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Last Updated: 25 Apr 2017: 13:22 hrs
Tiergartenstrass 4 Association:
Headers: Ravensbruck road sign, Kulmhof concentration camp in snow and fog, Auschwitz concentration camp entrance and train tracks, Cattle cars filled with detained jews, gypsies etc being transported to concentration camps; concentration camp in summer, interior of concenstration camp building prison with bunk beds, gas poison information markers — Tiergarten Strasse: Nazi Euthanasia Programme in Occupied Poland 1939-1945; Kulmhof Death Camp.
Tiergartenstraße 4: Aktion T4:
Aktion T4 was the postwar designation for a programme of involuntary euthanasia in Nazi Germany.The name T4 is an abbreviation of Tiergartenstraße 4, a street address of the Chancellery department set up in spring 1940 in the Berlin borough of Tiergarten, which recruited and paid personnel associated with T4. Under the programme certain German physicians were authorized to sign off patients "deemed incurably sick, after most critical medical examination" and then administer to them a "mercy death" (German: Gnadentod). In October 1939 Adolf Hitler signed a "euthanasia decree" backdated to 1 September 1939 that authorized Reichsleiter Philipp Bouhler, the chief of his Chancellery, and Dr. Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician, to carry out the programme of involuntary euthanasia. The January 1942 Wannsee Conference, chaired byReinhard Heydrich, which formalised plans for the Final Solution to the Jewish Question—the deportation and genocide of all Jews in German-occupied Europe; made use of the knowledge acquired during the T4 process. Beginning in spring 1942 three industrial killing centres were built secretly in east-central Poland. The SS officers responsible for the Aktion T4, including Christian Wirth, Franz Stangl, and Irmfried Eberl, were all given key roles in the implementation of the "Final Solution" for the next two years. Wannsee: The Wannsee Conference was a meeting of senior officials of Nazi Germany, held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on 20 January 1942 during World War II. The purpose of the conference was to ensure the cooperation of administrative leaders of various departments in the implementation of the final solution to the Jewish question. The conference, called by Chief of the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA) Reinhard Heydrich, was attended by representatives from several government ministries, including state secretaries from the Foreign Office, the justice, interior, and state ministries, and representatives from the SS: Schutzstaffel. Wannsee Conference: Conspiracy 2001:Trailer; Clip: Reality of the Jew, The Wannsee Conference 1984: Movie.
» UJMC SF44: 16-07-12-HabeusMentem-17Nov2014-SwanseeFinalJewsorJudgesChipsSolutionConference [Info]; 16-03-23-DaVinciCode-EnigmaConspiracy-TreeFalls-RockefellersKinseyMissBurning-1984-Hoffman-Transformation-StanMcChrystal [Info]; 16-01-01-SantaZhivago-TelAvivBeckel-OffutWarrenBuffet-Papillon-CookiesCake [Info]; 15-06-25_DylannStormRoof [Info].
» IG: 16-06-04_extractedsasha.
A: Alpha Ethology:
Alpha Ethology: In studies of social animals, the highest ranking individual is sometimes designated as the alpha. Males, females, or both, can be alphas, depending on the species. Where one male and one female fulfill this role together, they are sometimes referred to as the alpha pair. Other animals in the same social group may exhibit deference or other species-specific subordinate behaviours towards the alpha or alphas. Alpha animals usually gain preferential access to food and other desirable items or activities, though the extent of this varies widely between species. Male or female alphas may gain preferential access to sex or mates; in some species, only alphas or an alpha pair reproduce. Alphas may achieve their status by superior physical strength and aggression, or through social efforts and building alliances within the group. The individual with alpha status sometimes changes, often through a fight between the dominant and a subordinate animal. Such fights may or may not be to the death, depending on the animal.
Alpha Ethology: Robert Ardrey Social Contract:
Alpha Ethos inThe Social Contract: The Social Contract: A Personal Inquiry into the Evolutionary Sources of Order and Disorder by Robert Ardrey: Chapter Four: The Alpha Fish deals extensively with attempts to clarify and define and give examples of different types of alphas in different animals. – The Social Contract [PDF],Robert Ardrey Estate.
» IG: 16-08-16_vputineopwipsocialcontract.
Alpha Male: GWOT Bold Alpha Tango:
Bold Alpha Tango — "There will be peace when they love their children more than they hate us"– Wargames. If accurate: The Bold Alpha Tango's will not be able to implement an Ecology of Peace social contract; if that is their serious intention; unless they are more detailed and specific about such intentions; and are willing to give up their addiction to plausible deniable occult practices. Excerpt: 11 February 2015 correspondence to former Secretary of Defense: Mr. Donald Rumsfeld; CC: PM Bibi Netanyahu: Re: Important Global War on Terror metrics question; Rumsfeld GWOT.
» IG: 16-03-14_ccc-elchapoporter-carlossniper.
Alpha: A Few ELF Swift Tuttle Guerrylla Moon Stories:
» IG: 14-08-27_a-few_elf-swifttuttle-guerryllamoon-storys.
Stan McChrystal, McChrystal Group: Lead like gardeners:
Gen Stan McChrystal: We should all lead like gardeners; GEOINT Symposium: General McChrystal, speaking at the GEOINT Symposium, on leading like a gardener: "The gardener doesn't grow the fruits or the vegetables. The plants do that. The gardener creates the opportunity and the environment so plants can do what they do well. You can't be hands-off – you can't throw seeds in your backyard and expect it to work. You have to put in the work- tending it, weeding it. You need to realize that you are really a facilitator"; The View from the Top: "Defining and maintaining guiding principles—basically, why a company exists, other than to make a profit—is as important as any growth strategy. Concepts such as "empathy" and "values" still don't make it into enough boardrooms. But when a battle-worn general suggests that "nurturing an organization" is more effective than trying to oversee its every move and insists that his own leadership is more akin to gardening than chess, it's worth paying attention." – Howard Kurtz.
USMC Rose Garden Promises:
United States Marine Corps: We don't promise you a rose garden recruitment poster: USMC Rose Garden Recruitment Video, Dayton Ward; Grose's Rose Garden; Don't Ever Call Me a Hero: Lt St Angelo Promised Rose Garden; LeatherneckM31: All that's missing is a fluffy kitten; Quotesgram: Marine Recruiting Quotes; Inspector in Sight: Warrior Archetypes; Marine Shop: Rose Garden Poster.
Battle of the Bulge:
Battle of the Bulge: Wikipedia, United States Army, WWII History Museum; History; Warfare History Network: Battle of the Bulge: An Allied Energy Resource Logistic Victory.
Resource Conservation & Peak Energy Resources:
Resource Depletion Scarcity Conflict: Military Gospel According to Homer Lea; Teddy Roosevelt Resource Conservation: The conservation of resources is the fundamental problem. Unless we solve that problem, it will avail us little to solve all others.
» UJMC SF44: 16-09-02_EarthSoilTimebomb-FDTeddyRoosevelt [Info]; 16-03-24-PeakOilPopulation-ResourceScarcity-ConflictBooks [Info]; 16-08-19-TT-LTF-CommonDreams-AetnaDoJObamacare-MergerThreat [Info]; 16-08-19-TT-LTF-CommonDreams-AetnaDoJObamacareMergerThreat-FSBNSASumm [Info]; 16-07-26-SusanneKeil-GotPetrol [Info].
» IG: 16-09-08_mflynndefineenemy; IG: 16-08-16_vputineopwipsocialcontract; 15-01-03_putin-newornorules-truthorconsequences; 15-07-27_putinbear-eoptruth-wipconsequences; 17-04-11_eopntegmru-eoporwiprules; 17-04-12_eop-ecoegoftprintculturerevolutionnewrules; 17-04-19_eopntegma-overview; 17-04-22_eop-v-wip-academia.
China One Child Policy:
China's one child policy introduced in 1978 to restrict overpopulation and poverty; and was altered to a two child policy in 2015 – Wikipedia, National Geographic, The Hindu.
China One Child Policy: Climate Change Negotiations:
Albert Bartlett on China's One Child Policy with regard to Climate Change Negotiations; Albert Bartlett: Al Bartlett website; Al Bartlett Presentation: Arithmetic, Population & Energy.
Greatest Jihad:
Jihad: noun: (among Muslims) a war or struggle against unbelievers; Islam: the spiritual struggle within oneself against sin. Jihad: Wikipedia, A Misunderstood Concept in Islam – What Jihad is, and is not – Islamic Supreme Council of America; Jihad (n) An Islamic concept that means "to struggle" against barriers and odds in search of a better place. Jihad requires faith, courage and perserverance. – My Jihad: Taking Back Islam from Muslim and anti-Muslim extremists alike; The greatest jihad is to battle your own soul, to fight the evil within yourself – All at peace, Roshni's blog.
Eco Jihad: Strive for a green future:
The first Eco Jihad issue was instrumental in highlighting the values within the Islamic tradition that are so in tune with the environment. Somewhat controversial for its title, we felt that reclaiming the vocabulary of 'jihad' to its real, essential meaning—that of striving in the way of God was essential. – Emel: Eco Jihad: Strive for a Green Jihad; Architectural Association: AAPhD: Eco Jihad; Is it time for an Eco Jihad? – Muslims and the World; Radical Muslim Environmentalists and the Green Jihad – Trevor Loudon; Green Jihad Climate Change: Muslim Clerics launch Green Jihad on Climate Change – Climate Depot; IFEES: Islamic Foundation for Ecology and Environmental Sciences launch a Muslim Green Guide to Reducing Climate Change at the Islamic Cultural Centre and the London Central Mosque – Treehugger, Tikkun; Eco Muslim: The Eco Muslim is a personal 'eco jihad' blog about my green lifestyle; wellies, growing vegetables, eco mosques and building an environmentally friendly Islam right here in North England. Coming Soon: The Green Mosque Sermon – The Eco Muslim, Muslimness; Huddersfield Eco Mosque goals & logo competition, Sisters Magazine, Shine: Sheffields Muslim Environmentalists; Islam & Ecology: Wisdom in Nature; SA Faith Communities Environment Institute; Go Green Muslim Campaign – Go Green Muslim; UK Muslim Climate Action Campaign – Eden Keeper; How to be a Green Muslim – Muslim Community Network; Eco Jihad Trees: Planting trees for paradise – Pakistan Tribune; Muslims living in environmental spirit of Islam – Green Muslims.
McVeigh Final Jihad:
» IG: 16-09-16_mcveigh-finaljihad.
Tsukui Yamayuri Lily Garden:
Satoshi Uematsu 'final solution for disabled persons' 26 July stabbing of disabled patients in mental health hospital, in Sagamihara, Kanagawa. – Sagamihara stabbings, Metro; Guardian: modest man with horrifying vision, tells police he feels no remorse; BBC: Who is suspect Satoshi Uematsu?, CCTV shows Japanese knife attacker Satoshi Uematsu; CNN: Uematsu wrote of wanting to kill disabled people; Mirror: Last Tweet about World Peace. EoP Acting Clerk correspondence to Inter-Pacific Bar Association re: Japan v Satoshi Uematsu: JP v SU.
