeons. Now his patients have options for a one-stop solution for dentofacial esthetic and anti-aging treatments for the ultimate Perfect Smile Makeover.
A native of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, Dr. Gould graduated from the University of Western Ontario in 1991 with a Doctorate in Dental Surgery. In Ontario, he joined forces with the government to provide on-site dental care and treatment to elementary school children in underserviced areas. He also established a dental clinic in a rural Ontario community.
Subsequently, Dr. Gould operated a practice in Vancouver, British Columbia, for 10 years before relocating to California in 2001. He has continued his work with children as a volunteer with the Children's Dental Center in Inglewood in the Los Angeles area.
In addition to his practice, Dr. Gould writes a regular dental column, "The Smile Doctor," for Pageantry Magazine, the leading publication in the pageant field, which is distributed in fifty-two countries. His informative and entertaining segments on modernizing dentistry have been seen on network TV, including FOX, NBC, ABC, and CBS. He also recently authored a book, The Perfect Smile, and is currently hosting his own radio podcast "Get Your Smile On" with Dr. Gould, available on iTunes and SoundCloud.
Location for Joel Gould, DDS
- Modern American Dentistry - Manhattan Beach


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State and Testing Officials Dispute Gloomy View of Pupil Achievement
By Robert Rothman
State officials and testing experts last week took issue with Secretary of Education Lauro F. Cavazos' gloomy assessment of the status of student achievement.
In releasing the annual state education-performance chart this month, Mr. Cavazos cited the fact that overall scores on college-admission tests remained stable for the fourth straight year as evidence that achievement has "reached a plateau." He also charged that the school-reform effort thus far has failed to boost performance.
But the state and testing officials argued in interviews that the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the American College Testing Program test are inappropriate gauges of student performance.
Moreover, they said, alternative interpretations of these data, as well as other performance data not included on the "wall chart," suggest that achievement has improved over the past few years.
In particular, the officials noted:
- College-admission test scores have increased for every demographic group. But overall scores remained stable because lower-performing groups took the tests in greater numbers.
- Results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress indicate that performance on lower-level items has increased steadily over the past decade, and that the gap between blacks' and whites' performance in most subjects has narrowed considerably.
- Publishers of commercially available achievement tests report that national norms now are substantially higher than they were earlier in the decade, particularly in mathematics. This phenomenon, they noted, helps explain why most students perform "above average" on the tests.
These trends suggest that, far from failing, school reforms have succeeded in raising the basic skills of most students, especially those who were low-achieving, said Archie E. Lapointe, naep's executive director.
"Schools delivered on what we asked of them," he maintained. "They went back to the basics, and worked on minimum competencies. That mission is largely accomplished."
But Charles E.M. Kolb, deputy undersecretary of education, said that despite these gains, overall achievement remains too low.
"We never said the wall chart is the sole set of indicators," he said. "But if you look consistently, the trend is clear: There is a lot of room for improvement."
Ramsay W. Selden, director of the state education-assessment center of the Council of Chief State School Officers, cautioned that it is still premature to make judgments about the reforms instituted in the mid-1980s. Most of the students whose performance shows up on national indicators, he noted, started school before the reforms went into effect.
"We're still not seeing kids who have been through 12 years of schooling under the reforms," he pointed out. "We may see an upturn as kids come out" of school in five or six years.
Wrong Snapshot?
Ever since it was launched in 1984 by then-Secretary of Education Terrel H. Bell, the wall chart has sparked a debate among educators over the quality of data on student performance.
State officials charged that comparisons based on college-admission test scores were unfair. Such tests, they pointed out, measure the performance of a self-selected sample of college-bound high-school students, and do not evaluate the full range of the school curriculum.
The wall chart, said Gregory R. Anrig, president of the Educational Testing Service, which administers the SAT, "attempts to draw sweeping conclusions about the quality of education in the U.S. by taking a snapshot at one point in time with instruments that were not designed for that purpose."
As a result, said Daniel Koretz, senior social scientist with the rand Corporation, Secretary Cavazos' conclusion may be correct, but does not follow from the data.
"I think it's probably the case that the reforms of the last decade have not brought about dramatic improvements," he said. But "to infer that from the SAT scores is unjustified."
Mr. Kolb acknowledged that the admission tests do not reflect performance of a national sample of students, but he added that naep reading scores, which are based on a representative sample, show a similar pattern of stagnation.
Unheralded Accomplishment
Bill Honig, California's superintendent of public instruction, said a closer look at college-admission test scores reveals evidence of improvements in student achievement.
Nationally, he pointed out, scores for minority students have risen much faster than those for white students. But the overall scores have remained relatively stable because the minorities, who tend to be lower-performing, made up a growing proportion of the test-taking population.
Between 1984 and 1989, for example, blacks' SAT scores rose by 22 points, to 737 out of a possible 1,600, while overall scores rose by only 6 points, to 903. On the act, blacks' scores rose by 1 point from 1985 to 1989, to 13.6 out of a possible 35, while the national average remained stable at 18.6 over that period.
"If you have more minorities [taking the test], you expect scores to go down," Mr. Honig said. "You reach deeper into the talent pool."
In fact, he said, "all groups went up. Each group is making progress, but the mix is changing. You have to swim faster just to stay even.''
Mr. Anrig added that the increase in minority test-taking, and the substantial rise in their scores, is an unheralded accomplishment that schools should celebrate.
"There ought to be the equivalent of A Nation at Risk proclaiming improvement in minority scores," he said. "These are youngsters who, in the past, were lower performers. That's lost in the wall chart."
But Chester E. Finn Jr., a professor of education and public policy at Vanderbilt University, said educators have for years cited changes in the test-taking population as an explanation for the decline in admission-test scores.
"It was partly true then, and it's partly true now," he said. "I don't think it explains away the absence of progress. Other data don't give me grounds to say things are conspicuously better."
Good News Is Hard To Find
But Mr. Honig and others argued that data from other testing programs, including naep and state tests, also suggest that student achievement has improved.
Although reading scores remain stable, the California superintendent noted, an unpublicized NAEP report shows that 17-year-olds' math performance increased substantially between 1982 and 1988. Nearly all high-school students, he said, demonstrated basic skills and beginning problem-solving abilities, and 60 percent could perform "moderately complex'' procedures and reasoning.
"Can the nation survive if only 60 percent can solve moderately complex problems?" he asked. "We probably need 75 percent at that level. But we're making good progress."
Mr. Lapointe of naep said that the 1988 test results are "less reliable" than other naep data, since theywere not based on a representative sample of students. But he confirmed that, between 1982 and 1986, 9- and 17-year-olds showed progress on the math tests, and that black youngsters at all ages showed "steady, significant growth" in the subject over the period.
Mark D. Musick, a member of the National Assessment Governing Board, pointed out, however, that blacks' scores still lag behind those of whites, and that overall performance remains unacceptably low.
"When we were preparing press releases [to accompany naep reports],'' said Mr. Musick, president of the Southern Regional Education Board, "we looked for positive points, but they were hard to find."
Higher Averages
Robert L. Linn, a professor of education at the University of Colorado, also noted that commercial achievement-test publishers have also reported gains in student performance.
In testing samples of students to develop national norms, he said, publishers have found that students now perform better than those in the past.
"Higher achievement is needed to be 'average' in 1988 than in 1981, when the test was normed the last time," he said. "That suggests something of an increase."
Paul L. Williams, director of re and measurement for ctb/McGraw-Hill, which publishes the California Achievement Test and the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills, confirmed that norms are now higher for math, but added that reading performance has remained stable.
Mr. Honig explained that reading performance has been slower to increase because of the pervasive damaging effects on performance of television, and because the growth in immigration has increased the number of students with limited English skills.
The steeper increase in math performance, he added, might also reflect the national attention to that subject in the wake of concern over economic competitiveness.
