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BACKGROUND: A hunter driving a pickup truck on industrial forestland in the Northeast on a Friday afternoon in early winter got off the woods road, and his truck became stuck in mud. Unable to extricate the truck on his own, the driver left the vehicle over the weekend, returning on Monday to remove it with the help of the operator of a hydraulic excavator from a nearby logging road construction operation. Cold temperatures and heavy snow over the weekend froze the mud around the truck's wheels.
BACKGROUND: On a fall day in the Eastern U.S., a mobile crane was traveling through a mill's woodyard.
PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS: The mobile crane operator was in his mid 40s and had worked in mill maintenance for about ten years.
Safety Release 12-S-3 - BACKGROUND: A driver was waiting for his truck to be loaded at the log deck on a summer morning in the Southeast. The driver had previously made adjustments to his truck's clutch, and he decided to continue working on it while waiting for equipment to clear the loading area.
The owner-operator of a tractor-trailer log truck in the Northeast was having his truck loaded with tree-length wood. It was a fall day, clear and cool. Weather was not a factor.
BACKGROUND: On a mild, late fall afternoon in the Southeast, a log truck was merging onto an Interstate highway. Winds were fairly calm, and the road surface was dry.
BACKGROUND: On a fall morning in the South, a log truck driver was pulling the cables off his load at a woodyard unbinding station. Personal Characteristics: The contract log truck driver was fully trained and had over 20 years of experience. He was wearing a hard hat, safety glasses, gloves, and a high-visibility vest.
BACKGROUND: The owner-operator of a tractor-trailer log truck in the Northeast was having his truck loaded with 8-foot pulpwood at a concentration log yard. The yard had a very slight surface grade. It was a winter day, clear and cold. Weather was not a factor.
BACKGROUND: On a late winter afternoon in the West, a company's mechanic was repairing a stroke delimber. Weather conditions were good—cool and clear.
BACKGROUND: On an overcast, cool winter morning in the Appalachians, a logging contractor was unloading his truck at a woodyard. He was operating the self-unloading knuckleboom on his triaxle truck.
On a foggy and slightly rainy day in the Appalachians, a logging crew was moving a skidder and log loader to a new tract.


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The ALA Basketball team has made appearances at some of the top basketball camps and tournaments on the west coast. We have had several students receive all tournament honors with opportunities to advance to the collegiate level.
Basketball practice is held on campus in our full sized basketball court. Basketball teaches our students teamwork and the importance of working with others to achieve goals. It also helps in boosting confidence. We believe in planting seeds of leadership, teamwork and work ethic, leading to success on and off the court.

subset: commoncrawl


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Adenophora, also known as Nan Sha Shen in Pinyin, is a specialty vegetable that is used both medicinally and culinarily. That's to say, both of its root and tender leaves are edible. And its medicinal part is the root, which is not only delicious, but also with numerous health benefits – eating it on daily basis can improve immune function, enhance the body's ability to resist disease, and keep the skin moist. The medicinal properties of Adenophora were first recorded in The Divine Farmer's Materia Medica (Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing) and there it was viewed as one of the highest grade herbs. In addition, Ben Cao Jing Ji Zhu (Explanation of Canon of Materia Medica), compiled in the Northern and Southern Dynasties (420-589), called Adenophora root (Sha Shen), Ginseng root (Ren Shen), Xuan Shen (Scrophularia), Dan Shen (Salvia Miltiorrhiza), and Ku Shen (Sophora Flavescens Root) as Five Ginseng (Wu Shen).
What is Adenophora?
Medicinally it mainly refers to the root of Adenophora tetraphylla (Thunb.) Fisch. and Adenophora Stricta Miq. In addition, other species of the same genus in Campanulaceae are also used medicinally. They are Adenophora hunanensis Nannf., Adenophora khasiana (Hook. F. et Thoms.), Adenophora potaninii Korsh, Adenophora pereskiifolia, Adenophora capillaris Hemsl., Adenophora polyantha, Adenophora axilliflora, Adenophora stenanthina (Ledeb.) Kitag, Adenophora coronopifolia Fisch., Adenophora buueyana Diels, Adenophora lilifolioides Pax et Hoffm., Adenophora paniculata Nannf., and more. Hence, other names of this herb include Radix Adenophorae in Latin name, root of straight ladybell, and so on. In China, it is mainly produced in Anhui, Jiangsu, and Zhejiang. It is usually collected in Spring and Autumn. The following steps are to remove fibrous roots, scrape off raw bark when it is newly dug up, clean, dry, and cut into thick slices or short segments. And it is used raw.
Adenophora tetraphylla is a perennial. Stout root is carrot-shaped and with wrinkles. Erect stem is single and 60 to 150cm in height. Leaves are in 4 whorls, sessile or with a short handle; blade is elliptic or lanceolate, 4 to 8cm long, 1.5 to 3cm wide, and with serrate margin, green upper surface, and pale green and densely pubescent lower surface. Large panicle is with pedicel in different sizes; each pedicel has a small bract; calyx teeth are 5, thin, straight, and green mixed with slightly black; corolla is bell-shaped, blue-purple, in shape of small narrow pot, and with 5 lobes; stamens are 5 and yellow; ovary is inferior, blue-purple, and with rounded apex, 9-lobed stigma, and style that stretches out of corolla; flower disc surrounds the base of style. 3-chamber capsule is oval. Bloom time is from July to August. And habitat is sunny slops.
4 compounds have been isolated from adenophora roots. They are β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, taraxerone, and octacosanoic acid. And 100g of adenophora's tender leaves contain water 74g, protein 0.8g, fat 1.6g, carbohydrates 16g, calcium 585mg, phosphorus 180mg, carotene 5.87mg, niacin 0.7mg, and vitamin C 104mg. Besides, its root also contains triterpenoids, ginsenosides, C30H58O4, glucose, and starch.
Adenophora root health benefits
It is reported that 12 cases of esophagitis were ever treated with pills that were made up of adenophora root, Mai Men Dong (Mondo Grass), honeysuckle flower (Jin Yin Hua), and more. The patients should put the pills in mouth on an empty stomach, let it melt, and slowly swallow, 3 to 5 times a days. As a result, 8 cases were cured; 3 cases were improved; 1 case had failed to respond to the treatment. – Fu Jian Zhong Yi Yao (Fujian Chinese Medicine & Medicinals), 1982;4:28.
Modern pharmacological actions of adenophora root
1) Adenophora hunanensis can improve cell-mediated immunity and non-specific immunity. In addition, it still can suppress humoral immunity and regulate the immune balance;
2) Adenophora tetruphylla has expectorant effect, which however is weaker than that of Zi Wan (Radix Asteris);
3) 1% infusion of A. stricta has significant cardiac function on isolated toad heart;
4) In vitro tests, A. stricta infusion (1:2) has anti-fungal effect.
Sample adenophora recipes on herbal remedies
According to the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, it is sweet in flavor and slightly cold in nature. It goes to meridians of lung and stomach. Basic functions are to nourish yin to clear away the lung-heat, reduce phlegm, and tonify qi. Main medicinal uses and indications include dry cough caused by lung-heat, consumptive cough caused by yin deficiency, cough due to dryness and sticky sputum, deficiency of qi-yin, dysphoria with smothery sensation, and dry mouth. Recommended dosage is from 9 to 15 grams in decoction.
1) According to Sha Shen Mai Dong Tang from Wen Bing Tiao Bian (Detailed Analysis of Warm Diseases), it is combined with Mai Men Dong (Mondo Grass), Yu Zhu (Solomon's Seal), Gan Cao (Licorice Root), Sang Ye (Mulberry Leaf), Bai Bian Dou (Hyacinth Bean), and Tian Hua Fen (Trichosanthes Root) to treat dryness pathogen invading lung-defense phase and impaired Yinfen, accompanied with fever or cough.
2) According to the Wei Sheng Yi Jian Fang (Easy and Simple Formulas for Maintaining Life), it is used alone to cure lung-heat cough.
3) According to Cheng Du Zhong Cao Yao (The Chengdu Chinese Herbal Medicine), it is used alone in decoction to heal weak pulse and cold limbs after blood loss.
4) According to Zheng Zhi Yao Jue (Essential Rhymes for Patterns and Treatment), it is ground into powder and taken with rice-water to treat leucorrhea with reddish discharge caused by excess of seven emotions or deficiency and cold in kidney qi.
5) According to Hu Nan Yao Wu Zhi (Manual of Materia Medica of Hunan), it is cooked with pork to cure no milk production after delivery.
6) According to Manual of Materia Medica of Hunan, it is boiled with eggs to heal deficiency-fire toothache.
Adenophora side effects and contraindications
Adenophora root is incompatible with Li Lu (Veratrum) and shouldn't be used in case of wind-cold cough. And during this herb is taken, the following points should be noted:
1) Maintain good habits and try to avoid staying up late;
2) Eat less spicy or stimulating food;
3) Actively participate in outdoor sports and relax;
4) Do not give yourself too much pressure and learn some reasonable decompressing ways.


