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Hooker, Richard (DNB00)
HOOKER, RICHARD (1554?–1600), theologian, was born at Heavitree, Exeter, probably in March 1553–4. The original name of the family was Vowell, but in the fifteenth century members of it called themselves Vowell alias Hooker or Hoker, and in the sixteenth century the original name was generally dropped. Hooker's great-grandfather, John Hooker (d. 1493), and his grandfather, Robert Hooker (d. 1537), were both mayors of Exeter, the former in 1490 and the latter in 1529. His father, Roger Vowell alias Hooker, seems to have been in poor circumstances. A sister, Elizabeth, who married one Harvey, is said to have died in September 1663, aged 121 years; she seems to have supplied Fuller with some very incorrect information about her distinguished brother. Richard was educated at Exeter grammar school. His progress there was rapid, and at the solicitation of the schoolmaster, his uncle, John Hooker alias Vowell [q. v.], resolved to provide him with means for a university education. The uncle was intimate with Bishop Jewel, and urged his friend to 'look favourably' on his poor nephew. Jewel summoned the lad and his teacher to Salisbury; was impressed by Richard's promise; bestowed an annual pension on his parents, and in 1568 (according to the second edition of Walton's 'Life') obtained for him a clerk's place at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. The president of the college, William Cole (d. 1600) [q. v.], interested himself in the youth. Hooker often journeyed on foot from Oxford to Exeter, and paid on the way several visits to Jewel at Salisbury. Jewel died in September 1571, and his place as Hooker's patron was taken by his friend, Edwin Sandys [q. v.], then bishop of London, who sent his son Edwin (afterwards Sir Edwin) to be Hooker's pupil at Oxford. Sandys and another Oxford pupil, George Cranmer [q. v.], grandnephew of the archbishop, became Hooker's chief friends in after-life. When nearly twenty years old (1573) Hooker was elected a scholar of his college. The statutable limit of age for the admission of scholars was nineteen, but it was permissible according to the founder's statutes to make an exception in case of a candidate of unusual attainments. Hooker graduated B.A. 14 Jan. 1573–4 and M.A. 8 July 1577, and in the latter year obtained a fellowship. An extant inventory of the furniture in his college rooms—on the second or third floor above the library—shows that his books included Hosius's 'De Hæreticis,' 'Jewel's reply to Harding,' 1564, and Lyra's 'Commentaries' (Notes and Queries, 2nd ser. xi. 221). As a young man Hooker's range of learning was very wide. He was well acquainted with Greek and Hebrew, and although theology was then, as afterwards, his special study, he was no stranger to music and poetry, 'all which he had digested and made useful.' Henry (afterwards Sir Henry) Saville was one of his Oxford friends, and in July 1579 he was appointed deputy to Thomas Kingsmill [q. v.], the professor of Hebrew, on the recommendation of the Earl of Leicester, chancellor of the university. He read Hebrew lectures in the university until his final departure. In October 1579 he was expelled from the college for a month, with his friend and former tutor, Dr. John Rainolds or Reynolds, and other colleagues. The cause is not known, but it seems probable that Hooker and his friends' views had offended John Barfoot, the vice-president, who was an ardent puritan. On returning to Oxford he quietly continued his studies, and about 1581 took holy orders. Outside Oxford he made his first public appearance in the same year, when he preached at St. Paul's Cross in London.
On the occasion of this sermon Hooker lodged in the house of a draper in Watling Street named John Churchman, and Mrs. Churchman (according to Walton) straightway persuaded him to marry their daughter Joan, an ill-tempered woman, neither rich nor beautiful. Wood calls her 'a clownish, silly woman, and withal a mere Xanthippe.' That the marriage was 'a mistaken and ill-asserted one' seems undoubted, and Walton attributes Hooker's error in the choice of his wife to his bashfulness and dim sight. Walton's story was doubtless derived from friends of Hooker, who specially disliked his wife, and should not, perhaps, be taken quite seriously. That Hooker's relations with his wife were thoroughly unhappy is rendered improbable by his will, in which he makes 'my wel-beloved wife' sole executrix and residuary legatee, while 'Mr. John Churchman, my wel-beloved father,' is appointed an overseer along with Hooker's friend Sandys.
Hooker vacated his fellowship on his marriage, and on 9 Dec. 1584 was presented by John Cheney, the patron, to the living of Drayton-Beauchamp, Buckinghamshire. When his pupils Cranmer and Sandys visited him there they found him (according to Walton's well-known anecdote) in a field reading the odes of Horace while tending his sheep; were soon deprived of his 'quiet company' by his wife, who ordered him to rock the cradle, and left disgusted at the domestic tyranny to which Hooker submitted. Sandys is said to have told his father (now archbishop of York) of Hooker's condition, and at the archbishop's suggestion and by the influence of Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury, Hooker was, on 17 March 1584–5, appointed master of the Temple. Walter Travers [q. v.], a well-known puritan, who was already afternoon-reader or lecturer at the Temple, was a candidate for the post, and was passed over in Hooker's favour.
As soon as Hooker was installed in office the Temple church became the scene of a violent theological controversy between the master and the afternoon-lecturer. The church was thenceforth crowded with judges and barristers, including Sir Edward Coke and Sir James Altham, who took 'notes from the mouths of their ministers' (Fuller, Church Hist. ed. Brewer, v. 184 sq.) It is noticeable that Hooker's Cambridge friends Jewel and Rainolds both belonged to the moderate puritan school among English churchmen, and he himself seems at first to have inclined to their views. He always adhered generally to Calvin's doctrine of election (cf. his sermon on Justification), carefully studied Calvin's 'Institutes,' and invariably spoke of Calvin with respect. But Travers's extravagant puritanism compelled him to emphasise his objections to Calvinistic theology in detail, and he proved himself in his sermons the ablest living advocate of the church of England as by law established. 'The pulpit,' wrote Fuller, 'spake pure Canterbury in the morning and Geneva in the afternoon.' Travers's lectures proved more popular than his antagonist's, and soon became strenuous denunciations of Hooker's views, which he represented as latitudinarian and erroneous. Whitgift intervened, and silenced Travers on the ground that he had received ordination according to the presbyterian form in a foreign congregation. Travers, in an appeal to the council, charged Hooker with heresy, and Hooker answered the charge at length (printed in 1612). Although the controversy was keen it was conducted with much dignity, and Hooker and Travers never lost respect for each other. When the dispute was subsiding, Hooker resolved to investigate the general principles involved in the position of the church of England, and his great work on the 'Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity' was the result. So that he might the more peacefully pursue his studies he appealed to Whitgift in 1591 to give him a country benefice. The archbishop presented him to the rectory of Boscombe, Wiltshire, where he soon completed half his treatise. On 17 July 1591 he was instituted to a minor prebend of Salisbury.
In July 1595 the crown, doubtless on Whitgift's recommendation, presented him to the better living of Bishopsbourne near Canterbury, and there he continued his literary labours. Dr. Hadrian Saravia, a Dutch protestant, who had lately become prebendary of Canterbury, strongly sympathised with Hooker's views, and in his later years was his dearest friend. His reputation spread rapidly, and many interested in the controversy in which he had engaged sought him out at Bishopsbourne. He died at Bishopsbourne on 2 Nov. 1600, and was buried in the chancel of the church. Bishop Andrewes wrote five days later that 'his workes and worth' were 'such as behind him he hath not (that I know) left anie neere him.' Sir William Cowper, grandfather of William, first Earl Cowper [q. v.], built in 1635 a monument above Hooker's grave, with a bust of the scholar upon it. Sir William's epitaph, in English verse, first associated the epithet 'Judicious' with Hooker's name.
Hooker's will, dated 26 Oct. 1600, was proved 3 Dec. The value of his estate, which chiefly consisted of books, was 1,092l. 9s. 2d. His wife Joan, who was sole executrix and residuary legatee, died in March 1600–1, five months after her husband, but not, it is said, until she had married a second husband. To each of his four daughters, Alice, Cicely, Jone, and Margaret, Hooker left 100l. as their marriage portions. Alice died unmarried 20 Dec. 1649, and was buried 1 Jan. following at Chipstead, Surrey. Cicely married 'one Chalinor, sometime a schoolmaster in Chichester.' Jone married Edward Nethersole at Bishopsbourne 23 March 1600. Margaret, the youngest daughter, was wife of Ezekiel Charke, B.D., rector of St. Nicholas, Harbledown, near Canterbury, and had a son, Ezekiel, rector of Waldron, Sussex (d. 1670). Ben Jonson told Drummond of Hawthornden in 1618 that Hooker's children were then beggars (Conversations with Drummond, Shakesp. Soc. p. 10).
