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Archive date: 2019-08-14This content is no longer being updated or maintained. The content is provided "as is." Given the rapid evolution of technology, some content, steps, or illustrations may have changed.
Porting from Windows to a UNIX environment
Most Microsoft® Windows®-based projects are built using Microsoft Visual Studio®, which has a sophisticated integrated development environment (IDE) that automates almost the entire build process for the developer. In addition, Windows developers use Windows platform-specific application program interfaces (APIs), headers, and language extensions. Most UNIX®-like systems, such as SunOS, OpenBSD, and IRIX, don't support an IDE or any Windows-specific headers or extensions, thereby making porting a time-consuming activity. To make matters more complicated, legacy Windows-based code was meant to be run on 16-bit or 32-bit x86 architecture. UNIX-based environments are often 64-bit, and most UNIX vendors don't support the x86 instruction set. This article, the first in a two-part series, demystifies the process of porting a typical Visual C++ project in a Windows operating system to a
g++ environment in SunOS while addressing the aforementioned issues in some detail.
C/C++ project types in Visual Studio
You can use a Visual C++ project to create one of three variants (single or multi-threaded) of a project:
- Dynamic-link library (DLL or .dll)
- Static library (LIB or .lib)
- Executable (.exe)
For more complex variants, use a Visual Studio .NET solution — this solution makes it possible to create and manage multiple projects. The next couple of sections in this document focus on porting dynamic and static library project variants from Windows to UNIX.
Porting a DLL to a UNIX environment
The UNIX equivalent of a .dll file in Windows is a shared object (.so) file. However, the process of creating a .so file is rather different from that of creating a .dll file. Consider the example in Listing 1, where you try to create a small .dll file that has a single function,
printHello, which is called from the main routine in the main.cpp file.
Listing 1. File hello.h containing the declaration for the printHello routine
#ifdef BUILDING_DLL
#define PRINT_API __declspec(dllexport)
#define PRINT_API __declspec(dllimport)
extern "C" PRINT_API void printHello();
Listing 2 provides the source code for hello.cpp.
Listing 2. File hello.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include "hello.h"
void printHello
std::cout << "hello Windows/UNIX users\n";
extern "C" PRINT_API void printHello();
If you use the Microsoft 32-bit
C/C++ standard compiler for 80×86 platforms (
cl), the following command creates the hello.dll file:
cl /LD hello.cpp /DBUILDING_DLL
/LD instructs
cl to create a .dll file. (It can be instructed to create other formats such as .exe or .obj.)
/DBUILDING_DLL defines the
PRINT_API macro for this particular building process so that the printHello symbol is exported from this DLL.
Listing 3 contains the main.cpp main source file, which uses the printHello routine. The assumption here is that hello.h, hello.cpp, and main.cpp are all in the same folder.
Listing 3. Main sources using the printHello routine
#include "hello.h"
int main ( )
return 0;
To compile and link the main code, use the following command line:
cl main.cpp hello.lib
A quick inspection of the sources and generated output reveals two important facts. First, the Windows-specific syntax,
__declspec(dllexport), is needed to export any functions, variables, or classes from a DLL. Likewise, the Windows-specific syntax,
__declspec(dllimport), is needed to import any functions, variables, or classes from a DLL. And second, the compilation generates two files: printHello.dll and printHello.lib. PrintHello.lib is used to link the main sources, and the UNIX headers for shared objects don't need the
declspec syntax. The output of a successful compilation is a single .so file that gets linked with the main sources.
To create a shared library in UNIX platforms using
g++, compile all source files as relocatable shared objects by passing the
-fPIC flag to
g++. PIC stands for position independent code. A shared library is potentially mapped to a new memory address every time it gets loaded. Therefore, it makes sense to generate the addresses of all variables and functions inside the library in a way that can be easily computed relative to the start address that the library is loaded to. This code is generated by the
-fPIC option and makes the code relocatable. The
-o option is used to specify the name of an output file, and the
-shared option builds a shared library in which unresolved references are allowed. To create the hello.so file, you must modify the header, as shown in Listing 4 below.
Listing 4. Modified header for hello.h with UNIX-specific changes
#if defined (__GNUC__) && defined(__unix__)
#define PRINT_API __attribute__ ((__visibility__("default")))
#elif defined (WIN32)
#ifdef BUILDING_DLL
#define PRINT_API __declspec(dllexport)
#define PRINT_API __declspec(dllimport)
extern "C" PRINT_API void printHello();
And here's the
g++ command for linking the shared library hello.so:
g++ -fPIC -shared hello.cpp -o hello.so
To create the main executable, compile the sources:
g++ -o main main.cpp hello.so
Symbol hiding in g++
There are two typical ways to export symbols from a Windows-based DLL. The first method is to use
__declspec(dllexport) only on select elements (for example, classes, global variables, or global functions) that are exported from the DLL. The second method is to use a module-definition (.def) file. .def files have their own syntax and contain the symbols that need to be exported from the DLL.
The default behavior of the
g++ linker is to export all the symbols from a .so file. This might not be desirable, and it makes linking multiple DLLs a time-consuming task. To selectively export symbols from a shared library, use the
g++ attribute mechanism. For example, consider that the user sources have two methods,
'void print1();' and
' int print2(char*);', and the user needs to export print2 only. Listing 5 encloses a means of achieving this in both Windows and UNIX.
Listing 5. Hiding symbols in g++
#ifdef _MSC_VER // Visual Studio specific macro
#ifdef BUILDING_DLL
#define DLLEXPORT __declspec(dllexport)
#define DLLEXPORT __declspec(dllimport)
#define DLLLOCAL
#define DLLEXPORT __attribute__ ((visibility("default")))
#define DLLLOCAL __attribute__ ((visibility("hidden")))
extern "C" DLLLOCAL void print1(); // print1 hidden
extern "C" DLLEXPORT int print2(char*); // print2 exported
__attribute__ ((visibility("hidden"))) prevents symbol exporting from a DLL. The latest versions of
g++ (4.0.0 and higher) also provide the
-fvisibility switch, which you can use to selectively export symbols from a shared library. Using
g++ with
-fvisibility=hidden in a command line suspends exporting of all symbols from a shared library, except for those that have been declared with
__attribute__ ((visibility("default"))). This is a neat way of telling
g++ that every declaration that is not explicitly marked with a visibility attribute has a hidden visibility. Using
dlsym to extract a hidden symbol returns
Overview of the attribute mechanism in g++
Much like the Visual Studio environment, which provides a lot of additional syntax on top of
g++ supports many non-standard extensions to the language. One of these, the attribute mechanism in
g++, is handy for porting purposes. The previous example discussed symbol hiding. Yet another use of attributes is to set function types, such as
stdcall, and
fastcall, to Visual C++. Part 2 of this series discusses the attribute mechanism in greater detail.
Explicit DLL or shared object loading in a UNIX environment
In Windows systems, it is quite common to for a .dll file to be explicitly loaded by a Windows program. For example, consider a sophisticated Windows-based editor that has printing capabilities. Such an editor would dynamically load the DLL for the printer driver the first time a user makes the corresponding request. Windows-based developers use the Visual Studio-provided APIs, such as
LoadLibrary, to explicitly load a DLL,
GetProcAddress to query for a symbol from the DLL, and
FreeLibrary to unload an explicitly loaded DLL. The UNIX equivalents for the same functions are the
dlsym, and
dlclose routines. Further, in Windows, there's a special
DllMain method that is invoked the first time the DLL is loaded onto memory. UNIX-like systems have a corresponding method called
Consider a variant of the previous example. Listing 6 is the loadlib.h header file, which is used in the sources that call the main method.
Listing 6. Header file loadlib.h
#ifndef __LOADLIB_H
#define __LOADLIB_H
#ifdef UNIX
#include <dlfcn.h>
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
typedef void* (*funcPtr)();
#ifdef UNIX
# define IMPORT_DIRECTIVE __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
# define CALL
# define IMPORT_DIRECTIVE __declspec(dllimport)
# define CALL __stdcall
extern "C" {
IMPORT_DIRECTIVE void* CALL LoadLibraryA(const char* sLibName);
IMPORT_DIRECTIVE funcPtr CALL GetProcAddress(
void* hModule, const char* lpProcName);
IMPORT_DIRECTIVE bool CALL FreeLibrary(void* hLib);
The main method now explicitly loads the printHello.dll file and invokes the
Listing 7. Main file Loadlib.cpp
#include "loadlib.h"
int main(int argc, char* argv[])
#ifndef UNIX
char* fileName = "hello.dll";
void* libraryHandle = LoadLibraryA(fileName);
if (libraryHandle == NULL)
cout << "dll not found" << endl;
else // make a call to "printHello" from the hello.dll
(GetProcAddress(libraryHandle, "printHello"))();
#else // unix
void (*voidfnc)();
char* fileName = "hello.so";
void* libraryHandle = dlopen(fileName, RTLD_LAZY);
if (libraryHandle == NULL)
cout << "shared object not found" << endl;
else // make a call to "printHello" from the hello.so
voidfnc = (void (*)())dlsym(libraryHandle, "printHello");
return 0;
DLL search path in Windows and UNIX environments
In Windows operating systems, a DLL is searched in the following order:
- Directory where the executable is located (for example, notepad.exe in Windows)
- Current working directory (That is, the directory from which notepad.exe is launched.)