Critics, such as the physician John J. Cannell, who drew national attention with his revelation that most elementary students score above average on achievement tests, have suggested that much of the increase in performance is due to "teaching to the test" or outright cheating.
But Mr. Selden of the CCSSO disputed that view.
"Some increase is due to practice and teaching skills measured on the test," he said. "But it's also due to the general increase in student performance."
Mr. Linn said the tests measure a relatively narrow range of knowledge and skills. Better methods of assessment, he said, are needed to determine precisely how much students know and can do.
"These are gains in achievement measured by tests, not gains in more broadly defined knowledge and skills," he said.
In addition to citing gains in achievement, critics last week also challenged Mr. Cavazos' assessment of the reform movement.
'Throwing Cold Water'
At the press conference at which he released the wall chart, the Secretary pointed to a chart that showed that performance remained flat at a time when spending on education increased substantially.
Edward D. Roeber, supervisor of the Michigan Education Assessment Program, said there is no direct link between the reforms that have been enacted and student performance.
"To expect student-achievement improvement [from the reforms] is unrealistic," he said. "Such reforms set the stage for improvement, they don't cause it to occur. Paying teachers 10 percent more is not going to get 10 percent more in achievement."
Frank Newman, president of the Education Commission of the States, said the gains among low-achieving students suggest that the "reform movement to date hasn't been a failure," but that "it hasn't been successful enough."
More fundamental reforms are needed, Mr. Newman said, because "the kinds of things we want students to know are changing."
"We make a mistake to talk about schools failing," he said. "The world has moved away from the schools."
But Mr. Honig insisted that such changes can only occur if national leaders acknowledge the progress that has been made.
"I'm not saying everything is fine, and that we don't need to restructure," he said. "But if you throw cold water on people if they've tried, that's a terrible way to lead. People do more if they see results. It snowballs."
"The body is starting to get up," the California superintendent said.
Vol. 09, Issue 34
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10 #PHGreatArtists Who Deserve to Be MTRCB Board Members
...according to Twitter, anyway.
(SPOT.ph) 2017 is off to an interesting start, thanks to Mocha Uson's latest appointment as member of the MTRCB board. And as icing on the cake, the always-reliable Communications Secretary Martin Andanar called her "one of the biggest artists that we have in the country."
Naturally, the Internet had plenty to say in the form of the trending topic, #PHGreatArtists, where they named Pinoy artists whom they thought deserved recognition. Many paid tribute to stars who rightfully deserve acclaim, but we round up some of the funniest ones we've seen:
— Harry Powtah (@AnnoyingHarry) January 5, 2017
Darna is always here to save the day.
— Regis Andanar (@RegisAndanar) January 5, 2017
We love you, Popoy.
— SEKLUSYON KINGSTON (@keiakamatsu) January 5, 2017
Right out of the Hunger Games!
— tiny whiny (@marteenuh) January 5, 2017
Watch out, Gary V.
— Jay Santiago (@geeuh) January 5, 2017
BRB, crying with you.
— em (@imanyuwel) January 5, 2017
We would choose nobody...nobody but her.
— Regis Andanar (@RegisAndanar) January 5, 2017
Our favorite Candy Cutie!
— PATH! GANERN! (@pathcarcer) January 5, 2017
We nominate the tomato as MTRCB Chair.
— MTRCB Uson (@kristinamisajon) January 5, 2017
Shinota mo ang best friend mo!
— ???? (@mxkesanchez) January 5, 2017


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Meet Amazing Alex - a creative kid who likes to make barmy contraptions out of toys and other things he finds lying about the house. In this physics-puzzler, it's your job to slot in the missing pieces to make his chain reactions come to life.
The game comes packed with 112 levels, 336 stars, more than 30 unique objects, a full-fledged level design kit, and an online archive of player-made puzzles to solve. Yeah, it's a big game.
Luckily, Pocket Gamer's puzzle masters have solved the game, and we're here to pass on our knowledge to you. We'll show you how to ace every stage, use all the objects, and make your own levels.How to play
When you load a level, you'll see some doodles appear on the screen. A circle will appear around an object you need to move, and an arrow will show you where it needs to go, e.g. in a basket, or off the top of the screen.
If you see a blue 'X' is drawn over an object (normally a balloon or a piggy bank), it means you need to destroy that item to beat the level.
To achieve these goals, you'll need to drag objects from the toy box (in the bottom-right-hand corner) to the playing field. In the example above, you need to put the shelf in the green dotted line so the football rolls into the basket.
You can manipulate most objects. Once you have placed it somewhere viable (it will appear red if the object is colliding with another item), you can spin it by holding your finger on the blue arrows and rotating your finger. Some objects have a button that lets you flip horizontally.
If you want to remove an object, just drag it into the toy box icon in the corner.
When you think your creation is correct, hit the 'Play' button. You'll see the physics engine take over and, hopefully, you'll complete the goal at hand. If not, hit the 'Stop' button and tweak the broken bits until you find success.
Each level also contains stars that you collect when an object collides with them. These are optional extras for puzzle masters, and require even more crazy and convoluted contraptions than before. Collecting all the stars in one chapter gives you more stuff for the level editor.Level walkthroughs
Stuck? You can use the in-game help (pause the game, then hit the 'lightbulb' icon to find shared solutions from the community) or just follow our screenshot guides.
These will show you how to get three stars on every level. Amazing Alex is quite particular with its physics system, so if you've followed our guide and you didn't finish the level, you may need to slightly tweak and nudge the objects until you win.
The Classroom - The Backyard
Alex's Bedroom - The Treehouse Item guide
Amazing Alex features more than 30 different objects to play with. You'll be given specific toys in each stage, and new items are added as you go through the game. Read our descriptions to find out how each object ticks.
These are nailed to the wall so they don't drop to the floor when you hit 'Play'. Use these to make balls roll and to nudge balloons in the right direction.
From left to right: A bouncy little tennis ball that fits down green pipes; a heavy snooker ball that goes down pipes but doesn't bounce so readily; a big bouncy football; a heavy bowling ball; a heavy little metal ball that's attracted to magnets; and a super-bouncy ball.
These colourful tomes can be placed on their edges along a shelf to create a domino effect. They also become ramps and steps for balls. Books are affected by gravity, so fall when you hit 'Play'.
Cardboard box (big and small)
These boxes are affected by gravity, and have numerous applications. They can be platforms, they can press buttons, and they can plug up gaps. Relatively light, so a heavy ball will move them.
Sometimes used as a goal area, and sometimes a handy object in your toy box. They are affected by gravity, and can be effective platforms.
These pink helium-filled balloons float upwards as soon as the level begins. They burst when struck by anything sharp, and can lift up light objects like books. When attached to a rope, they won't fly off.
Scissors burst balloons and cut ropes. To cut a rope, you'll need to hit the handles with something (a ball, a book, a box, etc,) to make the blades snap shut. They are not affected by gravity, so they'll float in the air when you press 'Play'.
Pipe (straight and corner pieces)
Green pipes make handy tunnels for small balls and darts. They aren't affected by gravity, and you can easily snap two pieces together to make a continuous chute. They double up as handy platforms if you've run out of shelves.
A handy material that lets you tether objects to a metal hoop (pictured), or tie two toys together. Drag it out onto the playfield, and then grab hold of one end and attach it to object one. Then, grab the other end, and tie it around the other object. Only certain objects can be tied (see the other item descriptions), and rope is affected by gravity.
These pots are affected by gravity, and can be tied to rope. Place an object directly above a bucket and it will drop inside when you hit 'Play'.
See saw
This contraption tilts when heavy objects are placed or dropped onto its arms. Use this behaviour to fire light objects into the air (by placing a light ball on one arm, and dropping a heavy object on the other) or hit switches and scissors. Not affected by gravity.