Hooker's chief personal characteristic, according to his friends, was his humility, or, to use Fuller's phrase, 'his dove-like simplicity.' Walton describes him when living at Bishopsbourne as 'an obscure harmless man, a man in poor clothes, his loins usually girt in a coarse gown or canonical coat; of a mean stature and stooping, and yet more lowly in the thoughts of his soul; his body worn out not with age but study and holy mortifications; his face full of heat pimples, begot by his unactivity and sedentary life.' 'God and Nature,' Walton continues, 'blessed him with so blessed a bashfulness that, as in his younger days his pupils might easily look him out of countenance; so neither then nor in his age did he ever willingly look any man in the face, and was of so mild and humble a nature that his poor parish-clerk and he did never talk but with both their hats on or both off at the same time; and to this may be added, that though he was not purblind, yet was short or weaksighted, and where he fixed his eyes at the beginning of his sermon, there they continued till it was ended.' At one time he was the victim of the blackmailing persecution of a scheming woman, who threatened to charge him with immorality; but his pupils Cranmer and Sandys finally relieved him of her visits.
Hooker was an active and exemplary parish priest, and personally practised much fasting and private prayer. He was not a popular preacher. According to Walton, his 'sermons were neither long nor earnest, but uttered with a grave zeal and an humble voice.' 'He seemed to study as he spake: the design of his sermons, as of all his discourses, was to show reasons for what he spake, and with these reasons such a kind of rhetoric as did rather convince and persuade than frighten men into piety.' Fuller draws attention to 'the copiousness of his style' as a preacher, and the severe demands he made on the intelligence of his audience, some of whom censured him as 'perplext, tedious, and obscure.' 'His voice was low, stature little, gesture none at all, standing stone-still in the pulpit.' But attentive hearers, who closely followed his argument, 'had their expectation ever paid at the close thereof.'
On 29 Jan. 1592–3, John Windet, the publisher, obtained a license from the Stationers' Company for the publication of 'The Lawes of Ecclesiasticall Politie. Eight books by Richard Hooker' (Arber, Transcript, ii. 295). On 13 March Hooker presented a manuscript copy to Lord Burghley. The first edition—a small folio—was issued by Windet without a date, and bore the title 'Of the Lawes of Ecclesiastical Politie. Eyght Bookes by Richard Hooker. Printed at London by John Windet.' The first forty-five pages are occupied by Hooker's preface, addressed 'to them that seeke (as they tearme it) the reformation of lawes and orders Ecclesiasticall in the church of England.' The forty-sixth page supplies a list of the 'things handled in the bookes following,' and the contents of eight books are enumerated. Four books only follow, and prefixed to the concluding list of errata is 'An advertisement to the reader,' stating that the author had 'for some causes thought it at this time more fit to let goe these four bookes by themselves than to stay both them and the rest till the whole might together be published.' 'Such generalities as here are handled it will be perhaps not amisse to consider apart, as by way of introduction unto the bookes that are to follow concerning particulars.' 1592 is the date given by Ames to this edition; Walton, more probably, suggests 1594. In 1597 Windet published the fifth book, which is longer by sixty pages than the volume containing the first four. The title runs, 'Of the Lawes of Ecclesiasticall Politie. The fift booke by Richard Hooker,' and it is dedicated to Whitgift, archbishop of Canterbury. Towards the end is an address to the reader running, 'Have patience with me for a small time, and by the helpe of Almightie God I will pay the whole.' No other portion of the work appeared in Hooker's lifetime. A second edition of the first four books appeared in 1604, edited by John Spencer, of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, the husband of a sister of Hooker's pupil Cranmer. In 1611 was issued together in folio a third edition of the first and a second edition of the second volume, with a title-page engraved by Hole. In 1617 a new edition in six parts included 'Certayn Divine Tractates, and other Godly Sermons,' by Hooker, which have often been absurdly identified by bibliographers with later books of the 'Politie.' The tractates and sermons had been already published separately in 1612 and 1613 (see below). Other editions, all in folio, with the same contents, are dated 1622 (called the fifth), 1632, and 1638, and an undated copy in 8vo is known (Notes and Queries, 3rd ser. x. 511).
In 1648, and again in 1651, two additional books of the 'Politie'—the sixth and eighth—were published together in 8vo. The title-page describes them as 'a work long expected, and now published according to the most authentique copies.' The text had been prepared from a collation of six transcripts. The editor, in an apology to the reader, laments the absence of the seventh book, and states that the endeavours used to recover it had hitherto proved fruitless. In 1662 Gauden edited Hooker's works, with a dedication to Charles II; a very incomplete life was prefixed, together with a good portrait engraved by Faithorne after the bust at Bishopsbourne. Here a seventh book appeared for the first time. Of the recovered book, Gauden writes that, 'by comparing the writing of it with other indisputable papers or known MSS. of Mr. Hooker's,' he had ascertained that it was 'undoubtedly his own hand throughout.' This edition reappeared, with the improved life by Izaak Walton, in 1666, 1676, and 1682. Reissues, with some corrections by Strype, are dated 1705, 1719, 1723, 1739, &c. In 1793 an 8vo edition was issued by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, edited by Bishop Randolph. Two improved editions followed; one, edited by the Rev. W. S. Dobson, appeared in London 1825, and the other, edited by B. Hanbury, in 1831. In 1836 Keble issued at Oxford an admirable edition of Hooker's works, and the seventh edition was revised by Dean Church and Canon Paget (afterwards Bishop of Oxford) in 1888. Useful abridgments appeared in 1705 and 1840. John Earle, bishop of Salisbury [q. v.], prepared a Latin translation of the 'Politie,' but his manuscript was destroyed before it went to press (Letters from the Bodleian, i. 141).
The genuineness of the three posthumously published books (vi.–viii.) has been much disputed. Bishop Andrewes on 7 Nov. 1600 wrote that immediate care was necessary to preserve Hooker's manuscripts from the clutches of his ignorant relatives, whose puritan proclivities were undoubted (Hooker, Works (1888), i. 91). According to Walton, a month after Hooker's death Archbishop Whitgift sent a chaplain to inquire of Mrs. Hooker concerning the unpublished books, and she declined to give any information. Three months later Whitgift summoned her to be examined by the council on the subject. On her arrival Whitgift saw her privately at Lambeth, and she confessed to him that her son-in-law Charke, and 'another minister that dwelt near Canterbury,' had, with her consent, obtained access to her husband's library after his death, and had 'burnt and tore' many of his writings, 'assuring her that they were not fit to be seen.' In the 1604 edition, containing the first five books only, John Spencer, the editor and Hooker's friend, informed the reader that the last three books had been completed by Hooker, and had been destroyed by 'some evil-disposed minds,' who had 'left unto us nothing but the old, imperfect, mangled draughts, dismembered into pieces;' but Spencer added, 'it is intended the world shall see them as they are.' William Covel, in his 'Just and Temperate Defence' of the 'Politie' (1603), p. 149, refers to these three books, 'which from his [i.e. Hooker's] own mouth I am informed that they were finished.' Spencer was president of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, from 1607 till his death in 1614, and during those years he entrusted such of Hooker's papers as he possessed to a scholar of his college, Henry Jackson (d. 1662) [q. v.], for transcription. Jackson straightway prepared for publication several of Hooker's sermons, which were published at Oxford in 1612 and 1613. On Spencer's death the papers passed to Dr. John King, bishop of London; on King's death in 1621 they were claimed by Archbishop Abbott, and were taken to Lambeth before 1633. On 28 Dec. 1640 Laud's library at Lambeth was given into Prynne's custody, and on 27 June 1644 a vote of the Long parliament made Hooker's manuscripts over to Hugh Peters. Their history has not been further traced. But there is no doubt that many copies were made from them, and from Spencer's notes and Jackson's transcripts, before they reached Hugh Peters. Some of these, including a valuable copy of the eighth book, fell into Ussher's hands, and are now in the library of Trinity College, Dublin. Others are among William Fulman's papers in the library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford. Walton knew of at least half a dozen copies of what claimed to be the last two books of the 'Politie,' most of them pretending 'to be the author's own hand, but much disagreeing, being, indeed, altered and diminished as men have thought fittest to make Mr. Hooker's judgment suit with their fancies or give authority to their corrupt designs.'
A critical examination shows that the seventh and eighth books, in their existing shape, are constructed from Hooker's rough notes, and, although imperfect, are pertinent to his scheme; but that the so-called sixth book has no right to its place in Hooker's treatise. According to Hooker's list of subjects 'to be handled,' which appeared in his first volume, his sixth book was to treat 'of the power of jurisdiction which the reformed platform claimeth unto lay-elders;' but after stating that subject, and briefly discussing the nature of spiritual jurisdiction, the sixth book, as it stands now, straightway embarks on a dissertation 'of penitence,' and deals thenceforth with 'primitive and Romish penance in their several parts, confession, satisfaction, absolution.' The basis of these chapters are, doubtless, notes by Hooker, but not notes prepared for the 'Ecclesiasticall Politie.' This is placed beyond controversy by the fact that there are extant in the library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford, manuscript comments prepared by Cranmer and Sandys on Hooker's first draft of his sixth book, and these comments fully discuss 'lay elders and presbyteriall jurisdiction,' and omit all mention of 'penance.' Ussher's chaplain, Dr. Nicholas Barnard or Bernard [q. v.], in his 'Clavi Trabales, or Nails fastened by some great Masters of Assemblies confirming the King's Supremacy and the Church Government under Bishops' (1661), showed that Gauden's edition of Hooker's eighth book was derived from a very imperfect transcript, and supplied omitted passages from a manuscript copy in his possession which had belonged to Ussher. Many of Bernard's additions, which deny that kings are accountable to their subjects for their conduct, have been incorporated in later editions of the 'Politie.'