Exponential Growth Lily Riddle:
White Refugees: [www.kaffir-lily-riddle.co.nr]: Understanding Masculine Insecurity Poverty Pimping: Population Production of Poverty & Violence Breeding Wars; World Pop. Balance: Understanding Exponential Growth: Bacteria in a Bottle; Al Bartlett: Arithmetic, Population & Energy; Garret Hardin: Growth: Real and Spurious: Chapter 8 of Living within Limits: Ecology, Economics and Population Taboos; University of Woolongong Australia.
IG: 17-04-16_eop-v-wip-media.
Lester Brown: The Twenty Ninth Day:
Accomodating human needs and numbers to earths resources – Lester Brown:Amazon.
Age of Stupid:
Climate Change contraction – Age of Stupid: Trailer, Contract & Converge, Resource Wars.
Quetta Fruit Garden of Pakistan:
Pakistan Flag, Quetta crane logo: big crane feeding little crane, Balochistan mountain railway tunnel, Quetta movie about three young boys, soccer, cycling and coal mining.
Quetta Fruit Garden:
Quetta: Fruit Garden of Pakistan –Daaira; 20 Facts about Majestic Quetta – Sughal.
Quetta Bolan Pass Tunnel:
Bolan Pass Tunnel Balochistan – Quetta Balochistan, Jeevaypak, Balochistan Info, Native Pakistan, Pakistan Passion, Poster Lounge.
Quetta: City of Forgotten Dreams:
Quetta: Trailer, Facebook page, Pakistan Tribune:Pedalling through Quetta's broken dreams.
Quetta: 08 August Lawyers Suicide bombing, Hanna Lake:
08 Aug 2016: Quetta Assassination & Suicide bomb attack: On morning of 08 August the Head of Balochistan Bar Association: Advocate Bilal Anwar Kasi was assassinated on his way to court; and in the afternoon a suicide bomb occurred at the Government Hospital where lawyers, journalists and others congregated to pay respects to the body; killing over 90, including 62 lawyers — Wikipedia; Washington Post; Hanna Lake. Princess of Hope: Princess of Hope Quetta Balochistan: The Princess of Hope is a 740 year old natural rock formation, near Buzi Pass in the Hingol National Park near Gwadar in Balochistan – Dawn, Urdu Wire, Wikipedia, Jeevaypak.
» UJMC SF44: 16-08-19-TT-LTF-CommonDreams-AetnaDoJObamacareMergerThreat-FSBNSASumm [Info]; 16-08-14_MWebLegal [Info].
Quetta City – Crane logo – School:
TCS: The City School's is an independent Pakistani for-profit education company which operates 192 English medium primary and secondary schools in 53 cities across Pakistan along with joint venture projects in UAE, Saudi Arabia, Philippines, Malaysia and Bangladesh. It is Pakistan's second-largest private education firm, with a total of 65,000 students enrolled as of 2016, with average tuition fees of about $200 a month – Wikipedia. Everything Pakistan: Established in Karachi in 1978, the City School is today one of the largest private school networks in Pakistan with branches in all the major cities across the country. It currently has 178 schools in 51 cities with over 60,000 students and 8000 employees – City School in Quetta; City School website, Gulshan e Maymar Campus: Class 3 Maths.
Feeding Children:
Grapes of Wrath: Sharon feeding breast milk to grown man; Little girl feeding lamb portrait in Stalin Dacha; Putin feeding calf in forest.
» IG: 15-10-25_arielsharon-grapeswrath.
Crane: Tribeca, Ya Native, Putin, Bin Laden Mecca Cranes:
05 Feb 2016: Crane collapses in Tribeca New York; Ya-Native Crane Service [PDF: Native Americans]; Moscow Times: Putin Birthday Bucketlist; Bin Laden Crane collapses in Mecca; on 9/11 Anniversary; kills 107. Putin Crane Flight of Hope Environmental project: Vladimir Putin took part in an experiment conducted by Russian ornithologists as part of the Flight of Hope project to save the endangered Siberian crane, a rare species of cranes placed on Red List of Threatened Species – Kremlin, Alamy, Russia Today, Daily Mail.
» UJMC SF44: 16-08-19-TT-LTF-CommonDreams-AetnaDoJ-ObamacareMergerThreat-FSBNSASumm [Info].
» IG: 16-02-04_bibinetanyahu-sunset.
Vantage Goldfields Lily Mine collapse:
On 05 Feb 2016 a central support pillar of ore suddenly collapsed, creating a sinkhole 80m deep and about the size of a rugby field, that swallowed the container housing the lamproorm of the Vantage Goldfields Lily Mine in Barbertron, Mpumalanga. Inside the lamproom at the time were Solomon Nyarenda, Pretty Mabuza and Yvonne Mnisi. On that day, Nyarenda and his assistants Mabuza and Mnisi were in the lamproom – a last stop, where miners are issued with equipment before going underground. It was early, around 7:30am. The day was getting started. Some miners were already working in the open cast mine, which has an additional 13 levels underground. Tremors may have alerted Nyarenda, Mabuza, Mnisi and workers above ground to a cave-in somewhere below. Unbeknownst to them, this initial collapse trapped 79 miners, who have since emerged alive after climbing out a ventilation shaft. Then a central support pillar of ore suddenly collapsed, creating a sinkhole 80m deep and about the size of a rugby field, which swallowed the container housing the lamproom, burying it under 20,000 tonnes of rock and debris. There was no chance for the three lamproom employees to escape. – DontParty; SA Worst Mine Disasters: Coalbrook, Sasolburg 21 Jan 1960; Kiinross E Tvl 16 Sep 1986; Vaal Reefs Mine 10 May 1995 – DontParty; Emergency Escape Route –EWN; Collapse Chronology – Barberton Times; End of Rescue Operations – Mining Technology; A Day in the Life of Lily Mine – Daily Maverick.
Montecasino Bird Gardens and Hyundai ball:
Montecasino Bird Gardens – David Batzofin; Tsogo Sun.
Tsogo Sun Montecassino: Tsogo Sun Chess Moves for Life:
Maths EcoLiteracy Education through Chess: Portia Asavela Mbewana: Chess is good for children because it teaches you how to do mathematics – Tsogo Sun Moves for Life; Montecassino Suicide: Beach Footprints: footprints on sand; lships in background; Police Probe Montecassino Suicide; Billy G Restaurant; Theater: 25 July 2016: Joseph and the Amazing Technicolour Dreamcoat; Roulette Masters; Amashova Durban Classic.
» IG: 16-07-26_tridentz-sashalitvinenko.
Cypress Gardens Moncks Corner SC:
Cypress Gardens, canoe boat in swamp lake with lilies, Moncks Corner railway line and bridge in distance. Cypress Gardens: Cypress Gardens is a 170-acre (69 ha) preserve and gardens located at 3030 Cypress Gardens Road, Moncks Corner, South Carolina, United States. The centerpiece of the garden is the 80 acres (32 ha) blackwater bald cypress/tupelo swamp, surrounded with both boat and foot trails. – Wikipedia; Cypress Gardens website; Firewater Photography; Locountry; Ahoy Charleston; Studio 1250; ReeseAllen Photography; Everywhere Once;Not Just Abroad; Moncks Corner: Moncks Corner is a town in and the county seat of Berkeley County, South Carolina, United States. As defined by the U.S. Census Bureau, Moncks Corner is included within the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. – Wikipedia; Mulberry plantation is located at the western branch of the Cooper River, Moncks Corner, St. John's Berkeley Parish, Berkeley County; off Old Highway 52 on North Mulberry Road near Oakley. It was probably named for a large, wild mulberry tree that grew on a hill. Other names include: Polly, Mulberry Castle, Salt Point, South Mulberry. – South Carolina Plantations; Railway Station: Moncks Corner Railway station off Hwy 52 at the Intersection of 17A and Hwy 6 – MSC Moncks Corner SC – SC Depots; Berkeley County; South Carolina Railroad Stations – Friends of Charleston.
Monk: Mr Monk
Mr Monk and the Blue Flu – Wikipedia; Monk Wiki.
» UJMC SF44: 16-08-18-0805-EoPAxis-MWebWindowsRevDataError-EttieneCloete-Blue-CopyMWeb-30DaysNoticeCancellation-Updated [Info]; 16-08-18-0805-EoPvWiPNWONegCCs-WindowsRevDataError-MWebLegal-DecCancelCliveJADSLSvcUp [Info].
Monk Mound: Rt 66: Collinville: Cahokia Mound: Birdman Tablet: Monk Mound 72 Antler Bone & Stone Artificats.
» UJMC SF44: starpaw-okc-fargogkahl-duststorm [Info].
Moncks Corner 7 July 2015 SC F16 Cessna collision: 07 July 2015 11:01 AM midair collision of General Dynamics F16CJ Fighting Falcon, piloted by USAF Maj Aaron Johnson, based at Shaw AFB; into civilian Cessna 150 M, piloted by Michael Johnson and his son Joseph; over Moncks Corner SC. F16 pilot ejected; Cessna exploded landing in Lewisfield Plantation and the Cooper River – Wikipedia, USA Today, AV Web; Ted Cox: Moncks Corner McRae Drive campground witness to F16 Cessna collision: "It was like an eagle taking out a sparrow" – ABC News; SS-1, SS-2:
» UJMC SF44: 15-07-08_ABC-F16CessnaCrash-TedCoxMcCraeDrTrailerCamp-EagleSparrow-DannyGreeneMCRWainwrightAlPowder[Info]; 16-03-26_NotAboutNail-Giraffe-F104Starfighter-JADowney [Info]; 16-01-16_McVeighSilver[Info]; 16-01-01_SantaZhivago-TelAvivBeckel-OffutWarrenBuffet-Papillon-CookiesCake [Info]; 15-07-08_CAS_Caitlyn-FosterHomePillowBoy [Info]; 16-07-27_Guccifer20 [Info].
Monks & Phallic Symbols: Phallic Symbols and Monks: "What started out as a less than conspicous warning reminder to the monks to remain celibate [or procreate below ecological carrying capacity limits], morphed over the years to become a bastion for fertility. Ten years ago, the larger statue was constructed — 'they need greater reminder these days."" – Excerpt: EoP v WiP NWO Negotiations: Comments Correspondence[PDF].
» UJMC SF44: 11 Nov 2015: McChrystal Group: Veterans: Problem Solvers for Today's World: 15-12-31-McChrystal-TeamofTeams-ITV-Dubai-BaalFire-Monks-Shooter [Info].