This Angry Birds favourite lets you fire a number of objects across the level. Once you have placed the catapult in the level, pull back on the harness to set the strength of the shot. This is not affected by gravity. You can fire any object that abides by the laws of gravity.
A spiky little item that can burst balloons. Affected by gravity, and is best used with pipes and slingshots. Remember that only the tip is sharp enough to damage a balloon. Also, darts are attracted to magnets.
A springy object that causes all gravity-affected objects to bounce away. The amount of bounce is determined by the height you drop the object from, and the direction of the bounce results from where you hit the spring. The spring itself is affected by gravity.
Skateboards will roll down slopes, and can be used to carry objects or bash into platforms. Abides by the laws of gravity.
Boxing glove on a spring
This powerful object springs into action when a heavy enough item depresses the big red button. It is not affected by gravity. Use it to punch nuisance boxes and balls out of the way.
Pinball bumper
Throw an object into this floating pinball bouncer and the object will fly off with great force. This lets you ping balls about the level, but getting the right trajectory requires trial and error.
This dolly is affected by gravity and can be tied to a rope. We imagine it belongs to Alex's sister.
This two-part object comes with a lever when you pull it out of the toy box. When the lever is pushed all the way, the trapdoor will fling open and drop any object resting on its doors. Neither part is affected by gravity.
RC truck
Another two-part toy. This one comes with a button that, when pushed, makes the truck spring into life and drive forward. Both bits are affected by gravity, but only the truck can be tied to rope.
Affected by gravity and can be tied to rope. It can trap objects when it falls.
Paper plane
This lightweight object is affected by gravity, but it will fall in a big arc like any well-constructed paper plane. The paper clip on its nose means it is attracted to magnets.
Magnets are not affected by gravity, so float in the air at all times. They attract any metallic object (specifically, metal balls, darts, and paper planes) if they enter the magnet's area of effect.
Piggy bank
Smashing this familiar green piggy is often a goal in Amazing Alex levels. When a heavy enough object is dropped on the bank, it breaks into several pieces.
On this object, the Y-shaped bit runs down the line in accordance with gravity. This can hit into objects. You can also attach a rope to it to tug objects through the level. When the zip-line is placed into the level, you can move one of the arms to change the direction and distance of the line.
RC chopper
Just like the RC truck, in that it comes with a button that makes it move (when the button is pressed), it is affected by gravity and can be attached to a rope. Unlike the truck, this baby flies up when the button is pressed.
When you've finished Chapter 1 - The Classroom - you can hit 'My Levels' to start building your own stages. You can even share your amazing creations with other players.See our in-depth step-by-step guide to making, publishing, and sharing your level here.
You'll start off with a very small number of objects to play with, but you'll unlock more toys as you complete levels. You'll get a lot of new objects if you finish all the stages in a chapter, and a few bonus toys if you get three stars in every level in a chapter.
When you finish The Classroom, you'll unlock the star, shelf, tennis ball, soccer ball, book, cardboard boxes, plastic basket, balloon, and scissors.
When you finish The Backyard, you'll be able to play with the snooker ball, pipes, metal hoop, rope, bucket, bowling ball, see-saw, slingshot, dart, spring, and skateboard. Get all three stars and you'll have the boxing glove on a spring, too.
Finish Alex's Bedroom and you'll find the metal ball, pinball bumper, doll, trapdoor, RC truck, lampshade, paper plane, and magnet. If you score three stars on all stages, you'll also get the piggy bank.
Complete The Treehouse and you'll get the bouncy ball and zip-line. Three stars on every level earns you the RC helicopter.


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Connecting you to the right people and the right resources to expand your company in the Greater Rochester, NY region. Learn more here.
The Wayne County Industrial Development Agency (IDA) and Greater Rochester Enterprise (GRE), an economic development organization dedicated to job creation in the Rochester region, today announce they have established a strategic partnership for the retention and expansion, attraction and start up of businesses in Wayne County.
The partnership will commence June 1.
"Promoting Wayne County as a great place to do business is an extremely important job and one that greatly impacts the future growth of our regional economy," said Margaret "Peg" Churchill, executive director of the Wayne County IDA. "Over the past two years, GRE has shown that it is knowledgeable and passionate about promoting business and industry, and is committed to economic development on a regional basis. For these reasons, we determined that GRE is the best organization for pursuing a regional marketing approach — an approach that Wayne County believes can only benefit our community."
"It has become increasingly clear that the best way to promote economic development is through public-private partnerships such as GRE," said Jim Homburger, co-owner of Silver Hill Technology Park in Newark."Government cannot do it alone. Collaboration is key if we are to foster economic growth, assist local business and attract new investment to Wayne County. I thank the Wayne County IDA, the Wayne County Board of Supervisors and GRE for all of their hard work in establishing this important partnership for business."Under the terms of the agreement, GRE and the Wayne County IDA will establish a regular process for exchanging information on leads and contacts for possible business location in Wayne County. GRE will also assist the Wayne County IDA with marketing efforts, including promoting new activities and targeting industries within the county.
Financial packaging, incentives and related items, including tax abatements and payment-in-lieu-of-taxes (PILOT) agreements, will be directly negotiated by Wayne County. Both GRE and the Wayne County IDA will continue to work with and serve their existing clients in their respective target areas. In addition, the executive director of the Wayne County IDA has joined the GRE Board of Directors.
"Six months ago, we announced our agreement with Monroe County and the City of Rochester, and today we are thrilled to announce our new partnership with Wayne County," said GRE Chairman Wayne LeChase. "This is a critical step forward in the establishment of a true, regional approach to economic development, and one that we hope will soon encompass even more counties throughout the Greater Rochester metropolitan region."
"GRE is proud to be working with Peg Churchill and the Wayne County IDA," LeChase added. "We look forward to a long-term relationship that will benefit all involved — for the growth of our economy and the betterment of our entire community."
About Wayne County IDA:
The Wayne County Industrial Development Agency was established in 1969 to promote Wayne County, aid in the creation and retention of jobs, attract new business, and facilitate the expansion of existing business. The agency manages a revolving loan fund, payment in lieu of tax program and micro-enterprise loan programs, as well as participating in numerous programs with similar missions on the state, federal and regional levels. Located at 16 William Street in the Village of Lyons, the agency staff includes finance officer Dave Richards and office manager Marie Leisenring, along with Churchill. They can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or 315/946-5917.
About GRE:
Greater Rochester Enterprise (GRE) is a public-private partnership established to professionally market the Rochester metropolitan region as a competitive, high-profile place for business location and growth. Its efforts support business attraction and expansion, as well as entrepreneurship and innovation. GRE collaborates with businesses, universities, not-for-profit organizations and government leaders to ensure a unified approach to regional economic development. For more information, please go to www.RochesterBiz.com.
For additional information contact:
Megan Connor Murphy, PR Manager
Dixon Schwabl Advertising
585-899-3258 office
Staci Henning, Director, Marketing and Public Relations
Greater Rochester Enterprise
585-530-6211 office
Peg Churchill, Executive Director
Wayne County Industrial Development Agency
315-946-5917 office
Sign up for the Talk It Up Rochester Newsletter.


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I'm Coming, Princess!: Crocheted Knight's Helmet Caps
This is a crocheted knight's helmet for sale by Etsy seller HattieHooker. You know, I was friends with a hooker once. She was always asking if I wanted a HJ but I could never tell if she was being serious/if I'd have to pay. That never happened. $40 gets you this crocheted knight's helmet cap. I want you to get one, then run around in the woods swinging a stick pretending to battle a dragon to save a princess. I will don a long blond wig and pretend to be that princess. Sadly, the dragon will defeat you and I'll take your wallet when you're pretending to be dead.
Hit the jump for a couple more shots of the knights of the kid's table.
Thanks to PYY, who promised to knit me a space helmet so I can stop making my own out of aluminum foil and plastic wrap.


