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As the roar of guns grew silent and the smell of acrid smoke dissipated in 1815, the U.S. Navy entered an era of peace that brought to the forefront petty feuds, personal jealousies, and political rivalries that embittered its officer corps for a generation. While the Stephen Decatur–James Barron duel constitutes this period's most violent episode, the controversy between Battle of Lake Erie hero Oliver Hazard Perry and his second in command, Jesse Duncan Elliott, sets a record for estrangement and bombast lasting nearly a third of a century.
Erie Origins
In early 1813 the Navy sent recently promoted Master Commandant Perry to build a squadron at Erie, Pennsylvania, which Great Lakes Commodore Isaac Chauncey on Lake Ontario expected to command later in the year after he had secured American naval dominance on the lower lake. But as Perry's squadron neared completion in late summer, Chauncey found he was unable to achieve naval superiority on Lake Ontario, so he could not take command on the upper lake. At the urging of Secretary of the Navy William Jones, Chauncey reluctantly sent his flag captain—newly promoted Master Commandant Elliott—and 100 officers and men to Erie. While Elliott was a few months junior to Perry in rank, he had a far better combat record than his superior. As a result of his capture of two Royal Navy vessels in the Niagara River the previous autumn he received a sword from the Congress as well as promotion over 20 senior lieutenants to his present rank. (See "Daring Moves on the Niagara," October, pp. 36–42.) Secretary Jones wrote President James Madison he considered Elliott to be worth more than adding 100 sailors to Perry's command. Elliott knew he was held in high esteem at the Navy Department, and he certainly considered himself to be deserving of the Lake Erie command. On his arrival in Erie, he became commander of the U.S. brig Niagara, the twin vessel of Perry's flagship, the Lawrence.
The inexperience of the U.S. Navy in squadron operations soon became apparent; neither Perry nor Elliott had been in ship-to-ship combat nor had they commanded or experienced the movement of several vessels in a fleet engagement. Elliott's service as Chauncey's flag captain gave him some practice in command-and-control at the squadron level, but these duties were the consequence of the commodore's orders and not his own decisions. The Americans knew that the British, because of their logistical requirements, would have to sail out of their anchorage at Amherstburg on the Canadian side of the Detroit River and engage the U.S. force on Lake Erie in order to open their line of communications with the British on the Niagara Peninsula. The Americans anchored at Put-in-Bay on South Bass Island, not far from the mouth of the Detroit River, and awaited the Royal Navy.
In meeting with his commanders, Perry emphasized preserving the line of battle during combat (a provision that seemingly forbade breaking the line and engaging in a "pell-mell battle"). Most navies of the day stressed line-of-battle cohesion, and Perry's decision underscored the fact that his officers were inexperienced and that mélée tactics reduced the squadron commander's span of operational control. But at the same time, he gave each vessel a designated opponent that each commander was to engage in "close action." Several of Perry's subordinates interpreted the first instruction as limiting their discretion to deviate from their line-of-battle position. On the other hand, the second order to engage the designated foe implied an obligation to meet one's opponent whether or not he changed position in the battle line. Hampering Perry's span of control was his fighting the Royal Navy flagship at the head of the battle line, thereby limiting his ability to witness the whole engagement and to signal the trailing vessels what he desired them to do.
During the 10 September 1813 battle, Perry plunged into close action with HMS Detroit, which had greater long-range firepower than his flagship, while Elliott kept his vessel in line of battle even after his designated opponent, HMS Queen Charlotte, moved forward to join the attack on the Lawrence. Finally, after receiving no signal from the Lawrence for more than 90 minutes, Elliott assumed Perry was either dead or wounded, and he moved the Niagara toward the head of the battle line. Meanwhile, Perry with more than half of his crew either dead or wounded, resolved to transfer to the Niagara, where he took command while sending Elliott to bring up the trailing schooners that had contributed little to the battle at this point. Within a few minutes the Niagara crossed in front of the Detroit, and soon she and the schooners forced the entire Royal Navy squadron to surrender.
Perry's triumphant message to Major General William Henry Harrison that "We have met the enemy and they are ours" and his battle flag emblazoned with "Dont Give Up the Ship" soon were immortalized in American naval history. This rare surrender of an entire British squadron was welcome news to a nation where military ineptitude, surrender, and defeat had characterized much of the war effort.
A Fateful After-Action Report
How to describe Elliott's performance in the battle posed an immense problem for Perry. He knew the positive reputation his second enjoyed at the Navy Department, and yet his crew soon began spreading rumors about the Niagara's failure to close with the Queen Charlotte among the soldiers in Harrison's army. Three days after the battle Perry composed "the most important particulars of the Action" in a report to the secretary of the Navy. Most of the narrative concentrates on the Lawrence, and conspicuous by its absence, no mention is made of the Niagara during the first 2½ hours of battle. Finally, he wrote, "At half past two, the wind springing up, Capt. Elliott was enabled to bring his vessel, the Niagara, gallantly into close action." As we shall see, the key word in this account is "enabled."
Perry subsequently lists those meritorious officers in the action (mostly from the Lawrence) and he finally mentions his second in command: "Of Capt. Elliott, already so well known to the Government, it would almost be superfluous to speak. In this action he evinced his characteristic bravery and judgment; and, since the close of the action, has given me the most able and essential assistance."1 Perry knew it was not in the best interests of the Navy to criticize Elliott publicly; instead he damned him with faint and ambiguous praise. Elliott understood the equivocations in the report. The wording outraged him; he felt he had been slighted and that his judgment to come forward was portrayed as a consequence of the "wind springing up," not because he made a decisive command decision that brought the Niagara into position to play a pivotal role in the battle's outcome.
Since being mentioned in dispatches was critical to one's future assignments and promotions, Elliott requested Perry laud Humphrey Magrath, the Niagara's purser, for his service. This Perry did, but as we shall see, there was more to this request than meets the eye. Magrath was a former Navy lieutenant, and he may have seen this mention as an opportunity for a possible return to line service. But it would be another 30 years before Elliott admitted Magrath's most important role in the battle.
At first Perry sought to curtail criticism of Elliott's battle performance. He urged his officers to remain "silent on Capt. Elliott's conduct" and sought to stifle rumors of cowardice circulating among General Harrison's ground forces. Nonetheless, an anti-Elliott letter by John Yarnall, first lieutenant of the Lawrence, was published in an Ohio newspaper and quickly circulated in others. The lieutenant questioned how Elliott "would account for his conduct for not bringing his vessel to close action when ordered."
Prudence would suggest Elliott should have ignored this criticism and let matters gradually be forgotten, but he was not a prudent individual. He knew that, in the small U.S. Navy of his time, derogatory comments about his conduct on Lake Erie would circulate widely, besmirching his reputation and adversely affecting his promotion and future coveted assignment opportunities. Besides, he had expected a laudatory report from Perry for bringing the Niagara forward and that he, like Perry, would be promoted to captain as a consequence of the illustrious victory he helped to win. Instead, he would not be promoted for another five years.
Until Perry's death in 1819, the two men maneuvered, the one to redeem his name, the other to impugn the character of his former subordinate. Elliott's ingratitude and lack of perspective contributed to the final break. Perry's sense of honor would not allow him to go further than he did. Elliott's feeling of being dishonored never abated.
The Controversy Intensifies
During the winter of 1812–13 Elliott commanded the Lake Erie squadron after Perry went home to his wife and family in Newport, Rhode Island. En route the "Hero of Lake Erie" found himself feted and given lavish gifts while Elliott shivered in Erie, Pennsylvania. Meanwhile, antagonisms arose in Erie between rival Perry and Elliott partisans—duels broke out, and many Lawrence officers found themselves sent to isolated and frozen Put-in-Bay. After reading the recently published critical letter, Elliott had Lieutenant Yarnall arrested. Elliott could not bring him to trial, because to do so would bring all the criticism into the open. Eventually Perry secured a transfer for Yarnall to a saltwater billet. There can be no doubt that as word of the mistreatment of his favorites reached Newport, Perry's toleration of Elliott turned to bitterness. Still, for the next several years Perry remained publicly silent.
When testimony at a British court of inquiry into the Lake Erie battle suggested that the Niagara was "making away" from the fight and thereby allowed the Queen Charlotte to come forward, Elliott requested a tribunal to inquire into the validity of the statement. A board convened in New York in 1815 found no evidence that the Niagara was making away and concluded any suggestion that Elliott had her "withdraw from the battle, is malicious and unfounded." On the other hand, the board acknowledged there was a "diversity of opinion respecting the events" of the battle. Elliott's description of this decision as "an honorable acquittal" providing "the highest eulogium" regarding his conduct on that fatal day is a gross exaggeration.2
One can only imagine the conversations at the scuttlebutts and the officers' messes during those years. Now promoted to captain although five years Perry's junior, Elliott renewed the controversy in 1818 by writing letters to Perry charging him with making "base, false, and malicious reports" defaming Elliott's character. He provided statements from two former Marine officers to validate his accusations. In a mocking tone, Perry replied that the expressions reported in the Marines' affidavits "were probably the most lenient I have for a long time employed when called upon to express my opinion of you." He concluded with a self-criticism regarding his restrained commentaries after the battle: "I shall never cease to criminate myself for having deviated from the path of strict propriety, for the sake of skreening you from public contempt and indignation."3 (Such literary talents remind us why he could compose "We have met the enemy and they are ours.")
Elliott tried to goad Perry into a duel by accusing him of "a masterly production of Epistolary blackguardism."4 Perry refused the challenge; to his mind Elliott's ungentlemanly misconduct did not deserve the honor of a duel. Instead he sought an opportunity to bring the issue outside the narrow confines of the Navy and into public view.
