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By Bint e Aisha
Female Leadership in Islam
by Moulana Muhammad Karolia
Female leadership is a question not unknown to the Muslim world. Although Muslim scholars have in the past discussed this topic, it first gained prominence in the twentieth century with the wake of the women's liberty movement. In recent years the question was further highlighted with the success of Benazir Bhutto in the 1989 elections in Pakistan and Khalida Zia in the 1991 election in Bangladesh.
Recently some women in South Africa also embarked on a similar campaign claiming the right of leadership even in Salāh. This article is a study of the position of female leadership in the Shariah and will be followed by a discussion on women leading the Salāh and delivering lectures from the mimbar (pulpit).
Can a Lady Rule a Country?
Prior to Islam, women were among the most oppressed creatures in the world. Neither did they have any rights nor were they regarded as human-beings in many communities.
Islam on the contrary, raised the social status of a woman and granted her many rights ranging from inheritance to the basic necessities of everyday-life. Regarding these rights Allāh Ta'āla says in the Qurān: "And women have rights similar to the rights against them (i.e. the right of men) according to what is equitable and men have a degree over them." [BAQARAH: 228]
Mufti Muhammad Shafi Saheb (RA) explains this verse: "The rights of women that men are responsible for are compulsory just as the rights of men that women are responsible for are compulsory. The right of both (men and women) have been given the same ruling ...... it is not necessary that the rights of both take the same form. Instead, if women are responsible for a specific duty then so are men. Household matters, training and looking after the children are the responsibility of the women whereas men are responsible for earning a living so that they may fulfil the needs of women (their wives). It is a lady's duty to serve and obey her husband and the mehr (dowry) and expenditure of the women is the husband's duty. (In short, even though each have different rights over the other, the rights of both are incumbent.....) There is however one quality on accord of which man have superiority over women. This is why Allāh Ta'āla, at the end of this verse says: "and men have a degree over them."
Mufti Shafi (RA) thereafter explains that this degree of superiority that men have over women is explained in the verse: "Men are overseers of women because Allāh Ta'āla granted virtue to some of them (i.e. men) over others (i.e. women) and because of their spending from their wealth."[NISā 34]
Shaikh Muhammad Rashid Rida offers a similar explanation: "...... the lady equals the man in all rights (i.e. in the ruling of all rights) except one which Allāh refers to in the sentence 'and men have a degree over them.'" This degree is explained in the verse "men are overseers .....". (Huqooq-un-Nisā fil Islām)
It is therefore necessary that we now focus our attention on this verse of the Qurān in the light of some acclaimed commentators of the Qurān.
"Men are Overseers of Women"
Allamah Ibn-ul-Arabi (RA) comments on this verse:
The meaning of this verse is: I have made men overseers of women because I have granted the former superiority over the latter. This is due to three reasons viz.
perfect understanding
perfection of deen and obedience in jihad and commanding the good and forbidding the evil etc. This has been explained by Nabi sallallahu alaihi wasallam in an authentic Hadith:"I have not seen any one of deficient intellect and deen who is more destructive to the intelligence of a cautious man than you women."
The women asked: "Why is that, O messenger of Allāh?" He replied: "Do you not spend a few nights without performing salāh and without keeping fast? This is the deficiency of her deen and the testimony of one of you equals half the testimony of a single man - this is the deficiency of her intellect. "... so that if one of the two women errs, the second would remind her". (Al Baqarah, verse 281)
His spending on her in the form of dowry and other expenditure. (Ahkāmul Qurān, verse 1, pg.416)
Allamah ālusi (RA) writes in the commentary of this verse that it is the quality of men to oversee the affairs of women just as the rulers oversee their subjects by commanding them to do good etc. This ruling is attributed to two reasons: one being wahbi (this is granted solely by Allāh) and the other Kasbi (i.e. achieved on account of his action):
because Allāh has granted him superiority as has been narrated (in the Hadith) that women are deficient in intellect and deen and men are the opposite, that is why risalat (prophethood), imamat-e-kubra and sughra (major and minor leadership), Adhān, Iqāmat, khuthba etc. are confined to men. (meaning that only men were Rasuls and Nabis and only man can rule, lead the salāh etc.)
because men bear the expenditure of women. (Ruhul Ma'āni, vl.5, pg.23)
Before considering Maulana Shabbir Ahmed Uthmani's (RA) commentary, it is necessary that we first refer to the verse:
"And do not covet that which Allāh favours some of you with over others - men will receive the reward of what they earn and women will receive the reward of what they earn. And ask Allāh of his bounty. Verily Allāh has full knowledge of all things." [An Nisā - 32]
Hafiz Ibn Katheer (RA) narrates on the authority of Imam Ahmad and Imam Tirmidhi that Umme Salmah (RA) said: "O Messenger of Allāh! The men wage Jihad whereas we (women) do not and we receive half the inheritance." (i.e. blood-brothers receive double the share of blood sisters). Thereafter the verse "And do not covet......" was revealed. (Ibn Katheer vl.1, pg.498)
This verse would therefore mean that when Allāh has granted some of mankind (i.e. men) virtue over others (i.e. women) by means of certain actions, then it is incorrect to covet the favour of Allāh on them because each of them will be rewarded according to his actions. Envy and complaining is of no avail. On the contrary, it would be most beneficial to ask Allāh for more reward for one's actions. Complaining and envy yield no reward. However all good actions yield reward. Verily Allāh has knowledge of everything and knows fully well the wisdom in specifying certain actions for man only. He knows best which actions are appropriate for men and which are appropriate for women.
Commenting on the verse "men are overseers....." Maulana Shabeer Saheb Uthmani (RA) writes: "It was mentioned in the previous verse that the rights of men and women have been given full consideration. Had their rights been given a different consideration (women's right were not considered fully as men's rights) women would be justified in complaining. This verse now explains that men have a status higher than women, women cannot complain because the difference of rules (regarding men and women) that result on accord of this additional degree of men is in total agreement with divine wisdom.....". (Tafsir-e-Uthmāni Pg.128)
Just a few commentaries of the verses concerned have been mentioned above. Many other commentators have elucidated the meaning of these verses in a similar manner. The above discussions may be summarised in the following points:
Although both men and women have rights upon each other that are compulsory, their rights do differ in many situations.
Men have an additional right over women - they are their overseers and guardians.
There are two reasons due to which men have been given this additional right over women.
Firstly, they have to give the women their dowries and they are responsible for all their expenses.
Secondly,Allāh granted man this favour when creating him, women had been created as the weaker sex. Besides, women experience monthly menstrual periods due to which they are unable to perform salāh and fast during that period. Thus the hadith has classified her as deficient in deen. The hadith has in a similar vein regarded her as deficient in intellect because the Qurān has regarded the testimony of one lady equal to half the testimony of a single man. (see Al-Baqarah, verse.282)
Since the rights of women have been given the same amount of importance and consideration as the rights of men, women should not complain of men having an additional right over them. If they do, they would be questioning the wisdom of Allāh.
It may thus be concluded that although men and women are equal in that both have rights, they do not have the same rights. Among the sole rights of a male is that he is always the head of a family since he is the guardian of the women. Leadership of a country is in a similar vein the sole right of men. Most commentators of the Qurān have explained the verse under discussion that just as men only rule a country, lead the salāh etc. only men can be the head of a family. A few examples are:
QURTUBI "..... and the judges, rulers and mujahideen are among the men and this is not found among the women." (Qurtubi, vl.5, pg.168)
IBN KATHEER "..... that is why nubuwat is reserved for men just as rulership ....."(Tafseer Ibn Katheer vl.1, pg.503)
BAIDAWI " .... that is why nubuwat (prophethood), leading the salāh, leading a country and establishment of other sha-āir (distinguishing features) of deen (e.g. adhān, iqamah) are confined to men only. (Tafseer al Baidawi Pg.111)
In short, this verse has encompassed a major reason why women cannot rule in the Shariah. Just as she cannot lead a home, she cannot lead a country.
Another Verse from the Qur'ān
Describing women, Allāh Subhanahu Ta'āla says in the Qurān: "Is then one brought up among trinkets and unable to give a clear account in a dispute (to be associated with Allāh).(Az-Zukhruf: 18 ) i.e. women are normally brought up in decoration and adornment and are always occupied with jewellery. This is a proof of deficient intellect and understanding (because true beauty is the beauty of the Akhirah) and due to a weak understanding, women are unable to express themselves clearly when debating." (Tafseer-e-Uthmani pg. 652)
This verse substantiates the claim that women are physically weak and unable to fulfil the duties of leadership. It has thus been made the right of men only.
Hijāb and Female Leadership
Hijāb is generally understood to mean the donning of a veil. This is however incorrect. The scholars of Islam have included the following verses in the discussion of hijāb:
"And stay in your houses. And adorn not yourselves with the adornment of the time of Ignorance." (Al Ahzāb: 33)
"And when you ask of them (wives of Nabi Sallallahu alaihi Wasallam) anything, then ask them from behind a curtain." (Al Ahzāb: 53)
".... therefore be not soft of speech, lest he in whose heart is a disease, aspire (to you) but utter customary speech."(Al Ahzāb: 32)
"O Nabi! Tell your wives and daughters and the women of the believers to draw their jilbābs (a special cloak that covers the entire body) close around them ...." (Al Ahzāb:59)
"And they (the women), should not stamp their feet so as to reveal their hidden adornment." (An Nur:31)
From these verses, the following rules of hijāb may be deduced:
The lady should at all times remain in her home.
