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Journal of soil science and plant nutrition
versão On-line ISSN 0718-9516
J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. vol.11 no.3 Temuco 2011
Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 2011, 11 (3), 57-70
Use of molecular biomarkers in Eisenia foetida to assess copper toxicity in agricultural soils affected by mining activities
J. Cataldo R.1, M. E. Hidalgo L.1, A. Neaman2, H. Gaete O3,4*.
1Depto. Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa ancha, Valparaíso, Chile.
2Facultad de Agronomía, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Centro Regional de Estudios en Alimentos Saludables (CREAS), Región de Valparaíso, Chile.
3Depto. Biología y Ciencias Ambientales, Facultad de Ciencias,Valparaiso Chile.
4Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales CI-GREN, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Gran Bretaña 1111, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile. Corresponding author (email@example.com)
The agricultural soils in the basin of the Aconcagua River exhibit high concentrations of copper compared with other areas with no mining activity. The objective of this work was to assess the toxicity of such areas on the earthworm Eisenia foetida and its relation to copper concentration using the following molecular biomarkers: glutathione-S-transferase (GST), lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and metallothionein concentrations. These soils were also characterised chemically and physically. The results showed significant differences in the concentration of metallothioneins, TBARS and GST activity. A correlation between pH and copper (total, soluble) with the molecular parameters was observed. Metallothionein and GST are proposed as early warning biomarkers of the toxic effects of chemicals in soils.
Keywords: Copper, oxidative stress, metallothionein, molecular biomarkers.
1. Introduction
Copper mining in Chile is one of the most important economic activities in the country but is also one of the most contaminating activities, for both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Agricultural soils near these mining activities have increased levels of copper (De Gregori et al., 2003, Gonzalez et al., 2008), which represents a risk to soil organisms. Among these soil organisms, earthworms are important for their ability to decompose organic matter, recycle nutrients, and build soil. This important function can be affected by the presence of toxic chemicals in soil (Avila et al. , 2007). Although metals are essential nutrients for organisms, they are toxic at high concentrations (Ferreira-Cravo et al., 2009; Ginocchio and Narvaez, 2002, Navarro-Aviñó et al., 2007).
The total concentration of a trace element in the soil is not sufficient to predict the potential ecological risk that it represents (Sauvé et al., 1998). Ecological risk is related to the bioavailability of the element, which at the same time is related to the chemical form in which it is found in the soil. The National Research Council (NRC, 2003) defines bioavailability as the fraction of the total element that is available to the receptor organism.
Because of their ecological importance, earthworms have been used as indicators for assessing the potential impact of chemicals on soil organisms (Arnold and Hodson, 2007). Biomarkers have been measured in earthworms while assessing their exposure to contaminants in the soil through the measurement of antioxidant enzyme activity (Mosleh et al., 2007). The earthworm E. foetida is considered to be representative of soil fauna and earthworms in general (OECD 2000). E. foetida is characterised by its increased sensitivity to chemical agents compared with other species of earthworms (Torricella, 2006).
Biomarkers are biochemical, physiological, and histological reactions in organisms that can be used to determine exposure to and/or toxic effects caused by chemicals (Lam and Gray, 2003). The use of sublethal stress indicators as biomarkers is an alternative approach that is potentially useful to assess the response of a single organism or a population of organisms to contaminants. The activation of certain enzymes in the reactions of biotransformation and detoxification of contaminants has been demonstrated in different organisms (e.g., animals and aquatic plants), and its application as a tool to assess the quality of water and soil has been recently proposed.
Biomarker studies give an integrated view of how organisms are affected by the bioavailable fraction of the contaminants present in the environment. These biomarkers are considered to be early warning signals that can be used in assessing the environmental risk of contamination (Gastaldi et al., 2007).
The determination of metallothioneins is used to assess metal contamination. Metallothioneins are low molecular weight proteins that are mainly involved in the detoxification of metals (De Ocampo and Ocampo, 1999). An increasing content of metallothioneins has been considered to be a specific biomarker of metal exposure. Metallothioneins are also involved in various cellular functions, such as the regulation of growth and antioxidant defences (Mosleh et al., 2007).
Oxidative stress is the imbalance between the production of free radicals and antioxidant defence systems, either because of a defence deficit or an increase in the production of oxygen reactive species. This stress results in changes in the structure-function relationship in some organs, systems, or specialised cells group (Lasczyca et al., 2004, Leon et al., 2004). Several antioxidant systems have been studied in fish, bivalves and oligochaetes experimentally exposed to chemicals or collected from contaminated areas (Martín-Díaz et al., 2008). The parameters studied include antioxidant enzymes that might be useful as biomarkers and reflect not only exposure to pollutants but also their toxicity. Catalase is one of the enzymes involved in cellular antioxidant defence systems against radicals. Catalase is a peroxisomal hydroperoxidase that converts hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water (Mosleh et al., 2007). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) is a well-known phase II enzyme that catalyses detoxification conjugation reactions to facilitate the excretion of chemicals (Martín-Díaz et al., 2008; LaCourse et al., 2009). Also, it has been shown that GST is involved in antioxidant defences (Contardo-Jara and Wiegand, 2008).
The Aconcagua river basin in central Chile is one of the most important agricultural areas in the country. However, several copper mining industries are located in these areas of the basin. High concentrations of copper are found in this area compared with similar areas without copper mining activity. There is little information available about copper's toxicity to organisms and crops in the agricultural soils of Chile (Avila et al., 2009). The toxicity of these soils has been assessed through oxidative stress biomarkers (Gaete et al., 2010), but only catalase activity and lipid peroxidation were determined. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess toxicity and its relation to high concentrations of copper using molecular biomarkers to evaluate glutathiones transferase activity, metallothionein concentration, lipid peroxidation level and catalase activity in Eisenia foetida exposed to agricultural soils located close to copper mining activities in the Aconcagua river basin.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Area sampling
Samples were taken from agricultural soils in different locations within the Region of Valparaiso (central Chile). The sampling points were established in areas close to mining activity and areas not influenced by mining activities (Table 1). Soil samples were taken between 0 and 20 cm depths, removing the existing vegetation.
2.2. Physics-chemical soil
The total copper concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry after acid digestion of soil with a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and perchloric acid. The soil texture was determined using a simplified hydrometer method. The concentration of organic matter (OM) was obtained by the wet combustion method and colorimetric determination of reduced chromate according to Sadzawka et al. (2006). The electrical conductivity and pH in saturated paste extract was determined (Sadzawka et al., 2006). In the same extract, the concentration of soluble Cu was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, and the activity of the free copper ion Cu+2 (pcu+2) was determined using a copper ion selective electrode (Rachou et al., 2007). Rachou et al. (2007) validated the determination of Cu speciation with and without weak and/or strong ligands. The results obtained using the Cu ion-selective electrode were compared with those predicted in the presence of different organic ligands or even the lower free Cu+2 activities resulting from the formation of Cu hydroxyl species. The method was validated for the determination of Cu speciation in environmentally relevant free Cu+2 activity, i.e., ranging between 10-14 and 10-4 M. The results agree with pH values between 3 and 10.
2.3. Experimental design
The tests were conducted with the earthworm E. foetida according to the methodology standardised by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (2000). Adult E. foetida worms (with visible clitellum) were washed with distilled water before the bioassay, dried on filter paper, and weighed individually.
The containers for the bioassays were plastic with a 750 mL capacity, and each one was filled with 500 g of soil. Forty-five earthworms were placed in each soil sample, which was divided into three replicates. The organisms were fed with cow dung (from animals in contamination-free areas) soaked with 5 mL of distilled water. To accustom the worms to the food, they were fed on it for a week before the bioassay. The temperature during the bioassay was maintained within the range of 22-24° C, with an illumination of 400 lux and a photoperiod of 12 hours of light and 12 hours of darkness. The humidity was maintained through the application of 40 mL of distilled water once a week. At the end of the 28 days of exposure to the soil, the molecular parameters described in the following paragraphs were determined.
2.4. Sample preparation
One gram of worm tissue was extracted for each replicate of the soil samples. Then, the gut was emptied for 24 h (depuration phase). For the determination of catalase activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) level, and total protein content, the earthworms were placed in liquid nitrogen and later crushed in a mortar with 3 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 7.4). For the metallothionein determination, 2 mL of homogenisation buffer at pH 8.6 was used. The homogenised samples were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. The enzymatic activity of the catalase and the total protein were determined in the supernatant. For lipid peroxidation determination, a sample was used directly without centrifugation.
2.5. Determination of catalase activity