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This article discusses best practices on using the Reverse Engineering features of Oracle Data Integrator (ODI) on the cloud and on premises. The first part of this article presents the various options available in ODI to reverse-engineer metadata from a data server. Then, the article discusses performance considerations when running and executing reverse-engineering tasks. The last section of this article discusses the ODI reverse-engineering best practices.
RKMs are one of seven categories of Knowledge Modules (KMs) found in ODI. Other categories of KMs include: Loading, Check, Integration, Extract, Journalizing, and Service. This article focuses on the selection and use of RKMs. If you would like to learn more about other categories of KMs, go to "Oracle Data Integrator (ODI) Knowledge Modules (KMs)."
In ODI, reverse-engineering is the process of selecting metadata from a data server and populating the selected metadata into an ODI model. An ODI model contains objects or datastores such as tables, views, queues, and synonyms. ODI models also contain attributes, keys, and constraints for each datastore. An ODI model is connected to an ODI logical schema of a given ODI technology.
Figure 1, below, shows an example of an ODI model called Staging. This ODI model is connected to an ODI logical schema called Oracle Warehouse – Staging. The ODI technology for this logical schema is Oracle. The ODI reverse-engineering options are located on the menu options of the ODI Model screen, as illustrated on Figure 1, below.
Figure 1 - ODI Reverse-Engineering – ODI Model
There are two reverse-engineering options in ODI: Reverse Engineer, and Selective Reverse-Engineering. The following section of this article discusses these two options.
Figure 2, below, shows the ODI Reverse Engineer option for the ODI model called Staging. This option offers two ways of performing a reverse-engineering task: Standard, and Customized. Figure 2, below, shows the Standard option. The Standard option is the default option; it provides basic reverse-engineering capabilities – users can retrieve a minimum set of attributes with this option. Figure 2 - ODI Reverse-Engineering – Standard Option
When using the Standard option, the reverse-engineering task can only be executed with a local agent – the default agent of the ODI Studio.
The Standard option can filter the selection of metadata by object type. In this example, on Figure 2, above, the selected object type is Table; thus, only Oracle tables will be reverse-engineered. The Mask option provides additional filtering capabilities. In this example, the reverse-engineer task only brings the Oracle tables starting with a name of STG, followed by any additional characters - the percent wildcard (%) specifies any characters.
In this example, on Figure 2, above, the Standard option retrieves the name of the Oracle tables, the table attributes, and the table constraints. The table attributes include the column names, the column types, and the column lengths. The table constraints include primary keys, unique keys, foreign keys, and check constraints.
Figure 3, below, show a list of datastores for this ODI model: STG_CUSTOMER, STG_ORDERS, STG_PRODUCT, and STG_STATUS. These datastores have been reverse-engineered with the Standard option. The attributes of the datastore called STG_CUSTOMER are also illustrated on Figure 3, below:Figure 3 - ODI Reverse-Engineering – ODI Data Stores
The Standard option uses the Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) API to retrieve metadata from a data server. The JDBC API is the industry standard for database-independent connectivity between Java applications and a wide range of databases – the ODI Studio is a Java application. The Standard option has an extensive number of features, but it can only retrieve a limited set of metadata due to the limitations of the JDBC API driver. For instance, if an Oracle table is partitioned, the Standard option cannot reverse-engineer the partitions of a table because the JDBC API driver does not support the selection of table partitions. On the other hand, the Customized option provides additional features, and it can retrieve additional metadata such as table partitions from a data server. The Customized option requires a Reverse-Engineering Knowledge Module (RKM), which can be customized to perform additional tasks. When using the Customized option, the reverse-engineering task can be executed with the local agent of the ODI Studio (default), or with any agent configured in the ODI Topology. Figure 4, below, shows the Customized option:
Figure 4 - ODI Reverse-Engineering – Customized Option
In this example, on Figure 4, above, the Customized option uses a logical agent called OracleDIAgent-JCS. This ODI agent is a J2EE agent, located on an instance of the Oracle Java Cloud Service (JCS). In this example, the type of object to reverse-engineer is Table, and the Mask option has been set to STG% – all tables starting with a prefix of STG will be reverse-engineered. The RKM for this reverse-engineering task is the RKM Oracle. Also, the options for this RKM are illustrated on Figure 4, above.
Figure 5, below, shows a list of tasks for this RKM. Some of the RKM tasks include retrieving partitions, foreign keys (FK), index keys, table conditions, and other metadata from the Oracle database.
Figure 5 - ODI Reverse-Engineering – RKM Oracle Tasks
When the Customized option is used for a reverse-engineer task, the ODI agent executes the code generated by the RKM, and the ODI model gets populated with metadata from the data server. Figure 6, below, shows the Partitions screen of an ODI datastore called W_ORDERS_F. In this example, the partitions for this datastore – an Oracle partitioned table – have been populated using the RKM Oracle.
Figure 6 - ODI Reverse-Engineering – Datastore Partitions
The RKM tasks and options depend on the available features of a given technology. For additional information on RKMs, go to "Introduction to Oracle Data Integrator Knowledge Modules."
The Selective Reverse-Engineering option, illustrated on Figure 7, below, offers additional capabilities such as reverse-engineering new datastores, and existing datastores. This option works in conjunction with the Standard option, and it is only available if the Standard option is selected in the Reverse Engineer tab. This option allows users to select from a list of objects before executing the reverse-engineering task.
Figure 7 - ODI Reverse-Engineering – Selective Reverse-Engineering
Figure 7, above, shows a list of objects to be reverse-engineered: STG_CUSTOMER, STG_ORDERS, STG_PRODUCT, and STG_STATUS. These objects are Oracle tables that the Selective Reverse-Engineering option found when the Objects to Reverse Engineer check-box was selected. The objects listed on Figure 7, above, are the result from the filters put in place in the Reverse Engineer tab.
If these objects already exist in the ODI model, and the Reverse Engineer Execution button is clicked, the metadata for the existing objects will be updated. If the objects are new, they will be added to the ODI model.
The execution time of a reverse-engineering task depends on several factors. For instance, a large number of tables and columns may take longer to reverse-engineer than a small set of tables or columns. Also, the location of the ODI Studio and the type of agent used for the reverse-engineering task may also have an impact on the overall execution time. For instance, let's assume that an ODI user wants to reverse-engineer a set of Oracle tables located on an instance of DBCS. Also, let's assume that the ODI repository is located on another instance of DBCS. Let's assume that the ODI user selects the Standard option to execute a reverse-engineer task, and the task is executed from the premises of the ODI user. Under this scenario, executing the reverse-engineer task from the premises of the ODI user is not a recommended strategy. Figure 8, below, shows an example of this unfavorable practice:
Figure 8 - ODI Reverse-Engineering – On-Premise ODI Studio
In this example, on Figure 8, above, the selected metadata must be exported from Instance A – where the source data server is located – to the promises of the ODI user – where the ODI Studio is located. Then, the local agent must upload the selected metadata from the ODI Studio into Instance B – where the ODI repository is located. This strategy does not offer the best performance, since the content of the selected metadata must travel from the cloud to the on premises of the user, and then back to the cloud.
The best strategy is to execute the reverse-engineering task from an instance of the ODI Studio that is running on the Oracle Cloud such as the Oracle Java Cloud Service (JCS) or the Oracle Compute Cloud Service (CCS). Figure 9, below, shows an example:
Figure 9 - ODI Reverse-Engineering - ODI Studio on JCS
This strategy, shown on Figure 9, above, offers the best performance when performing reverse-engineering tasks between database cloud services. The same strategy can be applied to other SQL databases that are on other cloud services.
When using the reverse-engineering features of ODI, follow these rules of thumb:
The ODI reverse-engineering features offer a mechanism to retrieve metadata from a data server and to populate the metadata into an ODI model. This metadata can then be used in ODI mappings to build data integration tasks. The ODI reverse-engineering features offer various options – Standard and Customized – to reverse engineer objects from a data server. The Standard option leverages the JDBC driver to retrieve metadata from a data server. The Customized option leverages RKMs to retrieve and populate additional metadata that cannot be retrieved with the Standard option. These RKMs offer additional features and options to reverse-engineer additional metadata from a data server.
For more Oracle Data Integrator best practices, tips, tricks, and guidance that the A-Team members gain from real-world experiences working with customers and partners, visit "Oracle A-team Chronicles for Oracle Data Integrator (ODI)."
Oracle Data Integrator Best Practices: Using Loading Knowledge Modules on both On-Premises and Cloud Computing
Oracle Data Integrator Best Practices: Using Check Knowledge Modules on both On-Premises and Cloud Computing
Integrating Oracle Data Integrator (ODI) On-Premise with Cloud Services
Connect ODI to Oracle Database Cloud Service (DBCS)
ODI 12c and DBaaS in the Oracle Public Cloud
Oracle Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Oracle Storage Cloud Service (SCS)
Applications as a Service (SaaS)
Oracle Database Cloud Service (DBCS)
Using Oracle Database Schema Cloud Service
Oracle Exadata Cloud Service (ExaCS)
Loading Data into the Oracle Database in an Exadata Cloud Service Instance