If due to any shar'ie necessity (eg. Haj, visiting her parents, visiting the ill etc.) (Ruhul Ma'āni vl.22 pg.6) then she should cover her entire body including the face.
She has to communicate with men from behind a curtain.
She must not lower her tune when speaking with strange men.
She should not walk in such a manner that would attract the attention of men.
Intermingling of the sexes is prohibited in Islam.
Besides these, it has also been established from the Hadith that a lady cannot travel further than 77 kilometers without a mahram (any such male relative with whom marriage is prohibited). (Tirmidhi Vl.3 pg.472)
It is clear from the above that the implications of Hijāb are in direct conflict with the duties of leadership. In order to ensure the welfare of his subjects, the leader has to leave his home daily, meet and consult with people (men in particular) and travel to various parts of his country and sometimes to other countries as well. These cannot however be achieved if a lady has to be the ruler and at the same time observe the rules of hijāb. It is on this accord that Shariah has prohibited female leadership.
Warning of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam
A female leader would either be contravening the rules and regulation of Hijāb or neglecting the welfare of her subjects. Thus Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam said: "A nation that has entrusted its affairs to a woman can never be successful."(Bukhari vl.5, pg.136, Bukhari vl. 4 Page 97, Nisai vl. 8 Page 227, Tirmidhi vl. 5 Page 457)
Imam Tirmidhi (RA), after narrating this hadith, says: "This is a sound and authentic hadith."
In another hadith we read: "Men are destroyed when they obey women."
Hakim (RA) writes that the chain of narrators is authentic and Hafiz Dhahabi (RA) has also agreed that this hadith is authentic. (Quoted by Ml. Y.Ludhyanwi on the authority of Mustadrak Hakim, vl.4, pg.291)
Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam also said: "When your rulers are the best among you, your wealthy are generous, and your matters are decided by mutual consultation, then the surface of the earth is better for you than the belly of the earth. However, when your rulers are the worst among you, your wealthy are miserly and your matters are in the hands of your women, then the belly of the earth is better for you than its surface." (Tirmidhi vl.4, pg.459)
Commenting on the quality of this hadith, Imam Tirmidhi writes: "This is a Gharib Hadith (i.e. a hadith that had been narrated by only one person in each era until the codification period) - we do not know it except from Salih-al-Murriy. There are some strange facts in the narrations of Salih in which he is unique (mutafarrid). He is however, a pious man."
Nevertheless all scholars of Islam; commentators of the Qurān, Hadith and jurisprudence have, on the basis of the Hadith "A nation will never be successful ...." unanimously agreed that female leadership is not permissible in Islam.
Some Quotations
The reader has already seen the opinions of some leading commentators of the Qurān (ālusi, Ibn Katheer, Baidawi and Qurtubi). Here are a few more quotations from the writings of other scholars:
Hafiz Ibn Hajr (RA) and Hafiz Badruddin Aini (RA) write in their respective commentaries of Bukhari: "There is proof in this hadith that a lady cannot be appointed to the office of leadership or as a judge." (Fathul Bari vl.8 pg.129)
Qadi Abu Bakr ibn ul-Arabi (RA) writes in his commentary of Tirmidhi: "This proves that only men may be appointed as leaders (rulers). There is a consensus that women have no right to rulership." (āridatul Ahwadhi vl.9, pg 119)
Allama Shawkani (RA) writes in the commentary of this hadith: "In it is a proof that women do not qualify for any sort of leadership. It is not permissible to make a lady the leader because it is compulsory to abstain from anything that will result in failure." (Naylul Awtār vl.8, pg 298)
Qadi ibn-ul-Arabi (RA) writes again in Ahkām-ul-Qurān: "This is clear proof that a lady cannot become the khalifah (leader of the Muslim state) - There is no difference of opinion in this matter." (Ahkāmul Qurān vl.3,pg.29)
Allamah Mawardi (RA) and Shah Wali-ul-llah (RA) have listed "Zukoorah" as an essential requirement of a Muslim ruler." (Hujjatullah-ul-Balighah Vl. 2 Page 396,Izalatul Khifa Vl. 1 Page 19, Shāmi Vl. 1 Page 548)
Allamah Shami explains: ".... because women have been commanded to remain in their homes, their condition is therefore based on remaining concealed ...." (Shāmi vl.1, pg 458)
Qurtubi, after listing "being a male" as one of the necessary conditions of a ruler says: "They are unanimous that it is not permissible for a lady to become a leader." (Tafseer Qurtabi, vl.1 pg.270)
Imam Baghawi after quoting the hadith "A nation can never be successful ...." says that it is an authentic hadith and thereafter comments: "They have unanimously agreed that a lady neither has the ability to become a leader nor a judge because it is necessary for the leader to leave his home in order to establish jihad and see to the matters of the Muslims. Similarly the judge has to leave his home in order to pass judgement in arguments. A lady is however "Awrah" (something that must be concealed) and cannot (unnecessarily) leave. Because of her physical weakness, she is unable to see to most matters of the Muslims. A woman is also deficient whereas leadership and passing judgement are among the greatest appointments. (Sharhus Sunnah vl.10, pg.77)
NB: An extremely important point is made in the above quotations: There is "ijmā" (consensus of opinion) among the ummah that female leadership is not permissible. Ijmā is the third most important source of Islamic law and cannot be opposed.
Consider the Following:
Protagonists of female leadership should consider the following:
The messengers of Allāh were always men. Never was a lady deputed as a Rasul or Nabi. "And We have not sent messengers before you except that they were men." [Al-Ambiyā: 7]
Nabi sallallahu alaihi wasallam had during his lifetime despatched many jamāts (for the sake of da'wah and jihad etc.) but never did he appoint a female as ameer of any of these jamāts. (Fatawa Mahmoodia, vl.10, pg.129)
NB: The scholars have enumerated approximately 60 jamāts of this nature that were despatched by Nabi sallallahu alaihi wasallam. (Zadul Ma'ād vl.1, pg. 129) These jamāts are normally referred to as Sarāya by the historians.
Nabi sallallahu alaihi wasallam had on many occasions personally led military expeditions. On such occasions he would leave a deputy to see to the matters of the women, children, aged and ill people that were still in Madina. For example, he made Hazrat Ali (RA) his deputy at the time of Tabuk and Abu Lubābah bin Abdul Munzir at the time of Badr. These deputies were however never women. (Fatawa Mahmoodia vl.10, pg.129, Zādul Ma'ād vl.3, pg.172 & 529)
Nabi sallallahu alaihi wasallam had four muazzins - Hazrat Bilal, Hazrat Abu Mahdhoorah, Hazrat Abdullah ibn Umme Maktoom and Sa'd al-Qurdh. ( Fatawa Manmoodia, vl.10, pg.127; Zādul Ma'ād vl.1, pg.124)
None of them were women, and it has never been narrated from the salaf (pious predecessors from the Sahābah, Tabieen and Taba-Tabieen) that women may give Azān. On the contrary, jurists have regarded it as makrooh. (Durrul Mukhtār, vl.1, pg.392)
In a similar manner the duties of iqamat, khutbah of jumuah and the eids, imamat of salāh etc. can only be fulfilled by men.(Fatawa Mahmoodia, vl.10, pg.125/6)
Besides ruling a country, standing as a candidate in a political party, leading any other movement or organisation and becoming a member of a masjid or madressah committee are also not permissible for a lady because:
these are not her functions in society,
if she does engage herself in such activities, she would be contravening the rules of the Qurān and Hadith regarding hijāb and female leadership.
"Bilqees: The Queen of Saba"
Protagonists of female leadership normally justify their claim with an analogy of Bilqees of Saba - whose story is mentioned in the Qurān (Al Naml 20-24). This analogy is however very strange and can in no way substantiate their claim, because:
Bilqees was a disbeliever at that time as is clear from the verses: "I found her and her nation prostrating to the sun ...." [Verse 24]
"Verily she was of a disbelieving people". [Verse 43]
Later, with the invitation of Hazrat Sulayman (Alaihis salām) she brought Islam. She said: "Oh my Rabb! Verily I have wronged my soul and I have surrendered with Sulayman to Allāh, Rabb of the worlds." [Verse 44]
After embracing Islam, she also surrended her kingdom to Sulayman (AS) as was the order of Sulayman (AS). This is apparent in the following verse: He said: "Do you give me abundance in wealth .... go back to them, for we will most certainly come to them with such armies that they will not be able to oppose, and we shall expel them in disgrace and they will be humbled." [Verse 37]
There is thus no indication in the narrative that Sulayman (AS) had approved of and permitted her to continue ruling her kingdom. It is sometimes argued that after Bilqees brought Imān, Sulayman (AS) married her and therafter sent her to rule Yemen. This argument is however incorrect because it is based on very weak Israeli narrations and besides being weak, these narrations are very contradictory. While some say that after marrying Bilqees, Sulayman (AS) kept her with him, others say that he sent her to rule over Shām (Syria). Allamah Qurtubi (RA) has in his tafseer also declared all these narrations as incorrect and unreliable. (Awrat ki Serbarahi by Ml.Y. Ludhyanwi pg.33 and Mufti R. Uthmani - Al Farooq Arabic Quarterly, Rabiul Awwal 1410-1989)
The legislation of the previous ambiyā is not necessarily a proof. The shariah of the previous ambiyā can only be regarded as a valid argument if there is no verse of the Qurān or hadith contradicting it. We have however already seen that the Qurān, hadith and Ijm (consensus of the Ummah) do not permit female leadership. (Ibid)
Mufti Muhammad Shafi (RA) writes in Ahkamul Qurān:
"If it is argued that the trend in the Qurān is to boldly refute any evil action of the Kuffar that the Qurān quotes and (the absence of any refutation in these verses indicate permissibility), then our reply is: Firstly:The generality of the claim is not known (meaning this is not an established fact).
