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Original Research ARTICLE
Risk and Ambiguity in Information Seeking: Eye Gaze Patterns Reveal Contextual Behavior in Dealing with Uncertainty
- 1Instituto de Ciencias Fotónicas-The Institute of Photonic Sciences, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- 2Swedish School of Library and Information Science, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
- 3School of Information Studies, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
- 4Research School of Computer Science, Human-Centered Computing, The Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
- 5School of Computer Science, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
Information foraging connects optimal foraging theory in ecology with how humans search for information. The theory suggests that, following an information scent, the information seeker must optimize the tradeoff between exploration by repeated steps in the search space vs. exploitation, using the resources encountered. We conjecture that this tradeoff characterizes how a user deals with uncertainty and its two aspects, risk and ambiguity in economic theory. Risk is related to the perceived quality of the actually visited patch of information, and can be reduced by exploiting and understanding the patch to a better extent. Ambiguity, on the other hand, is the opportunity cost of having higher quality patches elsewhere in the search space. The aforementioned tradeoff depends on many attributes, including traits of the user: at the two extreme ends of the spectrum, analytic and wholistic searchers employ entirely different strategies. The former type focuses on exploitation first, interspersed with bouts of exploration, whereas the latter type prefers to explore the search space first and consume later. Our findings from an eye-tracking study of experts' interactions with novel search interfaces in the biomedical domain suggest that user traits of cognitive styles and perceived search task difficulty are significantly correlated with eye gaze and search behavior. We also demonstrate that perceived risk shifts the balance between exploration and exploitation in either type of users, tilting it against vs. in favor of ambiguity minimization. Since the pattern of behavior in information foraging is quintessentially sequential, risk and ambiguity minimization cannot happen simultaneously, leading to a fundamental limit on how good such a tradeoff can be. This in turn connects information seeking with the emergent field of quantum decision theory.
1. Introduction
Foraging is a common pattern of behavior: humans and animals share dedicated cognitive mechanisms to find resources in the environment. Amenities such as food are distributed in spatially localized patches where the task is to maximize one's intake, that is, knowing when to exploit a local patch vs. when it is time to move on and explore one's broader surroundings.
In humans, the underlying neuropsychological mechanisms result in cognitive searches, such as recalling words from memory (Hills et al., 2012, 2015). As part of users' information seeking behavior, the concept of information foraging describes the above quest by a similar strategy (Pirolli and Card, 1999).
Key to the understanding of decisions by a consumer of information is that they are subject to uncertainty: his or her knowledge of the environment is incomplete, so the resulting decisions must go back to perceptions and certain heuristics. By turning to classical works in economy, we can identify two facets of this uncertainty, namely risk and ambiguity (Knight, 1921; Ellsberg, 1961). Their interpretation according to the foraging scenario is in place here.
Briefly, risk is the quality of the current patch and our fragmented perception of it. Is the place of good quality? Should one stay here or move on? Since we are already at the preselected location, we do have prior information about it. A risk-minimizing behavior will favor exploitation over exploration, staying longer at individual locations, potentially losing out if outstanding patches remain unvisited.
The above immediately have anthropological overtones. Foraging behavior seems to apply to a much larger domain than just looking for food, such as the optimization of upper and lower extremities of pleasure and pain, gain and loss, benefit and cost, reward and punishment, joy and sorrow. Seeking one while avoiding the other is the subject of risk analysis, where the nature of risk is hesitation. It is obvious that if we are too quick or too slow, we lose a positive option by gaining a negative score somewhere else without even having noticed.
Ambiguity, on the other hand, is related to opportunity cost, the price of not foraging elsewhere. "Elsewhere" refers to the rest of the unknown distribution which is not observed at the moment. A human forager who wants to reduce ambiguity first will jump around different patches and explore more, learning as much as possible about the information distribution while reducing the associated uncertainty. This behavior will not stop at the first good enough patch.
To continue the anthropological implications, ambiguity would also mean that all of the above are the essence of situations, of problem solving in general, but any decision we make (and the crucial belief that thereby we have resolved the problem) results in a new situation by trying to escape one. So in a sense, risk would belong to the surface layer and ambiguity to the deep layer of any decision situation. If the above hold, we could identify many more scenarios relevant from psychology to decision theory and from cognitive science to the stock exchange.
Resonating with the aforementioned, our working hypothesis below will be that if animal foraging is subject to uncertainty, and information seeking is an essentially identical activity in a different context, then a limit to simultaneous risk and ambiguity minimization must apply to information foraging as well. This limit emerges from the sequential and incompatible nature of the decisions made to minimize these two aspects of uncertainty. The incompatible decisions are similar to measurements in quantum mechanics where they give rise to the uncertainty principle; thus our work connects information foraging and information seeking behavior to the thriving field of quantum decision theory (Yukalov and Sornette, 2008; Bruza et al., 2009; Khrennikov, 2010; Busemeyer and Bruza, 2012; Ashtiani and Azgomi, 2015). We will demonstrate our point on eye tracking studies data in our analysis of user interactions with novel search interfaces for biomedical information search.
After an overview of the origins and application areas of uncertainty, we provide background information regarding the concept and its relationship with foraging decisions, and the connections between information foraging and information seeking. A user experiment with eye trackers in the context of information search is offered to demonstrate uncertainty as a composite of risk and ambiguity. The eye gaze patterns exhibited by users with different cognitive styles and their search behavior are discussed, and future research is provided.
2. Background
2.1. The Origins and Application Areas of Uncertainty
A decision in the presence of uncertainty means that the outcome cannot be fully predicted before the decision is made. Multiple possible outcomes can occur, and our knowledge of the probability distribution only allows for a limited characterization of uncertainty. Following Knight (1921), Ellsberg (1961), and Camerer and Weber (1992), we can distinguish between two fundamental aspects of uncertainty, aforementioned ambiguity and risk. The simple definition of risk is uncertainty with known probabilities, a certain a priori probability for a given outcome. Ambiguity is also probabilistic but less well defined, generally associated with events that the decision maker has even less information about than the risk of outcomes. The two aspects are also called expected and unexpected uncertainty. Dealing with unexpected uncertainty involves a more subjective evaluation of probabilities. In the case of ambiguity, less information is available, and expected utility is harder to estimate. Not knowing crucial information, such as the probability distribution of the outcomes, is a frightening prospect which explains why most people are ambiguity-averse (Ellsberg, 1961). The two forms of uncertainty are so different that dealing with risk and ambiguity are supported by distinct neural mechanisms in humans (Huettel et al., 2006).
Apart from this probabilistic nature of decisions in an uncertain environment, there is an even deeper form of uncertainty: the kind we normally refer to in the context of quantum mechanics. Some measurements on a quantum system are simply incompatible: measuring one aspect of the system prevents us from learning more about another aspect thereof, explored by a different measurement—this is known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (Heisenberg, 1927). Using the formalism of quantum mechanics in decision theory is not novel either: recently there has been a surge of interest in this topic (Bruza et al., 2009; Khrennikov, 2010; Busemeyer and Bruza, 2012; Wittek et al., 2013).
2.2. Uncertainty and Foraging Decisions
We are especially interested in how risk and ambiguity appear in sequential decisions. Simultaneous or coordinated decision making, on the other hand, is more complex, being less common among animals because it involves comparative evaluation. Pointing at a major difference between the animal kingdom vs. man, Kolling et al. (2012) showed that humans are able to choose between these two models in uncertain environments. A foraging scenario is a good example of sequential decision making: food resources are available in patches, and a forager must find an optimal strategy to consume the resources. There is a cost associated with switching from one patch to another. Uncertainty relates to the quality of the current patch, the quality of background options—the opportunity cost of not foraging elsewhere–, while the environment is also subject to changes. The forager has to minimize the tradeoff between exploitation of a patch vs. exploration of background options. This pattern is not restricted to food consumption: for instance, it pertains to mate selection, retrieving memories, and consumer decisions. In fact, the same neural mechanism can serve these different functions (Adams et al., 2012).
Optimal foraging theory establishes the strategy to follow if the probabilities can be estimated and updated by the forager (MacArthur and Pianka, 1966; Charnov, 1976). Ambiguity alters the behavior: for example, unexpected forms of uncertainty may trigger more exploration (Cohen et al., 2007). We would like to see how ambiguity and risk can be minimized in sequential decisions, and how that affects exploration and exploitation.
Many decisions require an exploration of alternatives before committing to one, and exploiting the consequences thereof. This is known as foraging in animals that face an environment in which food resources are available in patches: the forager explores the environment looking for high-quality patches, eventually exploiting a few of them only. Such decisions take place in an uncertain environment: ambiguity about the quality of patches and the risk of not foraging at better patches force the forager to accept a tradeoff.
Risk-sensitive foraging is not exclusive to animals, human subjects also show similar behavioral patterns (Pietras et al., 2003; Rushworth et al., 2012). An optimal solution between exploration and exploitation is generally not known, except in cases with strong assumptions about both the environment and the decision maker (Cohen et al., 2007). The tradeoff between exploration and exploitation is also known as the partial-feedback paradigm, linking the decision model to the description–experience gap (Hertwig and Erev, 2009): people perceive the risk of a rare event differently if the probability distribution is known (decision from description) vs. when they have to rely on more uncertain information (decision from experience).
2.3. Information Seeking As Foraging
To take the next step in our working hypothesis, below we shall look at a scenario where seeking was exercised by gaze fixation at segments of user interfaces with significant elements of content, and show that underlying the seemingly random walks of eye gaze on the screen, there is order in the patterned data inasmuch as a certain typology of user behavior applies to them.
The information foraging nature of the data was recognized by eye tracking analysis, based on the concept of information scent, operationalized as "the proportion of participants who correctly identified the location of the task answer from looking at upper branches in the tree" in a study of user interactions with visualization of large tree structures (Pirolli et al., 2000). Pirolli et al. (2001) provided further theoretical accounts for scanpaths from cognitive perspectives in which users were able to find information more quickly when strong information scent was detected. Chi et al. (2001) built a computational model for user information needs and search behavior based on information scent, and the model and algorithm were evaluated by simulated studies. More recently, the modeling of user search behavior using eye tracking techniques has focused on levels of domain knowledge, user interests, types of search task and relevance judgments in search processes (Cole et al., 2010, 2013; Gwizdka, 2014; Vakkari et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2015). However, there is still limited understanding of the effect of individual differences and user perceptions of search tasks on eye gaze patterns in information search. White (2016a,b) provided a review of information foraging and user interactions with search systems.