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An epic bug hunt featuring a unique blend of co-op play and squad-level tactics. With your friends, form a squad of four distinct IAF Marine classes. Plan your attack using an unlockable arsenal of weapons with countless loadout configurations against a wide variety of aliens.
Blaze your way through an overrun, off-world colony, eradicating the alien infestation in environments ranging from the icy planet's surface, to a subterranean lava-flooded mining facility.
Hello everyone!
On 23 Nov in 16 days on Steam Greenlight Alien Swarm: Reactive Drop has been Greenlit by the Community.
AS:RD have reached rank 6 of 2000 games on Greenlight with 'Yes' Votes 5,131 (73% of total).
Thank to everyone who have took part in voting and spreading the word.
Huge thanks to those individuals who have donated us for the greenlight fee.
On 6 Jan our store page became public. You can now add it to your wishlist and click Follow button to show your support. This will help the game to get promoted. Also send the link to your friends and social media ;) The Install button doesn't work since the game is not yet released.
Feel free to invite your friends to our Official Steam Group
We also want to let everyone know that Alien Swarm: Reactive Drop will include significantly improved versions of Tears for Tarnor and Lana's Escape campaigns as official campaigns.
These are the two of the best user created campaigns for Alien Swarm. The original authors worked really hard to improve and balance maps since the last public release. We work on adding single-player support for these campaigns.
Below are some screenshots from these campaigns which can also be seen on our store page:
The project is now added to Steam Greenlight. Help us to get the green light.
We have released version 1.20 and trying to get mod on Steam Greenlight.
We have a new video update regarding the development of the game!
Hypovolemia version 0.5 is approaching the inevitable release. Here's what we've been working and planning on!
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Full latest version. Delete old version. Extract to <path to steam>\SteamApps\sourcemods. Restart Steam. If you use Laucher app there is no need for this...
Allows users to easily install, update or delete Alien Swarm: Reactive Drop mod. Version 1.03. More user friendly version with more dialogs and notifications...
Allows users to easily install, update or delete Alien Swarm: Reactive Drop mod. It uses Subversion(SVN) to download and update the mod.
Extract it into Alien Swarm\swarm\bin. Use console commands to activate game modes in each round. rm_mod 0 - classic Alien Swarm, rm_mod 5 - Solo Player...
Full latest version. Delete old version. Extract to <path to steam>\SteamApps\sourcemods. Restart Steam. If you updated using patches there is no reason...
This patch adds Silent Corridors campaign and resolves issues with Antlion Guard. Requires 1.17 or higher version installed. Extract this archive into...
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used to play this long time ago, it was nice
A Time Splitter mod for this uhh mod would be so good
Man, I need to download and play this game :)
Reactive Drop is available! If you haven't already try it out.
It's free on Steam.
Como diablos pongo Desura en Español????? How do you go again Desura in Spanish???
This game was fun to play when you have four friends who also like it.
you guys can get this game on steam for free
Team Fortress 2 is now Valve's best free game ever over this Alien Swarm game.
tf2 is todays power rangers
Alien Swarm is made by fans
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.
Highest Rated (4 agree) 10/10
for a free game, this is one incredibly fun sci-fi creation, building on steam's co-op capabilities, which gives it immersive replay value, making it an awesome return-back platform for general cooperative-skills practice with new gamers and relaxing eye-hand coordination training gamers usually seek. given its free access to the game's sdk, enriches the experience even further, adding various creative production of new game content based on valve's source engine. what would u need more from a top-down…
Jun 6 2011 by goodone


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Hershey, PA – There is a game built around alternative, green energies. It's a part of the same old control by the establishment, and one could exit it, if there were any viable options. Treadergy, with the help of its new solar power product, wants to be that option, and begin a new game where individuals can utilize solar energy to become free solar farmers.
Treadergy solar panels, made from recycled tires, promises to usher in a new way to create a cleaner environment. A grass roots religious organization, Treadergy's new technology aims to give freedom from tax credits, grid connections and other monopolies. By minimizing grid consumption, each individual can reduce their carbon dependence, and use the new solar panels as building blocks for multiple uses.
Treadergy modules collect heat from the sun using a patented process, and can produce hot water, glycol or air. The modules are not only durable and scalable, but cost less and can be ported and adapted freely wherever required. The user can harvest both heat and electricity at the same time and with the same physical footprint, and offer an alternative to expensive and grid tied solar energy schemes. Without fragile glass and bulky metal, they are tough enough to take on a hail storm. Treadergy modules can even be glued or fixed with screws wherever needed.
The new solar modules are ready to begin shipping in May 2017 to US locations and internationally shortly thereafter. Treadergy is also producing an educational animated series on FatCat Utility. This cutting edge technology can also be acquired as a completely functional educational toy by its members.
Treadergy is the new game where individuals can start playing the role of free solar farmers and help build a better tomorrow. The product is running its funding campaign on Indiegogo with a contest and attractive perks.
To get more details about the campaign, please visit https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/treadergy-solar-panels-made-from-recyled-tires/pies
About Treadergy
Treadergy is an Independent Unregistered Church that fosters education and employment of simple technology to offset individuals' energy footprint. Our divine belief and mission is to help clean this planet for all of God's Children.
To know more, please visit: www.treadergy.com
You Tube: Product Demo – https://youtu.be/y9M1oJLOd44
Media Contact
Company Name: Treadergy
Contact Person: Keith
Email: email@example.com
Country: United States
Website: https://treadergy.com/


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Address: 246 E. Blithedale Ave. (Sycamore), Mill Valley 94941
Area: North Bay
Phone:�(415) 383-8646
Hours: Wed-Sun 11:30am - 9pm Monday 5:30pm - 9pm Tuesday Closed
Category: Restaurant/Food Vendor (Vegetarian)
Restaurant Type: Pizza
Average cost:
Vegan Dessert: No
Accepts credit card: No
Parking: off street
Notes: Tony Tutto Pizza is a small pizzeria offering artisan pizzas, as well as salad, soup, and calzones. It's entirely vegetarian and has a separate vegan pizza menu. Indoor seating is limited; there's covered outdoor seating. They use primarily organic ingredients in their pizza dough and tomato sauce as well as most toppings. The pizza crust is thin and crisp.
|Added by Tony Tutto on 2008-12-29, Last update: 2010-04-25, Viewed 4689 times
Last 5 Reviews
Average rating: 0 / 5.0 Based on 3 reviews. (Add/Edit your own review)
|Tried three of their vegan pizzas - all are delicious! Especially loved the thin, crisp crust which had just the right amount of toppings. Did not miss the heaviness of vegan cheese. Note, the chili flakes and chili oil used in their pizzas give them a bit of a kick. I loved the fresh arugula on the "Garden of Love Light" pizza. Would definitely return if in the area.
Reviews: 139
|There's a new vegan menu, almost as long as the laco-veg menu! Good selections. Cheeseless. One want to try that doesn't travel well w/arugula & pine nuts. Mushroom+ one and olive ones good. Organic & they drizzle olive oil on the pizzas AFTER they're out of the oven. Not pizza I'm used to: more like pizza crust with toppings open sandwiches. Good vegan soup. Owner very nice.
Reviews: 65
|This was tasty pizza with a crunchy thin crust. The vegan pizza is simply cheeseless. There are no mock meats or soy cheeses. The owners are very sweet and accommodating. It's nice to know that no pepperoni fat accidentally dripped on my pizza!
Reviews: 8
The intent of the Ultimate Guide is to make it easier for folks new to the Bay Area or new to vegetarianism to find businesses that support their vegetarian lifestyle. We welcome your reviews and feedback on businesses and services listed within. For any public reviews, please keep your comments constructive so that the business may learn from them -- no slander or mean-spirited comments.. You are responsible for what you post as a 3rd party contributor to the Ultimate Guide web site. Bay Area Vegetarians and the editors of the Ultimate Guide reserve the right to edit or delete submissions that are deemed inappropriate.


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Diabetes is a health condition that affects the body's ability to produce insulin and control blood sugar. Depending on how you manage it, this disease can either have a large influence on your life or feel like it is not even there. For this reason, it is our goal to provide you the help you need to keep your diabetes in check through our home health care in Riverdale, MD.
Here are a few of the many ways we can help you manage your diabetes through our adult home health care in Maryland:
- Blood Sugar Monitoring
One of the most important things you need to do when you have diabetes is to monitor your blood sugar. This is a simple task but it can make all the difference. We will help you keep an eye on your glucose levels, so you know exactly where your blood sugar is. This information can help you adjust your lifestyle or diet in order to reduce or increase your glucose.
- Dieting
One of the best ways to keep diabetes under control is through a healthy and balanced diet. Eating right will help keep your blood sugar at healthy levels. This is something we can do for you by preparing diabetic-friendly meals. We can also stock high sugar items such as chocolate bars that can help raise your blood sugar if it dips too low, which can be very dangerous.
- Insulin
We provide a number of health care services and that includes administering insulin. If you require help with this, we can provide the insulin you need to ensure that your blood sugar is where it needs to be.
- Exercise
As a diabetic, it is important to incorporate regular exercise into your day-to-day routine. When you exercise your muscles will consume your blood sugar for energy, thus making this one of the healthiest ways to maintain your diabetes.
Those are just a few of the many things to keep in mind when it comes down to controlling your diabetes and how we can help you. If you would like to find out more about these services or if you are interested in finding out more about our pediatric home health in Alexandria, VA please get in touch with us at Providence Care, Inc. anytime.