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I hear a lot of people say "I will do such in such when…I lose 10 lbs…I take this course…I perfect that skill…I have more time…my kids are older…I am healthier…I fit into this size…I quit that bad habit…" In fact, I used to be (and sometimes still am) one of those people. But here's the thing I am learning…the "right" time seems like it never comes. Or the opportunity isn't there when the timing is "perfect".
I believe that when an opportunity presents itself, we have a choice…to pass it up because the time isn't right, or to be courageous and go for it. Its only by taking a leap of faith that we will reach our goals, even if we are unaware that it is even a goal of ours.
For example, I had been thinking of maybe doing a marathon, sometime, and then I heard about Team 261 Fearless and the NYC marathon. I applied, with really no experience, just the willingness to train hard. I didn't make the team, originally, but then, I got a call, and an offer to be a part of something big, something empowering and amazing. A once in a lifetime opportunity, to not only run a marathon, but to start it with Kathrine Switzer! And not just any marathon, one of the biggest marathons in the world! A bucket-list event and accomplishment.
Now my brain said "definitely not…you're not…fast enough, slim enough, strong enough…you can't do that much fundraising in such a short time…its not possible…its too risky…you will look like a fool…you will fail". And yet, something inside me lit up, and made me smile and think…"but what if i did it…what if i could do it?" The thought stuck with me, and I knew that if I didnt give it a try that I would always wonder if I could have done it. I knew I would regret not doing it…even though I didn't believe at first that I could run 42.2km. And then I convinced myself I could do it. I wanted it so badly, I could no longer imagine NOT doing it.
And so…I took a leap, and put faith in my wings. And with the training has come confidence. Now, in all honesty, I'm not completely fearless in the sense of lacking fear…but I am fearless in that I am courageous and empowered…afraid and doing it anyways. Going for what my heart desires, despite the difficult journey.
I believe this is the key to happiness in life. It's not a lack of stress, but the balance of the right kind of stress. Test your limits, push your boundaries, and always grow. Life is about the journey, not the destination.
Be Fearless…Be Free.


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Monday was hard. And I didn't handle it well. Which is par for my course.
But what is also par for my course? Every time I fall flat on my face, I pick myself up, examine WHY, and move onward and upward. Every. Single. Time.
Tuesday. Tuesday involved so much self-care, (which really is a product and a producer of self-love) that I can hardly stand myself.
There was walking, yoga, reading, writing, communicating, connecting, and, there. was. cooking.
There's a story here. Isn't there always? I was raised a devout Mormon. (seriously, click the link, it's pretty informative). Devout. I was one of six children, and my mother did not work outside of the home. I spent 17 years as a stay-at-home mother until my divorce almost 8 years ago. Mormon women tend to define themselves by their devotion to God, family, and all things traditional and domestic. (NOTE, I said TEND, I have many amazing female Mormon friends who do not fit this paradigm).
I was my high school salutatorian, attended college on a full scholarship, obtained my master's at age 40, while working fulltime and raising two teen age children, and am ALMOST done with a very rigorous 2-year post grad program to become a certified academic language and dyslexia therapist. I consider myself to be somewhat of a forward and feminist thinker.
All that being said, one does not spend 35+ years as a devout Mormon woman and not pick up some skills in the kitchen. I can cook. I can bake. I can hang with the best.
- I hate doing anything just because that is what my GENDER is SUPPOSED to do.
- I hate spending time and effort on something that is gone 20 minutes later. (or less, depending upon how fast I inhale my food)
- I hate doing anything that feels forced upon me. (do we see a pattern here??)
- I hate cooking for just myself. It's more fun to share.
So, imagine my surprise, when yesterday, I researched recipes, used the Real Plans meal planning site and app (which is phenomenal) , picked up some supplies, and came up with THESE:
Of note:
I came home at noon from yoga and grocery shopping, and I was hungry. I discovered something.
RATHER than inhale some nuts, fruit, and almond butter. I chose to drink some water, brew some tea, put on some tunes, and prepare a pretty damn awesome meal. There were greens! There was organic happy chicken. There were seasonings and spices. There was laughter, music, and dancing. (yes, I tend to bust a move. A LOT) AND THEN, I proceeded to sit at the table, and consume this amazing meal with relative mindfulness. Whoa. Holy fuck. This was somewhat mind blowing.
I have always had a difficult time feeling Worthy. Enough. Deserving. (well, I deserved abuse and pain, but nothing good, so there's that). And taking the time, putting forth the effort, spending a bit of money, for beautiful, nourishing, and delicious food, and actually ENJOYING the experience of consuming it? It was exciting and new. Like the Love Boat, but better. And it felt good.
So, I did it again at dinner.
Then, I ate an RX bar, a Lara Bar, and a bunch of dates with almond butter.
Giggle and Sigh, I'm SUCH a work in progress.
Eat your greens. Bathe your cells in antioxidants. Eat your happy protein. Eat some fat. Put the best the world has to offer into your body, mind, and soul. Nourish yourself in every possible way, so you can turn around and nourish the world.
Light and Love,
Big Laura


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Sean Mulligan and Fale Simitaitoko better known as Tattooed Mulligan and Bad Luck Fale respectively have been mates since 2013. Initially, on Twitter, Mulligan began talking to Fale about the wrestling business which Fale is a huge superstar in, applying his craft for New Japan Pro Wresting. They would finally meet in 2014 when Fale was back in New Zealand for a well-deserved break from a tour of Japan.
They kept in touch for the next few years with Mulligan inviting Fale down to his local town of Tauranga to talk business and share stories. When asked what they talked about Mulligan said "just a whole lot of things really, Fale was bringing New Japan Wrestling to New Zealand for the first time ever so we talked and shared ideas regarding that among other things"
Fast Forward to this January Sean released his first song called Swipe Her, which got a lot of attention including getting noticed by radio host Dom Harvey of The Edge morning show "Yea was pretty overwhelming to be honest, especially when Dom from the Country's biggest radio show invited me in for an interview" Mulligan admitted "He's such a cool dude, so is his wife Jay-Jay, the whole experience of getting interview and my song being played was amazing, I'm so grateful"
The song also got the attention of Fale who is a fan of all types of music says Mulligan "I messaged Fale to see if he wanted to catch up for lunch afterwards as I had an idea I wanted to put past him, well that idea turned into a project that kept me pretty busy the last 3 plus months" Mulligan says "I had the idea of getting him on a song called Bad Luck, basically me talking to him about bad nights out I have had with different girls." Mulligan goes on to say how he struggled to find a suitable beat that would fit with the conversation verses. "that was bloody difficult, as I'm not a singer nor is Fale so to make a beat that fits in was hard."
Using his social media prowess Mulligan messaged a Japanese female singer that agreed singer the chorus as long as she was not credited for it. "she's totally shy" laughs Mulligan "she's a cool chick who I have known for awhile and her voice is amazing, she was happy as to help me out."
Listening to this song there are a few things that come to mind firstly the beat and timing of everything comes off nicely, the song is totally catching and lastly, there isn't a shadow of a doubt that Mulligan has had some BAD LUCK with the ladies.
Check out the song below which has just gone to Number One on the NZ music Heatseekers charts:
Itunes Link https://itun.es/nz/AloWjb


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Mountmellick leaders win
Mountmellick Macra's Kieran McEvoy and Gemma Goulding have done their club, town and county proud, scooping National Leadership Awards.
Along with one other winner from a Limerick club, the two were awarded Macra na Feirme National Leadership Awards last February 10, at a reception in the Irish Farm Centre in Dublin.
It is rare that more than one award goes to a single club.
Gemma is "absolutely thrilled".
"It is a huge honour. It is one of the most esteemed awards to get," she said.
A primary school teacher from Rosenallis, she joined Mountmellick Macra in 2008 and has since taken on many roles at committee, county and national level.