The catalase activity was determined according to Claiborne (1985). This method is based on a determination of the kinetic of degradation of hydrogen peroxide. The kinetic was followed spectrophotometrically by a reading absorbance at 240 nm. The procedure involved mixing 2.9 mL of phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, 100 mL of H2O2 0.3 M and 20 mL of homogenised worm tissue. The catalase values were reported as units of enzyme/mg total protein. The total protein was determined according to Lowry (1951).
2.6. Determination of TBARS
Substances that react to thiobarbituric acid from lipid peroxidation were determined. The procedure consisted of reacting 1 mL of earthworm sample tissue once proteins were removed by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid (30%) and centrifuging for 10 minutes at 4000 rpm following the addition of thiobarbituric acid (0.67% w/v). The sample was heated in a boiling water bath for 20 minutes. The sample was then kept on ice, and the absorbance of the reaction product at 540 nm was read.
2.7. Determination of metallothioneins
Metallothionein determination was based on the method described by Linde et al. (2008).
The tissue obtained from each experimental specimen was placed in 3 volumes of the homogenisation buffer (0.5 M sucrose, 20 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.6, containing 0.01% β-mercaptoethanol) in plastic tubes. The tissues were homogenised using a tissue homogeniser. The homogenate was distributed in aliquots (3 mL).
The homogenates were centrifuged at 30,000 x g for 20 min to obtain a supernatant containing metallothionein. Then, 1.05 mL of cold (-20 °C) absolute eth-anol and 80 μL of chloroform was added per 1 ml of resulting supernatant. The samples were centrifuged in the cold (at 0-4 °C) at 6000 x g for 10 min. Three volumes of cold ethanol were added to the resulting supernatant and stored at -20 °C for 1 h.
For the purification and quantification of metallothionein, the supernatant was centrifuged at 6000 x g for 10 min. The resulting pellets were washed with an ethanol:chloroform:
A standard curve with GSH was required as a standard reference for a correct quantification of MT in the samples. GSH contains one cysteine per molecule; thus, it can be used as a standard for quantifying cysteins in protein analyses. Solutions with different concentrations of GSH were prepared, and their absorbance was measured at 412 nm. The amount of metallothionein in the samples was estimated using the GSH standard, assuming that 1 mol of MT contains 20 mol of cystein (Linde et al., 2008).
2.8. Determination of glutathione S-transferase activity
The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was measured through the increase in absorbance at 340 nm due to the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) according to the modified methodology of Regoli et al. (1997).
The procedure was to prepare fresh solutions of GSH (40 mM) in a sodium phosphate buffer (0.01 M, pH 7.6) and CDNB (40 mM) in 97% ethanol. The reaction mixture contained 100 uL of glutathione solution, 100 uL of CDNB and 0.5 mL of potassium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 6.5) and was mixed and incubated for 5 minutes at 25 °C. The reaction was initiated by adding 30 uL of worm extract. The absorbance was measured at 340 nm for 4 minutes, and the activity was expressed as enzyme unit per mg of total protein.
2.9. Statistical analysis
The interpretation of the results of the biological parameters obtained from the different soils was carried out by analysis of variance (ANOVA). When the ANOVA showed significant differences between treatments, an analysis of multiple comparisons (Tukey test) at 5% significance was conducted. In addition, regressions and correlations were performed between biological responses and different chemical forms of copper. The 7 and Systat 5.0 Statistics were used.
3. Results
The soils that were sampled had pH ranges between 4.9 and 8.4, and the organic matter content was between 0.2% to 5.7%. The range of total copper concentration in the soils was between 20 mg kg-1 and 1300 mg kg-1. With the exception of soil 15, all soils exceeded the global average concentration of total copper (30 mg kg-1). The total copper concentration in soil 1 was 65 times higher than that in soil 15. The range of soluble copper concentration was between 0.02 mg L-1 and 8.5 mg L-1. The soluble copper in soil 1 was 8 times higher than that in the soil 15. The % organic matter was lower in soil 15, at 0.2%, and was higher in soils 5 and 7, at 5.7% organic matter (Table 2a).
3.1. Enzymatic activity of catalase
The catalase activity in E. foetida did not change significantly between soils except for an increase in soil 14 (Figure 1).
3.2. Determination of lipid peroxidation (TBARS)
In the determination of thiobarbituric acid reactive species, there was a significant variation among E. foetida from different soils, with the highest levels in soils 5, 10, 11, and 12 and the lowest levels in soils 1, 3, 6 and 9 (Figure 2). A significant negative correlation was observed with total and dissolved copper (Table 3).
3.3. Enzymatic activity of glutathione S-transferase (GST)
There was a significant change in E. foetida GST enzyme activity among the soils. Organisms from soil 15 exhibited the lowest activity of GST, while the highest activity was in samples 1, 3, 8, 9 and 14 (Figure 3). A significant positive correlation was observed with the concentrations of total and soluble copper (Table 3).
3.4. Metallothionein concentration
The metallothionein concentrations in E. foetida varied significantly between soils. The lowest concentrations were in organisms from soils 5 to 15, while the highest were from soils 1, 3, 8, 9 and 14 (Figure 4). Significant correlations with total and soluble copper were observed (Table 3). Both copper and pH, individually and in interaction, correlated with the activity of GST and the concentration of metallothionein, while the TBARS correlated only with total copper (Table 2a and Table 2b). Positive correlations between GST activity and metallothionein concentration with both forms (total and soluble) of copper were observed, while there was a negative correlation with pH. TBARS correlated negatively with both states of copper (Table 3).
4. Discussion
Oxidative damage was observed in the earthworm E. foetida due to exposure to the soils. The GST activity, TBARS level and metallothionein level in the organisms showed significant differences between the soils. The GST activity and metallothionein concentrations showed a non-significant increase after exposure to some soils in comparison with the soils with lower copper concentrations. Similar results were reported by Gaete et al. (2010), who found that the catalase activity, SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity and TBARS level in the same species varied following exposure to different soils; however, we did not include GST and metallothionein determinations.
No significant differences were observed in cata-lase activity between soils, which could be attributed to possible enzyme damage due to the long exposure time. Arasu and Reddy (1995) found decreased activity in the marine bivalve Perna viridis. They attributed this decrease to enzyme damage due to the time of exposure and the decrease of copper excretion from tissues. However, the decrease in catalase activity could be related to the protective effect of organic matter, which would reduce the copper bioavailability and, therefore, its toxic effects. Gaete et al. (2010) found that high concentrations of copper reduce the activity of catalase, possibly by the action of hydroxyl radicals formed in Fenton reactions. Therefore, catalase activity varies when the oxidants are present in low concentrations.
Soils 1, 3, and 6 have the highest copper concentrations; however, their organisms have the lowest oxidative damage determined through lipid peroxidation. This result can be explained by the increase of the activity of the GST enzyme and the concentration of metallothioneins. However, soils 2, 4, and 15 have the lowest copper concentrations, and these earthworms exhibited the highest level of lipid peroxidation. The earthworms in these soils exhibit a low GST activity and a low metallothionein concentration and are thus not protected against lipid peroxidation. In addition, the percentage of organic matter is low in these soils. In fact, organic matter plays a protective role in diminishing the bioavailability of metals in the soil. Copper produces lipid peroxidation, which in turn causes oxidative damage (Chaffai et al., 2005). Damage to cell membranes was observed in E. foetida, and a relationship between TBARS and total copper was found, resulting in the conversion of unsaturated fatty acids in small fragments of aldehydes such as MDA. The lipid peroxidation process can strongly affect the functionality of biological membranes, eventually causing cell death (Chaffai et al., 2005). The peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids caused by transition metals such as iron and copper has been widely studied (Arasu and Reddy, 1995). Cuprous ions react with hydrogen peroxide at a rate much higher than ferrous ions to produce hydroxyl radicals through Fenton reactions. In this study, we found that the metallothionein concentrations were higher in the soils that had lower lipid peroxidation levels. This result is consistent with that reported by Ringwood et al. (1998), who evaluated the effect of lead on the levels of lipid peroxidation and metallothioneins in the oyster Crassostrea virginica. Arasu and Ramos (1995) highlighted the importance of metallothioneins and lipofuscin in copper elimination in the bivalve Perna viridis and that both compounds form insoluble complexes with metal that is easily removed from the cell by exocytosis.
Metallothioneins participate in the defence against oxidative stress. These proteins have a large number of thiols in their structure. This chemical group can react with great affinity with electrophilic radicals such as ROS (Carrasco, 2000). In our study, the metallothionein concentrations in the earthworms were higher in all soils compared with those exposed to the lowest copper concentrations. Also, a positive correlation with copper in both forms (total and soluble) was observed. Soil 15 was the exception, with a significant decrease in copper concentration but with an increase in oxidative damage in the organisms. In earthworms from soils 1 and 3, the production of thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) decreased in relation to those from other soils, possibly due to the increased concentration of metallothioneins. This situation was observed in all soils, which exhibited an inverse relationship between the concentration of metallothioneins and lipid peroxidation. Therefore, metallothioneins could act as a compensatory mechanism to reduce the adverse effects of copper, such as lipid peroxidation (Arasu and Reddy, 1995). These proteins appear to play a role in the regulation of essential metals and in metal detoxification (Mosleh et al., 2007). The increase in metallothionein levels in this study agrees with the findings of Gaston et al. (2007), who conducted studies on E. andrei and found that low concentrations of essential metals, such as copper, and non-essential metals, such as cadmium, induced a significant increase in metallothionein content. Gillis et al. (2004) found a relationship between exposure to cadmium and metallothionein levels in T. tufifex. They reported that metallothionein levels are more sensitive to cadmium exposure that the response of population parameters (reproduction and growth), demonstrating that biomarkers are early warning signal responses. Gills et al. (2004) also showed how the increase in metallothionein concentration corresponds to a decrease in reproduction by relating the concentration of metallothionein to the fitness of the organism. The ability of metallothioneins to sequester ROS is reflected in the protective effect against such damage to the membranes.