The eye gaze patterns, an indicator of user attention and cognitive processes have been extensively studied for designing user interfaces, such as the functional grouping of interface menu (Goldberg and Kotval, 1999; Brumby and Zhuang, 2015), faceted search interface (Kules et al., 2009; Kemman et al., 2013) and comparison of interface layouts (Kammerer and Gerjets, 2012). Information retrieval researchers have been concerned with users' attention to the ranking position of documents and different components of search engine results page (SERP) (Cutrell and Guan, 2007; Lorigo et al., 2008; Dumais et al., 2010; Savenkov et al., 2011; Kim et al., 2016). These studies generally suggest that there is no significant difference in users' eye gaze patterns on comparisons of search interface layouts, and users' attention to elements of interfaces depends on the length and quality of snippets on SERPs, as well as the displayed position of search results.
3. User Experiment
A user experiment was designed to investigate user eye gaze and search behavior in biomedical search tasks, with particular reference to different elements of search interfaces (i.e., Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms, title, authors, and abstract).
We used a 4×4×2 factorial design with four search interfaces, controlled search topic pairs and cognitive styles. A 4×4 Graeco-Latin square design was used (Fisher, 1935) to arrange the experimental conditions. Each user was assigned 8 topics in total, with a 7-min limit for each topic, and the experiment took about 90 min in total. Refer to Video S1 in the Supplementary Material for a demonstration.
This study was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research, The National Health and Medical Research Council, with written informed consent from all subjects. All subjects gave written informed consent. The protocol was approved by the The Science & Medical Delegated Ethics Review Committee, The Australian National University, and the Human Research Ethics Committee, Charles Sturt University.
A information sheet regarding the nature and procedures of the research project was explained to the participant. A consent form was signed with the conditions of (1) freely given consent; (2) engagement with searching an experimental system and collection of background information, search experiences and individual differences, such as cognitive styles; (3) confidentiality of personal information; (4) the consent form and any other identifying materials will be stored separately; (5) withdrawal from the research project at any time; and (6) participation is completely voluntary.
3.1. Research Hypotheses
This study has been informed by uncertainty and foraging decisions in information seeking, since patches of information can be found in different elements of search interfaces in potentially uncertain search environments. The hypothesis that unexpected forms of uncertainty may trigger more exploratory behavior can be approached from user perceptions of task difficulty in information search (Cohen et al., 2007). Exploitation of a patch vs. exploration of background options in foraging can be observed by eye gaze and user search behaviors, and explained by the concept of information scent (Chi et al., 2001; Pirolli et al., 2001).
Based on the concepts of uncertainty and foraging decisions and their relationship to information seeking, we propose four research hypotheses in this study:
H1: Users will attend to different elements of search interfaces when they are under perceived difficult search environments.
H2: User traits of cognitive styles will affect information seeking strategies in terms of eye gaze behavior.
H3: Search behavior associated with expanding mental efforts will change in uncertain environments.
H4: Search behavior types that involve notable mental efforts and exploitation of resources are correlated with changes in eye gaze patterns.
3.2. Search Interfaces
Participants searched on four different search interfaces, with a single search system behind the scenes. The four search interfaces were distinguished by whether MeSH terms were presented and how the displayed MeSH terms were generated, partly because we were concerned with how users search for patches of information, using different information seeking strategies such as exploitation of a patch vs. exploration of background options. The complexity of interface design characterized different perceptions of risk of information patches.
Interface "A" mimicked web search and other search systems with no controlled vocabulary. This interface had a brief task description at top; a conventional search box and button; and each result was represented with its title, authors, publication details, and abstract where available.
Full text was not available, so the results were not clickable. Users judged their success on the titles and abstracts alone.
Interface "B" (Figure 1A) added MeSH terms to the interface. After the user's query was run, MeSH terms from all results were collated; the ten most frequent were displayed at the top of the screen. This mimics the per-query suggestions produced by systems like ProQuest1.
MeSH terms were introduced with "Try:" and were clickable: if a user clicked a term, his or her query was refined to include the MeSH term and then re-run. It was hoped that the label, and the fact they work as links, would encourage users to interact with them.
Interface "C" (Figure 1B) used the same MeSH terms as "B" but displayed them alongside each document, where they may have been more (or less) visible. It is a hybrid of interfaces "B" and "D."
Interface "D" mimicked EBSCOhost2 and similar systems that provide indexing terms alongside each document. As well as the standard elements from interface "A," interface "D" displayed the MeSH terms associated with each document, as part of that document's surrogate (Figure 1C).
Again, terms were introduced with "Try:" and were clickable.
Figure 1. Three of the four search interfaces in the study. (A) Screenshot of Interface "B," suggestions per-query and displayed at top. (B) Screenshot of Interface "C," suggestions per-query and displayed at top. (C) Screenshot of Interface "D," suggestions per-document and displayed with the document.
Each interface was labeled with a simple figure: a square, circle, diamond, or triangle, which was referred to in the exit questionnaire. A save icon alongside each retrieved document was provided to collect user perceived relevant documents.
3.3. Search Topics
The search topics used were a subset of the clinical topics from OHSUMED (Hersh et al., 1994), originally created for information retrieval system evaluation. They were slightly rewritten to read as instructions to the participants (see Figure 2 for an example). Topics were selected to cover a range of difficulties.
3.4. Procedure
Participants were given brief instructions about the search task and system features, followed by a practice topic and then the searches proper. They were informed that the test collection is incomplete and out-of-date since the OHSUMED test collection (Hersh et al., 1994) was used, with MEDLINE data from 1987 to 1991. Recorded user interaction data included all queries, mouse clicks, retrieved and saved documents, time spent, and eye movements. Electroencephalogram (EEG) readings were also captured.
Background and exit questionnaires collected demographic information and asked participants about their perception of the search process. Participants' opinions of the tasks and the interfaces were sought. Finally, information on their cognitive styles was also collected by a computerized test (Peterson et al., 2003; Peterson, 2005), which took a further 15 min to complete.
3.5. Hardware and Software
The search system was built on Solr3, with the search results ranked by default relevance score. The MeSH terms were not specifically weighted.
Eye gaze data was recorded from two Sony VFCB-EX480B infrared (IR) cameras which were controlled by Seeing Machines FaceLab 4.5 software4 and attached to a dedicated machine running Windows 7. At the same time, EyeWorks Design and EyeWorks Record5 were used to present instructions for the corresponding search tasks during the experiment. Gaze points were recorded at 60 Hz, and the eye gaze data included the x and y coordinates of where the eye was looking on the screen, as well as the time of that recording. EEG data were recorded with an Emotiv headset6 to monitor brain activities throughout the search session. A Windows 7 computer was dedicated to the cognitive styles test.
3.6. Data Analysis
Recordings were analyzed to see how often there were fixations in different parts of document surrogates (i.e., different elements of the interfaces), and therefore how often people looked at each part.
Four common areas of interest (AOI) were specified: title, author, abstract and MeSH (except for Interface A, without MeSH) to investigate which elements received attention. EyeWorks Analyze7 was used to specify the AOI, and fixations were specified as gazes within a 5-pixel radius which lasted at least 75 ms (Marshall, 2000). The EEG data was not included since our analysis was focused on eye gaze and search behaviors.
Since we were interested in the relationship between user perceptions of search tasks vs. system features, and eye gaze behavior, the data were analyzed by a logarithmic cross-ratio analysis (Fleiss et al., 2003) for dichotomous outcomes. The independent variables of user traits of cognitive styles and perceived search task difficulty, as well as dependent variables of search behavior and eye gaze measures, were converted into binary variables for further analysis. This data analysis technique was chosen because it is resistant to sample selection bias and applied in the study of the relationship between user traits and search performance (Saracevic et al., 1988).
In the study a post-search questionnaire was used to assess user perceptions about the search processes, in which search task difficulty was also identified as important moderator of eye gaze behavior (Toker et al., 2013). No follow-up interview was conducted in this study. As such, our data analysis was focused on information search in a difficult environment with a high degree of perceived uncertainty.
4. Results of Search Behavior and Eye Gaze
Overall, our results support H1, H2, and H4, indicating significant significant effects on eye gaze behavior in terms of proportion of fixations in reading time. This in turn translates to different strategies in dealing with risk and ambiguity.
4.1. Search task difficulty and eye gaze
Table 1 reveals that there was a statistically significant relationship between user perception of search task difficulty and proportion of fixations in reading time on all elements in interfaces. One-way ANOVA indicates a significant interaction effect of interface and task difficulty on the fixations time spent in title [F(3, 248) = 3.72, p < 0.05] and MeSH terms [F(3, 248) = 3.71, p < 0.05], but it is not the case for the element of author [F(3, 248) = 1.69, p > 0.05] and abstract [F(3, 248) = 1.55, p > 0.05]. These results support our first research hypothesis that users will attend to different elements of search interfaces, when they are under perceived difficult search environments.
Table 1. Summary of the relationship between search task difficulty and eye gaze (N search task difficulty = 256, N eye gaze = 256; statistical significance at 95%).
4.2. Search Task Difficulty, Cognitive Style and Eye Gaze
In the study the E-CSA-WA (Extended Cognitive Style Analysis–Wholistic Analytic) test was used to determine user's cognitive style. A Wholistic Analytic ratio (WA ratio) for each participant was produced (Peterson et al., 2003). The results suggest that there was no significant relationship between the users' cognitive style and eye gaze across all elements in interfaces in terms of proportion of fixations in reading time.
One-way ANOVA of the effects of search task difficulty, search interface and cognitive style and their interactions on eye gaze indicates significant interaction effects of difficulty and cognitive style [F(1, 240) = 4.54, p < 0.05], and cognitive style vs. search interface [F(3, 240) = 2.89, p < 0.05] in terms of fixation time on the element of abstract. We found significant interaction effects between search task difficulty and search interface [F(3, 240) = 4.19, p < 0.01], and search interface and cognitive style [F(1, 240) = 4.24, p < 0.01] for the element of MeSH terms. These results suggest that searchers with different cognitive styles may use different search strategies under an environment with uncertainty perceived as difficult and observed by their eye gaze behavior. Our second research hypothesis that user traits of cognitive styles will affect information seeking strategies in eye gaze behavior is supported.
4.3. Search Task Difficulty and Search Behavior
Table 2 shows that when search tasks were perceived difficult, users tended to spend less time searching, issued less queries or typed queries, saved fewer documents and had fewer mouse clicks, but there was no difference in the number of MeSH queries issued and the number of pages viewed.
Table 2. Summary of the relationship between search task difficulty and search behavior (N search task difficulty = 256, N eye gaze = 256; statistical significance at 95%).