'Conduct Unbecoming an Officer'
In August 1818 Perry referred to Secretary of the Navy Benjamin W. Crowninshield six court-martial charges against Elliott. The first alleged Elliott had engaged in "conduct unbecoming an officer and gentleman, by . . . entering upon and pursuing a series of intrigues designed to repair his own reputation at the expense and sacrifice of his commanding officer." Second, Elliott allegedly manifested "disregard for the honor of the American flag" by arguing the crew of the Lawrence did not deserve prize money because they (whose ship lay helpless in the water) surrendered after Perry left her. Third, Elliott oppressed officers and men under his command that would not support his version of the battle. Fourth, Elliott failed to obey the directions of his commander to come into close action with the Queen Charlotte. The fifth charge held that through "cowardice, negligence, or disaffection" Elliott failed to encounter his designated opponent. Finally, through "cowardice, negligence, or disaffection," Elliott avoided doing "his utmost . . . to afford relief to the United States brig." Accompanying each charge were specifications detailing Elliott's misdeeds.5
These were quite serious accusations involving two of the Navy's most senior officers. Previously Congress directed they both receive gold medals for their exploits on 10 September 1813. Secretary Crowninshield and President James Monroe found themselves cornered; a public airing of the controversy would not redound to the credit of the Navy or the federal government. The Navy Department dallied with the charges for two months, and Elliott went to Washington trying to redeem his reputation. Finally, in October the department acknowledged that they were in the president's office. The president and secretary desired a solution short of a court-martial. Monroe sought to mediate the differences between the two, but Commodore Stephen Decatur assured the president that no reconciliation was possible. However, the president knew something Perry desired that might entice him withdraw the charges. Even though most of his friends and the general public called him "commodore," Perry was not entitled to fly the broad pendant because on Lake Erie he had been subordinate to the Great Lakes commodore, Isaac Chauncey, stationed on Lake Ontario.
We do not absolutely know what transpired. Strangely, the charges are not found in Navy Department files. The supposition is that the new secretary of the Navy, Smith Thompson, went to New York in early 1819 carrying the charges with him. In exchange for Perry's taking back the charges, the secretary offered him the coveted broad pendant as commodore of a small squadron being sent to South America on a diplomatic mission. By doing so, Perry officially received the courtesy title already popularly bestowed on him following the Battle of Lake Erie.
One should not assume that Perry took the assignment merely to fly a piece of cloth from his masthead. Instead, the commodore posting confirmed a diplomatic reputation he received in North Africa following the War of 1812. It authenticated his status in the Navy and enhanced his professional reputation. Unfortunately, following successful negotiations with the Venezuelan government, Perry contracted yellow fever and died on 23 August 1819, his thirty-fourth birthday. The crew buried his remains at Port of Spain, Trinidad (although they were subsequently exhumed and reburied in Newport).
However, the Perry-Elliott controversy was not over. Before leaving the United States Perry had given the court-martial charges and supporting documentation to his friend Commodore Decatur. On 22 March 1820 Decatur met Captain James Barron in a duel largely arranged by, you guessed it, Jesse Duncan Elliott. Decatur died from the wound he received, and his embittered widow took her revenge out on Elliott by publishing the court-martial charges in Documents in Relation to the Differences which Subsisted between the Late Commodore O. H. Perry and Captain J. D. Elliott. Now the Perry-Elliott controversy was in the public domain. In the introduction, Susan Decatur wrote that Perry had given her husband these documents "to keep Captain Elliott in check during his absence; and, if any accident happened to him . . . that they might be published, as the most effectual means which would then be left, of guarding his character against the baseness and falsehood of Captain Elliott."6 For more than 20 years thereafter, Perry's many partisans and Elliott and his few champions engaged in a bitter and voluminous confrontation concerning the disputed performance of Jesse Duncan Elliott on Lake Erie.
A Feud Perpetuated
Immediately following the famous duel, Elliott began collecting testimony on his behalf from a number of the battle's survivors. Perhaps the most telling of these was the affidavit from Midshipman John B. Montgomery that the Niagara had engaged with the Queen Charlotte and two smaller vessels before Perry boarded her. Most important was a very circumspect statement from General Lewis Cass that after the battle, while Perry was disappointed with Elliott's performance, he sought to screen his second from public criticism. Cass wrote Elliott that his remarks were not for publication and that he was sending a copy of his letter to the Perry family.7 Needless to say, Elliott never published the letter.
On the other side, the commodore's younger brother, Lieutenant Matthew Calbraith Perry, solicited testimony from General Harrison. The former Army commander during the 1813 campaign begged off making a formal statement out of respect for Elliott's father, who had been killed during the Fallen Timbers campaign of 1794 while Harrison had been Major General Anthony Wayne's aide-de-camp. Nonetheless, Harrison did authorize the younger Perry to say that he had "from good authority" that the British commander at Lake Erie said that "the Niagara was not in action until after Perry boarded her." In addition, Harrison gave his correspondent the names of others who could verify the commodore's dissatisfaction with Elliott.
Shortly after this exchange, John Niles published a laudatory biography of the commodore. It concluded that whenever the U.S. Navy eventually took its rightful place among the great navies of the world, Perry's laurels, "instead of having faded by the waste of time, [will] assume a brighter luster" and his exploits would "inspire thousands of the future naval heroes of his country to deeds of patriotic heroism and immortal renown."8 Certainly that is how his family thought the nation should remember him.
In an age when military officers became increasingly apolitical, Elliott hitched his star to the rising career of Andrew Jackson. As commodore of the South Atlantic Squadron, Elliott sailed into Charleston Harbor in 1833 and lent support to the city's nationalists, allowing federal customs officers to perform their duties during the Nullification Crisis. This was probably the most important service Elliott ever rendered the United States. He subsequently tarnished his reputation when he installed an image of Jackson as the figurehead of the U.S. frigate Constitution. Anti-Jackson Bostonians sought revenge by severing the figurehead and supposedly holding "Bacchanalian orgies" over it.
As a consequence of both these episodes, the local presses revived the Perry-Elliott controversy by republishing the court-martial charges. Elliott responded by securing the services of journalist Russell Jarvis to compose a 480-page biography titled A Biographical Notice of Com. Jesse D. Elliott. In it for the first time Elliott defended his conduct at the Battle of Lake Erie with a fivefold explanation. His argument was: Perry's orders compelled him to maintain the line-of-battle arrangement; Elliott on his own initiative brought the Niagara forward in violation of Perry's orders; the Niagara engaged the Queen Charlotte before Perry boarded her; Elliott's firm resolve revived the discouraged Perry after he boarded; and Elliott's actions with the trailing vessels contributed significantly to the battle's outcome.9
Nowhere did the Perry clique express its outrage at this book more than in an anonymous review found in the Commodore John Rodgers papers. According to the reviewer the book was "a partisan argument to prove from partially correct premises the totally false conclusion" that Elliott "is a brave man. . . . On the whole, it is a contemptible book on a contemptible subject."10
New Actors Enter the Lists
In 1839 the controversy entered a new phase and became a no-holds-barred polemical exchange in which each side sought to demean the other. Former Rhode Island Congressman Tristam Burges fired the opening salvo with the publication of an address attacking the Jarvis biography, in which he claimed the journalist merely retailored Elliott's prose. The central critique involved Elliott's failure to close with and to follow the Queen Charlotte. More important, he opened the argument that in the after-action report Perry sought to save Elliott through "benevolent ambiguity." By saying Elliott was "enabled" to bring the Niagara into close action, Perry subtly avoided saying that he did so. According to Burges, this wording allowed Perry to avoid censuring Elliott, but left open the implication of condemnation. Burges concluded that Elliott understood the ambiguity in this report, and this was why he sought to have it modified.11
Almost simultaneous with Burges' pamphlet was the publication of James Fenimore Cooper's two-volume History of the Navy of the United States of America. Most of Cooper's History is an excellent treatment of the early Navy and its exploits, and it remains in print more than a century and a half after its initial publication. Central to the controversy over the book was its "purified" treatment of Elliott's performance during the battle, a version based on Perry's initial reports and avoiding the use of any subsequent information. While there is a laudable evaluation of Perry's performance, Cooper concludes with: "Captain Perry received a gold medal from Congress. Captain Elliott also received a gold medal." The statement implied an equality of leadership that day, which the Perry faction would not accept.
By eschewing controversy, Cooper created disputation. It is somewhat ironic that he defended Elliott by relying on Perry's report to the secretary of the Navy, a document that in 1813 Elliott sought to have amended in his favor. Before the History's publication M. C. Perry, by then a Navy captain, inquired if Cooper would speak of Elliott "with respect." The historian replied, "'most assuredly.'" The infuriated naval officer reportedly retorted, "Then your book will be attacked."12 This encounter allegedly led to the hostile reviews of Cooper's History by Perry's brother-in-law, Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, and the latter's uncle, William Duer.