Glutathione S-transferase belongs to a family of enzymes that use glutathione (GSH) as a substrate in a reaction that allows for the biotransformation and deactivation or detoxification of a wide range of exogenous compounds (Martín-Díaz et al., 2008). In our study, increased GST activity in E. foetida was observed in soils with higher concentrations of copper. Mosleh (2007) found increased levels of GST activity in T. tubifex exposed to chitosan. Moreover, Martín-Díaz et al. (2008) found that GST activity in Carcinus maenas (Decapoda) and Ruditapes philippinarun (clams) was significantly induced by the presence of several metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, and Pb). The GST increase in response to several chemical agents, including inorganic (cadmium, copper), organic (fluoranthene) and chemical (atrazine) compounds, has been reported by LaCourse et al. (2009). In this study, we found that catalase and GST activities behaved differently: while the former decreased, the latter increased. Similar results have been reported by Contardo-Jara and Wiegand (2008) in the worm Lumbriculus variegates exposed to the herbicide paraquat. These authors reported that catalase activity decreased by 65% in all treatments, regardless of exposure time, while GST activity was significantly high, at 15%, when the exposure time was longer. Therefore, it can be assumed that the enzyme activity of GST increases after a period in which higher concentrations of contaminants accumulate in body tissues in E. foetida.
The bioavailability of a metal depends on the physicochemical characteristics of the soils. These variables determine the degree of solubilisation of the metals or the buffering capacity of the soil. The most important of these variables are pH, organic matter content, and the amount and type of clays (Warren and Alloway, 2003; Gastaldi et al., 2007; Owojori et al., 2009). In this study, the pH values, individually and in interaction with copper in both forms (total and soluble), were correlated with molecular parameters.
In conclusion, a correlation between pH and copper (total, soluble) with molecular parameters was observed. Metallothioneins and GST are proposed as early warning biomarkers of the toxic effects of chemicals in soils.
This work was supported by the projects Fondecyt N° 1085005 and the Dipuv 49/2007 Research Direction, University of Valparaíso
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I wanted to wish everyone of the readers a merry Chirstmas. I hope you enjoy your time with your families. I appreciate all you guys reading and following the blog. -Darrell-
1. Tally Hall and Tyler Deric fulfill their potential
– With the retirement of Pat Onstad the most unstable position on the team officially became goalkeeper. While Hall and Deric showed flashes down the stretch last year they are complete unknowns in a 34 match season. One of the two young goalkeepers will have to step up and provide the same organization and shot-stopping that Onstad did to provide support for a backline that is likely to see a new full-time starter at three positions (rightback with Hunter Freeman, centerback next to Boswell, and leftback).
2. A forward who can score goals.
– People will point to the team's inability to defend but they have already addressed that, well they have started to address it. Looking back on 2010 the Dynamo's lack of scoring punch was damning to their playoff chances. With Colin Clark and Brad Davis on the wings service should not be an issue in 2011. The Dynamo need a forward, preferably with pace, who has a track record of scoring goals. If that means you have to spend your designated player money here so be it. If the club has to break the bank for David Suazo or a similar player I am all for it if it will put goals on the board.
3. A designated player who will have a positive effect.
– In my opinion a designated player has to do two things. First, they have to get close to paying for themselves at the gate (only Blanco has done enough at the ticket booth to completely pay for himself). Second, they have to improve the play on the field. Looking back at the up and down history of the designated player there does not seem to be a player type to target to make sure to get it right.
I say go for a player with a track record of doing what you want. If the team wants a designated player who can score goals go get a guy who has done that and is young enough to do it for two more years. If you want a playmaker in the middle of the pitch, go get a guy who has done that for past teams.
4. An agile centerback to play next to Bobby Boswell.
– Dominic Kinnear and the Dynamo have put an emphasis early in the offseason on defense. Adding Hunter Freeman takes care of the rightback spot and will either move Hainault to leftback or centerback. Jordan Graye will add depth and pace to the fullback position. However, even if Hainault moves to the middle, the club is still lacking a sideline to sideline centerback who can cover up when your other defenders take chances. Everyone saw what can happen with a centerback like that in 2009 when Geoff Cameron played this role and it is the last remaining piece to a rebuilt backline.
5. A young attacking player at number 7 in the draft.
– Yes the Dynamo will likely be able to take a central defender like A.J. Soares (California) or Zarek Valentin (Akron) at seven and address a need. Here is hoping they take a risk. While there are no superstars in this draft, it is a group that is very talented and deep. At number seven there will be a few attacking options available.
Omar Salgado could slide. Dillon Powers (Notre Dame), if he enters the draft, or Michael Farfan (University of North Carolina) could provide a spark in midfield. Other forwards include Will Bruin (Indiana) and Corey Hertzog (Penn State). Ideally this will be the only time the Dynamo pick this high so I am listing it here that they take the opportunity to go young at the forward position.
6. Signing homegrown players Josue Soto and Alex Dixon (if he comes out) before the draft.
– D.C. United signed top 15 prospect Ethan White to a homegrown deal. Red Bull New York is about to do the same with Matt Kassel. Corey Hertzog could be signed by Philadelphia. All these players are in the first wave of college players to be homegrown eligible entering the MLS draft. Without a second and third round pick Soto (SMU) and Dixon (University of North Carolina) would be great signings for the Dynamo. Both players showed this year that they are ready to take their games to the next level and will provide depth to a young core for the club. Both players should go in round two (Dixon could slip to the early third round) and warrant a contract.
What would you add to the list?
Geoff Cameron training with Nottingham Forest
Socceramerica.com reported that Geoff Cameron is heading to England to train with Nottingham Forest. The Dynamo midfielder and new signee will be at the club for the first part of the New Year and will be back with the Dynamo in time to start preparing for preseason camp that opens in February. The training camp essentially replaces what many thought would be a USMNT training camp invite for the Dynamo star.
Training stints are a normal part of the process for soccer players. Danny Cruz spent time at Nottingham last month. It is important to realize it is a training and not a trial with the club. Teal Bunbury experienced the fallout from reports that he was trialing with Stoke City after his reserve match goal for the English club. Cameron will certainly be back with the Dynamo in 2011 and the training should help him expand on his skill.
American's abroad preview
EPL – (Will have matches Sunday/Monday & Tuesday/Wednesday)
– Stuart Holden and Bolton Wanderers face West Brom and Chelsea
– Tim Howard and Everton face Birmingham and West Ham
– Clint Dempsey, Eddie Johnson, and Fulham face West Ham and Stoke City
– Jonathan Spector and West Ham face Fulham and Everton
– Marcus Hahnemann and Wolverhampton face Wigan and Liverpool
– Eric Lichaj, Brad Freidel, Brad Guzan, and Aston Villa face Tottenham and Manchester City
Marquee Match: Chelsea v. Arsenal, Monday, Bolton v. Chelsea, Wednesday
SPL (Sunday/Wednesday matches)
– Maurice Edu and SPL leading Rangers face Motherwell and St. Johnstone
nPower Championship(Sunday and Tuesday/Wednesday matches)
– Conor Doyle and resurgent Derby County face Doncaster Rovers and Nottingham Forest
nPower League 1 (Sunday and Tuesday/Wednesday matches)
– Mike Grella, Frank Simek, and Carlisle United face Oldham Athletic and Exeter City
Belgium Juliper League
– Sacha Kljestan and Anderlecht face Lierse
Matches to Watch
– Manchester United v. Sunderland, 9:00AM, Fox Soccer Channel
– Aston Ville v. Tottenham, 11:30AM, Fox Soccer Channel
– Arsenal v. Chelsea, 1:55PM, ESPN2
– Birmingham City v. Manchester United, 1:55PM, ESPN2
– West Ham v. Everton, 11:30AM, Fox Soccer Channel
– Manchester City v. Aston Villa, 9:00AM, Fox Soccer Channel
– Chelsea v. Bolton, 1:30PM, Fox Soccer Channel
Robbie Findley signs with Nottingham Forest
After being linked to Wolverhampton and Bolton in recent weeks, MLSsoccer.com is reporting that U.S. international forward Robbie Findley has landed with Nottingham Forest of the nPower Championship in England. Findley spent time with both Wolverhampton and Forest last week, but Forest was believed to be the team that wanted him the most. In the end they won out and he will join them once he receives the go ahead regarding his European work permit.
Findley's move to the English second division is what many expected. While he did not have a great, or even good, 2010 he has something that many coaches will take a chance on, speed. Findley's speed makes him a bundle of potential for any coach. The good news is that playing in a higher class league could bring out the best in Findley and lead him to improve on his touch and finishing.
However, there is certainly the chance that his career could follow the same track as for Kansas City Wizards forward and current Fulham reserve Eddie Johnson who has yet to put it all together and breakthrough for regular time in England. Findley joins U.S. U-20 forward Conor Doyle (Derby County) in the English second division.
Will Findley succeed at Forest? Are you surprised by the move?
*Follow me on twitter to receive updates on soccer and Dynamo content.