Overall, the results indicate that searchers made less mental effort when the search tasks were difficult, and they tended to optimize limited resources in information seeking, demonstrated both by eye gaze (Table 1) and search behavior (Table 2). Search behavior associated with expending mental efforts like issuing MeSH terms and viewing SERPs has not changed according to the uncertainty within the environment, such as perceived search task difficulty. Therefore, our third research hypothesis that search behavior associated with expanding mental efforts will change in uncertain environments is not supported.
4.4. Search Behavior and Eye Gaze in Information Search
Number of queries issued. Table 3 shows that there was a statistically significant relationship between the number of queries issued and the area of interest (AOI) of MeSH terms. In other words, when users issued more queries, they paid significantly more attention to the MeSH terms in search results. This might indicate that processes of query reformulations are very resource intensive, particularly for using MeSH terms.
Table 3. Summary of the relationship between number of queries issued and gaze (N number of queries issued = 256, N eye gaze = 256; statistical significance at 95%).
Number of MeSH queries issued. Table 4 reveals that there was a statistically significant relationship between the number of MeSH queries issued and the element of abstract viewed. That is, when users issued more MeSH queries, they paid significantly less attention to the abstract in interfaces. This might reflect the fact that using MeSH terms can be more efficient in the search processes.
Table 4. Summary of the relationship between number of MeSH queries issued and gaze (N number of MeSH queries issued = 256, N eye gaze = 256; statistical significance at 95%).
Number of mouse clicks. Table 5 indicates a statistically significant relationship between the number of mouse clicks and the element of title visited. That is, users who clicked the mouse more often were less likely to be interested in the titles.
Table 5. Summary of the relationship between number of mouse clicks and gaze (N number of mouse clicks = 256, N eye gaze = 256; statistical significance at 95%).
Number of pages viewed. Table 6 brings evidence for the same inverse relationship between the number of pages viewed vs. titles inspected.
Table 6. Summary of the relationship between number of pages viewed and gaze (N number of pages viewed = 256, N eye gaze = 256; statistical significance at 95%).
Number of documents saved. Table 7 reveals that there was a statistically significant relationship as regards the number of documents saved vs. abstracts and MeSH terms as document segments inspected: when users saved more documents, they devoted significantly more attention to the element of abstract, but less attention to the MeSH terms.
Table 7. Summary of the relationship between number of documents saved and gaze (N number of documents saved = 256, N eye gaze = 256; statistical significance at 95%).
Summary of search behavior and gaze pattern types. Table 8 provides a summary of search behaviors and gaze patterns. These results clearly show that types of searching behavior, such as issuing queries with MeSH terms that imply notable mental effort and strive at the exploitation of resources, are correlated with changes in eye gaze patterns. Therefore, our fourth research hypothesis that search behavior that involve with notable mental efforts and exploitation of resources are correlated with changes in eye gaze patterns is supported.
5. Results and Discussion
We summarize the main findings in the data as follows:
• When users perceived their search tasks as difficult, they did not attend to all content elements in documents. [H1, confirmed]
• Searchers with different cognitive styles may use different search strategies under an environment with uncertainty they perceive as difficult. [H2, confirmed]
• Search behavior associated with expanding mental efforts like issuing MeSH terms and viewing SERPs has not changed according to the uncertainty within the environment, such as perceived search task difficulty. [H3, rejected]
• Certain search behavior types, such as issuing queries and MeSH terms that involve notable mental efforts and exploitation of resources, are correlated with changes in eye gaze patterns. [H4, confirmed]
These findings indicate distinct strategies in dealing with uncertainty, possibly changing from preferring exploration to exploitation and vice versa, and therefore corroborate our hypothesis that the corresponding observations do not commute, which hints at a form of quantum-like behavior.
In the above eye tracking study, the document surrogates and the four layouts characterize different perceptions of risk of information patches, gazing time being a good figure of merit for exploitation. Exploration is the jumping gaze combined with a repeated query as these reduce overall ambiguity. There is evidence that wholistic users prefer to get an overview of tasks before drilling down to detail, whereas analytic users look for specific information. These two extreme user behaviors rely on the two measurement operators, namely risk- vs. ambiguity reduction, in different order, proving non-commutativity. At this point there is no significant relationship between the users' cognitive style and the AOIs though.
However, if we also change the perceived risk by varying the search interface, the picture changes. The effect of cognitive styles, interfaces and their interactions on the AOI of MeSH terms (excluding Interface A) is statistically significant in terms of cognitive style and interface interactions, and weakly significant in terms of cognitive style [F(1, 188) = 2.79, p < 0.01]. Interfaces make a statistically significant difference for the wholistic style [F(2, 111) = 6.58, p < 0.001], and cognitive styles make a statistically significant difference in Interface B [F(1, 62) = 5.11, p < 0.05]. The results indicate that wholistic users' attention to the MeSH terms is more affected by search interfaces than that of analytic users, and this interaction effect is significant when interacting with Interface B. Thus, non-commutative measurements emerge.
To sum up, uncertainty as a composite of risk and ambiguity drives information seeking behavior in a complex way, with successive decisions attempting to minimize both components at the same time. However, to find their joint optimum is not possible, because risk-prone and ambiguity-prone behavior manifest two versions of foraging attitude, called the "consume first and worry later" (exploitation) vs. the "worry first and consume later" (exploration) types. Whichever option taken, it becomes the context of the opposite alternative, so that ambiguity minimization dependent on risk minimization vs. risk minimization dependent on ambiguity minimization yield different sets of retrieved items, i.e., the outcome of information seeking as a process is non-commutative.
For every case where this joint optimum seeking mentality influences the results, plus the decision making process that has led to a particular outcome must be preserved for future reconstruction, our findings are relevant. We have found that the above two types of behavior go back to the application of two operators, risk- and ambiguity-aversion, so that by applying now this, then the other first, their sequential application leads to different results, called non-commutativity. This is related to the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics, therefore we identify information seeking as another link to quantum decision theory (Wittek et al., 2013; Ashtiani and Azgomi, 2014; Aerts and Sozzo, 2016).
6. Conclusions and Future Research
We interpreted risk and ambiguity as two types of measurement on an uncertain environment, arguing that in an information foraging scenario, these measurements are sequential and do not commute, that is, reversing their order yields different outcomes. We demonstrated this by analyzing user behavior in interacting with different designs of search results, specifically, by tracking the gaze of users. Depending on the degree of uncertainty involved, qualitatively different types of information seeking behavior emerged, agreeing with our hypotheses.
We have reason to believe that similar data, such as clickstreams, will show similar patternedness as evidence of non-commutative user behavior manifesting the same cognitive types in a different setting. In a broader context, noncommuting measurements are standard tools in quantum mechanics, and they are being explored in quantum decision theory for modeling decision problems and known fallacies—our work connects information seeking to this line of research.
Author Contributions
PW and SD participate conceptualization of theoretical framework and paper writing; YL and TG participate conceptualization and execution of eye-tracking user study and paper writing; IL participates paper writing.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
PW and SD were supported by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme under Grant Agreement Number FP7-601138 PERICLES. This study was in part funded by the 2014 ALIA (Australian Library and Information Association) Research Grant Award. Dr. Paul Thomas, Jan-Felix Schmakeit, Marijana Bacic, and Xindi Li's assistance in user experiment are acknowledged. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of ALIA or any author affiliated organization.
Supplementary Material
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01790/full#supplementary-material
1. ^ For example, see http://www.proquest.co.uk/en-UK/products/brands/pl_pq.shtml.
2. ^ http://www.ebscohost.com/.
3. ^ http://lucene.apache.org/solr/.
4. ^ https://www.seeingmachines.com/.
5. ^ http://www.eyetracking.com/Software/EyeWorks.
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Cole, M. J., Gwizdka, J., Bierig, R., Belkin, N. J., Liu, J., Liu, C., et al. (2010). "Linking search tasks with low-level eye movement patterns," in Proceedings of ECCE-10, 28th European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics (Delft), 109–116. doi: 10.1145/1962300.1962323
Cole, M. J., Gwizdka, J., Liu, C., Belkin, N. J., and Zhang, X. (2013). Inferring user knowledge level from eye movement patterns. Inform. Process. Manag. 49, 1075–1091. doi: 10.1016/j.ipm.2012.08.004
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Dumais, S. T., Buscher, G., and Cutrell, E. (2010). "Individual differences in gaze patterns for web search," in Proceeding of IIiX-10, 3rd Symposium on Information Interaction in Context, Vol. 3 (New Brunswick, NJ), 185–194. doi: 10.1145/1840784.1840812
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Hills, T. T., Todd, P. M., Lazer, D., Redish, A. D., and Couzin, I. D. (2015). Exploration versus exploitation in space, mind, and society. Trends Cogn. Sci. 19, 46–54. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.10.004
Huettel, S. A., Stowe, C. J., Gordon, E. M., Warner, B. T., and Platt, M. L. (2006). Neural signatures of economic preferences for risk and ambiguity. Neuron 49, 765–775. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.024
Kammerer, Y., and Gerjets, P. (2012). Effects of search interface and internet-specific epistemic beliefs on source evaluations during web search for medical information: an eye-tracking study. Behav. Inform. Technol. 31, 83–97. doi: 10.1080/0144929X.2011.599040
Kemman, M., Kleppe, M., and Maarseveen, J. (2013). "Eye tracking the use of a collapsible facets panel in a search interface," in Research and Advanced Technology for Digital Libraries: Proceedings of TPDL-13, 17th International Conference on Theory and Practice of Digital Libraries, Vol. 8092, eds T. Aalberg, C. Papatheodorou, M. Dobreva, G. Tsakonas, and C. Farrugia (Valletta), 405–408. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-40501-3_47
Khrennikov, A. (2010). Ubiquitous Quantum Structure: From Psychology to Finance. Berlin: Springer Verlag. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-05101-2
Kim, J., Thomas, P., Sankaranarayana, R., Gedeon, T., and Yoon, H.-J. (2016). Understanding eye movements on mobile devices for better presentation of search results. J. Assoc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 67, 2607–2619. doi: 10.1002/asi.23628
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Kolling, N., Behrens, T. E. J., Mars, R. B., and Rushworth, M. F. S. (2012). Neural mechanisms of foraging. Science 336, 95–98. doi: 10.1126/science.1216930
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Zhang, X., Liu, J., Cole, M., and Belkin, N. (2015). Predicting users' domain knowledge in information retrieval using multiple regression analysis of search behaviors. J. Assoc. Inform. Sci. Technol. 66, 980–1000. doi: 10.1002/asi.23218
Keywords: information foraging, quantum decision theory, risk and ambiguity minimization, eye gaze, information seeking, cognitive style
Citation: Wittek P, Liu Y-H, Darányi S, Gedeon T and Lim IS (2016) Risk and Ambiguity in Information Seeking: Eye Gaze Patterns Reveal Contextual Behavior in Dealing with Uncertainty. Front. Psychol. 7:1790. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01790
Received: 24 July 2016; Accepted: 31 October 2016;
Published: 17 November 2016.
Edited by:Dirk Heylen, University of Twente, Netherlands
Reviewed by:Mohammad Soleymani, University of Geneva, Switzerland
Eelco Herder, L3S Research Center, Germany
Copyright © 2016 Wittek, Liu, Darányi, Gedeon and Lim. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Ying-Hsang Liu, email@example.com