The original aim of Hooker's 'Ecclesiasticall Politie' was to supply the Elizabethan settlement of English ecclesiastical government with a philosophical and logical basis. And so largely rational is his examination of the general principles involved in church government, that an important part of his treatise belongs to the domain of moral and political philosophy rather than to that of theology. His puritan opponents asserted that all religious doctrines and institutions derived their sanction solely from Scripture, and that any addition to or deviation from the doctrines and institutions ordained in Scripture was erroneous, and deserving of condemnation. From this view Hooker dissented. He argued that human conduct was to be guided by 'all the sources of light and truth with which man finds himself encompassed,' and that those sources of light were only in part disclosed in the Scriptures. The universe, in Hooker's view, was governed by natural law, which was not expounded at all in the Scriptures. Natural law embodies God's supreme reason, and appoints to the whole field of Nature, moral as well as physical, the means by which it works out perfection in its several parts. Natural law is ascertained and is recognised as binding by man's reason; and to its authority church and civil government, like all human institutions, must conform. 'Obedience of creatures to the law of nature is the stay of the whole world.' The Scriptures, however, supplement natural law with a supernatural law, which furnishes man with knowledge of a future life and other mysteries of faith. 'The insufficiency of the light of nature is by the light of Scripture … fully and perfectly supplied' (bk. ii. viii. 3). Incidentally Hooker explains the origin of civil government as due to 'a common consent' given by men in a prehistoric era 'all to be ordered by some who they should agree upon' (bk. i. ch. x.). He thus distinctly anticipates the theory of a social compact which Locke and Rousseau developed later. The range of Hooker's argument grows narrower as he leaves, at the end of Book ii., his general discussion of the nature of law, and of the relations that subsist between the natural and the scriptural or supernatural law. In Book iii. he argues that there is not to be found in the Scriptures a definite form of church polity, the laws of which may not be altered. In Book iv. he vindicates, in the light of his philosophic conclusions, the government of the English church in opposition to that of Rome and the reformed churches. In Book v. he expounds and justifies in detail the ceremonies and ritual of the established church. Books vii. and viii. deal respectively with the advantages of episcopacy over presbyterianism, and with the relations that ought to subsist between the church and throne. Keble insists that Hooker credited episcopacy with a divine origin, but it is doubtful if Hooker, whose cautious moderation in treating the subject is very notable, intends to claim much more for episcopacy than that it is the most convenient form of church government, and is justified in practice by history. The interpolations and alterations which the manuscripts of the seventh book have undergone at the hands of partisans, make it dangerous to infer very much from occasional expressions which tally ill with the general tone of argument.
Exceptional dignity of style and wealth of illustration from classical and mediæval writers characterise the five completed books. The seventh and eighth books, although merely compiled from Hooker's notes, betray much of Hooker's literary workmanship. The great treatise first proved the capacity of English prose for treating severe topics with a force and beauty which the great classical models rarely excelled. Hooker's style is based on Latin models, and is often cumbrous and stiff, but it never lacks solidity nor dignity. He was a thorough logician in the arrangement of his sentences, always gives the emphatic word the emphatic place, even at the cost of intricacies of construction, and was keenly sensitive to the harmonious sequence of words. 'His stile,' says Fuller, 'was long and pithy, driving on a whole flock of clauses before he comes to the close of a sentence;' but although he demands his reader's full attention, he is not unduly prolix, and extorts by his own intellectual cogency his reader's acquiescence in his conclusions. In his own day the grandeur of his literary style excited the sneers of his enemies, who charged him with sacrificing religious fervour to culture and philosophy. Swift (in the Tatler, No. 230) asserts that Hooker, like Parsons the jesuit, had written so naturally that his English had survived all changes of fashion. In Hallam's phrase, 'Hooker not only opened the mine, but explored the depths of our native eloquence.' From a literary point of view Hooker must be ranked with Bacon.
Hooker's work was appreciated by his contemporaries. Churchmen at once adopted its arguments. Walton says that a learned English Romanist—either Cardinal Allen or Dr. Stapleton—read the first book to Pope Clement XII, who declared 'there is no learning that this man hath not searched into; nothing too hard for his understanding,' and desired that it should be translated into Latin. James I expressed extravagant admiration for the treatise, and Charles I recommended it to his children 'as an excellent means to satisfie private scruples and settle the publique peace of the church and kingdom.' James II illogically pretended that perusal of it converted him to Roman catholicism. Anglican divines, from Hammond to Keble and Dean Church, have written much in Hooker's praise.
Puritan opponents attempted to counteract the effects of Hooker's book in his own lifetime in 'A Christian Letter to certaine English Protestants, unfained favourers of the present state of Religion, authorised and professed in England; unto that reverend and learned man, R. Hoo, requiring resolution in certain matters of doctrine which seeme to overthrow the foundation of Christian Religion and of the Church among us, expreslie contained in his five books of "Ecclesiastical Policie,"' 1599. This is clearly the work of some experienced puritan controversialist. Dr. Wordsworth suggests that it was by Andrew Willett. The writer's friends pretended that the attack so wounded Hooker 'that it was not the least cause to procure his death.' But William Covel [q. v.], who issued a reply—'A Just and Temperate Defence'—in 1603, asserted that 'he contemned it in his wisdom,' although had he lived he would have answered it. Notes by Hooker on grace, the sacraments, predestination, &c., which were intended to form a reply to the 'Christian Letter,' have been printed by Keble from manuscripts preserved in Corpus Christi College, Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin.
Besides the 'Ecclesiastical Polity,' the following works of Hooker have been published (they were prepared by Henry Jackson under Dr. Spencer's direction): 1. 'Answer to the Supplication that Mr. Travers made to the Council,' Oxford, 1612, 4to. 2. 'A Learned Discourse of Justification, Works show the Foundation of Faith is overthrown, on Habak. i. 4,' Oxford, 1612, 4to. 3. 'A Learned Sermon of the Nature of Pride, on Habak. ii. 4,' Oxford, 1612, 4to. 4. 'A Remedy against Sorrow and Fear, delivered in a Funeral Sermon, on John xiv. 27,' Oxford, 1612, 4to. 5. 'A Learned and Comfortable Sermon of the Certainty and Perpetuity of Faith in the Elect; especially of the Prophet Habbakuk's Faith,' Oxford, 1612, 4to. Jackson also edited from Hooker's papers 'Two Sermons upon part of St. Jude's Epistle—Epist. Jude vv. 17, 21,' Oxford, 1613, 4to, but the style has few of Hooker's characteristics, and if they are his work they belong to a very early period.
'A Summarie View of the Government both of the Old and New Testament; whereby the Episcopal Government of Christ's Church is Vindicated' was issued in 1641, 'out of the rude draughts of Launcelot Andrewes, late bishop of Winchester.' To this volume was prefixed 'A Discovery of the Causes of these Contentions touching Church Government, out of the fragments of Richard Hooker.' The book seems to have been issued by Ussher to prepare the way for a compromise on the current disputes respecting church government. The editor suggests that 'A Discovery' was printed from Hooker's autograph, but the general style and argument does not justify its ascription to him.
[Walton's Life of Hooker, written at Archbishop Sheldon's suggestion, to correct the errors of Gauden's biography (1662), was first published in 1665; was reprinted with Walton's other Lives in 1670, and reached a fourth edition in 1675. Walton was in early life acquainted with the family of George Cranmer, Hooker's friend, and derived much information from him; but he also consulted Archbishop Ussher, Dr. Morton, bishop of Durham, and John Hales of Eton, 'who loved the very name of Mr. Hooker.' Little has been discovered since Walton wrote, and the charges of exaggeration and credulity brought against him are not conclusively proved. Fuller, in his Church History and Worthies, supplies a few particulars, some of which are manifestly inaccurate. Keble's introduction to his edition of Hooker, with the corrections of Dean Church and Canon Paget in the reissue of 1888, is valuable. Dean Church's preface to his edition of the Ecclesiastical Polity, bk. i. (Clarendon Press, 1876), and Ronald Bayne's introd. to his edition of bk. v. (1902) are of importance. See also Fowler's Hist. C.C.C. Oxford, 1898; Prince's Worthies of Devon; Wood's Athenæ (Bliss), i. 694; Remusat's La Philosophie Anglaise depuis Bacon jusqu'à Locke, i. 125; Masters in English Theology, ed. Dr. A. Barry (1877), 1–60; F. D. Maurice's Modern Philosophy; John Hunt's Religious Thought in England (1870), i. 56–70; Ueberweg's History of Philosophy (English transl.), ii. 350–2. Hooker and Bacon take part together in one of Landor's Imaginary Conversations, but both from historical and philosophical points of view it is unsatisfactory.]