Secondly: it is not necessary that such an act be refuted in the very same verse that discusses it. It will suffice if such an act is refuted in some other place (in the Qurān) or in any other shari proof.
Thus if female leadership has been refuted in the Hadith of Bukhari, it would be sufficient explanation of it's evil (and impermissibility)." (Ahkāmul Qurān vl.3, pg.29)
Hadhrat Aisha (RA) and the Battle of Jamal (The Camel)
Protagonists of female leadership substantiate their claim from Hazrat Aisha's (RA) participation in the Battle of Jamal. Hazrat Uthmān (RA) had been murdered just after the days of Tashreeq. The wives of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam had, after completing the rites of Haj just left Makkah Mukarramah on their return journey to Madinah Munawwarah. Upon receiving the news of the murder of Hazrat Uthmān (RA) they changed the direction of their journey and returned to Makkah. The Muslims at that time were in utter turmoil. Hazrat Ali (RA) had taken the bay'at (pledge of allegiance) from the people of Madina and the assassins of Hazrat Uthmān (RA). He felt that it would be more appropriate to allow the turmoil and confusion to settle and thereafter avenge the blood of Hazrat Uthmān. Others however differed and thought it of greater importance to first avenge the blood of the assassinated Khalifah. Thus, a group of senior Sahabah (RA) including Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair gathered in Makkah and persuaded Hazrat Aisha (RA) to use her influence as Umm-ul-Mu'mineen to help them unite the Muslims and therafter demand the requital of the blood of Hazrat Uthmān (RA). Hazrat Aisha agreed and it was decided that they would proceed to Basrah. The rest of the wives of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam refused to join Hazrat Aisha (RA) and returned to Madina. Although Hazrat Hafsah (RA) agreed with Hazrat Aisha (RA), her brother, Abdullah ibn Umar (RA) did not allow her to join the campaign to Basrah. (Summarised from Al Bidayah wan Nihayah vl.7,pg.230)
A closer study of the battle of Jamal and the events leading to it (most of which were mentioned above), would reveal the futility of justifying female leadership from it because:
Hazrat Aisha (RA) was not the leader of the army. Neither at the time of suggesting that she accompany the army did they consider making her their leader nor later during the cause of the expedition was she regarded as their leader. Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair had asked her to accompany them so that she could use her influence to convince the masses of the nobility of their cause. This is why the rest of the wives of Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam were also requested to accompany the expedition and Hazrat Hafsah (RA) had even accepted the request.
Neither was Hazrat Aisha (RA) intending to capture the khilafat from Hazrat Ali nor were Hazrat Talha and Zubair (RA) intending to do so. They were only demanding that the assassins of Hazrat Uthmān be brought to task. (Fathul Bari vl.3, pg.56) In fact they had barely thought of meeting the forces of Hazrat Ali (RA) on the battle field.
Allamah ibn Taymiyyah (RA) writes: "Neither did Hazrat Aisha (RA) fight (in the battle) nor did she leave (her home) in order to fight. She had only intended to create peace among the Muslims and thought that the Muslims would benefit by her leaving (for Basrah etc.) .... They did not have any intention of fighting on the day of Jamal. The battle however took place without their choice. Because when Hazrat Ali and Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair (RA) had negotiated and agreed on re- conciliation and that after they had settled they would seek the assassins .... The assassins therefore feared that Hazrat Ali would agree with them (Hazrat Zubair etc.) to capture them, and they therefore captured the camp of Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair (RA). They thought that Hazrat Ali had attacked them and in defence attacked the camp of Hazrat Ali. Hazrat Ali (RA) thought that Hazrat Talha and Hazrat Zubair had attacked him and retaliated in defence. The battle thus occurred without their choice. Hazrat Aisha (RA) was seated (on the camel) - neither did she fight nor did she command anyone to do so. (Quoted by Ml.Y. Ludhyanwi on th authority of "Minhājus Sunnah" pg.185, vl. 2)
Many Sahabah (RA) disagreed with her participation in the campaign. Many had written to her expressing their dissatisfaction. Hazrat Umme Salma (RA) wrote her a lengthy letter admonishing her: " ..... Had Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam known that women are able to endure (the difficulties of) jihad, he would have entrusted you! Do you not know that he (Rasulullah Sallallahu alaihi Wasallam) had prohibited you from travelling in the cities? Verily the pillar of deen neither remains firm with women nor wealth and it cannot be repaired by women if it has to crack (break). The jihad of women is the lowering of the gaze and the drawing of the hem and the intending of modesty. What would you say to Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam if he has to object to some of these mistakes - sitting on a camel travelling from place to place? I take an oath that if it has to be said to me: "O Umme Salmah! Enter Jannah! I would be ashamed to meet Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam while I had torn a veil (barrier) he had placed over me. Therefore make it your veil (barrier) also ...." (quoted by Mufti R.Uthmani from Al Aqdul Fareed vl.5,pg.66)
Hazrat Aisha (RA) had written a letter to Zayd bin Suhan encouraging him to join Hazrat Talha and Zubair and if he disagrees, he should dissuade the masses from joining Hazrat Ali (RA). He replied:".... Verily I am your loyal son. If you leave and return home, (then I will obey you) otherwise, I would be the first to oppose you." He also said: "May Allāh have mercy on Ummul-Mu'mineen. She has been commanded to stay in her home and we have been commanded to fight ....". (Ibnul Atheer vl.3, pg.216)
Hafiz Ibn Hajar (RA) narrated that after the battle, Ammar Bin Yasir (who was from Hazrat Ali's camp) said to Hazrat Aisha (RA): "How distant is this journey from the command that was imposed on you!" (referring to the verse: 'And remain in your homes').
She replied: "Are you Abul Yaqdhan?"
He replied in the affirmative, upon which she said: "In the name of Allāh, ever since I know, you always speak the truth." He said: "All praises are due to Allāh who has decided in my favour on your tongue." (Fathul Bari vl.13,pg.58)
Hazrat Aisha (RA) later regretted joining the expedition to Basrah as is clear from the above narration. Later in her life she would say: "I wish I had stayed behind just as others (from the Ummahat-ul-Mumineen and many Sahabah) had stayed behind ....". (Fathul Bari vl.13,pg.55)
"I wish I were a fresh twig and I had not undertaken my journey ..."
It is narrated that whenever Hazrat Aisha used to read the verse "And remain in your homes," she would cry so excessively that her veil would become soaked. (Quoted by Mufti R.Uthmani-Al Farooq Quarterly - Siyar A'lam un Nubala vl.8,pg.80)
Can a Lady Lead the Salāh?
The Fuqaha (Muslim jurists) have discussed two types of Imamat viz:
Imamat-e-Kubra: Major leadership, referring to the leading of a country.
Imamat-e-Sughra: Minor leadership, referring to the leading of the Salāh.
Just as the shariah has reserved imamat-e-kubrah for men only, it has reserved imamat-e-sughra for men only. (Some jurists have permitted female imamat of the Salāh when the congregation is purely female. This will be discussed later Insha-Allāh).
Women Leading Men in Salāh
Most, if not all fuqaha (Muslim jurists) are of the opinion that women cannot lead men in salāh. If any man performs his salāh behind a female imam, his salāh would be null and void. Below are the opinions of each of the four madhahib.
Hanafi Madhab - "And it is not permissible for men to follow a lady in salāh." (Hidayah vl.1. pg.209)
Shafiy Madhab - "And a male following a lady (in salāh) is incorrect."(Minhāj:Allamah Nawawi vl.1, pg.241)
Maliki Madhab - "Salāh will therefore not be correct behind a lady (imam)."(Bulghat-us-Salik: Allamah Sāwi vl.1.pg.146)
Hambali Madhab -"It is not correct in the opinion of the general fuqaha, for a man to follow a lady (in salāh)."(Al Mughni: Ibn Qudamah vl.2, pg.199)
Ibn Rushd-al-Qurtubi writes: ".... The jamhoor (general majority) are of the opinion that it is not permissible for her to lead the men in salāh ...." (Bidayatul Mujtahid vl.1, pg.105)
Why Can She Not Lead the Men in Salāh?