Bhutan Phallic Madman Monk:
Lama Drukpa Kunley lived in the 15-16th century (aka "Mad Saint" or "Divine Madman" or Madman from Kyishodruk) for his unorthodox ways of painting Thunderbolt of Flaming Wisdom Erect Phallus' on walls, to shock the uppity and prudish Buddhist clergy. Traditionally erect penis symbols in Bhutan were to drive away evil spirits & malicious gossip. "Representation of female nudity is conventionally a blatant sign of reduction of the female to sexuality […] Phallic imagery that reminds men of their self-centeredness is a counterculture, not a celebration of the male. It is a condemnation of the unchecked male ego, rather than a rigid fiesta of all things phallocentric." – Dasho Karma Ura, president of the Centre for Bhutan Studies in the capital of Thimpu.
» IG: 12-10-17_bhutanflamingwisdomthunderbolt.
Palestinian Embassy in Sofia Bulgaria Garden:
Bulgaria flag; Palestinian Liberation Organization logo; Omar Nayef Zayed PLO terrorist hiding in Palestinian Embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria found dead in Embassy gardens; Poison Brolly Riddle: Assassination of Bulgarian journalist Georgi Markov in London for insulting Bulgarian president; Bulgarian cat dyed green; Benjamin Netanyahu Kindergarden chaos election ad.
Sofia Bulgaria:
Bulgaria is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 16th-largest country. Sofia is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. The city has a population of 1.26 million, while over 1.5 million people live in its functional urban area. The city is located at the foot of Vitosha Mountain in the western part of the country, within less than 50 kilometres (31 mi) drive from the Serbian border. Its location in the centre of the Balkan peninsula means that it is the midway between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea, whereas the Aegean Sea is the closest to it. Palestine Liberation Organization: The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) is an organization founded in 1964 with the purpose of the "liberation of Palestine" through armed struggle. It is recognized as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people" by over 100 states with which it holds diplomatic relations, and has enjoyed observer status at the United Nations since 1974. The PLO was considered by the United States and Israel to be a terrorist organization until the Madrid Conference in 1991. In 1993, the PLO recognized Israel's right to exist in peace, accepted UN Security Council resolutions 242 and 338, and rejected "violence and terrorism"; in response, Israel officially recognized the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people. Omar Nayef Zayed: Zayed was one of three members of a Marxist group, Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), convicted in 1986 over the murder of a 22-year-old yeshiva student, Eliyahu Amadi, who was stabbed to death in the old town of Jerusalem. Zayed's brother Ahmed and a third PFLP member were also convicted over the killing. In 1990 Zayed went on hunger strike and was transferred to hospital, from where he escaped. He appeared in Bulgaria four years later and settled there, marrying, having three children and running a grocery store. Israel requested his extradition in December, prompting Bulgarian police to raid his home, but Zayed escaped again, taking refuge in the embassy in a leafy diplomatic district of the Bulgarian capital. On 26 February 2016 he was found dead in the Embassy's gardens; allegedly assassinated by Mossad. –The Telegraph; The Guardian; Jerusalem Post; Justice for Omar; Samidoun Palestinian Prisoner Solidarity Network; Electronic Intafada.
Georgi Markov Poison Brolly Riddle Bulgaria-London Assassination:
Georgi Ivanov Markov (1 March 1929 – 11 September 1978) was a Bulgarian dissident writer who defected to Britain in 1969. Bulgaria's Soviet ruler Todor Zhivkov, was allegedly offended by Markov's sarcastic criticism and "smearing mud on the people in the inner circles" of the Bulgarian goverment that he ordered Markov's assassination. Markov was assassinated on a London street via a micro-engineered pellet containing ricin, fired into his leg via a Bulgarian umbrella wielded by someone associated with the Bulgarian secret police. It has been speculated that they asked the KGB for help. – Wikipedia; The Telegraph; PBS: Secrets of the Dead: The Umbrella Assassin; Slew of Damascus.
Bulgarian Green Cat Enemy of the State:
Tons of Kitty Cats: Bulgarian Stray cat in Varna accidentally turned itself green by sleeping in green paint powder – Tons of Cats, Nuno Caleiro; Enemy of the State green dyed dog: Enemy of the State: Trailer.
Netanyahu Likud Kindergarden Election Ad:
Netanyahu's kindergarden ad – Times of Israel; Times of Israel; Haaretz;Foreign Policy Blogs.
Likud Election Ads: Cookies Group Therapy for Parasite Hypocrites Election Ad:
Likud group therapy for parasite hypocrites – YNet.
» UJMC SF44: 16-01-01_SantaZhivago-TelAvivBeckel-OffutWarrenBuffet-Papillon-CookiesCake [Info]; Babysitter: Netanyahu Baby Bibi sitter: 15-06-25-DylannStormRoof [Info].
» IG: 16-01-03_presstv-rudefmin-soylentlowcookies.
Nagorno Karabakh Black Garden:
Nagorno Karabakh flag; Black Garden; Footprint.
Nagorno-Karabakh: Nagorno-Karabakh is a landlocked region in the South Caucasus, lying between Lower Karabakh and Zangezur and covering the southeastern range of the Lesser Caucasus mountains. The region is mostly mountainous and forested. Nagorno-Karabakh is a disputed territory, internationally recognized as part of Azerbaijan, but most of the region is governed by the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a de facto independent nation established on the basis of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. Azerbaijan has not exercised political authority over the region since the advent of the Karabakh movement in 1988. Since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War in 1994, representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have been holding peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group on the region's disputed status.
Janapar Trail Marker: Janapar is a marked trail through mountains, valleys and villages of Nagorno-Karabakh. The trail passes by monasteries and fortresses along its route. The trail is broken into day hikes, taking hikers to a different village each night. Hikers can either stay with a village family or set up camp nearby. The paths have existed for centuries, but now are marked specifically for hikers.
Nagorno Karabakh Black Garden: Nagorno Karabakh Black Garden: The name Karabakh comprises two words, "kara" (meaning "black" in Turkic) and "bagh" (or "bakh", meaning "garden" in Persian). Thus Karabakh literally means "black garden". The name first appears in Georgian and Persian sources of the 13th and 14th centuries. Karabagh, an acceptable alternate spelling of Karabakh, denotes a kind of patterned rug originally produced in the area.
Black Garden: Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War is one of the major works of Thomas de Waal. The book based on study of Armenia and Azerbaijan, two former Soviet republics, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.
Nagorno-Karabakh: Armenia: Tatik Papik We Are Our Mountains aka Grandma and Grandpa; Monument in Lachin corridor mountain pass on Azerbaijan Nagorno-Karabakh border; Lion Cave in Artsakh Martakert Vank village; Kachaghakaberd limestone fortress of magpies; Forget-Me-Not flower chosen as symbol to commemorate centenary of Armenian genocide; Janapar Karabakh Hiking Trail trail sign; Nagorno Karaback Secessionist Conflict: Holidays in the Danger Zone: Places That Don't Exist:Man with Binoculars; Armenian president poster on wall in refugee childrens school in abandoned railway cars.
» IG: 16-07-05_dallas-micahxjohnson.
Thomas Mair:
Thomas Mair, 52 allegedlystabbed and shot Jo – Helen Joanne – Cox MP for Batley and Spen; to death on 16 June 2016; on Market Street outside Kirklees library in Birstall, West Yorkshire.
Thomas Mair: Thomas Mair Assassination of Jo Cox: 16 June 2016: Thomas Mair stabs and shoots Batley & Spen Labour MP Helen Joanne 'Jo' Cox to death outside Kirklees Library in Market Street, Birstall. Mair attended Pathways Mental Health support group; Pathways Butterfly tile logo.
» UJMC SF44: 16-07-13_ArmenianParkingTicketsInterpreter-InsideMan-EnemyofState [Info]; 22-23 June St Cuthberts boathouse threat: 16-07-05-Blocked-StoryBLocked-QuinnJosephPriestley [Info].
Birstall: 27 Dark Lane: Banana Moon: Personalized Hoodies & clothing; around the corner from 86 Lowood Lane, home of Thomas Mair.
» UJMC SF44: 16-06-28-NigelFarage-BreakingPoint-BrendanCoxVile [Info].
Bernard Kenny and his wife Doreen had gone to the town square in Birstall, West Yorkshire to buy bananas; when Kenny attempted to intervene in Thomas Mair and Jo Cox dispute.
» UJMC SF44: 16-06-22-JoCox-Jo4BatleySpenMP [Info].
Lowood Lane: Home of Thomas Mair & Tuesdays Secret.
» UJMC SF44: 16-07-02-Birstall-86LowoodLane-ThomasMair-TuesdaysSecretCamdenTownBulletBar147KentishTwnRd – 16-06-19-JoCox-MoreinCommon [Info];
UK v Thomas Mair: EoP Axis Admin [PDF]: UK v Thomas Mair [PDF]: Ch 02 [PDF]: 24 June: UK Freemasons; Att Gen; Min of Defence: Draft: UK Masonic Elite Buck Stops Here Brexit Vote Press Release.
» UJMC SF44: : 16-08-17-MCR-MasonryBBlanton-Tobacco-HonestyAdvertising [Info].
Delancey Street:
The Delancey Street Foundation, often simply referred to as Delancey Street, is a nonprofit organization based in San Francisco that provides residential rehabilitation services and vocational training for substance abusers and convicted criminals. It reintegrates its residents into mainstream society by operating various businesses – such as restaurants, catering and moving companies – all of which are wholly managed and run by the residents themselves. The foundation's methods have been widely praised and have been emulated internationally. – Delancey Street; The Crisis Within.
Penis Finger:
Vladimir Putin Arctic Summit in Salekhard; Justice Antonin Scalia Supreme Court photo; Justice Robert Jackson Supreme court photo; Michael Collins Piper; Simta Bar, Dizengoff St, Tel Aviv graffiti; Nigel Farage Breaking Point Refugees poster.
Finger:Vladimir Putin:
Russian President Vladimir Putin – along with Finland's President Sauli Niinisto, Iceland President Olafur Ragnar Grimsson (R) — attends the Arctic Summit in Salekhard, Russia, September, 25, 2013; taking part in the the III Arctic Forum – Getty Images.
Salekhard Father Frost – Photography: Salekhard Father Frost:
Salekhard Russia: 16 Dec 2015: A 10 meter mammoth statue, which stands at the entrance of the Siberian city of Salekhard, is dressed up in a Father Frost costume –Alamy: Salekhard; Father Frost aka Story of King Frost aka Jack Frost aka The Crystal Star aka Morozko is a Russian fairy tale by Alexander Afanasyev – Wikipedia, Fae Awareness Month; Putin Flight of Hope Environmental project: Vladimir Putin took part in an experiment conducted by Russian ornithologists as part of the Flight of Hope project to save the endangered Siberian crane, a rare species of cranes placed on Red List of Threatened Species – Kremlin, Alamy, Russia Today, Daily Mail; Salekhard photography: Baby sucking mothers breast; Chuckchi's smoking: Nomination for the 'Laureates of Belief' Award: Nomination for the love to the surrounding reality: Anisimov Sergey Salekhard Russia for a series of photographs "Northern Territory' 2009; Nomination 'for multidimensional image and sense' – Lidov Sergey Moscow Russia for photographic work "Looking ahead' – Traditions and Contemporaneity:2010 Moscow International Festival of Art; Naked Russian Women Bathing: Salekhard Presqu'ile de lamal, 1992: 41, 42, 43 – Etranges Beautes Francois Huguier – Polka Gallery – Paris Bouge.