- Windows system directory (typically C:\Windows\System32)
- Windows directory (typically C:\Windows)
- Directories listed as part of the PATH environment variable
In UNIX-like systems, such as Solaris, the LD_LIBRARY_PATH environment variable specifies the shared library search order. The path to a new shared library needs to be appended to the LD_LIBRARY_PATH variable. The search order for HP-UX involves directories listed as part of LD_LIBRARY_PATH followed by those in SHLIB_PATH. For IBM AIX® operating systems, it's the LIBPATH variable that determines the shared library search order.
Porting a static library from Windows to UNIX
The object code of static libraries, as opposed to dynamic link libraries, is linked when the application compiles and, as such, becomes a part of the application. Static libraries in UNIX systems follow a naming convention, where lib is prefixed and .a is suffixed to the library name. For example, the Windows user.lib file would typically be named libuser.a in a UNIX system. The operating system-provided commands
ar and
ranlib are used to create static libraries. Listing 8 illustrates how to create a static library, libuser.a, from the user_sqrt1.cpp and user_log1.cpp source files.
Listing 8. Creating a static library in a UNIX environment
g++ -o user_sqrt1.o -c user_sqrt1.cpp
g++ -o user_log1.o -c user_log1.cpp
ar rc libuser.a user_sqrt1.o user_log1.o
ranlib libuser.a
ar tool creates a static library, libuser.a, and puts copies of the user_sqrt1.o and user_log1.o object files in it. If there is an existing library file, the object files are added to it. If the object files being used are newer than those inside the library, the older ones are replaced. The
r flag replaces older object files in the library with newer versions of the same object files. If it doesn't exist yet, the
c option creates the library.
After a new archive is created or an existing one is modified, an index of archive contents needs to be created and stored as part of the archive. The index lists each symbol, defined by a member of an archive, that is a relocatable object file. The index speeds up linking with the static library and allows routines in the library to be called, irrespective of their actual placement inside the library. Note that the GNU
ranlib is an extension of the
ar tool, and invoking
ar with an
s argument,
[ar -s], has the same effect as invoking
Precompiled headers
C/C++-based applications in Visual C++ often use precompiled headers. Precompiled headers are a performance feature that certain compilers, such as
cl in Visual Studio, provide to help speed up compilation. Complex applications often make use of header (.h or .hpp) files, which are sections of code that are meant to be included as part of one or more source files. The header files are modified only rarely during the scope of a project. Thus, to speed up compilation, these files can be converted into an intermediate form that is easier for the compiler to understand so that subsequent compilations are faster. This intermediate form is called precompiled header files or PCH in the Visual Studio environment.
Consider the example involving hello.cpp in Listings Listing 1 and Listing 2 earlier in this article. The inclusion of
iostream and the definition of the
EXPORT_API macro can be considered code-invariant parts of the file throughout the scope of the project. Thus, they are good candidates for inclusion in a header file. Listing 9 shows what the code looks like with the relevant changes.
Listing 9. Contents of precomp.h
#ifndef __PRECOMP_H
#define __PRECOMP_H
#include <iostream>
# if defined (__GNUC__) && defined(__unix__)
# define EXPORT_API __attribute__((__visibility__("default")))
# elif defined WIN32
# define EXPORT_API __declspec(dllexport)
# endif
Listing 10 shows the source code of the DLL with the relevant changes.
Listing 10. Contents of new hello.cpp file
#include "precomp.h"
#pragma hdrstop
extern "C" EXPORT_API void printHello()
std::cout << "hello Windows/UNIX users" << std::endl;
As the name suggests, a precompiled header file contains object code in a compiled form that is included before the header stop point. This point in the source file is usually marked by a lexeme that is not consumed as a token by the preprocessor, meaning one that is not a preprocessor directive. Alternatively, this header stop point can also be specified as
#pragma hdrstop, if it is encountered in the sources before a valid non-preprocessor language keyword in the source text.
In a Solaris build, a precompiled header file is searched for when
#include is in the compilation. As it searches for the included file, the compiler looks for a precompiled header in each directory just before it looks for the include file in that directory. The name searched for is the name specified in the
#include with
.gch appended. If the precompiled header file can't be used, it is ignored.
Here is the command line for achieving precompiled header facility in Windows:
cl /Yc precomp.h hello.cpp /DWIN32 /LD
/Yc tells the
cl compiler to generate the precompiled header from precomp.h. The same functionality is achieved in Solaris using the following lines:
g++ precomp.h
g++ -fPIC -G hello.cpp -o hello.so
The first command creates the precompiled header
precomp.h.gch. The rest of the procedure for generating the shared object is the same as described earlier in the article.
Note: Support for precompiled headers in
g++ is available for versions 3.4 and above.
Porting across two completely divergent systems, such ase Windows and UNIX, is never an easy task and, as such, it requires a lot of tweaking and patience. This article explained the essentials of porting the most basic project types from a Visual Studio environment to a
g++ /Solaris-based one. The second and concluding article in this series discusses the multitude of compiler options available in the Visual Studio environment and their
g++ equivalents, the
g++ attribute mechanism, some of the problems porting from a 32-bit (typically Windows) to a 64-bit (UNIX) environment, and multithreading.


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I'm testing spatial database performance on a dataset. Spatial objects in this dataset (stored as WKT in a flat text file) are random valid polygons which have vertex coordinates (x,y) where 100,000> x >0 and same for y.
Currently I'm having problem with inserting these data into PostGIS which has a geometry constraint check and I got an error like "violates check constraint "enforce_srid_polygon ".
So, how can I find/create a srid for my dataset ?
BTW: the polygons are valid polygons which are extracted from images by segmenting objects.

subset: commoncrawl


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Consultation Services
Planning an event but need some assistance in finding out your options as it pertains to A-V, Sound, Projection, Lighting, Pipe and Drapery, Stage Risers, or Room Decor? Southwest Audio Visual Inc will review your plans and consult on all of these aspects from small to large needs.
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In October 2012, the Government introduced workplace pension reforms known as auto enrolment which over the course of a phasing in period require all employers to auto-enrol all eligible employees into a Qualifying Workplace Pension Scheme.
As a company director or business owner, it is your obligation to understand what a Qualifying Scheme is, the process involved, how it works, and what duties and obligations you must comply with.
Since April 2019, employer contributions have been a minimum of 3%, and member contributions are at least 5% (this includes 1% rate tax relief), making a total of 8%.
I can help you understand the issues and requirements of workplace pensions and offer guidance to ensure your business complies with the rules.
The value of a pension will be directly linked to the performance of the funds you select and the value can therefore go down as well as up. You may get back less than you invested.
The levels and bases of taxation, and reliefs from taxation, can change at any time. The value of any tax relief depends on individual circumstances.


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Now situated on the seafront of the town of Swanage in Dorset, the Wellington Clock Tower was originally located at the southern end of London Bridge.
The tower was erected in 1854 as a memorial to the Duke of Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, who had died two years earlier.
Its construction was funded through public subscription and contributions of railway companies with the support of the Commissioners for Lighting the West Division of Southwark. It was designed in the Perpendicular Gothic style by Arthur Ashpitel and, after the foundation stone was laid on 17th June, 1854, took six months to build.
The three level structure, which was topped with a tall spire, housed a clock with four faces. The clock was made by Bennett of Blackheath for the 1851 Great Exhibition but the constant rumbling of the carts passing its new location apparently meant the mechanism never kept good time.
There was also small telegraph office in the ground floor room of the tower. A statue of Wellington was intended to be placed within the open top level but funds apparently ran out before it could be commissioned and it never appeared (Wellington's declining popularity at the time may have also been a factor).
The location of this rather splendid structure meant, however, that it was soon overshadowed by construction of nearby raised railway lines. When the Metropolitan Police condemned the tower as an obstruction to traffic, it was the final straw and having spent little more than a decade in position, the decision was made to demolish the tower.
It was taken down in 1867 but rather than simply being scrapped, Swanage-based contractor George Burt had the building shipped in pieces – they apparently served as ballast during the journey – to his hometown in Dorset where he presented it as a gift to fellow contractor Thomas Docwra. Docwra had the tower reconstructed in a seafront location on the grounds of his property, The Grove, at Peveril Point.
The rebuilt tower lacked the original clock – its faces were replaced with round windows – and in 1904 the spire was also removed and replaced with a small cupola (there's been various reasons suggested for this, including that the spire was damaged in a storm or because it was felt to be sacrilegious by the religious family which then owned the property).
The tower, which was granted a Grade II heritage listing in 1952, can still be seen on the Swanage waterfront today.
10 subterranean sites in London – 4. St Paul's Cathedral Crypt…
November 8, 2017
A highlight of any journey through subterranean London is spending some time in the St Paul's Cathedral crypt, famously the resting place of, among others, Admiral Lord Nelson and Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington.
Built as an integral part of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece, the crypt is said to be the largest in Europe and runs the complete length of the building above. It features some 200 memorials.
Nelson's resting place is under the centre of the dome – his remains, brought back from the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar in a keg of naval brandy, are entombed inside a wooden coffin made from one of the French ships he defeated at the Battle of the Nile which is then contained in a black sarcophagus. Originally made for Cardinal Wolsey in the 1520s but left unused when the Cardinal fell from favour, it's now topped with Nelson's viscount coronet in place of where the cardinal's hat would have stood.