text:
About Us
About Us
- Security solutions Security solutions
- Security services Security services
- Join us Join us
- Contacts Contacts
Securitas Aviation is present in 24 countries at over 180 airports in Europe, North America, Latin America and Asia, with a workforce of about 20,000.
Security services that are tailored to an airport and all its stakeholders. In the countries that allow private security companies to operate airports, we can provide complete security solutions for airports, authorities, airlines and other airport-related businesses.
This often involves property protection, access control, screening of passengers, baggage and cargo, profiling and ID-control of passengers, as well as searching and guarding aircraft.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Adolescent years are characterised by increased responsibility and autonomy. Learning how to independently judge a situation and make informed decisions is a key skill that is relevant to many aspects of our lives. In these lessons we will learn what makes a healthy decision-making process as well as investigate various factors that may influence us when making choices.
Session 1 – What makes a good decision?


text:
Micromax's Yu teases launch of a new flagship smartphone this month
Micromax's subsidiary brand Yu Televentures is getting ready to launch a new flagship smartphone this month. The company has posted a short video on Twitter, in which their CEO Rahul Sharma is breaking a model of ship with hammer, with the tagline "Redefining Flagship".
Th company hasn't revealed any thing else about the smartphone, but last week a Yu smartphone was spotted on Geekbench carrying a model number Yu5530 with 1.8GHz Helio X10 processor and 4 GB RAM, so this could be the next flagship phone. Anyways, let's not jump to any conclusion until we get more teasers or leaks.
"Post the YUTOPIA launch, we have been working at a different clock speed and momentum to break all that's conventional and boring. Excited to tell you all that our next device is round the corner and its nothing short of Incredible. It's insanely beautiful and it will break some hearts. It will break records, it will break the conventional, it will break the rules…WAIT, it will break the flagships."
– Rahul Sharma, Co-Founder and CEO, Yu, on official blog.