Nothing has been narrated regarding this from Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam or the Sahabah (RA) or the Tabi-een. Had it been permissible, it would have definitely been recorded in the books of Hadith and Fiqh. (Bidayatul Mujtahid vl.1,pg. 105 & As Saylul Jarrar vl.1, pg.250)
On the contrary Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam had commanded the women to stand at the rear of the congregation (if they do attend the congregational salāh). The reason being that women are to be hidden and have been commanded to observe hijāb. If men have to follow a lady imām in salāh, they would have to stand behind her. This is in total contrast with the rules of hijāb. (Bidayatul Mujtahid vl.1,pg. 105 & As Saylul Jarrar vl.1, pg.250)
A hadith has been narrated regarding women standing at the rear of the congregation: "Place them in the rear as Allāh has placed them in the rear." (Nasbur Rayah vl.2, pg.36 - quoted from Musannaf Abdur Razzāk- although this hadith is mawqoof, (the chain of narrators terminates on Hadhrat Ali radhiallah anhu, the fact that man should occupy the first rows, thereafter the children and behind the children the women is established from other authentic ahādith - see Bukhari vl.1, pg. 211)
Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam said: ."... and a lady should not lead a man in salāh ...." (Sunan Ibn Majah vl.1,pg.250)
The generality of the hadith "The nation that has entrusted it's affairs to a lady cannot be successful," demands that women do not qualify to be entrusted with any sort of leadership duties. Salāh is the most noble and important matter of the Muslims. Can we entrust it to a lady and hope for success? (As Saylul Jarrar - Allamah Shawkani vl.1,pg.250)
Ibn Qudamah Al-Maqdisi (RA) after explaining the opinion of the majority writes that some Hambali scholars are of the opinion that "it is permissible for her to lead the men in taraweeh salāh (but) she will stand behind them. It (lady leading the taraweeh) will be permissible because of the narration of Umme Waraqah (RA) that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam had appointed a muezzin for her who would given azān for her and He commanded her to lead the people (ahl) of her dār (house) - Abu Dawud has narrated this hadith. (See Abuj Da'ud vol.2 Page 161 Beirut).
Ibn Qudamah however disagrees with these Hambali scholars and refutes their claim explaining that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam had only permitted her to lead the women of her home (nisā-e-ahle-dāriha) - this is how Dār-Qutni has narrated this hadith. When an addition of this nature is narrated, then it is compulsory to accept it. Had the extra word 'Nisā' (women) not been narrated, there would have been some possibility of substantiating one's claim from this hadith. Besides, this hadith does not pertain to Taraweeh or any other nafl or sunnah salāh because the hadith also says that Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam had appointed a muezzin to call the azān for her. Azān is not called out for nafl or sunnah salāh. It is only called for the fardh salāhs. (Al Mughni vl.2,pg.199) There is however no difference of opinion even among the Hambali Fuqaha that women cannot lead men in fardh salāh. This hadith is therefore referring to a purely female congregation only.
Apart from the jamhoor (majority), Abu Thour and Tabri have allowed women to lead the salāh even it there are men in the congregation. Ibn Rushd said that they have based their claim on the hadith of Umme Waraqah.(Bidayatul Mujtahid vl.1,pg.105)
Ibn Qudamah's explanation of the hadith however leaves no doubt that they have erred. Other than Abu Thour and Tabri, the entire ummah has 'ijmā' (unanimous agreement) that women cannot lead men in salāh.
Can a Lady Lead a Purely Female Congregation
AHNāF: If a lady leads the salāh of a purely female congregation, then salāh will be correct. It is however makrooh tahrimi for women to form their own congregation. (Hidayah vl.1,pg.305; Bada'i-us Sanai vl.1,pg.157)
MāLIKIYYA: A lady can in no circumstance be the Imam even if the congregation be entirely female. The salāh of even a lady behind a female imām is invalid.Bulghatus Salik vl.1, pg.146; Ashalul Madarik, vl.1,pg.241)
SHAWāFI: A lady can be the imam of a purely female congregation. In fact it is mustahab for them to form their own congregation. (Al Mughni vl.12,pg.199; Bada-i vl.1,pg. 157)
HANABILA: The salāh of a lady behind a lady imām is permissible. There is however difference of opinion regarding women forming their own congregation (behind a female imam). (Al Mughni l.12, pg.199)
The Shafi and Hambali scholars substantiate their opinion with the hadith of Umme Waraqah (RA) that was mentioned earlier.
It is similarly narrated that Hazrat Umme Salmah (RA) and Hazrat Aisha (RA) used to lead the women in Salāh. (Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah vl.2, pg.88-89)
While it is narrated from Hazrat Ali (RA) that "a lady cannot be an imām"(Ibid) and from Nafi (RA) that: "I do not know that a lady can lead the women in salāh"(Ibid), Hanafi Scholars also explain that when a lady does lead a purely female jamāt, she has one of two options:
She stands in front of the first row (just as a male imam would do). This is however makrooh because it is contrary to the spirit of Hijāb.
She could stand in the middle of the first row (as Hazrat Aisha and Hazrat Umme Salmah did). This however is also makrooh because it is wajib (necessary) in a congregational salāh that the Imam stands a little in front of the first row. (Fathul Qadeer vl.1, pg.306)
Hanafi Fuqaha therefore explain the ahadith of Umme Waraqah, Aisha and Umme Salmah (RA) as mansukh (abrogated). Although Sheikh Kamal Ibn Humām has after critically discussing the possibility of abrogation concluded that purely female congregations are makrooh-e-tanzihi, the general body of Fuqaha-e-Ahnāf regard it as makrooh-e-tahrimi. The fatwa (preferred verdict) is also on tahreem (prohibition)."And a purely female congregation is makrooh-e-tahrimi, even though in taraweeh."(Durrul Mukhtar, vl.1, pg.528)
Can a Women Deliver a Lecture from the Mimbar?
A few verses of the Qurān regarding hijāb have been previously mentioned under the caption "Hijāb and female leadership." Among these verses were: "And stay in your houses and do not make a dazzling display like that of the former times of ignorance." (Al Ahzāb:33)
This verse implies that it is necessary for a woman to remain in her home at all times. She may only leave her home on account of a shar'ie necessity. (eg. Haj, Umrah, visiting the ill and visiting her parents etc.)(Tafseer Ibn Katheer,vl.13,pg.491). Going to the musjid in order to perform salāh is not acceptable in the light of the general opinion of the Sahabah and the Ulama of Islam. A lady that leaves her home in order to deliver a lecture to a mixed gathering of men and women (from the mimbar) would firstly be contravening this important principle of the Shariah.
In another verse Allāh Ta'āla says:
"And when you ask them of anything, then ask it of them from behind a curtain." (Al Ahzāb:530
"... therefore be not soft in speech ..." (Al Ahzāb:32)
These verses imply that if a lady has to communicate with a strange man while at home, then this communication should be from behind the curtain. (i.e. the lady should not be seen at all) and when speaking she should not speak in a lowered tone.
In yet another verse Allāh Ta'āla says:
"Oh Nabi! Tell your wives and daughters and the women of the Believers to draw over them their jilbāb." (Al Ahzāb:59) ii.e. If due to any necessity a lady is compelled to leave her home, she should cover herself with the jilbāb. The jilbāb is a large sheet that extends from above the head to the feet including the face. (in other words she is commanded to cover the entire body including the face).(Ibn Katheer vl.13, pg.526) (There is consensus of opinion that the face must also be covered in times of evil and corruption.)
A lady that delivers a lecture from the mimbar is unable to fulfil the demands of the above-mentioned ayāt and her action is contrary to the spirit of Hijāb. In a purely female congregation two, the lady imām stands in the middle of the first row and not ahead of the first row as a male imam would do. (Musannaf Ibn Abi Shaybah vl.2,pg.88/89 ; Hidayah vl.1,pg.306 ; Al Mughni vl.2,pg.2)
In view of the above, it is not permissible for a lady to deliver a lecture from the mimbar.
Rasulullah sallallahu alaihi wasallam said: "A lady is 'AWRAH' (something to be concealed). Thus when she leaves, shaytān stares at her."[Tirmidhi Pg. VI]
Published by: Madrasah Arabia Islamiah, Azaadville
Source: http://www.beautifulislam.net/women/female_leadership_islam.htm
By Bint e Aisha
Concluding Ramadan with Istighfar (Seeking Forgiveness)
Hafiz Ibn Rajab (rahimahullah) said:
Istighfar (seeking forgiveness) is the conclusion of all good actions, thus salah, hajj, standing in salah at night (qiyam al-layl) are all concluded with it.
Gatherings are also concluded with it. If they are gatherings of knowledge, it serves as a seal for them, and if they are futile gatherings, it serves as a compensation.
Likewise, the fasts of Ramadan should be concluded with Istighfar.
Umar Ibn Abd al-Azeez (rahimahullah) sent a message to different cities, ordering the people to end Ramadan with Istighfar and charity, i.e., sadaqat al-fitr, because sadaqat al-fitr is a purification for the fasting person from vain and obscene talk.
Furthermore, Istighfar repairs the damage caused to the fast through vain and obscene talk.
This is why some of the previous scholars said sadaqat al-fitr for the one fasting is like sajdat al-sahw for salah."
Lataa'if al-Ma'arif (pg. 383)
May Allah Ta'ala forgive all our shortcomings during the month of Ramadan and accept all our good actions, through His grace and mercy. Aameen.