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Carrefour Operations in Italy Discussed in New Canadean Report Now Available at MarketPublishers.com
21 May 2012 • by Natalie Aster
LONDON – With some conversions having taken place, Carrefour's plans to remodel its hypermarkets to 'Carrefour Planet' stores by 2013 have been paused as a result of underperformance.
Carrefour plans to focus its efforts on launching innovative new low cost private labels. For instance, the company has recently launched its Les Cosmetiques Design Paris private label beauty products range. Besides, to cater to the growing online market, the company also plans to grow its online presence.
New research report "Carrefour in Italy: Local Profile" drawn up by Canadean provides comprehensive analysis of Carrefour's local operations, detailing its store formats, private labels, history, news, key employees, and key financial and operational metrics. Additionally, it presents market shares and investment strategies of the company's key competitors in Italy.
Report Details:
Carrefour in Italy: Local Profile
Published: May, 2012
Pages: 25
Price: US$ 550,00
More new research studies by the publisher can be found at Canadean page.
MarketPublishers, Ltd.
Tanya Rezler
Tel: +44 208 144 6009
Fax: +44 207 900 3970
[email protected]


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Introduction to anticyclones
So far, we have been looking at low pressure systems; cyclones. But what about high pressure systems; anticyclones? From a weather perspective anticyclones can be quite boring.
Where the air pressure is high at the surface in an anticyclone, the air above it descends. As the air descends, the pressure rises (because there is more atmosphere above) and so the temperature of the descending air rises. In this case, evaporation usually exceeds condensation and so cloud droplets don't form. The air is mostly clear with only small amounts of cloud cover.
In the Northern Hemisphere winds blow in a clockwise direction around an anticyclone. As isobars are normally widely spaced around an anticyclone, winds are often quite light.
Figure 1: The weather map corresponding to Figure 2, showing the location of the anticyclone © Crown Copyright, Met Office.
Anticyclones can be identified on weather charts as an often large area of widely spaced isobars, where pressure is higher than surrounding areas (Figure 1). It's worth noting that there isn't a critical pressure value that determines when we have high pressure, it simply depends on what is going on around. If the pressure is higher in one place than the places around it, then it is a high pressure area.
Figure 2: A satellite image showing clear skies associated with an anticyclone ©NEODAAS/University of Dundee
On a satellite image (Figure 2), an anticyclone shows up as a clear area. Anticyclones can bring us very cold, crisp bright winter days and warm, sunny summer weather.
In winter, the clear, settled conditions and light winds associated with anticyclones can lead to frost and fog. The clear skies allow heat to be lost from the surface of the Earth to space by radiation, especially overnight, allowing ground temperatures to fall steadily, leading to air or ground frosts.
Sometimes in late winter or spring, the air near the ground cools so much that low cloud, or fog, can form. Because of the light winds associated with anticyclones; this can linger well into the following morning and be slow to clear. It is known as 'anticyclonic gloom'. March 2016 was a typical example of this. When the air near the ground is cooled like this, it can lead to there being colder air near the ground and warmer air above. This reversal of the usual fall of temperature with height above the ground is called a 'temperature inversion' and it acts as a sort of atmospheric lid, trapping pollution, cloud, and mist in the cool layer of air near the ground.
This explains the particularly depressing nature of anticyclonic gloom: the overcast sky is accompanied by haze and mist, rising pollution levels, poor or indifferent visibility, and a moist, heavy atmosphere. There may even be a damping of drizzle in the air, but heavy rain is very unlikely. Such weather may last several days, until the high pressure system collapses, or until a weak front introduces cleaner air from outside the anticyclone's circulation.
In summer, the clear settled conditions associated with anticyclones allow the Sun's light to warm the ground. This can bring long sunny days and warm temperatures. The weather is normally dry, although occasionally, very hot temperatures can trigger localised thunderstorms.
An anticyclone situated over the UK or near continent usually brings warm, fine weather. In summer over land, days are warm or hot and sunny, nights are clear.
When anticyclones are over the sea, the weather can vary from fine and sunny to overcast cloud. This cloud may be thick enough to give drizzle and may form low enough to produce fog. This happens most often during spring and is least frequent in autumn. If the anticyclone extends over both land and sea, cloud and fog can spread across coastal regions, sometimes reaching quite far inland.
Sometimes, an anticyclone doesn't move and remains stationary over the UK or nearby for a longer period of time. These 'Blocking Highs' divert the much smaller depressions away and lead to a longer period of clear weather, as can be seen in Figure 3.
Figure 3: A schematic diagram showing how the wind fields around a large anticyclone and small depression interact
During the summer, these blocking anticyclones can lead to drought conditions, as rain-bearing fronts are 'diverted' around the country. This is what happened in 1976 when an anticyclone sat over the UK for much of the summer, causing a noticeable drop in rainfall, well below the normal average, and leading to water shortages.
Figure 4: A typical synoptic chart or weather map from July 2013 © Crown Copyright, Met Office.
The summer of 2013 was dominated by anticyclones (Figure 4), leading to prolonged nice weather in England and Wales. In the satellite image in Figure 5 you can see a line of cloud to the North of Ireland. This marks the warm front associated with the Low near Iceland which you can see in the weather chart. This Low will travel to the north of the UK, bringing rain to Norway.
Figure 5: A typical satellite image from July 2013 ©NEODAAS/University of Dundee
Spring 2013 was also characterised by high pressure – the weather chart (Figure 6) shows a typical situation with high pressure over all of the UK. The high pressure blocked milder, Atlantic air from reaching the UK as well as bringing bitterly cold, north-easterly/ easterly wind. Remember that winds blow around anticyclones in a clockwise direction along the isobars, and see what that means the wind direction is.
Figure 6: A typical synoptic chart or weather map from March 2013 © Crown Copyright, Met Office.
Occasionally, the High moved to allow depressions to move up the west coast of the UK – where the rain on the fronts met the very cold air to the east, it resulted in heavy snowfall. The generally clear night-time skies at a time of year when the Sun wasn't warm enough during the day to warm the ground much, led to the second coldest March since 1910. The winter snow persisted far longer than usual, leading to problems for hill farmers with sheep lambing into the snow (Figure 7). In parts of Wales laws were relaxed concerning the burial of dead livestock.
Figure 7: Sheep in a field near Pwllglas. ©Creative Commons 2.0. Photo taken by Eirian Evans
Let's summarise. Anticyclones:
- are larger than low pressure systems
- last longer than low pressure systems
- have lighter winds blowing around them
- have clockwise winds blowing around them in the Northern Hemisphere
- usually give us clear skies
- can give us 'Anticyclonic gloom' in spring
© University of Reading and Royal Meteorological Society


text: Popular Post Chillidoggy 4,244 Posted May 25 Author Popular Post Report Share Posted May 25 Thankfully, the pile of bits is getting smaller, I made some reasonable progress today. I've got a longer PAS pump belt to see if I can get over the problem I always seem to have whereby I can't get the PAS belt on without taking the pulley off. For a fiver I thought it was worth a punt so I'll see whether it's a goer, but I'll have to do that another day. i bought the Vernier sprockets because I was sure the head would have to be skimmed, although as it turned out it wasn't necessary. From my previous research, the cam timing was altered to cater for emissions, and having sought advice from the experts, it would be a worthwhile thing to do. Regarding cam belt frequency, I don't have a phone app for measuring, I've always used the Clavis meter to check it. Or occasionally I've used a Sparky, as his nether regions resonate when correct belt tension is achieved. 3 Quote Margate Exotics. Link to post Share on other sites


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Gov. Brown's Law Could Fast Track Buildings Up to 95 Percent Market-Rate
May 17 - Curbed San Francisco
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Emergency Arabic
You'll never know when you might need this emergency Arabic. When you're traveling by air there are some Arabic words you may need to use. In this online audio lesson you'll learn how to understand the emergency procedures on the plane in Arabic, as well as other key pieces of information. You'll learn how to ask for things in Arabic and how to speak to airport officials. Soon you'll know exactly what to say on the plane and at the airport in Arabic.
Words for Emergency Arabic
Imagine you are on a flight from America to Egypt. It's a long way, so make sure you know how to ask for a drink or an extra blanket in case you are cold. It's also important to know what "احنا متوقعين اضطرابات E7na Motawaka3in Idtirabat" means. Repeat the new words aloud to practice your pronunciation.
Once you arrive at the airport you will have to collect your luggage. Simply follow the signs to the "مكان استعادة الشنط Makan Isti3adit El Shonat" and make your way to "الجمارك El Gamarik". Listen to the Audio link below to hear the pronunciation…
Hopefully you won't need to use the following phrases, but it's still handy to know them.
That's it for today. I hope you enjoyed the lesson. Here are a few recommended Arabic lessons to try next!
- Talking about your emotions in Arabic is a great way to connect with local people.
- This lesson is all about describing your face in Arabic.
- Wanting to talk about your family in Arabic?
!مع السلامة Ma3a essalama! Goodbye!
Amira Zaki Rocket Arabic


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Recognized for Sustainable Practices in 2019 by the New Jersey Sustainable Business Registry
(908) 448-8873
All the vegetables produced at Bridgepoint Run Farm in Montgomery, New Jersey, are sold at the farm stand on the corner of Bridgepoint Road and Dead Tree Run Road. You'll love our delicious, freshly grown produce, all coaxed from the ground using only sustainable practices, including cover cropping fallow ground, intensive manure management, and regulation of both water quality and nutrients.
Using these environmentally friendly practices, we grow all the vegetable essentials, but our specialty is Jersey Fresh tomatoes. Last year, we grew over 20 different varieties from Big Beefs to heirlooms. Stop by our stand to purchase your farm-fresh produce favorites during the late Spring and Summer or in early Fall. Review our website or Facebook for more specific information about opening dates and times. If you have specific growing requests, send an email to Dale.
Bridgepoint Run Farm


text: Companies want to identify those with the most potential, quickly. An ability to stand out from the crowd is essential. Here are ideas to get you started! Nail it in 50 words A great cover letter that's meaningful and relevant to the opportunity you're applying for will help you make a good impression. You don't have…Read More


