text:
M3T-MR100/4 Real-time OS for R32C/100 Series
This product is a real-time operating system (RTOS) conforming to the μITRON 4.0-specification, the predominant RTOS for embedded systems in Japan. Its compact resources, outstanding real-time features, and many service calls are suited for an embedded system with real-time ability and multi-tasking functions. In addition, its affinity for the Renesas C compiler package and the configurator which automatically generates startup files will help you greatly reduce development time and get to market faster.
- TRON Forum holds the copyright on the μITRON Specification.
- TRON, ITRON, and μITRON do not refer to any specific product or products.
Release Information
Latest Ver.: V.1.01 Release 00
Released: May 16, 2009
Details of upgrade (See Tool News)
- Conforms to industry standard μITRON 4.0 specifications
The μITRON arranges and standardizes the ITRON specifications for embedded systems. M3T-MR100/4 conforms to the μITRON 4.0 specifications, and provides service calls suitable for R32C/100 Series MCU functions.
- Compact size for ROM
The M3T-MR100/4 kernel is provided in library format. You can link only the functions you need at the time of system generation and minimize application software size.
- Fast interrupt response
For application requiring fast interrupt response time, M3T-MR100/4 is designed to realize fast response to an interrupt which does not issue a system call.
- C and Assembly user interfaces
Using the C Compiler Package for R32C Series provides the following functions :
- Kernel direct call
The M3T-MR100/4 kernel can be called without the C interface library. This function reduces code size and speeds up execution time.
*Some service calls uses C language interface
- Simplified coding tasks and handlers
Start functions of a task or handler can be specified in the C source file, allowing start and termination processing optimization.
- Context selection function
A register to be saved at task-switching can be specified. This function eliminates unnecessary register saving, reduces stack usage, and offers improved execution speed.
- Kernel direct call
- Renesas IDE, High-performance Embedded Workshop, supported
From the Renesas integrated development environment "High-performance Embedded Workshop" (included in the C compiler package for R32C Series) screen, OS-embedded applications can be developed using common operations of the Renesas MCU toolchain.
- Easy configuration on GUI
Using the combination of GUI configurator and cfg100 configurator based command line lets you automatically generate start-up programs that rely on development products by just creating a simple definition file (configuration file), and so on. You can easily and reliably process parts specially suited to the product.
The M3T-MR100/4 kernel consists of the following modules. Each module is provided by functions (service calls) .
- Scheduler
Manages execution sequence of multiple tasks based on their priority levels.
- Task management
Manages task status such as RUNNING, READY, WAITING or SUSPENDED.
- Task-dependent synchronization
Changes task status from other task, and synchronizes tasks.
- Interrupt processing
Returns from an interrupt handler, enables/disables an interrupt for each task, and so on.
- Time management
Sets system timer used by M3T-MR100/4 kernel and starts user-defined alarm handler and cyclic handler.
- System State Management
Reports information such as version number of M3T-MR100/4 kernel.
- State management
Modifies and refers system status.
- Synchronization/communication
Carries out synchronization and communication between tasks. The following function modules are available:
- Event flag
Tasks are synchronized by the status of flags managed by the kernel.
- Semaphore
Tasks are synchronized by the semaphore counter value managed by the kernel.
- Mail box
Tasks are synchronized by sending or recieving a message.
- Data queue
Tasks are synchronized by communicating 4-byte data.
- Event flag
- Extended Synchronization/Communication
Carries out synchronization and communication between tasks. The following function modules are available:
- Message buffer
Makes use of variable-length data communication to synchronize tasks.
- Mutex
Makes use of priority ceiling protocol for avoiding priority inversion to synchronize tasks.
- Message buffer
- Memory pool management
Dynamically allocates/frees memory area used by tasks. Enables efficient use of memory.
- Cyclic handler function
Controlls the execution of a handler activated periodically.
- Alarm handler function
Controlls the execution of a handler activated at the specified relative-time.
|Target MCU
|R32C/100 Series
|Max. number of tasks
|Number of priority levels
|Max. number of eventflags
|Width of an eventflag
|32 bits
|Max. number of semaphores
|Type of semaphores
|Counter type
|Max. number of mail boxes
|Max. number of data queue
|Data queue size
|32 bits (16 bits is supported as extended function.)
|Max. number of message buffer
|Max. number of mutex
|Max. number of priority ceiling
|Max. number of fixed-length memorypools
|Max. number of variable-length memorypools
|Max. number of cyclic handler
|Max. number of alarm handler
|Number of service call
|Kernel language
|Assembly language, C language
(Time takes for a target task to be executed after the wup_tas is issued.)
|9 microseconds (R32C/111, 48MHz)
|Kernel code size
|Approximately 3K to 21K bytes
|Kernel RAM usage per task
|Data: 17 bytes
Stack: 8 bytes
Components of Evaluation License Package
|Kernel library
|Kernel library source files
|Not included. (* Included with Mass-production License Package)
|mr100tbl, mrecho
|Default configuration file
|C interface library
|C interface library source file and makefile
|21 files
|C language include file
|itron.h, kernel.h, kernel_api.h
|Sample start-up program
|[For C language] crt0mr.a30
[For assembly language] start.a30
|Sample Section definition file
|[For C language] c_sec.inc
[For assembly language] asm_sec.inc
|System RAM area definition database file
|Table database file
|Include database file
|M3T-MR100/4 version file
|Sample program
|demo.c, smp.cfg
Components of Mass-production License Package
(1) With source code
- Components of Evaluation License Package
- Mass production rights (For details, see the License Agreement.)
- M3T-MR100/4 kernel libraries (mr100.lib) source files
(2) No source code
- Components of Evaluation License Package
- Mass production rights (For details, see the License Agreement.)
Processing Flow
Information supporting development tools
|My Renesas
|Create a My Renesas account to use our tool download services,
receive e-newsletter/update notifications, and take advantage of our other services.
|Information for studying and learning about microcontrollers and microprocessors.
|Frequently asked questions and useful hints for development.
|A forum and community site to share technical information,
questions and opinions with others who use Renesas MCU's.
|Tool News
|Tool release information and other important information.
|Operating Environment
|Information on system requirements and operating environment for the latest
version of tools.
|Info on Discontinued Products
|A list of Renesas software and tools that have been discontinued and
are no longer being offered for new projects.


text:
There is something very reassuring about traditional children's nightwear that is made without a smidgen of polyester. Throw in a cute retro print too and you are onto a winner.
This classic nightie from Ella James is made from 100% cotton and has a lovely loose fit. The nightie is available in sizes from 1-7 years and features cute little figures, reminiscent of Ladybird reading books.
The nightie is priced from £20 and can be bought from Not On The High Street.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Sollievo dal Dolore- Pain Relief Blend
Pain Relief
Sollievo Muscolare means muscle relief and that is exactly what this blend does. We sell it as a stock blend so you can easily blend into your favorite carrier. We have used this blend for years with great success with both our massage clients and our aromatherapy consultations.
Sollievo Muscolare is available with or without Wintergreen essential oil. If you have an aspirin sensitivity or are taking any kind of blood thinning medication DO NOT get the wintergreen.
- Plai (Central)
- Cornmint
- Clove Stem
- Black Pepper
- Eucalyptus citriodora
- Wintergreen (optional)


text: 265 Arctic Yearbook 2014 income from new activities could create a complex synergy. These may not be equally beneficial in money terms, but can be seen as combinations of different cultural practices. Ammassalik district is one of the country's poorest, and the base for hunting and fishing, and fish purchasing capacity is inadequate to effectively support the district's existence. This is a major reason why a part of the population is dependent on social transfers. Interviews carried out in the local community by the engineering students indicated that they see a fruitful connection between their interest in working at the mine and the establishment of a proper settlement at Kangerlussuaq, including space and institutions that gives way to family life and may also provide work for women and have space for children. In this case the rich marine resources might bring other opportunities even though a closing of the mining endeavour could reduce the size of the settlement. There is also a desire for the work to be organized with normal operating hours, allowing time for family and leisure, which is typically spent on hunting and fishing. In this context, there is a desire for flexibility, allowing for holidays or other forms of free time in the periods where this is e.g. narwhal catch, is something that cannot be planned and predicted in the longer term. Very often the life span of a mining process is planned to be short. However, if mining is organized as a slightly less intensive and lengthy process, it seems possible to establish a settlement of about 200 inhabitants. Engaging with the strategies of mining companies it might be possible to offer alternatives to a very fast extraction e.g. in relation to the investments and risks involved. Different scales m


text:
B.H.A.L.D.I. (Balloon-based High ALtitude Digital Imagery) is a group of Twin Cities parents and kids interested in sending cameras and other data-capturing equipment to near space and back using weather balloons, parachutes, and Styrofoam coolers. Our first launch was on Halloween 2010 when we successfully sent 2 balloons and cooler payload to near space and back, capturing over 3,000 images (including the image in the header of this page) and hours of HD video.
The BHALDI Team also is interested in pursuing other science and engineering projects, and is looking forward to expanding BHALDI to projects outside of weather balloons and high-altitude image and data gathering. Stay tuned.