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What Scientists Could Learn From Alien Hunters
February 10, 2020 (wired.com)
• Astrobiologists use telescopes to seek biochemical evidence of microbes on other planets. SETI scientists use telescopes to look for intelligent beings' technological signatures. Then there are those who believe that intelligent extraterrestrials are here, now, buzzing the skies of planet Earth. The respective members of these three groups of 'alien hunters' do not necessarily get along with one another. Their interactions demonstrate a concept that sociologists call "boundary-work", e.g.: building fences and enforcing ideas about who counts as a scientist, and who doesn't. This 'boundary', however, is subjectively based on social mores, social fears, and politics.
• People who find themselves on the outside of mainstream science often foster a sense of antagonism. But the line of demarcation as to what is 'outside' of mainstream science shifts with time. Science's ideas about which ET-seeking methods are valid and which are 'fringey' have changed over the past few decades.
• In the early years, astrobiologists and SETI – the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, worked together. 'Perhaps those microbes on a far-off planet evolved and built radio transmitters.' But then their respective disciplines parted ways. In order to study the conditions of life on other planets, astrobiologists tend to study conditions on this planet – drilling into frozen lakes, doing lab experiments, studying geological evolution, researching our genetics. They use this data to determine which exoplanets have the best chance for evolving life forms. SETI, on the other hand, search for electromagnetic transmissions and signatures of technologies that are not yet understood.
• In the early 1970s, NASA and the National Academy of Sciences considered SETI an important component of the search for extraterrestrial lifeforms. Then politicians such as Senator Richard Proxmire denounced SETI as a wasteful, useless, and futile endeavor. Congressional funding of SETI's 'High-Resolution Microwave Survey' in the early 1990s was cut-off in 1993. The National Science Foundation banned SETI projects from its funding portfolio. Grant opportunities dried up. NASA and mainstream astrobiologists began to distance themselves from SETI.
• In the 2000s, SETI turned to private investors like Paul Allen and Yuri Milner and became associated with searching for 'little green men' and UFOs. The mainstream considered SETI 'laughable pseudo-research' outside the bounds of proper science. At the same time, astrobiology became a "legitimate" science. Astrobiologist Sara Seager told Congress in 2013, "We're not looking for aliens or searching for UFOs. We're using standard astronomy."
• But SETI scientists have been clawing their way back to legitimacy. In April 2018, Congress directed NASA to start including searches for "technosignatures" in its broader search for life beyond Earth. The House Appropriations Committee is deciding whether SETI's work will be sanctioned in the 2020s.
• One thing that both "legitimate" astrobiologists and SETI have in common is that they both consider ufology silly. They keep their distance from anyone who believes in UFOs or an extraterrestrial presence. But for someone at SETI who imagines light-years-away microbes growing into sentient beings that broadcast radio waves and beam lasers, is it that much harder to imagine these beings traveling here to Earth?
• Mainstream academic researchers claim that virtually no hard UFO data exists beyond personal accounts. Ufology doesn't explain how or why alien spaceships could or would come all the way here. Then there are the standard variety of banal explanations for bogus UFO sightings. Ufology is not science in the way SETI researchers do science.
• Greg Eghigian, a Penn State researcher, points out that "From the early-1950s through the 1970s, a number of academics took the study of UFOs seriously and regularly engaged with ufologists." Back then the military had official UFO research programs, even though their conclusions usually amounted to "nothing to see here." Those programs ended. The Air Force-sponsored 1968 'Condon Report' concluded that studying UFOs was a waste of time, and UFO research was consigned to the fringes.
• In 1983, Thomas F. Gieryn published his paper: "Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science." When researchers do 'boundary-work', they create and maintain lines around who qualifies as a scientist and who doesn't, and what is and what is not science. In so doing, they bestow legitimacy onto themselves and deny it to others. But this can backfire on them. When the public perceives scientists arbitrarily establishing exclusive scientific authority, people themselves feel alienated, fostering conspiracy theories about the mainstream scientists' true motives.
• Similar to anti-vaccination activists, GMO no-goers, and people who say climate change has nothing to do with people, many ufologists have decided that scholars and politicians are at best, narrow-minded or, at worst, engaged in a deliberate attempt to hide information.
• Psychologist Stuart Appelle wrote that ufology "is not simply rejected as a legitimate discipline, it is categorically dismissed." Rejection suggests a conclusion based on close examination and careful reflection. But dismissal is a judgment that close examination is not warranted at all, which is not very scientific. This silencing is a form of 'social stigmatization'.
• Adam Dodd, a communications instructor at the University of Queensland (in Australia) sees mainstream scientists' dismissal of the UFO phenomenon as 'saving face' in order to maintain their reputation among their own peers. An example of this is when Stephen Hawking concluded that the absence of any evidence of aliens essentially equates with evidence of the absence of aliens. And therefore, for a 'true scientist', UFOs and aliens are not worthy of consideration.
• This 'boundary-work' by mainstream scientists is both frustrating and patronizing to UFO researchers who find themselves outside of the mainstream fence. They suspect a mainstream agenda is being formed against them. Ufologists become mistrustful of so-called 'experts', while the mainstream regards UFO followers as 'cranks'. So they each band together to create an 'us versus them' scenario, and keep their distance from each other. Scientists cannot afford the professional consequences of being associated with fringe ufologists. As a consequence, science probably loses out on the 'kernels of truth' in the nut bin.
• The thing that both sides generally have in common is the desire to get to the truth. But with the elitist scientists' blanket denial of all that is lumped together as 'fringe conspiracy theories', these 'hard science' practitioners also tend to ignore cultural knowledge, emotional knowledge, spiritual knowledge, and personal knowledge. Their plodding and myopic focus on hard science may slow the rate of scientific achievement.
• Today, mainstream science seems to be more willing to embrace SETI. In 2014, SETI astronomer Jill Tarter received radio astronomy's highest honor, the Janksy Lectureship award. And this is slowly expanding into the field of ufology. The chair of the Harvard astronomy department has publically suggested that the 'asteroid' Oumuamua could be a visiting spaceship.
• A NASA scientist notes that both SETI and ufology are about 'finding the signal in the noise'. There may be 'signals', however small, that indicate a phenomena associated with UFOs that cannot be explained or denied that should be taken into consideration. Rather than dismissing the research of a particular 'fringe' group outright, scientists might listen. If so, the reaction by the fringe might be to consider mainstream 'expert' analysis more. There can be important truths revealed from both sides of the spectrum.
Aliens—hypothetical beings from outer space—fall into roughly three categories. They could be far-away microbes or other creatures that don't use technology humans can detect; they could be far-away creatures that use technology earthlings can identify; or they could be creatures that have used technology to come to Earth.
Each of these categories has a different branch of research dedicated to it, and each one is probably less likely than the last to actually find something: Astrobiologists use telescopes to seek biochemical evidence of microbes on other planets. SETI scientists, on the other hand, use telescopes to look for hints of intelligent beings' technological signatures as they beam through the cosmos. Investigating the idea that aliens have traveled here and have skimmed the air with spaceships, meanwhile, is the province of pseudoscientists. Or so the narrative goes.
Although these three groups have a common goal—answering the question "Are we alone?"—they don't always get along. Their interactions demonstrate a concept that sociologists call "boundary-work": designing and building fences around Legitimate Science, and enforcing ideas about who counts as a scientist, who doesn't, and why. Those fences are supposed to defend science's honor, demonstrate scientists' objectivity, and uphold the profession's standards. That's good! We want that! But the fence posts also demarcate a boundary that isn't objective but is, in fact, a function of time, location, culture, social mores, social fears, and politics. The enforcement of this sometimes-shifting boundary can send people who find
themselves on the outside further away from mainstream science, fostering a sense of antagonism and slighted outsiderism. The history of hunting aliens is a good way to understand those unintended consequences of boundary-work in other disciplines. Because even though none of the groups actually knows, or has gained access to, whatever ET truth is out there, science's ideas about which ET-seeking methods are valid and which are fringey have changed over the past few decades.
Astrobiology v. SETI
In the early years of astrobiology and SETI, the two groups worked more side by side than they later would. After all, they just existed at different locations on a spectrum: Maybe microbes arose on a far-off planet, and maybe those microbes evolved and built radio transmitters. Astrobiology technically just means the study of life in the universe. But that encompasses a lot: Astrobiologists look into questions like how life started, how it evolved, and what environments can support it. To study these questions, scientists can gather data on this planet, drilling into frozen lakes, doing lab experiments involving the chemistry of early Earth, studying geological evolution on Mars, or gaining a better understanding of genetics to get a better sense of what alternatives might exist to our own DNA. They also investigate what life might look like on another world, whether it has existed on other solar-system planets, and how to pick out a habitable or perhaps inhabited exoplanet from astronomical data.