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Northern Electric is dedicated to providing high quality, energy efficient, and user friendly lighting solutions. One of the newest lighting solutions is wireless lighting controls. Wireless lighting controls are a great way to save money while being environmentally conscious. They allow you to wirelessly control lighting and small appliances throughout your home. They are very convenient for home theatre rooms, dinning areas, bedrooms and offices.
Imagine using a hand held remote to control overhead lighting, ceiling fans, projector screens, small appliances, outdoor lighting, and holiday lighting. Imagine being able to time when your lights will turn on and off during the day. Visualize being able to dim the lights down low or turn them up to full strength whenever you wanted. Picture a light that was smart enough to know when you entered and exited a room and turned the light on and off automatically. How cost efficient and beneficial would that be?
Everyone can benefit from wireless lighting controls. It is convenient, efficient, economical, and provides an element of safety and security.
- Do you want rooms to only be lit when they are in use?
- Do you wish you could turn home lights on or off from the convenience of a remote?
- Do you wish the bathroom light would turn on automatically when you entered?
- Do you wish that your security lights had sensors and would light up with movement?
- Do you wish that you could preset your lamps, security lights, or holiday lights to come on at a specific time?
- Do you wish you could set mood lighting to increase sales?
- Do you wish you set multiple lights and appliances for presentations with the click of a button?
You don't have to wish anymore. Being able to control your lights when you want is no longer a dream, it is a reality.
Call Northern Electric to find out how you can get wireless lighting control in your home today!
Lighting Control Stations
Allow you to control a variety of whole-building lighting scenes from one central control station. They give you the ability to create a variety of lighting schemes with one easy touch of the button. Different scenes can be accessed by remote as well as the keypad. Lighting control stations make it easy to set the mood for whatever the occasion or time of day without walking through the whole building to set every individual light.
What an easy way to reduce your energy consumption. Timers can be used either indoor or outdoor. They are great for outdoor lighting, holiday lighting, and to leave preset for everyday functionality. Timers provide convenience and safety while saving you energy and money.
Room Occupancy Sensors
Enable lights to come one whenever motion is detected and turn off when motion ceases. Motion sensors are especially useful in bathrooms, break rooms and boardrooms. Room occupancy sensors are yet another great way to save energy and money.
Give yourself the ability to intimately control your lighting system. Lighting dimmers allow you to adjust the intensity of the light to meet each individuals needs. You may want to dim the lights for presentations or you may want to brighten the lights to see better while working in your office. Dimmers affect the warmth, depth, and ambiance of the room while providing energy efficiency.
Dimmers can be used in many rooms like: the home theatre room, living room, bedroom, bathroom or home office. Dimmers are a quick and easy way to make a big difference in your home.


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Rangers Rumors
Would Sather deal Hagelin, 25 and with one more season on his contract at a $2.25 million cap hit leading into restricted free agency, for, say, Jets captain Andrew Ladd, 28 and with two more years on his deal at $4.4M cap hit leading into unrestricted free agency (and, it must be noted, a modified no-trade clause)?
If you were behind the bench of a team that was 0-7 going into its last shootout with one goal scored in 23 opportunities, as Pete DeBoer was in Denver on Thursday when the Devils and Avalanche went to the skills competition, wouldn't you have been pretty tempted to use, oh, an entirely different approach?
Not the Devils coach, who watched Patrik Elias (0-for-5) and Adam Henrique (0-for-3) fail while Colorado beat Cory Schneider on each of its two tries.
This just in: Lou Lamoriello is attempting to sign Marek Malik as a free agent.
It just seems wrong, doesn't it, but Olli Jokinen might be one of the more sought-after rentals at the deadline.
The Sabres' Steve Ott would bring value to a Cup contender, but even if there's no doubt about that, there is less doubt the acquiring team will inevitably yield too much to get him.
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Fidel Castro, illuminati bomber: MILESTONES: Cuba Caddillacs NOT one of them
Nov 26, 2016 - Castro officially passed away, he's no longer a "living legend". Time to check his real record(s).
Fidel Castro "living legend for an anti-imperialist champion": best seller hoax
Castro's title has now finally been stripped of its first two words.
Fidel Castro has officially pulverized all duration records for the "anti-imperialist/anti-capitalist living legend/head of state" type of hoaxes: it survived SEVEN decades, from the 50s of last century until the 10s of the new millenium.
Castro's real title and duration records
Castro has indeed pulverized real duration record, but as illuminati suicide bomber: the duration of his self-detonation is second to none, not only among those who were pronouced dead before the full detonation but also for ANY subtype but one.
The exeception: Obama, who had already the title for the duration of postponing a full-detonation, at now more than 8 years.
Fidel Castro casted in scripts setting illuminati milestones.
One of these scripts had treasonous agent Castro casted simply as actor.
In other scripts Castro was casted in the specific role of illuminati bomber, from classic to suicide.
Milestones set by scripts where Fidel Castro played the suicide bomber role
All you need is paradoxically to get this:
Fidel turning Cuba into the world's only rolling car museum is NEITHER a milestone for illuminati suicide bombers NOR for those among them dressed as communists.
Fidel Castro's Cuba Caddillacs: Why it's NOT an illuminati milestone
A similar and more impacting milestone had already been set before Castro.
The milestone was originally scripted for german illuminazi agent "Lenin".
At the end of the day it would be only set more than 3 decades later by [_ H _ _ _ _ _ _].
Castro's ONLY milestone NOT in the illuminati bomber role: a paradox
[_ H _ _ _ _ _ _] was the illuminati agent who "coincidentally" shared with Fidel Castro and exceptionally also with a non-actor the leading role in the only illuminati milestone where Castro played a major role NOT in the specific bomber role but rather simply as actor.
It was paradoxically the only Castro related illuminati milestone that had BOMBS as one of the two words in the KEYWORD served to the audience.
Cuba: world's only rolling car museum - for dummies
to be continued
Try to guess who [_ H _ _ _ _ _ _] was (as well as the non-actor who also had a leading role) before checking the answer in this act of illuminati theater from Jul 2014, "coincidentally" a parody of the milestone where [_ H _ _ _ _ _ _] shared a leading role with Castro.
In this remake, 5 decades later, the leading role was assigned to the impersonator of murdered Putin.
Castro's milestones in the role of suicide bomber:
Ernesto Che Guevara, a martyr who was not aware of the illuminati
What Last Prophet exposed worldwide first survived in this page archived 2008
For Obama's duration record:
"Osama resurrects in Jerusalem" - why missing Boeing 777 script postponed, modified
Show to end all shows: Introduction: First act was scripted for one year before the last!!
Explanation reads like a chronicle of how illuminati overtime was extended after the original end date, Easter Sunday 2012.
Published days after Easter Sunday 2015
After 1,000 articles in 100 blogs, this was the first and so far only one to include an exclamation mark.
Explanation for Easter Sunday 2016 added together with the second one.


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The Woodhead route provided a link between Sheffield and the Yorkshire coalfield with Manchester and latterly a power station near Widnes. Roughly midway between Sheffield and Manchester the railway plunged through the Pennines via the Woodhead Tunnels. There are three bores in all – the first two used by the Sheffield, Ashton-under Lyne, and Manchester Railway from its opening in 1845. This company combined with other local railways in 1847 to form the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, renamed the Great Central Railway in 1897. The 1923 amalgamations brought it into the LNER and later British Railways. Very heavy coal traffic and relatively heavy passenger traffic was carried from the early years and there were plans in 1936 to electrify the route but these were delayed by World War 2. Over time the old bores had degraded substantially and repairs would have been extremely costly so that the option to dig a single bore for the double track line became the obvious way ahead. The original bores had become seriously damaged by the powerful blast from the steam locomotives and the southern bore was deemed unrepairable.
When World War 2 was over work started on the construction of a single double track tunnel and this was completed in 1955 together with electrification of the route using the then "standard" power at 1500v DC from overhead wires. To operate the line two designs of locomotive were produced at Gorton Works, Manchester, The EM1 class (class 77) was produced to haul the heavy coal trains while the EM2 class 78 would handle the hourly express passenger services. Class 506 emus were produced for the Manchester (Piccadilly) Glossop – Hadfield suburban service.
Traffic was heavy for a good number of years but coal traffic began to fall and it was clear that this would cease in future years. An alternative route between Manchester and Sheffield via the Hope Valley was available and this would be difficult to close because it served several rather isolated villages. The fast passenger service was transferred to the Hope Valley line from 05-01-1970 and the remaining freight traffic soon followed. The Class EM1s were sold to the Netherlands Railways and served out a decent lifespan there. The EM2s needed a costly upgrade if they were to continue in use but this was rejected since it had been decided to convert the Manchester – Hadfield section to 25kV AC (the new standard system) with the Class 506 emus replaced initially by 303s from Glasgow and now by Class 323 emus. The line from Hadfield through the Tunnel was mothballed and in 2007 the tunnels were purchased by the National Grid to provide a route across the Pennines for major cables that was protected from severe weather conditions. This was achieved during the period 2008-12. Redundant track was lifted but much of the line east of the Tunnels remains in use by a daily Rotherham – Stockbridge freight service that serves a rather isolated steel plant.
Today one of the early Woodhead bores is felt to be in very fragile condition and will not be repaired. The other bores are used as a safe route for the cables. Proposals to use the tunnels for motor vehicle traffic as part of the Motorway network have been quietly dropped. There has been occasional mention of a possible suburban service at the Sheffield end but the population has not grown enough and the Sheffield station serving the Woodhead line is poorly located.
Iain Frew