subset: commoncrawl


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Collections: all, Music, Shlomo Carlebach, Solo Artists
Type: Music
Category: carlebach, Solo Artists
5000 years of the anguish, suffering, hope and joy of the Jewish people is distilled into these twelve marvelous tracks. This was Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach's debut recording, and it is still his best. The songs are in Hebrew; many are biblical texts. But you don't have to understand a word of Hebrew to respond to the hope and pain of these beautiful melodies; each song is unforgettable, speaking straight to the heart. No collection of Jewish music is complete without this album.


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Last week I culled a connection from LinkedIn. Why? Because the only updates I saw from them were critical posts highlighting other people's grammatical mistakes. This individual was no doubt trying to show off their copywriting skills to potential clients. But I asked myself the question, would I ever work with someone who comes across as if they are sneering at others? The answer is no. In fact, I was actually dreading them reading my blog and spotting all the little mistakes. So I disconnected. The experience got me thinking about how we present ourselves. Do you let your strengths shine through? Or are you purely riding on the coat tails of someone else's weaknesses?
Show us your strengths, not the failings of others
A few months ago I did business with a company who spent our initial consultation slagging off the competition. It seemed impossible for them to sell the features and benefits of working with them. Only the disbenefits (in their opinion) of specific competitors. I wasn't impressed. Unfortunately they were the preferred supplier of someone I was already working with. It turns out they were the most difficult, least reliable of the multiple suppliers I used.
Help your contacts move "away from" common problems…
Don't get me wrong, I understand there are times when "away from" thinking and negative messages are valid. As a mentor, if you want to help someone dodge common pitfalls, you might say "I'd avoid shelling out for a serviced office space right now. I found it was an unnecessary overhead for a startup business". This could be hugely helpful. However an "away from" message alone isn't very…well inspiring. And it's a real turn off when your message crosses the line into being hyper-critical of a competitor or making an example of others.
…and move "towards" an inspiring solution
The corresponding positive "towards" message can help open up someone else's eyes to other options. It could be a simple suggestion like, "I'd look out for space you can use flexibly and where you'll meet potential clients or collaborators". If you can offer some free help (or freemium help if you have a vested interest!) then your social stock goes up even further. Perhaps you could invite them to visit a co-working space you're already a member of. This simple act will cost you little or nothing but demonstrates you appreciates give and take. You're presenting yourself as someone the other person could do business with in future, or even refer business your way.
Use your interview to move "towards" the job you want, not just "away from" the one you hate
This isn't just relevant to business owners. It's equally applicable to how you present yourself as an individual in the job market. At job interviews what's your typical answer to the question "Why do you want this job?". You might think you're flattering your prospective employer when saying "Because I feel my current organisation has lost its way. I want to work somewhere with strong leadership and I've heard great things about you". However you could do yourself more justice by selling your benefits and how you fit with the job you're moving towards: "I want the job because I share your core value of contribution. Your messages about the need for socially responsible corporations really resonated with me. That's why I launched a volunteer mentoring programme at my current employer with the local secondary school". You are showing genuine interest in the recruiter, relevant experience you might not already have mentioned, and forward thinking.
Do a 2 minute SWOT test
Ahead of your interview or meeting with a prospective client, take 2 minutes to consider:
YOUR Strengths – "I run a family-business specialising in providing high-quality, bespoke catering for family celebrations. I stand out in my market because of my attention to detail. I make sure the catering fits with the theme of the celebration and the preferences of the client; no one is left out because of their special dietary requirements; and the food looks as good as it tastes."
YOUR Weaknesses – "I'm feeling worried about the state of my business at the moment because I've just lost two bookings to another local catering firm because they were cheaper."
Opportunities in this situation – "This potential client was referred to me by another happy customer. She also mentioned she liked the photos of my previous work online."
Threats in this situation – "This potential client is getting quotes from other local suppliers so might go for the cheapest option."
What's your best strategy to succeed? Let your strengths shine through to make the most of the opportunities? Or hang onto other people's weaknesses in the hope that you'll avoid the threats?
You'll find more fantastic advice on using SWOT analysis for your business at the British Library's Business and IP centre.
Fancy working with a coach to spot your strengths and opportunities to break out?
Book your free discovery call with me to find out more about Jailbreak Coaching.


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Rebels blow huge lead as Waratahs surge home
IT was the best of times, it was the worst of times.
After compiling their biggest ever half-time lead, the Melbourne Rebels' season plunged to a new low with a last-minute 32-25 loss to the NSW Waratahs at AAMI Park on Friday night.
The year might only be five rounds old, but already any hope the Rebels had of making the finals for the first time appear dashed.
Rooted to the foot of the table with just one bonus point to their name, the Rebels are two wins behind the Waratahs and ACT Brumbies, who play the Highlanders on Saturday night.
Coasting at 25-6 up at half-time, the enterprising Rebels got a standing ovation as they ran to the sheds.
But for much of the next hour the small but passionate crowd edged closer and closer to the extremity of their seats as the Waratahs surged like a tidal wave.
And by match's end the ground was awash with boos.
As they have for their past three games, the Rebels faded badly as the match went on.
The Rebels were inspired in the first half, with Reece Hodge scoring 20 points - two tries, two penalties and two conversions.
But inspiration turned to insipidness after the break - injuries notwithstanding - as no one stood tall to halt the light blue momentum.
Hooker James Hanson went off with concussion in the first half, as did locks Culum Retallick and Dominic Day - the latter departing less than 30 seconds after coming on in his Super Rugby debut.
But it's no excuse for the dramatic decline.
The margin was back to 25-18 by the 59th minute, but although the score didn't move for 19 minutes there was a sense of inevitability as the Waratahs mounted raid after raid.
It was an enthralling contest from the start and it would have an enthralling end, with Michael Wells barging over in the 77th minute - just moments after Colby Fainga'a was sin binned - before David Horwitz broke Rebels hearts with his last minute try.
Meanwhile, the Western Force conceded seven tries in a 45-17 loss to the Crusaders in Christchurch.
It was the New Zealand side's fifth straight victory.