A member of the National Executive, she led the Macra delegation to the Rural Youth Europe Rally in Wales. She captained the current Kerrygold Club Question Time Quiz winners and was International Miss Macra in 2013.
In her community in Rosenallis, she is active on many committees, also finding time to volunteer with Midlands Simon Community.
Her leadership award will take her to Europe to represent Macra this year, but Gemma is sure she will find the spare time.
"If you want something done, ask a busy person," she said, while not ruling out a move to politics in the future.
"You never know. Macra develops leaders in organisations, many go on to contribute to Irish society, in politics and farming," she said.
Her sister Breda and parents were at the awards, while Gemma was delighted that former Macra president Hugh Ryan from Portlaoise also came.
"He was so thrilled for the two of us. He is a very proud Laois man," she said.
Mixed tillage farmer Kieran McEvoy is a club member for 23 years, holding many committee roles. As chairperson he oversaw the redevelopment of the hall, now a busy venue for both Macra and community events. He won many Macra competitions, from comedy to debating.
Kieran served many roles at county level, and was chairperson of the national Ag Affairs committee. He led Macra in rejoining CEJA and was on the committee that brought the international CEJA Conference to Ireland in 2013. He has lobbied the Government on Macra policies including the introduction of a young farmer top up.
In his community he is chair of Portarlington IFA and a member of Emo Vintage Committee.


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Nokia's Australian and New Zealand offices won't be affected by Nokia's most recent jobs announcement.
Nokia announced overnight that it would cut another 3500 jobs in addition to the 4000 job cuts and 3000 Accenture transfers it announced in April.
The Finnish company said that it would close a manufacturing facility in Cluj, Romania, and reduce workers in its supply chain operations, accounting for a loss of 2200 employees. It will also cut 1300 workers in its commerce and location business, which was made up of its Navteq operations and Nokia's social location services.
However, this won't affect anyone working locally.
"The structural realignment will not impact Nokia in Australia or New Zealand," a statement from the company read.
The cuts have come as the company tries to transform itself to fit into a market that is looking increasingly to smartphones, in part through an agreement with Microsoft to use the Redmond-based software giant's mobile operating system Windows Phone 7.


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Product Reviews, Restaurant Reviews and Recipes: All GLUTEN FREE!
This blog by GlutenFreePSD provides honest commentary and personal insight on new GLUTEN FREE Products, Restaurant Reviews and Recipes.
To explore this blog, please use the menu (on the left) to find my Product Reviews:
Restaurant Reviews:
And Recipes…
Good Morning, Good Afternoon & Good Evening.
September 2013
I'm PSD and recently changed my diet. Following digestive issues and hospital tests, I undertook a Food Allergy Test. I didn't really think about the possible results or consequences but during this two-and-half hour assessment, where over 70 food products were tested, it became apparent that I would have to change my whole outlook on food. The testing was a little "new-age" with a specimen of the food type placed in my waistband whilst I laid on the couch. Based upon my ability to pull my arm away from my side, indicated foods which my body does not tolerate or foods which weaken by body. Having experienced this myself, whilst I do not fully understand the science I did see how weak my arm muscles were with some food samples. Therefore, for the sake of my health, I will pursue this change.
My list of foods to avoid include:
This is my journey which I hope will become a useful resource for other people who are Gluten Free and are sensitive to their food. It is intended to include recipes which I have cooked at home, as well as commentary on my eating experiences out in the world.
November 2013
I have completed a second food allergy test and found some of the original items have been eliminated from my list of banned foods. This is exciting as I am able to add back some options and choices:
My list of foods to avoid is limited to:
November 2014
Further to Hospital assessments including blood tests to specifically test for a Gluten Allergy and a Hydrogen breath test covering lactose tolerance and another blood test: officially I am suffering with Coeliac Disease. I am lucky as it is mild and on-the-edge, so I shouldn't worry, said the Consultant but easier said than done.
So continuing with the updates, Gluten Free product reviews, Gluten Free restaurant reviews and Gluten Free travel.
January 2016
Interestingly, I have received some feedback on my blog's name: so to explain my initials are PSD hence the title: GLUTEN FREE PSD: I have no association with any photographic or file-management programme which may share my initials as well.
And unlike many Blogs which have been established to earn revenue /money for the owners (who shall remain nameless) I set this up and update it as a resource for Coeliacs. Primarily because when I was diagnosed, I really struggled to understand what I could eat and what I couldn't, therefore, I feel I am doing the community a service in providing updates on GLUTEN FREE Products, GLUTEN FREE Restaurants, GLUTEN FREE Travels and occasional GLUTEN FREE Recipes.
I do love my GLUTEN FREE Chocolate: Whether in Chocolate Bars, Chocolate Bags or Chocolate Boxes so enjoy my latest listings!
Some Bloggers like to encourage you to re-visit their sites (and click-through to adverts which they are receiving commission from) and sign-up with Competitions but it is a shame that often, they never publish the "winners" and of course, you then will receive their posts and further adverts. I can assure followers that I will never sell your email address nor bother you with fake competitions. This was set-up to help Coeliacs (and it is my way of giving back, a bit like supporting Coeliac UK and their "Is It Coeliac Disease Campaign?" )
So if you can, please provide feedback,
And share if you like my contents…
Really fascinating, fun and helpful blog giving a great insight into living with food allergies. Wishing you the best of luck with your recipes, restaurant meals and food discoveries.
Hello, would love to chat re Rude Health GF foods and drinks. My email is firstname.lastname@example.com. Hope to hear from you!
Glad you got the coeliac disease early. My husband was misdiagnosed until in his 60s and because of that had developed severe anemia and osteoporosis that they had to treat. Once gluten-free, no new damage and some other things resolved themselves. Working on the bone loss. Bonus was testing our kids – they both had it:( The gluten-free diet is a pain, especially in London. Scotland was great, as is Italy. California can be amazing. At least he has no other food sensitivities. Gluten is bad enough – I am sympathetic for your having to deal with multiple dietary restrictions. For what it's worth, often those with coeliac disease have lactose intolerance which goes away when the coeliac disease is dealt with and the intestine recovers.
Great site which I will be spending a lot of time reading, but what the heck is PSD? I googled it but it says its the file format used by photoshop.
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This event page is to allow a group of us with a common interest to meet together at the event, registration is not required to access the Science Museum
Theme: Illuminating India
Gain inspirational ideas, resources and activities to use with your classes and/or community on a theme to be confirmed by the Science Museum by joining a small group of us at a public event organised by the Science Museum London for an evening packed with ideas.
Please note that this event is 18+ only, and is an independent 'fringe event' organised by CAS Master Teacher and Hub Leader Alan O'Donohoe and is neither organised nor endorsed by the Science Museum, London. Registering here allows a group of people with a common interest to meet up before the event and share relevant ideas afterwards. You can view photos from our Robot's Walkabout in May: https://goo.gl/photos/KxWtNQPyJoya5T5E7
On the last Wednesday of every month, the Science Museum London closes at 6pm and then re-opens at 6.45pm (until 10:00pm) for "Lates" an evening packed full of talks, demonstrations and hands-on activities. At other times of the year, there is a 'Teacher Zone' Lates event combined, but not on this occasion.
Queue: The 'Lates' events are incredibly popular and the queues beforehand can extend around the block. However, by join a pre-arranged group of us in the queue for a real-life #CASchat, the ~45 minute wait won't seem quite so long.
Explore: There is a packed programme of talks, activities and demonstrations throughout the evening (all organised by the Science Museum) By meeting beforehand, we can at least attempt to improvise some 'reconnaissance' and a means to share the best bits among our group throughout the evening and afterwards.
Share: It's likely that some will not be able to join us for the whole evening, but by signing up for the event, we'll be able to share our findings and discoveries afterwards. It's fine to sign up, and then not attend.