The Duke of Wellington, meanwhile, lies just to the east in a tomb of Cornish porphyritic granite set atop a block of Peterhead granite carved with four sleeping lions at its four corners. The coffin was lowered through a specially created hole in the cathedral floor above Nelson's tomb and then moved into the sarcophagus.
Other memorials – not all of which commemorate people actually buried here – include one to the architect, Sir Christopher Wren, which features the words, written in Latin, 'Reader, if you seek his monument, look around you'.
There's also memorials to everyone from artist Sir Joshua Reynolds and William Blake to Crimean War nurse Florence Nightingale, architect Sir Edwin Lutyens, Lawrence of Arabia and, more recently, one for Gordon Hamilton Fairley, killed by a terrorist bomb in 1975. There's even a bust of the first US President, George Washington.
The crypt also contains a number of war memorials and is the location of the OBE Chapel, dedicated at a service attended by Queen Elizabeth II in 1960, honouring those who have given distinguished service to the nation.
Other features of the crypt include the Treasury where more than 200 items are on display including some of the cathedral's plate and vestments (much of which has been lost over the years including when a major robbery took place in 1810), liturgical plate from other churches in the diocese and some Wren memorabilia including his penknife, measuring rod and death mask.
The crypt is also home to the cathedral's gift shop and cafe where you can stop for a refreshment before heading back out into the streets above.
WHERE: The Crypt, St Paul's Cathedral, City of London (nearest Tube stations are St Paul's and Mansion House); WHEN: 8.30am to 4.30pm Monday to Saturday; COST: £18 adults (18+)/£8 children (aged 6 to 17)/£16 concessions/£44 family ticket; WEBSITE: www.stpauls.co.uk.
PICTURE: Admiral Lord Nelson's tomb (Marcus Holland-Moritz/ licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.o)
This Week in London – Queen Margaret arrives at the Tower; 500 years of working Londoners; butlers explored at Apsley House; and, marking the Russian Revolution centenary…
April 27, 2017
• The Tower of London's dry moat will be transformed into a 15th century medieval court gathered to welcome a new Queen, Margaret of Anjou, for the May bank holiday this long weekend. The world of 1445 is being reimagined in a series of festivities – under the banner of Go Medieval at the Tower – which will include sword-fighting knights, hands-on experiences for kids such as the chance to fire a real crossbow, the "scents, sights and sounds" of a medieval encampment, and the chance to witness trades such as armoury and coin-striking. As well as, of course, opportunities to meet King Henry VI and his 15-year-old queen, Margaret who, upon her coronation, was honoured with a lavish pageant from Westminster Abbey to the Tower in which she received extravagant gifts including a lion. Runs from 10am to 5pm from Saturday to Monday. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/. PICTURE: © Historic Royal Palaces.
• Working Londoners from the past 500 years are the subject of an open air exhibition opening in Guildhall Yard on Saturday. Londoners: Portraits of a Working City, 1447 to 1980 features a range of photographs, prints and drawings – many displayed for the first time – from the London Metropolitan Archives. The exhibition – which includes images of Jack Black of Battersea, Queen Victoria's rat-catcher, and Charles Rouse, believed to be the last nightwatchman in 19th century London as well as pictures of Savoy Hotel page boys, a brick dust seller, a farrier in 1980s Deptford and a 15th century Lord Mayor – complements The Londoners exhibition currently running at the LMA in Clerkenwell which features 50 portraits not included in the Guildhall display. The free outdoor exhibition can be seen into 23rd May – for more, see www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/thelondoners. The Clerkenwell display can be seen until 5th July – for more, follow this link.
• The life of the butler will be up for examination at Apsley House, home of the Duke of Wellington, this long weekend in an event which will also see the duke's Prussian Dinner Service laid out in all its glory. Butlers and Banquets will feature talks about the history of the service – commissioned by King Frederick William III of Prussia and presented as a gift to the 1st Duke of Wellington after his victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 – with younger visitors also having the chance to meet the butler of the house and find out what running a grand home like Apsley House was like as well as learning skills such as how to lay a table. Runs between 11am and 4pm from Saturday to Monday. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/apsley.
• A new exhibition marking the 100th anniversary of the Russian Revolution opens at the British Library in King's Cross on Friday. Russian Revolution: Hope, Tragedy, Myths tells how the revolution unfolded during the reign of the last tsar, exploring the growth of the revolutionary movements with a special focus on key figures such as Tsar Nicholas II and revolutionary leaders such as Vladimir Lenin. Among the items on display is a letter Lenin wrote in April, 1902, applying to become a reader at the British Museum Library which he signed with his pseudonym, Jacob Richter, to evade the tsarist police. Other items on display include a souvenir album of the Tsar's coronation and wallpaper hand-painted by women factory workers propaganda along with posters, letters, photographs, banners, weapons, uniform items, recordings and films. Runs until 29th August. Admission charge applies. For more, follow this link.
Send all items for inclusion to firstname.lastname@example.com.
London Pub Signs – The Grenadier…
February 15, 2016
The name of the pub, like some many London pubs, comes from the building's former purpose – in this case part of a barracks.
The pub, located at 18 Wilton Row not far from Belgrave Square in Belgravia, was apparently first constructed in 1720 and, located in the barracks of the 1st Royal Regiment of Foot Guards, originally housed the officer's mess.
It first opened as a pub in 1818 and was initially known as The Guardsman but subsequently renamed The Grenadier after the regiment was renamed – by Royal Proclamation – the First Grenadier Regiment of Foot Guards in honour of their actions in fending off the French at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.
A bright red painted sentry box – matching the patriotic red, white and blue of the pub – stands outside the pub today in honour of its history.
Renowned around the world for its Bloody Mary, it has apparently attracted the patronage of some big names – back in the day these included King George IV and the Iron Duke Arthur Wellesley, and, in more recent times, Prince William and Madonna.
There is said to be ghost – known as 'Cedric' – which haunts the pub – it's often referred to as the most haunted pub in London – and is apparently that of a young guardsman who was flogged a little over-enthusiastically after cheating at cards and ended up dead. He is apparently most active in September – said to be the time of year when he was killed.
A tradition of attaching money to the ceiling and walls has developed in an effort to pay off Cedric's debt (and presumably stop the haunting). Along with the memorabilia relating to the pub's history, the walls also feature a collection of newspaper clippings about the haunting.
For details, including opening times, head to the Taylor Walker website here.
PICTURE: Ewan Munro/Flickr/CC BY-SA 2.0 (image has been cropped).
Top posts of 2015 – A garden gem; London and the Peasant's Revolt; and, the Duke of Wellington's cloak…
December 28, 2015
2016 is fast approaching and to celebrate, we're looking back at the 10 most popular posts we published in 2015.
10. Our 10th most popular post was published in July came from our special series on "10 small, 'secret' and historic gardens in central London" and looks at the origins of The Goldsmith's Garden – 10 small, 'secret' and historic gardens in central London…1. Goldsmiths' Garden…
9. Published in November, our ninth most popular post was from our current special series on London 'battlefields' and looks at the role the city played in the 14th century Peasant's Revolt – 10 London 'battlefields' – 3. London sacked in the Peasant's Revolt…
8. At number eight is a post from our long-running Treasures of London series, which, in the year of the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo, looks at a recent acquisition by the National Army Museum – Wellington's cloak – Treasures of London – Duke of Wellington's cloak…
We'll look at numbers seven through five tomorrow…
LondonLife – The Quadriga at Hyde Park Corner…
September 22, 2015
Known as 'The Quadriga', this bronze monument atop Wellington Arch at Hyde Park Corner depicts Nike, goddess of victory, in a four horse chariot. The work of English sculptor Adrian Jones, the quadriga was part of Decimus Burton's original early 19th century design but it wasn't until 1911-1912 that this colossal piece – once the largest bronze monument in Europe – was installed, replacing an equestrian statue of the Duke of Wellington which was moved to Aldershot (a smaller equestrian statue of the Duke now stands nearby). For more on the arch, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/wellington-arch/.
Treasures of London – Duke of Wellington's cloak…
September 18, 2015
Recently acquired by the National Army Museum (fittingly given this is the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo), this cloak was worn by the Duke of Wellington during the Waterloo Campaign.
Spattered with mud, the cloak is made from blue wool and trimmed with a navy collar and facings. Purchased by the museum at auction for £38,000, it will now form part of a collection of other Waterloo and Napoleonic items in the museum's permanent collection.
The cloak can apparently be traced back to Lady Caroline Lamb, who had an affair with Wellington in the summer of 1815 and is believed to have been given the cloak as a memento. The first documented owner was Grosvenor Charles Bedford who was given the cloak in 1823 by the surgeon and anatomist Anthony Carlisle.
On presenting Bedford with the cloak, Carlisle had commented that it had been given to him by Lady Caroline who had received it from the duke. The cloak has been passed down within Bedford's family ever since.
The National Army Museum in Chelsea already possesses a portrait of Wellington by Edward Stroehling (1768-1826) which depicts him wearing a similar cloak.
The cloak will go on display when the museum reopens next year. For more on the museum in the meantime, see www.nam.ac.uk.
PICTURE: Courtesy National Army Museum.