text:
Traditional media companies should see Google as a friend willing to help them take advantage of online opportunities, and not as an enemy that competes with them.
So said David Eun, Google's vice president of content partnerships, at the Bear Stearns Media Conference on Monday.
Fears that Google will morph into a media company that produces content are completely unfounded, he said, responding to questions from a Bear Stearns analyst. "That's absolutely not the case for us," Eun said during the presentation, which was webcast.
This has been a common complaint from a wide variety of media companies worldwide that argue that Google has built its fortune by indexing their content and using it to power its massively profitable search engine advertising business.
But Eun argued that media companies -- such as newspaper, magazine and book publishers, as well as movie and TV producers -- should view Google as a partner that can help them transition their businesses to the Web and assist them with distribution, promotion and "increasingly, monetization."
One media company that remains resoundingly unconvinced of this is Viacom, which is suing Google for US$1 billion over what it calls massive copyright infringement on Google's YouTube video sharing site.
Google continues to believe the lawsuit is without merit. "We think that the lawsuit is a mistake. It's an attack on the Internet and on innovation in the Internet," Eun said.
Describing Google as "a huge supporter of copyright" that has thousands of partnerships with content owners, Eun said about 70 media companies are testing YouTube's tool for identifying copyright videos uploaded without permission. The tool, called Video Identification, has been in development at Google for more than a year and went into testing in October.
The tool will give copyright owners options for what to do if YouTube flags one of their videos for uploading without permission, Eun said. For example, the owner could have YouTube bring the clip down or it could turn the upload into "a monetization opportunity, a promotion opportunity," Eun said, without offering details of how that could be done.
He encouraged copyright owners to see uploaders of their content as ardent fans that can be dealt with in other ways besides punishing them. "How can you channel this energy and this enthusiasm for your content in a Web 2.0, very positive way?" he asked.


text:
Wednesday, March 19, 2014
8:00 p.m.
Rabbi Miri Gold
Rabbi Gold was the third woman to be ordained as a Reform rabbi in Israel, and the first non-orthodox rabbi to be recognized by the government of Israel. Join us as she looks at the future of progressive Judaism in the State of Israel.
Dessert reception sponsored by Sisterhood. Also sponsored by Arza Canada and Israel Committee.
Recent Posts
I am looking forward to hearing Rabbi Miri Gold update us on Gender equality in Israel. Should be an informative and interesting evening.


text:
The original idea to have the third party bodily injury and death (TPBID) section taken off the current motor insurance policy coverage and place them under the New Company (NewCo) is now no longer a good one. This idea is aka "third party motor cover framework" – rather baffling to me as the real reason for this proposal is to take away the bad TPBID portion from the existing policy framework, not, I repeat, not about restructuring the third party motor cover! "The whole proposed framework is about segregating the TPBID from the current established Motor Insurance coverage!"
Also do bear in mind this supposedly NewCo is to be largely funded by the government with both the Conventional non-life insurers and General Takaful Opertors taking a share of this NewCo.
After much hoo-haa.. especially with the Bar Council's bashing session of this proposed insurance policy framework, things had finally died down. As at end-May 2010, a total of 125 respondents had submitted their feedback via email, memoranda or letters to editors of national newspapers. Feedback was received from members of the public, consumer, transport, and business associations, political parties, Members of Parliament, the Bar Council and lawyers, insurers and insurance agents.
We can simply sum up those feedbacks from the perspectives of "public concerns" as follow:
|Delays in claims settlement – from claims for property damage against a third party to fighting it out in courts over who is the negligent party and to what extent the person is liable. Dispute over quantum is also rampant until someone just need to give way!
Premium in respect of third party insurance too high: Premium should be based on past performance of drivers not penalising a cross section of the public for losses created by a few
|Generally most can accept a cap on the TPBID claim quantum per claimant basis but it should be much more higher than the RM2 million proposed
Peoples are worried about the funding and the costs that the government is going to incur for setting up this NewCo – some viewed this as another form of subsidy. What if the amount spent was proven not adequate subsequently? Injecting more fund is going to be obvious?
What makes BNM thinks that they are more capable to handling the escalating or runaway TPBID costs where the insurers failed because premium cannot be increased beyond the fixed threshold?
|There were some arguments for the adoption of No-Fault Liability scheme while others felt this adoption is certain to push more losses into the insurance system which would mean increasing costs, thence rising premium.
|Denying third party claimants' rights to dispute the claim to the courts. BNM and the insurance industry were seen by the Bar Council as trying to change the rule of engagement – severely affecting their rice bowl; and for parties not satisfied with the settlement quantum, they may have limited or no recourse except to follow the scale of compensation.
Going through and digesting those feedback, I just can't help but have to accept the fact that this exercise is really of no help to getting the proposed framework forward. The framework is being tossed forward, backward, to and fro – going nowhere! Moreover most of the feedback are from people who have personal agenda in this subject matter – some may be from the legal fraternity, some were from the claims handling fraternity, the journalists and so on…..
What is the real problem here?
This crux of the problem is really in the reason(s) for doing so…. the WHY and WHAT's IN IT FOR ME factors.
|The objectives of carrying our the proposed third party insurance framework were uncleared… at least to the majority of the public. For most time the people driving this proposed framework were too engrossed in presenting the issues of third party insurance and the framework is all about third party insurance, which the public is finding it difficult to buy at reasonable premium, especially if the vehicle is more than 15 years.
|When the WHYs and the WHAT's in it for us factors were never accorded with clarity at the outset, so how is it that the public able to acquire some proper understanding of the matter?
The Bar council saw the proposal as breaking their rice bowls especially for those who are very much involved with motor insurance claims; the journalists interpreted the whole affair as something that is mind-boggling – when insurance companies are still making money from motor insurance, thus, what's the heck do we all need to have such a mind-boggling exercise! Certainly the insurance fraternity felt the industry should be given a chance to go it out on their own if the Bank Negara will just remove the ceiling limit to the loading on the basic premium for sector that should have contributed more to the premium pool.
Well… the public only saw the big fuss was all about the increasing premium being applied to their commercial vehicles and third party insurances. Of course they took the opportunity to stress on the ever problematic claim practices; mostly don't make them happy at all not to mention their ever suspicious of what's transpiring in between workshop, adjuster and claims handlers! Or even bad insurer(s) that would find all sorts of way not to pay a claim.
Then…. you do have a segment of the claims handling fraternity with direct involvement in third party bodily injury claims, losing their job overnight if this becomes a reality! Of course they viewed this proposal as absurd!
From what I have written above it is not difficult to visualise why we are NOT arriving at the objectives. We were too focused getting at the HOW and the WHAT TO DO…. treating the whole issue as if the insuring public and the third party service providers FACELESS! "We must always bear in mind, any objectives that need to be achieved must be of people-centrix, meeting expectation of the stakeholders otherwise whatever the proposal there is, it is doomed to fail from the word GO!"
For most times we had overly focused on how to derive a fool-proof concept to make the proposed framework working. We have gone forward towards the technical and the legal specs for the whole framework…. so much so…. we ended up losing sight of the very fact that this change is supposed to be for the benefits of the public at large, and most if not all stakeholders would not lose out in the process.
But then what were those objectives in as far as the insuring public is concerned? Perhaps this question is best left for those in the driving-seat committee to answer.
Copyright secured by Digiprove © 2010


text:
Roberto Mancini has hit back at the critics who claim he will be sacked if Manchester City lose to Leeds in the FA Cup.
Former City defender Danny Mills claims Mancini could be gone within days if the Blues are defeated at the Etihad on Sunday.
City are 12 points off the the pace in the title race and the FA Cup represents their last realistic chance of silverware.
Mancini has dismissed such talk and mocked the likes of Mills, who won nothing with City.
"Who are these many people saying this?" said the City boss. "They are former players who won a lot of trophies in the club's history!
"We started our project three years ago and in three years, we are at the top, fighting for the title.
"We have won three trophies and we have another chance of a trophy this season.
"When these people talk about these things, they don't understand football because if Manchester City should sack me, then the other 19 teams in the Premier League should also have new managers.
"I don't know why these people say these things and they are not important."
Mancini will rest Joe Hart against Leeds and he also says Gareth Barry and Vincent Kompany are unlikely to figure.


text:
Book Review - How Hard Can Love Be?
17th May 2018
The second title in the Spinster Club Series, How Hard Can Love Be? sees Amber travel to California to spend the summer with her mum and stepdad Kevin. But it isn't just a family visit, Kevin and her mum run a summer camp, and Amber gets the pleasure of spending her summer in the company of lots of sugar-hyped, screaming children.
Amber has high expectations for her summer, and can't wait to be reunited with her estranged mother who she hasn't seen for two years. But her dreams of an idyllic reunion are short-lived and her mum seems more like a stranger than a mother. Amber is full of questions about why her mum left, and why she hasn't wanted to see her before now, but her mum is completely on the defensive, and her stepdad 'Bumface' Kevin clearly doesn't want her around.
But there are some benefits to Bumface Kevin's summer camp. Amber quickly makes friends with Winnie the Pooh obsessive Whinnie, Prom King Kyle and Jacob-from-Twilight lookalike Russ. And in spite of missing her fellow spinster club members Lottie and Evie, Whinnie seems to make a solid replacement, and is definitely preferable to cheerleader Melody and her lack of clothing. And Kyle, is well, Kyle, the perfect American gentleman, as well as being ridiculously good looking.
When the children arrive, all chaos breaks loose, and any hope Amber had of spending time with her mum is rapidly dwindling. And the more time she spends with her new friends, the less time she wants to spend with her mum and Bumface Kevin, who seem to come as a package deal.
And then there's Kyle. Amber's mum warns her that everyone forms strong bonds with Kyle, and Amber is desperate not to become another statistic, but there's something different about Kyle. He gets her when her mum doesn't. Knows what she needs when her mum doesn't. And he's always there for her when her mum definitely isn't. But what's the point of starting something when she's only in America for the summer? And why lay her heart on the line for Kyle when he'd never be interested in a girl like her anyway?
How Hard Can Love Be? is the perfect second instalment to the Spinster Club series. It has the welcome familiarity of the much-loved characters from Am I Normal Yet? and the fun of being introduced to a new cast too. Amber is a fantastic narrator and any fans of her from the first novel will relish spending more time with her in this one. How Hard Can Love Be? is the perfect mix of romance, friendship and adventure and any YA reader will be sure to devour it.
Tags:book review