By Bint e Aisha
(click on picture to enlarge)
By Acacia
The following is an article written by Bint Assalaam and posted on Jamiatul Ulema (KZN) website:
Is sisterhood dying?
We hear it often, "By nature women are nurturers." Just not always with each other.
We easily speak about how men hate on women, but let's talk about our propensity as women to hate on each other. And we do it frequently. Almost habitually, that unbeknownst to us, sizing each other up has become a skill we can perform in a matter of seconds.
Women are often harder on each other than men. At home, at work, even at play, appraising and judging each other constantly. We have entered each other in a competition where the only prize on offer is an unfounded feeling of short-lived self satisfaction. In a never-ending pageant, we are contesting with and judging each other on our dress, marital status, occupation, smarts, social disposition, walk and talk.
No matter how much girl power we profess to have over men we're still insecure about it. We are strangely threatened by another woman possibly "stealing" our power that it drives us to wield that so called power over each other.
A lot of women will tell you that they have either survived the torment served by at least one mean girl in their past, that girl who dismissed, belittled, or socially tortured them. There might be some who will tell you they are going through it right now. And chances are you're actually the bully.
Take for example that most mother and daughter – in – law relationships are based on mutual dislike or worse. The line between letting go and grabbing on too tightly is thin. Mother – in – laws are more often the ones abusing what's meant to be a respectable seniority in these cases, to such an extent it results in the failure of some marriages.
Most times these mothers – in – law suffered under the iron fist of their husband's mother but instead of breaking the vicious cycle, they continue the "tradition". One would think rearing one's own kids would incline one to be more accepting of another's. But instead power play has pushed some mothers – in – law to take out a hit on their new daughters. Because of this young women enter marriage with their guards up thinning the chances of a mother-daughter bond from forming. Sisterhood is dying.
A recent study has found that two women are less likely to co-operate than two men when one is more powerful than the other. This contradicts the accepted notion that a woman's nurturing nature makes it normal for them to help each other. Aside from this asphyxiation of one woman's growth by another, the female newbie at a company undergoes all types of tests by those already there.
If you're too quiet, you're labelled a snob. Speak up and you're a big mouth. Take the initiative or push boundaries and you're a suck up. Disagree with others views and you're outcast and given the silent treatment. This happens with women in the same profession, of different professions and generally outside the workplace also.
This strong arm tactic of mocking or shunning other women, and denying them a social connection works because according to experts, relationships are a source of solace and power to women and girls.
But female bullying is not restricted to the real world only. Twitter and Facebook have opened up new arenas for it, with complete strangers slinging verbal vitriol at each other. Never mind that woman make silent deductions about other women based on their dress within seconds of meeting women across seas are openly typecasting each other.
Social media has allowed women to betray, backstab and trash-talk each other without face-to-face conflict, to the amusement and glee of their friends and followers. It sets apart the real friends from the pseudo ones. Disagree with a woman on her status or tweet and you might earn the cold shoulder at work or even worse be unfriended.
Constantly images of what the perfect woman should look like bombard us. It isn't a surprise that the reason for women hating on women is self hate. Not being able to identify with this ridiculous slim, flawless, cellulite-free, and perfect image of beauty has created angry women.
Envy, insecurity and feelings of intimidation drive women to knock other women down. More often than not these unhealthy feelings develop because of this visual assault, rather than a deep rooted psychological problem. Women with a strong sense of self and high self-esteem are less likely to hurt others, if they aren't prone to making judgments about women of other cultures and religion.
Sisterhood is drawing its last breaths. Unfortunately even amongst Muslim girls and women. We are choosing the wrong examples to direct our identities and so weaving flimsy friendships and relationships based on the superficial.
If sisterhood in Islam transcended the surface levels of friendship, Muslim women could enjoy a very special bond with each other. As Muslim women we share a gift more special than any other, we share the belief in the Oneness of Allah SWT. This shared belief and testimony of faith should go beyond our differences of race, nationality, culture or language. Being a sister in Islam is one of many blessings but it also comes with a responsibility to each other.
As Muslim women we are taught that there is great reward in loving each other for the sake of Allah SWT, that we should be trustworthy and show a cheerful face towards one another, that we should not abandon each other, that we should be faithful, forgiving, kind and tolerant to each other, that we should conceal each others flaws, and that we should love for each other what we love for ourselves.
It's fair to say the opposite is happening. We place each other in boxes of too religious, too modern, too pious,too quiet, too intelligent or too homely. The list goes on. We choose our friends based on the superficial and fail to make lasting friendships with other women because of our increasing envy, self-hate, insecurity and feelings of intimidation. If we are failing to build a strong sisterhood in Islam how do we expect that sisterhood to extend to women of all faiths to build a sisterhood in humanity.
By Acacia
Travelling without a Mahram: Why do Muslim women do it
New means of communication have rapidly turned the world into a global village. A village easily accessed by advanced modes of transport increasing the number of people who travel to a scale never witnessed before.
Today many Muslims are "wandering" the world for various reasons, work, leisure, discovery or necessity. With the emergence of women in the workforce, Muslim women have also begun to travel by themselves within their countries and abroad.
Cii Radio asked its Facebook followers what they thought the reasons were for women disregarding the Islamic guideline that is impermissible for women to travel on her own over the specified distance of 88,864km.
"1) Some women haven't got a mahram, 2) some mahram's are not playing their role and taking up the responsibility, 3) the woman doesn't want to ask her mahram especially if he sees her as 'burden'," wrote Fatima.
Another Facebook commenter coined the issue as the concept of "Womandla". She said statistics of kids growing up in SA without a father in the home was "shocking", "Many women have become sole breadwinners of the household and unfortunately have to travel and do many daily tasks on her own for herself and the family."
Aadila shared the same sentiment writing, "instead of 'Muslim women today are not adhering to this guideline' ask 'why are Muslim [men] not taking care of Muslim women today so Muslim women can adhere to this guideline'."
Others simply wrote the reasons were because: women did not have any mahrams, a "western influence", the "destruction of Islam", a yearning for freedom, "no other choice" and imperfect Muslims living a perfect Islam.
A male commenter wrote, "1. Many are not aware of that [ruling]. 2. Those who are aware of think that this is medieval safety system and it has lost its relevance now in this post-modern period. 3. Men-women equalitistic sense clouds their sense."
While the practice has become commonplace and questioning why it has become "normal" seems unusual and "backward" the ruling remains.
According to Islamic law, a woman cannot travel without a Mahram if she is going to traverse beyond the Safar – specified distance – of 88,864km – the distance of three days and nights.
In his book Injunctions Pertaining to the Traveller – edited by Mufti Afzal Hoosen Elias – Maulana Mufti Inam Haq Qasmi writes that in addition to a women's physical nature, "The Islamic system of values attaches paramount importance to the safety and chastity of women."
It is for these reasons that Shari'ah has stipulated special guidelines for every situation in which the chastity and honour of a woman may be jeopardised. There are many clear narrations of Nabi Muhammad SAW in this regard.
Sayyiduna Abu Said al-Khudri RA narrates that the Messenger of Allah SAW said, "Let no woman travel for more than three days unless her husband or a Mahram is with her." (Sahih Muslim).
Sayyiduna Abd Allah ibn Umar RA narrates that Nabi Muhammad SAW said, "A woman must not travel for three days except with a Mahram." (Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 1036 & Sahih Muslim).
Sayyiduna Abu Huraira RA narrates that the Nabi Muhammad SAW said, "It is unlawful for a woman who believes in Allah and the last day that she travels the distance of one day and one night without a Mahram accompanying her." (Sahih al-Bukhari, no. 1038).
The Shari'ah has allowed women to travel a distance less than the Safar without a Mahram as there is little danger involved. However, Ulama have discouraged it in today's time as her honour is greatly jeopardised given the widespread immorality and corruption present.
The four main schools of thought all agree on this matter except with women travelling for Hajj with a group of trustworthy ladies, which the Shafi and Maliki madhabs say is permissible.
The basis for this ruling is not an evil assumption about women and their manners, as some people unreasonably think, but it is to take care of her reputation, dignity and safety. It is to protect her from the desires of those who have diseased hearts, from the assault of an immoral person.
Today people argue that forms of travel have changed from how it was in the time of Rasulullah SAW. Since various modes of transportation such as planes, buses and ships gather large amounts of people at a time this provides plenty of confidence and reliability, removing feelings of fear for women, because she will not be by herself in any place.
Mufti Muhammad ibn Adam from the UK based Darul Iftaa explains, "This deduction is incorrect and the permissibility of women travelling without a Mahram can not be justified on its basis." Neither can the justification that we live in a different era where women need to "move with the times in order to improve" carry any weight.
Rulings that are based upon clear texts of the Quran and Sunnah can never change. The wisdom behind this ruling is to save women from the dangers that can be encountered on a journey. However, this is not the legal reason. Whether the journey is safe, in a plane or on foot, it will remain impermissible.