SETI, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence, falls logically within the scope of astrobiology. But this search, usually for electromagnetic transmissions, is more speculative, since it deals less explicitly with the kinds of chemistry, geology, physics, and biology we can observe in the solar system—and so perhaps beyond—and instead seeks signatures of technology whose nature we don't yet, and may never, know.
Still, NASA initially supported both sorts of searches (although it called astrobiology "exobiology"). The venerable National Academy of Sciences, in its 1972 recommendations for the search for life beyond the solar system, listed SETI as an important component of exobiology, stating that "SETI investigations are among the most far-reaching efforts underway in exobiology today." Trouble bubbled up between the groups, though, after SETI became the object of political ire. The search for smart aliens had already proven to be a favorite football for politicians, a frequent contender for cancelation—because of the low probability of success, the speculation required, and the money that they said could be better spent on Earth. For instance, in 1978, Senator Richard Proxmire awarded the nascent project his infamous Golden Fleece Award, for wasting government funds on what he considered a useless, futile endeavor. In the early 1990s, NASA finally began its first SETI observations, part of the project that had been on the drawing board when Proxmire mocked it: then called the High-Resolution Microwave Survey. But the year after the survey began, in 1993, Congress shut down the program.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Can choreography ever look too beautiful? This was the question that hovered over the premiere of Wheeldon's Fools' Paradise last year, and it returns this season as the ballet is reprised in Morphoses' second Sadler's Wells programme. This gold-lit ballet is a study in exquisitely nuanced partnerwork, and it rises to moments of utter loveliness when, for instance, the wistful embrace of its central couple comes framed by dancers whose bodies lift and curve in a unison dying fall. In its burnished melancholy, the ballet is almost the dance equivalent of Keats.
What stops it short of being first-rate choreographic poetry, however, is its over-indulgence. Joby Talbot's melodic score tugs at all the right strings, yet its musical effects feel too instant. As for the gorgeousness of the staging, the flutter of gold petals at the beginning and end may be one image too far.
But Fools' Paradise is a deserved crowdpleaser, and even more so is Wheeldon's other new work, Commedia. This gets better on second viewing, in part because it is more flatteringly positioned. In programme one, it followed Robbins's Other Dances, a ballet whose nostalgic whimsy cast cobwebs over Commedia's own sharpness. Second time around, it follows a new work by Canadian choreographer Emily Molnar.
Six Fold Illuminate, set to music by Steve Reich, is something of a risk for Wheeldon's company. Molnar is not well-known outside Canada, and her choreographic language is not especially remarkable - a post-Forsythean idiom of starkly cantilevered angles and dynamic contrast. But she does have an intriguing gift for shifting the quality of her movement from states of high tension to shivering, sensuous release. This is the first work Wheeldon has commissioned for Morphoses. And it is Molnar's architectural instinct for structure that makes it a solid building block for his repertory.


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SPC are proud to have selected Adrian Tudway as a new consultant to the company. Adrian is a former Detective Chief Superintendent who served with the Metropolitan Police for 30 years. In addition, he held a number of national posts. He was Head of National Counter Terrorism (CT) Forensics / Deputy Head of CT Investigations, Association of Chief Police Officers (ACPO) National Coordinator for Domestic Extremism, National Crime Agency (NCA) (Chief of Staff to Director General) and was seconded to the Home Office - Office for Security and Counter Terrorism for a 2 year period.
Following retirement from the police Adrian was employed as the Head of Operations for the Crime Stoppers Trust. Here he led a network of regional account managers, delivering intelligence to a range of law enforcement agencies. established and developed critical business relationships, working collaboratively with Chief Officers and Police and Crime Commissioners, influencing strategic thinking to manage risk and identify new opportunities.
More recently he was employed as working to the Parliamentary & Health Service Ombudsman as Senior Investigator and Interim Director of Quality & Service Integrity. Here he was recruited to lead on significant elements of a major change and relocation program whilst assuring 'business as usual', I delivered on the design, development and delivery of a training program to professionalise the investigative processes across the organisation. I worked collaboratively with other Directors and Non Executive Directors, conducting a 'root and branch' review of processes throughout the organisation.
We welcome Adrian to the team and look forward to his developing relationships with clients and passing on his expertise through our training projects.


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Of course, even within dark Magi organisations, there were rules and regulations.
If Leylin kept doing this, it would result in others ganging up on him and eliminating him under the pretext of self-defense.
That was why Leylin needed to first cause some conflict, and then be able to act with a good reason to do so.
Honestly speaking, even if Venom Snake had not challenged him, he was also planning on instigating some of the weaker Magi and then blow the whole thing out of proportion.
Afterwards, he would use revenge as an excuse to righteously kill and then seize their treasures!
But that was it.
Leylin assessed that after this affair, other dark Magi would be slightly dissatisfied with his actions, so he couldn't let this get too far.
"You're really…" The old witch was suddenly regretful, "I haven't seen a youngster that's as cool headed but also crazy in a very long time…"
"Nope! I'm just someone with the will to live!" Leylin said with a brilliant smile.
"What about you? When will you get your goods?"
The moment this was brought up, the old witch's face stiffened. This was the only reason why she was working with Leylin and had been dragged along in the end.
"Today's harvest was pretty good, especially since we got two souls from official Magi. It shouldn't take long before we can finalize the product!"
"Notify me once it's finished, I'll be at Nightless City these few days!" Leylin nodded.
Following which, he approached the bald Venom Snake and undid the concealment spell, revealing the face of a middle aged man that had a venerable countenance.
"It's him!" The old witch cried out in alarm from behind him.
"You know him?" This aroused Leylin's interest.
"No, I've only seen him a couple of times!" The old witch appeared rather rueful.
"He's the head of a small light Magi faction, and he's got a good reputation! Apparently, he's quite skilled in transformation spells. I didn't know he was actually a dark Magus!"
"This is quite normal! Dark Magi like to assume a righteous personality, just like you and me!"
Leylin's silhouette melted into the darkness…
In the following days. Leylin lived a very pleasant life in Nightless City.
It couldn't be denied that Nightless City was an unusually large Magi City, in which Leylin was able to enjoy all kinds of services tailored for a Magus' pleasure.
Splash! Boiling tea water flowed out of an exquisite silver teapot into a tea cup engraved with purple flowery designs. A rich fragrance of black tea permeated the air of the whole lounge as it wafted back and forth.
Leylin sat in an armchair to the side with a serene expression. Behind him and under each of his legs were beautiful maids in revealing clothing who were extending their lily white and seemingly boneless small hands to massage him all over his body.
"How is it? The skills of maids are quite good, right? Want me to gift you a couple…"
A red-haired old Magus, who was standing to one side, was saying as he directed another maid to feed him grapes. Around him were a number of maids who waited upon him like he was a god.
"Don't blame me for saying this Leylin, but your villa is much too simple. It doesn't even have a guard dog! You'll be the laughing stock for other Magi if you don't do anything about this…"
Crew was squinting his eyes. His face revealed an expression of rapture.
"Stop trying to sell me your maids!" Leylin revealed a bitter laugh, "But you must know a lot of merchants in this field, right? You should introduce them to me someday!"
Leylin admitted that it was strange for there not to be a single person in the whole villa. Besides, he felt that he did need some people to help around while he lived in Nightless City, such as servants and the like.
"No problem! I'll take you to Nightless City's slave market tomorrow. Once you're there, all your needs will be satisfied. Besides, there are even slaves from other races!"
Crew revealed an expression that said 'I'm glad you came to your senses'. When he mentioned different races, a lewd smile was revealed on his old face.
Seeing the expression of this old pervert, Leylin was speechless.
He conveniently grabbed something that looked like a newspaper from the table and was immediately attracted by the eye-catching title.
"Ennea Ivory Ring Tower's division under attack! Severe losses!"
"Tragedy! Dark Magi attack the Tallinn Highlands. All Magi present have perished!"
"It's a declaration of war! The dark Magi have initiated the third great Magi war. What are you going to do? Please listen in detail to the analysis by our special guest, Nicholas Kajitel…"
Scenes of the havoc that Leylin and the others had wreaked were splashed all over the headlines.
In addition, all of the reports came had very eye-catching headings, and some even exaggerated to say that this was provocation from the dark Magi and a forewarning that there were plans to begin the third Magi war.
"Look at this! All they've been reporting these days is about that incident. The Ennea Ivory Ring Tower really suffered a massive loss, this time, worth at least a hundred million magic crystals…"
Crew looked to be rejoicing at their misfortune, and Leylin briefly wondered if there was some history between Crew and the Ennea Ivory Ring Tower.
"Tsk! A hundred million crystals! What wouldn't I do to get those many crystals?"
Leylin, too, had an expression of obsessive desire on his face, "But these dark Magi are really quite daring to even provoke the Ennea Ivory Ring Tower!"
Leylin's facial expressions and movements were flawless as if he really had no knowledge of the incident.
"Sigh… This has happened multiple times in the past, just that nobody can tell whether it's the Night Crows or the Zombies," Crew continued.