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Funny Or Die is premiering the rad new video from Har Mar Superstar, "Restless Leg."
Watch it here, or on Youtube now!
Directed by Michelle Zamora of Viva la Puppet and Cult's own Warren Fu, Har Mar says about the song: "Restless Leg is an ode to the summer road trip. It's about not being able to sit still and feel at ease until the rest of the world is left behind in the rear view mirror. My brain is a man, my heart is a woman, and they are both getting restless. Neither can be satisfied until their love is reignited by the spirit of adventure. It's a breezy summer love song, man. Keep on moving."
It's taken from the Cult released album Bye Bye 17 which is out now on iTunes, CD & LP.
For upcoming tour dates check out the Cult tour page here or Har Mar's links below!


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No polka, but there's still piano: 'New Nye's' opens on Hennepin Ave. next week
But hey, construction is tricky, this winter's already been a bear, and mama always told us good things come to those who wait: Nye's Piano Bar officially opens January 11 at 4 p.m.
As reported in November, this won't be the polka and pierogi Polonaise Room you bid farewell to in 2016, which has some Nye's fans more than a little skeptical about version 2.0. There's no food, for one, and no polka band, and there's nary a stitch of Naugahyde in sight. Instead, you'll find golden booths, marble tabletops, and a sparkling glass bar, plus a new, 8- to 10-person enclosure by the grand piano backed by an elegant, tufted red wall.
"What we wanted to do is put to rest the old Nye's, and start a new history, with new Nye's," co-owner Rob Jacob said in November.
Still, there are winking little remembrances here and there. "If you've never walked into Nye's, you can still see what it was before," Jacob told us Friday. The old lights have been preserved, and the iconic neon sign is still there -- it just hangs inside now. The exposed brick is that of the original building, and the mirrored back bar surface reflects the former front facade of Nye's.
Then, there's the wall art adorning that brick, painted by Minneapolis' Burlesque of North America, depicting portraits of Nye's icons of yore: longtime accordion queen Ruth Adams and, of course, Al Nye himself. And those aren't the only familiar faces you'll see. John Eller and Diana de Prez -- the same musicians who played Nye's out after its 66-year run -- will both return to the smaller stage at "New Nye's." (Jacob says they're sticking to piano at first, with one- to three-piece bands filling out the calendar moving forward.)
On the drink side, you'll find classic cocktails and craft offerings curated by Northeast's Tattersall Distilling, along with beer and more than 30 wine and champagne varietals available by the glass.
It's open seven days a week: Monday to Thursday from 4 p.m. to 1 a.m., Fridays 4 p.m. to 2 a.m., Saturdays from 11 a.m. to 2 a.m. and Sundays from 11 to 1 a.m. (Happy Hour: Monday through Friday from 4 to 6 and weekends from 11 to 5.)
Nye's Piano Bar
112 E. Hennepin Ave., Suite 101, Minneapolis


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Edward Sahakian Cigar Shop , Bulgari Hotel, Knightsbridge
Located in Knightsbridge on the edge of Hyde Park, London's Bulgari Hotel is both a haven of calm in the centre of the city and yet under a minute's walk from such landmarks as the famous Harrod's department store.
I visited this fantastic dedicate cigar lounge in the beautiful 5 star Bulgari Hotel in May 2013.
You dont have to be a guest of the hotel to take advantage of the cigar lounge which is to the rear of the hotel and up a short flight of stairs.
The staff were fantastic and the range of cigars extensive. You could also get bar service from the comfort of the lounge ,so no need to go downstairs to order a cold beer or glass of wine.
They often hold events pairing cigars and various wines and spirits.
Internationally renowned and multi-award winning cigar merchant Edward Sahakian's eponymous Cigar Shop and Sampling Lounge at the Bulgari has established itself as the premier Knightsbridge destination for connoisseurs in search of truly exceptional vintage cigars. Specialising in rare Havanas that are quite simply unobtainable elsewhere, the cigars are sourced from Edward Sahakian's private collection, which has been assembled over the last forty years.
The provenance and condition of each cigar is unimpeachable and unparalleled and this gem of a location has rapidly established itself as an international landmark for cigar lovers who find themselves in the British capital. Run by Edward and his son Eddie, the cigar shop at the Bulgari offers such treasures as the fabled Davidoff 80 Aniversario, the Gran Corona made in Cuba for the 80th birthday of Zino Davidoff in 1986; the Churchill sized Davidoff Dom Perignon and a near complete range of Cuban Davidoffs.
Other rarities include the majority of Reserva and Gran Reserva cigars as well as a carefully curated selection of the very best Edicion Limitadas made in Cuba since the turn of the century: aficionados will be pleased to find such cult cigars as the Cohiba Sublime Edicion Limitada 2004 and the Cohiba Double Corona Edicion Limitada 2003. Whether buying a single cigar to taste in the fully-equipped wood panelled sampling room, with its state of the art air purification system, or purchasing an entire box of cigars customers can rely on expert advice. Moreover the cigar shop offers the additional service of storage and long term ageing of customers' cigars. Upon consigning cigars, customers are presented with a written and photographic inventory that is regularly updated. Given the exceptional and often irreplaceable nature of these cigars, security is of paramount importance and cigars are stored in a locked, temperature and humidity controlled vault on site, which replicates the conditions of the Sahakians' own 'keep'. Cigars at the Bulgari are stored at 11 degrees centigrade and at a relative humidity of 68%, which remains unvaried throughout the year to ensure an even pace of maturation.
Mike Choi
Edward Sahakian Cigar Shop Manager
Bulgari Hotel & Residences London
171 Knightsbridge
London SW7 1DW
+44 (0) 207 151 1101
+44 (0) 207 151 1011


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I am she who adorn'd herself and folded her hair expectantly,
My truant lover has come, and it is dark.
Double yourself and receive me darkness,
Receive me and my lover too, he will not let me go without him.
I roll myself upon you as upon a bed, I resign myself to the dusk.
He whom I call answers me and takes the place of my lover,
He rises with me silently from the bed.
Darkness, you are gentler than my lover, his flesh was sweaty and panting,
I feel the hot moisture yet that he left me.
My hands are spread forth, I pass them in all directions,
I would sound up the shadowy shore to which you are journeying.
Be careful darkness! already what was it touch'd me?
I thought my lover had gone, else darkness and he are one,
I hear the heart-beat, I follow, I fade away.
Walt Whitman


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Indoors or outdoors, growing cucumbers is easy provided you take good care of the seedlings. Cucumber seeds can be expensive, but because they produce so many fruits you will probably only need to grow one plant each year. Although some varieties grow well outside in the southern half of the UK, cucumbers do much better in a polytunnel or greenhouse where they will continue to produce fruit until the end of October at least, whereas outdoor plants usually stop fruiting by the middle of September.
There are so many different types of cucumber that deciding which one to buy can be a bit overwhelming for the first-time grower. Before you choose, you need to ask yourself a couple of questions:
1) Where am I going to grow them?
If you're growing outside, the fruits will be smaller and won't look as good as the long, slim cucumbers you see in the supermarkets. Growing cucumbers outside is more likely to succeed the further south and west you are in the UK. Make sure you choose a variety suited for growing outdoors, and give it a sheltered and sunny spot with good drainage.
If you're growing under cover in a greenhouse or polytunnel, you have a much wider range of varieties to choose from, including all-female F1 hybrids. (The advantage of all-female plants is that there are no male flowers to remove.) Cucumbers hate being chilled, so sheltered conditions make a huge difference to both the size of the crop, and the quality. Most important, though, is the length of the harvest: plants under cover start a month earlier than outdoors, and keep going for six weeks after their outdoor cousins have given up.
2) What kind of cucumbers to I want to grow?
Salad types, or pickling? Some cukes are really intended for eating in a salad, while others are picked very small and then pickled. The seed catalogue, or packet, should point you in the right direction as to what to expect.
If you buy an F1 variety the seeds are likely to be among the most expensive you ever buy – sometimes over £1 each. So, you really don't want things to go wrong. When you plant your seeds, place them standing on their edge about 1.5cms deep in a biodegradable pot. Cucumbers have delicate roots that don't like being transplanted, and if you can plant the entire pot and forget about it, so much the better. Use a light and (if possible) sterile potting compost. Once planted the seeds should be kept moist and warm, around 20C, or they may rot. Once the seedings appear, move them to a light, warm spot and keep them well watered so they don't get held back at all.
Cucumbers are considered a delicacy by almost all the vegetable predators around. If you don't guard your seedlings, you'll probably find a slug finishing off the tender central growing tip – and that, as they say, is that. A stunted cucumber plant may recover enough to eventually bear fruit, but it will be very late and probably not worth the bother. If this happens there may be no option but to cheat, and buy a plant from a reputable nursery.
Planting out
If you're growing cucumbers outside, make sure to give them the warmest, sunniest and most sheltered spot you can find. F1 varieties are not generally suitable for outside growing. If you're under cover, shelter isn't likely to be a problem – but shade from other plants could be. Make sure they are pampered from day one – plenty of food, plenty of light – or they'll just sulk.
Shape the soil where you are going to plant the biodegradable pots so that it makes a low mound, and make sure that none of the stems are buried. This prevents the stems from ever being waterlogged, which causes rapid – and fatal – stem rot. To be on the safe side, it's also a good idea to protect the seedlings with bottle cloches and copper tape and do a few 'slug patrols' with a torch in the evenings until the plants are off to a good start.
Growing cucumbers
Cucumbers are vigorous, heavy climbers and need to be trained and tied securely. While the plants put out tendrils to grab onto nearby objects, this can work against you if you allow any crowding to occur. In that case, the side shoots will rapidly hang on to each other – and once that happens, you have a lot of difficult work ahead of you! Training the plants out to the sides avoids this and encourages strong, healthy growth. It also reduces spots where the dreaded grey mould can strike. If you don't fancy the fuss of training, you can let the side shoots trail but do limit them to five leaves for strong shoots, and two for weaker ones. Nip them out rather than using a blade, as ragged wounds heal faster than clean cuts.
Regarding mould, here's a tip. Female flowers grow on the end of a small green spike (the future cucumber) whereas male flowers are just small buds. If the plants produce any male flowers, pinch them off as soon as you see them. If you don't, they'll wither and die and then turn mouldy. Grey mould spreads fast, and it will easily make the transition from the dead, wilted flower to the healthy stem beneath – and then you've lost the whole shoot.
Cucumbers can be harvested at any size, but don't let them get too big. Cucumber plants are very good at hiding a fruit or two where you'll only find it if you look very hard. If any of the cucumbers are left to mature, the plant gets the signal that it's time to develop seeds and stops producing fruit. So keep the plants well picked, and they'll keep on fruiting. If you see a cucumber start to swell at one end, it means that it has been pollinated and is likely to be bitter, so nip it out as soon as you notice. This can even happen occasionally with F1 all-female plants (which don't produce male flowers at all), as pollinating insects can travel a very long way.
Cucumbers will continue to produce outside until the weather turns cold and damp in the autumn, although in a polytunnel they can be kept going until winter frosts. In a good year you can get 70+ cucumbers from a single plant, so your friends and neighbours will probably benefit too. Even if you don't know what to do with the fruit, keep picking it – or the plant will decide it's time to stop and you won't get very many more.
Varieties to try:
Growing cucumbers in an unheated polytunnel or greenhouse – F1 Bella
Growing cucumbers outside, especially in the south and west of the UK – Marketmore (Organic seed)