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If you think green stocks are working now, it's nothing compared to what they could do if a Democrat wins the presidency in November.
On Wednesday's Mad Money, Cramer highlighted the environmentally friendly companies that have the best chances to soar under each potential presidential candidate. When it comes to the Democrats, Sen. Hillary Clinton and Sen. Barack Obama are both proposing similar green initiatives that focus on reducing carbon emissions, improving electricity efficiency and promoting renewable fuels and clean energy. So, the question for Mad Money viewers is obvious: Which companies would profit from these proposals?
First Solar , for one. FSLR is already Cramer's favorite solar play and it could get even hotter if a democrat wins because both candidates have plans to subsidize solar (FSLR hasn't needed subsidies, which is why Cramer's such a fan, but that doesn't mean they would hurt). As far as he is concerned, either candidate could call in FSLR soon after they are inaugurated, and he'd want to be in the stock before that.
Finally, the biggest winners under a Democrat are, as far as Cramer's concerned, the stocks that are already working pretty well right now: those in the agriculture complex. Remember, no matter who the next president is, they're going to have to get all their proposals through Congress. It would make sense to count on the companies that already have their hands in the congressional pocketbook to win from this – and that's ag.
For fertilizer, there's the usual suspects of Potash , Agrium and Mosaic . For farm equipment, you have Deere and for seeds there's Dupont and Monsanto . And then don't forget Archer Daniels Midland , the ethanol king that Cramer has been recommending on a pullback -- which has just arrived.
Save nuclear, a Democratic president should be good for just about everything green. But these stocks, in Cramer's view at least, could be the ones that stand to benefit the most from the federal trough.
Questions for Cramer?
Questions, comments, suggestions for the Mad Money website? email@example.com


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Expand to a 6 upright Cage! The Titan X-3 Extension Kit was designed as the ultimate upgrade kit, and to unleash the full capability of your Titan X-3 Power Rack. You can add additional plate storage options with this extension to customize your rack to your workout needs. We currently offer the X-3 Extension Kit in a variety of possible sizes. Choose your depth (10" or 24") and height (90" Regular or 80" Short) for a custom expansion to your Titan T-3 Power Rack.Show More Show Less
- X-3 Extensions Kits are built with 3" x 3" tubing.
- Manufactured with dependable & tough 11 Gauge steel.
- 10" to 24" spacing is perfect for adding extra plate storage options.
- All installation hardware included.
- Titan Laser Cut Logo on top side bracings.
- Overall Height: 90"
- Outside Width: 48"
- Inside Width: 42"
- Inside Depth: 10"
- Overall Weight: 116 LB