» UJMC SF44: 16-08-19-TT-LTF-CommonDreams-AetnaDoJ-ObamacareMerger-Threat-FSBNSASumm [Info].
Finger: Anton Scalia:
Washington Post; Kulture Kritic; NPR.
Finger: Robert Jackson:
Robert Houghwout Jackson (February 13, 1892 – October 9, 1954) was United States Solicitor General (1938–1940), United States Attorney General (1940–1941) and an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court (1941–1954). He is the only person in United States history to have held all three of those offices. He was also the chief United States prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials. A "county-seat lawyer", he remains the last Supreme Court justice appointed who did not graduate from any law school (though Justice Stanley Reed who served from 1938 to 1957 was the last such justice to serve on the court), although he did attend Albany Law School in Albany, New York for one year. – Albany Law.
Robert Jackson:
Nuremberg Prosecutor: Nuremberg Trials; Nuremberg Movies: Nuremberg: Trailer; Judgement at Nuremberg: Trailer.
» IG: 16-08-23_ettienecloete-echomovsky-u.
Anton Scalia:
Anton Scalia death Antonin Scalia death after quail hunting at resort in Marfa W Texas –Oathkeepers; Cheney, Scalia, duck hunting – From the Wilderness; Justice Scalia: You are 'Kidding Yourself' If You think World War II-Style Internment Camps Will Never Happen Again – The Blaze as quoted in EoP Options: Submission to Swiss Federal Council: MILED Sign Up Original; Cibolo Creek Ranch owner recalls Scalia's last hours in Texas: El Presidente & Pillow – The Chronicle.
» UJMC SF44: 16-02-16-CarlSagan-RichardDawkins-Stroke [Info].
Death of Antonin Scalia while at St Hubertus Secret Society meeting in Texas Ranch. Pelican Brief: Supreme Court Justice Assassinated: Death of Justice Antonin Scalia
» UJMC SF44: 16-03-24-PhilBreedlove-EgoGodBusItalianBoss-Condor-PatchAdams-TNTHysteria [Info].
» IG: 16-02-14_oathkscaliamarfatx-ftw-iyf; 16-08-23_ettienecloete-echomovsky-u; 16-06-04_extractedsasha.
Michael Collins Piper:
Michael Collins Piper (July 16, 1960 – May 2015) was an American political writer, conspiracy theorist and talk radio host. – Michael Collins Piper: Teutonic Zionism aka The New Babylon.
» UJMC SF44: 16-03-24-PhilBreedlove-EgoGodBusItalianBoss-CondorPatchAdamsTNTHysteria [Info]; 16-02-16-CarlSagan-RichardDawkins-Stroke [Info]; Michael Collins Piper: Judas Goats: The Enemy Within; Ugly Truth: 16-01-24-UKUSDoD-LlywelynGoat-PaulSelva [Info], 15-07-18_DylannStormRoof-LeonTrotsky-JudasGoats [Info]; 15-07-05-ShelbyNC-PlatoLee-ArrestDylannStormRoof-SoylentGreen [Info].
Michael Collins Piper: Final Judgement, Confessions of an Anti-Semite, False Flags: Templates for Terror:
» UJMC SF44: 16-01-16_McVeighSilver[Info].
Michael Collins Piper on Ruppert Murdoch.
» IG: 16-08-23_ettienecloete-echomovsky-u.
Finger: Simta Bar Graffiti:
Graffiti of Reindeer drinking and playing records with reindeer pointing finger at record; outside Simta Bar, on Dizengoff street in Tel Aviv; which was the target for Nasham Melhem's 01 Jan 2016 shooting. YNet News, Liveleak, Wikipedia. Nashat Melhem 01 Jan Simta Bar shooting: On 01 Jan Tel Aviv Rizendorff Simta Bar shooting by Nashat Melhem while pretending to be shopping for nuts in the next door grocery store. Melhem was subsequently shot and killed by police counter-terrorism forces inside a mosque in the Wadi Ara area town of Arara – YNet News, Liveleak. – Wikipedia, Haaretz, Times of Israel.
» UJMC SF44: 16-01-01-SantaZhivago-TelAvivBeckel-OffutWarrenBuffet-Papillon-CookiesCake [Info]; 16-02-16-CarlSagan-RichardDawkins-Stroke [Info]; 16-01-16_McVeighSilver [Info].
Finger: Nigel Farage Breaking Point:
Nigel Farage Breaking Point Poster – Russia Today; Independent:
» UJMC SF44: 16-06-28_NigelFarage-BreakingPoint-BrendanCoxVile [Info]; 16-06-28-JoCoxPMMaidenSpeech-FoxBiscuits [Info]; 16-07-26-MGTeam-StanMcChrystal [Info].
Population Growth Terrorism and Resource War Conflict Reports:
Population Action International Report: The Shape of Things to Come – Population Action International [PDF], Council on Foreign Relations; Public Report of the Vice President's Task Force on Combating Terrorism – Population Security.
Youth Bulge Resource Wars:
2015 Legislative Conference, Leveraging the Internet of Things for a more Efficient and Effective Military, Leaders and Legends – EoP Applicant: James Cartwright [PDF] on the 'youth bulge testosterone demographic' tipping point collision with the downside of the peak resources bell curve which may end in human extinction.
* EoP Neg: Julian Knight Assoc, SSA, NKP, Asant, EAI, Mission Readiness Infographics. Excerpt: 07 Sep 2016 correspondence: Subject: EoP Neg: Julian Knight Assoc, SSA, NKP, Asant, EAI, Mission Readiness. Transcripts in: (i) EoP Applicants: Request Assistance of Counsel: FSB-NSA: End EoP: Eugene de Kock [PDF]; (ii) EoP Axis: City Lotto Notices [PDF]: Philippines; (iii) EoP v WiP NWO Negotiations: Comments Correspondence [PDF]: SA State Security Agency, Nationale Konserwatiewe Party SA. Asant Institute for Policy Studies; East Asia Institute; Mission Readiness: Military Leaders for Kids.
* EoP Neg: MGessen, YShvets; Brookings: FHill, CGaddy, Greenpeace: MKreindlin; Legatum: AApplebaum; LSE: JHickle; UMD: R Gallo; 528 Records: L Horowitz; CC: CCT 23-10; CH ParlInfographics. Excerpt: 22 Sep 2016 correspondence; Subject: EoP Neg: MGessen, YShvets; Brookings: FHill, CGaddy, Greenpeace: MKreindlin; Legatum: AApplebaum; LSE: JHickle; UMD: R Gallo; 528 Records: L Horowitz; CC: CCT 23-10; CH Parl. Transcript in: (i) EoP Applicants [PDF]: Vladimir Putin; Stan McChrystal; David Petraeus; (ii) EoP Req Asst Council: FSB & NSA [PDF]: Stan McChrystal: Root Cause Problem Solving vs wacking a mole; (iii) EoP Axis: UNFCCC [PDF]; MilNecEvac Lotto Notices: NGO's [PDF], Lawyers [PDF], Media [PDF]; (iv) EoP Swiss Fed Cncl: Anti-War, Disclosure and Race Relations Experts [PDF]; (v) ZA Courts WiP Only: CCT 23-10 [PDF]; (vi) EoP v WiP NWO Negotiations: Comments Correspondence [PDF]: Ekho Movsky Radio, Penguin Random House, English Pen; U Mich: Wallenberg; Yuri Schvets; Brookings Inst; Greenpeace Russia; Legatum Inst; London School of Economics; U Maryland; 528 Records; Medical Veritas; Red Cross; Swiss Parliament; Swiss Army.
* EoP v WiP NWO Neg: 28 Oct: FSB-NSA, EoP Applicants; A General Theory of Love; Yale, Pathmed, Tetrahedron, Justice for Assange; Lew Rockwell; We are Change: EoP Obs & Int: They didn't kill you Voroshilov? Koba: How could they? Without Stalin's orders? Transcript in EoP Applicants: All [PDF]; FSB & NSA [PDF]; EoP v WiP NWO Negotiations: Comments Correspondence [PDF]: A General Theory of Love; Yale, Pathmed, Tetrahedron, Justice for Assange; Lew Rockwell; We are Change.


text:
News__ Love Fool For Won Hundred
| By Kenza
Preview s/s '12: A few of our favorites spotted at the PROJECT tradeshow Las Vegas
We have a not so secret thing for Danish brand, Won Hundred. From strappy leather sandals to soft leather motorcycle jackets and unique cork soles, Won Hundred's new s/s '12 collection is fit for those who wish to effortlessly look classic while keeping a contemporary edge. Think Nina Persson. We love the soft tones of this upcoming collection, we're definite "Love Fools" for this line.
See more from the Won Hundred s/s '12 collection below.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
On Your Owner
This story appears in the July 2002 issue of Entrepreneur. Subscribe »
Jack Stack and co-author Bo Burlingham helped validate sharing information with employees in The Great Game of Business (Currency Doubleday, 1992). In A Stake In The Outcome (Currency Doubleday, $24.95), Stack and his co-author aim to do the same for employee ownership.
Post-Enron, executives who encourage workers to invest in company shares are likely to be viewed with suspicion. Stack's premise, however, is that letting employees buy stock in a company can do a great deal to help both parties. And the benefits go far beyond reducing turnover and easing recruitment hiring. Done right, employee stock ownership can help each and every employee act like a true owner. But it's not simple. Each chapter offers an "Ownership Rule." Some are obvious or shopworn, but others are more far-reaching and groundbreaking. Ownership Rule #9 states, "Getting out is harder than getting in." It addresses the fact that if you let employees buy stock, you have to provide the money and method for them to sell it back.
Stack limits the lecturing, however. Most of the text recounts the early, rugged days of Springfield Remanufacturing Co., the engine-rebuilding plant then-manager Stack and his co-workers bought from International Harvester in the 1980s. It reads like a memoir. Stack could be relating the tale over a tall, cold one at a neighborhood bar. His insights are anything but everyday, however, and the tools he describes for achieving a culture of universal ownership are memorable and practical.
Give Me an "F"
Philip J. Kaplan's Web site tracking the follies of dotcom ventures was started as a joke in 2000 but soon was a top pick on several organizations' "best of" lists. In F'd Companies: Spectacular Dot-Com Flameouts (Simon & Schuster, $18), Kaplan takes potshots at 175 almost unbelievably lame-but-true online companies. What does it prove? Sometimes, even silly ideas like Kaplan's F*#kedcompany.com (throw the "u" and the "c" in there to find it) pay off. But usually, not.
Austin, Texas, writer Mark Henricks has covered business and technology for leading publications since 1981.