The Night Crows and Zombies were dark Magi organisations that operated in the shadows of Nightless City. Before Leylin's arrival, both groups were infamous for having committed several huge crimes with ruthless methods.
The dark Magi organisation that Leylin was a part of was not either of these groups but another —it was called the Thousand Meddling Leaves — though they were just as notorious.
"With Ennea Ivory Ring Tower's Magi enforcers and help from Nightless City, it should be possible to capture those bold dark Magi, right?"
"I'm afraid that's not possible!"
Crew shook his head immediately. "The powers backing the dark Magi aren't to be trifled with. Magi specializing in divination have had their spells achieve no effect, and we suspect that there's at least a rank 2 Magus backing and giving them orders. We believe there might be even more than one of them…"
"I see."
Leylin nodded, his expression turning to one of longing.
"A rank 2 Magus! I wonder if I'll ever reach that level in this lifetime."
His look made Crew's expression darken slightly.
Leylin was young and still had hope to achieve that.
But he was different. After consuming a large part of his lifespan, his body's vitality could no longer withstand the strain from another advancement. Furthermore, he had chosen the simplest route and broken through with the Grime Water, increasing the difficulty of breaking through to the next rank.
"Oh! My apologies!"
Upon noticing Crew's expression, Leylin gave a bow in apology.
"Don't worry about it. I just got nostalgic about some events in the past." The desolate look in his eyes faded away. "Thinking back to my decision then, I've missed too many opportunities. If given the chance to relive my life, I think I'd still choose to sign that contract, though."
Leylin understood his train of thought.
For many acolytes, even if they were aware of the existence of high-grade meditation techniques, they had no choice but to break through with the Grime Water.
After all, only strictly-managed Magi organisations and large Families held possession of high-grade meditation techniques. Typically, level 3 acolytes had no social connections nor any strong background, and it was basically impossible for them to obtain those techniques.
Hence, they would rather use the Grime Water and break through, and hope that after they advanced to an official Magus, they could find a way to make up for the disadvantages of this method.
However, even if there was such a method, it was not something any ordinary Magus could come into contact with. It might not even exist in the entire South Coast, and was more likely to be found only in the central continent.
As a result, most Magi could only service their organisation for their entire life, and then retire, living aimlessly the way Crew was now doing.
"Alright! Enough about this mood-dampening topic. I'll bring you to the slave market tomorrow to see a friend of mine. She has quite a few quality goods, like the snake girl from the previous time that remains fresh in my memories. You definitely can't miss this chance!"
At this point, Crew's mood seemed to have brightened.
Leylin kept Crew company and they chatted for a while, and he had an exceedingly alluring time and sumptuous dinner before leaving Crew's villa.
At this moment, the pocket-sized diary trembled, letting off a slight glow.
"Leylin! I've already prepared what you wanted. When can you come over?" The old witch's voice traveled to his ears from a green secret imprint.
"Give me a moment, I'm on my way!"
Leylin was delighted at the message, as the old witch's efficiency was better than he had anticipated.
Elm Street #231. It wasn't Leylin's first time here.
The shop was located in a very remote area, and most Magi would not be able to find their way here.
After Leylin entered, the old witch closed the door and hung a sign that read "Closed".
Leylin, unconvinced by this level of security, set up a sound-proofing spell around them.
"Rumours have been flying recently. How is it on your end? Have you been discovered at all?" Leylin asked, somewhat worried.
"Don't worry. I've lived in Nightless City for over a century, and I do have some contacts…" She seemed rather pleased with herself.
"Also, these are the materials that were mentioned in the contract. I processed them using the method in the information you gave me! I did everything perfectly!"
The old witch positioned a dozen crystal soul spheres in the size of a thumb in a row, and placed it on the counter.
Within the soul, sphere were tens of expressionless spirits that seemed on the verge of dissipating. At the moment, many of them had lost their human form, which must have happened after brutal, inhuman torture.
"Has it really all been dealt with? The spirits need to have been immersed and soaked in immense suffering and hopelessness in order to achieve the best effect!"
"Hehe… I even captured a few spirits and experimented on them beforehand. On top of the basic pain that I can inflict, I also tortured their very souls. The effects are marvellous!" The old witch laughed excitedly, though it was a sound that caused others goosebumps.
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Ninjas in Pyjamas (NiP) became the latest esports organization to release its Overwatch roster.
NiP announced the decision Wednesday citing "uncertainties in the scene," as the reason, but the organization said it will re-evaluate the scene as more information comes from Blizzard. The roster for Ninjas in Pyjamas was an all-Finnish team comprised of Kalle "hymzi" Honkala, Joona "Fragi" Laine, Antti "kyynel" Kinnunen, Lauri "mafu" Rasi, Aleksi "Zuppehw" Kuntsi, and Joonas "zappis" Alakurtti.
"As time passed we have seen a growing amount of teams release their Overwatch lineups as they assess the future of the game as an esports title," the statement read. "The scene has not evolved as expected with viewership being below expectations and Blizzard is yet to announce more details surrounding their upcoming Overwatch League."
The lack of details surrounding Overwatch League has led to many teams getting rid of their rosters amid growing uncertainty. The growing number of disappearing Overwatch teams has been a worrying indicator for many fans of Overwatch and for those tentatively waiting for any announcement regarding Blizzard's official Overwatch League. With little to no information being released from the developer about the future of the league, many brands have chosen to let go of its team and wait for more news.
Red Reserve, Splyce, compLexity, Rise Nation and Denial have all released their Overwatch rosters in recent months. Team SoloMid elected not to go forward with signing its team after picking the players for it. Ninjas in Pyjamas has added its name to the list of esports brands passing on Overwatch — at least for now.


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Fill out our form below for more information or to have a Paladin Software Specialist contact you.


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Browse our range of publications including performance and financial statement audit reports, assurance review reports, information reports and annual reports.
The objective of the audit was to assess the effectiveness of the Australian Fisheries Management Authority's administration of its Domestic Fishing Compliance Program.
The audit objective was to examine how effectively the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF) manages the importation of live animals into Australia.
As an element of the arrangements implemented to support the role of the ANAO in reviewing campaigns' compliance with the Guidelines announced on 2 July 2008, the ANAO advised the chair of the JCPAA that the ANAO will provide regular summary reports to Parliament. Section 25 of the Auditor-General's Act 1997 provides for the tabling of such reports.
The audit assessed the Commonwealth's administration of the two major elements of the Dairy Industry Adjustment Package; the Dairy Structural Adjustment Program (DSAP) and the supplementary Dairy Assitance Program (SDA). The audit addressed the implementation and delivery of the programs, governance arrangements and the management of the Dairy Structural Adjustment Fund.
A Special Account is a mechanism used to record amounts in the Consolidated Revenue Fund that are set aside for specified purposes. A total of $3.40 billion was reported as held in Special Accounts as of 30 June 2003, with $10.33 billion reported as credited to Special Accounts in 2002-03 and $10.06 billion in reported payments (debits) from these Accounts. The audit examined the establishment, management and abolition of Special Accounts by Commonwealth agencies, as well as compliance with legal requirements
An ANAO audit of AQIS' cost-recovery systems was conducted in 2000-01 (Audit Report No 10, 2000-01), following a request from the Joint Committee of Public Accounts and Audit (JCPAA). That audit aimed to assess the efficiency and effectiveness of the management of AQIS' cost-recovery systems, and provide assurance to Parliament that cost-recoverable programs were identifying and recovering the full costs of services provided, without cross-subsidisation. The ANAO made six recommendations for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of AQIS cost-recovery systems. The JCPAA, at a subsequent hearing, made a further three recommendations. The objective of the follow-up audit was to assess AQIS' implementation of the ANAO and the JCPAA recommendations. The audit also aimed to determine whether implementation of these recommendations, or alternative actions taken to address the issues leading to the recommendations, had improved AQIS' management of its cost-recovery processes.
The audit reviewed the recordkeeping frameworks of four large Commonwealth organisations. The objective of the audit was to assess whether recordkeeping policies, systems and procedures were in accordance with relevant Government policies, legislation, accepted standards and recordkeeping principles, and applicable organisational controls.
The audit objective was to assess the adequacy of the Commonwealth's administration of three key components of the Agriculture - Advancing Australia package: the FarmBis II program, the Farm Help program and the Farm Management Deposits scheme. Broadly, the audit examined the areas of strategic management, managing compliance, program promotion, performance monitoring and evaluation, and performance results.


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Table of ContentsDefinition / general | Terminology | Epidemiology | Clinical features | Radiology description | Case reports | Treatment | Gross description | Microscopic (histologic) description | Microscopic (histologic) images | Cytology description | Positive stains | Differential diagnosis
Cite this page: Asirvatham JR, Jorns JM. Sclerosing adenosis. PathologyOutlines.com website. http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/breastsclerosingadenosis.html. Accessed October 24th, 2020.