Links to relevant resources:
For further information please 'Contact The Host' above or send an email to "info" at "exa.foundation". Please note that photos may be taken at the event for publicity purposes and you may be contacted about other relevant events. The agenda may change from advertised to reflect changes in circumstances. This event is supported by Exa Foundation, http://exa.foundation .


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GodisaGeek: "Irrational Games have been working on BioShock Infinite for nearly five years. That's five years since the original BioShock title launched to huge acclaim, raising the bar for immersive games with a story at their heart. We all loved BioShock, that's why you're reading this preview, and that's why you are as excited as I am for BioShock Infinite, the first proper sequel to the original epic."
4 hours? Isnt this quite a chunk for a game that only has single player??


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The material presented here has been gathered from various sources. The majority of the history has been attributed to the association with major works comprised for the Golden Jubilee (1976) and the 75th Anniversary (2001) by Ken Rodgers LM and Ray Eve LM. Additional material has been added by Scott Irvine from 2015 to the present day. Contributions to this work are referenced where possible.
1909-1926 1927-1939
1940-1959 1960-1969
1970-1979 1980-1999
Referees Headquarters
For various reasons the BRLRA headquarters has moved from place to place:
1926-30: Gilbert Chambers, 30 Queen Street, City1
1930-34: Queensland Rifle Range Hall, Adelaide Street, City2
1935-58: Queensland Rifle Range Hall, 201 Boundary Street, Fortitude Valley3
1959-69: Lang Park (Mobile shed – used as Wests dressing rooms and clubhouse),Milton
1970: The Buffalo Club, 2/234 Wickham Street Fortitude Valley
1971: Wests Club House, Castlemaine Street, Milton
1972-73: Lang Park (Mobile shed relocated – Corner Claxton and Castlemaine Streets), Milton 4
1974-75 Lang Park (Senior conference room – Frank Burke Stand) (flooded 27th January 1974)5
1976-93: Caledonian Club, Cnr Shaftston Avenue and O'Connel Street Kangaroo Point 6
1994-97: Langlands Park Coorparoo and Davies Park, West End
1998- JF O'Grady Memorial Park, Fairfield (flooded 13th January 2011)
1. Demolished and site is now a part of Brisbane Square.
2. Demolished and site is now a part of ANZAC Square.
3. Site is now part of St James College. The original hall was moved to 342 Water Street, Fortitude Valley and is heritage listed.
4. Decommissioned after 1975
5. Demolished during 2001-2003 as a part of the Lang Park redevelopment
6. Demolished and site is now a part of Story Apartments Complex
The association from 1935 held their meetings at a room in Boundary Street, Fortitude Valley. The Brisbane Rugby League in 1959 offered the use of the mobile area that was used by Wests as their dressing room1. The move at the time was seen as temporary as the Queensland Rugby League wanted the area to be developed. During 1973 a suggestion was made by the Treasurer Danny Moran LM that a meeting room could be constructed over the southern entry gates. The idea was communicated to a member of the the Land Park Trust, but the idea was not carried out. The mobile shed was moved to the corner of Caxton and Castlemaine Streets, which served as a parking area for the grounds. Later on, the senior conference room was used. The room itself was becoming too small for the weekly Monday meetings1.
Ray Wilson LM (Secretary of the time) always had passed the Caledonian Club every night on his way home from work and one day noticed in the newspaper that the club was in financial trouble. On this news, Ray met with the Chieftain of the club to discuss the prospect of moving in on Monday nights for the Monday meetings. The idea was supported and was soon approved. Despite the problems of referees being forced to travel to two places on Monday nights (Judiciary was held at Lang Park), the league soon acknowledged that a permanent move was the best solution due to the space problem1.
In 1976, the BRLRA entered into an agreement with the Caledonian Club to purchase a half interest in the complex at Kangaroo Point. The Association took over the existing debt of the Caledonian Club in return for the equity in the property. The total debt was a sum of approximately $100,000 that was to paid over a ten year period. Under the agreement, the Association had no interest in the financial aspect of the Club's business and the Association would nominate two members to the Caledonian and Burns Society Committee. Do you remember the bagpipes?
Both Danny Moran LM and Ray Wilson LM were appointed referee delegates to the Caledonian Club. The financial management of the Caledonian Club did not improve over the years that the Association was involved. This ultimately led to the Westpac Bank appointing receivers to the Club and the closure of the Caledonian Club. The Association continued to meet on the premises for some time until the sale of the complex to the Paraplegic and Quadriplegic Association. It should be recognised that the decision to purchase the interest in the Caledonian Club was an important factor in the financial security of our Association.
1998 saw the start of negotiations with the Eastern Suburbs Hockey Club and following meetings with them and the Brisbane City Council, we purchased the Club and leased JF O'Grady Park in 2000 from the Brisbane City Council.
|The area of parkland near the present site of Fairfield Gardens shopping centre was boarded by the Beenleigh Railway line when it was built in 1884. After damage by several floods of the Brisbane River, the line was redirected to higher ground and the previous railway line became Fairfield Road. After settlement, the land use changed from farmland to war service housing lots.
The former creek that used to flow in the area is evident on a 1936 aerial photograph near the present eastern corner of Victoria and Turley Street, The area appears to used for small forage crops, consistent with the war housing. The land was later turned into a general refuse area after the 1941 flood. The flood damaged the local war service housing. It can be assumed that refuse area become the disposal grounds for the former housing of the area. The 1946 aerial photography shows the refuse area almost within the centre of the Park, removing the banks and the filling in of the former creek.
The formation of the park commenced in 1947 with the acquisitions from War Service Homes and individual owners. It was then known as the Brougham Street Reserve. The canteen was build in the spring of 1967. The park was affected by the 1974 flood and the Brisbane City Council approved a grant for top dressing and the erection of a clubhouse. The present clubhouse was completed by 1975. A plan to alter the Fairfield Road alignment in 1973-74 resulted in rezoning for road widening and resumption, and the creation of Home Street in 1992.
The park is named after John Francis O'Grady, the US Consul in Queensland from 1958 to 1960. He died in one of Australia's worst aviation disasters, involving the Fokker Friendship VH-TFB – "The Abel Tasman". It crashed in fog near Mackay on the evening of 10th June 1960 with the loss of 29 lives. Brisbane City Council approved the proposal to name the park on the 13th September 1960.
That same year, Council agreed to a ten year lease to the Athletics Baseball Club for $21 pa on the basis that it be available to schools one day/week and to the Council for public holidays.The Athletics Baseball Club amalgamated with Eastern Suburbs Sporting Association and was granted a 20 year lease in 1974. Approval was also given to the new Eastern Suburbs Sport Association for flood lighting, club house and an equipment storage building.
Immediately after the 2011 flood, the BRLRA reconstructed the complex with $460,000 funding provided by the Queensland Government, Brisbane City Council and corporate donations from Bank of Queensland, Commonwealth Bank, CSIRO and RACQ. During 2012 the grounds were also upgraded by the Brisbane City Council and a full irrigation system installed for the fields.
In 2013 the main building, comprising of the conference and meeting rooms was named the "Tony McGrath Complex" in memorial of the tragic death of the then President and Life Member of the Association.
The Logo and Badges
The Association has had five logos. Before 1949, the QRL logo was used.
Logo design from 1949 to 1982From 1949 to 1982 a red poinsettia logo design was used with the words Brisbane Division.
Logo design from 1983 to 2000After the association was incorporated, the Q design was implemented and was used till 2000.
Logo design from 2001 to 2016After the 75th anniversary, a circular logo was adopted being the red poinsettia surrounded by the words "Brisbane Rugby League". The same logo was adapted by Rugby League Brisbane in 2017.
Logo design 2017 to 2018In 2017 the logo was adapted returning to a simple badge outline common with the NRL at the time, but with words "BRL Referees". For the first time the year of foundation was added. The straight edge of the top shield was to make the shield unique and to comply with the potential copyright of the National Rugby League shield design. Soon afterwards the BRL adapted the previous design into their organization. The ...