This Week in London – The Waterloo Cartoon on show; see inside a former Huguenot's home; and, Royal Parks' harvest festivals…
September 3, 2015
• A monumental Victorian-era drawing of the Battle of Waterloo has gone on display in London for the first time since 1972. The Waterloo Cartoon, more formally known as The Meeting of Wellington and Blucher after the Battle of Waterloo, measures more than 13 metres long and three metres high. A preparatory drawing for a wall painting which still exists in the House of Lords' Royal Gallery, it took artist Daniel Maclise more than a year to complete in 1858-59 and was based on eye-witness accounts (the artist even recruited Queen Victoria and Prince Albert to use their German contacts to gather information from Prussian officers present on the day). Long considered a masterpiece, it was bought by the Royal Academy in 1870 – the year of Maclise's death – and was on show at Burlington House until the 1920s. It has been in storage for much of last century and, newly restored following a grant from Arts Council England, has now gone on display to mark the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. The newly conserved drawing is the focus of a new exhibition – Daniel Maclise: The Waterloo Cartoon, which opened at the Royal Academy in Piccadilly yesterday (between May and August, it was on show as part of a Waterloo exhibition at the Royal Armouries in Leeds). Runs until 3rd January. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.royalacademy.org.uk.
• There's a rare chance to see inside a former Huguenot merchant's house dating from 1719 in Spitalfields this weekend. The property at 19 Princelet Street was the home of the Ogier family, who had come to London escaping persecution in France and worked in the silk weaving trade. It was later subdivided into lodgings and workshops with later occupants following a range of trades and professionals while a synagogue was opened in the garden in 1869. The site – which the Spitalfields Centre charity hopes to establish as a museum of immigration – is not generally open to the public but will be open this Saturday and Sunday – from 2pm to 6pm. Entry is free (but donations would be welcome) and there may be queues so its suggested you arrive early. For more, see www.19princeletstreet.org.uk.
• Watch a bee keeping demonstrations, help dig up some potatoes and introduce the children to some farm animals. The Kensington Gardens' Harvest Festival will be held this Sunday, between 11am and 4pm, and will also include a range of children' activities, experts from the Royal Parks Guild on hand to answer your questions about food growing and complimentary hot and cold drinks available throughout the day while stocks last. It's the first of three harvest festivals to be held in Royal Parks this month with Greenwich Park set to host its inaugural harvest festival on 13th September (11am to 4pm) and The Regent's Park Allotment Garden to host one on 19th September (11am to 5pm). For more, see www.royalparks.org.uk.
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This Week in London – Celebrate summer at the Tate; Titian revealed at Apsley House; and, exploring the unconscious at The Freud Museum…
July 23, 2015
• On Saturday, the Tate Modern's Turbine Hall on South Bank will host an "audio-visual feast" of music, performances, art installations and activities. The free Turbine Festival will feature everything from an alternative hair salon and a London bus built on the day by artist John Costi to a pop-up juice bar where you can make your own drinks and a record shop where you can design your own vinyl record sleeve. The day will also feature performances by Grime/HipHop/AfroPop artist Afrikan Boy, Felix's Machines – who will transform live music and sound into a 3D visual show, and poet Jacob Sam-La Rose, as well as a programme of "bite-sized" films running in collaboration with the London Short Film Festival, and a series of interactive workshops covering everything from beatboxing to crafting. Visitors to the festival, sponsored by Hyundai, are also encouraged to contribute to a special project by My Culture Museum by submitting photographs or bringing objects to be archived and curated. Runs from 12.30pm to 9.30pm. For more, see www.tate.org.uk.
• Three paintings previously attributed to later followers of 16th century Venetian artist Titian but subsequently found to be by the artist himself and his studio have gone on display together for the first time at Apsley House. The three paintings – which include Titian's Mistress (c1560), A Young Woman Holding Rose Garlands (c1550) and Danae (c1553) – were all in poor condition before conservation and cleaning by experts from English Heritage, the Museo del Prado in Madrid and the Hamilton Kerr Institute revealed their true quality (and Titian's signature on two of the paintings). All three works were held in the Spanish Royal Collection and among 160 that Joseph Bonaparte, brother of Napoleon and King of Spain, tried to take out of the country following his defeat by the Duke of Wellington at the Battle of Vittoria in 1813. Wellington was subsequently given the paintings by a grateful King Ferdinand VII. The Titian at Apsley House exhibition, which opened earlier this month, runs at the Duke of Wellington's home at Hyde Park Corner until 31st October. Admission charges apply. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/wellington-arch/.
• On Now: Festival of the Unconscious. This festival at Sigmund Freud's former London home and now home to The Freud Museum sees artists, designers, writers and performers taking another look at Freud's seminar 1915 paper, The Unconscious. Features of the festival, which runs until 4th October, include specially commissioned films by animators from Kingston University running throughout the house, sound and video installations by London-based art project Disinformation in the dining room and an installation from stage designers at the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama in Freud's study. There's also a display by Julian Rothenstein, co-author of Psychobox, and a chance to recline and "free-associate" on a psycho-analytic couch in Freud's bedroom. An extensive programme of events accompanies the displays. Admission charges apply. For more, see www.freud.org.uk.
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What's in a name?…Waterloo…
June 22, 2015
Given the recent commemorations surrounding the bicentenary of the Battle of Waterloo (including a re-enactment of the arrival of news of Wellington's victory in London where it was delivered to the Prince Regent), we thought it only fitting to take a look at the use of the name in London.
The name Waterloo, which now refers to a district in Lambeth centred on Waterloo Station, was first used to designate the bridge which crosses the Thames here.
Opened in 1817 as a toll bridge, the John Rennie-designed structure was known as Strand Bridge during its construction but renamed Waterloo at its opening two years after the battle. (Rennie's bridge was later demolished and rebuilt in the 20th century – the current bridge is pictured above).
The name was also used to designate Waterloo Road and in the early 1820s was given to the church St John's Waterloo (now St John's and St Andrew's at Waterloo) located on the road.
In 1848, Waterloo Station opened and it was after this that the surrounding district, known in past ages for its swampiness (hence streets like Lower Marsh), generally became known as Waterloo.
Landmarks in the Waterloo district include the historic Old Vic Theatre, which opened in 1818, and the Young Vic Theatre as well as the Lower Marsh Market.
On 3rd July, Waterloo will host the Waterloo Carnival with a picnic on Waterloo Millennium Green and a procession (for more on that, see www.waterlooquarter.org/news/come-and-support-this-years-waterloo-carnival) while the month-long Waterloo Food Festival kicks on on 1st July. For more on events in Waterloo commemorating bicentenary, see www.wearewaterloo.co.uk/waterloo200/.
This Week in London – Duke of Wellington on show; wartime City bank recreated in Warwickshire; and early photographs at the Tate…
April 30, 2015
• The Duke of Wellington's political and military career as well as his personal life is being explored in an exhibition running at the National Portrait Gallery off Trafalgar Square until August. Wellington: Triumphs, Politics and Passions features 59 portraits and other works including a rarely seen portrait of the Iron Duke painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence and commissioned by Sarah, Countess of Jersey, a year after Wellington had become Prime Minister. The portrait (pictured) remains unfinished – the state it was in when Lawrence died in 1830 – and, held in a private collection, hasn't been shown in public for any significant period until now. The exhibition also includes a John Hoppner portrait of the duke as a young soldier, a daguerreotype taken by Antoine Claudet on Wellington's 75th birthday in 1844 and drawings by Lawrence of Wellington's wife, Kitty. The exhibition – which is part of the commemorations marking 200 years since the Battle of Waterloo, runs until 7th June. Admission is free. For more see www.npg.org.uk. PICTURE: Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington by Sir Thomas Lawrence (1829), © On loan to National Portrait Gallery by kind permission of Mr. & Mrs. Timothy Clode.
• Upton House is Warwickshire has turned the clock back to 1939 with a display dedicated to the time when the Bearstead family moved their City-based bank, M Samuel & Co, to their historic family mansion to escape the Blitz in London. Twenty-two bank staff took over the house, sleeping in shared dormitories and taking meals of rook pie in the home's Long Gallery while secretaries typed surrounded by works of art. The National Trust has returned 12 rooms to their wartime look based on research conducted by 80 of the volunteers at the house. They're filled with thousands of objects, from ration-book toothpaste to wartime toilet rolls, to recreate a wartime experience at the home. Outside an Anderson Shelter stands in the garden where heritage vegetables are being grown in an allotment. Visitors will also find out how 40 of the most precious works in the home were sent to a special storage facility in a Welsh slate mine to protect them. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.nationaltrust.org.uk/upton-house/
• On Now – Salt and Silver: Early Photography 1840-1860. This exhibition at Tate Britain in Millbank is the first major exhibition in Britain dedicated to salt prints, the earliest form of paper photography, and features 90 images including some of the best and rarest early photographs. The salt print technique was invented in Britain in the 1840s and 1850s and spread across the world, hence as well as portraits, still lifes and scenes from 'modern life', the images on show include from William Fox Talbot's images of a Paris street to Nelson's Column under construction, Linnaeus Tripe's views of Puthu Mundapam in India and Auguste Salzmann's studies of statues in Greece. Runs in the Linbury Galleries until 7th June. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.tate.org.uk.