Duer, the president of Columbia College, wondered why Cooper, "so insensible to his obligations and responsibility as a historian and so reckless of his character as a public candidate for literary distinction and immortal fame," would elevate Elliott to equality with Perry in the battle. Elliott, he argued, was "a political partisan—an official sycophant" who owed "his continuance in the service, after" the Battle of Lake Erie "solely to the forbearance and magnanimity of his superior, which he subsequently requited with ingratitude and perfidy."13
But it was Mackenzie's review that struck Cooper the hardest. Commander Mackenzie devoted a third of his 35-page commentary to the Lake Erie encounter. This naval officer was a well-known author who was writing the commodore's biography based largely on the Perry family papers. Following the other critics, Mackenzie concentrated on Elliott's failure to closely engage the Queen Charlotte. Had Elliott carried out Perry's explicit prebattle instructions "to which Mr. Cooper nowhere adverts" to follow Lord Nelson's classic command, "If you lay your enemy alongside, you cannot be out of your place," then the battle would have been concluded earlier, with much less loss of life on both sides.14
But this was just the first volley in a war of words that would continue for years. When his biography appeared in 1840, Mackenzie followed Burges and saw the "enabled" phrase as an equivocation, an example of Perry's tortured "ingenuity to keep honestly out of view the palpable misconduct of Captain Elliott." Central to his case was an ad hominem attack on Elliott as someone who "appears to have arrived on Lake Erie with a feeling of jealously towards Captain Perry." Mackenzie averred, "the mind of Captain Elliott was possessed by notions of fancied wrongs from Perry" and by "disappointed hopes for fame and venomous efforts to disparage the too generous chief who had rescued him from reprobation."15
Cooper the novelist-turned-historian had expected the History to become "the best hit I have made."16 When it did not become the financial success he had anticipated, he turned with venom against his critics. In the heightened political animosities of the day, he saw every attack as a partisan one. He was a devoted Jacksonian Democrat, and so was Elliott. The Whig press disparaged his novels and now his History. Why he wasted so much time, money, and energy in these arguments causes one to wonder about his sense of proportion. After repeated exchanges with Mackenzie in newspapers and journals, Cooper finally published in 1843 a 118-page booklet titled The Battle of Lake Erie: Or Answers to Messrs. Burges, Duer, and Mackenzie.17
Cooper argued two basic issues pertaining to the battle. First was that the Niagara was in close action with the Queen Charlotte after the American brig passed the Caledonia, the ship directly ahead of her in the battle line, and before Perry boarded her. Here he contended that the "enabled" phrase indicated she was engaged and the subterfuge of the Burges-Mackenzie argument was a falsehood. Perry, argued Cooper, was not that subtle or devious.
Second, he claimed that had Perry wanted the Niagara to violate the line-of-battle order, he should have communicated the change to Elliott. This, of course, gets at the main criticism of Perry—that he was a better captain of the Lawrence than a squadron commodore. Which order was the more important—to maintain the line or to engage one's designated foe? Perry's proponents argued the latter; Elliott's emphasized the former.18 In the fifth edition of the Perry biography, published in 1843, Mackenzie replied to "Mr. Cooper's vituperation" in a 57-page appendix that largely answered the novelist's ad hominem arguments with those of his own. That there was a fifth edition of the biography says much about whose book had the greater sales.
Elliott's Last Salvo
Late in 1843 Commodore Elliott journeyed to his hometown of Hagerstown, Maryland, where he made a final defense of his conduct in the Battle of Lake Erie along with an unexpected confession. The manner of the Niagara's approach to the head of the line was not Elliott's idea, but rather suggested by his purser, Humphrey Magrath. It was Magrath, the former Navy lieutenant, who was, said Elliott, "as good a seaman perhaps as our Navy ever had in it," who counseled his commander to sail to the windward of the British line in order to maintain the weather gage. This maneuver made it possible for Perry to cross in front of the Detroit and win the battle. That Elliott confessed that the purser, not himself, made this suggestion, says much about the Niagara captain's seamanship. No wonder Elliott insisted Magrath receive special mention in Perry's after-action report.19 Among those contemporaneous with the Battle of Lake Erie, this last verbal salvo ended the Perry-Elliott controversy.
In the final analysis, great subordinates in naval engagements show initiative and follow the commander's intent, if not his explicit instructions, when the changing circumstances of battle warrant it. Elliott did not do so until the battle was almost lost. On the other hand, Cooper correctly noted Perry's focus on fighting his own ship rather than directing the whole squadron. Perry's advocates never acknowledged any weakness in their hero's performance, much in the same way as Cooper failed to criticize Elliott. "Perry's clique," as Cooper called them, would not accept that Perry could have signaled Elliott to come forward and that he did not even try. They also would not credit Elliott with making the decision to break the line, however tardy he was in acting. Cooper failed to comprehend that the Niagara's commander had an obligation to assist Perry in every way possible, not wait for more than an hour before finally deciding to aid the flagship that was helpless because of Elliott's delinquency in performing a subordinate's obligation. The failure of each side to acknowledge deficiencies in their protagonist's conduct on 10 September 1813 disappoints anyone reviewing their publications and trying to sift through both their trivial and substantive arguments searching for the truth. At its core, their disputations revolve around whether or not Elliott was an honorable man in an age when the code of honor was central to a gentleman's sense of worth and reputation.
History little remembers Jesse Duncan Elliott; he's one of the few commodores of the early U.S. Navy never to have a ship named in his honor. Oliver Hazard Perry received the accolades of history; he's had several naval vessels and even a whole class of fast frigates named after him. But besides Cooper, there have always been those who believed Perry's ineffective command-and-control over his squadron during the first two hours of the battle deserves wider recognition than is generally given.20 Yet it is Perry's battle flag that hangs in honor at the U.S. Naval Academy, and his "Don't Give Up the Ship" message echoes in the mind of all who take the oath of office as they enter the Navy. It is obvious who emerged from this controversy with his reputation enhanced.
1. Perry to Jones, 13 September 1813, in William S. Dudley, ed., The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History (Washington, DC: Naval Historical Center, 1985), vol. 2, 557–59.
2. [Jesse Duncan Elliott], A Review of a Pamphlet. . . . (Boston: H. B. and J. Brewster, 1834), 28–39.
3. Elliott to Perry, 14 May 1818, Perry to Elliott, 18 June 1818, Perry Papers, William L. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
4. Elliott to Perry, 7 July 1818, Perry Papers.
5. [Susan Decatur], Documents in Relation to the Differences which Subsisted between the Late Commodore O. H. Perry and Captain J. D. Elliott (Washington, DC: 1821).
6. [Decatur], Documents, 3. See also W. M. P. Dunne, "Pistols and Honor: The James Barron–Stephen Decatur Conflict, 1798–1807," American Neptune, 50 (Fall 1990), 245–59, and Robert J. Allison, Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779–1820 (Amherst & Boston: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005), 200–15.
7. A Citizen of Massachusetts [probably J. D. Elliott], A Review of a Pamphlet Purporting to be Documents in Relation to the Differences which Subsisted between the Late Commodore Oliver H. Perry, and Captain Jesse D. Elliott (Boston: H. B. & J. Brewster, 1834). Cass to Elliott, 10 November 1822, Perry Papers, Rhode Island Historical Society, Providence.
8. Harrison to M. C. Perry, 16 April 1821, Rodgers Papers, Library of Congress. John M. Niles, The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry, 2nd ed. (Hartford, CT: Oliver D. Cooke, 1821), 305–6.
9. [Russell Jarvis], A Biographical Notice of Com. Jesse D. Elliott. By a Citizen of New-York (Philadelphia: 1835).
10. Scrapbook, Newspaper Clippings, 19 October 1835, vol. 4, Rodgers Family Collection, Library of Congress.
11. Tristam Burges, Battle of Lake Erie with Notices of Commodore Elliot[t]'s Conduct in That Engagement (Philadelphia: Wm. Marshall, 1839), 31, 37, 40.
12. Jesse Duncan Elliott, Speech of Com. Jesse Duncan Elliott, U.S.N. Delivered in Hagerstown, Md., on the 14th of November, 1843 (Philadelphia: G. B. Zieber, 1844), 14n.
13. New York Commercial Advertiser, 8 June 1839.
14. North American Review 49 (October 1839), 438–50.
15. Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, Commodore Oliver Hazard Perry (Chicago: Elliott-Madison, 1916, orig. published 1840), 213.
16. James Fenimore Cooper to D. D. Barnard, 22 May 1839, in James Franklin Beard, ed., The Letters and Journals of James Fenimore Cooper (Cambridge, MA.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University, 1960–68), vol. 3, 378. Cooper's frustrations at the failure of the income from the History are in vol. 3, 387–90, and vol. 4, 370, 427, 431, 437.
17. These essays are reprinted in Beard, ed., Cooper, vol. 3, 399–417, vol. 4, 44–50, 55–59, 126–40, 178–81, 297–300, 355–57, 393–97.
18. James Fenimore Cooper, The Battle of Lake Erie: Or Answers to Messrs. Burges, Duer, and Mackenzie (Cooperstown, NY: H. & E. Phinney, 1843).
19. Elliott, Speech, 6–7.
20. See, for instance, J. Giles Eaton, "Perry's Victory on Lake Erie," Papers of the Military Historical Society of Massachusetts 11 (1901), 3–18, and Michael A. Palmer, "A Failure of Command, Control and Communications: Oliver Hazard Perry and the Battle of Lake Erie," Journal of Erie Studies 17 (Fall 1988), 7–26.