The field badges in many cases reflected the Association logo although the QRL Referees' insignia replaced individual Association badges from 1983.
BRL BadgeUp until the year 1949 the QRL Referees' Badge was worn, but in that year the QRL ruled that each District League strike its own Referees Badge. The Association's first badge was a shield with a poinsettia in the center.
QRL Badge 1975-1982The second badge which was a red poinsettia inside a Q with the words "Brisbane Division" above the flower and the word "Referee" below. The badge pictured was the QRL Referees' Badge of the same period.
QRL Badge 1983-1986In the mid 1980's the QRL Referees' badge was used, with a cloth QRL logo on the left.
QRL Badge 1988-1993The final design of the QRL Referees' Badge as of 1989. With the advert of cloth badges and jersey screen printing, metal badges were progressively withdrawn.
Brisbane Juniors Referee BadgeThis badge featured the distinctive stork and baby logo
Brisbane Juniors Referees Badge 2Another BJRL referee stork and baby badge, in use until the late 1990's.
ARL Preliminary BadgeThis badge was worn by new referees who are in the process of gaining Level 1 accreditation when the National Referee Accreditation Scheme was implemented in 1993.
ARL Level 1 Referee AccreditationThis badge was worn by referees who gained Level 1 accreditation under NRAS.
ARL Level 3 Referee AccreditationThe level 3 accreditation was gained by field experience of 100 first grade games and passing an advanced rule examination.
The Queensland Rugby League Referees' Board, currently known as the Referee Advisory Board issues 15 year and 25 year service badges.
Junior Division Dress BadgeThe former Brisbane Junior Division Rugby League Referees Association produced a dress badge, with the Division's logo being a stork carrying an infant.
Former Dress BadgeThe former Brisbane Division Referees' dress badge.
BRLRA Service BadgeThe Association presents special badges to members – for Life Members and for members giving 10, 20, 30 or 40 years service to the Association.
Jubilee Badge 1976Special lapel badge for the 50 year Jubilee issued in 1976.
75th AnniversarySpecial lapel badge for the 75th Anniversary issued in 2001.
Social Events
Over the years, the Association has organised a Christmas Tree function for the wives and children of members and these have been held at various venues including Lone Pine, Mandalay, Bundaleer Park, the Australian Woolshed, Scarborough, Horizon Park, Wet n' Wild and the Tallebudgera Fitness Camp.
Races for children in their age groups, throwing the broom for women and the Referees 100 yard championship were always held. Football matches against Toowoomba Referees for the Bulimba Cup and cricket games against Rockhampton Referees always held great interest.
The annual after-season smoko for referees only was until 1967 at such places as the Hamilton Town Hall, Bulimba and Kangaroo Point Schools of Arts, Newmarket Memorial Hall, and Kurilpa Hall at West End. Referees wives were entertained with Theatre Parties at His/Her Majesties Theatre and Old Timer dances at the Railway Institute Hall in Edward Street.
The Annual Dinner Dance was introduced in 1968 for the wives and girlfriends of referees and over the years these have been held at various venues around Brisbane including most League Clubs, the Broncos Leagues Club, 'Gabba Cricket Ground, Parkroyal Hotel, 'Gabba Greyhound Club and the Italian Club.
The 75th Anniversary Committee – Les Sainsbury LM
The 75th Anniversary committee was appointed on the 20th March 2000. The committee met monthly to make recommendations to the management committee for the celebration of our referees' association's seventy-five years in 2001, climaxing with the anniversary dinner on the 7th July 2001. The committee proved to have expertise in many fields. After a design was agreed upon Ron Daley LM was the one who saw the minting of the badge, while Harry Dearness LM , who is very knowledgeable on embroidery, teamed up with Ron to prepare the banner. Mark Flanagan, who has many resources, not only provided expert advice but also had the history of our association processed. Some material appeared easy, like the gathering of refereeing videos; Geoff Mines LM in his quiet way found it challenging but he was rewarded for his efforts. A great effort was made by Ken Rodgers in preparing the history of the association – hours of research, writing and rewriting led to the book available tonight. Ken was disappointed in the lack of memorabilia. The venue, the dinner and the accommodation were in the capable hands of Mick Smith who canvassed venues and prices to make the night a memorable occasion. The quiet achiever, Brendan Wood, became our publicity officer and once he was up and running, the news was spread by fliers, email, radio, phone and any other media to which he had access.
I thank the members for their contribution in time and effort and their input towards the celebration of the 75th Anniversary of the Brisbane Rugby League Referees' Association.
The Early Grounds
Referees travel to various grounds these days with little trouble; but in the early days, many of the then Clubs had a bad habit of chasing Referees home armed with palings pulled from the fences. For protection, Eric Campbell always carried a water pistol with him and Les Sharp – a Prison Warden, a truncheon. The early grounds were New Farm Park, Albion Flats, Exhibition Grounds No's 1 & 2, Gilbert Park, Thompson Estate, Pinkenba Oval, Desham Park, Nundah Oval, Bulimba Park, Moore Park No.1, Toowong Park, Kalinga Park and Ballymore Park.
The Stewards
The BRL Stewards were directly appointed by the League with the exception of the referees steward who was selected by the association as required. Generally, members who were no longer active were selected for these positions. The role consisted of duties such as:
Obtaining match cards and official program;
Check footballs (3) for inflation and check use of only current sponsored balls;
Distribute match cards to team managers;
Ascertain that referee and touch judges are in attendance;
Check ball persons and their understanding of their duties and their presentation;
Prior to game check players' numbers as per program;
Check safety conditions of players' boots, fingernails, rings etc;
Locate Appointment Official in case of non-appearance of Referee or other relevant matters;
In the event of a Referee not showing, the two captains are called to select a referee from available touch judges;
Fifteen minutes prior to game, notify PA of program changes;
Assemble captains for toss before kick off and inform referee who won toss;
Five minutes before kick off inform team officials of such;
At 2 minutes and 1 minute to start, respectively, request teams and then referee to make way to field;
Monitor and remind 'on field' trainers, no scissors or sharp objects to be taken on field;
In the event of a send off, collect charge card for team manager of player involved and;
In the event of any alleged damage or breaches of Code of Conduct brought to the attention of the Steward, he is to convey this to the Host Club Chief Executive and forward a written report to the Divisional Officer at his earliest convenience.
However, as Ron Daley LM recalled, the referees were supported by Stewards at Lang Park and these fine gentlemen wore crisply ironed white lab coats and chaperoned us and the teams on and off the field. If that wasn't enough the Stewards also took great pleasure in dunking you with iced water as you showered after the game.
Other Points of Interest
Ray Eve LM and Len Jacobson LM served the Association for over 50 years. It was noted in the 1976, that Ray Eve LM served 48 years out of the 50 years of the association's history. Len Jacobson awarded OAM in 1990 for services to Rugby League. Col Wright played for Queensland and was also Captain.
The following members have served in Queensland Parliament:
The Honourable Mr J Fiherlly MLA Member for Paddington 1912-1924 – Minister for Railways (1918-22), Minister for Justice (1919-22), Minister for Public Works and Treasury (1922) and Agent General for Great Britain (1922-24).
The Honourable Mr P Reeves MLA/MP for Mansfield (1988-2012) – Minister for Child Safety and Minister for Sport (2009-12)
The Honourable Mr T Mander MP for Everton (2012-2015) – Minister for Housing and Public Works (2012-2015)
Reet Howell Collection State Library of Queensland c1936
Rule Changes
Did you know the distance the defending team had to retire from the play the ball has been changed a number of times? Our game has had the one metre rule, the three metre rule, the five metre rule, and now we have the ten metre rule. The game as we know it today has undergone many changes to the game the referees and players were involved well before some of us came on the scene3.