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This Week in London – Wellington Arch marks the Battle of Waterloo; Shakespeare's Globe celebrates the Bard's birth; and the 'cathedral on the marsh' open day…
April 17, 2015
• The Battle of Waterloo comes under the microscope in a new exhibition opening at Wellington Arch on Hyde Park Corner tomorrow. Wellington Arch: Waterloo 1815 – The Battle for Peace provides an overview of the battle and the reasons which led to it, the people involved and the battle's legacy. Displayed items include the sword the Duke of Wellington carried at the battle, his handwritten battle orders and an original pair of 'Wellington boots' as well as, of course, the arch itself, which was built in 1825-27 as a monument to Wellington's victories over Napoleon. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/visit/places/wellington-arch/.
• Shakespeare's Globe in Southwark celebrates the Bard's birthday with a Hamlet-themed day of free family events this Sunday. Along with an Elsinore bouncy castle, there will be sword-fighting demonstrations, 'skull' coconut shies and a grave-digging ball pool while actors who have taken on the role of Hamlet over the years while appear on stage attempting to deliver the quickest ever reading of the play and famous film adaptions of Hamlet will be playing on screen around the site. The day will also mark almost a year since Shakespeare's Globe embarked on an unprecedented two year global tour of Hamlet taking in every country in the world in honour of last year's 450th anniversary of Shakespeare's birth. The birthday event at the Globe runs between 11am and 4.30pm. For more, see www.shakespearesglobe.com.
• The famous "cathedral on the marsh" – the Crossness Pumping Station – is open to the public this Sunday, the first of five days it will be open this year. The pumping station at Abbey Wood in south-east London was built by Sir Joseph Bazalgette as part of a general sewerage system upgrade and was opened by the Prince of Wales in 1865. The Grade I-listed Beam Engine House was constructed in the Romanesque-style and features some of the "most spectacular ornamental Victorian cast ironwork" to be found today. The day runs from 10.30am to 4pm. Admission charges apply but no booking is required. For more, see www.crossness.org.uk.
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This Week in London – Biggest ever Magna Carta exhibition; 200 years since Waterloo at the NPG; and, Alexander McQueen at the V&A…
March 12, 2015
• The largest ever exhibition related to the Magna Carta opens at the British Library in King's Cross tomorrow to mark the 800th anniversary of the document's sealing. Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy features two original Magna Carta manuscripts from 1215 as well as 1215 document, the Articles of the Barons (known as 'draft' of the Magna Carta), the Petition of Right (1628), the English Bill of Rights (1689), and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). It will also display two of the most celebrated documents in American history – the Delaware copy of the Bill of Rights and Thomas Jefferson's handwritten copy of the Declaration of Independence (both on loan from the US National Archives) – along with UK cabinet papers from 1941 in which it was proposed an original Magna Carta manuscript from 1215 be given to the US in return for their support in World War II and artefacts including King John's teeth, thumb bone and fragments of clothing taken from his tomb in 1797 as well as his will. The exhibition tells the story of the Magna Carta from its creation in 1215 through to its later use by people fighting for various rights and freedoms and its continuing impact on the world today. There's also a series of interviews with politicians, historians and public figures including Burmese activist Aung San Suu Kyi, former US President Bill Clinton and William Hague. Runs until 1st September. Admission charge applies. For more – and a digitised gallery of artifacts – visit www.bl.uk/magna-carta-exhibition. PICTURE: Great Seal of King John, 1203 © Eton College Archives on display in Magna Carta: Law, Liberty, Legacy.
• The first gallery exhibition devoted to the Duke of Wellington opens at the National Portrait Gallery off Trafalgar Square today. Marking the 200th anniversary year of the Battle of Waterloo, Wellington: Triumphs, Politics, and Passions explores Wellington's political and military career as well as his personal life. Highlights include Goya's 1812 portrait of Wellington following his entry into Madrid (later modified to recognise further battle honours and awards), and Thomas Lawrence's famous portrait painted in 1815, the same year as the Battle of Waterloo (the painting, which normally hangs in Apsley House, was used as the basis of the design of the £5 British note from 1971 to 1991). The exhibition of 59 portraits and other works also includes rarely seen works loaned by Wellington's family include a John Hoppner portrait of the duke as a young soldier and a daguerreotype portrait taken by Antoine Claudet for Wellington's 75th birthday in 1844. Runs until 7th June. Admission is free. For more, see www.npg.org.uk or for more on the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo, see www.waterloo200.org.
• An exhibition celebrating the works of the late fashion designer Alexander McQueen opens at the V&A in South Kensington on Saturday. Alexander McQueen: Savage Beauty presents his works in 10 sections which focus on everything from McQueen's roots in London, his "skilful subversion of traditional tailoring practices", his fascination with the animal world and his longstanding interest in Eastern cultures. At the centre of the exhibition is The Cabinet of Curiosities, a display showcasing more than 100 garments and accessories and shown with film footage from his many catwalk presentations. The exhibition runs until 2nd August. Admission charge applies but you'll have to be quick – the exhibition has already set the record for the most ever advance sales for an exhibition at the museum. For more, see www.vam.ac.uk/savagebeauty.
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This Week in London – Churchill's Scientists; Waterloo online; a Chelsea murder case reopened; exploring Crossrail; and, astronomical photography…
February 5, 2015
• Marking the 50th anniversary of the death of Winston Churchill, a new exhibition at the Science Museum in South Kensington looks at his passion for science and the influence that had on bringing World War II to an end. Churchill's Scientists celebrates the individuals who flourished under Churchill's patronage (and , as well as helping to bring about the end of World War II, also launched a post-war "science renaissance") – from Robert Watson-Watt (inventor of radar) through to Bernard Lovell (creator of the world's largest telescope) – and also delves into more personal stories of Churchill's own fascination with science and tech. The display include objects from the museum's collection as well as original archive film footage, letters and photographs. Highlights include the high speed camera built at Aldermaston to film the first microseconds of the detonation of the UK's first home grown atomic bomb, the cigar Churchill was smoking when he heard news of his re-election as PM in 1951, and a one-piece green velvet "siren suit" designed by Churchill to wear during air raids (only one of three originals known to exist, it's never been on public display outside of the tailors who created it). The free exhibition runs until 1st March and is part of the Churchill 2015 programme of events. Visit www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/churchill for more. PICTURE: Churchill with a Spitfire from Castle Bromwich (Philip Insley, CBAF Archive Vickers ArchiveSyndics).
• The National Army Museum and Waterloo2oo have launched an online gallery which will eventually comprise images and information on more than 200 artefacts associated with the Battle of Waterloo ahead of the 200th anniversary in June. Among the objects featured on Waterloo200.org are the Duke of Wellington's boots, a French eagle standard captured in battle and the saw used to amputate the Earl of Uxbridge's leg. One hundred items – drawn from the Army Museum's collection as well as from European museums and private collections – can already be seen on the site with a further 100 to be added before the bicentenary on 18th June.
• The Talk: Death in Disguise: The Amazing True Story of the Chelsea Murders. On 12th February, the Guildhall Library in the City of London will host Gary Powell as he examines the facts of this double murder which took place in Chelsea in May, 1870, and left Victorian society reeling. For more events at the library, follow this link.
• On Now: Breakthrough: Crossrail's tunnelling story. This exhibition at the London Transport Museum in Covent Garden brings a new perspective on the massive Crossrail project currently underway in the city. Visitors will experience the tunnel environment through a five metre high walk-through installation featuring a computer simulation of a giant boring machine as well as learn about how the project is shaping up, play interactive tunnelling games and hear firsthand from those who work underground. Admission charge for adults applies. Runs until August. For more, see www.ltmuseum.co.uk.
• Extended: Astronomy Photographer of the Year Exhibition. This exhibition at the Royal Observatory Greenwich features the winning images from last year's competition. They include the Briton James Woodend's image of a vivid green aurora in the Icelandic night sky; American Patrick Cullis' view of earth taken from 87,000 feet above ground; and, New Zealander Chris Murphy's image of dusty clouds dancing across the Milky Way. The exhibition can be seen for free in the Observatory's Astronomy Centre until 19th July. For more, see www.rmg.co.uk/astrophoto.
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The world recently paused to mark the 50th anniversary of the death of former British PM, Sir Winston Churchill (see our earlier post here), so we're launching a new series looking at 10 sites associated with Churchill in London.
Given the recent anniversary, we're starting at a site close to the end of his story, at St Paul's Cathedral, where his state funeral was held on 30th January, 1965.
Code-named 'Operation Hope Not', the funeral had been thoroughly planned in the years leading up to the former PM's death and took place just six days after he passed. Having lain in state in Westminster Hall for three days (during which time it's estimated 320,000 filed past his flag draped body), his coffin, carried on a gun carriage pulled by 120 members of the Royal Navy, was escorted by more than 2,300 personnel from the military as it made its way through city streets lined with thousands of people to St Paul's for the service.
During the service, the catafalque containing Churchill's body stood on a raised platform beneath the central dome surrounded by six candlesticks. Among the official pallbearers – who marched before it down the aisle – were another former PM, Clement Attlee, along with military figures like Field Marshal Lord Slim and Admiral of the Fleet Lord Mountbatten of Burma.
A plethora of world leaders representing 112 nations attended the funeral service including six sovereigns, six presidents and 16 prime ministers. Among them – in an unprecedented move for a state funeral – was Queen Elizabeth II (sovereigns do not normally attend non-family funerals) along with Prince Philip and Prince Charles.
It's estimated that as some 350 million people around the globe tuned in to watch the funeral on TV.