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In 2005, the sequel to Tha Carter, Tha Carter II, was released. In 2006 and 2007, Lil Wayne released several mixtapes and appeared on several popular rap and R&B singles. His most successful album, Tha Carter III, was released in 2008 and sold over 1 million copies in the U.S. its first week of release. It included the number-one single "Lollipop" and won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. Lil Wayne released his debut rock album, Rebirth, in 2010 to primarily negative reception from critics. The album eventually went gold. In March 2010, Lil Wayne began serving an 8-month prison sentence in New York after being convicted of criminal possession of a weapon stemming from an incident in July 2007. While in prison he released another album entitled I Am Not a Human Being in September 2010, featuring Young Money artists such as Drake, Nicki Minaj and Lil Twist. His ninth studio album and first since being released from prison, Tha Carter IV, was released on August 29, 2011. It sold 964,000 copies in the U.S. its first week out. He has been listed in the 2012 Guinness Book Of World Records for the record of Most US Hot 100 Hits By A Rap Artist with 64 hits between 1999 and 2010. Early life, Lil Wayne was born Dwayne Michael Carter, Jr. and grew up in the Hollygrove neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana. Carter was born when his mother, a chef, was 19 years old. His parents were divorced when he was 2, and his father permanently abandoned the family. Carter enrolled in the gifted program of Lafayette Elementary School and in the drama club of Eleanor McMain Secondary School. He wrote his first rap song at age eight. In the summer of 1991, he met Bryan Williams, rapper and owner of Cash Money Records. Carter recorded freestyle raps on Williams's answering machine, leading him to mentor the young Carter and include him in Cash Money-distributed songs. He also recorded his first ever collaboration album True Story with rapper B.G.. At the time, Carter was 11, and B.G. was 14, and was billed as "The B.G.'z". When he was 12, he played the part of the Tin Man in his middle school drama club's production of The Wiz. At age 13, he accidentally shot himself with a 9 mm handgun, and off-duty police officer Robert Hoobler drove him to the hospital. At McMain Magnet School, Carter was an honor student, but he dropped out at the age of 14 to focus on a musical career. Music career, 1997-99: The Hot Boys: In 1997, Carter joined the Hot Boys along with rappers Juvenile, B.G., and Turk. At age 15, Carter was the youngest member at that time. Hot Boys' debut album Get It How U Live! was released the same year, followed in 1999 by the group's major-label debut Guerrilla Warfare, which reached No. 1 on the Billboard magazine Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 5 on the Billboard 200. During their career, the Hot Boys had two charting singles, "We on Fire" from Get It How U Live! and "I Need a Hot Girl" from Guerrilla Warfare. Carter was also featured on Juvenile's single "Back That Azz Up", which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Hot 100 and No. 5 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks.Let 'Em Burn, a compilation album of unreleased tracks recorded during 1999 and 2000, came out in 2003, several years after the group disbanded. It reached No. 3 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and No. 14 on the Billboard 200. Carter's debut solo album Tha Block Is Hot at age 17 featured significant contributions from the Hot Boys and was certified platinum, debuting at No. 3 on the Billboard album charts. The album earned him a 1999 Source magazine award nomination for "Best New Artist", and also became a Top Ten hit. The lead single was "Tha Block Is Hot". After the release of Tha Block is Hot, Carter was featured on the single, "Bling Bling", with B.G., Juvenile, and Big Tymers. His verse was featured on the radio edition, and on the album version, only his hook was featured on the single. Lights Out (2000): His 2000 follow-up album Lights Out failed to attain the level of success achieved by his debut but was certified gold by RIAA. Critics pointed to the lack of coherent narratives in his verses as evidence that he had yet to mature to the level of his fellow Hot Boys. The lead single was "Get Off The Corner" which was noticed for an improvement in lyrical content and style, it also received a music video. The second single which received less attention was "Shine" featuring The Hot Boys. Near the release of Lights Out, Lil Wayne was featured on the single, "1# Stunna" with Big Tymers and Juvenile, which rose to 24th place on the Hot Rap Tracks charts. 500 Degreez (2002): Lil Wayne's third album 500 Degreez, released in 2002, followed the format of his previous two, with significant contributions from the Hot Boys and Mannie Fresh. While certified Gold like its predecessor, it too failed to match the success of his debut. The title was a reference to the recently estranged Hot Boys member Juvenile's recording, 400 Degreez. The lead single was "Way Of Life" which like the album failed to match the success of his previous singles. After the release of 500 Degreez, he was featured in the single "Neva Get Enuf" by 3LW. Tha Carter (2004): In the summer of 2004, Wayne's album Tha Carter was released, marking what critics considered advancement in his rapping style and lyrical themes. In addition, the album's cover art featured the debut of Wayne's now-signature dreadlocks.Tha Carter gained Wayne significant recognition, selling 878,000 copies in the United States, while the single "Go DJ" became a Top 5 Hit on the R&B/Hip-Hop chart. After the release of Tha Carter, Lil Wayne was featured in Destiny's Child's single "Soldier" with T.I., which peaked at No. 3 on the U.S. Hot 100 and the U.S. R&B Charts. Tha Carter II (2005): Tha Carter II, the follow-up to the original Tha Carter album, was released in December 2005, this time without production by longtime Cash Money Records producer Mannie Fresh, who had since left the label. Tha Carter II sold more than 238,000 copies in its first week of release, debuting at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 albums chart, and went on to sell 2,000,000 copies world wide. The lead single, "Fireman," became a hit in the US, peaking at 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. Other singles included "Grown Man", "Hustler Muzik", and "Shooter" (featuring R&B singer Robin Thicke). Lil Wayne also appeared on a remix of Bobby Valentino's "Tell Me", which rose to No. 13 on the U.S. R&B Charts. In 2005, Lil Wayne was named president of Cash Money, and in the same year he founded Young Money Entertainment as an imprint of Cash Money. However, as of late 2007, Lil Wayne reported that he has stepped down from the management of both labels and has handed management of Young Money over to Cortez Bryant. Like Father, Like Son collaboration (2006): In 2006, Lil Wayne collaborated with rapper Birdman for the album Like Father, Like Son, whose first single "Stuntin' Like My Daddy", reached No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100. Mixtapes (2006-2008): Instead of a follow-up solo album, Lil Wayne reached his audience through a plethora of mixtapes and guest appearances on a variety of pop and hip-hop singles. Of his many mixtapes, Dedication 2 and Da Drought 3 received the most media exposure and critical review. Dedication 2, released in 2006, paired Lil Wayne with DJ Drama and contained the acclaimed socially conscious track "Georgia Bush," in which Lil Wayne critiqued former US president George W. Bush's response to the effects of Hurricane Katrina on the city of New Orleans. Da Drought 3 was released the following year and was available for free legal download. It contained Lil Wayne rapping over a variety of beats from recent hits by other musicians. Numerous of features in prominent hip-hop magazines such as XXL and Vibe covered the mixtape. Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone magazine considered the mixtapes Da Drought 3 and The Drought Is Over 2 "among the best albums of 2007." Collab songs with other singers: Despite no album release for two years, Lil Wayne appeared in numerous singles as a featured performer, including "Gimme That" by Chris Brown, "Make It Rain" by Fat Joe, "You" by Lloyd, and "We Takin' Over" by DJ Khaled (also featuring Akon, T.I., Rick Ross, Fat Joe, and Birdman), "Duffle Bag Boy" by Playaz Circle, "Sweetest Girl (Dollar Bill)" by Wyclef Jean (also featuring Akon), and the remix to "I'm So Hood" by DJ Khaled (also featuring T-Pain, Young Jeezy, Ludacris, Busta Rhymes, Big Boi, Fat Joe, Birdman, and Rick Ross). All these singles charted within the top 20 spots on the Billboard Hot 100, Hot Rap Tracks, and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs charts. On Birdman's 2007 album 5 * Stunna, Lil Wayne appeared on the singles "100 Million" and "I Run This" among several other tracks. Wayne also appeared on tracks from albums Getback by Little Brother, American Gangster by Jay-Z, and Graduation by Kanye West and Insomniac by Enrique Iglesias. "Make it Rain", a Scott Storch production that peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100 and number two on the Hot Rap Tracks chart, was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for 2008. Vibe magazine ranked a list of 77 of Lil Wayne's songs from 2007 and ranked his verse in DJ Khaled's "We Takin Over" as his best of 2007, with "Dough Is What I Got" (a freestyle over the beat of Jay-Z's "Show Me What You Got") from Da Drought 3 the second song. At the end of 2007, an MTV poll selected Lil Wayne as "Hottest MC in the Game",The New Yorker magazine ranked him "Rapper of the Year", and GQ magazine named him "Workaholic of the Year". In 2008 he was named "Best MC" by Rolling Stone. Another article, built around Lil Wayne's 2007 mixtape work, cites his creative practice as an example of post performance creative practice. Tha Carter III (2008): Initially planned to be released in 2007, Tha Carter III's largest delay came after the majority of the tracks were leaked and distributed on mixtapes, such as "The Drought Is Over Pt. 2" and "The Drought Is Over Pt. 4". Lil Wayne initially decided to use the leaked tracks, plus four new tracks, to make a separate album, titled The Leak. The Leak was to be released December 18, 2007, with the actual album being delayed until March 18, 2008, The release of The Leak in this format never came to fruition, but an official EP titled The Leak and containing five tracks was released digitally on December 25, 2007. Tha Carter III was released on June 10, 2008, selling more than a million copies in its first week of release, the first to do so since 50 Cent's The Massacre in 2005. The first single "Lollipop", featuring Static Major became the rapper's most commercially successful song at that point, topping the Billboard Hot 100, making it the first Top 10 single for Lil Wayne as a solo artist, as well as his first No. 1 on the chart. His third single from Tha Carter III, "Got Money" featuring T-Pain, peaked at No. 13 on the Billboard 100. Tha Carter III also won four Grammy Awards, including best rap album and best rap song, which he won for "Lollipop". Along with his album singles, Lil