text:
For upstart businesses, bigger isn't necessarily better.
I talk to small business owners every day about their challenges, and many of them – especially those on a solid growth path – tell me they struggle at times with operational efficiency.
They've built a successful business around a solid idea, and the customers have followed. Now they realize there's more to the story – and more work to be done.
These companies have overcome challenges, including distribution and scale, by adding people, enlarging their physical space or investing in better technology.
This is a logical and practical approach.
But starting and running a business is tricky, and if you aren't also carefully evaluating issues that impact efficiency, more people, more space and better technology may not be the solution.
In fact, a better strategy might be doing the opposite of what you think is logical.
"Always start with the process."
I'm reminded of a famous observation from Bill Gates: "The first rule of any technology used in a business," he said, "is that automation applied to an efficient operation will magnify the efficiency. The second is that automation applied to an inefficient operation will magnify the inefficiency."
[Also on Longitudes: Leveraging a Small-Business Mindset for Long-Term Success]
You may not need to expand your warehouse or move to a new space just yet. You might be focused on the wrong end of the issue.
As this diagram from UPS Customer Solutions shows, more employees and better technology will not compensate for a subpar process.
In fact, things could get worse. Always start with the process.
I work with a group of engineers who help businesses optimize their warehouses.
They do so by sharing the same insight and methodology used to build and optimize many of the systems and processes that have made UPS one of the world's most efficiently run companies.
Here are some of the bigger pieces of the puzzle they consider when engaging our clients.
Inventory Turns
We consistently find that an additional inventory turn or two can mean hundreds of thousands of dollars annually to the bottom line.
This is a huge task, but not a simple one to address. It requires careful consideration of a number of issues including:
Methods, Measurements and Metrics
Establishing the key factors to measure and developing a reliable way to measure them is a way of moving from guessing to knowing.
How many lines per hour can you process in receiving? How about pick-pack-ship? What are the trends?
"By remembering the small things, you'll be ready. "
Often the measure of a good day is just "getting it all out the door."
But without the ability to accurately measure productivity in your operations, keeping pace with growing demand will continue to be a challenge.
[Also on Longitudes: 7 Small Business Tips from Movies]
Inventory Slotting
At first glance, this seems like a fairly obvious place to look. Just make sure the fastest moving items are closest to the shipping and packing station, right?
But when you plot the travel path of order pickers in your operation, how much sense does it make? Does that path mostly have straight lines? Or lines that resemble a plate of spaghetti?
Less travel distance means less time spent pulling orders. A thorough analysis can provide the opportunity for dramatic improvement.
Are You Ready?
Though it's not as flashy as your latest marketing initiative, improving warehouse layout and throughput, or implementing the 3Ms – methods, measurements and metrics – is a great opportunity to reduce the cost of goods sold, a huge factor in serving all those existing and new customers this year and beyond.
Too many businesses have failed because they lost sight of these seemingly incremental improvements.
By remembering the small things, and not getting overly consumed by tent-pole goals, you can rest easier knowing that if you build it, customers will come – and you'll actually be ready.
Every morning, wake up to the blog that gives you the latest trends shaping tomorrow.
Click the RSS icon to subscribe to future articles by this author.
We welcome the re-use, republication, and distribution of our content – just as long as you credit us. So we ask that you insert the following tagline when you use our content:
Reprinted with permission of Longitudes, the UPS blog devoted to the trends shaping the global economy.


text:
Recent Posts
- Active Travel (2)
- agm (1)
- Community (109)
- CoronaVirus (7)
- Drainage (2)
- Dublin Airport (2)
- Environment (36)
- Events (1)
- Footpaths (6)
- General (52)
- Heritage (13)
- Housing (3)
- Monthly Notes & Newsletter (24)
- Pedestrians (6)
- Planning (12)
- Policing (3)
- Refuse (4)
- Roads (23)
- Shuttle (2)
- Tidy Towns (18)
- Transport (26)
- Uncategorized (20)
- Walks (2)
- Water Supply (22)
- Youth (5)
Tag Archives: malahide
Free workshops towards a Better World
A number of free environment friendly workshops are being run by the Baldoyle Forum from April through to June covering topics such as reducing your carbon footprint, multiculturalism to eating from the wild. You will find the full details here. … Continue reading
Posted in Community, Environment, General Tagged bees, community, environment, malahide
Malahide Programme of Works 2017
We have been notified of Fingal County Council's Programme of Works 2017 for Malahide. Over €510,000 will be spent in the upcoming year on restoration and improvement works for the Malahide area. 2017 Restoration Improvement Works – Roads R124 Church … Continue reading
Casino Update
At a Fingal County Council Area Committee meeting in December, County Architect Fionnuala May presented updated proposals for the Casino development on foot of the results of the public consultation. Extra floor space will be provided versus the original proposal which … Continue reading
Posted in Community, Heritage Tagged Casino, fry model railway, malahide, malahide casino
Consultation today | New Runway | 24 October
The DAA is currently progressing the North Runway at Dublin Airport. DAA has also commenced a parallel process to change two planning conditions attached to the delivery of the North Runway. As part of that process, they held a series … Continue reading
Posted in Community, Environment, Transport Tagged Dublin Airport, malahide, malahide community forum, new dublin runway, new runway dublin airport
Tidy Towns Gold Medal for Malahide
Congratulations to all the Malahide Tidy Towns team for all their wonderful work in helping to make Malahide such a pleasant town to live in. Malahide retained its gold medal this year! Read the full report here or visit the … Continue reading
Posted in Community, Tidy Towns Tagged gold medal, malahide, tidy towns
Public Meeting | New Runway Dublin Airport | 5 October
F.O.R.U.M – Fingal Organised Residents United Movement – is holding a public meeting on Wednesday, 5th October in Portmarnock Sports & Leisure Centre (PSLC) at 8pm. The meeting will discuss the recent proposals by the Dept. of Transport and the … Continue reading
Posted in Community, Transport Tagged Dublin Airport, malahide, new runway dublin airport
Water Outage – Tues 9 August – 10:00-16:00
Fingal County Council have notified that there will be a planned water outage in Malahide and Portmarnock, Tuesday 09th August 2016 between 10am to 4pm (approx.) to facilitate essential maintenance.
Posted in Water Supply Tagged Fingal county Council, malahide, Water
Fingal Public Participation Network Update & Dates for Your Diary
Fingal Public Participation Network, or Fingal PPN, is the framework for Public Engagement and Participation with Fingal County Council – it is an important mechanism for having your voice heard and influencing policy. We've included the upcoming meeting dates here … Continue reading
Posted in Community, General Tagged fingal community, Fingal PPN, fingal public participation network, malahide
New Runway Community Meeting | Tuesday, 26 July 8pm
The Portmarnock Community Association runway subcommittee will hold a meeting in the Ambassador Board Room of the Grand Hotel at 8.00PM this evening , Tuesday 26th July, in relation to the new runway proposed at Dublin Airport. All are welcome. The … Continue reading
Posted in Community, Environment, Transport Tagged Dublin Airport, malahide, malahide community forum, new runway, runway


text:
LOS ANGELES — The Sharks are going down to the wire in their series with the Los Angeles Kings, and coach Todd McLellan could not have been clearer in his thoughts on the goal that started the downhill slide in a 4-1 loss Monday night.
"We got cheated," McLellan said. "Simple as that."
The goal by Kings forward Justin Williams at 11:56 of the third period of a 1-1 game came on a play that the Sharks thought should have been blown dead because goalie Alex Stalock covered the puck. It was reviewed, but the call on the ice stood.
"I was told you could see the puck laying behind his feet the whole time and that's why the whistle didn't go," McLellan said. "But it was pretty clear if you look at it afterward."
Now the Sharks face the possibility of becoming only the fourth NHL team to lose a playoff series after taking the first three games. And the fact San Jose won the first two by a combined 13-5 margin only makes that development more puzzling.
The disputed goal by Williams was the first of three during a span of 2:46 that quickly ended any San Jose thoughts of forcing overtime. It was Williams' second of the night, with Kings center Anze Kopitar potting the next two to spoil what had been a strong first playoff start for Stalock.
The Sharks' only goal of the night was a second-period deflection by James Sheppard, as Jonathan Quick made 25 saves for the win.
Stalock got his first start in net after coming in each of the previous two games in relief of struggling Antti Niemi. McLellan said he thought Stalock played well and "has a shot to play Game 7."
That wasn't the only lineup change for the Sharks. Matt Irwin replaced injured defenseman Marc-Edouard Vlasic, who was hurt Game 5 after a hit by Kings forward Jarret Stoll that resulted in a roughing penalty. McLellan also inserted forward Marty Havlat into the series for the first time, replacing Mike Brown.
The game turned into the one both coaches have been predicting all along — tight-checking and — until the Kings' goal explosion in the third period — low scoring.
For the fifth consecutive game, the Kings got on the scoreboard first, when defenseman Drew Doughty carried the puck deep down the left sideboards and fired a cross-crease pass to an unchecked Williams for an easy tap-in at 5:39 of the first period.
In the second period, the Sharks power play had three chances to tie the game — including a 1:38 stretch with a two-man advantage — but failed.
Just 32 seconds after their final power play expired, however, San Jose did get on the scoreboard when Justin Braun launched a shot from the right point that Sheppard tipped past Quick at 12:26, ending a San Jose scoring drought at 100:50.
That's where the score stayed until just after the midway point of the third period on the disputed play that started when Kings defenseman Robyn Regehr tossed the puck at the net from the left sideboards.
"I thought everybody in the building saw that it was an innocent shot from the side that ended up getting tipped in front and went between my legs," Stalock said. "From there, it was I guess lying behind my skates. They pushed it into the net, and it was a good goal."
Kopitar scored on an odd-man-rush at 13:27 and added his second 75 seconds later.
"At that point with seven minutes left, you open it up a little bit," McLellan said. "Two, three shifts later we're caught pinching, we give up an outnumbered rush, and it's not completely over but gloomy. They're a tough team to play against when they have the lead. You open it up and they make you pay for it."
At that point, emotions boiled over, with Logan Couture challenging Kings forward Mike Richards to a fight and a scrum developing after that centered on Joe Thornton and Quick. Before it was over, the Sharks received three 10-minute misconducts and the Kings got two.
The Sharks tried to take some comfort in the fact Game 7 will be played at the SAP Center on Wednesday night.
"We play 82 games to have home ice in this situation," Thornton said. "We'd like to have won tonight, and I thought we played well until that one goal we thought should have been disallowed. We go home and it's a huge game."