Definition / general
- Low power diagnosis of increase in glandular elements plus stromal proliferation that distorts and compresses glands
- Preservation of luminal epithelium and peripheral myoepithelium with surrounding basement membrane
- Adenosis tumor / nodular adenosis:
- Palpable mass (AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;175:31)
- Coalescent foci of typical sclerosing adenosis
- Myoepitheliosis:
- Rare; sclerosing adenosis with predominance of myoepithelial cells, presents as multifocal microscopic lesions (Am J Surg Pathol 1991;15:554)
- Cells may have longitudinal nuclear grooves
- Mean age 30 years
- Found in 12 - 28% of all benign and 5 - 7% of malignant biopsies (J Ultrasound Med 2013;32:2029)
Clinical features
- As a single feature, increased risk of cancer of 1.5 to 2x (Cancer 1989;64:1977)
- Does not provide further risk stratification in the presence of other proliferative disease / atypical hyperplasias (Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014;144:205)
- Rarely involved by LCIS and mistaken for invasive carcinoma (Mod Pathol 1991;4:31)
- DCIS arising in sclerosing adenosis has a higher frequency of bilaterality (Clin Breast Cancer 2012;12:398, Breast Cancer 2014;21:732)
- Can mimic malignancy clinically and radiologically
Radiology description
- Circumscribed to spiculated mass with architectural distortion
- Amorphous or pleomorphic clustered microcalcifications
Case reports
- 82 year old woman with sclerosing adenosis in sentinel axillary lymph nodes (Arch Pathol Lab Med 2008;132:1439)
- The presence of sclerosing adenosis alone in a core biopsy does not require surgical excision
Gross description
- Multinodular, cuts with increased resistance
- Gritty but no chalky yellow white foci or streaks
Microscopic (histologic) description
- Low power diagnosis; increase in glandular elements plus stromal proliferation that distorts and compresses glands
- Maintains lobular architecture at low power with rounded and well defined nodules
- Centrally is more cellular with distorted and compressed ductules; peripherally has more dilated ductules
- Often microcalcifications, apocrine metaplasia
- Two cell layers are present but myoepithelial cells may vary from being prominent to indistinct
- Also intralobular fibrosis, elastosis and apocrine metaplasia; florid changes are associated with pregnancy
- Rarely penetrates walls of veins or perineural spaces
- No necrosis, no pleomorphism
- Epithelium may be involved by proliferative / atypical lesions or in situ carcinoma
- Can mimic malignancy:
- If nonlobulocentric / infiltrative into fat or stroma
- Conspicuous myoepithelial cells with attenuated epithelial cells can appear like stands of single cells and mimic invasive lobular carcinoma
- Atypical apocrine metaplasia: nuclear atypia / rare mitosis (Mod Pathol 1991;4:1)
- Perineural invasion
Microscopic (histologic) images
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AFIP images
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Cytology description
- Moderate to markedly cellular, with small to large groups of benign epithelial cells in acinar sheets / cohesive groups / tubules and scattered individual epithelial cells
- Also small foci of dense hyalinized stroma (Acta Cytol 2001;45:353, Diagn Cytopathol 2008;36:496)
- Tubules may have an angular configuration (Am J Clin Pathol 2012;138:96)
Positive stains
- Myoepithelial cells: smooth muscle actin, p63, calponin, HHF35, CK5 / 6
- Basement membrane (surrounds tubules): laminin and type IV collagen
Differential diagnosis
- Invasive ductal carcinoma: not lobular at low power, cells have marked atypia, no myoepithelial cells


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John Fulton Turnbull: Logging reports
- Series
- 1921-1958
Part of Norman John Turnbull fonds
Included in the N.J. Turnbull collection are seven logging reports produced by his father, J.F. Turnbull. The majority of the reports are the Annual Report of the Forester of the North Bay District (1923-1929) during his time as district forester there. There are several photographs that are included within the reports that have not been removed or catalogued, but pertain to the content of the report. The final item – a Certificate of Life Membership to the Ontario Professional Foresters Association – is oversized and therefore stored in a separate location.
Turnbull, John Fulton


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Percy Bysshe Shelley#49 on top 500 poets
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Fragment: The Lake's Margin
The fierce beasts of the woods and wildernesses
Track not the steps of him who drinks of it;
For the light breezes, which for ever fleet
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Autism is a developmental disability that results in problems with social interaction and communication. Its features vary with individuals.
One person may have mild symptoms, whilst another may have serious ones. That is why healthcare providers consider autism a "spectrum" disorder, which includes an autistic disorder, Asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder (atypical autism).
Children who have an autistic disorder have major problems with language, social interaction and behaviour. Many also have learning problems and intelligence that is below average.
Children with Asperger syndrome have milder symptoms affecting social interaction and behaviour. Their language development is usually alright but they can have problems in certain aspects of language, for example, understanding humour. Their intelligence is usually above average. Some are skilful in memory, logic and creativity, eg in music, and pure sciences.
Children who have some, but not all of the features of autistic disorder and/or Asperger syndrome, are said to have a pervasive developmental disorder. Most have milder symptoms than autistic disorder but do not possess the good language and above average intelligence of Asperger syndrome.
Looking at the causes
Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) can be due to primary or secondary factors. There is no medical condition in the former, which comprises 90 per cent of ASD. A medical condition is thought to be wholly or partially responsible for the latter, which comprises 10 per cent of ASD.
The conditions in secondary ASD are fragile X syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, and Rett syndrome.
Fragile X syndrome affects about one in every 3,600 boys and 6,000 girls, who have characteristic long faces, large ears and flexible joints. Tuberous sclerosis affects about one in 6,000 children, who have multiple, non-cancerous tumours all over the body. Rett syndrome affects about one in 20,000 girls who have ASD, and they have problems with physical movement and development.
Primary ASD is associated with genetic, environmental, neurological and psychological factors.
Although there is no specific gene identified, ASD is known to occur in families. If a child has ASD, there is about a 5 per cent chance that another child born to the same parents will have ASD. If an identical twin has ASD, the chance of the other twin developing the condition is 60 per cent.
The environmental factors associated with ASD are viral infection and maternal smoking during pregnancy, and the father's age. Pregnant women exposed to rubella have a 7 per cent chance of having an ASD child. The chance of pregnant women who smoke daily having a child with ASD is 40 per cent.
First time fathers above 40 years of age are six times more likely to father a child with ASD.
Studies on neurological factors have focused on the brain's amygdala, which acts like a switchbox between the cerebral cortex and the limbic system. The former processes sensory information and is responsible for all the brain's higher functions like thought, language, and problem-solving, while the latter controls a person's emotions.
The amygdala chooses the emotion to match the situation a person is in. Brain imaging studies suggest that connections between the cerebral cortex, amygdala and limbic system are altered in ASD.
Other studies have focused on mirror neurones which are thought to enable copying of the actions of others, eg an infant returns a mother's smile. As the child grows up, the mirror neurones may be involved in the brain's higher functions like language, learning, and recognition and understanding of others' emotions.
Brain imaging studies have found that the response of mirror neurones is altered in ASD. This mirror neurone dysfunction may be responsible for the problems with language, social interaction and some aspects of learning in ASD.
The focus of research on psychological factors is the concept of "theory of mind" (TOM). TOM refers to a person's ability to understand the mental states of others, ie the ability to see the world through another person's eyes. It is believed that most children understand TOM fully by about four years of age. Children with ASD have a limited or non-existent understanding of TOM, which may explain their problems with social interaction.
Although there are reports of links between vaccines and autism, none have held up to scientific scrutiny. There is no conclusive evidence that any part of a vaccine or combination of vaccines causes autism. There is also no evidence that any material used to make or preserve vaccines play a role in the causation of autism.
Symptoms of ASD
The features of autism involve communication, social interaction and behaviours. Communication can be verbal or non-verbal, eg eye contact, smiling, pointing. The social interactions include holding a conversation and understanding how others feel and think. The behaviours are repetitive, and include repeating actions or words, play and obsession with routines.
Some features may be typical of ASD while others may be a delay in the child's development.
Features are related to a child's development and may appear as early as six to 18 months when the baby may not follow a gaze nor appear to recognise or respond to a voice, but there is awareness of other sounds. The baby does not "babble" and appears expressionless. The baby has little interest in the surroundings or rarely makes gestures like pointing or waving.
The features are more obvious as the child becomes older. Language and social interaction problems become noticeable, together with unusual behaviours. Speech development may be delayed, or there is none at all. Speech can also be monotonous and repetitive.
The child does play in an imaginative but repetitive way. There is limited or no awareness of people in their surroundings. They may form friendships with other children only to behave inappropriately.
Many ASD children exhibit repetitive physical behaviours, eg rocking back and forth or licking objects. They prefer strict routines, which, if disrupted, would lead to temper tantrums or even attempts at self-harm. They often dislike certain foods.
There is usually an improvement as the child begins school. However, those with severe ASD may find school stressful, which may trigger disruptive behaviour.