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I have contacted Bau-Tech four times now via both of their mail address in English and German and got no response at all , they seemed like a good company and I would have purchased from them for the next order , but this failure to even respond is worrying and unprofessional.
They were happy to accept the money , no interest in after-sales support.
German Quality.


text:
We answer 'quick questions' here on I Tripped Over a Stone on Sundays.
Because… I blog. I get sick of me. I want to hear from you!
Don't think, just answer!
- What does manual labor mean to you?
- Do you make your own popsicles?
- When you go out specifically for coffee what kind of coffee (or drink) do you order?
- Not much. I went to college so I'd never HAVE to experience manual labor… that didn't turn out so well, I got chronic pain instead!
- Yes! Bought some freezer pop molds from Amazon and I make juice and yogurt popsicles!
- Cappuccino, 2% (or whole) milk… (depending on how tight my jeans are feeling) and two sweeteners.


text:
Providing optimized solutions for your mine, one-stop service for mineral processing plant!
Xinhai mineral processing equipment mainly include: grinding equipment, flotation equipment, dewatering equipment, magnetic separation equipment, and so on. Some of the equipment is Xinhai independent research and development, and has been awarded national patent. View details
Gold CIL (Carbon in Leach) Process is an efficient design of extracting and recovering gold from its ore. By cyaniding and carbon leaching crushed gold ore slurry simultaneously, CIL process lower the gold mining operation cost and increase gold recovery rate to a degree of 99%. View details
According to the complex and changeable market situation in home, Xinhai Mining ...
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rock phosphate processing is the main beneficiation in rock phosphate separation. According to the difference original ore nature, flotation beneficiation can be divided into reverse flotation, positive flotation, positive flotation, positive-reverse (reverse-positive) flotation, double reverse flotation. So, what is the difference between positive processing and reverse flotation processing?
Reverse flotation is mainly used for the separation of rock phosphate rock and dolomite, under weakly acidic conditions with fatty acids collector to float dolomite gangue rails, and rock phosphate concentrate is lifted in flotation cells. With this rock phosphate processing dolomite can be floated 70% to 80%, but can not be separated siliceous gangue, and the foam is fine, transport and processing are very difficult. For now, the research on collector and inhibitors is still in continuous optimization stage.
Positive flotation is suitable for low-grade rock phosphate ore, it can processing silica, calcium, and calcium magnesium rock phosphate, and it is suitable for handling gangue rails and disseminated fine grain sizes rock phosphate ore.
Gravity processing is the best method for gold processing process. Gold processing process equipment used in this process is simple. ... [more]
Nowadays, with the market demanding to change, gravity thickener price also fluctuated. Different thickener specifications have a different price. ... [more]
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Rules of the Supreme Court of Canada (SOR/2002-156)
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Regulations are current to 2020-10-05 and last amended on 2019-01-15. Previous Versions
FORM 24ARule 24Certificate (Appellant)
(Style of Cause (Rule 22) — Use Form 1 of Guidelines for Preparing Documents to be Filed with the Supreme Court of Canada (Print and Electronic))
I (name), (counsel or agent) for the appellant, certify that the appellant's record contains the judgment appealed from and only so much of the pleadings, evidence, affidavits and other documents as is necessary to raise the question for the decision of the Court and that all reasons for judgments and orders are included in the record.
And I do further certify that I have closely examined the record and verily believe that it is a true and correct reproduction of the originals and that the same has been proofread.
Dated at (place), (province or territory) this (date) day of (month), (year).
(Counsel or Agent) for the appellant
- SOR/2013-175, s. 43
- SOR/2016-271, s. 43(F)
- Date modified:


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|Captain America Message Board >> View Post
Subj: Answer
Posted: Wed Aug 30, 2017 at 11:49:08 am EDT (Viewed 764 times)
Reply Subj: SECRET EMPIRE #10. WELL ARE THEY ALIVE OR ARENT THEY?
Posted: Wed Aug 30, 2017 at 10:05:28 am EDT (Viewed 906 times)
They are still dead. The consequences of what Hydra Cap has done has not been erased and the real Steve Rogers is going to have to deal with it.
It's interesting that a hero/villain performs one amazing feat, or use a power they haven't used for 20+ years, and that automatically propels them to a high status despite scans and evidence to the contrary. I don't know what is worse, selective feat picking that has only been done once or twice 20, or more, years ago or ignoring evidence from scans or the lack thereof. We need to stop putting our favorite heroes/villains on pedestals and start putting them where they really belong. But it's evident that people never will because they would rather accuse others of cherry picking feats, when they don't, and being 'morally superior' when they aren't. I guess being honest and as fair as possible only opens one up to being the target of childish accusations and fault finding by those who insist on acting petty and childish. What happened to a good debate between two civil, mature, adults?
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By NEIL HARTNELL
Tribune Business Editor
Sarkis Izmirlian's near-$15 million advances to Baha Mar were last night branded "a desperate attempt" to keep the Chapter 11 case alive, with the project's contractor accusing him of attempting to "manufacture" connections to the US.
China Construction America's (CCA) Bahamian subsidiary, in its latest salvo in the Delaware courts, returned to its contention that Baha Mar and Mr Izmirlian had made "bad faith attempts to improperly use the Chapter 11 process" to their advantage and the detriment of all creditors.
In particular, it argued that Baha Mar had sought to "manufacture" the necessary physical presence and asset links that would give the US Bankruptcy Court legal jurisdiction over its 14 Bahamian-domiciled companies.
CCA Bahamas said debtor companies must prove that monies in their bank accounts belong to them, yet alleged that Baha Mar's parent entity transferred monies from the Bahamas to its affiliates' US facilities in a bid to "manufacture" US legal jurisdiction over them.
The contractor, branding Baha Mar's Chapter 11 legal filings as "ill-conceived from the outset", said its hopes of a successful reorganisation under Chapter 11 had been further undermined by the Supreme Court's refusal to recognise the Delaware case - and give it legal effect - in the Bahamas.
Baha Mar has consistently argued that seeking US Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection was the only option open to it in seeking to achieve the twin objectives of restructuring and the Izmirlian family retaining control.
The developer and Mr Izmirlian also saw the process as a way to concentrate minds at CCA Bahamas and its $2.45 billion debt financier, the China Export-Import Bank, and get them to the negotiating table to work out a financial package/timetable for Baha Mar's completion.
However, Tribune Business understands that Baha Mar's Chinese partners are suspicious that it initiated the Chapter 11 process as a way to relieve itself of an onerous debt burden.
The China Export-Import Bank already holds $2.45 billion in security over Baha Mar's Cable Beach resort and real estate assets, a figure that could rise to $2.65 billion if the last proposed financing package for the project's completion is approved.
That figure is higher than the $2.3-$2.4 billion debt load that ultimately proved unsustainable and sank Kerzner International's ownership of Atlantis.
This ultimately means that Baha Mar, a new, unproven commodity at best when it opens, will have to outperform the proven Atlantis to service the interest and principal payments to the China Export-Import Bank.
Several well-placed sources suggested to Tribune Business yesterday that Mr Izmirlian, recognising that Baha Mar's debt load was unsustainable, was using the Chapter 11 process as leverage to negotiate a more favourable deal with the Chinese bank.
Dionisio D'Aguilar, a Baha Mar director, has repeatedly told Tribune Business, though, that Mr Izmirlian has always pledged to the China Export-Import Bank that he will make it "whole" in every conversation between the two.
Still, CCA Bahamas yesterday accused Baha Mar of "a last-ditch attempt to shop for their preferred forum, retain control over the Baha Mar project and gain a tactical litigation advantage" while ignoring what was in everyone's alleged best interests - proceeding with the Bahamian winding-up petitions.
"The debtors' inability to adequately fund their Chapter 11 Cases, the strong Bahamian interests at stake, the viability of alternative insolvency proceedings in the Bahamas, and the lack of connections with the US, compel dismissal of these Chapter 11 cases," CCA Bahamas alleged.
"This court should not entertain the debtors' bad-faith attempts to improperly use the Chapter 11 process to a gain tactical litigation advantage and to retain control over a project lacking US ties (despite the debtors' best efforts to manufacture such connections).
"CCA Bahamas, therefore, respectfully requests that this Court reject the debtors' attempts to misuse the US bankruptcy system by dismissing these cases and allow the Bahamian courts to preside over these proceedings. These proceedings are, at their core, about the Bahamas."
CCA Bahamas argued that Baha Mar was attempting to use bank account assets to prove the connection of its 14 Bahamian-domiciled companies to the US, yet had fallen "woefully short" of proving ownership of the funds they contain.
Funds were deposited into their US accounts by the Baha Mar parent as "part of last-minute 'contingency planning', according to the developer, prior to the Chapter 11 filing.
Yet CCA Bahamas countered: "The real reason for the eve-of-bankruptcy transfers in these cases was the attempted manufacturing of jurisdiction.
"The manufacturing was not complicated, and consisted of opening US bank accounts for the Bahamian debtors, funding them with a small sum of money from Baha Mar Ltd, and asserting eligibility as a result.
"Though the debtors provide no documentary evidence with respect to the time when their bank accounts were opened, they admit to opening US bank accounts for seven of the Debtors 'in the weeks prior to the petition date'.
"Each of these seven accounts was opened at J.P. Morgan, labelled as a simple 'depository account', and funded with around $10,000. The deposits were made just days before the petition date, with the money coming from Baha Mar Ltd's Bahamian account.
"Simply put, these accounts were opened and funded with Bahamian money to create the appearance of US assets for seven debtors with no other US ties."
CCA Bahamas described Mr Izmirlian's $14.936 million advances to Baha Mar, in a bid to cover salaries and professional fees, as "a temporary fix" after the $80 million financing facility he attempted to put in place to cover the developer's Chapter 11 operational costs was blocked by the Supreme Court's ruling.
"The funding of three successive tranches of limited amounts of money by the DIP lender [Mr Izmirlian] is a desperate attempt to keep these cases afloat even if the debtors know all too well that a permanent solution for a DIP financing cannot be found," CCA Bahamas alleged.
"The proposed DIP financing was predicated on obtaining recognition and approvals, and the current limited financing cannot satisfy the debtors' financial needs. Thus, the debtors' temporary fix for their DIP financing does not ensure the availability of the financing that is actually needed - a financing without which reorganisation under Chapter 11 is impossible."
Baha10 5 years, 2 months ago
Leaving aside what might be regarded as unfortunate mis-steps by our Government in this unfortunate debacle, be careful backing Izfailian, as his incompetence and that of those around him will leave you embarrassed at the end of the day.
ObserverOfChaos 5 years, 1 month ago
This statement coming from someone that has had business dealing with Ismilian? Has personal experience in construction projects? Has dealt with the chinese? Is just floating B.S. around so people will back their party? "Unfortunate mis-step?" really? How about sticking their nose into business they had no reason too other than to line their own pockets with monies paid by Chinese to screw this whole thing up for personal gains!? How about causing devastating ripple affects such as credit rating being reduced by S&P? Or scaring off investors? The one's to be afraid of are the incompetent, self serving, inbred, buffoon's we call politicians here in Bahamas!
Baha10 5 years, 1 month ago
In sequence: Yes, very much so, yes, not at all, debatable, debatable, national priority and despite rhetoric no evidence of pocketing, unfortunate consequence of failed project for which developer is ultimately responsible, consequence of ill informed negative commentary, personal view of persons most of whom have made personal sacrifice to serve and percevere in the face of ridicule from side line observers ... notwithstanding our shortcomings we must remain patriotic and focused on nation building.
asiseeit 5 years, 1 month ago
The only "Nation Building" going on in The Bahamas is that of the corrupt "PLP nation". They are the only ones happy, thriving, content in this country at the time, the rest of us are holding on for dear life. The greed, utter disrespect, and contempt this government has shown the Bahamian people is beyond anything suffered in our history. I know this one fact, this government is the single largest threat to the Bahamas well being there has ever been.
MonkeeDoo 5 years, 1 month ago
You got to love this PLP. They do their best to castrate Baha Mar but where you think they want to have their convention. It was originally Baha Mar, but now its Melia. And guess what ? None of these parties ( PLP or FNM ) pay for the charges they run up in any of these hotels. I am amazed that Izmirlian is allowing them to use it.