text:
You are here
The black white and grey of hacking
IN the words of one of Michael Jackson's biggest hits, "it don't matter if you're black or white". But when it comes to the clandestine, off-grid world of hacking, the distinction between the two is vital. And it does seem to come down to a case of good versus evil in a cyber attack - extremely clever computer geeks nobly fending off attacks from other extremely clever computer geeks maliciously working to take down a system, sabotage a company, steal your life. Where do they draw the line?
Hackers fall into two main camps, working on opposite sides of the law: white hats and black hats. More formally, white hats are known as ethical hackers or penetration testers. They are employed to deliberately do what black hat hackers do, except that they do it with the full knowledge of the company in order to test its cyber defences, reinforce weak points and seal unlocked windows.
White hats today are increasingly sought after - and well rewarded - by corporations seeking added protection to secure sensitive data. As attacks grow more sophisticated and frequent, even with firewalls and antivirus software in place, the need to be able to fight cyber crime is beginning to sink in.
According to the Symantec Internet Security Threat Report April 2017, more than 357 million malware variants were released by attackers globally in 2016. The report added that the average number of identities stolen per breach in 2016 jumped to almost one million - the highest average of the last three years.
In May this year, the WannaCry malware-based attack was unleashed worldwide in a devastating infection that affected about 500 Singapore IP addresses in Singapore. A month later came The notPetya malware, which was reported to have cost Global pharma giant Merck US$135 million in revenue.
Your feedback is important to us
Tell us what you think. Email us at email@example.com
Daryl Pereira, head of cyber security, KPMG in Singapore, tells The Business Times that demand for penetration testers is growing by the day and it is seen across both government agencies and private sectors.
"They're in demand because they have a unique skill set to improve the cyber security of companies. The profession is maturing. The sectors under attack are also those that are demanding more cyber security professionals," he says.
In the last 12 to 18 months, the team has seen a rise in one particular type of malware known as ransomware. Mr Pereira points to several reasons why such attacks are becoming more successful. Attackers are now allowing payment of the ransom by bitcoin, and more individuals or companies targeted are choosing to pay the ransom rather than risk losing their data. The rise of malware-based attacks is also linked to the use of e-mail as the delivery mechanism (called the attack vector), and malware lurking in websites that many people visit regularly, such as free streaming sites or pornography.
"The majority of malware/ransomware attacks can be prevented if organisations follow basic security hygiene like patch management, keeping their antivirus updated, backup and recovery processes, (and) perform regular vulnerability assessments. In the case of WannaCry and notPetya ransomware attacks… Microsoft released a patch two months before (the) WannaCry attack, and if organisations had patched their Microsoft systems on time, the ransomware attacks could have been prevented," he says.
Elizabeth Tan, consultant, information & cyber security/governance, risk & compliance, technology, Robert Walters Singapore, sees that there will be increased hiring in cyber security over the next six to eighteen months.
"Organisations are being more proactive in ensuring that they will be well-prepared in the event of a cyber attack. Thus, more organisations are hiring security operations centre teams, and vulnerability assessment and penetration testing (also known as ethical hackers) teams."
Hackers are getting better too. Henry (not his real name), an ethical hacker from KPMG, observes that the technical skills of the interns he manages are getting better compared to previous years.
"When we hire ethical hackers, we give them one hour to (find) as many vulnerabilities as they can. We see that they have the capabilities…to get their hands dirty with the testing," he says.
A look at who's hiring white hats shows the banking sector is the most concerned - and the most targeted. Robert Walters' Ms Tan says the bulk of recruitment for penetration testers in Singapore tend to come from the financial sector, with firms within pharmaceutical, logistics and transportation sectors "starting to pay increased attention to information security and how they can improve their security posture".
KPMG's Mr Pereira sees the same trend: about 30-40 per cent of the work done for clients by his penetration testing team concerns the banking sector. Clients will hire the team once or twice a year to execute all kinds of vulnerability assessment and penetration testing hacks.
"What (black hats) are really going after is your personal data. When you think about banks, you think hackers want to steal money but what they're really trying to steal is your identity.
"Healthcare companies don't have as strong protection as banks do but the kind of data they have is very similar to what you have in a bank. Healthcare data is more rich because it has (a record) of your diseases and the things you've been treated for. I could steal that and blackmail you," he says.
What's also disconcerting is the fact that about 30 to 40 per cent of attacks are caused by insiders. So a company's disgruntled staff could "open the backdoor and let the bad people in".
"Cyber attackers are all agnostic. They go where the money is and where the weak defences are," Mr Pereira says.
This is why user IDs of a company's top management are under much higher protection. If information vital to the business or financial health of a company is leaked to its rivals, the public, or short-sellers, the resulting bad press and inevitable plunge in share price will do considerable damage.
According to the 2017 Data Breach Investigations Report by Verizon, 24 per cent of breaches around the world affected financial organisations and 15 per cent involved the healthcare sector. Other breaches came from public sector entities, and retail and accommodation. The study added that 25 per cent of breaches involved internal actors.
Yet what is being spent on cyber security is nowhere near enough, consultants say. "IT (spending) ranges anywhere from 5 to 20 per cent of total revenue of most companies. In general, what we found is of the 5 to 20 per cent of full revenue, security forms only about 5 per cent. Therein lies part of the problem (of) insufficient investment. What should be happening is that total spending for security should be about 1 to 5 per cent of your total budget," Mr Pereira explains.
He adds that companies tend to budget their spending based on how exposed they think the business is to cyber attacks, but clients generally do not know how much to spend.
Research and advisory firm Gartner Inc found that worldwide spending on information security is expected to reach US$90 billion this year, an increase of 7.6 per cent over 2016, and will hit US$113 billion by 2020. Spending on enhancing detection and response capabilities is expected to be a key priority for security buyers through 2020.
Picking the locks
In the cyber security business, penetration testing is the last stage of preparing for a cyber attack. Ethical hackers are like "burglars you hire to pick the lock" to see if the systems can be broken into.
Since it is the last stage of the testing process, KPMG's Henry says that a big challenge facing penetration testers is that clients push the security tests to the last minute, leaving the team little time to find vulnerabilities. "We're always short of time whereas hackers out there have all the time in the world to test, to break into it, but in real life, we have a very short amount of time," he says. The testing process can stretch between a few days to three weeks.
Mr Pereira says: "If it's a live system, it's done during off-peak (hours). For example, for a bank's Internet banking website, we will do that when there're less customers. In case we actually manage to hack too hard and crash the system, there's limited impact to the client.
"To catch a crook, you've got to think like a crook so one of the key traits is that they've got to be equally cunning."
Intriguingly, a lot of the "best catchers" come from Central Asia like Kazakhstan, Eastern Europe like Bulgaria, Romania, Poland, Russia, and even South Iran and Israel, says Mr Pereira. Many good candidates have also emerged from China, North Korea and the US.
While there are no official statistics on white hats in Singapore, according to the Infocomm Media Development Authority, about 3,700 were hired in cybersecurity job roles as at June 2016. In a report by PwC on Singapore's cybersecurity industry outlook, an estimated 2,500-4,500 were employed full-time in cybersecurity jobs in 2015. The numbers are projected to grow between 4,400-7,900 by 2020.
KPMG's Mr Pereira says that there are about 80 staff in the cyber security team at KPMG and approximately 15 are penetration testers. He would not disclose if they were full-time employees.
According to information on the CREST website, there are 26 companies listed, including Cisco and Ernst & Young, that provide penetration testing services in Singapore. CREST represents the technical information security industry that certifies the processes and procedures of member organisations.
Robert Walters' Ms Tan says the majority of the penetration testers that the firm works with tend to be males aged between 24 and 35.
Depending on the industries they come from, salaries start at around S$4,000 per month, Ms Tan says. Those with five years of experience usually draw from S$7,000 to S$10,000 a month. And candidates with over eight years of experience can command anywhere between S$10,000 and S$12,000 monthly.
Wages for candidates in a cyber security role also tend to be slightly higher compared to someone in another IT-related role. On average, Robert Walters has seen a 10-15 per cent increment on base salaries in the last couple of years when IT candidates move on to another company.
For cyber security candidates, however, increments are north of 20 per cent. Ms Tan says that this is due to cyber security as a "candidate-short market" and the nature of the work in this field is niche. Some clients also consider hiring white hats from overseas due to the shortage here, she says.
"However, it is important to note that not all candidates stay within the vulnerability assessment and penetration testing route. We have noticed candidates moving into different workstreams within information security as a natural progression after a few years," she said.
What does it take? For a start, a background strong in mathematics, computer science and programming is the minimum. Candidates with Specialised certifications such as CREST, Offensive Security Wireless Professional, Offensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP), Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH), will also command a premium. In fact, the CEH, one of the oldest certifications which goes back 20 years, is no longer considered good enough because passing the examination has become a breeze.
From trusted to turncoat
In an industry where vast amounts of information and knowhow are concentrated in the hands of a few, the moral waters are easily muddied. One major issue that has emerged from educating a growing pool of ethical hackers is the - maybe inevitable - birth of individuals who will abuse the knowledge for personal gain.
"Teaching students to hack in effect gives them a global knowledge of how to hack into computer systems with the help of subject matter experts," wrote one study by the Geethanjali College of Engineering and Technology in India, published by the International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research in 2013.
As the line between white and black is so fine, the switch from one to the other is not difficult, but the transition is, more often than not, towards the dark side. In some cases, an overlap of intentions gives rise to what are called grey hats.
Mr Pereira says: "The white hats have a code of ethics. They (draw) a lower pay and lack fame and glory in the hacker community. The black hats clearly want to make money, be famous, notorious, (and) like causing harm and chaos. They get a kick out of that.
"The grey hats are complicated. They're people who have not decided what their moral code is. Maybe they don't want to be evil but they want to be rich and so sometimes, they will bend their morals."
Mr Pereira explains that sometimes, grey hats don't do it for profit but instead see what they do as a service, although not through authorised means. "The problem is that (out of) 20 vulnerabilities, he might give 10 to the client and sell the other 10 to the black hats for them to exploit," he adds.
Recounting an experience with a previous intern working in the firm, Mr Pereira and his team found a potential black hat as the techniques he talked about "are not what we do in the white hat community".
"We watched him for another week before we packed him off. He bragged to the rest of the team that he hacked into the computer network in his school and changed his grades to A+," he said.
As the grey areas in the hackosphere are many, ethical dilemmas spring up. What does a security specialist do, for instance, if he discovers elements of fraud in the company that is paying him to protect them? How should we view hackers acting as agents for watchdog organisations? Are they white knights or have they gone dark?
In the future, the Cyber Security Agency (CSA), set up by the Singapore government in April 2015, is looking to license the provision of penetration testing and managed security operations centre services. "The proposed licensing framework aims to help provide greater assurance of safety and security to consumers of cybersecurity services, address information asymmetry in the industry and provide for improving the standards of cybersecurity service providers and professionals," a press statement said in July.
The reality is that cyber crime can only grow in an increasingly connected, increasingly online world. It seems that the white hats will always be fighting a losing battle. But not all is lost when it comes to upholding the law.
"The people on the good side of the law tend to be outnumbered by the baddies. Do we give up? No," Mr Pereira says.
As it turns out, it does matter if you're black or white.
BT is now on Telegram!
For daily updates on weekdays and specially selected content for the weekend. Subscribe to t.me/BizTimes