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Is Human Activity Primarily Responsible for Global Climate Change?
[Source: https://climatechange.procon.org/]
|Is Human Activity Primarily Responsible for Global Climate Change?
Temperatures on earth have increased approximately 1.8°F since the early 20th century. Over this time period, atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) have notably increased. Both sides in the debate surrounding global climate change agree on these points.
The pro side argues rising levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases are a direct result of human activities such as burning fossil fuels, and that these increases are causing significant and increasingly severe climate changes including global warming, loss of sea ice, sea level rise, stronger storms, and more droughts. They contend that immediate international action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is necessary to prevent dire climate changes.
The con side argues human-generated greenhouse gas emissions are too small to substantially change the earth's climate and that the planet is capable of absorbing those increases. They contend that warming over the 20th century resulted primarily from natural processes such as fluctuations in the sun's heat and ocean currents. They say the theory of human-caused global climate change is based on questionable measurements, faulty climate models, and misleading science. Read more background…
Top Pro & Con Arguments
Overwhelming scientific consensus says human activity is primarily responsible for global climate change. The 2010 Anderegg study found that 97-98% of climate researchers publishing most actively in their field agree that human activity is primarily responsible for global climate change. The study also found that the expertise of researchers unconvinced of human-caused climate change is "substantially below" that of researchers who agree that human activity is primarily responsible for climate change. [7] The 2013 Cook review of 11,944 peer-reviewed studies on climate change found that only 78 studies (0.7%) explicitly rejected the position that humans are responsible for global warming. [1] A separate review of 13,950 peer-reviewed studies on climate change found only 24 that rejected human-caused global warming. [5] A survey by German Scientists Bray and Von Storch found that 83.5% of climate scientists believe human activity is causing "most of recent" global climate change. [172] A separate survey in 2011 also found that 84% of earth, space, atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrological scientists surveyed said that human-induced global warming is occurring. [6]
Rising levels of human-produced gases released into the atmosphere create a greenhouse effect that traps heat and causes global warming. As sunlight hits the earth, some of the warmth is absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (NO2). These gases trap heat and cause the planet to warm through a process called the greenhouse effect. [8] Since 1751 about 337 billion metric tons of CO2 have been released into the atmosphere from the burning of fossil fuels and cement production, [9] increasing atmospheric CO2 from the pre-industrial level of about 280 ppm (parts per million), to a high of 400 ppm in 2013. [10] Methane, which is increasing in the atmosphere due to agriculture and fossil fuel production, traps 84 times as much heat as CO2 for the first 20 years it is in the atmosphere, [11] and is responsible for about one-fifth of global warming since 1750. [12] Nitrous oxide, primarily released through agricultural practices, traps 300 times as much heat as CO2. [13] Over the 20th century, as the concentrations of CO2, CH4, and NO2 increased in the atmosphere, [13] [14] the earth warmed by approximately 1.4°F. [99]
The rise in atmospheric CO2 over the last century was clearly caused by human activity, as it occurred at a rate much faster than natural climate changes could produce. Over the past 650,000 years, atmospheric CO2 levels did not rise above 300 ppm until the mid-20th century. [100] Atmospheric levels of CO2 have risen from about 317 ppm in 1958 to 400 ppm in 2013. [10] CO2 levels are estimated to reach 450 ppm by the year 2040. [15] According to the Scripps Institution of Oceanology, the "extreme speed at which carbon dioxide concentrations are increasing is unprecedented. An increase of 10 parts per million might have needed 1,000 years or more to come to pass during ancient climate change events." [17] Some climate models predict that by the end of the 21st century an additional 5°F-10°F of warming will occur. [16]
The specific type of CO2 that is increasing in earth's atmosphere can be directly connected to human activity. CO2 produced by burning fossil fuels such as oil and coal [18] can be differentiated in the atmosphere from natural CO2 due to its specific isotopic ratio. [101] According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 20th century measurements of CO2 isotope ratios in the atmosphere confirm that rising CO2 levels are the result of human activity, not natural processes such as ocean outgassing, volcanic activity, or release from other "carbon sinks." [102] US greenhouse gas emissions from human activities in 2012 totaled 6.5 million metric tons, [19] which is equivalent to about 78.3 billion shipping containers filled with greenhouse gases. [20]
Average temperatures on earth have increased at a rate far faster than can be explained by natural climate changes. A 2008 study compared data from tree rings, ice cores, and corals over the past millennium with recent temperature records. The study created the famous "hockey stick" graph, showing that the rise in earth's temperature over the preceding decade had occurred at a rate faster than any warming period over the last 1,700 years. [23] In 2012 the Berkeley scientists found that the average temperature of the earth's land increased 2.5°F over 250 years (1750-2000), with 1.5°F of that increase in the last 50 years. [21] Lead researcher Richard A. Muller, PhD, said "it appears likely that essentially all of this increase [in temperature] results from the human emission of greenhouse gases." [22] In 2013, a surface temperature study published in Science found that global warming over the past 100 years has proceeded at a rate faster than at any time in the past 11,300 years. [3] According to the IPCC's 2014 Synthesis Report, human actions are "extremely likely" (95-100% confidence) to have been the main cause of 20th century global warming, and the surface temperature warming since the 1950s is "unprecedented over decades to millennia." [24]
Natural changes in the sun's activity cannot explain 20th century global warming. According to a Dec. 2013 study in Nature Geoscience, the sun has had only a "minor effect" on the Northern Hemisphere climate over the past 1,000 years, and global warming from human-produced greenhouse gases has been the primary cause of climate change since 1900. [26] Another 2013 study found that solar activity could not have contributed to more than 10% of the observed global warming over the 20th century. [27] Measurements in the upper atmosphere from 1979-2009 show the sun's energy has gone up and down in cycles, with no net increase. [28] According to a 2013 IPCC report, there is "high confidence" (8 out of 10 chance) that changes in the sun's radiation could not have caused the increase in the earth's surface temperature from 1986-2008. [29] Although warming is occurring in the lower atmosphere (troposphere), the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) is actually cooling. If the sun were driving global warming, there would be warming in the stratosphere also, not cooling. [103]
Global warming caused by human-produced greenhouse gases is causing the Arctic ice cap to melt at an increasing rate. From 1953–2006, Arctic sea ice declined 7.8% per decade. Between 1979 and 2006, the decline was 9.1% each decade. [105] As of 2014, Arctic sea ice was being lost at a rate of 13.3% per decade. [163] As the Arctic ice cover continues to decrease, the amount of the sun's heat reflected by the ice back into space also decreases. This positive-feedback loop amplifies global warming at a rate even faster than previous climate models had predicted. [30] Some studies predict the Arctic could become nearly ice free sometime between 2020-2060. [164]
Sea levels are rising at an unprecedented rate due to global warming. As human-produced greenhouse gases warm the planet, sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of warming ocean waters as well as melt water from receding glaciers and the polar ice cap. [165] According to the IPCC, there has been a "substantial" human contribution to the global mean sea-level rise since the 1970s, and there is "high confidence" (8 out of 10 chance) that the rate of sea-level rise over the last half century has accelerated faster than it has over the previous 2,000 years. [29] A 2006 study found that "significant acceleration" of sea-level rise occurred from 1870 to 2004. [106] Between 1961 and 2003 global sea levels rose 8 inches. [102] An Oct. 2014 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences concluded that the rate of sea level rise over the past century is unprecedented over the last 6,000 years. [32] [33] A separate Oct. 2014 study said that the global sea level is likely to rise 31 inches by 2100, with a worst case scenario rise of 6 feet. [34] Climate Central predicts that 147 to 216 million people live in areas that will be below sea level or regular flood areas by the end of the century if human-produced greenhouse gas emissions continue at their current rate. [35]
Ocean acidity levels are increasing at an unprecedented rate that can only be explained by human activity. As excess human-produced CO2 in the atmosphere is absorbed by the oceans, the acidity level of the water increases. Acidity levels in the oceans are 25-30% higher than prior to human fossil fuel use. [107] According to a 2014 US Government Accountability Office (GAO) report, oceans have absorbed about 30% of the CO2 emitted by humans over the past 200 years, and ocean acidity could rise approximately 100-200 percent above preindustrial levels by 2100. [36] According to a 2013 report from the World Meteorological Organization, the current acceleration in the rate of ocean acidification "appears unprecedented" over the last 300 million years. [37] High ocean acidity levels threaten marine species, [16] and slows the growth of coral reefs. [38] According to a 2014 report by the Convention on Biological Diversity, "it is now nearly inevitable" that within 50-100 years continued human produced CO2 emissions will increase ocean acidity to levels that "will have widespread impacts, mostly deleterious, on marine organisms and ecosystems." [39]
Ocean temperatures are rising at an unprecedented rate due to global warming, and are causing additional climate changes. The IPCC stated in a 2013 report that due to human-caused global warming, it is "virtually certain" (99-100% probability) that the upper ocean warmed between 1971 and 2010. [29] An Oct. 2014 Nature Climate Change study said that the oceans are the "dominant reservoir of heat uptake in the climate system." [40] A separate Oct. 2014 study found that the oceans absorb more than 90% of the heat generated by human-caused global warming. [41] Since 1970 the upper ocean (above 700 meters) has been warming 24-55% faster than previous studies had predicted. [41] A May 2013 study published in Geophysical Research Letters found that between 1958-2009 the rates of warming in the lower ocean (below 700m) "appear to be unprecedented." [42] According to an Oct. 2013 study, the middle depths of the Pacific Ocean have warmed "15 times faster in the last 60 years than they did during apparent natural warming cycles in the previous 10,000." [43] Warmer ocean waters can harm coral reefs and impact many species including krill, which are vital to the marine food chain and which reproduce significantly less in warmer water. [166] Warming oceans also contribute to sea level rise due to thermal expansion, and warmer ocean waters can add to the intensity of storm systems. [167]
Glaciers are melting at unprecedented rates due to global warming, causing additional climate changes. About a quarter of the globe's glacial loss from 1851-2010, and approximately two thirds of glacial loss between 1991-2010, is attributable directly to global warming caused by human-produced greenhouse gases. [45] According to the National Snow and Ice Data Center, global warming from human-produced greenhouse gases is a primary cause of the "unprecedented" retreat of glaciers around the world since the early 20th century. [44] Since 1980 glaciers worldwide have lost nearly 40 feet (12 meters) in average thickness. [110] According to a 2013 IPCC report, "glaciers have continued to shrink almost worldwide" over the prior two decades, and there is "high confidence" (about an 8 out of 10 chance) that Northern Hemisphere spring snow continues to decrease. [29] If the glaciers forming the Greenland ice sheet were to melt entirely, global sea levels could increase by up to 20 feet. [168] Melting glaciers also change the climate of the surrounding region. With the loss of summer glacial melt water, the temperatures in rivers and lakes increase. According to the US Geological Service, this disruption can include the "extinction of temperature sensitive aquatic species." [169]
Human-caused global warming is changing weather systems and making heat waves and droughts more intense and more frequent. The May 2014 National Climate Assessment report said human-caused climate changes, such as increased heat waves and drought, "are visible in every state." [16] A Sep. 2014 American Meteorological Society study found that human-caused climate change "greatly increased" (up to 10 times) the risk for extreme heat waves in 2013. [46] According to an Aug. 2012 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, there is a "high degree of confidence" that the Texas and Oklahoma heat waves and drought of 2011, and heat waves and drought in Moscow in 2010, "were a consequence of global warming" and that "extreme anomalies" in weather are becoming more common as a direct consequence of human-caused climate change. [47] A 2015 study found that globally, 75% of extremely hot days are attributable to warming caused by human activity. [174]
Dramatic changes in precipitation, such as heavier storms and less snow, are another sign that humans are causing global climate change. As human-produced greenhouse gases heat the planet, increased humidity (water vapor in the atmosphere) results. Water vapor is itself a greenhouse gas. [112] In a process known as a positive feedback loop, more warming causes more humidity which causes even more warming. [113] Higher humidity levels also cause changes in precipitation. According to a 2013 report published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the recorded changes in precipitation over land and oceans "are unlikely to arise purely due to natural climate variability." [48] Higher temperatures from global warming are also causing some mountainous areas to receive rain rather than snow. According to researchers at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, up to 60% of the changes in river flow, winter air temperature, and snow pack in the western United States (1950-1999) were human-induced. [111] Since 1991, heavy precipitation events have been 30% above the 1901-1960 average in the Northeast, Midwest, and upper Great Plains regions. [16] A 2015 study found that global warming caused by human actions has increased extreme precipitation events by 18% across the globe, and that if temperatures continue to rise an increase of 40% can be expected. [174]
Permafrost is melting at unprecedented rates due to global warming, causing further climate changes. According to a 2013 IPCC report there is "high confidence" (about an 8 out of 10 chance) that anthropogenic global warming is causing permafrost, a subsurface layer of frozen soil, to melt in high-latitude regions and in high-elevation regions. [49] As permafrost melts it releases methane, a greenhouse gas that absorbs 84 times more heat than CO2 for the first 20 years it is in the atmosphere, creating even more global warming in a positive feedback loop. [50][51] By the end of the 21st century, warming temperatures in the Arctic will cause a 30%-70% decline in permafrost. [52] According to a 2012 report, as human-caused global warming continues, Arctic air temperatures are expected to increase at twice the global rate, increasing the rate of permafrost melt, changing the local hydrology, and impacting critical habitat for native species and migratory birds. [53] According to the 2014 National Climate Assessment, some climate models suggest that near-surface permafrost will be "lost entirely" from large parts of Alaska by the end of the 21st century. [16]