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I have been told at times that I should show a little more respect for "President" Bush. After all, some would say, he is the "president," and the office of the President of the United States commands a person's respect. I disagree with this; I think that blind faith in and respect for our elected officials simply contributes to corruption in government. Eternal vigilance is, after all, the price of freedom. In my opinion, not being able to see a leader for what he/she is is much more detrimental to our nation than open disrespecting our elected officials.
Anyway, since I am being told to be more respectful to our "president," I submit this website dedicated to George W. Bush. Feel free to enjoy it!
– Miguelito


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Lenovo K10 User Manual Pdf
Lenovo K10 User Manual Pdf
REVIEW Lenovo K10
The latest smartphone this one comes precisely by using bermaterial polycarbonate body. this phone is officially imported by using the Qualcomm Snapdragon Quad Core processor with 2GB of RAM and 16GB of internal memory area. This smartphone is also equipped with dual sim feature support. Moreover, the dual sim also supports TD and FDD LTE frequency the phone also supports networks that use the 4G LTE network.
Lenovo K10 itself came to offer the display panel spans the width of 5 inches with a resolution of 720 x 1280 pixels HD. This smartphone offers a resolution of 8 Megapixels lens on the back with additional features dual LED Flash and autofocus lens and 2 megapixels on the front as selfie camera and for video calls.
Meanwhile for the operating system this phone is equipped with Android OS 6.0 with Vibe Marshmallow UI which will make it look more perfect and more luxurious. And do not fall behind Lenovo also added a battery capacity of 2,300 mAh.
User Manual Pdf is not available yet


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A Hallsville attorney has been disbarred for professional misconduct after diverting cash from a trust account to his own use.
The Missouri Supreme Court issued the disbarment order Tuesday based on a report from the Office of Chief Disciplinary Counsel, which polices the activities of attorneys in the state.
In an information filed with the court, the office stated that lawyer Vernan Pierce knowingly misused a client's settlement funds to pay law office and personal expenses.
Court documents in the case show Pierce deposited a $6,500 personal injury settlement check into a trust account on July 17, 2017. Between the date of deposit and late August 2017, Pierce transferred the entirety of those funds to his firm operating account, a violation of Rules Governing the Missouri Bar and Judiciary.
Those rules also require that attorneys promptly notify and deliver to a client any settlement funds, which apparently did not take place. Pierce borrowed money from a family member to pay his client after 55 days had passed.
Pierce, according to court filings, was notified by certified mail of the pending disciplinary action and did not respond. Attempts to contact him for comment were unsuccessful. A phone number listed for his Hallsville office was disconnected.
Little other information was available about Pierce's legal career. His firm has no website, nor was he readily found on any social media sites.
In the Office of Chief Disciplinary Counsel's filing, he was stated as having obtained his license in 2012, but did not practicing until 2016, when he opened his Hallsville office.
Prior to opening his office, he worked for the University of Missouri as an Agricultural Economics Professor, but that position was eliminated in 2016, according to the filing.