text:
The medium of education at Çankaya University is English in all departments (except for the Faculty of Law). By coordinating the academic work in its units, the Department of Foreign Languages provides students at Çankaya University with the English language education they require in their academic and professional lives.
The necessity of speaking a foreign language in order to function effectively in academic and professional life is an indisputable fact. Taking this into account, the aim of the English Preparatory Unit is to equip our students with a certain level of English proficiency that will help them succeed in their future academic lives.
Any student with an insufficient grade in the English Proficiency Exam (which is administered at the beginning of the academic year) is required to complete the English Preparatory Unit successfully. Law faculty students may attend the English Preparatory Unit at their discretion.
The mission of the English Language Unit is to enable our undergraduate and graduate students to attain, in accordance with international standards, the English language skills necessary to follow the courses in their departments, and to improve their language skills for scientific study and for their professional fields.
The mission of the Department is also to educate students in other foreign languages. For this, the Foreign Languages Division of the Department offers elective language courses for the undergraduate students studying at Çankaya University. These include German, Italian, Russian and Spanish courses.
Prof. Dr. S. Nalan Büyükkantarcıoğlu / Head, Department of Foreign Languages


text:
A furious Russell Brand lost his temper after he was asked how much rent he pays on his London home.
The comedian, who once owned a £4million Los Angeles mansion with ex-wife Katy Perry and sold his Hampstead home for just under £2.4million in 2010, joined residents from an east London estate to march on Downing Street after they were threatened with eviction.
Tenants from the estate, which was originally built as affordable housing for workers, say they could face being evicted after it was bought out by a US investment firm.
Standing outside 10 Downing Street, the Channel 4 News reporter explains that part of the problem is "the super-rich buying property in London" and asks the star how much rent he pays.
"I'm not interested in talking about my rent mate - I"m here to support a very important campaign,'" Brand hits back.
Things turned even more sour as the journalist asks whether wealthy Brand was "part of the problem" as he continued to refuse to disclose how much rent he pays, but Russell interrupts and points to Downing Street and says he's actually "part of the solution".
"There is no greater and more expensive piece of real estate in London than that one. The people in there have the obligation."
The reporter again responds, "I'd say your house is probably on a par."
"Well it is rented. We don't know the value. You'd have to talk to my landlord," Brand, who recently penned Revolution, in which he implores for a social and political revolution, replies.
Then, as he pulls New Era Estate resident Lindsey Garrett into the shot, he says: "Blessedly I can afford my rent and I'm prepared to stand up for people who can't'.
Finally, before disappearing off screen, he fumes: "It's snides like you who undermine it. You're a snide."
During the protest the 39-year-old took to Twitter, writing: "The #NewEraEstate residents (plus me, look) outside 10, real power is with the people, not behind that door."
Meanwhile, the reporter took to Twitter today to say: "Holy God. Reading my timeline from overnight. Looks like come the revolution, we 'snides' are totally f*#ked :)."


text:
Your Local Cleaning Service
Since 2004, Immaculate Clean has provided thousands of area home-owners the gift of time. Time which they don't need to spend cleaning their own homes and which can now be spent doing what they love.
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text:
Just within Calgary's city limits, this gorgeous piece of land combines the scenic country life while also being only 25 minutes from downtown. This is land only, and is ideal for the development of your dream home.
1.89 acres of land for $650,000.
Located just north of 17th Ave on 101 street SW
Price negotiable
Contact Colleen Gray by email or (403)608-2557


text:
All products on sale on our website are distributed electronically. There are no boxes nor any DVDs to be delivered. You are going to receive a fully legitimate, electronic key for the product of your choice. Once received, you need to activate the product on a proper platform, i.e. Steam, Origin, Uplay or other.
Our unique and self-developed CD key delivery system, allows for instant and automatic allocation of CD keys. Once the customer makes payment and passes the fraud checks the CD key will be made available on their CDKeys account, this enables our customers to experience fast and efficient self-service - whenever they want.


text:
watch 00:17
The Loop (TV)
Do you like this video?
|Wedding for Disaster
- Homer: Reverend Lovejoy, you deliver pizza now? But we didn't order any pizza. You forgot the pizza anyway. Marge, the pizza place screwed up again!
- Homer: So will you marry me in style?
- Marge: (in tears) Oh, yes, Homer, yes!
- Homer: Did you hear that Santa? She said "Yes"! Yes! Now back to your cold airless tomb.
- (Homer puts the Santa toy in the box)
- Santa: Ho ho ho!
- Marge: A pimple! Not on my day you don't.
- (the pimple on Marge's neck shrinks into nothing)
- Marge: Now we are 11 seconds behind schedule.
- (Marge sees that the room is empty.)
- Marge: Homer! (sobbing)
- (Maggie hears Marge sobbing through the walkie talkie and cues the band to play "When the Saints Go Marching In")
- [The plant snaps at the man.]
- Man: No! You're a plant now!
- Parson: I remember when she [Helen Lovejoy] used to be Helen Schartzbaum. Heck, I even remember when she was Harold Schartzbaum!
- Rev. Lovejoy: What?
- Marge: Homer, I can't believe you're ruining the second Thursday before the wedding!
- Homer: If Marge is like this now, then what will she be like after we're married?
- Bart: So you and mom aren't married? Does that mean I'm a bastard?
- Lisa: Technically, you were born while they were married, so legally, no. But, in the sense that when someone calls you that when you're angry, yes.
- Bart: Eh, Whatever.
- Lisa: I think it's romantic. You can pretend you're newlyweds starting a life together!
- Bart: Yeah, instead of exhausted zombies running down the clock.
- Homer: Why, you little bastard! [growling while strangling Bart]
- Lisa: That's the angry one.
- Bart: [strangling while Homer grunting] Uh-huh.
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


text:
Placing texts of Chicana/o indigenism and nationalism alongside European and Euro-American ethnographic, travel, and journalistic writing, this is the first comprehensive, comparative literary study of its kind.
Series: Chicana Matters Series, Deena J. González and Antonia Castañeda, editors
Blood Lines: Myth, Indigenism, and Chicana/o Literature examines a broad array of texts that have contributed to the formation of an indigenous strand of Chicano cultural politics. In particular, this book exposes the ethnographic and poetic discourses that shaped the aesthetics and stylistics of Chicano nationalism and Chicana feminism. Contreras offers original perspectives on writers ranging from Alurista and Gloria Anzaldúa to Lorna Dee Cervantes and Alma Luz Villanueva, effectively marking the invocation of a Chicano indigeneity whose foundations and formulations can be linked to U.S. and British modernist writing.
By highlighting intertextualities such as those between Anzaldúa and D. H. Lawrence, Contreras critiques the resilience of primitivism in the Mexican borderlands. She questions established cultural perspectives on "the native," which paradoxically challenge and reaffirm racialized representations of Indians in the Americas. In doing so, Blood Lines brings a new understanding to the contradictory and richly textured literary relationship that links the projects of European modernism and Anglo-American authors, on the one hand, and the imaginary of the post-revolutionary Mexican state and Chicano/a writers, on the other hand.
Honorable Mention, Modern Language Association Prize in United States Latina and Latino and Chicana and Chicano Literary and Cultural StudiesMLA Prize in United States Latina and Latino and Chicana and Chicano Literary and Cultural Studies Winners, Honorable Mention
- Acknowledgments
- Prelude
- Introduction: Myths, Indigenisms, and Conquests
- Chapter One. Mexican Myth and Modern Primitivism: D. H. Lawrence's The Plumed Serpent
- Chapter Two. The Mesoamerican in the Mexican-American Imagination: Chicano Movement Indigenism
- Chapter Three. From La Malinche to Coatlicue: Chicana Indigenist Feminism and Mythic Native Women
- Chapter Four. The Contra-mythic in Chicana Literature: Refashioning Indigeneity in Acosta, Cervantes, Gaspar de Alba, and Villanueva
- Coda
- Notes
- Works Cited
- Index
Chicana/o indigenism draws from a wealth of source material, directly and indirectly, acknowledged and unacknowledged, creating cultural narratives that rely prominently on mythic accounts drawn from anthropology and archaeology. This study is about the complications and paradoxes of Chicana/o literary indigenism, most especially this reliance on the mythic. Focusing on Chicana/o critical discourse as it is articulated in the academy, fiction, poetry, and essay, Blood Lines examines a uniquely Chicana/o practice of valorizing the Indian. At the same time that I set out the distinct character of Chicana/o literary indigenism, I also place these writings within the context of dominant narratives of the Indian in the Americas, including Anglo-American and European modernist primitivism and the indigenismo of the post-revolutionary Mexican state. Made possible by the "techniques of knowledge" and "strategies of power" (Spivak, "Subaltern" 274) that previously assured subaltern silence, Chicana/o indigenism must be understood as yet another stage in the history of the representation of Indians.
Even as Chicana/o indigenist discourse puts forth its critiques of racial domination, colonial violence, and land removal, it remains embedded within the very "circuits" of knowledge and power that have advanced imperialist agendas. Gayatri Spivak calls it the "imbrication of techniques of knowledge with strategies of power" ("Marginality" 59), suggesting that modes of learning and claims of knowledge are informed by discourses of control and domination. Stuart Hall provides additional useful instruction on this topic as he addresses the question of cultural identity and representation. Challenging the simple binary of the Présence Africaine and the Présence Européenne in the Afro-Caribbean, he argues that the two are never exclusive, instead existing as mutually informing and transforming. He contends, however, that it is the European presence that has fixed the Black subject "within its dominant regimes of representation: the colonial discourse, the literatures of adventure and exploration, the romance of the exotic, the ethnographic and traveling eye, the tropical languages of tourism, travel brochure and Hollywood . . ." ("Cultural" 233).
Hall's list ranges from the documents of colonial administrators and religious authority figures to accounts penned by explorers and travelers in colonial outposts and settler sites. Consider another context, for example, the documentation of the conquest of the Americas. Here, we find the recordings of Nahua myth, the translations and transcriptions of Aztec codices, the accounts of pre-Conquest civilization extracted from Native informants, and the first-person accounts of military and religious campaigns. These texts over time entered public discourse and attained, in many cases, the status of scientific observation. "The ethnographic and traveling eye" gained legitimacy as its narrative production was institutionalized in the fields of anthropology and archaeology. All of these narrative forms, from the documents of colonial administration to the unsanctioned accounts of those operating outside the institutions of state and religious power, have left their traces in the "tropical languages" popularized by contemporary touristic and media discourses.
Such texts perpetuate the colonial discourses that defined colonized subjects, established and legitimated the institutional power exerted upon them, and, often, unwittingly, eternalized the presence of those subjects. But we must not lose sight of Hall's major point above, and that is that European representations of Black subjects have become "a constitutive element" of Black self-representation. In other words, such administrative and travel narratives not only instantiated the image of the colonized periphery in the minds of those in the colonial center, but also worked to produce identity for the very Indigenous subjects objectified in these accounts.