After the service, Churchill's body was taken to Tower Pier (near the Tower of London) where, to the sound of a 19-gun salute fired by the Royal Artillery, he was loaded on the MV Havengore. Sixteen RAF Lightning aircraft then did a flypast as he was transported upriver to Festival Pier with dockers dipping their cranes in salute as the boat passed (this journey was recreated last week using the original barge in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of his death).
On its arrival at Festival Pier, the body was then taken to Waterloo Station from where it went via train in a specially prepared carriage (the refurbished funeral train has been brought back together at the National Railway Museum at York) to be buried in St Martin's churchyard in Bladon, Oxfordshire – a site not far from his birthplace at Blenheim Palace.
A bronze memorial plaque commemorating where Churchill's catafalque stood in St Paul's is set before the Quire steps while in 2004, the Winston Churchill Memorial Screen was unveiled in the crypt where it stands in line with the final resting places of both Admiral Lord Nelson and the Duke of Wellington.
For more on the state funeral, St Paul's has a great page of detail which you can find here, including downloadable copies of the Order of Service and other documents.
This Week in London – Celebrating the Year of the Bus; the British Library looks at WWI; medieval jousting and The Duke of Wellington; and, Blue Plaque nominations resumed…
June 19, 2014
• Almost 50 buses, from a horse-drawn model of the 1820s to the New Routemasters of today, will come to Regent Street on Sunday in celebration of the Year of the Bus. The 'Regent Street Bus Cavalcade' – which will stretch from Piccadilly Circus to Oxford Circus and will see the iconic West End street closed to traffic – will also feature a variety of free family events including Lego workshops (there will be a bus shelter and bus stop made entirely out of Lego outside Hamley's toy shop), children's theatre performances, a pop-up London Transport canteen and the chance to have a personal message recorded by the voice of London's buses, Emma Hignett. There will also be an exhibition – Battle Bus – which provides information about the B-type bus (a newly restored version of which will be on display) which was used during World War I to carry soldiers to the frontline as well as ambulances and mobile pigeon lofts while jewellery company Tatty Devine will feature a special range of bus-inspired jewellery and hold jewellery-making workshops on board a London bus. The cavalcade, supported by the Regent Street Association and The Crown Estate, is part of Transport for London's celebrations marking the Year of the Bus, organised in partnership with the London Transport Museum and the capital's bus operators. The free event runs from 11.30am to 6pm. For more information, see www.tfl.gov.uk/yearofthebus and www.ltmuseum.co.uk.
• A new exhibition of materials showing how people coped at home and on the front during World War I opens at the British Library in King's Cross today as part of efforts to mark the war's centenary. Enduring War: Grief, Grit and Humour features personal objects such as letters, a handkerchief bearing the lyrics of It's A Long, Long Way to Tipperary, Christmas cards, school essays about airship raids over London sit and recruitment posters, humorous magazines and even a knitting pattern for balaclavas. Highlights include a letter in which Sir Arthur Conan Doyle expresses his concern over his son serving at the front, manuscripts by war poets such as Rupert Brooke as well as Wilfred Owen's manuscript for Anthem for Doomed Youth, Vaughan Williams' A Pastoral Symphony and Laurence Binyon's For the Fallen. A specially commissioned video and 'soundscape', Writing Home, features personal messages contained on postcards written to and from the front. A range of events accompanies the free exhibition. Runs until 12th October. For more on the exhibition, see www.bl.uk.
• Armoured knights on horseback can be seen jousting at Eltham Palace in south London this weekend. The former childhood home of King Henry VIII will host a Grand Medieval Joust which will also include displays of foot combat, the antics of a court jester, medieval music performances and a series of children's events including a knight's school. Runs from 10am to 5pm on both Saturday and Sunday. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/events. Meanwhile, the Battle of Waterloo is being remembered at the Duke of Wellington's home of Apsley House near Hyde Park Corner. Visitors will come face-to-face with Wellington's troops and their wives, having the chance to take a look inside a soldier's knapsack, see the equipment he used and the drills he performed as well as see the Battle of Waterloo recreated in vegetables. The Waterloo Festival – this year marks 200 years since Napoleon's abdication and exile to Elba – runs from 11am to 5pm on Saturday and Sunday. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/apsley/.
• Nominations have reopened for English Heritage's Blue Plaques scheme in London. In 2012 nominations were temporarily suspended while new funding for the scheme was found and thanks to one individual's donation and the creation of a new Blue Plaques Club to support the scheme on an ongoing basis, they have now reopened. There are 880 official Blue Plaques on London's streets – remembering everyone from Florence Nightingale to Fred Perry and Charles Darwin. For more and details on nominations, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/discover/blue-plaques/.
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Daytripper – Walmer Castle…
April 11, 2014
A coastal artillery fort built on the orders of King Henry VIII in light of a threatened Catholic invasion, Walmer Castle on the Kentish coast is officially the residence of the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports.
What was a rather functional artillery platform has been embellished significantly in the years since it became the official residence of the Lord Warden in 1708, creating a comfortable home for holders of the title who have included Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother, the Duke of Wellington and bookseller WH Smith.
The 'castle', located about a two hour, 10 minute train journey from London (and then a mile walk from Walmer Station), was constructed in 1539 as one of a string of forts – others include nearby Deal Castle and the long gone Sandown Castle – designed to protect the watery stretch between Goodwin Sands and the coast known as the Downs.
Its low circular design, featuring a central 'keep' reached by a drawbridge and surrounded by a curtain wall with four projecting, semi-circular bastions, was influenced by the need to defend against heavy artillery and provide a platform for guns.
Initially garrisoned with ten gunners, four soldiers and two porters under the command of a captain and a lieutenant, Walmer saw little action during Tudor times but was the site of a siege during the Civil War.
Obsolete by the end of the 17th century, it was the Duke of Dorset who was the first Lord Warden (an office created in the thirteenth century to oversee the affairs of the Cinque Ports Confederation, a grouping of five ports including Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover and Sandwich) to use Walmer Castle as a residence, embarking on a renovation and extension of the existing structure.
Further alterations was carried out by successive Lords Warden, the most extensive being those made by the 2nd Earl Granville, Lord Warden between 1865 and 1891, who commissioned architect George Devey to oversee the additions.
The gardens, meanwhile, which are well worth visiting in their own right, were also Granville's work as well as that of an earlier Lord Warden, Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, who was Lord Warden between 1792 and 1806.
The Duke of Wellington (Lord Warden between 1829 and 1852) reputedly enjoyed his time staying at the castle – he was even visited by the young Princess Victoria here in 1835 (she later stayed for a month with her family when Queen) and died here on 14th September 1852. His room can still be seen inside – the contents include the armchair he was sitting in when he died (the rooms also include a small museum dedicated to Wellington and another dedicated to William Pitt).
Not all Lords Warden enjoyed the property. Sir Winston Churchill, Lord Warden between 1941 and 1965, never stayed here but Sir Robert Menzies, Prime Minister of Australia and Lord Warden between 1966 and 1978, did and the Queen Mother, Lord Warden between 1978 and 2002, was a regular visitor.
The castle was opened to the public soon after responsibility for it was transferred from the War Office to the Ministry of Works in 1905. It is now under the care of English Heritage and the rooms inside are decorated as they were in the 1930s (it was WH Smith who ensured historic furnishings at Walmer could not be removed). There are even a couple of holiday cottages on site which can now be rented.
WHERE: Walmer Castle, Kingsdown Road, Deal, Kent; WHEN: 10am to 6pm daily (until 6th July); COST: Adults £7.90/Children (5-15 years) £4.70/Concession £7.10; WEBSITE: www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/walmer-castle-and-gardens/.
This Week in London – New drawbridge for the Tower; Churchill War Rooms celebrate 30 years; and, the mid-Twentieth century home at the Geffrye…
April 10, 2014
• There's a working drawbridge at the Tower of London, something not seen at the fortress since the 1970s. The bridge, which would have originally spanned a water-filled moat, was created in 1834 to allow munitions to be brought into the basement level of the White Tower from the wharf (the moat was drained in 1843 on the orders of the then-Constable, the Duke of Wellington). The bridge has been altered many times but the last time it was completely replaced was in 1915 while the tradition of raising it was carried on until the 1970s before it was permanently fixed in 1978. The new bridge draws on historic designs from 1914 and has been constructed of steel and English oak. It will be raised and lowered on "high days" and holidays and for educational purposes. For more, see www.hrp.org.uk/TowerOfLondon/.
• The Churchill War Rooms – a complex of underground rooms from where then PM Winston Churchill and others directed the course of Allied troops during World War II – is celebrating the 30th anniversary of its public opening with a new displaying showcasing never before seen objects related to its creation as a tourist attraction. The objects include a private admissions ticket from the days when the only way inside was via specially granted permission, correspondence about the fate of the War Rooms and a poster from 1984 advertising the opening of the Cabinet War Rooms to the public. Admission charge applies. For more, see www.iwm.org.uk/visits/churchill-war-rooms.
• On Now: John Pantlin: photographing the mid-century home. This free exhibition at the Geffrye Museum in Shoreditch celebrates the work of Pantlin who is noted for his extensive work for the architectural press in the 1950s and 1960s. The small exhibition focuses on his shots of domestic interiors with shots of sun-filled living rooms and bedrooms filled with toys with all images drawn from the Robert Elwall Photographs Collection. Runs until 29th June. For more, see www.geffrye-museum.org.uk.