Wayne appeared on R&B singles "Girls Around the World" by Lloyd, "Love In This Club, Part II" by Usher, "Official Girl" by Cassie, "I'm So Paid" by Akon, "Turnin' Me On" by Keri Hilson, and "Can't Believe It" by T-Pain; rap singles "My Life" by The Game, "Shawty Say" by David Banner, "Swagga Like Us" by T.I., "Cutty Buddy" by Mike Jones, All My Life (In the Ghetto) by Jay Rock and the remix to "Certified" by Glasses Malone; and pop single "Let It Rock" by new Cash Money artist Kevin Rudolf. On July 14, 2008, the Recording Industry Association of America certified Tha Carter III two times platinum. In an October 2008 interview with MTV News, Lil Wayne announced plans to re-release this album with all new tracks, including a duet with Ludacris and remixes of "A Milli". The lineup for New Orleans' 2008 Voodoo Experience concert, held in October, featured Lil Wayne. Jonathan Cohen of Billboard magazine reported that the event would mark his biggest hometown headlining set of his career. Lil Wayne stated that he would reunite with Hot Boys alongside Juvenile, Turk, and B.G. They plan to release an album after B.G.'s solo album Too Hood to Be Hollywood was completed. Wayne also performed as the 2008 Virgin Mobile Music Fest with Kanye West, performing the remix of "Lollipop" with West and also lip-syncing to Whitney Houston's "I Will Always Love You". Lil Wayne also performed at the 2008 MTV Video Music Awards with Kid Rock ("All Summer Long"), Leona Lewis ("DontGetIt (Misunderstood)") and T-Pain ("Got Money"). On the season premiere of Saturday Night Live, he performed "Lollipop" and "Got Money". He later performed at the homecoming rally at Vanderbilt University and the 2008 BET Hip Hop Awards with 12 nominations. He won the "MVP" title at the BET Hip Hop Awards and seven others. It was revealed that M.I.A. dropped out of performing on the tour due to her pregnancy, however Jay-Z is expected to perform with Wayne on the song "Mr. Carter" at select shows. On November 11, 2008, Wayne became the first hip-hop act to ever perform at the Country Music Association Awards. He played alongside Kid Rock for the song, "All Summer Long", in which Wayne did not rap but instead inaudibly strummed guitar strings alongside the guitarist in Kid Rock's band. Shortly after, Wayne was nominated for eight Grammys - the most for any artist nominated that year. Wayne was then named the first ever MTV Man of the Year at the end of 2008. He won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance for "A Milli", Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group for his appearance in T.I.'s single "Swagga Like Us", and Best Rap Song for "Lollipop". Tha Carter III won the award for Best Rap Album. MTV News listed Lil Wayne number two on their 2009 list of the Hottest MCs In The Game. We Are Young Money (2009): On December 23, 2009, Wayne released a collaboration album with Young Money, with the first single confirmed as "Every Girl". The second single is "BedRock", featuring Lloyd. The third single is "Roger That". On May 24, 2010, the album was certified gold by the RIAA with over 500,000 copies sold. Wayne is featured on the song, "Revolver", with Madonna for her 2009 greatest hits album, Celebration. He was also featured on a Weezer song, "Can't Stop Partying", on their 2009 album, Raditude. Rebirth (2008-2010): In late 2008, Wayne stated that he would re-release The Carter III with leftover tracks and call it Rebirth, several months later, however, he announced Rebirth would instead release as his debut rock album, maintaining its title as Rebirth. To support the release of Rebirth and a collaboration album with Young Money Entertainment, Wayne headlined the 'Young Money Presents: America's Most Wanted Music Festival'... a United States and Canada-only concert tour which started on July 29, 2009. The Rebirth album was originally scheduled for a April 7, 2009 release, however after numerous delays, the album was released on February 2, 2010. For the anticipation of Rebirth, Wayne was featured on the cover of Rolling Stone. "Prom Queen", the first official single, debuted on January 27, 2009 immediately after a live Internet broadcast on Ustream of his concert in San Diego. "Prom Queen" peaked at number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. On December 3, 2009, Lil Wayne's second single from the album, "On Fire", was released on iTunes. "On Fire" was produced by Cool & Dre. "On Fire" peaked at number 33 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. "Drop the World", which features Eminem, is the third single from the album. I Am Not a Human Being (2010): Lil Wayne was thought to be releasing an EP entitled I Am Not a Human Being, but it was confirmed that would be a full length LP. The album was released on September 27, 2010 which was his birthday. The album has sold over 953,000 copies in the U.S. and has spawned a successful single in "Right Above It" which peaked at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100. Tha Carter IV (2008-present): In an interview on MTV's Mixtape Monday, Wayne asserted the possibility of the album Tha Carter IV. Following Tha Carter III's achievement of selling over 3 million copies, becoming 2008's best-selling record, Wayne re-signed with Cash Money Records for a multi-album deal. Wayne said Tha Carter IV will be released in 2009 just before the holidays.Birdman had previously stated that Tha Carter IV would be packaged with Rebirth as a double disc album. However, Wayne denied this idea saying that "Tha Carter IV deserves Tha Carter IV". He went on to say that We Are Young Money may be packaged with Rebirth. However, it was later confirmed that Rebirth and We Are Young Money will be released separately and that Tha Carter IV will be released during 2011. He started from scratch on Tha Carter IV since getting released from prison. He recorded his first track since being released from prison and it was described as being "a 2010 version of A Milli on steroids." The album is set to feature multiple guests, including Tech N9ne. The first single "6 Foot 7 Foot" featuring Cory Gunz was released on December 15, 2010. It was available for digital download on iTunes December 16, 2010. The song is produced by Bangladesh, who also produced Lil Wayne's single "A Milli" in 2008. On March 8, 2011, Weezy released another song called "We Back Soon." The song is produced by StreetRunner; It is more relaxed than "6 Foot 7 Foot" is, but will not be a track on Tha Carter IV. He also released a second single to Tha Carter IV called "John" on March 24, 2011, which features Rick Ross and is produced by Polow Da Don. On April 20, 2011, the official cover of Tha Carter IV was released. Tha Carter IV was scheduled to be released on May 16, 2011, but Mack Maine had confirmed that the forthcoming ninth studio album will be released in June 21, 2011 instead of May 16, 2011, because they need more time to make the album perfect and they'll have a "monster" single coming soon that will possibly be titled "Blows My Brains" or "She's Always In My Head". On May 26, the 3rd single, "How to Love" was released. Tha Carter IV was eventually pushed back to August 29, 2011. A song called "Dear Anne (Stan Part 2)" was released in June, when the snippet was released back in April. Lil Wayne said the song was throw away track for Tha Carter III. He said it was originally suppose to be on Tha Carter IV when it leaked, but decided not to put it one there. He said he's not a fan of the song since it was so old. Lil Wayne said that he that liked the beat, but not the lyrics, and was thinking about redoing "Dear Anne." For preparation for Tha Carter IV, Lil Wayne released a mixtape titled, Sorry 4 the Wait. He named the mixtape so as an apology to his fans for the delay of the album. It consists of 13 with all the beats on the mixtape coming from other artists song, like his "No Ceilings" mixtape. In July 2011, Lil Wayne confirmed in an interview with MTV that Tha Carter IV is finished. The album debuted at No. 1 on the Billboard 200 with 964,000 copies sold in its first week, making it Lil Wayne's third chart topping album of his career. Future projects: On March 12, 2011, rapper Fred Durst from Limp Bizkit tweeted that Lil Wayne will be featured on the song "Ready To Go" from Limp Bizkit's upcoming album Gold Cobra, although it was later revealed that the song did not make the final tracklist. Lil Wayne has announced several possible upcoming projects, including a collaboration album I Can't Feel My Face with rapper Juelz Santana that has been in production for several years. And also working on Tionne "T-Boz" Watkins' album Still Cool in late 2011. He has discussed a possible R&B album titled Luv Sawngz, for which he will heavily rely on a vocoder. He has also talked with singer Lloyd about doing a collaboration album in the future. On June 19, 2008, Lil Wayne and T-Pain formed a duo called T-Wayne and planned to release an album. On June 8, 2010, Drake confirmed that he and Wayne are planning to release a joint album in the future. Lil Wayne and Baby will release a second Like Father, Like Son. Wayne and Drake will release a collaboration album sometime in the near future. It was announced by Mack Maine that Lil Wayne and Juelz Santana have gone back to working on their collaboration album I Can't Feel My Face which had been delayed for a few years due to "label politics". Post-Retirement: On March 29, 2011, in an interview with Hot 97's Angie Martinez, Lil Wayne announced that he would retire at age 35; saying "I have four kids," and that "I would feel selfish still going to the studio when it's such a vital point in their lives." However, in an interview with XXL, Lil Wayne hinted that Tha Carter IV would be his last album. Television and film career, Lil Wayne was a guest debater going up against Skip Bayless on the "1st & 10" segment on the January 6, 2009 edition of ESPN First Take. On February 10, 2009 he also appeared on ESPN's Around the Horn and beat out veterans Woody Paige, Jay Mariotti and fellow New Orleanian Michael Smith to win that show's episode. Prior to the 2009 Grammy Awards, Wayne was featured in an interview with Katie Couric. On February 7, 2009, he presented the Top Ten List on CBS's Late Show with David Letterman. He then appeared on the April 24, 2009 episode of The View, talking about his GED and addictions. In September 2009, Wayne was profiled in an episode of VH1's Behind the Music and was a presenter of the 2009 MTV Movie Awards. In film, Wayne produced and composed music for and starred in the direct-to-video film Hurricane Season. A documentary of Lil Wayne titled The Carter was released at the Sundance Film Festival. Personal life, Family: Lil Wayne has four children. His first child, daughter Reginae, was born when he was 15, to his high school sweetheart Antonia "Toya" Carter (née Johnson). Wayne and Johnson married on Valentine's Day of 2004 and divorced in 2006. Internet rumours started circulating in August 2008 that Wayne's daughter had died in a car crash, which however he quickly cleared up as false saying "Please allow me to dispel any rumors or speculations and report that my daughter is alive, healthy and surrounded by family who care and love her dearly. The rumors are completely false and unfounded; neither Reginae nor any other member of my family has been