The Significance of Myth
Chicana/o indigenism is deeply influenced by these European and Anglo-American "regimes of representation," which structure Chicana/o indigeneity to an extent. It is impossible to consider pre-Columbian religion and history outside the context of their presentation. The artifacts that often engender indigenist response are accessed visually through museum exhibits, as well as through photographic and other forms of reproduction found in art books, anthropological texts, and explorer narratives. Thus, indigenism interlocks with the circuits of knowledge and power that I refer to above and that are evident in the distribution of pre-Columbian myth. The sustained and explicit use of myth in Chicana/o indigenist texts connects indigenist thematics to one of those circuits, specifically, anthropological discourse. Myth has been a primary realm of anthropological research and representation, from the translations of cave paintings and codices to attempts to collect the stories of a "vanishing race" in the western plains of the United States. In the case of the region known today as the state of Mexico, Western fascination with myth and its subsequent role in the circulation of information about Indigenous cultures and histories is evident in the numerous texts about the country, including the amateur anthropological travel accounts, which have taken the mythological as organizing theme.
Books like Neil Baldwin's 1998 Legends of the Plumed Serpent: Biography of a Mexican God, a tour through the "remote ruins" of Mexico, point to mythology as the defining feature of Mexico's pre-Conquest past, with almost complete disregard for Indigenous populations of the present. In recalling his decision to write the book, arrived at while lazing on the Isla Mujeres in some form of margarita-induced reverie, Baldwin recounts his dissatisfaction with the quality and quantity of materials designed to introduce the tourist to Mexico's past. Speaking about the site of Uxmal, he writes:
There was no mythic background for the place, no sense conveyed of the intrinsic, underlying meaning, which predates the usual descriptions of what invading Spaniards saw and did when they arrived in the sixteenth century. (3)
Baldwin intends to address his concern by charting the trail of Quetzalcoatl in the archaeological ruins of Mexico. His remedy for the dearth of information is precisely this focus on the mythic, an apparent antidote to the "usual descriptions" of European invaders. It is myth, Baldwin suggests, rather than history, that reveals the essence of the country; it "predates" European accounts of the history of the Conquest and conveys "intrinsic, underlying meaning." It is through myth that we attain our deepest understanding of Indigenous Mexico, as we abandon the false constructs of European historical narratives and arrive at the essential. What Baldwin does not account for is that the fundamental meanings he purports to offer the reader are for the most part merely the explanations of non-Indigenous social scientists.
Indigenous mythologies have also received a fair amount of critical attention in the Western academy. The prominence of anthropologists such as Claude Lévi-Strauss in the theorization of myth makes evident the anthropological concern with the mythic. One could say that mythology is the province of anthropologists, who have expended a great deal of effort collecting and assembling myth and folklore as a way to explain primitive cultures. From the expansive four-volume Mythologiques to the condensed series of radio talks found in Myth and Meaning, however, Lévi-Strauss also advocated for an understanding of the role of myth in contemporary Western society. He rejected the idea that myth is simply the product of "primitive" thinking unable to move beyond the utilitarian aspects of existence, the search for survival, the struggle for the "next whole meal," and, in this proposition, he departed greatly from the theories of another prominent anthropologist, Bronislav Malinowski. Lévi-Strauss understood myth as language and also as something different, a form of speech more complex than other linguistic forms or expressions. Using the Saussurean terms "langue" and "parole," he describes the first as the "structural side of language . . . belonging to a reversible time" and the second as "the statistical side of language . . . being non-reversible" (Structural Anthropology 209). Myth, he explains, is a combination of the two and bringing together these "time referents" creates a "third referent": "the specific pattern described is timeless; it explains the present and the past as well as the future" (209). Myth, therefore, both acknowledges and dismisses history; it is at once "historical and ahistorical" (210).
Lévi-Strauss' attempt to import linguistic methods into the study of myth has been roundly critiqued, as has his idea that myth depends upon a structural rigor and mobilizes systems of signification of which its tellers are unaware. Although Jonathan Culler is convinced by Lévi-Strauss' structural approach when used to read groupings of myth that share a similar meaning, he remains decidedly unconvinced of the broader application of Lévi-Strauss' method. Most significantly, argues Culler, the anthropologist fails to provide evidence about meaning, ignoring the vital role that linguistic competence plays in the theorization of linguistics. "More than anything else," Culler writes, "it is the lack of data about meaning that vitiates the analogy with linguistics, for in the study of language the structural and the semiological cannot be dissociated: the relevant structures are those which enable sequences to function as signs" (49). Lévi-Strauss' method may bring together myths from vastly unrelated cultural contexts to reveal meaning, but it offers nothing to explain what the differences between those myths actually mean. In Culler's estimation, Lévi-Strauss invents meaning as he makes his argument for the structure of myth; however, the viability of that structure relies upon community understanding of its conventions. The fact that "[w]e know little about how to read myths" (Culler 51), that readers have no competency in Lévi-Strauss' system because meaning is contrived only by/in the quest to determine structure, means that myth, finally, is left unexplained. What Culler does grant Lévi-Strauss is ample credit for approaching "mythology as an institution" (50), and attempting to understand myth beyond the level of the local and the individual. Andrew Von Hendy similarly notes the contribution Lévi-Strauss makes by "establishing 'myth' as an object of study in its own right" (250), only the first of a series of accomplishments that Von Hendy ascribes to Lévi-Strauss.
What interests me most about Lévi-Strauss' approach is what the anthropologist had to say about the relationship between myth and history, which explains my choice of quotations in representing his work. Similarly compelling as we consider the interaction of myth with history is literary critic Roland Barthes' analysis, in which he defines myth as a "third level" of language. He elaborates this idea as a "second-order semiological system," one that takes the sign of the first-order semiological system of language as its signifier:
[M]eaning loses its value, but keeps its life, from which the form of the myth will draw its nourishment. The meaning will be for the form like an instantaneous reserve of history, a tamed richness, which it is possible to call and dismiss in a sort of rapid alternation: the form must constantly be able to be rooted again in the meaning and to get there what nature it needs for its nutriment; above all, it must be able to hide there. It is this constant game of hide-and-seek between the meaning and the form which defines myth. (Mythologies 118)
Thus, according to Barthes, myth again is form, rather than content, a speech type, rather than the concept or idea itself. The tenacity of mythic speech is derived from its ability to deploy or reflect at will a meaning held in perpetual reserve. Myth is parasitic, drawing its life force from vapid "meanings" that persist despite their apparent worthlessness. And although any and all myth surely have historical origins, those origins are forgotten or discarded in the dissemination of myth. Yet, myth hides nothing; it is not sneaky or intentionally deceptive; it is, in fact, quite plain and straightforward. Its primary purpose is to naturalize its intentions, not to hide them as it "transforms history into nature" (128). Even more than Louis Althusser, who never actually defined his use of the term "myth," Barthes renders myth virtually synonymous with "ideology . . . by talking as if 'ideology' were something subsisting in practice entirely in its myriad networks of cultural 'mythologies'" (Von Hendy 290). Moreover, what distinguishes Barthes' structuralist analysis of myth is its basis in a popular sense of myth as "widely propagated lie," a theoretical mobilization of the term inaugurated by Althusser (Von Hendy 290). From Barthes' perspective, the confusions and untruths enacted by myth are the workings of bourgeois ideology, which must be permanently and vigilantly critiqued.
These contested propositions—that myth is a form of speech, that it reactivates the sign as form to initiate a further system of signification, that it depends upon history even as it erases it, and that it renders its motivations as part of a natural order—nevertheless can help us to discern the complexities of Chicana/o indigenist use of myth. Chicana/o indigenism relies upon an already established signifying order, one launched by the narratives of travel and exploration and later professionalized in the consolidation of anthropology as an academic discipline. Chicana/o expressions of literary indigenism mobilize cultural conventions, investing them with new meaning. The Coatlicue statue that Anzaldúa presents, or the Aztec and Maya cosmogony that the poet Alberto Urista, more commonly known as Alurista, calls upon, bring with them not the unique historical fullness of the civilizations that created them but rather accepted notions about the pre-technological, the pre-modern, the pre-Christian, and the primitive. That all these ideas express something about people and societies that existed in the Americas before the arrival of the English, the French, and the Spanish is unquestioned and critical for the purposes of Chicana/o indigenism. As the sign is redeployed as a signifier in this second-order system of myth, the new meaning attached to it says something now about Chicanas/os specifically, about their ancestral knowledge, about cultural genealogy, but most importantly about their historical primacy.
A recent example proves illustrative. In her address to the 2003 Modern Language Association convention in San Diego, MLA president Mary Louise Pratt invoked Coatlicue in an attempt to recognize, or perhaps honor, the oppositional geographic entity of Aztlán, homeland of Chicanas/os:
We're in the heart of Greater Aztlán, and in that spirit I'd like to call tonight on the company of one of its most gorgeous and powerful deities, Coatlicue, goddess of life and death, mother of the meditative plumed serpent Quetzalcoatl, of the war-like Huitzilopochtli, and of his sister and archrival Coyolxauhqui. Coatlicue is recognized by her skirt of serpents and her necklace of skulls and hands. In this beautiful carving, recovered in 1790 when the main plaza of Mexico City was being paved, she has been decapitated, and a two-headed serpent has appeared where her head was. I'd like to imagine her tonight as a work of border art, standing on la linea, looking both ways. (417)
She identifies Coatlicue as a goddess of Aztlán, a discursive move made possible by Gloria Anzaldúa's Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, published in 1987. Pratt introduces Coatlicue as a goddess of duality, presiding over life and death, giving birth both to the god of peace, Quetzalcoatl, and the god of war, Huitzilopochtli. Coatlicue also functions as a bridge across the U.S.-Mexico border, so very present yet also remarkably absent in the border city of San Diego, especially in its downtown convention district. Farther south, however, the militarization of la frontera and the toll it takes in human lives is evident in the barbed wire fences and guard towers of the port of entry, as well as in the traffic signs designed to warn motorists of women and children who might appear in the middle of the freeway in flight from la migra. Pratt's political reference to San Diego as "the heart of Aztlán" counterbalances her reference to Coatlicue's emergence in the form of a statue recovered from underneath the Zócalo in Mexico City. Pratt thus introduces a transnational Coatlicue, who originated in the ancient Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan and has become a goddess of Aztlán, the mythic mother of Chicanas/os. Such a rhetorical maneuver would have made little sense and, in fact, may have not been possible without the precedent set by Anzaldúa, who claimed and refigured Coatlicue in a form designed to empower Chicanas. Yet, Pratt's mobilization of the symbol of Coatlicue neglects to acknowledge Anzaldúa's initial intervention into pre-Columbian myth and its post-Columbian reception and, in this omission, says much about how effectively myth works and how quickly even its most recent transformations evaporate from memory.