text:
A buddleia for autumn
I feel a bit like Johnny Appleseed with this one. I have planted it wherever I have gardened in the past 10 years!
We should be very grateful to the few, dedicated, individuals who breed new shrubs. Most of the novel hardy shrubs that appear in garden centres are variegated or naturally occurring mutations that just happen to appear when a shrub is propagated by the thousand or million. Breeding new shrubs from seed is a long term business and as well as time you need a lot of space to grow on all those seedlings to flowering size to see which, if any, are worthy of naming and introducing. Because of the long time scale and the fact that a certain genus may not be popular in ten or 20 years, there is a lot of risk involved.
So it is to his great credit that Peter Moore of Longstock Gardens has produced some of the most important 'new' shrubs in recent years including the choisyas 'Aztec Pearl', 'Goldfingers' and 'White Dazzler' and sarcococca 'Winter Gem'. He has also concentrated on buddleias.
You may think that there are enough buddleias around but most are hybrids of B. davidii and these pose a problem. While conservationists get their knickers in a twist over the idea that a cotoneaster might seed itself into the wild or Himalayan balsam might spread into a river bank, anyone that likes bees and butterflies (and who doesn't) is encouraged to plant buddleias. Now apart from the fact that buddleias supply nectar for the adult butterflies and do nothing to encourage the necessary (but ugly) caterpillars, B. davidii is an invasive thug. When I was a kid and explored the North Downs, bare patches of chalky soil that were thick with wild orchids were shaded out by thickets of self-seeded buddleias. There cannot be an urban chimney or old shed that doesn't have at least one buddleia clinging on and any scrap of wasteland is soon a forest of buddleia seedlings.
So what Peter has tried to do is produce sterile buddleias as well as using different species. These sterile plants are not just better because they will not seed everywhere, they give him a commercial advantage because in the USA buddleias are getting a bad name for themselves because they are so invasive.
So, finally, we come to buddleia 'Silver Anniversary' ('Morning Mist'). This sterile hybrid is the result of an inspired cross between the cream-flowered, South African B. loricata and the Himalayan, mauve flowered B. crispa. Neither is the hardiest plant in the world but 'Silver Anniversary' combines creamy flowers with attractive, felted, silvery leaves. The flowers are also sweetly fragrant and they are produced from summer right through to winter if the weather is kind.
As the silver leaves suggest, this is a plant for full sun and it is best in well drained, even droughty soil. Because of its looks and its requirements, it is ideal in a sunny raised bed with large herbs, alstroemerias, agapanthus, cistus and other sun lovers. Jut t0 be awkward, I have it with roses 'Oranges and Lemons'!
The flowers are produced on the new shoots so pruning should be done in spring. You do not have to be quite as vicious as you are with B. davidii, and pruning too hard slows the plant down a bit too much. If you have a cold garden this would be best against a sunny wall and because it is compact and rarely much more than 1m high it would make a nice potted plant that you could bring into the conservatory in late autumn so you can enjoy the perfume.
Geoff's rating
Garden rating