This is very similar to the ruling of shortening of prayers for a Musaafir. The wisdom behind the ruling is undue hardship; however, this is not the reason. The reason is the travelling distance of three days and three nights. Even if one was in a perfectly comfortable journey, all the Hanafi scholars (classic and contemporary) have declared that it is incumbent upon a traveller to shorten the Fard prayers. We don't see people suggesting that prayers must not be shortened due to the modern day means of transport.
(source: Jamiatul Ulama - KZN)


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subset: commoncrawl


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Every legend has a beginning. Every saga, a first step.
Alas for Lego, the production of simple, cheap collectible figurines based on popular culture, from TV shows, movies, comic books to video games, grew with Funko, the American toy company that has licensed hundreds of characters from all over geekdom.
Hong Kong's Hot Toys entered the fray a few years ago, with their Cosbaby figurines. Again, the public fell in love with disproportionate figurines with exaggerated features that weren't really posable, because who plays with action figures anymore?
Lego's foray isn't that new, given that it has been selling its minifigs for the longest time, but it seems that consumers are clamouring for something bigger. When news broke that Lego was launching limited sets last year, fans went nuts and snapped up the exclusives at San Diego Comic Con.
Unlike the sets that were sold as two-packs then, the current Lego Brickheadz Series 1 are available as individual figurines, though the Lego Certified stores are making them available as complete sets. At the recent launch at Ngee Ann City, only Batman, Robin, Joker and Batgirl were available individually.
There are 12 figures in all, but only 10 are available at the moment. Black Widow, Captain America, Iron Man and The Hulk round up the Marvel set, while Belle and Prince Adam, from Beauty and the Beast, and Captain Jack Sparrow and Captain Armando Salazar, from the upcoming Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales, wrap up the series.
But since the fifth movie in the Pirates of the Caribbean series hasn't open, those two figures aren't out yet.
And if you're really into the Brickheadz series, the Series 1 set is different from the ones available at SDCC. The Bat family set here are from the recent Lego Batman movie, while the Batman and Joker set is from the comics. The SDCC Captain America and Iron Man are also from the comics, while those from Series 1 are based on the recent Marvel Cinematic Universe.
And it's not just the difference in colours, as some Lego parts are also different.
What is identical though, is that every Brickheadz is not just a shell, as they also come with a heart and brain. Fine, the heart is basically a pink 2×2 LEgo brick surrounded by several SNOT bricks, but hey, at least Lego has the ability and tries to humanise its figurines.
Each Brickheadz comes with the same base, with a 1×4 tile with two studs for perching the completed figurine on. While the figurine has arms, they are not movable in any way. There are also some unique parts, like the pieces with Belle's dress, or the stylised chest plate with Batman, Robin and Batgirl's logo.
The designers have tried to make each figure's design unique in some way, other than colour. The Joker has a head of green hair, while Captain America has a mini shield. Belle has a lovely long hair, while the Beast has a lovely mane.
Here's a completed Belle alongside a toy figurine of Belle. You know it's her.
At S$19.90 each, these Brickheadz aren't expensive individually, though I'm sure most collectors will pick up the complete series of 12. The fact that each of the figures are also identified by series, instead of figures within a series means that Lego has plans to release more waves of these figures.
Come on. Even if you remove the Avengers and the Bat family, there are still a dozen Disney princesses and their prince, as well as from its other Lego toy lines.
And can anyone say Lego Brickheadz Star Wars? Afterall, every journey has a first step.
Even if you're not a fan of collecting Lego, the Brickheadz are a nice diversion from the main box sets. They are bigger than minifigs, and make better items to have on your office desk or around the home. And if you stick to only collecting them, you will never be forced to spend more on other similar items.
Passion and love mean little to the Baroness. No man can ever be her master. Where there's terror to be sown and coin earned, that's where she will be with guns akimbo.


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Eldercare Planning Considerations
Eldercare Planning Considerations with Crossroads
The search for eldercare options needs to encompass 4 core areas: clinical, financial, legal, and senior housing/care options. At Crossroads, we are uniquely qualified to uncover vital information about each family's situation, which will have a considerable impact on the important decisions being made. Our mission is that our clients never have to say "if only I had known".
Our team has over 60 combined years of experience in the healthcare and eldercare industry. Since 2012 Crossroads has created and implemented a proven process that allows us to triage our client's unique situation, provide them accurate information and referrals, and then help them make the tough decisions about care for their mom or dad. In addition, our consultants are available 24/7 so that whenever an issue arises we're available to help guide them.
Essential Considerations In An Eldercare Search:
• What are the current care needs of the person needing assistance?
• What is the financial situation and do funding options such as Veteran's benefits, Medicaid Waiver or LTC insurance apply.
• Are the proper legal documents in place?
• What options for housing or care are available based on a comprehensive review of facts.
Our Free Service Includes:
• Comprehensive consultations with our advisors to uncover the unique needs and circumstances of each family.
• A custom plan with referrals and all necessary information to move forward.
• Ongoing access and follow up to regularly review progress and consider new circumstances.
• Access to monthly educational seminars and our Assisted Living Resource Center.
There Are 4 Key Areas of Eldercare Planning That Need to Be Understood Before Making a Decision:


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Angela Jenkins recently relocated from Pennsylvania to Eastern Carolina with her husband, Jim, and their dog, Jake. Angela is new to the Raleigh area. Coming on board at the AACC in September made her feel almost like one of the new students arriving to start the year.
Angela's work experience has always been in Special Libraries and she is excited to work in the African American Cultural Center Library. This collection is extra special to her. Angela was a volunteer at her local public library and worked with the local area history collection where she had an opportunity to rediscover NC and its long history of African Americans in North Carolina.
Angela is a graduate of Rider University, located in Lawrenceville, New Jersey, with a B.A. in Liberal Studies. She is a member of the American Library Association, Special Libraries Association, and the Health Sciences Library Association of New Jersey.
Angela's previous responsibilities were with a nonprofit hospital/ healthcare organization in New Jersey and involved managing a library reference/research desk and providing information support to patrons, staff, and students. She was Manager of Library Research and User Services, charged with promoting library services and supporting critical reference and research needs of staff.
Angela's hobbies include doll collecting, gardening, reading, and walking her dog. She looks forward to working with staff, students, and faculty on campus.
Hispanic Heritage Month:
Setpember 15th - October 15th
Multicultural Student Affairs is pleased to bring you its 2013 Hispanic Heritage Month Calendar!
Please join us for the following events at NC State and beyond. Full event descriptions are available on the printable Hispanic Heritage Month Calendar of Events.
Latinos Beyond Reel: Challenging a Media Stereotype
Wednesday, September 18, Campus Cinema, 7:00PM
Zumba/Dance Classes
Mondays, September 23, October 7, and October 14, TRX Studio, Carmichael Gymnasium, 9:00PM-9:55PM
Friday, September 27, Witherspoon Student Center, Room 126, 7:00PM
(The State of) Hispanic Student Perspectives
Friday, October 4, D.H. HIll Library Assembly Room (2nd Floor, East Wing), 12:00PM-1:00PM
Llamada del Pueblo Juntos Family Day Network
Saturday, October 26, Witherspoon Student Center, 10:00AM-4:30PM
Diamante Awards
Saturday, October 26 (Tickets: $75), Durham Marriott City Center, 201 Foster Street, Durham, NC 27701
Women In Transition (WIT) - Higher Ed Discussion Group
The Women's Center is proud to host a monthly discussion group designed for professional women who have worked in higher education in the past and left the field, but remain interested in current student and campus issues.
The objective of the group is to support women at various stages in their careers by providing opportunities to network and stay engaged with current higher ed issues. Coordinated by volunteer Jennifer Bell, the group meets with various campus leaders to discuss their leadership roles, current issues in their respective fields, and strategies for remaining engaged. This fall, the group will meet on the following dates from 11:30PM - 1:00PM in the Women's Center, 322 Harrelson Hall: Fridays, September 20, October 11, November 15, and December 6, 2013.
If you know of any women in active job searches or simply eager to remain engaged in anticipation of a return to the field, please share this information with them. Interested participants may contact Jennifer Bell, for additional information.
Campus Climate for Interpersonal Violence Prevention: Your Opinion


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News Feed
Grand Final Action
The Shamrocks and Bats Division 4 sides will play in the grand final this Sunday, at Blacktown International Sportspark. Entry is $10, matches start at 2pm.
Further information
Please note that this website is not updated very often. If you would like to keep up to date with the UTS Australian Football Club please check out the following pages:


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Victory Corps
Victory Corps is a Direct Sales Supplier of Parade Float Supplies and Accessories Technologies
Custom Magento Development
With robust products and options, they needed unique functionality.
Victory Corps was a custom, responsive Magento build, with full eCommerce capabilities, and many additional custom features created by Spark Logix Studios using custom PHP, CSS, and HTML coding. The Victory Corps website accomodated well over 15,000 products, including a number of complex configurable products as well as simple products. This project presented several interesting and novel challenges to our development team.
The client wanted a design that reflected a Patriotic look and feel, as the time of year where they see the highest volume of sales is the 4th of July Parade season. Our designers went with a red, white and blue motif, while making the most use of white, to allow the product images and colors to really come through, and with judicious use of Red and Blue they were able to highlight the important concepts and factors on the website, without making the visual aspect overwhelming or gaudy.