Although most older children improve their language skills, specific difficulties may remain, eg repeating words in a "parrot" fashion, inability to understand humour, or sarcasm. Their lack of understanding of social interaction often hampers their friendships with other children of the same age. They need strict routines.
Children with Asperger syndrome do well with subjects involving facts, figures and logic, but they may have problems with subjects requiring abstract thought, eg literature.
A parent who is worried about a child's development would benefit from a consultation with his regular doctor who may carry out a brief screening test. This involves several questions and some assessment exercises with the child.
If the doctor suspects ASD, a referral will be made to a paediatrician, psychiatrist or psychologist who will carry out a detailed assessment, which would include a physical examination and other investigations.
When there is a diagnosis of ASD, it facilitates the parents understanding of their child's condition and plans can be then instituted to help the child.
Managing the problem
Managing the problem
There is no cure for autism; neither is there a single treatment for ASD. The objectives of management are to enhance learning and minimise its features.
There are several effective education and behavioural programmes. According to the American Academy of Paediatrics, "the principles and components of effective early childhood intervention in ASD include:
- Entry into intervention as soon as an ASD diagnosis is seriously considered rather than deferring until a definitive diagnosis is made;
- Provision of intensive intervention, with active engagement of the child at least 25 hours per week, 12 months per year, in systematically planned, developmentally appropriate educational activities designed to address identified objectives;
- Low student-to-teacher ratio to allow sufficient amounts of one-on-one time and small-group instruction to meet specific individualised goals;
- Inclusion of a family component (including parent training as indicated);
- Promotion of opportunities for interaction with typically developing peers to the extent that these opportunities are helpful in addressing specified educational goals;
- Ongoing measurement and documentation of the individual child's progress toward educational objectives, resulting in adjustments in programming when indicated;
- Incorporation of a high degree of structure through elements such as predictable routine, visual activity schedules, and clear physical boundaries to minimise distractions;
- Implementation of strategies to apply learned skills to new environments and situations (generalisation) and to maintain functional use of these skills; and
- Use of assessment-based curricula that address:
1. Functional, spontaneous communication;
2. Social skills, including joint attention, imitation, reciprocal interaction, initiation, and self-management;
3. Functional adaptive skills that prepare the child for increased responsibility and independence;
4. Reduction of disruptive or maladaptive behaviour by using empirically supported strategies, including functional assessment;
5. Cognitive skills, such as symbolic play and perspective taking; and
6. Traditional readiness skills and academic skills as developmentally indicated."
The management options include educational interventions, behavioural therapy and medicines.
The ideal educational intervention is to involve parents, teachers, psychologists and others to develop an individualised education plan that forms a structured framework for the child's school experience.
Studies have shown that ASD children benefit from visual information. Speech and language therapy improves language skills and the child's ability to interact socially. There are a variety of techniques that improve communication skills, eg listening and attention skills, as well as the ability to understand the social and/or emotional context of specific language and non-literal language.
Behaviour therapy reinforces appropriate behaviours and reduces inappropriate behaviours. Skills are broken down into small tasks and rewarded in a structured manner. Speech therapists, occupational therapists and physiotherapists have an important role in improving communication and interaction skills, adjusting tasks to match abilities and needs, and improving motor skills respectively.
There are no medicines that can cure ASD. But medicines are available to treat some of the symptoms, eg repetitive thoughts and behaviour, and aggressive behaviour. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) - fluoxetine and paroxetine - which alter the brain levels of serotonin, a chemical which affects mood and behaviour, are used often.
Other medicines used include anti-psychotics, tricyclic compounds and anxiolytics. All these medicines are prescription items.
There is no evidence that complementary and alternative medicines are effective, and some may even be dangerous.
The outlook for ASD depends on its severity and the child's intelligence. Those with mild to moderate ASD and average or above average intelligence often grow up to be independent adults with jobs and family. Those with severe ASD and below average intelligence are unlikely to be independent adults and would require care and assistance for the rest of their lives.
Dr Milton Lum is a member of the board of Medical Defence Malaysia. This article is not intended to replace, dictate or define evaluation by a qualified doctor. The views expressed do not represent that of any organisation the writer is associated with.


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How many of us were taught by our grandmothers to knit, crochet or sew, I wonder! I certainly was! Just print this colouring card onto good quality paper or print a card, fold in half, and have a go at colouring in the scene. Granny is sure to appreciate it.
Knitting with Granny Colouring Card
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Writer David Templeton takes interesting people to interesting movies in his ongoing quest for the ultimate post-film conversation. This is not a review; rather, it's a freewheeling, tangential discussion of art, alternative ideas, and popular culture.
Frank Baxter has been doing his homework. In preparation for a mid-morning screening of Love's Labour's Lost--the much-reviled new film by Kenneth Branagh, adapted from the play by William Shakespeare--Baxter, an author and professor of ;iterature at the University of Michigan, voluntarily set himself the chore of reading the play in the Bard's original text.
Every single word.
On an airplane.
Baxter is currently touring the country to promote his new book The Feast of Love, a delightfully complicated medley of interconnecting love stories that some have compared to Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream. Faced with such large gobs of travel time, Baxter grabbed a late-night in-flight opportunity to read the play.
"It took me about four hours," he says, his eyes glazing over to indicate exactly how long those four hours seemed.
"Love's Labour's Lost," he dramatically intones, "isn't really among Shakespeare's best works. Is it?"
According to armies of scholars, in fact, Love's Labour's Lost is so flighty and inconsequential a play that many insist Shakespeare couldn't possibly be its real author.
The plot, such as it is, deals with the King of Navarre and his three best friends, bachelors all, who make a solemn vow to devote themselves to intellectual study for three whole years, during which they will all abstain from the company of women. Almost immediately, they break that vow when the princess of France, accompanied by her three ladies-in-waiting, comes calling on a diplomatic mission.
Before you can say "Act Two," the bachelors have each become infatuated with a different lady. They skulk about, sighing and moaning. Each begins composing sentimental love poems, professing his undying devotion to the lady of his choice.
For their part, the ladies--after toying like cats with their would-be suitors--ultimately proclaim the love-struck bachelors to be unmarriagable, since the men have demonstrated a certain inability to keep their vows.
In Branagh's film version--set in 1939 and starring Alicia Silverstone (making a bold stab at singing), Adrian Lester, Nathan Lane and Branagh himself--the poems have been dropped entirely, replaced by classic love songs by Cole Porter and Ira Gershwin. These are performed in full-scale musical sequences, complete with tap-dancing and the occasional water ballet. While most critics have labeled L3 an affront to Shakespeare, others (mainly those who, like Baxter, have read the play) have instead suggested that Porter and Gershwin are the real victims.
Baxter, however, enjoyed the movie.
To a degree.
"I thought it was close to brilliant, at times," he admits after the show. "It was very clever. My problem with the movie wasn't that Branagh threw a bunch of classic songs into a Shakespeare play. My complaint is the particular songs he used. I think they undermined what Shakespeare was trying to say about love.
"In my reading of the play," he explains, "it's saying that it's okay to be infatuated with love, infatuation's fine--but it's equally important to keep your word. But in Branagh's musical version, the songs he's chosen--Dancing Cheek to Cheek, The Way You Look Tonight, Can't Take That Away From Me--mostly go in the direction of just saying how wonderful it is to be infatuated."
"So," I insert, "you're saying that the immature adolescent sentimentality of the songs runs counter to Shakespeare's suggestion that love be approached with a sense of maturity and responsibility? And of course, popular love songs have always been about the infatuation part of love. They're almost never about responsibilities and commitments."
"Funny you should mention that," Baxter replies. "When the pre-pub copies of this new book began to appear, I did a phone interview with a woman who began by asking, 'You're actually writing about love? Do you really think people talk about love anymore?' This was a woman in her mid-twenties, and it struck me as very interesting.
"So I started to think about what's happening culturally," he continues, "and I thought that maybe, for a generation that is interested in being cool and ironic-- though 'love' may not exactly have become a taboo subject, yet--infatuation is certainly off the table. Infatuation is something young people simply don't want to talk about.
"It was a shock to me."
Baxter is on a roll now.
"I got a review that said my title Feast of Love was a dreadful title," he reveals. "It said that no one, man or woman, would dare carry a book called the Feast of Love onto a subway. And next to the article was another review of a book by a L.A. writer named Rachel Resnick, whose book is called Go West Young Fucked Up Chick. She thought that was a wonderful title."
He laughs again, a gentle rumble tinged with rueful amusement.
"I keep thinking of the way the movie's tone swings back and forth between earnestness and irony, and that the irony is usually often more entertaining that the earnestness," Baxter muses. "It's as if we know how to process the irony, but an earnest view of love is too hard to swallow."
Not as hard to swallow as Alicia Silverstone singing, but I get his point.
"Perhaps," he murmurs, "all this discomfort with love is a reaction to the older generations' fondness for serious love-songs and sentimentality, a swing of the pendulum in a direction away from all that.
"If so, we only have to wait for the next generation, when the pendulum begins to swing back."
From the August 10-16, 2000 issue of the Sonoma County Independent.