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For young adults doing the HSC, 2020 might seem daunting. So much information to absorb, with so little time!
And spare a thought for students with language disorders, reading problems and other learning difficulties. Many overwhelmed students don't know where to start.
Fear not!
To help our clients and readers, we've been talking to recent HSC graduates and their parents about useful tips to cope and thrive. Here are our top 8 to date: all free and easy to implement in a couple of hours!
1. Make up a single "HSC Master Folder": Get a lever arch file and label it: "HSC Master Folder". Put coloured tabs in it – one for each subject you are studying.
2. Assign a coloured tab to each subject: For example, you might assign blue to Advanced English and orange to Mathematics. Use the colours to sort out all your notes/materials. For instance, keep all your English notes in blue folders, and your Maths notes in orange folders.
3. To understand HSC assignment and exam questions so you can answer them properly, learn (and review) the key exam words that appear frequently in HSC exams across multiple subjects.
Need a list of words to learn? Here you go:
|Account for: state reasons for, report on.
Give an account of: narrate a series of events or transactions
|Identify components and the relationship between them; draw out and relate implications
|Use, utilise, employ in a particular situation
|Make a judgement about the value of
|Make a judgement of value, quality, outcomes, results or size
|Ascertain/determine from given facts, figures or information
|Make clear or plain
|Arrange or include in classes/categories
|Show how things are similar or different
|Make; build; put together items or arguments
|Show how things are different or opposite
|Critically (analyse/evaluate)
|Add a degree or level of accuracy depth, knowledge and understanding, logic, questioning, reflection and quality to (analyse/evaluate)
|Draw conclusions
|State meaning and identify essential qualities
|Show by example
|Provide characteristics and features
|Identify issues and provide points for and/or against
|Recognise or note/indicate as being distinct or different from; to note differences between
|Make a judgement based on criteria; determine the value of
|Inquire into
|Relate cause and effect; make the relationships between things evident; provide why and/or how
|Choose relevant and/or appropriate details
|Infer from what is known
|Recognise and name
|Draw meaning from
|Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about
|Support an argument or conclusion
|Sketch in general terms; indicate the main features of
|Suggest what may happen based on available information
|Put forward (for example a point of view, idea, argument, suggestion) for consideration or action
|Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences
|Provide reasons in favour
|Retell a series of events
|Express, concisely, the relevant details
|Putting together various elements to make a whole
Source: NSW Education Standards Authority, A Glossary of Key Words
Most of these words are verbs and so-called "Tier-2" academic words – words that crop up across different subjects. Knowing these words is a huge help when reading school texts and answering essay and exam questions for most subjects.
4. Spend an hour (or two) learning about effective study techniques so you don't waste time learning inefficiently:
(a) Read our article about free effective study techniques.
(b) Watch this short (8 minutes) YouTube video for 6 research-backed ways to study better.
(c) Go to the terrific Learning Scientists website for more details on each of these 6 strategies (including free downloads).
(d) Read HSC study guides, such as the ones available from The Sydney Morning Herald and the NSW Education Standard Authority (NESA).
5. Download a copy of the syllabus for each subject you are studying. For students in New South Wales, you can download each syllabus from NESA here.
6. For each syllabus you've downloaded, print the content and objectives/outcomes sections and put them in your HSC Master Folder. These tell you what you are expected to know for assignments and the exam.
7. Download and print the most recent available past exam papers for each subject you are studying, then put them behind the syllabus in your HSC Master Folder. (As we note here, doing practice exam papers is one of the best, evidence-based ways to improve your learning (and exam results)). It's also a great way for you to practice remembering things under time constraints. You can access past NSW HSC exam papers from NESA here.
8. Most importantly, stay healthy – exercise, sleep and eat well, and keep things in perspective.
We hope you find these tips useful. As 2020 rolls on, we plan to add more tips.
Good luck!
Related resources:
- Exam and essay verbs you need to know in high school: "Explain"
- Exam and essay verbs you need to know in high school: "Analyse"
- Exam and essay verbs you need to know in high school: "Evaluate"
Related articles:
- How to improve exam results: 9 free evidence-based DIY strategies
- For reading, school and life success, which words should we teach our kids? How should we do it?
- Back-to-school study skill: 3 steps to remember any 10 things in order
- Breaking the vicious cycle for older kids with reading problems: how to help
- How to help our secondary teachers support teenagers with language disorders at school
Image: https://tinyurl.com/qat2qrz
[su_service title="Banter Speech & Language" icon="http://www.banterspeech.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/lyrebird_rgb1-e1393567318720.jpg"]Banter Speech & Language is an independent firm of speech pathologists for adults and children. We help clients in our local area, including Concord, Concord West, North Strathfield, Rhodes, Strathfield and all other suburbs of Sydney's Inner West.
Banter Speech & Language is owned and managed by David Kinnane, a Hanen- and LSVT LOUD-certified speech-language pathologist with post-graduate training in the PreLit early literacy preparation program by MultiLit, the Spalding Method for literacy, the Lidcombe and Camperdown Programs for stuttering, and Voicecraft for voice disorders. David is also a Certified PESL Instructor for accent modification.
David holds a Master of Speech Language Pathology from the University of Sydney, where he was a Dean's Scholar. David is a Practising Member of Speech Pathology Australia and a Certified Practising Speech Pathologist (CPSP). David is a part-time Associate Lecturer at the University of Technology Sydney's Graduate School of Health. David sits on Speech Pathology Australia's Ethics Board and Professional Standards Advisory Committee, and is a Board Member of SPELD NSW.[/su_service]


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MATLAB – "R2009a" Toolboxes – A clear Explanation
Vehicle Network Toolbox 1.0 Vehicle Network Toolbox™ is useful to send and receive CAN packets directly from MATLAB® or Simulink®. It enables encoding, decoding, and filtering of CAN messages and helps to work with industry-standard CAN database files. The Vehicle … Continue reading


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MenOver30 Video: Kneading the Buns
We haven't seen 33 year old Joe Parker since last December, and his strong jaw, agate blue eyes, lean fur covered body and fat, long cock have been seen here topping a variety a hunky, lucky studs, but when he reported to the set today and said he was going to be on the receiving end for the first time at MenOver30.com, we couldn't wait to see the man who made Joe's ankles leave the ground: Jeremy Stevens. Jeremy is a 37 year old blond stunner with six feet of muscle, charisma off the charts and sex appeal oozing out of every pore. When we spoke to the two of them afterwards, we weren't surprised to see they were still leaning over for a kiss now and then, but after what had just transpired between them, the fact they were post-orgasm and yet both still rock hard is almost as much of a miracle as the chemistry between these men.


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BOCA RATON, Fla., Feb. 23, 2011 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Genesis Group Holdings, Inc. (OTCQB:GGHO) and its wholly owned subsidiary Digital Comm Inc., provide turnkey operations in outside plant construction, voice-data network technologies, utility infrastructure- water, sewer, electric, gas, fiber/copper buried and aerial cable. The Company is pleased to announce the engagement of Emerging Markets LLC for a 3-month term to provide Investor Relations.
Gideon Taylor, Chairman and CEO, said, "Following discussions concerning Emerging Markets and favorable reference reports, I was very pleased to agree to a 3-month program to bring greater recognition to Genesis and to broaden investor awareness."
James Painter, Chairman and CEO, of Emerging Markets, stated that, "We are proud to add Genesis Group Holdings, Inc. to our client list. After reviewing the business model and suite of services offered we felt we have found a client who meets our client selection criteria. Genesis Group Holdings, Inc. has an impressive management team and are clearly focused on delivering results to their clients. Gideon Taylor brings an enormous amount of experience and successes to the table."
About Emerging Markets Consulting LLC
Based in Orlando, Florida, Emerging Markets Consulting brings over 40 years combined experience in the Investor relations industry. Emerging Markets Consulting is an international investor relations firm with affiliates worldwide. We are relationship driven and results oriented. Our goal is to select the right clients and to concentrate our resources and efforts to serve a limited number of high quality clients. Emerging Markets Consulting can be visited on the web at http://www.emergingmarketsllc.com and http://www.themicrocapreport.com Emerging Markets Consulting, LLC. is a proud member of National Investor Relations Institute.
CONTACT: Emerging Markets, LLC Jim Painter III Investor Relations 321-206-6682 firstname.lastname@example.com www.emergingmarketsllc.com or www.themicrocapreport.com
© Copyright 2012, GlobeNewswire, Inc. All Rights Reserved