The client had several unique functions they wanted with the Magento site, which are not a part of the core Magento functionality. First, they wanted a way for customers to be able to visually see the color options presented for each product. On their old website, users simply chose a color option from a dropdown that only displayed the color name in text. Spark Logix created a grid structure which displayed color swatches, or samples, for each product. This allows users to visually see a color sample of the product they are going to be purchasing, not just guess what "Olive Green" really means.
Second, Victory Corps had an extensive library of product photos. They wanted a way for customers to easily view a photo of a given product in a given color. So Spark Logix, using heavy custom PHP coding, created a link between the Color Swatch system we created, and the featured image gallery built into Magento, so when a user clicks on, or even just hovers their mouse over a particular color swatch, the corresponding product image appears on the product page, allowing the user to see the final product in the color of their choice while making their shopping decisions.
Third, given the extensive library of photos the client had, we created a second row of images on each product page, which also loads into the main Featured Image gallery. This new row of images features the product "In Use", e.g. images from customers who have used Victory Corps products in Parades, or other party events, allowing users to better visualize the creative possibilities using the Victory Corps line of products.
Lastly, the client had several custom imprint products, and needed a simple way for users to upload their image files to their order. So we again, using custom PHP code, created a new functionality, tied to a custom option on the Magento Product Backend, which allowed them to select a custom imprint option. When selected, an artwork upload functionality appears on the front end of that given product, allowing users to upload many different file types (jpg, tiff, png, psd, etc.) They see a preview thumbnail of the file throughout the remainder of the shopping cart experience, and once the order is placed, the image is attached to the order, and sent to the Victory Corps order processing team, allowing them to easily create the custom imprint, and keep track of which custom imprint goes with which order. We additionally created pricing functionality tied to the custom imprint, so Victory Corps could set any additional price modification they wanted (including free) for a custom imprint product.
The Victory Corps website build turned out beautifully, and along with the client, we were able to find elegant custom built solutions to their specific wants and needs. We're very proud of this build, so check it out and see what you think!
Custom Features
- Dropdown color options which are tied to a visual grid of color swatches, allowing the customer to see a visual representation of the color choices available for a given product.
- When a customer hovers their mouse over a color swatch, the Featured Product Image updates to a photo of the product in that particular color.
- Added Custom Image gallery to the individual product pages, which appears as a second row of images, for photos of the product "in use" (e.g. images from parades to demonstrate their products in action).
- Added a Custom Gallery Page, allowing for High Res images of their various products in action.
- Custom PHP added to the Product Options, which allows users to upload an image file (jpg, png, psd, etc.) for custom imprint products.
- Create custom pricing options for the Artwork Upload functionality, allowing Victory Corps to set any price they wish for the Custom Artwork Imprint (including free)


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Banana Red Lamp Shade
Decorate your country cottage or log cabin with one of these rustic lamp shades. Handcrafted in America from handmade papers, these lamp shades are supported by durable styrene and are a flattering complement to our antler lighting. They are available in several sizes and elicit a romantic rustic, country and lodge theme. Each of these lamp shades are laced with suede lace and have wood or antler buttons. Shades can be made with a wide selection of wild life, western and southwest stencils. The Banana Red lamp shade is shown with dark brown lace with a curve seam.
Lamp shade sizes:
Table Lamp shades - 5 x 17 x 11.25
Table Lamp shades - 6 x 18 x 12
Table Lamp shades - 6 x 20 x 11.5
Floor Lamp shades - 7 x 20 x 12
Floor Lamp shades - 6 x 22 x 15
This rustic decor manufacturer are generally delivered in 2 - 4 weeks. If ordered individually, delivery charges may apply. The color and texture of the handmade papers may vary from shade to shade. Of course this is part of what makes these shades unique. Fading or damage may occur at high wattage or direct sunlight.
Example for Measuring Lamp shades: 5x14x10
5" top diameter
14"bottom diameter
10" slope from top to bottom


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Perfect Privacy VPN for TorrentingVisit Website
Perfect-Privacy VPN is one of the best VPN providers on the market, offering a great value service coupled with good speeds. Torrent clients will find this is a particularly good choice of provider as the Socks5 proxy provided allows bittorrent configuration without any requirement to connect via the VPN. Socks5 proxy ensures torrenting remains anonymous.
Where is Perfect Privacy VPN from?
Perfect-Privacy.com is based in Zug, Switzerland, which does not have any regulations regarding mandatory data retention, and that means customers can be assured of anonymity online as the company don't keep logs. Where customers wish to remain totally anonymous it is even possible to pay for plans with Bitcoins so the only information required will be a valid email address for billing purposes.
Servers & Countries
The provider has servers in 26 countries and the ability to cascade any VPN connection via up to four different servers does give customers even greater security and encryption than most other providers. The service is supported on most Internet-enabled devices. Customers who enjoy torrenting will also find the eight port forwardings included in this plan are ideal.
Independent reviews confirm that speeds achieved with Perfect Privacy VPN are fair to adequate, although customers choosing to cascade their connection between servers will experience some slowdown.
Perfect Privacy VPN recommended for Filesharing
When it comes to filesharing or torrenting this is definitely a great service to choose, due to zero logging policy. Torrent clients will find this is a particularly good choice of provider as the Socks5 proxy provided allows bittorrent configuration without any requirement to connect via the VPN. Socks5 proxy ensures torrenting remains anonymous.
Copyright problems should never be an issue with Perfect-Privacy VPN, although torrenting on servers based in the United States is blocked due to DMCA problems that could cause the host servers to terminate contracts with Perfect-Privacy. It's fine to make unlimited use of most other servers based outside the United States for filesharing or torrenting activity.
The Torrenting Policy
The Perfect-Privacy VPN policy on torrenting and filesharing via US-based servers is in line with many companies based in the United States and protects their own interests. Customers have the ability to fileshare or torrent from servers based in most other places around the world, however, choosing to take out a VPN with a provider based in countries like Hong Kong could be the best option for some consumers, as some countries have little Internet legislation with which to comply.
Servers & Countries
Perfect-Privacy.com VPN has many servers in countries such as Australia, Lithuania, Japan, Israel, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Romania, Germany, Turkey, Russia, USA, Luxembourg, Brazil, Netherlands, Switzerland, Sweden, Canada, China, Singapore, Iceland, Panama, France and Egypt.Go to perfect-privacy.com


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Today marks a special occasion. My first venture into the blogging world, and my first day following Tracy Anderson's 30 Day Method http://tracyandersonmethod.com/. I figure what better way to be held accountable than to post my journey for the ENTIRE world to see. I stumbled upon Tracy's book on my weekly bookstore trip (I'm in grad school, and unlike other 20 somethings-thank God I can still call myself 20 something-I spend most my evenings and weekends studying). After perusing and a bit of self dialogue, I decided to give it a try. Like most women, I'm drawn to every magazine, exercise, and diet scheme known to man, but her book struck me as different and boy was I in for a treat. By that evening I'd read the entire book and was convinced this tiny powerhouse knew what she was talking about. I spent the next week taking notes, grocery shopping (big shout out to the poor produce boy who I STALKED for 15 minutes begging for help to find all the ingredients), preparing my workout space, pretty much getting rid of EVERY excuse (all I need is 1 to start the downward spiral) I could muster up come Sunday, October 24, 2010. And was it worth it! When I woke up all I had to do was put on my workout gear and follow Tracy (Just for the record I've never met her, but I've decided we are besties, hence the first name basis), but more on that later.
Before I get ahead of myself, let me back up. The reason I am completing TAM (Tracy Anderson Method for those who ask, "what the hell is TAM"?) is because I'm sick and tired. Sick and tired of trying and failing brilliantly might I add, at exercise fads, diets/weight loss tricks and finally made the choice to get my behind into shape for real, right now, instead of just complaining about it. I consider myself to be in OK shape, I crave a heart pumping spin/zumba/step class, though my actual attendance fluctuates because of my infamous excuses-some weeks I'll go 5 days, others I'll be luckily if I see the inside of a gym, plus I get bored easily on the machines, and don't get me started on food, to which all I can say this; food and I have a 28 year long love affair, so with those toxic ingredients I have never stuck to a diet or exercise plan for long, hence my dilemma. Over the next 30 days I'll be blogging daily about the ups and downs of my journey, hopefully losing my dreaded "truffle shuffle" along the way. So here goes nothing!
Day #1 began great, woke up eager and excited for my new "leaf"and headed to workout, starting with weighing and measuring every inch of my squishiness (dear Lord was that eye opening). Got through the mat work (20 reps) and started the cardio only to find my DVD was defective (not an excuse it really was!), so I immediately hightailed it back to the bookstore, sweaty, yet determined to exchange my book for a new one. Once home I powered through 40 minutes of cardio, though I should have heeded the book's advice and just step touched for the first 3 days, but I was determined to follow Tracy's advice to "push myself" and felt so much better after I did (even though I felt like a fool prancing around). Now I have to admit, after completing my workout I was utterly exhausted and took a nap after lunch, I'm guessing these are the flu symptoms kicking in, but hopefully I garner some extra energy because I'm pretty sure I can't nap at work tomorrow!