text:
PBS: NOVA "DECODING NEANDERTHALS" (complete episode): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tevSkylmvXk
NEANDERTHAL LECTURE HANDOUT and NOTES
1. Gorillas
2. Orangutans
3. Chimpanzees
4. Bonobos
5. HOMININS: All human species
Neanderthals, Denisovans, and Homo sapiens (modern humans) are all considered to have descended from Homo heidelbergensis who appeared around 700 to 800 thousand years ago in Africa. Between 300,000 and 400,000 years ago a group of Homo heidelbergensis migrated into Europe and West Asia via yet unknown routes and eventually evolved into Neanderthals. Archaeological sites exist in Spain, Italy, France, England, Germany, Hungary and Greece. Another Homo heidelbergensis group ventured eastwards into continental Asia, eventually developing into Denisovans. The African Homo heidelbergensis population (which evolved into Homo sapiens approximately 200 thousand years) migrated into Europe and Asia in a second wave at some point between 125,000 and 60,000 years ago.
Homo sapiens move into Europe not just from Africa but from Asia between 40 and 50 thousand years ago.
1. Sophisticated Tool-making
The Levallois technique is a name given by archaeologists to a distinctive type of stone knapping developed by precursors to modern humans during the Paleolithic period. It is named after nineteenth century finds of flint tools in the Levallois-Perret suburb of Paris, France. The technique was more sophisticated than earlier methods of lithic reduction, involving the striking of flakes from a prepared core. A striking platform is formed at one end and then the core's edges are trimmed by flaking off pieces around the outline of the intended flake. This creates a domed shape on the side of the core, known as a tortoise core as the various scars and rounded form are reminiscent of a tortoise's shell. When the striking platform is finally hit, a flake separates from the core with a distinctive plano-convex profile and with all of its edges sharpened by the earlier trimming work. This method provides much greater control over the size and shape of the final flake which would then be employed as a scraper or knife although the technique could also be adapted to produce projectile points known as Levallois points.
Morphometrics (from Greek "morphé", meaning 'shape' or 'form', and "metría", meaning 'measurement') or morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of form, a concept that encompasses size and shape.
2. Did Neanderthals invent the world's first industrial process? (from PBS's NOVA website)
At some archeological sites, the Neanderthals subjected sticky substances to an elaborate process. Birch bark contains a tacky resin known as pitch that is impossible to extract simply by tapping into the tree, as with pinesap or maple syrup. Instead, the pitch must be separated from the bark by a process known as dry distillation. Chemists have discovered that distilling pitch from birch bark requires an oxygen-free environment and sustained temperatures of over 650° F. How could Neanderthals, with their Stone Age technology, have produced such conditions? If they really did master this complex process, it is hard to resist the conclusion that they must have had language and a sophisticated ability to think and plan ahead.
Evidence indicates that they successfully developed such a technique. The first discovery was made in 1963 at Kínigsaue, in then-East Germany. This was the site of an ancient lakeside hunting camp, from which Neanderthals had hunted now extinct Ice Age creatures such as mammoth and woolly rhino as well as red deer, horses, and reindeer. Two small, hardened lumps of black material were found during the dig, one bearing a fingerprint and the other the impression of a wooden haft or handle.
In 2001, the lumps were dated to at least 40,000 years ago and were shown to have the chemical signature of birch bark pitch produced by the dry distillation process. Much older evidence was found at the Campitello quarry in central Italy. Here, the remains of an extinct elephant lay close to two large lumps of black pitch, which covered the end of two stone flakes crafted in a typical Neanderthal style. The Campitello find dates back over 200,000 years, a remarkably early origin for this complex process. A third Neanderthal site at Inden-Altdorf, overlooking the Inde River in Germany and dating to around 128,000 to 115,000 years ago, features more than 80 stone tools flecked with black material, but the chemical analysis indicating that this was distilled pitch requires further confirmation.
But the archaeologists at Inden-Altdorf found an important clue: upon analyzing the pitch smeared on Neanderthal tools at the site, they detected traces of potassium, sulfur, and calcium, evidence that the material had been directly exposed to fire and ash during its manufacture. After some practical experiments, the team proposed that the Neanderthals had invented the following procedure: first, wrap a long strip of birch bark around a small pebble so that it forms a cigar-shaped roll. Next, dig a narrow pit, then set light to one end of the roll and place the burning end at the bottom of the pit. In the confined space at the bottom of the pit, the smoldering bark quickly uses up oxygen and causes the pitch to "sweat," or condense, out of the roll of bark onto the surface of the pebble. While still hot, the pitch is a sticky liquid that can be used immediately as glue.
Simple though it sounds in theory, the technique is highly challenging in practice. Procuring pitch today with Stone Age methods obviously calls for careful attention and considerable skill and judgment. Too low a temperature, and the bark fails to produce any pitch; too high, and the bark becomes hard and brittle; with too much oxygen, the bark burns up. As the experimental tests have shown, the temperature of the fire must be constantly monitored in varying wind conditions, the birch bark must be buried correctly with oxygen excluded and removed from the fire at the right time. Archaeologist Wil Roebroeks, who witnessed Palmer's NOVA experiment, comments that its failure underscores the complexity of the process, which "goes to show that they [the Neanderthals] were very capable pyrotechnologists. We're still learning how they did it a quarter of a million years ago."
Roebroeks adds that the significance of the Neanderthal pitches should not be overblown. "After all, they were produced by hunter-gatherers who survived in western Eurasia for hundreds of thousands of years in a wide variety of environments, successfully exploiting a wide range of mammals and other resources...That they discovered a trick or two which we are unable to reproduce nowadays should not come as a surprise—unless of course one assumes that they were 'complete idiots,' lacking the flexibility and learning capacities of other primates."
While Roebroeks warns about making too much of the glue finds, for other archaeologists, the mere fact that Neanderthals could make multi-part tools and weapons argues that they were capable of planning in depth, coordinating several tasks at once, and conceptualizing past and future. No single category of evidence can decide the case for the status of the Neanderthal mind, but the intriguing story of birch bark pitch joins a growing list of discoveries that indicate we may have underestimated the closeness of our bond with our long-vanished relatives from the Ice Age.
a. Broca's area (or the Broca area) is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominin brain with functions linked to speech production.
b. An endocast is the internal cast of a hollow object, often specifically used for endocasts of the cranial vault. They compliment the use of MRI's and CAT scans to determine the shape and function of the brain within a skull.
a. FOXP2 (Forkhead box protein P2) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the FOXP2 gene and is required for proper development of speech and language.
b. Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Passed from parents to offspring, DNA contains the specific instructions that make each type of living creature unique. Segments of DNA that pass on these instructions are called genes.
FACT: Genes are segments of DNA. The twisted double backbone of the DNA "ladder is connected with four nitrogen-bas molecules that form rungs of the ladder. Those four molecules are ALWAYS connected C to G and A to T.
FACT: DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a very long, thin molecule that is in the nucleus of most of our body's cells. It is constructed like a ladder (also called a double helix). Each rung on the ladder consists of two smaller molecules and all the rungs are spaced apart equally. Although each rung has only two molecules, there are only four different kinds of molecules used in the rungs, so each rung has two of four different kinds of molecules. There are approximately 3,000,000,000 rungs on the DNA ladder.
Each one of the rungs on the DNA ladder is like a letter on the page of a book - it means something in combination with the other rungs. Taken together the rungs are a language and they describe various things, one of which is the chemical formulas for approximately 90,000 proteins and enzymes that are essential to our body:
"The human genome contains approximately 3 billion of these base pairs, which reside in the 23 pairs of chromosomes within the nucleus of all our cells. Each chromosome contains hundreds to thousands of genes, which carry the instructions for making proteins. Each of the estimated 30,000 genes in the human genome makes an average of three proteins." (The Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions (National Human Genome Research Institute, 2010): HTTPS://WWW.GENOME.GOV/11006943
Imagine that 3 billion Aces, 3 billion Kings, 3 billion Queens and 3 billion Jacks are all arranged in thousands of different groups. If these cards were arranged in groups of four in one long line that is four cards thick and 3 billion cards long, the line of cards would circle the world approximately 6 times.
c. Hybridization: When our Homo sapiens ancestors first migrated out of Africa around 50,000 years ago, they were not alone. At that time, at least two other species of hominin cousins walked the Eurasian landmass—Neanderthals and Denisovans. As our modern human ancestors migrated through Eurasia, they encountered the Neanderthals and interbred. Because of this, a small amount of Neanderthal DNA was introduced into the modern human gene pool. Everyone living outside of Africa today has a small amount of Neanderthal in them, carried as a living relic of these ancient encounters. A team of scientists comparing the full genomes of the two species concluded that most Europeans and Asians have between 1 to 4 percent Neanderthal DNA. Indigenous sub-Saharan Africans have no Neanderthal DNA because their ancestors did not migrate through Eurasia.
An engraving found at a cave in Gibraltar may be the most compelling evidence yet for Neanderthal art. The pattern, which bears a passing resemblance to the grid for a game of noughts and crosses, was inscribed on a rock at the back of Gorham's Cave.
Mounting evidence suggests Neanderthals were not the brutes they were characterized as decades ago. But art, a high expression of abstract thought, was long considered to be the exclusive preserve of our own species. The scattered candidates for artistic expression by Neanderthals have not met with universal acceptance. However, the geometric pattern identified in Gibraltar, on the southern tip of Europe, was uncovered beneath undisturbed sediments that have also yielded Neanderthal tools. Details of the discovery by an international team of researchers has been published in the journal PNAS.
There is now ample evidence that Neanderthal intellectual abilities may have been underestimated. Recent finds suggest they intentionally buried their dead, adorned themselves with feathers, painted their bodies with black and red pigments, and consumed a more varied diet than had previously been supposed. One of the study's authors, Prof Clive Finlayson, director of the Gibraltar Museum, said the latest find "brings the Neanderthals closer to us, yet again".
Today, the sea is a short distance away, but when the cave was first inhabited, the shore was several kilometres away. Previous candidates for Neanderthal cave art exist, including motifs from caves in northern and southern Spain. Possible jewelry has been found at a site in central France, and there are even claims Neanderthals were responsible for an early musical instrument - a bone "flute" found at Divje Babe in Slovenia.
These proposed flickerings of abstract thought among our ancient relatives have all proven controversial. But the authors of the PNAS study went to great lengths to demonstrate the intentional nature of the Gorham's Cave design. In order to understand how the markings were made, experimental grooves were made using different tools and cutting actions on blocks of dolomite rock similar to the one at Gorham's cave. The method that best matched the engraving was one in which a pointed tool or cutting edge was carefully and repeatedly inserted into an existing groove and passed along in the same direction. This, the authors argue, would appear to rule out an accidental origin for the design, such as cutting meat or fur on top of the rock.
"[Dolomite] is a very hard rock, so it requires a lot of effort to produce the lines," he told BBC News. The archaeologist estimates that the full engraving would have required 200-300 strokes with a stone cutting tool, taking at least an hour to create. "If you did it in a single session, you would most probably injure your hand, unless you cover your tool with a piece of skin," he said.
Prof d'Errico explained that the rock was in a very visible location in the cave and that the engraving would have stood out to any visitors.
"It does not necessarily mean that it is symbolic - in the sense that it represents something else - but it was done on purpose," he said.
Clive Finlayson said team members deliberately avoided speculation in their scientific paper as they wanted it to be a "watertight" description of the discovery. But, he explained: "One intriguing aspect is that the engraving is at the point in the cave where the cave's orientation changes by 90 degrees. "It's almost like Clapham Junction, like it's showing an intersection. I'm speculating, but it does make you wonder whether it has something to do with mapping, or saying: 'This is where you are'."
Prof d'Errico added: "It's in a fixed location so, for example, it could be something to indicate to other Neanderthals visiting the cave that somebody was already using it, or that there was a group that owned that cave."
The researchers also carried out an analysis of the likely position of the person when they were making the engraving, and whether it was likely to have been made by a left- or right-hander, but they have decided not to publish these results for the time being.
The engraving was first spotted in July 2012 by Francisco Giles Pacheco, an eagle-eyed team member who is director of the Archaeological Museum of El Puerto Santa Maria, Spain.
Sediments covering the engraving have previously yielded stone tools made in the Mousterian style, which is considered diagnostic of Neanderthals. However, other researchers note that such artefacts turn up in North Africa, where there is no trace of habitation by Neanderthals. They have previously reasoned that if Homo sapiens made the Mousterian tools in Africa, they might also be responsible for the ones in Gibraltar.
Some 28km of sea separates Gibraltar from the coast of North Africa, and if you look south from the Rock on a clear day, it's hard to miss Jebel Musa - part of Morocco's Rif mountains - rising above the horizon. However, Prof Finlayson says there is no evidence that modern humans made the crossing until much later. In addition, he points out, Mousterian tools are associated with Neanderthal skeletal remains at the Devil's Tower site in Gibraltar.
Another possibility is that Neanderthals were imitating the behaviour of modern humans they'd come into contact with. While Homo sapiens was in Europe by around 45,000 years ago, Prof Finlayson says the moderns reached southern Iberia later than some other regions, casting doubt on the copycat idea.
But Dr Matt Pope, a Palaeolithic archaeologist at University College London, who was not involved with the latest study, was less convinced.
"The engravings do appear intentional and it's hard to easily envisage a purely functional explanation for them. Consequently it's useful to consider these structured scratches as deriving from abstract or symbolic thought," he told BBC News.
"But linking them directly to Neanderthal populations, or proving Neanderthals made them without any contact with modern humans is harder. The dates presented here are indirect, referring to material from within sediments covering the engravings and not the marks themselves.
"Given the dates also span a period when we know modern humans have reached Europe, a period where we have unresolved 'transitional' archaeological evidence difficult to attribute to either population, I'd be cautious in accepting Neanderthal authorship."
He added: "Certainly, the Gibraltar team have provided another piece of compelling, important evidence which will help bring this period into sharper focus and under deeper scrutiny." © Paul Ricon, Science Editor, BBC News, http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-28967746
Hypotheses on the fate of the Neanderthals include a failure or inability to adapt to climate change, competitive exclusion, or extinction by encroaching anatomically modern humans, who arrived in Europe long after Neanderthals had settled there. Neanderthal hybridization with early modern human populations is also considered a viable hypothesis. Some interbreeding took place in western Asia about 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, as evidenced by 1 to 4 percent of the material of genomes carried by non-African people living today.
Regionally developed ecotypes (such as European Homo neanderthalensis) can be threatened with extinction when new alleles or genes (such as those of Homo sapiens) are introduced to alter that ecotype. This is sometimes called genetic mixing. An allele is a variant form of a gene. Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are located at the genetic locus on a chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms because they have two alleles at
each genetic locus, with one allele inherited from each parent. A locus (plural loci), in genetics, is the specific location or position of a gene on a chromosome. Each chromosome carries many genes; humans' estimated coding genes are 20,000—25,000, on the 23 different chromosome pairs.
Hybridization and introgression of new genetic material can lead to the replacement of local genotypes if the hybrids are more fit and have breeding advantages over the indigenous ecotype or species. These hybridization events can result from the introduction of non native genotypes by humans or through habitat modification, bringing previously isolated species into contact. Genetic mixing can be especially detrimental for rare species in isolated habitats, ultimately affecting the population to such a degree that none of the originally genetically distinct population remains.
Scientists have discovered a novel receptor, which allows the immune system of modern humans to recognize dangerous invaders, and subsequently elicits an immune response. The blueprint for this advantageous structure was in addition identified in the genome of Neanderthals, hinting at its origin. The presence of this receptor in Europeans but its absence in early humans suggests that it was inherited from Neanderthals.
Neanderthals probably lived many hundreds of thousands of years in Europe during which time they developed the HLA receptor that provided them with immunity against many pathogens. This means that different to our ancestors from Africa, the Neanderthals which were resident in Europe, carried this receptor on their immune cells. That was a "distinct evolutionary advantage," says an immunobiologist from the University of Bonn, who presumes that we modern humans in Europe owe this advantageous receptor to the Neanderthals.
Neanderthals and other extinct humans like the Denisovans might have endowed some of us with the robust immune systems we enjoy today, scientists now find. These genetic gifts might have helped our species as we expanded out of Africa, investigators added. Although we modern humans are the only surviving members of our lineage, others once roamed the Earth, including familiar Neanderthals and the newfound Denisovans, who lived in what is now Siberia. Genetic analysis of fossils of these extinct lineages has revealed they once interbred with our ancestors, with recent estimates suggesting that Neanderthal DNA made up 1 percent to 4 percent of modern Eurasian genomes and Denisovan DNA made up 4 percent to 6 percent of modern Melanesian genomes.
(Bottom line: When we examine ancient DNA from Africa, samples LACK the HLA receptors; when we examine samples from Europe and Asia, they contain the HLA receptor—probably inherited from Neanderthals and Denisovans (who also interbred with each other most likely.)