Literary Primitivism and Mexico
The mythic in Chicana/o literary indigenism is entwined with literary primitivism, which finds its own sources in the narratives of anthropology and archaeology. Primitivism has been considered, to a large degree, as an art-historical term, which William Rubin, co-organizer of the 1984 Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) exhibit, "Primitivism" in 20th Century Art, defines as the "interest of modern artists in tribal art and culture, as revealed in their thought and work" (1). In his deft critique of Rubin and co-curator, Kirk Varnedoe, Hal Foster challenges the "tribal-modern affinity" that is the organizing theme of the show. Despite the acknowledgment of modern interest in "tribal art and culture," according to Foster, the curators' more central goal is to position tribal and modern art alongside each other and to diminish the sphere of influence from tribal to modern. As an example, Foster cites MOMA's use of Picasso's Les Demoiselles d'Avignon as set piece for the show displayed in tandem with African masks, which have frequently been identified as source material for the painting. The argument for affinity, however, "runs that Picasso could not have seen these masks, that the painting manifests an intuitive primitivity or 'savage mind'" (46). Furthermore, and perhaps most damning, is that the show suppressed the history of colonialism and the bribery, trickery, and theft that made primitive art available to Europe.
Rubin's use of the term differs from cultural and/or chronological primitivism, in which practitioners celebrate instinct, simplicity, and an unmediated relationship with "nature" over "civilization," which is equated with the advent of capitalism, industrialism, and technology. Such beliefs may or may not be coupled with a glorification of a "golden age" of history, or "pre-history." They may find expression in the adoption of artistic forms and styles of so-called primitive peoples. Across these definitions, however, it seems that Maximillian Novak's assessment of primitivism in the eighteenth century continues to hold true in that it is "the idealization of a way of life that differs from our own in being less complicated, less polished, and less self-aware" (456).
Perhaps the most radical forms of cultural and chronological primitivism combined can be found in the deep ecology and some anarchist movements, which reject civilization and its oppressive mechanisms of capitalism and patriarchy. Fundamentally influenced by the writings of John Zerzan, these movements are called variously anarcho-primitivism, the anti-civilization movement, radical primitivism, or anti-authoritarian primitivism (See John Moore). Such iterations of primitivism demand the rejection of technology to reverse and overcome the damaging effects of a regimented and repressive division of labor designed in accordance with class and gender hierarchies. Deep ecologist and anarchist philosophies seek to combat the alienation of the worker that results from the segmentation and specialization of labor, which these philosophies identify as the foundation of modern civilization.
Apart from deep ecology and anarchist thinking, most versions of Western primitivist philosophy do not promote an actual "return" to modes of living that preceded civilization. Instead, as in the context of modern art, primitivism more likely attempts to incorporate, emulate, reproduce, or, by some accounts, appropriate the artistic forms of the "non-Western," or "tribal," peoples to which Rubin refers. In other cases, the emphasis is more explicitly on the idea of the primitive given human form: the tribal person, the African chieftain, the Caribbean "voodoo doctor," the Indian warrior and medicine wo/man, the Native woman, the Noble Savage. All versions of primitivism, however, rest to some degree upon this sort of imagining. They might idealize the pre-historical human who existed and thrived outside of the repressive confines of modern civilization or the anonymous Native artist/craftsman whose work expresses the sensibilities not of the individual but of the community to which that person belongs. We find primitivist projects that idealize an excavated ancestor whose visage, corporeal existence, and belief systems are accessible only through the documentations of his/her dispossessor. These documentations include images of goddesses and gods deemed worthy of preservation and legitimated in the present through the academic disciplines of archaeology and art history.
Foster provides a concise review of the primitive in Western culture as historically "articulated . . . in deprivative or supplemental terms" (58). Thus, the primitive is either abject barbarian or spiritual guide, pre-literate, pre-historical, culturally simplistic, or "a site of originary unity, symbolic plentitude, natural vitality" (58). Primitives are most often viewed as a source of regenerative energy, Sally Price points out, because they are "imagined to express their feelings free from the intrusive overlay of learned behavior and conscious constraints that mold the work of the Civilized Artist" (32). In the first extensive study of primitivism and art, Robert Goldwater also suggested the guiding logic behind the modernist desire to dig deeper into the collective psyche:
It is the assumption that any reaching under the surface, if only it is carried far enough and proceeds according to the proper method, will reveal something "simple" and basic which, because of its very fundamentality and simplicity, will be more emotionally compelling than the superficial variations of the surface; and finally that the qualities of simplicity and basicness are things to be valued in and for themselves: In other words, it is the assumption that the further one goes back—historically, psychologically, or aesthetically—the simpler things become; and that because they are simpler they are more profound, more important, and more valuable. (251)
This idea of profound simplicity stands in direct challenge to the meaningless complexities and ruptures of modern civilization and so the primitive has served many purposes since its emergence in the Enlightenment period. Indeed, from Montaigne to Rousseau to D. H. Lawrence to Georges Bataille, versions of primitivism have long been used to challenge accepted versions of the civilized. The primitive is structured as opposition; through its image, "Western" culture is revealed as spiritually lacking, morally corrupt, misdirected, and self-destructive. In its earliest formulations, primitivism—the transvalorization of the "non-civilized"—questioned the politics and policies of dominant cultures. Writers and artists continue to appropriate the idea of "the savage," of which the Indian is a version, as a vehicle for social critique, using it to express dismay over progress and modernization and to advance arguments for simpler, less complicated modes of living premised on a "return" to more "natural" philosophies of existence. Communitarian social structures and relaxed social mores, especially as related to sexual practices (although primitivist discourse has been decidedly heterosexist and patriarchal), are features of so-called primitive society glorified by writers past and present.
The primitive exists, in part, as a means through which and against which non-primitives define themselves and their own cultural contexts. This discourse that defines and appropriates Native cultures functions, ironically, to maintain the place of "the West" in the evolutionary order. Even if Western society is found to be corrupt and empty of "real" meaning, it continues to retain its place as civilized in relation to primitive societies and, in fact, is made the more enlightened precisely because of this recognition of the value of the "uncivilized." In their attempts to celebrate Indigenous cultures, primitivists identify features or practices that might be collected and imported into a Western context to make civilized life richer. In few cases do primitivists actually want to adopt fully a primitive lifestyle. The primitive, rather, is an exotic symbol that can be used to represent "man" in a condition of nature, as in the writings of Montaigne, or unconscious drives, as in the work of D. H. Lawrence. Academics, philosophers, and other writers have imposed an arduous task, that of charting a path of redemption for Europeans and European-Americans.
Mexico and Primitivism
In studies of modernist primitivism, little attention has been given to the place of Mexico as a site for European spiritual and cultural redemption, perhaps, in part, because European and Euro-American representations of Mexican culture emphasize a fascination with death that is traced back to pre-Conquest religious practices of human sacrifice. Goldwater, who was the first director of the Museum of Primitive Art in New York, an early historian of modern art, and considered one of the first experts in the study of African art, writes in Primitivism in Modern Art that because the Aztec and Inca civilizations had "long been destroyed and their lands occupied," they did not offer living examples of primitive simplicity (266). These societies did not conform to modernist ideas of the static nature of primitive societies or answer the need for contemporary examples of the perceived "immemorial" character of the primitive. Benjamin Keen, following Goldwater's lead, also contends that because of the "relatively high degree of formal complexity" of ancient Mesoamerican societies, discernable particularly in Aztec artifacts, Mexico had less influence than Africa and Oceania on modern primitivism (510).
Rubin, former director of Painting and Sculpture at the Museum of Modern Art, writes in the introduction to the catalog for the 1984 MOMA exhibit, "Primitivism" in 20th Century Art, that he considers Aztec art to be more "archaic" than "primitive" and more logically grouped with Egyptian art. Rubin bases this assessment on the apparent strict levels of hierarchy and specialization in Aztec social structure. It is, rather, the arts of "tribal" Africa and Oceania that are more properly classified as "primitive," whereas Aztec, Maya, and Toltec art, according to Rubin, issues from "court" cultures (74-75 n.14). These particular Mesoamerican civilizations, he writes, were exceptions in the context of pre-Columbian cultural forms, which, for the most part, have much more in common with what is more properly deemed "primitive" in the art world. Although he does acknowledge the interest in pre-Columbian art among modern artists, he argues that the influence emanated from the "Archaic sculpture of the Aztec, Maya, Toltec and Olmec cultures" (74-75 n.14). Barbara Braun concurs with the previous assessments to a degree when she argues that although they had been circulating in Europe as curiosities and exotica since the sixteenth century, "Pre-Columbian artifacts were never central to the 'primitivist revolution'; unlike African objects, they played no important role in Picasso's generation of Cubism" (38). Rubin includes a rather lengthy footnote documenting Picasso's ambivalent responses to "what he called 'l'art aztèque,' by which he meant the whole of Columbian art as he knew it" (333 n.5). In one case, in a conversation with Rubin, he calls pre-Columbian art "boring, inflexible, too big . . . figures without invention" (75 n.15). Yet Rubin quotes from a collection of interviews and conversations in which the Hungarian-born French photographer Brassaï documents Picasso's reaction to a photograph of pre-Columbian art: the "'Aztec head' makes Picasso pause abruptly, and then he cries: 'That is as rich as the façade of a cathedral'" (75 n.15).
Braun also notes, however, that in the late nineteenth century, pre-Columbian artifacts began to "[inspire] Western designers, artists, and craftspersons to incorporate and imitate them in their own work" (21). She credits Paul Gauguin's interest in decorative arts to the inspiration he received from exhibitions at the Paris Expositions of 1878 and 1889 (38). The display of pseudo-ancient Mexican material culture was especially notable in 1889, where the ambitious, if anthropologically, architecturally, and historically confused Aztec Palace was constructed at the foot of the Eiffel Tower. Vincent Van Gogh early expressed an interest in primitivism, most immediately recognizable in his praise of ancient Egyptian art, but also documented in his curiosity about "the tropics." Although he did not see the History of Habitation display at the 1889 Exposition, he did see an image of a simulated ancient Mexican structure designed not by Mexicans, but by a French architect. Van Gogh wrote to Emile Bernard that "I saw in one of the illustrated papers a sketch of ancient Mexican dwellings; they too seem to be primitive and very beautiful" (Read 48). It was Gauguin's and Van Gogh's announcements of their own fascinations with the primitive that launched an interest in Aztec art in the 1930s, according to Rubin.