involved in any car accident." His second child, Dwayne III, was then born on October 22, 2008 at Christ Hospital in Cincinnati. His third child, Lennox Samuel Ari, was born to actress Lauren London on September 9, 2009. He had his fourth child, Neal, on November 30, 2009 with singer Nivea. In a CBS interview with Katie Couric, Wayne described why he goes by the name of "Wayne" instead of his given name, Dwayne. Carter explained, "I dropped the D because I'm a junior and my father is living and he's not in my life and he's never been in my life. So I don't want to be Dwayne, I'd rather be Wayne". Couric asked Wayne if his father knew of this and Wayne replied with a smile, "He knows now". Higher education: After earning his GED, Wayne enrolled at the University of Houston in January 2005. He dropped out in the same year due to his conflicting schedule. He also revealed on The View that he switched to the University of Phoenix and majored in psychology taking online courses. An article in Urb magazine in March 2007 asserted that Wayne had been earning high grades at Houston. Sports and musical interests: In an interview with Blender magazine, Lil Wayne revealed one of his favorite bands from childhood to be rock group Nirvana, and cites them as a major influence in his music. On September 24, 2008, Lil Wayne published his first blog for ESPN in their issue, ESPN The Magazine. Wayne revealed he was a fan of tennis, the Green Bay Packers, the Boston Bruins, the Los Angeles Lakers and the Boston Red Sox. To commemorate the Packers' making it to Super Bowl XLV, he spoofed Wiz Khalifa's hit song "Black and Yellow" (which were the colors of the Packers' opponents, the Pittsburgh Steelers) in a song titled "Green and Yellow". Wayne has continued writing for ESPN, notably reporting at the ESPN Super Bowl party. Lil Wayne made his debut on ESPN's daily sports round table show Around The Horn on February 10, 2009. Along with Mack Maine, Wayne was in attendance of Game 3 of the opening round NBA playoff series between the Denver Nuggets and the home team New Orleans Hornets on April 25, 2009. At E3 2011, Lil Wayne, along with Young Money member Drake, appeared on the trailer of FIFA 12. On August 23, 2011, Lil Wayne was injured in St. Louis skateboard accident. Lil Wayne said he was recovering after the accident. Religion: Lil Wayne is a practicing Christian, who takes time to read the Bible regularly. While playing in Newark Symphony Hall, Lil Wayne professed his belief "in God and His son, Jesus." He then asked the Newark crowd if they also believed, and they responded affirmatively with a roar. According to his Rikers Island inmate ID and prison records, Wayne is specifically a Roman Catholic. Philanthropy: On February 19, 2008, Lil Wayne and Cortez Bryant revisited their alma mater McMain Secondary School to get students to design an invitation to the gala introducing Lil Wayne's nonprofit One Family Foundation. The website Change.org states: "The mission of One Family Foundation, Inc. is to empower urban youth by engaging them in opportunities to cultivate their talents and skills, educating them to become productive and economically self-sufficient, and motivating them to dream beyond their circumstances." Legal issues: Carter told CBS Evening News anchor Katie Couric on her All Access Grammy Special in 2009 that he enjoys smoking marijuana recreationally. He also stated that he is "not addicted" to drinking purple drank (codeine cough syrup) any longer, as some had claimed. He has been arrested for use or possession of marijuana and other drugs: On July 22, 2007, Lil Wayne was arrested in New York City following a performance at the Beacon Theatre; the New York City Police Department discovered Lil Wayne and another man smoking marijuana near a tour bus. After taking Lil Wayne into custody, police discovered a .40 caliber pistol on his person. The gun, which was registered to his manager, was in a bag located near the rapper. He was charged with criminal possession of a weapon and marijuana. On October 22, 2009, Lil Wayne pleaded guilty to attempted criminal possession of a weapon. He was due for sentencing in February 2010 and was expected to receive a one-year county jail sentence, but on February 9, 2010, Lil Wayne's attorney announced that the sentencing was delayed until March 2 due to dental surgery, which was performed on February 16. The surgery included eight root canals, the replacement of several tooth implants, as well as the addition of a few new implants and work on his remaining original teeth. On March 2, 2010, sentencing was postponed again when the courthouse reported a fire in the basement. On March 8, 2010, Lil Wayne was sentenced to a year in prison, which he served in Rikers Island. His lawyer said the rapper expected to be held in protective custody, separated from other prisoners. He was released on good behavior. However, in May 2010 Wayne was found by Rikers Island correctional staff to be in possession of contraband (an MP3 player, charger, and headphones). However at that time, it was reported by MTV and HipHopDX (and later confirmed) that Lil Wayne was to be released four months early in November. In April 2010, Lil Wayne's friends created a website called Weezy Thanx You, which publishes letters written by Wayne in prison. In the first letter, titled "Gone 'til November", the rapper described his daily routine, saying he works out a lot, and reads the Bible every day. Wayne was released from Rikers Island prison facility on November 4, 2010 after serving eight months of his year-long sentence. Following a performance at Qwest Arena in Boise, Idaho, Lil Wayne was arrested October 5, 2007 on felony fugitive charges after Georgia authorities accused the rapper of possessing a controlled substance. The incident was later described as a "mix-up" and the fugitive charges were dropped. On January 23, 2008, Lil Wayne was arrested alongside two others. His tour bus was stopped by Border Patrol agents near Yuma, Arizona. A K-9 Unit recovered 105 grams (3.7 oz) of marijuana, almost 29 grams (1.0 oz) of cocaine, 41 grams (1.4 oz) of MDMA, and $22,000 in cash. Lil Wayne was charged with four felonies: possession of narcotic drug for sale, possession of dangerous drugs, misconduct involving weapons and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was granted permission to travel outside of the state and remain out of custody on the $10,185 bond he posted. On May 6, 2008, Wayne returned to court in Arizona to plead not guilty to the charges. A bench warrant was issued on March 17, 2010 when Lil Wayne did not show for a final trial management conference. However, the rapper was already in prison, serving a year-long sentence in Rikers on weapons charges. On June 22, 2010 Wayne plead guilty to the charges. As part of the plea deal he may serve 36 months of probation. On June 30, 2010, he was sentenced to 3 years probation. In February 2009, production company RMF Productions filed a $1.3 million lawsuit against Wayne, following a $100,000 advance payment for three shows, all of which were cancelled by the artist. On October 2009, Lil Wayne, Birdman, Cash Money Records, and various music distribution outlets were sued for copyright infringement by Thomas Marasciullo, who claims his voice was used without permission. The rappers asked him to record some "Italian-styled spoken word recordings" in 2006. The lyrics were allegedly used on "Respect" and other tracks from the rappers' collaboration album Like Father, Like Son and Birdman's 5 * Stunna. On December 18, 2009, Wayne and 11 others were detained at the Falfurrias, Texas border patrol checkpoint after an unknown amount of marijuana was found on two of his tour buses. The release of the album Tha Carter III has been marred by a series of lawsuits: In March 2011, producer Deezle (Darius Harrison) sued Wayne and his parent labels Cash Money Records over unpaid royalties from the same album. In May 2011, producer Bangladesh also filed a lawsuit against Weezy & Co. over unpaid royalties as well. In early June 2011, another producer named David Kirkwood filed a lawsuit against Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records on claims that the labels have failed to pay him over $1.5 million in royalties and production services for his work on the album, also including his songwriting on "Love Me or Hate Me", a bonus song featured only on the deluxe edition of the album. Also in June 2011, Dallas producers Play-N-Skillz filed a lawsuit against him claiming Wayne owes them at least $1 million in unpaid royalties for "Got Money" from his album Tha Carter III a major hit for Wayne released in May 2008. The single has sold over 2 million copies since being released. Public references by Barack Obama: Lil Wayne has been referenced in public speeches by President Barack Obama on at least two occasions, in mixed contexts. Speaking to a largely African-American audience during a general election campaign town hall speech in Georgia, then-U.S. Senator Obama exhorted children to stay in school and achieve their dreams through education and perseverance instead of hoping for shortcuts to fame and riches, stating: "You are probably not that good a rapper. Maybe you are the next Lil Wayne, but probably not, in which case you need to stay in school." After assuming the Presidency, Obama later echoed this theme of personal and familial responsibility--and the difficulty of achieving Lil Wayne's lyrical skills or success--during an address to a meeting commemorating the 100th anniversary of the NAACP, telling the audience: They might think they've got a pretty jump shot or a pretty good flow, but our kids can't all aspire to be LeBron or Lil Wayne. I want them aspiring to be scientists and engineers, doctors and teachers, not just ballers and rappers. I want them aspiring to be a Supreme Court justice. I want them aspiring to be President of the United States of America.Obama has also noted that the music on his iPod includes Lil Wayne: My rap palate has greatly improved. Jay-Z used to be sort of what predominated, but now I've got a little Nas and a little Lil Wayne and some other stuff.Controversy, 50 Cent: After hearing word that Lil Wayne had written a diss song for him after 50 Cent made some unkind remarks, 50 lashed out at Wayne first on August 17, 2007 with the song "Part Time Lover". Wayne never really responded to the song, although a 50 Cent diss track called "Louisianimal" did leak much later on November 17, 2008. 50 responded to Lil Wayne in January 2009 in a song entitled "Play This On The Radio". As of August 14, 2009, the controversy between 50 Cent and Lil Wayne seems to have ended after 50 Cent appeared and performed at Lil Wayne's America's Most Wanted Musical Festival stop in Anaheim, California. Jay-Z: In early 2011, when Jay-Z & Kanye West's single "H•A•M" was released, Jay-Z took shots at Lil Wayne's mentor Birdman, saying "Really, you got Baby money" and "you ain't got my lady's money!". On August 24 2011, a song called "It's Good" by Lil Wayne (featuring Drake and Jadakiss) was leaked online and included Lil Wayne responding "Talkin' 'bout baby money? I gotcha baby money. Kidnap your bitch, get that, How much you love your lady? money". Rapper Jadakiss later absolved himself of involvement in any brewing beef on his official Twitter feed.