text:
Anyhoo, I wound up having an excellent shopping day on Saturday. Mom and I went to Kohl's with a 30% off everything coupon and I found all the undies & socks that I needed, plus several shirts and a cardigan (I sang "It's a beautiful day in the neighborhood" when I tried it on). Thanks to the sales prices and the 30% off coupon, I wound up saving more than I spent. Indeed, I wound up saving 58% on my purchases. Woohoo! (My advice, never buy anything at Kohl's that's not on sale...)
Once my fall wardrobe was loaded in the car, we picked dad up and had lunch at LeDoux's (good cajun food). We all ordered po'boys (mine was shrimp, mom's crabcake, and dad's catfish) and had some hush puppies as well. Then on to Piqua to Jo-Ann's for curtain rods.
With the new window installed in my house, I needed (or rather, mother suggested that I buy) new curtain rods. Thankfully, Jo-Ann's was having a sale on curtain rods. I picked out a style that I liked and got 4 - one for the main window, the other 3 for the other living room windows. I also picked up 3 pillar candles that smelled lovely (and were also on sale).
Mother spotted a sign that said that Sat & Sun were Teacher Appreciation Days at Jo-Ann's. So I looked around my wallet for anything that would prove I was a teacher. And yay, I had my NSTA card! The cashier accepted that as evidence and gave me 20% off the order, plus a free tote and a 15% off card to be used throughout the year. So I continued my savings spree, this time saving 52% off of original prices. Nice. (I appreciate stores that appreciate teachers!)
Home Depot & the Evil Empire didn't have mahoosive sale prices etc for me. But I picked up several supplies at both places before returning my parental units to their house. I stayed for a nice supper of chicken salad, corn on the cob, and peach shortcake. Yum!
I spent time on Sunday sorting through my current wardrobe and removing things that were wearing (or worn) out. I've also put several t-shirts into long term storage since I own far too many t-shirts (no thanks to shirt.woot.com!) But now I think I'm sartorially ready for school!


text:
3 Danger Signs to Watch for in Bear Country
Campsite signs
Scratch marks in a fire pit, garbage at the site, or nearby scat mean the area's bruins might have learned to associate campers with food. Avoid problem bears by pitching your tent elsewhere.
In late summer and early fall, bears are out gorging on berries and nuts during the day. Avoid surprising them by clapping or singing near dense thickets, especially if you're downwind.
Runny, hairy, and smelly droppings indicate a bear is eating meat, which might mean a carcass (which a bear would defend) lies nearby. Leave the area.


text:
Banana Bread
Now you can get Nood and go bananas at the same time! I'm the banana bread bar that tastes great (if I do say so myself), and I'm full of whole foods (unlike some of those sneaky others). I'm not complicated with added nasties you don't need, I'm simply dates, nuts, oats, banana, raisins, plus a hint of natural vanilla flavour.
Health Star Rating
The Health Star Rating (HSR) of a product is based on a calculation that considers the amount of energy, saturated fat, sugars, protein and fibre present in a food, along with the fruit, vegetable, nuts and legume content.
Click here for more information about the Health Star Rating program
So the star thing on the front (go on, have a look), That's the Health Star Rating. It's a government led initiative, rating foods from ½ star up to 5 stars, based on their nutritional value. For more info hit www.Sanitarium.com.au/Health-Star-Rating
Dates (35%), nuts (26%) (cashews, walnuts), oats (16%), banana (11%), raisins (10%), natural vanilla flavour.
Contains cashews, walnuts, and cereals including gluten. May contain other tree nuts. May contain pit pieces.
Related Products
Our Claims
- Zero Added Sugar
- Simply-Pressed, Not Baked
- No Artificial Colours or Flavours
- No Preservatives
Nutrition Information (Average)
Serving Size: 35 g Servings Per Pack: 1 (bar), 4 (box)
- PER SERVEPER 100g
Energy (kJ)6231780
Energy (Cal)149426
Protein (g)2.98.3
Fat, Total (g)5.014.4
Saturated Fat (g)0.82.2
Carbohydrate, Total (g)21.762.0
Sugars (g)12.736.2
Dietary Fibre2.26.4
Sodium (mg)4.010.0


text:
Jacking In: Remembering "The Matrix" on its 20th Anniversary
"The Matrix managed to outdo Star Wars in terms of truly reshaping the zeitgeist mere months before George Lucas' first prequel was supposed to roar into theaters and show everyone how big budget sci-fi is supposed to work." — Zaki Hasan, co-author of Geek Wisdom: The Sacred Teachings of Nerd Culture
The Digital Bits and History, Legacy & Showmanship are pleased to present this retrospective commemorating the 20th anniversary of the release of The Matrix, the popular, franchise-inspiring action/sci-fi/cyberpunk adventure starring Keanu Reeves (Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure, John Wick) and highlighted by Academy Award-winning editing, sound effects editing, sound, and visual effects.
Directed by The Wachowskis (Bound, Speed Racer), produced by Joel Silver (Die Hard, Lethal Weapon) and co-starring Laurence Fishburne (Boyz n the Hood, What's Love Got to Do with It), Carrie-Anne Moss (Memento, Disturbia), Hugo Weaving (V for Vendetta, The Lord of the Rings), and Joe Pantoliano (Midnight Run, The Fugitive), The Matrix introduced moviegoers to Bullet Time and featured the music of Deftones, Marilyn Manson, Prodigy, Rage Against the Machine, Rammstein, and Rob Zombie. [Read on here...]


text:
The distinctive exterior has a full glass front fascia, French doors to the lounge and dining areas and feature lighting – perfect for park settings, allowing the outside in!
Inside, vaulted ceilings create a bright and spacious feel and contemporary interior design, alongside a colour scheme of fresh natural tones, come together to form the perfect holiday environment.
A clever layout in the open-plan living space incorporates a fully fitted contemporary-styled, ivory gloss kitchen, dining area with Lyon Oak extending dining table and lounge with a comfortable sofa and armchairs; everything needed for guests to relax in comfort and style.
The generous master bedroom has a dressing area and en-suite, and the second bedroom, with twin beds, is conveniently positioned next to the stylish shower room.
Now available with an impressive Roof Terrace, the Kingfisher is a lodge with a view! With a feature outside staircase, the spacious upper terrace can easily fit two sun loungers, as well as a table and chairs – simply sit back and enjoy the view!
Living Space
Bedrooms & Bathrooms
|45' x 20'
|Bathroom & en-suite shower
|40' x 20'
|Bathroom & en-suite bath
The minimum size for this model is 36' x 20' and the maximum size is 65' x 22'. Prices available on request.