Ethnographic and archaeological information about pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, however, had been circulating in Europe for some time. Braun brings together a wide-ranging list of travelers, explorers, tycoons, and amateur archaeologists who began producing textual material in the early nineteenth century. Among these was the explorer Alexander von Humboldt, who traveled to Mexico in 1803, where he convinced authorities to disinter the statue of Coatlicue, which had been reburied shortly after it was excavated in 1790. Braun credits his work, Vues des Cordilleres, et Monuments des Peuples Indigenes de l'Amérique, part of a thirty-volume series on America, with "reshap[ing] the European vision of ancient Mexico and stimulat[ing] further explorations" (26). The photographic and other reproductions of Désiré Chanay, who in 1857-58 visited several Maya archaeological sites in Mexico, were also significant in the dissemination of visual images and narrative descriptions of ancient Mesoamerica. Unlike France, Britain did not attract public support for the study of pre-Columbian artifacts, but in 1822, William Bullock, "collector of natural and ethnographic curiosities and a showman" (Braun 30) organized a show of antiquities that he had brought back from Mexico. This show, staged in London's Piccadilly Circus, peaked the interest of Lord Edward Kingsborough in pre-Columbian manuscripts and was influential in the production of his encyclopedic Antiquities of Mexico, which later served as a source for Diego Rivera (Braun 31, Brown 139). The most impressive British collections were amassed by Henry Christy and Alfred P. Maudslay. Christy's collection provided the basis for the British Museum's pre-Columbian permanent collection when it acquired a bequest in 1865. In the 1860s and 1870s, Braun writes, the first ethnographic galleries including pre-Columbian artifacts emerged in Paris and London, and in 1850, the Louvre opened its first Americanist exhibition containing approximately nine hundred objects. The Louvre collection, however, was eventually dismantled (31).
The first significant explorer from the United States was John L. Stephens, who traveled with Frederick Catherwood in the Yucatán and Central America during the period 1839-42. Stephens produced two volumes from these forays, Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas, and Yucatan and Incidents of Travel in Yucatan, and both enjoyed immense popularity among the U.S. reading public. Catherwood's illustrations, engravings, and daguerreotypes remain the "most famous depictions" of the Mayan ruins partially because, Braun notes, William Prescott championed them in The History of the Conquest of Mexico (32). The expeditions of Stephens and Catherwood were especially relevant in a time when the United States was struggling to establish its unique presence in relation to Europe. Thus, the artifacts of pre-Columbian civilizations, like the Indian mounds located within U.S. borders, provided material with which the country could assert an ancient patrimony to rival anything Europe had to offer. This type of collecting, in Braun's formulation, "became symbolic capital for both cosmopolitan status and confirmation of a national culture tied to the land" (32).
Prior to the emergence of universities as the primary repositories of archaeological knowledge, it was, as Braun's overview summarized above makes clear, the museum that housed these knowledges. Museums were, according to Elizabeth Hill Boone, "the homeland of anthropology and archaeology" (329). In France, the Trocadero has been a place of signal importance for the modern public's access to ancient Mesoamerica. Harvard's Peabody Museum, endowed in 1860, became the "premier center of Pre-Columbian studies" (Braun 33) in the nineteenth century, and other important institutions included the emerging Smithsonian and the American Museum of Natural History. In the case of Britain, the British Museum was and continues to be a preeminent site of access for specialist and non-specialist alike.
The sculptor Henry Moore provides confirmation not only of Western artistic fascination with pre-Conquest Mexico, but also of the degree to which museums, and the British Museum in particular, function to instantiate versions of the primitive in the minds of their viewing audiences. Furthermore, articles in scholarly and popular journals, as well as book-length works provided details of archaeological expeditions, theories about life in pre-Conquest Mesoamerica, and, most importantly for Moore, reproductions that he modeled throughout his life. Texts drawn from this archive proved invaluable to Moore, who consulted them as "sculptural pattern books, providing him with a repertory of images during the formative decade of his art" (Braun 98). Braun draws from Donald Hall's profile of the artist in a 1965 New Yorker series, noting that Moore was "something of a scholar of ancient Mexican sculpture" (97, n.17, 131). Rejecting Mayan sculpture as too similar to the Western tradition (Braun 107), Moore focused almost exclusively on Aztec sculpture, producing numerous works that not only evoke, but also clearly imitate particular Aztec artifacts. These works include masks; a series of sculptures entitled Mother and Child, the first carved in 1922; Snake (1924), a virtual replica of an Aztec coiled serpent; and the Reclining Figure series, famously modeled after the Chacmool, which appears throughout pre-Conquest Mesoamerica. In keeping with conventional primitivist values, Moore intended for the "primordial vitality" of Aztec art to "miraculously infuse new life into modern art" (Braun 111).
In a 1941 essay, "Primitive Art," Moore offers his definition of the term he takes as his title, elaborating on it by narrating a "memory-journey" through selected galleries of the British Museum as he laments its closing (presumably during World War II). The sculptor attributes his knowledge of pre-Columbian art to his wanderings in the halls of the Museum, writing that "[e]xcepting some collections of primitive art in France, Italy and Spain, my own knowledge of it [primitive art] has come entirely from continual visits to the British Museum during the past twenty years" (269). On Mesoamerica in particular, he says that "Mexican sculpture, as soon as I found it, seemed to me true and right . . . . Its 'stoniness,' by which I mean its truth to material, its tremendous power without loss of sensitiveness, its astonishing variety and fertility of form-invention and its approach to a full three-dimensional conception of form, make it unsurpassed in my opinion by any other period of stone sculpture" (270). In his own reproductions of the Chacmool figure, Moore always feminizes his reclining figures, and in doing so, resituates his work in the realm of Western artistic conventions. His recumbent females are passive figures that always look past the viewer. Their bodies are openly displayed, breasts prominent and pubic areas exposed, as if offered for consumption. "It is the old idealization of the female as a passive object of desire," Braun writes, "available to the determining male gaze as a symbolic release for lust, anxiety, and terror" (119). This represents, in Braun's final analysis, a "domestication of the primitive to Western culture by fusing its raw vitality, gravity, and mystery with familiar, acceptable content, such as the female figure, and conventional (sexist) attitudes towards it" (119).
This rehearsal of the relationship between the work of one of the most highly acclaimed modernist artists and the Aztec artifacts he sought out documents the impact of pre-Columbian culture in the post-Columbian art world, to draw upon the title to Braun's book. In Moore, we see the example of an artist searching for and then replicating what he believed to be truer forms of expression. Interestingly, in Braun's critique of Moore, we find a curious acceptance of the terms that primitivist thinking sets for itself, the vitality, the "spiritual fullness" that Foster earlier noted, the "mystery" of the unknown. But, more importantly, in the works of Braun, Foster, Rubin, and other art historians and critics, we have also been alerted to responses to pre-Columbian art—from Van Gogh, Picasso, and Moore—that suggest a rich variance of opinion among some of the most celebrated artists of the European modern period, even if none of them were motivated to claim Mexico as Gauguin did Tahiti.
"Utterly fascinating and urgently needed. Contreras manages to achieve a sustained, insightful, and comprehensive analysis. This will surely be path-breaking [and] draw attention to a concept that has been heretofore relatively understudied. Her work fills an important lacunae that will unlikely be surpassed for some time."
Louis Mendoza, Associate Professor and Chair, Department of Chicano Studies, University of Minnesota
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This file is part of Microsoft® Windows® Operating System. Ifsutilx.dll is developed by Microsoft Corporation. It's a system and hidden file. Ifsutilx.dll is usually located in the %SYSTEM% folder and its usual size is 8,704 bytes.
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The phrase "work smarter not harder" is probably one that's familiar to you. What exactly does it mean?
Timothy Ferriss makes the distinction between efficient and effective in his book The Four Hour Work Week:
Effectiveness is doing the things that get you closer to your goals. Efficiency is performing a given task in the most economical manner possible. Being efficient without regard to effectiveness is the default mode of the universe.
Ferriss goes on to talk about how 80% of outcome derives from 20% of the work. So, we want to be both efficient and effective in our businesses.
I have been running businesses for over a decade. One of my early businesses was an Etsy store for handmade and hand printed stationery. The business model was pretty much non-existent and the printing process was too time-consuming for it to be profitable.
This post brought to you by Diamond Bloggers. All opinions are my own.
I've gone through many business tools over the years.
Here are a few of the business tools I am currently using to make my business run more efficiently (and effectively):
Accounting Software
Sure, you could do your accounting by hand in one of those accounting notebooks that you get from an office supply store (and 100% of the time see people using in movies and TV shows), but that leaves too much up to human error, in my opinion. Or, you could use a simple spreadsheet to keep track of your expenses and income, but also – too much room for error.
I have been using accounting software on my cell phone with an app from Quickbooks. There are many other apps, online software systems and brands out there, though. Look through reviews and compare features to find the one that is best for you and your business needs.
A Central Place for Your Notes and Documents
My go-to application to store documents, notes, and lists is Evernote. I've been using it for years and their app is always open on my computer. I like that I can clip websites and articles from my internet browser directly to Evernote.
A Task Management Tool
While I generally write out my daily to-do lists and have a paper calendar/agenda system in place, I feel much more organized having projects and tasks in a central place online. I use the Asana application on my computer and cell phone I also get email reminders sent when tasks are due or overdue.
There are other task management tools that you can check out: Trello, Todoist, and Wonderlist just to name a few. Many of them are free or have free versions available. I encourage you to check them out and find which one(s) work best for you.
These three types of business tools have helped me stay on task, organize my ideas and tasks, and helped me keep track of my expenses and income.
For more business tools, check out master data management tools.
I'd love to hear from you—what are your favourite business tools?


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from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th Edition.
- adjective Lacking striations; smooth-textured.
from The Century Dictionary.
- Not striated; unstriped: as, unstriated muscular fiber.
from the GNU version of the Collaborative International Dictionary of English.
- adjective (Nat. Hist.) Nonstriated; unstriped.
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License.
- adjective Not
from Wiktionary, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License
They are caused to secrete this substance, not by any mind acting on them, but by the contraction of little unstriated muscles.
We may class muscles as _striated_ or _voluntary_ and _unstriated_ or
The structure of the muscular tissue varies according to its function, so that we distinguish between the striated and the unstriated or smooth muscles.
Valere Aude Dare to Be Healthy, Or, The Light of Physical Regeneration
The striated is represented by the skeletal muscles, and the unstriated by the thin muscular layers that form part of the wall of the stomach, intestines, bladder and other hollow organs.
Sheet 7 represents the simpler kind of muscular tissue, unstriated muscle, in which the cell character is still fairly obvious.
It would seem that unstriated muscle contracts slowly, and we find it especially among the viscera; in the intestine for instance, where it controls that "peristaltic" movement which pushes the food forward.
The muscle of the slow-moving snails, slugs, and mussels is unstriated; all the muscle of the active insects and crustacea (crabs, lobsters, and crayfish) is striated.
The _Intermediate Muscles_ are composed of striated and unstriated fibers; they are, therefore, both voluntary and involuntary in their functions.
The People's Common Sense Medical Adviser in Plain English or, Medicine Simplified, 54th ed., One Million, Six Hundred and Fifty Thousand
Those nerves are solid, cylindrical and stratified in form, with many leading from the lymphatics to the artery, and to the red and white muscles, fascia, cellular-membrane, striated and unstriated organs, all connecting to and traveling with the artery, and continuing with it through its whole circuit from start to terminals.
On the plain of Iñaquito and in the valley of Esmeraldas are vast erratic blocks of trachyte, some containing twenty-five cubic yards, having sharp angles, and in some cases a polished, unstriated surface.
The Andes and the Amazon Across the Continent of South America