More than one thousand scientists disagree that human activity is primarily responsible for global climate change. In 2010 Climate Depot released a report featuring more than 1,000 scientists, several of them former UN IPCC scientists, who disagreed that humans are primarily responsible for global climate change. [55] The Cook review [1] of 11,944 peer-reviewed studies found 66.4% of the studies had no stated position on anthropogenic global warming, and while 32.6% of the studies implied or stated that humans are contributing to climate change, only 65 papers (0.5%) explicitly stated "that humans are the primary cause of recent global warming." [54] A 2012 Purdue University survey found that 47% of climatologists challenge the idea that humans are primarily responsible for climate change and instead believe that climate change is caused by an equal combination of humans and the environment (37%), mostly by the environment (5%), or that there's not enough information to say (5%). [173] In 2014 a group of 15 scientists dismissed the US National Climate Assessment as a "masterpiece of marketing," that was "grossly flawed," and called the NCA's assertion of human-caused climate change "NOT true." [56]
Earth's climate has always warmed and cooled, and the 20th century rise in global temperature is within the bounds of natural temperature fluctuations over the past 3,000 years. Although the planet has warmed 1-1.4°F over the 20th century, it is within the +/- 5°F range of the past 3,000 years. [114] A 2003 study by researchers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics found that "many records reveal that the 20th century is probably not the warmest nor a uniquely extreme climatic period of the last millennium." [115] A 2005 study published in Nature found that "high temperatures – similar to those observed in the twentieth century before 1990 – occurred around AD 1000 to 1100" in the Northern Hemisphere. [116] A 2013 study published in Boreas found that summer temperatures during the Roman Empire and Medieval periods were "consistently higher" than temperatures during the 20th century. [59] According to a 2010 study in the Chinese Science Bulletin, the recent global warming period of the 20th century is the result of a natural 21-year temperature oscillation, and will give way to a "new cool period in the 2030s." [74]
Rising levels of atmospheric CO2 do not necessarily cause global warming, which contradicts the core thesis of human-caused climate change. Earth's climate record shows that warming has preceded, not followed, a rise in CO2. According to a 2003 study published in Science, measurements of ice core samples show that over the last four climactic cycles (past 240,000 years), periods of natural global warming preceded global increases in CO2. [117] In 2010 the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences published a study of the earth's climate 460-445 million years ago which found that an intense period of glaciation, not warming, occurred when CO2 levels were 5 times higher than they are today. [4] According to ecologist and former Director of Greenpeace International Patrick Moore, PhD, "there is some correlation, but little evidence, to support a direct causal relationship between CO2 and global temperature through the millennia." [60]
Human-produced CO2 is re-absorbed by oceans, forests, and other "carbon sinks," negating any climate changes. According to a 2011 study published in the Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Science, many climate models that predict additional global warming to occur from CO2 emissions "exaggerate positive feedbacks and even show positive feedbacks when actual feedbacks are negative." [75] About 50% of the CO2 released by the burning of fossil fuels and other human activities has already been re-absorbed by the earth's carbon sinks. [118] From 2002-2011, 26% of human-caused CO2 emissions were absorbed specifically by the world's oceans. [61] A 2010 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences found evidence that forests are increasing their growth rates in response to elevated levels of CO2, [62] which will in turn, lower atmospheric CO2 levels in a negative feedback. According to an Aug. 2012 study in Nature, the rate of global carbon uptake by the earth's carbon sinks, such as its forests and oceans, doubled from 1960-2010 and continues to increase. [64]
CO2 is already saturated in earth's atmosphere, and more CO2, manmade or natural, will have little impact on climate. As CO2 levels in the atmosphere rise, the amount of additional warming caused by the increased concentration becomes less and less pronounced. [65] According to Senate testimony by William Happer, PhD, Professor of Physics at Princeton University, "[a]dditional increments of CO2 will cause relatively less direct warming because we already have so much CO2 in the atmosphere that it has blocked most of the infrared radiation that it can. The technical jargon for this is that the CO2 absorption band is nearly 'saturated' at current CO2 levels." [66] According to the Heartland Institute's 2013 Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report, "it is likely rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations will have little impact on future climate." [67]
Global warming and cooling are primarily caused by fluctuations in the sun's heat (solar forcing), not by human activity. Over the past 10,000 years, solar minima (reduced sun spot activity) have been "accompanied by sharp climate changes." [68] Between 1900 and 2000 solar irradiance increased 0.19%, and correlated with the rise in US surface temperatures over the 20th century. [114] According to a 2007 study published in Energy & Environment, "variations in solar activity and not the burning of fossil fuels are the direct cause of the observed multiyear variations in climatic responses." [69] In a 2012 study by Willie Soon, PhD, Physicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, a strong correlation between solar radiation and temperatures in the Arctic over the past 130 years was identified. [70] According to a 2012 study published in the Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, "up to 70% of the observed post-1850 climate change and warming could be associated to multiple solar cycles." [71]
The rate of global warming has slowed over the last decade even though atmospheric CO2 continues to increase. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recognized a slowdown in global warming over the past 15 years in its 2013 report. [29] According to the Heartland Institute's 2013 NIPCC report, the earth "has not warmed significantly for the past 16 years despite an 8% increase in atmospheric CO2." [67] In Aug. 2014 a study in the Open Journal of Statistics analyzed surface temperature records and satellite measurements of the lower atmosphere and confirmed that this slowdown in global warming has occurred. [72] According to Emeritus Professor of Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Richard Lindzen, PhD, the IPCC's "excuse for the absence of warming over the past 17 years is that the heat is hiding in the deep ocean. However, this is simply an admission that the [climate] models fail to simulate the exchanges of heat between the surface layers and the deeper oceans" [73]
Sea levels have been steadily rising for thousands of years, and the increase has nothing to do with humans. A 2014 report by the Global Warming Policy Foundation found that a slow global sea level rise has been ongoing for the last 10,000 years. [79] When the earth began coming out of the Pleistocene Ice Age 18,000 years ago, sea levels were about 400 feet lower than they are today and have been steadily rising ever since. [60] According to Professor of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Judith Curry, PhD "it is clear that natural variability has dominated sea level rise during the 20th century, with changes in ocean heat content and changes in precipitation patterns." [80] Freeman Dyson, Emeritus Professor of Mathematical Physics and Astrophysics at the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton University, has stated that there is "no evidence" that rising sea levels are due to anthropogenic climate change. [81]
The acidity levels of the oceans are within past natural levels, and the current rise in acidity is a natural fluctuation, not the result of human caused climate change. [120] The pH of average ocean surface water is 8.1 and has only decreased 0.1 since the beginning of the industrial revolution (neutral is pH 7, acid is below pH 7). [121] In 2010 Science published a study of ocean acidity levels over the past 15 million years, finding that the "samples record surface seawater pH values that are within the range observed in the oceans today." [82] Increased atmospheric CO2 absorbed by the oceans results in higher rates of photosynthesis and faster growth of ocean plants and phytoplankton, which increases pH levels keeping the water alkaline, not acidic. [60] According to a 2010 paper by the Science and Public Policy Institute, "our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans." [63]
Predictions of accelerating human-caused climate change are based upon computerized climate models that are inadequate and incorrect. Climate models have been unable to simulate major known features of past climate such as the ice ages or the very warm climates of the Miocene, Eocene, and Cretaceous periods. If models cannot replicate past climate changes they should not be trusted to predict future climate changes. [58] A 2011 Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Science study using observational data rather than computer climate models concluded that "the models are exaggerating climate sensitivity" and overestimate how fast the earth will warm as CO2 levels increase. [75] Two other studies using observational data found that IPCC projections of future global warming are too high. [76] [97] In a 2014 article, climatologist and former NASA scientist Roy Spencer, PhD, concluded that 95% of climate models have "over-forecast the warming trend since 1979." [77] According to Emeritus Professor of Geography at the University of Winnipeg, Tim Ball, PhD, "IPCC computer climate models are the vehicles of deception… [T]hey create the results they are designed to produce." [78]
Glaciers have been growing and receding for thousands of years due to natural causes, not human activity. The IPCC predicted that Himalayan glaciers would likely melt away by 2035, a prediction they disavowed in 2010. [83] In 2014 a study of study of 2,181 Himalayan glaciers from 2000-2011 showed that 86.6% of the glaciers were not receding. [84] According to a 2013 study of ice cores published in Nature Geoscience, the current melting of glaciers in Western Antarctica is due to "atmospheric circulation changes" that have "caused rapid warming over the West Antarctic Ice Sheet" and cannot be directly attributed to human caused climate change. [85] According to one of the study authors, "[i]f we could look back at this region of Antarctica in the 1940s and 1830s, we would find that the regional climate would look a lot like it does today, and I think we also would find the glaciers retreating much as they are today." [86] According to Christian Schlüchter, Professor of Geology at the University of Bern, 4,000 year old tree remains have been found beneath retreating glaciers in the Swiss Alps, indicating that they were previously glacier-free. According to Schlüchter, the current retreat of glaciers in the Alps began in the mid-19th century, before large amounts of human caused CO2 had entered the atmosphere. [87]
Deep ocean currents, not human activity, are a primary driver of natural climate warming and cooling cycles. Changes in ocean currents are primarily responsible for the melting Greenland ice sheet, Arctic sea ice, and Arctic permafrost. Over the 20th century there have been two Arctic warming periods with a cooling period (1940-1970) in between. According to a 2009 study in Geophysical Research Letters, natural shifts in the ocean currents are the major cause of these climate changes, not human-generated greenhouse gases. [124] According to William Gray, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Atmospheric Science at Colorado State University, most of the climate changes over the last century are natural and "due to multi-decadal and multi-century changes in deep global ocean currents." [122] Global cooling from 1940 to the 1970s, and warming from the 1970s to 2008, coincided with fluctuations in ocean currents and cloud cover driven by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) – a naturally occurring rearrangement in atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns. [123] According to a 2014 article by Don Easterbrook, PhD, Professor Emeritus of Geology at Western Washington University, the "PDO cool mode has replaced the warm mode in the Pacific Ocean, virtually assuring us of about 30 years of global cooling, perhaps much deeper than the global cooling from about 1945 to 1977." [88]
Increased hurricane activity and other extreme weather events are a result of natural weather patterns, not human-caused climate change. According to a 2013 report from the Tropical Meteorology Project at Colorado State University, the increase in human-produced CO2 over the past century has had "little or no significant effect" on global tropical cyclone activity. The report further states that specific hurricanes, including Sandy, Ivan, Katrina, Rita, Wilma, and Ike, were not a direct consequence of human-caused global warming. [89] Between 1995-2015 increased hurricane activity (including Katrina) was recorded, however, according to the NOAA, it was not the result of human-induced climate change; it was the result of cyclical tropical cyclone patterns, driven primarily by natural ocean currents. [125] Many types of recorded extreme weather events over the past half-century have actually become less frequent and less severe. [93] Professor of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Judith Curry, PhD, states that she is "unconvinced by any of the arguments that I have seen that attributes a single extreme weather event, a cluster of extreme weather events, or statistics of extreme weather events" to human-caused climate change. [90] Richard Lindzen, PhD, Emeritus Professor of Meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also states that there is a lack of evidence connecting extreme weather events such as hurricanes, tornadoes, droughts, or floods, to human-caused global warming. [92]
Did You Know?
- Global surface air temperature has increased by approximately 1.8°F between 1901 and 2016. According to the federal government's US Global Change Research Program, "it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming." [183]
- A 2013 review of over 11,000 peer-reviewed studies published from 1991-2011 found that 97% of the studies expressing a position on the issue endorsed the idea that humans are causing global warming. [1]
- A 2012 peer-reviewed study found that "up to 70% of the observed post-1850 climate change and warming could be associated to multiple solar cycles." [2]
- A 2013 peer-reviewed study found that global warming over the past 100 years has proceeded at a rate faster than at any time in the past 11,300 years. [3]
- A 2010 peer-reviewed study of the earth's climate 460-445 million years ago found that an intense period of glaciation, not warming, occurred when CO2 levels were 5 times higher than they are today. [4]


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Alexander Tatarnikov (diezelsun) - visual arts
From Teampedia
Revision as of 19:49, 2 September 2015 by FacebookUser173 (Talk | contribs)
Tatarnikov Alexander (1993) - artist, founder of a new direction in art, participant educational projects healthy youth. In their speeches, teachers and students, he said that should be good to develop today's youth, because it affects the future of the planet. The theme of the poster is very popular and it is associated with religion, the cosmos and the ancient scriptures.
- [philwiki.net/20thcenturycontinental/index.php/Tatarnikov_Alexander_(diezel_sun)]
- [www.wikiscientist.org/wiki/Alexander_Tatarnikov_(diezel_sun)])


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The Harvey Homes Group provides bespoke homes for discerning purchasers across South Manchester and the North West The business was co-founded by Thomas Harvey-Ratcliffe and his father, Nicholas Harvey-Ratcliffe, a Chartered Surveyor and specialist in land acquisition and planning.
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These traditionally built homes offer the best of spacious country living yet only a short distance from Knutsford Town.


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Did you know October is National Plan A Cruise Month?
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