Around London – Celebrating London's architecture; space at the NMM; Tate Britain redux; remembering Waterloo at Apsley House; and, 'Coins and the Bible' at the British Museum…
June 6, 2013
• The London Festival of Architecture has returned with a month long celebration of the city's built form in a program of events including talks, tours and exhibitions. Among the latter is Lesser Known Architecture – A Celebration of Underappreciated London Buildings – a free exhibition at the Design Museum which runs until 22nd July and looks at 10 structures ranging from London Underground Arcades and Cabmen's Shelters (one of which is pictured) to Nunhead Cemetery. Other events include an exhibition at Somerset House – Nicholas Hawksmoor: Methodical Imaginings – looking at churches designed by Hawksmoor in the late 17th and early 18th centuries (this runs until 1st September), and The Secret Society – A Sculptural Banquet, a large scale installation by artist and designer Kathy Dalwood at Pitzhanger Manor in Ealing, west London (ends this Sunday). For more on the festival, check out www.londonfestivalofarchitecture.org or for fringe events, http://londonarchitecturediary.com.
• A new exhibition featuring more than 100 images from space – including images of the colourful dust clouds in which new stars are formed, the aurora on the surface of Saturn and the sight of Earth from the International Space Station – opens at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich tomorrow. Visions of the Universe takes visitors on a "visual trip through our solar system" with images of the moon, sun, plants and distant galaxies. It looks at the development of telescopy and photography and examines our understanding of our place in the cosmos. Space scientists including Astronomer Royal Sir Martin Rees and The Sky at Night's Chris Lintott introduce each section of the exhibition which has at its centre a 13×4 metre curved wall known as the 'Mars Window'. It has the latest images from NASA's Mars Curiosity Rover projected onto it. There is a programme of events accompanying the exhibition which runs until 15th September. For more, see www.rmg.co.uk.
• Tate Britain is undergoing an overhaul this year with the opening of new galleries and a rearrangement of the institution's collection. Last month, a new chronological presentation of the institution's British art opened across more than 2o of the institution's galleries. BP Walk through British Art features around 500 artworks, dating from the 1500s to present day, by artists ranging from Sir Joshua Reynolds and William Hogarth to JMW Turner, John Constable, Lucien Freud and David Hockney. Meanwhile new galleries have opened dedicated to the works of sculptor Henry Moore and artist William Blake. Around 30 of Moore's works are featured in the rooms as well as more than 40 of Blake's works. For more see www.tate.org.uk.
• Apsley House, regency home of the Duke of Wellington, is hosting a series of events every weekend in June in the lead-up to the anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo. Interpreters will be at the house, known as Number 1 London, this weekend to discuss the dress and manners of the era while next weekend (15th and 16th June) visitors have the chance to meet some of Wellington's soldiers and their wives. Gentry from the Napoleonic era will be celebrating the victory at Waterloo on 22nd and 23rd June while on the final weekend of the month, the focus will be on the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Vitoria in 1813, which led to eventual victory in the Peninsular War. For more, see www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/apsley-house/.
• On Now: Coins and the Bible. This free exhibition at the British Museum looks at how money was referred to in the Old and New Testament, and the use of Christian symbols such as crosses or monograms derived from Greek letters on later coins. These include the first coin, dating from about 450 AD, to depict an image of Jesus (the coin, on loan from the Hunterian Museum in Glasgow, is included in the exhibition). There are also early Biblical fragments on papyrus and vellum lent by the British Library and an ivory panel dating from the early 400s AD which includes an image of the purse of 30 pieces of silver Judas received after his betrayal of Jesus. Held in Room 69a, the exhibition runs until 20th October. For more, see www.britishmuseum.org.
The largest square in Mayfair, Grosvenor Square was laid out in the 1720s on the orders of Sir Richard Grosvenor of Cheshire.
Sir Richard owned the Grosvenor Estate, a considerable tract of land in London's west which includes in its northern part the land upon which the square was created (the estate is now owned by Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, the 6th Duke of Westminster).
It's proximity to Hyde Park and Whitehall quickly made it, like many other historic squares, a fashionable place for politicians to live – among those who lived here in the late 18th century were three prime ministers.
The oval-shaped gardens in the middle of the square – which was only opened to the public in 1948 – were once home to a statue of King George I but this was removed at some point. Originally thought to have been laid out by gardener John Alston, they took on their current form in 1948 when they were redesigned by architect BWL Gallannaugh (interestingly, Grosvenor Square is also said to have been the last part of London to exchange gas lighting for electric lighting).
There's almost no residential buildings on the square these days but among the most prominent buildings (in fact it dominates the west end of the square) is the US Embassy. Designed by Eero Saarinen, the building was completed in 1960 with US President John F Kennedy one of the first visitors.
The hulking embassy is only one of the many American connections to the square, connections which at one point led to it being known as "Little America". Dwight Eisenhower, commander of the US armed forces in World War II, based his headquarters at number 20 in 1944, while number nine – one of the few residences to survive – was home to John Adams, first American ambassador to the Court of St James and later the country's second president.
The American theme, which has meant the square has been the focus of demonstrations such as those protesting the Vietnam War as well as outpourings of support such as in the wake of the September 11 attacks, is also evident in the statutory in the square's gardens with grand, full size statues of President Franklin D. Roosevelt (a bronze by William Reid Dick unveiled by Eleanor Roosevelt on the third anniversary of the president's death – 12th April, 1948 – it is pictured above), President Eisenhower (a bronze by Robert Dean dating from 1989), and President Ronald Reagan (unveiled on 4th July, 2011, pictured right).
On the eastern side of the garden square is the September 11 Memorial Garden opened in 2003 while on the south side is the Monument to the Eagle Squadrons, the three RAF squadrons in World War II mostly composed of American volunteers before the US entered the war. There's also a set of memorial "Diplomatic Gates", installed in 1984 to commemorate the bicentennial of the Treaty of Paris and honour US and UK politician who have worked in the service of peace.
Other notable buildings include number one, the Canadian High Commission (previously the US embassy); and number four, one of square's oldest houses. Now demolished, number 44 was the home of the Earl of Harrowby and where the British Cabinet were dining when word arrived of Wellington's victory at Waterloo.


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Assalaamu alaikum!
I've been really busy lately, swapped all my shifts around so I didn't work too much during Ramadan, ended up making a big mess of it all, so I
Anyway, as I'm on call this week and finally have some time (until I'm needed) to do all the blogging I've been planning I decided to hit the ground running, so be prepared for a lot of back to back blog posts inshaAllah.
Today's post is about the Halal Food Festival, which you may have heard about through the adverts on Islam Channel, Sisters Magazine and through various social networks. The Halal Food Festival will be taking place from Friday 27th September to Sunday 29th at the London Excel.
I don't know about you but I absolutely love food. I love trying out new food from all over the world whether its steak and chips or phad thai, just thinking about all this food makes my mouth water!
When I heard about the halal food festival I knew it was somewhere I had to be, for the amazing food, but mainly because it's the first and biggest festival of its kind.
If you don't know what the halal food festival is about or just need a little nudge to convince you to head down to the biggest Halal foodie event of the year, then keep reading sweet readers!
It is the UK's first and the world's largest Halal Food Festival, a three day consumer food show dedicated to foodies who eat halal (or haloodies as they have been coined by the festival founder).
Aiming to celebrate the range and diversity of halal foods from around the world the ticketed event will offer visitors a never seen before glimpse into the very best that halal has to offer.
You can look forward to over 100 exhibitors from across the globe showcasing the most innovative and delicious halal food and drink products, restaurants and street-food stalls as well as a cooking school and live demonstration kitchen featuring top chefs such as Shelina Permalloo (winner of Masterchef UK 2012), Cyrus Todiwala OBE (Patron Chef of Cafe Spice Namaste) and Jean Christophe Novelli (5 out of 5 AA Rosette and Michelin award winning chef) to name a few.
Guests can tuck in to daring and inventive dishes such as green spiced chicken fenugreek or Bengali mutton by Joho Soho. Meaning 'whatever happens', the new Indian street food stall is being launched at the Halal Food Festival by acclaimed chef Vivek Singh (Executive Chef at Cinnamon Kitchen, Cinnamon Soho and Cinnamon Club) and Abdul Yaseen (Head Chef at Cinnamon Kitchen). Alternatively you can try your taste buds on sweeter options such as fine Palestinian medjool dates, stuffed with organic fairtrade nuts and topped with rosebuds by The Datelatiers. The thirsty will find a range of halal drinks on offer including an area dedicated to the making of mocktails (non-alcoholic cocktails) in which guests can throw together exotic ingredients, fruit juices and flavours to create their own expertly made drink under the guidance of a professional mixologist and a range of stands for little haloodies to enjoy too.
With a growing UK Muslim population currently standing at 2.7million (Census 2011) with a £20.5 billion a year spending power (Mintel 2002) and expected to rise to 5.5million people by 2030 (Pew Report, The Future of the Global Muslim Population 2011) access to delicious halal food in the UK is becoming increasingly important. It is improving the range, availability and quality of halal foods and restaurants that drives the Halal Food Festival's founder Imran Kausar. Says Imran Kausar, "The growing British Muslim middle-classes have greater needs and demands from food producers, retailers and restaurateurs and command significant spending power. The Halal Food Festival will bring together consumers and businesses in a festival format that can be used to showcase new brands and to raise the range and quality of halal offerings to the consumer." Noman Khawaja, Events Director adds "The Halal Food Festival sets a new standard in food shows aimed at Muslims in the UK. The range of chefs, features, exhibitors and production quality will leave haloodies eager for the show each year."