text:
Lien of a pledge
- • Uniform Commercial Code
(1) The Uniform Commercial Code does not apply to the creation, perfection, priority or enforcement of a lien of a pledge made by a state agency or the State Treasurer.
(2) When authorized by law to secure obligations with property of the State of Oregon, a state agency, or the State Treasurer acting under the State Treasurer's own authority or on behalf of a state agency with the approval of the state agency, may pledge all or a portion of the property as security for payment of the obligations and for performance of a covenant or agreement entered into in relation to the issuance of the obligations.
(3) The lien created by a pledge described in subsection (2) of this section is valid and binding from the time the pledge is made. Pledged property is subject immediately to the lien of the pledge without physical delivery, filing or any other act.
(4) Except as otherwise expressly provided in an operative document, the lien of the pledge is superior to and has priority over all other claims and liens of any kind.
(5) When property subject to a pledge is acquired by the State of Oregon after the pledge is made:
(a) The property is subject to the lien upon acquisition by the State of Oregon without physical delivery, filing or any other act; and
(b) The lien relates back to the time the pledge was originally made.
(6)(a) The State Treasurer, or the related agency, may reserve the right to pledge property as security for a subsequently issued obligation.
(b) If the State Treasurer or related agency reserves the right described in paragraph (a) of this subsection, subject to the terms of the operative document that created the previous pledge, the lien of the subsequent pledge may be on a parity or pari passu basis with the lien of the previous pledge, on a prior and superior basis with the lien of the previous pledge or on a subordinate basis with the lien of the previous pledge, as specified in the operative document creating the subsequent pledge. The lien of the subsequent pledge:
(A) Has the priority specified in the operative document creating the subsequent pledge; and
(B) Is superior to and has priority over other claims and liens of any kind except the lien of a pledge with which the lien of the subsequent pledge is on a parity or subordinate basis, as specified in the operative document.
(7) Except as provided in subsection (8) of this section, a pledgee may commence an action in a court of competent jurisdiction to foreclose the lien of the pledge and exercise rights and remedies available to the pledgee under the operative document.
(8) When pledged property is in a fund for debt service reserves or payments, a pledgee may foreclose the lien of the pledge by applying the property to the payment of obligations subject to the terms, conditions and limitations in the operative document.
(9) An initiative or referendum measure approved by the electors of the State of Oregon that purports to change statutory provisions affecting rates, fees, tolls, rentals or other charges may not be given any force or effect if to do so would impair existing covenants made with holders of existing obligations regarding the imposition, levy or collection of the rates, fees, tolls, rentals or other charges pledged to secure outstanding obligations.
(10) If authorized by law other than this section to set rates, fees or other charges that are pledged to pay obligations, a state agency may enter into rate covenants. Rate covenants authorized by this subsection may obligate a state agency to periodically set the rates and charges:
(a) That generate pledged revenues at specific levels including, but not limited to, a specific monetary charge for each unit of commodity or service provided or a schedule of rates and charges that includes fixed and variable components;
(b) At levels sufficient to maintain underlying credit ratings assigned to obligations by one or more nationally recognized credit rating services without regard to any improvement in credit ratings due to the provision of additional security for the obligations by a credit enhancement device;
(c) That generate pledged revenues each year in amounts at least equal to operations and maintenance expenses of the state agency that produces the pledged revenues, plus debt service on obligations, plus an additional amount that is reasonably required to obtain favorable terms for the obligations; or
(d) In accordance with a formula established in the operative document governing obligations. The formula may provide for rates to be determined by reference to factors including, but not limited to:
(A) Historical operating expenses;
(B) Projected future operating expenses;
(C) The funding of depreciation;
(D) The costs of capital improvements;
(E) The costs of complying with contractual requirements and covenants;
(F) The costs of complying with regulatory requirements;
(G) Reports of independent consultants regarding the required level of pledged revenues;
(H) Debt service on the obligations; and
(I) The funds needed to establish or maintain reserves required by law or contract and the funds needed to maintain an unencumbered carryforward fund balance or working capital to meet unanticipated expenses or fluctuations in revenues that may arise.
(11) A rate covenant authorized by this section is a contract that binds the State of Oregon and is enforceable against the State of Oregon in accordance with the terms of the rate covenant.
(12) The State Treasurer, or a related agency with the approval of the State Treasurer, may pledge the full faith and credit of the State of Oregon as security for the payment of general obligation bonds. A pledge of the full faith and credit authorized by this subsection does not, by itself, create a lien on the revenues or property of the state. [2007 c.783 §18]
3 OregonLaws.org assembles these lists by analyzing references between Sections. Each listed item refers back to the current Section in its own text. The result reveals relationships in the code that may not have otherwise been apparent. Currency Information


text:
Storage Units Near Oklahoma State University Oklahoma City
Apublix Self Storage does what it takes to make the storage experience simple and stress-free as possible. Put your trust into our staff and security system to keep your belongings in the best condition whether your needs are short or long-term. Store with us throughout the semester or summer months. If you're a college student on a budget, our prices in addition to our location are ideal. Take a look at our unit prices and availability!
Driving directions From Oklahoma State University Oklahoma City to Apublix Self Storage:
- Head south on N Portland Ave toward NW 9th St
- Turn right onto the Interstate 40 ramp
- Merge onto I-40 W
- Take exit 144 for MacArthur Blvd
- Use the left 2 lanes to turn left onto S MacArthur Blvd
- You've arrived at Apublix Self Storage


text:
Terms and Conditions ("Terms") Last updated: 8th November 2016
Please read these Terms and Conditions ("Terms", "Terms and Conditions") carefully before using the https://www.jacqandrose.co.uk website (the "Service") operated by Jacq and Rose ("us", "we", or "our").
Your access to and use of the Service is conditioned on your acceptance of and compliance with these Terms. These Terms apply to all visitors, users and others who access or use the Service. By accessing or using the Service you agree to be bound by these Terms. If you disagree with any part of the terms then you may not access the Service.
If you wish to purchase any product or service made available through the Service ("Purchase"), you may be asked to supply certain information relevant to your Purchase including, without limitation, your name, your address and your payment information. These will only be used to process your order and will not be stored for future use.
Products displayed on this website are available while stocks permit and can be removed without any prior notice. The pricing and descriptions of products can also be amended at any point without notice being given. We aim to display the colours of our products as accurately as possible, however as resolution, print methods and screen settings can affect how an item is displayed the accuracy of colours cannot be guaranteed.
All payment are processed in GB Pounds Sterling. Payment from any other currency will be calculated by your payment provider and calculated into your local currency on your card statement. Jacq and Rose reserves the right to refuse to supply products to any individual or company.
In line with UK sales law, you have 7 days from receiving your package to cancel the order. Exchange and refunds must be conducted within 14 days of delivery, after this Jacq and Rose refuses the right to accept a refund or exchange. This does not affect your statutory rights.
Links To Other Web Sites
Our Service may contain links to third party web sites or services that are not owned or controlled by Jacq and Rose. Jacq and Rose has no control over, and assumes no responsibility for, the content, privacy policies, or practices of any third party web sites or services. You further acknowledge and agree that Jacq and Rose shall not be responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for any damage or loss caused or alleged to be caused by or in connection with use of or reliance on any such content, goods or services available on or through any such web sites or services.
We reserve the right, at our sole discretion, to modify or replace these Terms at any time. If a revision is material we will try to provide at least 30 (change this) days' notice prior to any new terms taking effect. What constitutes a material change will be determined at our sole discretion.
Contact Us
If you have any questions about these Terms, please contact us using the contact page.


text:
from The Century Dictionary.
- noun Starch; any form of starch obtained as a sediment by washing in water the comminuted roots, grains, or other parts of plants. See
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English.
- noun The nutritious part of wheat; starch or farina; -- called also
amylaceous fecula.
- noun The green matter of plants; chlorophyll.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
- noun
Starchy sedimentextracted from plants, especially those which are used as food.
from WordNet 3.0 Copyright 2006 by Princeton University. All rights reserved.
- noun excreta (especially of insects)
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
The fecula is the substance of bread, pastry and purees of all kinds.
The physiology of taste; or Transcendental gastronomy. Illustrated by anecdotes of distinguished artists and statesmen of both continents by Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin. Translated from the last Paris edition by Fayette Robinson.
The two varieties of the Cassava afford a very superior fecula, which is imported under the name of Brazilian arrowroot. 8,354 bags of tapioca and farina were imported from Maranham in 1834.
The Commercial Products of the Vegetable Kingdom Considered in Their Various Uses to Man and in Their Relation to the Arts and Manufactures; Forming a Practical Treatise & Handbook of Reference for the Colonist, Manufacturer, Merchant, and Consumer, on the Cultivation, Preparation for Shipment, and Commercial Value, &c. of the Various Substances Obtained From Trees and Plants, Entering into the Husbandry of Tropical and Sub-tropical Regions, &c.
The roots of those which are perennial contain, besides fecula, which is their base, a resinous, acrid, and bitter principle.
The roots of those which are perennial contain, besides fecula, which is their base, a resinous, acrid, and bitter principle.
They beat this water for an hour, and then leave it to deposit the colouring fecula, which is of an intense brick-red.
They beat this water for an hour, and then leave it to deposit the colouring fecula, which is of an intense brick-red.
Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America, During the Year 1799-1804 — Volume 2
The fecula is the substance of bread, pastry and purees of all kinds.
Two men, standing on this beam, with a handspike fixed to the long beam, alternately plunge the open buckets right and left, thus churning the liquid until it begins to show a blue fecula, which is produced by small quantities drawn from the lime cask. "
Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural. Being also a Medical Botany of the Confederate States; with Practical Information on the Useful Properties of the Trees, Plants, and Shrubs
Extraction of the tingeing fecula of vegetables rendered more minutely divided by admixture with salino-aequous fluids with which the pores of the subjects to be dyed are to be impregnated and therein fixed as much as possible by such bodies as are known to be greatly astringent particularly those which precipitate the fecula from their dissolved state in fluids not unlike the manner by which Lakes are prepared for the painter.
The engineer constructed a press, with which to extract the mucilaginous juice mingled with the fecula, and he obtained a large quantity of flour, which Neb soon transformed into cakes and puddings.