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Man, I hope the "theatrical cut" in the new set is an improvement over the 2011 BD. The extended cut is probably something I'll only watch once, but an improved TC I could watch repeatedly for the rest of my life.
I agree. I mean, if the new scenes would be good quality, the new version would probably be the version I'd watch for the rest of my life, but if this new version is as bad as I am hearing, I'll probably watch it once and never again. I may watch the new scenes a few times separately, but I wouldn't keep subjecting myself to 251 shitty looking minutes
I was treated to a gorgeous DCP!It's not smoothed over, waxy, and grainless. You want a red Big Apple? You get a red Big Apple, not an orange Big Apple, and every other color that Sergio Leone and Tonino Delli Conti intended you to see. I've read of a yellow tint; I did detect a subtle change or shift in color when the movie enters the boyhood scenes (its great strength; so well cast and beautifully done), but it wasn't a "tint," or a color wash, or some other anomaly; if this was something I hadn't seen before, it felt organic, and proper. Unobtrusive. The restored footage, particularly Louise Fletcher's unnecessary scene, looked and also sounded terrible. No surprise there. Darlanne Fluegel (who gets a new introductory scene in the delicate, latticed time sequencing of events) and Williams (who gets a long or lengthened scene with Woods toward the end, discussing matters easily inferred in the 229m cut) will be pleased, but the rest struck me as superfluous, and given the shape of the materials would have been much better presented as deleted scenes
...Point is, there is a 229MV that was restored by Bologna Cinematheque - so wtf wouldn't they release that version as part of this BRD boxset? WTF are they just putting the previously released BRD into the boxset?
I watched the extended Blu. quick thoughts:Definitely a noticeable yellow tint throughout the entire movie. Looks very washed out compared to the 2011 WB.
The extra 22-minutes generally look and sound horrible, and really aren't significant enough than just a curiosity
The only part I thought would do the movie a justice is including Noodles faking his drowning to get back at Max after the boatramp. The cut back to the 60's is interesting and also includes a quick glimpse of the infamous garbage truck.
The 4 or 5 other deleted scenes are good as individual deleted scenes, but do nothing but hurt the movie. Especially Noodles meeting Eve. It's placed right in the middle of my personal favorite part of the film (Deborah's date to intermission) and really fucks with the natural flow of Noodles standing outside after the rape to the train station. I don't understand why the Eve scenes wouldn't be placed directly after the intermission.
I haven't yet seen the new version straight, but as I've said before in our (many) discussions about the new scenes, IMO the most important one is the one with Eve. Maybe you disagree with the placement of the scene, that's fine, but that scene is definitely needed. As to whether it is placed properly, and whether it is worthwhile having it in the movie considering how bad the quality is, that I can't say until I watch the full movie, once my BRD arrives in a few days.
Anyway, it's unbelievable that they find negatives from so many much earlier movies (e.g. they found the 3 cut minutes from A Streetcar Named Desire 20 years go), but a movie from 1984 doesn't have a negative in existence?
Scorsese and the Film Foundation are operating a scheme directly targeted toward the Leone board, where they will release "new extended directors cuts" of OUATIA, minute-by-minute added and restored every few years, to steal our money for years after the death of the eldest members. only I will see the full cut in 2078
Treat Williams mentions that Martin Sheen auditioned but didn't get a part whilst Mickey Rourke was around at the time complaining "I can't even get a meeting!". He's full of praise for De Niro and gives an insight into Leone's way of working.e.g. "Working with Sergio, who was so kind but also so rough. There was one actor, a guy you just couldn't scare if you tried, he had to show fear at a moment. Sergio had the prop guy hand him a tommy gun and he screamed 'Action' and opened up the tommy gun. The actor was so startled. The shot worked."
"I have to tell you, that gasoline hose with which I'm being doused as the young version of my character is introduced: that hose had been very, very recently used…as a gasoline hose! As Cary Grant used to write in sections of his scripts, 'N.A.R.' 'No Acting Required.' Oh my goodness. It was just foul."


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Thanks for joining me! I am Mariah and I will be talking about my journey to becoming healthier (because Freshman 15 and Senior 20 is DEFINITELY a thing), being introduced to Arbonne, and helping other people feel motivated to reach their goals.
"You'll only look young forever, if you take care of yourself now"


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NCI Drug Dictionary
The NCI Drug Dictionary contains technical definitions and synonyms for drugs/agents used to treat patients with cancer or conditions related to cancer. Each drug entry includes links to check for clinical trials listed in NCI's List of Cancer Clinical Trials.
- anti-CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody AGEN1884
A recombinant human monoclonal antibody directed against the human T-cell receptor cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), with immune checkpoint inhibitory and antineoplastic activities. Upon administration, anti-CTLA4 monoclonal antibody AGEN1884 binds to CTLA4 expressed on T cells and inhibits the CTLA4-mediated downregulation of T-cell activation. This leads to a cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated immune response against cancer cells. CTLA4, an inhibitory receptor and member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, plays a key role in the downregulation of the immune system. Check for active clinical trials using this agent. (NCI Thesaurus)
Code name: AGEN1884


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13 years and counting
on 8/8/19 7:58 am - Charlotte, NC
In June I hit my 13 year surgery anniversary and didnt get around to posting until now :-)
I am doing great... I have kept up with my vits/supps and still get annual bloodwork. Over the past year + I have really started to focus on my diet and exercise and took up biking. I ride 7 days a week, sometimes twice a day and mix in yoga and weights as well as moved to a vegetable heavy diet still making sure I get my protein. I am in the best shape of my life and feel amazing. I am down to 135lbs from the 145lbs I was for many years and have seen a lot of positive changes in my body since focusing diet and exercise.
I hope everybody is doing well on their journeys!
First visit to surgeon - 288 ~ bmi 45.1
2 week pre-op 252 ~ bmi 39.5
Total lost - 143 Since surgery - 107!
Goal weight - 155
Current weight - 145 ~ bmi 22.7
Holding steady at 145 since Feb 2008!
Extended TT, lipo, fat injections - 11/2011
BA/BL/Arm Lift - 7/2014
Scar revision on arms - 3/2015
HALO laser on arms/neck 9/2016


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If you're uncomfortable going to the beach in your swimsuit, or even in your underwear, because of a large labia that twists and tugs, a labiaplasty may be just the solution you're looking for. At Gynecologic Surgery and Menopause Solutions, Francisco Garcini, MD, offers this procedure to women in New Lenox, Illinois, to help relieve the discomfort, not to mention the anxiety, that comes with oversized labia. To learn more about a labiaplasty, call the office or fill out the form online for a consultation.
A labiaplasty is a procedure in which Dr. Garcini removes the excess tissue in your labia to keep it more proportional to your existing external tissue. If your labia minora hangs below the skin that holds your hair (your labia majora), the tissue can become irritated and tug uncomfortably during normal, everyday activities, such as:
In some cases, your labia may also result in embarrassing situations if it sneaks out from underneath your swimsuit.
If you opt for a labiaplasty, there are two ways Dr. Garcini can go about the procedure:
A trim procedure
With this technique, Dr. Garcini simply removes the excess tissue and sutures the area back up.
Wedge procedure
With a wedge procedure, Dr. Garcini removes a wedge-shaped piece of your labia and sutures the new ends together, tightening the tissue.
In both cases, Dr. Garcini uses either local anesthesia or general anesthesia, depending upon your level of comfort. He is also well-versed in the latest surgical techniques to ensure that the procedure is as minimally invasive as possible to reduce your risks and downtime.
You should count on taking it easy for about a week following your procedure and rely on icing to address any swelling or discomfort. You may experience swelling for up to six weeks afterward, but this does go away as your labia adjusts to its new shape.
You should also avoid using tampons or having sex for at least four to six weeks after your labiaplasty.
Dr. Garcini ensures that you have complete aftercare instructions, and he's on call should you have any questions or concerns.
Most women enjoy their results within a few weeks after the surgery, enabling them to get on with their daily routines without the discomfort of an oversized labia. In fact, the procedure has a 90% satisfaction rate, which is a testament to its efficacy.
If you want to join the ranks of women who have freed themselves from their troublesome labia, call Gynecologic Surgery and Menopause Solutions or request an appointment using the online scheduling tool.


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Automotive Cluster and Network activities – Right strategies in times of crisis?
Submitted by Martina Wegge, IMO-Institut GmbH on 12 February, 2010 - 19:03
Publication Type:Conference Paper
Authors:Wegge, Martina; Weber, Hajo
Source:Gerpisa colloquium, Berlin (2010)
Clusters and networks are a most popular instrument in many states to support automotive industry especially in Europe. In Germany they have a long lasting tradition in several Geman states. In general the organizational framework, the themes and activities of clusters in german car industry and in commercial vehicle industry differ from case to case. Thematic and regional scope, involvement of political domains, how companies and others are embedded often variate.
In this paper we will discuss in general how clusters are embedded or enforced in the context of the german governance model. We will give an overview about central german automobile clusters too. Especially results from an end of 2009 conducted study on the situation of the supplier industry and their current and future needs are highlited. Aspects on the topics how automobile industry suffers, what kind of support they need from their perspective, how cluster react on the crisis will be discussed in more detail on the basis of two clusters.
- Supplier Initiative Rhineland Palatinate: One of the first german clusters organizing an automotive network built in Rhineland Palatinate which is situated in the south west of Germany. Since 14 years there exist activities to support the automobile industry.
- Commercial Vehicel Cluster (CVC): the first german Cluster to support especially the commercial vehicle industry (CVC) established 2005 in the south-west of Germany, too. German commercial vehicle industry is concentrated in this area in the south of Germany.
In the presentation we will show how these two types of clusters are organized and which impact the construction of the clusters have on the aims and support offers for the companies.
Prof. Dr. Hajo Weber
Technische Universität Kaiserlautern
Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften
Lehrgebiet Soziologie
Postfach 3049
67653 Kaiserslautern
Technische Universität Kaiserlautern
Fachbereich Sozialwissenschaften
Lehrgebiet Soziologie
Postfach 3049
67653 Kaiserslautern
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Changing lanes: the transformation of the automotive industry as an international project: How to make the shift to ecological mobility
Journée du Gerpisa
Journée du Gerpisa
Journée du Gerpisa
Journée du Gerpisa


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Construction is booming and Abe-nomics is feeding into higher growth. Japan's rapidly ageing population means labour shortages are becoming acute, but a plan to fill the gaps with more temporary foreign workers is a short term solution at best.
La Trobe's Dr Nobuaki Yamashita was part of a phone interview on the Japan's immigration policy with ABC Radio Australia (posted on the web 13 June 2014).
Read/listen online