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As you are more acquainted with your workout regimen, it is important that you have the right set of equipment for maximum results. Dumbbells are a robust set of weights that can help you accomplish your fitness needs at any particular time and place in the day.
There are many variations in the market such as iron and rubber dumbbells. In essence, rubber dumbbells are just metallic hand weights that have a rubber coating. Some of them have a full rubber coating, while others solely consist of balls and plates with a rubber coating.
Recommended if the products below are out of stock or for beginners!
- Pair of 5-pound, 10-pound, 15-pound, 20-pound, and 25-pound rubber hex dumbbells
- Space saving design
The main benefits of rubber dumbbells are that they are easier to handle. They do not damage the floor if they are dropped. Also, they are moisture and rust resistant. Hence they look good and last longer. And if they come with a rack, they can be easily stored even if there are numerous pieces in the package.
Here I'm going to focus only professional rubber dumbbell sets that are suitable for both home and commercial use. These pro sets contain 5 to 100-pound dumbbells. Hence, they are suitable for even pro athletes.
Best alternative!
Unfortunately, because of the pandemia most products are usually out of stock. An alternative might be to buy a professional adjustable dumbbell set such Powerblock Pro which is available from 10-175 lb and very convenient to use. Plus, it costs less.
Top 5 Rubber Dumbbell Set to Buy
1. Body Solid GDR363-RFWS Dumbbell Rack with Rubber Dumbbells (The best dumbbell set!)
- Includes 10 sets of 5 - 50-pound rubber-coated hex dumbbells
- Sturdy and space-efficient weight rack
- Gym mat is included
The Body Solid 50 lb dumbbell set packaging covers the rack, the dumbbells, and the mat that you will use to work out.
The stand accommodates all the weights by having three compartments that reduce storage space and promote the organization in the workout area. This set up is perfect for people who seek to have a limited workout space in their homes.
The heads of the dumbbells press-fit and pin to the grips to make sure that the heads do not slip off at any time during use. The mats are thick enough to protect the floor from any damage caused by the heavyweights when in use.
Most customers find it easy to assemble the weights on the stable frame. The knurling bar and the rubber coating appeal to the fitness enthusiasts as they reduce any slip-ups and make sure that the weight is evenly distributed on the hand during use.
Nevertheless, the rack might need the utilization of a socket wrench to tighten it down and prevent any serious wiggling. The weights also have a lubrication coating that would require you to wipe down and allow them to dry up after a few days. The pungent rubber odor is also present, and might not accommodate people who have allergic reactions towards rubber.
2. Cap Barbell Rubber Hex Dumbbell Set with Rack
- 5 to 50 pound dumbbells
- Durable cast iron
- Ergonomic handles
This all round workout equipment comes in handy for both the upper and lower body muscles. Both ends of the dumbbell are hexagonal. This helps the dumbbells from rolling over when stored and alternatively prevents any breakage of surfaces and the occurrence of injuries.
In addition to this, both hexagonal ends have a rubber coating. The rubber coating helps prevent the weights from damaging any surfaces or causing injury to any person who decides to use the weights.
The entire set incorporates a rack, which accommodates all the five to fifty pound weights (5-50 lbs). Most customers appreciate the fact that the rubber ends allow them to work out in the middle of the night without causing noise pollution when setting down the weights. They also seem to appreciate the price of the collection and deem it to be worth every penny. Most buyers rate them as high-quality rubber hex dumbbells.
However, some customers find it hard to fit all the dumbbells on the rack. The rubber coating also seems to emit a smell that might cause some sensitivity to clients who are allergic to latex. Although, the smell seems to go away after a few days.
3. Heavy Duty Dumbbell Set with Rack 5-70 lbs Pairs
- 5-70 pound rubber coated hex dumbbell pairs
- 28 dumbbells total
- Rubber floor mat
This three-compartment rack set is durable enough to accommodate rubber dumbbell pairs weighing between five and seventy pounds (5 and 70lbs). In addition to this, the set comes with a rubber floor mat that measures three inches by six inches (3" by 6"). The mat comes in handy for working out and protecting the floor from damage caused by the weights.
Most customers find the durability and strength of the rack to be quite appealing. The good grip and evenness of the weight on the hand reduce the chances of the user experiencing fatigue, while also preventing any causes of the bar slipping off during use.
Nevertheless, some customers report that fitting all the dumbbells on the rack is quite taxing and complicated. One has to angle some dumbbells and push others past the side support just to accommodate all the weights.
Some customers also report a high rubber odor on the weight that irritates and can cause harm to people with related allergies. You might also require wiping down the lubricant feeling from the weights and allowing for a little time of drying before you begin using them.
4. Powerline PDR282X-RFWS Dumbbell Rack with Rubber Dumbbells
- Six pairs of 5-30 pound rubber-coated hex dumbbells
- Heavy-gauge steel construction
- 10-year frame warranty
This rubber coated dumbbell set comes with a two-compartment rack that is made out of durable steel material, which accommodates the heavy weight of the dumbbells. In addition to this, the all round debarred nature of the rack enforces user safety while using the weights.
The dumbbells come in a wide variety of weight that ranges from five to thirty-pound weights (5-30lbs). Both ends of the dumbbells are hexagonal to prevent them from rolling away when placed on a flat surface. This comes in handy when taking short breaks between reps and doubles-up as a mechanism to prevent any future injury and surface damage while lifting the weights.
Customers appreciate the stability and ease in assembling the rack. The holder is flexible enough to support itself as opposed to leaning on a wall for support. This makes it accommodate any house arrangement. The three hundred pound (300lbs) weight set comes with a thick and durable mat that customers view as a very durable and thick surface protection cover.
The rubber odor is present when the set is new, but it can quickly go away when one wipes down the set with soap and water.
5. Rep Rubber Hex Dumbbell Set with Rack
- Premium low odor rubber
- Includes 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75 lb pairs
- 2 heavy duty REP 3-tier dumbbell racks
This state of the art commercial rubber dumbbell set comes with a stand. The rubber used on it is a low odor, thus accommodating people who have latex allergies.
It has a press-fit, straight, and welded handle that helps to secure the dumbbell weights to the handle. This reduces any chances of the weights slipping off and causing harm to the user and any surrounding objects. The handle has a full knurl that allows the user to have a full grip on the weight. This helps to prevent any injuries caused by the weight slipping off, too.
The set comes with a three-year commercial warranty.
Many customers appreciate the high quality and affordable pricing of this entire collection. The rack comes in handy regarding storage within personal home gyms.
Customers appreciate the even distribution of the weights on the hand in comparison to having a contoured handle. The general appearance of the set has a nice classic finish that resembles that of the dumbbells in high-end gyms.
However, it is good to note that this set is not suitable for people who have severe allergic reactions towards latex.
While adjustable dumbbell sets such as Bowflex weights are very popular these days, if you can afford and have space, a dumbbell weight set with a free weight stand is still the best option. You do not have to change the plates, just pick a weight, and you are ready to do your dumbbells workout. And when you are ready, you just put it back on the rack. There is a good reason why there is no gym without a set like this. I know, the prices are high, but you will get equipment for a lifetime. Though, you can also find cheap dumbbell sets here.
Last Updated on the August 26, 2020


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The communication between your security system and a central monitoring station is one of the most important components of your total security solution. When sending an alarm notification to the monitoring station, immediate action will be taken. Usually after verification of the alarm. Therefore, the probability of detection of the criminal increases significantly and thus the intruder can be arrested before he reaches his target.
The alarm transmitter and receiver are essential to the alarm transmission system. These can be stand-alone devices or an integrated part of a security system.
Dutch NEN has published standards for alarm transmitters and receivers.
The technical requirements are specified in the EN 50136-2 standard in terms of performance, reliability, safety and security features of the installed alarm transmitters.
The EN 50136-3 standard specifies the technical requirements of the alarm receiver.
Of course, our specialists can tell you much more about alarm monitoring. Would you like to learn more? Please, contact one of our specialists.
Or call: +31 (0) 26 479 22 56


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Sustainability Student Leaders Summit
Friday, January 29, 2016 · 2 PM - 5 PM
On Campus
Are you involved in an eco organization or interested in getting involved with campus sustainability? Do you want to connect with other students who care, and get plugged into what's going on across campus? Do you want to make an impact and take part in the planning and goal setting for campus sustainability?
Join the UMBC Eco-Ambassadors, Students for Environmental Awareness, Environmental Task Force, Geography and Environmental Systems, The Garden, Just Food UMBC, Outdoor Recreation, Climate Change Task Force and more for an important connection session to kick off a successful and impactful semester!
Register Now: http://goo.gl/forms/OJJ927i95Z
Please do register so we can have enough food for everyone.