If the live cooking demo's, tutorials and street food stalls are not enough there will also be many lifestyle stalls for you to indulge in a little shopping, with names like Pearl-daisy, Sultanesque and Asheeq Art this is the PERFECT event for me. There will be entertinment from the likes of Mesut Kurtis and Saif Adam. Shopping, entertainment and great food, what a great combination!
If that's not tempting then I don't know what will.
iHijabi will be covering the event on the blog so even if you can't make it you can still see how amazing it was (not trying to rub salt in the wound I promise hehehe). We have also been given the awesome opportunity to interview one of the chefs inshaAllah, so keep an eye out for that.
Ticket prices have been reduced for a limited time only and if you're a student make sure you purchase a concessions ticket and take your student ID with you the day to get an even cheaper ticket.
Each ticket will allow entry into the festival and included within the price will be access to the Live Kitchen Demonstration and Cooking School (first come, first served) and all other feature areas and exhibitors.
The restaurant and street-food vendors will be selling their amazing creations for cash (or vouchers that can be purchased on the day). Each creation will be priced between £2-6 and menus will be published online before the show. Many exhibitors will be offering free samples of their products too.
Tickets can be purchased by clicking here >> http://halalfoodfestival.com/buy-tickets.php
Like the Halal Food Festival facebook page to be kept up to date with all the offers and latest news https://www.facebook.com/HalalFoodFestival?ref=ts&fref=ts
Check who will be at the event on which days so you don't miss out on your favourites.
The next post on the halal food festival will be introducing you to the chefs that will be attending inshaAllah.
Until next time my fellow haloodies...ma salaama!


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Campus Directory
Mary-Jo Ferrauilo-Davis
Director of Advisement, Counseling & Testing
Department: Student Affairs
Phone Extension: 8160
Building: N 107U
Mary-Jo Ferrauilo-Davis is Director of Advisement, Counseling and Testing at FM and teaches Adolescent Development, Foundations of Education, and Human Relations & Group Dynamics. Mary-Jo has 17 years of experience working in higher education; nine of those years being at FM.
She is a member of the New York State Transfer and Articulation Association, the National Academic Advisors Association, and the Family Counseling Center's Board. At FM, Mary-Jo serves on several committees including Curriculum, Enrollment Management, and Policy and has also served on the Strategic Planning Committee. She is a member of Student Outreach Services Team and co-chair for Student Affairs Assessment. She graduated from Fulton Montgomery Leadership Academy in 2007.
Mary-Jo is a graduate of SUNY Plattsburgh where she earned a B.S. in International Business and continued on to earn a M.S. in Educational Psychology from The College of Saint Rose, Albany, New York.


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The Unknown Warrior (working title)
A film about werewolves, vampires and warlocks. The main hero is an immortal ninja from the dark ages.
Our main character is a shinobi who becomes immortal to rid the world of monsters for as long as it takes.
He rid the world of monsters, fighting them nonstop for nearly 200 years.
He now lives in a world without that what he used to live for.
He is a private investigator now, and finds himself face to face with a werewolf for the first time in over 800 years


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By default, many macro commands don't work when the macro runs through Remote Desktop Connection when its window is minimized.
This macro fixes it.
This macro fixes it.
;On computer from which you run Remote Desktop Connection (RDC):
;;;1. Exit RDC, if running.
;;;2. Run this macro.
;Then UI macro commands (act, key...) will work when RDC window is minimized. I tested on Windows7, and it works.
;Found in http://smartbear.com/support/viewarticle/18731/
rset 2 "RemoteDesktop_SuppressWhenMinimized" "Software\Microsoft\Terminal Server Client" HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE


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rate recipe
Bittersweet Salad
The theme here is red. For this salad, I'd go out of my way to find an exciting combination of red leaves and herbs. I love the long, twisted red leaves of some varieties of raddichio di Treviso. Red orach, purple basil, red amaranth and bull's blood (red) chard are also stunning leaves. Some tiny sprouting varieties, such as radish or purple basil, will also add character.
2 blood oranges or plain oranges
blood orange juice as needed
20 ml lemon juice
60 ml maple syrup
1/2 tsp orange blossom water
1/2 small raddichio
1 small red endive (red chicory) – leaves separated
1 tbsp olive oil
handful of small red leaves
150 g good quality vegan ricotta or other soft cheese
20 g pine nuts, toasted
100 g pomegranate seeds (1 small pomegranate)
course sea salt and black pepper
Start by making the orange syrup. Take each of the blood oranges in turn and use a sharp knife to slice off the top and base. Now cut down the side of the orange, following its natural curve, to remove the skin and white pith. Over a small bowl, cut in between the membranes to remove the individual segments into the bowl. Squeeze all the juice from the membrane and skin in to a small saucepan.
2. Make up the juice in the pan to 110ml with extra blood orange juice. Add the lemon juice, maple syrup and a pinch of salt, and bring to a light simmer. Leave to reduce for 20 – 25 minutes, or until you are left with about 3 tablespoons of think syrup. Strain it through a fine sieve and allow to cool down, then stir in the orange blossom water.
3. Pull apart the raddichio leaves and tear them roughly into large pieces. Put into a mixing bowl. Add the endive leaves, oil and some salt and pepper, and toss gently. Divide the salad leaves between two serving plates, Dot with orange segments, small red leaves and spoonfuls of vegan cheese, building the salad up. Drizzle with the orange syrup and finish with pine nuts and pomegranate seeds.
Categories:Soups and Salads


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About Us
We are known for our unique and mystical pieces that combine the rustic with the global. Our jewelry utilizes materials ranging from sterling silver, precious gemstones, polymer clay, and handmade resin pendants. The lumber used for our woodwork is bought locally in North Carolina.
Coming from humble beginnings, the 2 Cats family understands the struggle of wanting beauty on a budget. We ensure that our products are of the same artistic quality of NYC art shows, but with prices that will have your wallet saying "Thank you." We also like our clients, so we encourage you to get in contact about our pieces and materials.
Ana Gomez
What We Make
Jewelry Collections
What we do
Handmade Jewelry Made With Love
Pieces of jewelry are not simple decorations for the body like garden gnomes for a home. The work of jewelry is to embellish one's appearance so that their soul can be seen. To wear jewelry is to allow one's inner beauty to shine outward like light through a diamond. 2 Cats Creations ensures that every piece is designed to allow your beauty to radiate out into the world.
We use high quality materials and styles inspired from across the globe to craft pieces that ensure our clients can let their beauty show. The same can be said of our woodwork. Using local Appalachian lumber, we craft pieces that make your abode feel like home and bring the beauty of nature into your house.
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Let us know what you liked. Whether it be a piece of woodwork or jewelry.
We Look Into It
Because we only make unique pieces, we have to check if we can do something similar to you.
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If we can do what you want, we will message you all the details.
Our Latest Jewelry
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Check the Upcoming Events page to see where and when you will find us.


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These cookies are a total indulgence, but ooohhh so worth it !!!! On a cold wintery day, the aroma of fresh baked cookies wafting through the house, fire on and a mug of steamy tea and I promise you the world will feel like a better place. No one will ever question your domestic goddess status after these delights come out of the oven all golden and crisp.
The recipe calls for real butter – I beg of you please do not try to substitute it for any low fat alternatives or margarine. I use the Aldi dark chocolate with orange pieces and I also purchased the Ocean Spray dried cranberries here too. No special kitchen kit is necessary at all so there is no excuse.
Makes about 10 cookies
200g plain flour
150g butter
50g icing sugar
Zest 1 orange
Handful dried cranberries
2 small bars choclate & orange (100g)
- Preheat the oven to 180 oC/Gas 6. Grease a baking sheet.
- Weigh out the ingredients.Wash & grate the skin of the orange, bash up the chocolate into small pieces.
- Sieve the flour into a bowl, cut the butter into small pieces and rub in with finger tips until it looks like breadcrumbs.
- Stir in the icing sugar,cranberries,chocolate & zest. Knead the mixture together (sometimes the heat from your hands will bring the mixture together. No liquid is to be used!)
- Keep kneading until if forms a ball. Roll into a fat sausage shape.
- Wrap in clingfilm and ideally chill for 1 hour. ( 20mins should be ok if you are stuck for time)
- Remove from the fridge, leaving the clingfilm on and cut into 1/2 cm slices.
- Place on the baking tray (no clingfilm now) and bake for 8 to 10 mins. Be sure to leave alot of space between each cookie as they may spread out.
- Remove from the oven. Allow to cool on baking tray for 2/3 mins . Using a spatula transfer them to a wire tray to cool.
- Enjoy warm.


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Who doesn't appreciate the natural sweetness of honey? It's great for satisfying the sweet tooth while also offering a boost of natural energy. But hold on! Should you be offering it to your infant? The answer is a firm NO. According to Mayo Clinic, to protect your baby from infant botulism, you should not offer your baby any honey – wild honey is a potential source of C. botulinum spores.
Infant botulism is a rare but serious gastrointestinal condition. It is caused by exposure to Clostridium botulinum (C. botulinum) spores. Bacteria from these spores can grow in a baby's intestines, producing a dangerous toxin.


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Weblog.onetravel.com ▷ Observe Blog Onetravel News3 min read
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