Listed below are some of the changes to the International Game4 where applicable in Brisbane, not showing the various changes to interchange or rules that no longer exist i.e points for making marks.
Scrum-half to retire behind a scrum until ball was out.
Deliberate knock on would be awarded a penalty.
Scrum-half to feed the ball the same side as the referee was positioned.
Line-out abolished replaced by the optional free kick, a scrum could be elected by the team in possession.
Value of field goal reduced from four points to two points.
Value of penalty goal reduced from three points to two points.
The location of the restart after a try had been scored, either a place-kick if the try had been converted or a drop-kick if the team was unable to convert, was moved from the 25-yard line of the non-scoring team to the halfway line.
After a player had been tackled a loose scrum was now ordered formed to allow the ball to be brought back into play.
Defenders were banned from charging players attempting a place-kick at goal.
The location at which a penalty was awarded against a defender that had obstructed a kicker after the ball had been kicked was changed from where the incident took place to where the ball had landed.
The knocking-on rule was altered. The ball could be re-gathered if it had not been caught cleanly in the first attempt to take possession.
Another change to the knock-on rule meant, provided that the ball did not touch the ground, play would continue uninterrupted if a player dropped the ball into the hands of a player on the opposing team.
Kicking the ball into touch on the full was no longer allowed for any kick except a penalty kick.
The knock-on rule was adjusted so that in the event the non-offending team picked up the ball after their opponents had knocked-on, and even if it had touched the ground, play would continue.
The play-the-ball introduced after a tackle was made.
The number of players on each team was reduced from fifteen to thirteen
If a ball was kicked out of play on the full, a scrum back where it had been kicked from would now be formed
A team could no longer position more than three players in the front row of a scrum, other rows were unrestricted.
The goal-line drop-out replaced drop-outs from the 25-yard line after the ball was played dead by a defender.
A new version of the play-the-ball was created which consisted of two players from each team as acting halves.
The defending halfback would now feed the scrum, while the attacking side would have the loose-head. Previously, the player that fed the scrum had been the attacking halfback.
It became mandatory for each team's forwards to pack-down into the scrum in a 3-2-1 formation.
Scrums now had to be set a minimum of 10 yards from the touch line and a minimum of 5 yards from goal line.
Players who were off-side at the time of the play-the-ball would now be penalised if they did not make an attempt to get on on-side and interfere with or obstruct an opposing player.
A loose-arm rule is introduced, hookers must now place both arms over the props next to them.
The penalty was changed to allow a team awarded one to have the option of having a scrum rather than a free kick.
The opposing front rows in a scrum were prevented from packing down against each other until ordered to do so by the referee.
A five-yard ruck rule was introduced and applied to both teams, previously there had been a 'no-yard' ruck rule. This rule change lasted just one season.
The dummy-half and second-marker were required to stand one yard behind the two men contesting the play-the-ball (abolished 1956)
A team conceding a penalty was required to retire 10 yards.
A three-yard ruck rule replaced the no-yard ruck rule and was applicable to both teams.
The ball leaving the scrum was required to come out behind the second-rowers.
The non-offending team would now be given the loose-head and feed at a scrum resulting from a penalty, this included after the team had kicked into touch.
Scrums would now be set a minimum of 10 yards from the goal-line.
A place kick from the halfway line was used for the kick-off restarting play after an unconverted try.
A penalty on halfway would now be awarded if a kick-off went out on the full.
A five-yard ruck rule, applying to both teams, was implemented; an increase from three yards.
The four-tackle rule was introduced to replace unlimited tackles.
The scrum was replaced by a tap kick at restarts following penalty kicks into touch.
Defending teams would restart with a 25-yard optional kick should an attacking team make the ball dead.
The front-row were required to pack 'square' in scrums.
If a player goes down injured the ball is simply given to a team-mate to play rather than the game being halted so a doctor can be called onto the field.
Value of a drop goal was reduced from two points to one point.
The six-tackle rule was introduced, replacing the four-tackle rule.
Temporary suspensions of players, known as the "sin-bin", are introduced for misconduct.
The differential scrum penalty is introduced.
Loose-head and feed were now given to non-offending team at the scrum.
The value of try was increased from three points to four points.
The handover was introduced if a team was caught in possession after the sixth tackle.
A twenty-metre restart was given when the ball was caught on the full in the in-goal area by a member of the defending team.
The use of the handover was extended to those occasions on the sixth tackle when the attacking team knocked on, kicked out on the full, or ran into touch.
When a scrum took place, all players standing outside it, apart from the halfback, had to stand a minimum of 5 metres back to be onside.
Any players chasing their team's kick from an offside position were required to remain 10 metres away from the opponent taking possession of the ball. This was an increase from 5 metres.
A penalty would now be given against a defender guilty of stripping the ball from opponent in possession.
A new definition for a high tackle which stated that it was illegal to make contact with the head or neck whether it was done "intentionally, recklessly or carelessly".
Striking by the defending marker at the play-the-ball was banned.
The requirement for the attacking team to stand a minimum distance behind dummy-half at the play-the-ball was ended.
The 40/20 rule was introduced to reward accurate kicking in general play and to disrupt the pattern of teams having turns at sets of six tackles.
Tackled players were banned from playing the ball forward to themselves.
The zero tackle rule was introduced.
A defending player jumping to catch the ball from an opponent's kick cannot be tackled mid-air.
A team that finds touch with a kick from a 20-metre optional restart is awarded the loose head and feed at the scrum.
If from a kick anywhere on the field, the defending team takes the ball dead, for example if they place one foot over the dead ball line before playing at the ball, the team must restart play with a goal-line drop-out.
The defending team were allowed to strip the ball in the tackle if no more than two tacklers were in attendance.
Limited interchanges were reintroduced, a maximum of 12 interchanges were now allowed using a pool of 4 replacements.
Should an attacking player be held up by defenders in-goal, they should carry on play with a play-the-ball on the 10 metre line.
Free kicks were now to be taken 20 metres infield.
The maximum number of interchanges that could be made from a pool of four replacements was reduced from 12 to 10.
A second tackler was now permitted to strip the ball if the attacker carrying it was attempting to place ball for a try.
An assistant on-field referee was introduced.
A penalty can be applied by the referee against a defender where the attacking kicker has been tackled whilst they are in the air.
The tap from penalty kick to touch to be taken 10 metres infield.
Possession of the ball made contact with the corner post that player would no longer be considered to be touch in-goal.
Zero tackle from 20m restart.
40/20 restarts, The team that performs a 40/20 kick will restart play with a tap kick 20m in from the touch at the point it crossed the line instead of at a scrum.
Restarts from kicks out on the full, A handover will be awarded when the ball is kicked out on the full on any tackle.
Free interchange was introduced to players who require a concussion assessment.
The number of interchanges was reduced to eight from ten.
The initial tackle from a 20 metre optional restart became a zero tackle.
A 20/40 rule will be introduced in addition to the existing 40/20 rule;
The "mutual infringement" law will be amended, allowing the referee to replay the previous play-the-ball in the event of play being irregularly affected by circumstances out of the players' control
The team with the loose head and feed will be able to nominate to pack a scrum from three lateral positions (the nearest 10-metre line, the 20-metre line, or in line with the black dot on the crossbar). Teams will be given five seconds to inform the referee of their choice of scrum position.
The act of tackling a player in mid-air will be banned whether the player initiating contact is the attacking player or the defending player, in line with the current International Laws of the game.
- Ray Wilson, 2016 Pers. Comm.
- Trevor McKell, 2013. JF O'Grady Memorial Park Story. Unpublished
- David Manson, 2001. Rule Changes in 75th Anniversary 1926-2001 History Book Brisbane Rugby League Referees Association. Unpublished
- Wikpedia, 2014. List of changes to the Laws in Laws of the Game, Incomplete Web Page accessed January 2015.


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