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Podcast: Play in new window | Download
I've been talking to Brian at WRDN 1430 since April of 2013. They are a local radio station and once a month I go in to talk about homebrewing and what the Menomonie Homebrewers Club is doing.
This interview was taken from October 25, 2013. There was a lot happening we discuss in this visit.
A local "Iron Brewer" competition that was organized by the head brewer of Lucette Brewing in Menomonie, WI. A bracketed competition that started with unusual ingredients in the first round, second round was a specific ingredient and a technique. The third round will take away an essential ingredient from a particular beer style, and we'll learn in late December what the final round will involve.
We discuss making crystal malt at home to add flavor and color to beer.
The Menomonie Homebrewers club will be hosting a Learn to Homebrew Day event in conjunction with the AHA and Beverage Artisan. It's a great opportunity to learn about homebrewing, meet fellow brewers and sample a variety of homebrewed beer.
The Menomonie homebrewers club will be hosting their annual club competition on November 4, 2013. The style is Octoberfest, and the competition is always a good time.


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Long Live the Manga News: Makoto Kobayashi with a New Project
Today is a good day… especially when it comes to new manga series. This one, unlike the previous post's, is abut Japan in the period when Tokyo was Edo (1603 – 1868) and the samurai were not something uncommon to be seen on the dusty streets in front of the o-chaya where pretty women would call out, trying to attract their attention. Ahem… Anyways, the new manga is called Ippon Gatana Dohyou Iri and, as stated in the title of this article, will be by Makoto Kobayashi. This mangaka is popular mainly thanks to his works What's Michael? and Judo Bu Monogatari. His upcoming release will be based on the classic historical stories by Shin Hasegawa entitled "Wandering Life of a Gambler".
The story revolves around a young man who is an aspiring sumo wrestler striving to be not just a professional, but a true champion.
The first chapter of this project was released in the 23rd issue of Evening Magazine (published by Kodansha).
Source: Comic Natalie
Is this great news or not-so-great? What do you think? Comment below.


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Richard & I [Mark] want to thank Rev. Susan for the beautiful, heart-stirring ceremony she did for us this week. We have been together 27 years and finally knew it was time. The words you read and especially your loving presence lifted us up and we haven't come back down to earth yet! Thank you SO MUCH!
Getting married in Taos was a dream for both of us! And we plan on coming back for our first anniversary. Thank you, Reverend Susan for being so kind and helping us out in so many ways, including pointing us to the best b&b, it was perfect for us. Whoever might be reading this, choose Reverend Susan and you will have the best experience from start to finish!
We want to thank Rev. Susan very much for taking such good care of us. This was the first marriage for both of us and we were kind of shaky at times. But everything was perfect, absolutely perfect! Love from both of us.
We were both married before and are getting on in years; neither of us could have imagined the wonderful ceremony Rev. Susan created for us. Thank you so much, Rev!
We both want to thank Rev. Varon so much for the beautiful words of the ceremony and for being such a lovely and warm person. It couldn't have been better. We are off to a great start!
We were pretty picky about choosing the right officiant, but boy, did we hit the jackpot! Susan was on our wavelength from the word go. Thank you SO much, Reverend! Much love from Bradley & Tim
We have been together for 20 years, so when Rev. Susan said "You two have been living this truth already; now it is my joy to assist you in formalizing it" that completely nailed it. We came to Taos to say our vows because it's a place that has always been special to us. Thank you so much, Rev. Susan, for articulating our vision so perfectly!
Rev. Susan held our hand from the first moment, and her ceremony was the perfect reflection of us. We are so lucky to have found her. And btw she is always super quick to respond to your call or email, helps you the whole way through. She is your best choice!! No regrets whatsoever!
We asked Rev. Susan to do a DOUBLE same-sex wedding and she said she was thrilled! She worked with us to find a perfect spot near a pond and a little waterfall—what a beautiful and memorable place for us –all four—to pledge our love. Thank you so much, Rev. Susan, we couldn't have found anyone better! Love from Zena, Barb, Holly & Diane.
Thank you so much for welcoming us into your home to do the ceremony. It was all so special, unforgettable! Thank you also for guiding us through every step. Much love always from Terry & Andi.
We love Rev. Susan beyond words. Her loving, accepting attitude reassured us from the first moment. She let us shape the ceremony exactly as we wanted, while making sure we met all the legal requirements for a real marriage. P.S. We love Taos, too, we felt so welcome here. Trudy & Mary Ellen
We want to thank Rev. Susan so much for creating, from the moment of the very first email, a sense of welcome and happiness for us. What a great relief, what a gift. She helped us write our vows to each other, so that they would be true to us, to what we feel in our hearts. We are blessed!
Rev. Susan was a dream. She wrote exactly the words that were uniquely right for us [and had several guests wiping away tears]. She really created a blessed space and invited us in. Wow. XXXOOO
We are so grateful for all the blessings Rev. Susan bestowed upon us. Truly our whole experience was magical and wonderful and she was a very important part of that for us. We came up from Texas because of New Mexico's welcoming same-sex couples. Thank you, Rev. Susan - we send our love and we know you share in our joy.
We contacted Rev. Susan on very short notice, nevertheless she was happy to rearrange her schedule so that we could get married just a few days before Christmas, even got us the necessary two witnesses. We came down from Colorado because of New Mexico's new rules. She was an angel, we couldn't be happier!
Our experience was excellent in every way. Rev. Susan wrote a simple & heartfelt service for us, and even our witnesses were wiping away tears. We totally recommend her!
We were hugely touched by Rev. Susan's open-hearted acceptance [we came down from Colorado in response to Taos' new rules]. The ceremony she wrote was just beautiful. We feel we are launched on a beautiful life and Rev. Susan was the start of it!
We journeyed from Austin Texas because LGBT marriage is now legal in Taos and we wanted to make our loving partnership legal. Rev. Susan shared our giddy delight over this and was just a perfect officiant for us!
We came to Taos from Denver because same-sex marriage is now legal in Taos! Yay! We still can't quite believe it. Rev. Susan crafted just the right, beautifully simple and heartfelt ceremony for us, holding our hand all the way. We will remember this day FOREVER!
We were probably very exasperating clients but Rev. Susan rose to it all with good cheer and grace. My mom picked her out and sent her link to me and I said "Yes! She's the one!" and I'm so glad I did. Definitely would recommend her to ANYONE.
She recommended a venue that was perfection, and completely fulfilled our hopes for a beautiful ceremony that reflected who we are. It doesn't get better than that!
As soon as we met Rev. Susan we liked her! The extent of her experience shows in every aspect – she guided us where we needed to be guided, supported our choice of readings and vows with enthusiasm. We feel very fortunate to have chosen her! Thanks so much, Rev. Susan, for contributing so much to our day.
The ceremony that she wrote for us was a perfect reflection of who we are--she absolutely got us, both our hopes & dreams and also our quirks and sense of humor. I am so glad to give this recommendation! God bless you, Rev. Susan.
Thank You, Rev. Susan ~ for helping us intuit what we wanted, for guiding us through with grace and love. Please DO refer people to us for RECOMMENDATIONS -- we think you are the best!
Rev. Susan is a truly happy, upbeat, reassuring presence, and she's been doing this long enough so that she isn't fazed by anything [we wanted to include our 2 dogs in the ceremony]. It was a joy to work with her and we would recommend her very highly.
Rev Susan had a real sense of who we are, and wrote a gorgeous ceremony to reflect that perfectly. She reassured us about the big things and the little things day by day. You did a great job, Rev, and we will always be grateful!
Rev Susan helped us find the perfect location for our simple ceremony; her kindness and generous good-will saw us through every step of the process. We are blessed to have her as our officiant!
The ceremony Rev. Susan wrote for us, and her lovely, sunny presence, made the day so special. We couldn't recommend her more highly!
Josh and I found Rev Susan's sunny presence & calm spirit exactly what we needed to center and hold us. She said it was a privilege to share our love. That's exactly how we feel about her. I couldn't imagine a more perfect wedding. Thank you, Rev. Susan!
Rev. Susan made our wedding truly special; the ceremony she wrote was so moving, we both teared up many times throughout the ceremony! Her gentle & loving presence was truly a gift.
It was so easy to work with Rev. Susan – one of the sample ceremonies on her website fit us to a "T", and then we wrote our own vows, following her helpful guidelines! She was the perfect officiant for us and we would recommend her very highly.
Rev. Susan was so gracious about listening to us and holding our hand – we needed a lot of guidance! She recommended the wonderful musician we used, too, and in every way guided us through the process. We wanted to include some Native American elements too -- in the end, everything blended seamlessly to make a wonderful ceremony. She is the best!
Every word felt written just for us. How can we ever thank you, Rev. Susan.!! Many blessings upon your ministry. We would recommend you to ANYONE!
My fiancé and I needed a little hand-holding, and Rev Susan was so loving and patient with us. Our families loved her too!
Rev. Susan really gave us total confidence in what we were about to do and that she would be there for us every step of the way. The ceremony was written just for us. What a perfect start to our beautiful life together!
What a lovely, personalized ceremony she wrote for us, perfect for who we are! It was a joy to work with her. All thanks to you, Rev. Susan!
Rev Susan's calm and happy presence was so important to our special day. When we arrived in Taos, we didn't know where to start – when we chose Rev Susan as our officiant, she helped us find the right photographer, florist, & wedding cake, as well as writing a ceremony that reflected us perfectly!
The ceremonies on Rev Susan's website are amazing -- we used one "as is" and it was perfect for us.
From the very beginning Rev. Susan was on the same wavelength as we were -- everything went so smoothly and the ceremony we created together was wonderful. Highest praise!
Thank you, Rev. Susan, for that rapturous service. It was incredibly touching. ..We were really moved… !!
Susan was such a gift to us and our special day! She was so wonderful to work with and such a delightful and genuinely kind person. It wouldn't have been so beautiful and true to our love without her. She's the best! Eternal thanks!