subset: commoncrawl


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OAKLAND — With exactly a week left to avoid another BART strike, both sides in the long-running labor dispute reported a bit of progress Thursday but remained far apart.
The movement at the bargaining table came as a new poll showed 77 percent of Bay Area residents who live along the BART corridor oppose a strike, up from 70 percent when the two-month "cooling off" period began. And an overwhelming majority of people favored management's latest offer over the unions' proposal.
The unions late Wednesday submitted their second proposal of the week — and their third offer of the cool-down period — while BART management on Thursday afternoon was preparing its first counter-offer in months.
Unions have slightly lowered their proposal on base pay increases to below 20 percent, though their plan would see workers get even higher wages if ridership soars. BART continues to offer raises of about 10 percent over four years.
"Under our proposal, workers will receive additional increases if BART receives additional revenues beyond their budget forecasts," said Antonette Bryant, president of the local Amalgamated Transit Union, one of the two large labor groups that represent 2,300 front-line workers.
BART had refused to budge on its offer since Gov. Jerry Brown ordered the cooling-off period in August, saying the agency needed unions to make concessions.
While the recent offers aren't enough for a deal, management said it appreciates the unions showing at least some movement.
"The gap is still wide, even with this, but it shows us some willingness to move," said BART spokeswoman Alicia Trost. She said the new round of counterproposals "could help jump-start negotiations, but we won't really know until we give it a few days."
Both sides actually agreed on something, even if it was just basic math: For every dollar in pay raises an employee would get, they could contribute 72 cents toward their pensions and still wind up with the same take-home paycheck since pension contributions are taken from pretax wages. But that formula doesn't mean much yet since they can't agree on either how much the pension contributions or pay increases should be.
The unions have threatened again to strike starting on the morning of Oct. 11 if a deal is not reached by 11:59 p.m. on Oct. 10, when the cooling-off period ends. The unions went on strike for 4½ days in July and twice had threatened strikes in August delayed by Brown. But the governor has exhausted his legal authority, and no one would be able to step in to avoid another strike now.
While polls over the summer showed most people favoring management, the results were amplified in the new survey commissioned by the pro-business Bay Area Council and local chambers of commerce. Now 50 percent of respondents strongly oppose a strike and 27 percent are somewhat opposed, compared with 44 percent and 26 percent in an August poll.
Surveyors gave summaries of the proposals from both sides, which are now slightly outdated, and 63 percent said unions should accept management's offer. Just 6 percent said BART should accept the unions' proposal, while 26 percent said negotiations should keep going even if it means a strike.
Oakland-based EMC Research surveyed 509 residents in Alameda, Contra Costa, San Mateo and San Francisco counties this week. The margin of error was plus or minus 4.3 percentage points.
Contact Mike Rosenberg at 408-920-5705. Follow him at twitter.com/RosenbergMerc.


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One day in the fall of 2009, my new friend Arley-Rose Torsone came by my studio in Providence. She was interested in learning to make fonts and I had promised to show her the basics of FontLab. In that initial session, I showed her how to draw beziers and set sidebearings. I drew a few glyphs, and we talked about the qualities of the control characters: what should the shoulders of the n look like? How round should the O be? It didn't occur to me at that moment that I would eventually expand this font into 48 styles — I was just having fun with a friend.
Time passed, and as I started transitioning to full-time type design, I forced myself to only use my own fonts in my remaining graphic design projects. That meant that I needed a workhorse sans for day-to-day use, and so I started thinking about what that might look like. Like most graphic designers, I had used a lot of Gotham and Neutraface, as well as fonts from Village like National and Galaxie Polaris. I admired the utilitarian qualities of these fonts — hardworking and versatile with just the right amount of personality.
I realized that the sketch from 2009 functioned similarly to these fonts, but with a distinguishing design feature: squared corners instead of a geometric or strictly grotesk construction. In my early days of graphic design I used lots of DIN (it was the early aughts, after all), and that engineered sensibility found its way into aspects of this new font. But Fort was to be a hybrid, somewhere between DIN's rigid construction and a grotesk's more organic sensibility.
The closest historical example to Fort that I've found is a 1970's novelty called Heldustry, a mashup of Helvetica's proportions with Eurostile's squared curves. Other examples in the realm of squared grotesks are Permanent and Normal Grotesk. Permanent has Helvetica's 90° terminals, and Normal Grotesk has angled terminals, but with distinct straight segments on the sides of the curves, something I consciously avoided in Fort.
I had recently finished Aero as a collaboration with Chester Jenkins, which had nine styles that dramatically swell from whisper thin to unbelievably black. I wanted to make a Thin weight for Fort as well, and something I always wish I'd done with Router was to make a heavier weight, but Router's Bold was about as heavy as I could figure out how to draw at the time. With Fort I was able to draw a heavy Black and fairly light (10 unit) Thin.
The italics are subtly redrawn. Because of the squarish rounds in characters like a b d p q, I kept more points in the curves than I normally would. This caused some kinks in interpolation, but I wasn't happy with the shapes otherwise. In the end you can't really tell that they've been redrawn, but that's the point — if they hadn't been redrawn, they'd look wrong.
The first use of Fort was for an art book (including a special strike-out version) by Adam Lucas, then a grad-student at RISD. It was also used by Pentagram in a prospectus for UPenn Design. This was my first lesson in the benefit of having designers use my in-progress fonts, something that has always helped make them better. Through the process, I realized that the overshoot (the distance the curves go below the baseline and above the cap/x-height) was a little too aggressive in early drafts, and that the x-height needed to be larger in the bolder weights. I also added some typographic niceties like old style figures and alternate characters for the G K k a y.
I finally finished the fonts in the summer of 2012, shortly after joining Village as a full foundry member. A year or so later, I started getting requests for condensed styles, so I did some preliminary tests. I thought it would be pretty straightforward: just scale the fonts horizontally and compensate by adding weight. Early on, a type design mentor had told me that +/- 1 unit in a condensed font can make all the difference. I didn't see how that was possible then, but it became clear as I started building the full family of alternate widths. Perhaps because the curves were already 'squarish,' I didn't find it necessary to add straight segments to the sides of the curves, a common feature in condensed fonts.
I first 'completed' the new widths of Fort for AFAR magazine, but rethought the range of widths shortly after. I decided my Condensed wasn't narrow enough to really differentiate from the regular width. I also redrew many of the characters, realizing that as a font gets more condensed, open forms like the C G S need to close up more, otherwise feeling too open. I cut the middle width and create a much narrower version and named that 'X-Condensed'.
AFAR wanted italics for all the styles, and I debated whether to draw italics for the new XCondensed weight. Almost on a dare from a type-designer friend, I knuckled through it and drew the italics for all the widths. It would have felt unbalanced not to, and in the end, I'm glad I made them. I think narrow italics can be useful, and are a worthwhile addition to an underserved part of the typographic spectrum.
Version history
V1.0—Initial release version; 2014.07


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The Wales international was dismissed in the final moments of the clash in Istanbul but the Turkish side could not capitalise on his dismissal and had to share the spoils
Arsenal held on to record a 0-0 draw with Besiktas in the first leg of their Champions League play-off in Istanbul on Tuesday, despite having Aaron Ramsey sent off in the dying minutes.
Ramsey was given his marching orders 10 minutes from time in Istanbul on Tuesday for the first time in his club career for a second bookable offence after pulling Oguzhan Ozyakup's shirt and will miss the return clash at the Emirates Stadium next Wednesday.
Both sides had their chances in a scrappy encounter and substitute Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain came closest three minutes from time when his strike came back off the post, but defeat would have been harsh on Besiktas.
Demba Ba almost gave the Turkish side, who were backed by a hostile crowd at their temporary Ataturk Olympic Stadium home while the Vodafone Arena is being redeveloped, a stunning lead with a speculative lob right from the kick-off and was a real handful for the Arsenal defence.
Besiktas will have to spring a major surprise in order to progress, as Arsenal have reached the group stage 16 years in a row and have won all 12 Champions League qualifying ties they have featured in.
Nacho Monreal and Olivier Giroud replaced hamstring injury victims Kieran Gibbs and Yaya Sanogo in the Arsenal starting line-up, while Besiktas midfielder Atiba Hutchinson was also ruled out due to a hamstring problem.
Ba was clearly brimming with confidence after his hat-trick in the second leg of the third qualifying round tie against Feyenoord and the striker came close to a stunning opening goal straight from the kick-off.
Wojciech Szczesny was almost caught out by an audacious lob from the Senegal international from just inside the Arsenal half, but tipped the ball against the crossbar after frantically back-pedalling.