Now for the good stuff, food. I'm proud to say the meals were actually very tasty! My favorite is the Chocolate Chestnut pudding, can we say heaven? I will definitely make this again, post 30 days. I ate all the meals and portions as instructed, and wasn't hungry once, which is surprising since I can't look at food and not decide I'm "starving".
Overall day #1 was a success, bring it on day #2!
Day #1 - Here goes nothing...
Oct 25, 2010
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Large Tanto With Kydex Sheath
Overall Length: 10"
Blade Length: 5"
Blade Width 1 5/8"
Blade Thickness 3/16"
Blade Grind: Double Flat Grind
Edge Grind: Double Flat Grind
Blade steel: 5160 High Carbon Steel
Heat Treatment: Hand forged, normalized, hardened, oil quenched, and triple tempered.
Blade Finish: Flint knap texture on the flats, ground to 80 grit on the bevels, washed with acid.
Handle: Black satin cord underwrap with a black/green paracord overwrap that is then sealed with epoxy resin to keep it from ever unwrapping.
Sheath: Kydex sheath. Sheath holes are drilled for 3/4" centers and can be used with various hardware (sold separately) or tied to gear using Zip-Ties or cord.
More from this collection


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American Psycho Opens On Broadway
Broadway might be having a killer good time this season but perhaps one show is taking that phrase all too literally. A new musical has come to Broadway like one never before. Sure, theatre-goers have even seen assassins take to the stage but this type of crime spree is something new to the Great White Way. Patrick Bateman is his name and apparently this season, Broadway is his game. Today, Luner on Theatre brings you the exciting news that American Psycho officially opens on Broadway tonight!
American Psycho officially opens tonight at The Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre on Broadway following beginning previews earlier this season on March 24th, 2016. The musical is a brand new production to Broadway this season. American Psycho comes to Broadway following it's sold-out world premiere run at the Almeida Theatre in London from December 2013 through February 2014.
Leading American Psycho to Broadway as Patrick Bateman is Benjamin Walker (Pictured Right). He is joined by Tony Award winner Alice Ripley as Patrick's Mother/Mrs. Wolfe, Heléne Yorke as Evelyn Williams (Patrick's girlfriend), Tony Award nominee Jennifer Damiano as Jean (Patrick's secretary), Drew Moerlein as Paul Owen, Krystina Alabado as Vandan, Dave Thomas Brown as David van Patten, Jordan Dean as Luis Carruthers, Anna Eilinsfeld as Victoria, Jason Hite as Sean Bateman, Ericka Hunter as Sabrina, Holly James as Christine, Keith Randolph Smith as Detective Kimball, Alex Michael Stoll as Craig McDermott, and Morgan Weed as Courtney Lawrence. Sydney Morton, Anthony Sagaria and Neka Zang are also featured in the ensemble. Holly James returns to the production after appearing in the London run/premiere of American Psycho. Thanks to Joan Marcus for the photo above and at bottom!
Helming American Psycho's Broadway debut is Olivier Award winner Rupert Goold (Pictured Left) as director, who previously mounted King Charles III on Broadway this season, with Tony Award winner Lynne Page as choreographer. Jason Hart is musical director. The rest of the creative team includes Olivier Award winner Es Devlin as scenic designer, Obie Award winner Justin Townsend as lighting designer and Tony Award winner Finn Ross as video designer. David Shrubsole provides musical supervision and vocal arrangements while the production is cast by Telsey + Company/Craig Burns, CSA. Thanks Walter McBridge for the photo left!
American Psycho is a new musical featuring music and lyrics by Duncan Sheik and a book by Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa. The musical, set in Manhattan during the 1980's, is based on the book by the same title written by Bret Easton Ellis. Patrick Bateman is a young and handsome Wall Street banker who is pursing the American Dream. From dining in exclusive restaurants to indulging in their luxury labels, Patrick and his elite group of friends seem to have it all. However, the life Patrick lives outside this spotlight is one that comes into question when friends begin to disappear one by one.
Luner on Theatre would like to wish a very Happy Opening to the entire company of American Psycho! Don't miss your chance to have a killer good time at Broadway's newest musical opening tonight at The Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre! This exciting new musical will leave you frightened, sleeping with your lights on and an everlasting guilt for not attending the gym more often.
More American Psycho Information: Website – Facebook – Twitter – Instagram


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This can be used for Elementary, Junior High, or Senior High... just might need to be adapted. I'm posting the format I used for my 6th years at one of my elementary schools. Only thing you need is for a dice cube (big preferably... can easily be made out of a cardboard box and paper) and some magnets to use as game pieces. This is an A4 size file... but most schools how those ginormous printers that can blow up small paper into like 5ft x 6ft. Just tape this onto the chalkboard and you are good to go.
on the page you'll see a bunch of little clip art of various things... these are vocabulary words that they have covered throughout the year. say they land on SPAGHETTI... The student has to use that vocabulary word in a sentence structure that we studied this semester/year... like "I like spaghetti" or "I want to eat spaghetti"... this works really good because it allows the students that aren't as confident to use an easier phrase ("I like") and allows the students who want to challenge themselves to do so.
It's a really fun game... my students loved it. Actually the teacher wanted to keep both the dice and the blown-up paper so the kids could play later on.
Lemme know how this goes!


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There are bands from Columbus and then there are Columbus bands. Zoo Trippin', an ever-evolving funk, rock and blues group, belongs to the latter.
From playing at-capacity shows at Brothers Drake, giving on-stage haircuts at Scarlet and Grey Cafe, to an uncharacteristically formal performance for dress-up jazz club Notes, Zoo Trippin' can be seen almost anywhere around the Columbus music scene.
"This city is full of f—in' weirdos, but it's talented weirdos," rhythm guitarist and vocalist Drew Dimitrovski said. "If anybody asks what we sound like, my favorite answer to give is we sound like Columbus."
Lead vocalist Tony Casa and lead guitarist Lynn Roose III collectively agreed with Dimitrovski. Being wedged between the Chicago and New York scenes, the Columbus sound is sandwiched with multiple influences.
Casa and Roose have been collaborating musically for a while now, but they said Zoo Trippin' is their most accomplished project. The band began as Zoo Trip, inspired by the group's frequent visits to Columbus' own while growing up in the city and attending Hilliard Davidson High School. They added the –pin' to avoid vague Google searchers.
Those three letters have made Zoo Trippin' not only a band, but also a brand and culture. Its live performances are untamed spectacles with "party favors" such as condom-filled piñatas and confetti surprises. It's not unusual for the main six members to be joined by more contributors onstage, which only adds to the energy.
"It turned into this concept of we can be as big as a 13-piece band, and it becomes a zoo," Dimitrovski said. "It was a very practical, literal start of the name and then we grew into this concept of we're all a little bit crazy, we're all a little bit wild, we have very high energy."
Zoo Trippin's latest work, the six-song EP "Great White Buffalo," released in June captures Midwest hardships and triumphs backed by funk-riddled jams inspired from the surrounding sounds.
On the album's single "Bluebird," Casa channels the band's blues side backed by moving strings and introspective classic rock riffs by singing, "Do you remember the wild bender back when we were young?/Before we knew all those deepest blues and the places they come from."
As the members of the band enter their 30s, "Great White Buffalo" is Zoo Trippin's most complete effort to date. Drummer Steve Hatmaker, bassist Austin Smith and keyboardist Jeff Straw round out the collective that is dedicated to making the band a lifestyle, putting aside previous jobs and relationships in an effort to make it as musicians.
"This is the start of us turning from a fun band that's a hobby to a full-time project where people are leaving their jobs and we're starting to tour," Casa said. "It's getting to a point to where we're so confident in what we're doing now that we're OK with charging $10 for a CD and $10 for a ticket."
And the band has been able to pull a profit doing so. Dimitrovski said that the physical CD and streaming sales for "Great White Buffalo" will be able to cover the cost for the release of Zoo Trippin's next album.
Another way the group has been able to monetarily succeed as a band stems from the members' in-studio work ethic. Their disciplined mindset has helped them keep studio costs at a minimum.
"When we show up, we show up with a really rigid game plan (and get) all the tracking down in a very short amount of time," Roose said.
It is evident that Zoo Trippin' does not intend to mess around, given the amount of times the group members mentioned the band being their primary and sole hustle. In fact, Dimitrovski comitted to the band to complete the current lineup after just one performance .
Three weeks before the release of the band's EP, "Kids These Days" in April 2015, Dimitrovski crossed paths with the band while both of them were playing at a show in remembrance of his late brother. Casa and Roose knew he and his brother from having all attended the same high school, but had never played music together. During their set, the members of Zoo Trippin' called Dimitrovski onstage to perform with them. He committed to joining the band that night after playing a slew of songs together.
"We're going to make it to the point where we do nothing but make music for a living, and these guys right now are willing to share in that dream, share in the hardships as well (such as) being away from home and being stuck in a shit scenario," Casa said.
At one point Casa noted that he will die in Columbus. He said he and the other band members' ambition are strong enough to push the Zoo Trippin' trend across the nation and into a lifelong project, but the spirt of the band will always reside in the heart of Ohio.
Zoo Trippin' is set to play Spacebar on Saturday, July 16. Admission is $5 for 21+ and $7 for ages 18+.


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