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Time stands still as legendary watches and clocks are sold at Christie's
Time stands still as legendary watches and clocks are sold at Christie's
Some of the world's finest manufacturers will have their pieces auctioned in New York, later today...
Watches and clocks made by some of the greatest manufacturers in history will be sold at Christie's today (June 15).
The sale contains a large collection of brilliant timepieces, produced by prominent designers like Rolex, Cartier and Vacheron Constantin.
Patek Philippe are considered to be the world's greatest watch makers
However, without a doubt, the stars of the auction are the brilliant Patek Philippe pieces, which will undoubtedly sell for the highest amounts.
Expected to make the most is the incredibly rare Perpetual Calendar Chronograph wristwatch, complete with Patek Philippe's unique dial design.
It has been listed for between $600,000-1,000,000, but will probably sell for much more than that. Previous sales of Patek Philippes have set records for the most ever paid for watches as we reported last week, such as a rare reference 2499 in pink gold which made $1,751,218, and the one-of-a-kind reference 1527, which made a staggering $5.7m.
The fact that Christie's are selling a ref. 2499 means it should make more than $1m. The incredible amount of work that goes into a Patek Philippe is what makes them so unique, given their complications (such as noting the phases of the moon) and maintaining extremely accurate time measurements.
They are without doubt the elite of the elite, and will always be a fantastic investment because of their legendary status.
As rare as they come, this Cartier clock is worth at least $250,000
The highest valued pocket watch is a Vacheron Constantin. Created in Switzerland, the jewel encrusted gold timepiece is as sophisticated as they come, and again will probably beat its estimate of $250,000-500,000.
Of the more traditional items on sale, Cartier can lay claim to having produced the best one, withthis sensationally rare diamond nephrite petite astronomical desk clock on sale with a guide price of $150,000-250,000.
The bookmarklet lets you save things you find to your collections.
Note: Make sure your bookmarks are visible.
Click and drag the Collect It button to your browser's Bookmark Bar.


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Diana Bigham, M.A., LMFT-S, RPT-S
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For over thirteen years as a family and relationship expert, Diana helped thousands of families eliminate excessive fits, increase their children's ability to communicate their feelings, strengthen the parent-child bond, and create sweet peace in the home.
With a private practice in Texas, Diana specializes in developing practical strategies with individuals and families to create a more fulfilling life. She also incorporates simple and fun ways for children to grow their relationship with God.
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The first production of the company's 83rd season will begin performances Oct. 3 and continue through Oct. 12. Tommy Wedge directs the short-lived Broadway musical, which debuted at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2012 before arriving in New York.
"We have cast members who are seniors in high school, and we have cast members who are approaching their 60s," Wedge told mlive.com. "We lucked out and found some talented people."
"The music is really lush and intricate. When I first heard of the musical, I thought it would be a country-western sort of musical," Wedge added. "It's not at all. It certainly has some of that country twang at different parts, but it also has sort of a rock edge at certain points and some really tender ballads."
The rock musical, inspired by true events, features music and lyrics by Amanda Green, music by Trey Anastasio and a script by Doug Wright, adapted from the 1997 documentary of the same name.
"Set at a Texas truck dealership that holds an endurance contest every year to win a hardbody pickup truck, a new lease on life feels so close for these ten hard-luck Texans that they can touch it," according to previous press notes. "Under a scorching sun for days on end, armed with nothing but hope, humor and ambition, they'll fight to keep at least one hand on a brand new truck in order to win it. In this funny, intense, emotional, and revealing battle of pure stamina, only one winner will drive away with the American Dream." Tickets are available by visiting pitandbalconytheatre.com or by calling (989) 754-6587.


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Xaman Ha is the perfect vacation rental destination. Affordable, deluxe accommodations, a huge family-friendly pool, swim-up bar, gorgeous views and white sand beaches, and a friendly professional staff have made Xaman Ha the location with the most return guests of any other condo complex in Playa del Carmen! Once you experience Xaman Ha, you will not likely choose any other destination!
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In my experience, every culture has it's version of chicken soup. With Ramadan approaching quickly I've been looking for new soup recipes. I'm a busy mom and finding fast, easy and healthy recipes can sometimes feel like a chore. I've always been hesitant about soup because it always felt like it took so much time. I was wrong. This soup is fast and delicious.
Usually I go to my mother in law for new Moroccan recipe ideas. In our latest conversation (translated through MarocBaba) I asked her for some ideas that don't involve a lot of cooking – or that could be eaten cold. Her response…."Why would you do that?" Frankly if I were in Morocco fasting during Ramadan in the middle of August, hot soup would be low on my list of "things to make and eat". But that's just me.
Instead I did eek out two new ideas for soups. As with most recipes she can't tell me how much of anything to add, just what ingredients are in the dish. In darija she called this recipe chorba kdra vermicelli or Soup with Vegetables and Vermicelli. Creative isn't it? I made my version with rice instead of vermicelli noodles but you can add in rice, noodles or any other grain you'd like.
There is an endless list of vegetables you can use in this recipe. Take advantage of whatever produce is local and in season for you. All of my vegetables came from our farmer's market, except for the herbs which I grew in my backyard (hey it's a big deal for a black thumb like me!) If you're making this with plans to freeze some to use during Ramadan, cook the noodles or rice seperately and as needed. They don't freeze and reheat well.
Chicken and Rice Soup
A feel good soup to warm you up on a cold night.
- 1 small onion chopped finely
- 2 cloves of garlic, skin removed and left whole
- 1 Tablespoon vegetable oil
- 1 large breast of chicken cubed
- 8-10 fingerling potatoes
- 3-4 medium carrots
- 1 Tablespoon tomato paste
- 4 c (one carton) Chicken Broth
- 2 c water
- 1 teaspoon fresh grated ginger
- 1/2 teaspoon salt
- 1 teaspoon black pepper
- 6-7 springs of parsley chopped finely
- 1/4 c rice or vermicelli noodles
- Before cooking prepare your vegetables by peeling, chopping and grating as needed.
- In a large pot add 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil and one small onion chopped finely. Heat on medium heat for 5 minutes until onion softens.
- Next, add the chunks of chicken and brown on all sides making sure the onions are not burning. Turn down the heat if they start to turn dark brown.
- Pour the Saffron Road chicken broth into the pot along with the water, grated ginger, salt, black pepper and parsley.
- Stir in one Tablespoon of tomato paste along with all of the chopped vegetables. Drop in the two cloves of garlic. Cover the pot and allow to cook for 20-25 minutes.
- Remove the lid and stir in 1/4c of rice. While stirring use a large spoon to break up the pieces of chicken to smaller bites.
- Continue cooking uncovered 10-15 minutes until the rice is soft.
- **If you are preparing this soup to freeze cook the rice or noodles separately from the soup and add as needed. They do not freeze well in soup.