Ba was in the thick of the action and forced another save from Szczesny eight minutes in with a left-footed volley.
Arsenal started to get into their stride and Giroud had an effort blocked on the turn after good work from Alexis Sanchez before Santi Cazorla fired wide of the far post.
Ba was holding his head two minutes before the break after Calum Chambers slipped and the striker cut into the penalty area, but fired just wide of the near post. Giroud then missed his kick at the other end in a dramatic end to the first half.
Ramsey linked up well with Giroud just after half-time, but the Wales midfielder's touch let him down and the chance had gone.
And he should have been made to pay moments later, when Olcay Sahan raced away and cut inside before guiding a right-footed effort narrowly wide of the far post.
Arsenal then lost captain Mikel Arteta to injury following a challenge from Ba, with Mathieu Flamini replacing the Spanish midfielder five minutes into the second half.
Neither side played with any fluency in a scrappy second half, but Mathieu Debuchy caused concern in the Besiktas defence when he cut the ball back across goal following a marauding run, but the Turkish side cleared.
Cazorla tested Tolga Zengin with a late free-kick that came through the wall, then Ramsey saw red for a tug on Ozyakup, but Besiktas were unable to make their numerical advantage count.
And Oxlade-Chamberlain almost snatched a winner two minutes from time, when he cut inside and saw his left-footed effort tipped onto the post by Zengin.


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Conservatives woke up two days after one of our best debates since Bush/Kerry to hear that despite slower job growth than economists were expecting, the unemployment rate had dropped to 7.8%. This is magically .1% lower than it was when Obama took office. Most Americans don't understand the details of the jobs report, but they understand 7.8%.
If you've ever played the game "which of these is not like the other", the 7.8% rate would qualify. Economists expecting 142,000 new jobs (the actual number was 114,000 according to the Establishment Survey) expected the rate to stay the same or go up to 8.2%. However, there are two surveys used to measure the rate as I will explain later.
This is pretty wonky stuff and I don't want to lose you, so let me get to the point then we will discuss the details. The reason the rate dropped is because the economy added 583,000 part-time jobs. But the U-6, which measures unemployed and under employed remained unchanged at 14.7%. In other words, 583,000 people got part-time jobs they didn't want. Why?
Now for the background. In 2012 we saw some major changes to the way unemployment benefits are paid out. First, for anyone who loses their job after the beginning of the year, states only pay for 26 weeks. Second, in states with high unemployment the federal government cut back payments from 99 weeks to 73 weeks. They cut to 63 weeks for low unemployment states. So here is the question:
What do you do when your unemployment benefits run out and you still can't get the job you want or need? Well, in my family's case when I was a kid, my Mom got two part-time jobs while my Dad kept looking. We had to eat.
Can Obama take credit for the 7.8% unemployment rate? Only if he wants to take credit for cutting off the government's new pseudo-welfare program of never ending unemployment benefit extensions and forcing some of the 47% to get off the government dole, even if it means flipping burgers for the King during the day and the Clown at night. How does that sound for the narrative of Obama's soon to be released "I fixed jobs" ad.
Actually, based on many of the revisions up from previous months, government jobs make up the majority of the growth. How about that, they can work for the King and the Clown at the same time. But of course this time I'm not referring to fast food chains.
But even the part-time job growth leaves many rightfully scratching their heads. Did unemployment really just have its biggest one month drop since 1983? If the economy is really about to come roaring back, why did Bernanke just promise QE-Infinity where he prints $40 billion a month to pump job growth? Perhaps Bernanke is a terrible economist and should be canned.
Well, there is one more discrepancy to be mentioned in this jobs report. The 7.8% rate is based on two surveys. The Establishment Survey asks 390,000+ businesses about their hiring and extrapolates a national figure based on that. The Household Survey asks 50,000 households if they are employed, searching, or gave up looking. The Establishment Survey gave us the 114,000 job number.
The Household Survey indicated that 873,000 more people are employed. That's a little bit of a variance. So although the surge in part-time/temporary hires certainly makes sense, the 7.8% figure is still suspect.
Filed under: Issues, Unemployment | Tagged: 114k, 47%, 7.8%, benefits, burger king, burgers, CNBC, debate, Debates, economists, is the unemployment number right?, job growth, jobs, jobs report, mcdonalds, msnbc, obama, part-time, qe infinity, qe3, Romney, santelli, scarborough, u-6, underemployed, unemployment, welfare | 3 Comments »


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OK... in my crazy skeme of things today, just thought I would drop off these pics! I took these pics of this lovely guy at the ranch where we went horse back riding the last day of our vacation. He is full of vibrant color, just what I love in these birds, plus aren't they so elegant too?! Anyway... just thought I would share him, because he was beautiful!! Make sure you click on his picture and see him really big and up close as well!!
Enjoy and have a colorful day!
July 30, 2009
Isn't he just Beautiful!!
Posted by Nina at 12:32 PM
4 comments:
- Patti J. said...
Wow! What a gorgeous color!
- July 30, 2009 at 4:15 PM
- Jordan said...
OOh he is gorgeous!!!
- July 31, 2009 at 9:10 PM
- Leigh Anne said...
ooooooooooooooo HE IS gorgeous!!
- August 1, 2009 at 10:47 AM
- Curt in Indy said...
These are great shots! This is certainly a beauty, and he looks as if he was posing for every shot. Great photography! Best, Curt
- August 1, 2009 at 3:16 PM
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Unlike your eyeshadow, lipstick or mascara, you need your makeup brushes to last. This will require a bit of care on your part. Brush maintenance is simple and will not take a lot of your time. Perfect brushes can really affect how makeup shows on your skin so when you find the right set, be sure to learn the proper way to clean and store the brushes.
After use: Every time after you use a makeup brush clean it with a tissue or soft cloth to wipe away leftover blush or eyeshadow. Over time, the build-up from powder can damage the effectiveness of the brush.
Storing: When you are not using your brush set keep it enclosed in the original packaging. If you no longer have the kit you can use an eyeglass case or a plastic ziploc bag for storage. You want to keep the brushes covered so they are not exposed to any dust or build-up.
Cleaning: Once a month you should set aside about 10 minutes on the weekend to thoroughly clean your brush set. Gather all of the brushes and bring them near a sink. Then, pour shampoo into the palm of your hand or a kitchen bowl. Take one brush and dab it in the shampoo for a few seconds. Repeat with the remaining brushes.
When you feel you have cleaned the brush well with shampoo, rinse it in warm water. Finally, use a towel to lightly squeeze the excess water from the brush hairs. Lay the brushes out to dry for a few hours and they will be as good as new!


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Spencer Pratt and Heidi Montag won't let anything get in the way of their quest for fame — not even reality. They've been pushing their split by trying to sell a made-up story that Heidi may be cheating with Spencer's close pal, Marine-turned-bodyguard Cougar Zank.
A source told us, "Heidi and Spencer are try ing to play out a fake reality show in the press and get paid along the way. They've been approaching magazines and Web sites to buy the fake story of Zank having an affair with Heidi. They've been asking for $100,000. But no one is interested as they don't sell magazines." A rep for Pratt and Montag didn't get back to us.


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Foreign Travel
Per UAB policy, foreign travel is defined as any UAB-related travel outside of the United States, United States territories and possessions, and Canada.
Note: This definition is consistent with the definition used in federal regulations governing federal grants and contracts, which specify that US and Canadian institutions should treat grant travel between the US and Canada as if it were domestic travel even though the traveler crosses an international border.
All UAB-related employee foreign travel requires the following prior written approvals:
Foreign travel approvals must be obtained prior to requesting any commitments or payments applicable to the trip (including the booking of airfare through the UAB Travel Center).
Note: Passports are not considered a reimbursable expense. However, the cost of visas or immunizations required for UAB business purposes may be allowable.
Receipts are not required for reimbursement of actual costs of meals up to the amounts below.$25 for breakfast$50 for lunch$75 for dinner
However, travelers will be reimbursed for actual costs greater than these amounts when an itemized receipt is provided to document the expense.
The traveler should convert foreign currency to U.S. dollars and state the exchange rate on the travel voucher.
Object code 8301040 should be used for all expenses related to foreign travel with the exception of conference registration fees, if any, which should be coded as 8301050.
If travel is to be charged to a federally sponsored account, additional care should be exercised to comply with Federal, as well as University, regulations. For example, all federally sponsored foreign travel must be on a U.S. flagship carrier, unless specific exceptions exist. IE: The Fly America Act.


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A Royal Sweet 16 for Madison at Dolce
She can sing, she can dance, she's smart, she's athletic and she's beautiful. Move over Snow White and Cinderella, Madison is the new princess in town.
If you could have heard the speeches that Mr. & Mrs. Taylor gave during her Royal Ball-themed Sweet 16, you'd know that Madison is a very special young lady whose future is bright.
Catering director, Christine Boyce, and the staff from Dolce transformed the ballroom by teaming up with Madison's mom, Susan, who is a talented designer by trade. The decor was modern elegance and the vibe was festive, perfect for a guest of honor who is full of life and beyond her years when it comes to maturity and grace. Special thanks to Christine who helped me orchestrate a seamless evening of hospitality and entertainment from the initial design session and site survey to the night-of logistics.
We supplied the lightscaping for the room by color washing the perimeter walls with 25 carnation pink, LED uplights. This effect along with a custom visual (that Susan designed) on the room's 20 ft. projection screen let the guests know they were in for a regal experience.
One of the event highlight's was when Madison and her good friend, Eleanor, performed the song, Unlimited, from Wicked. They were fabulous. We usually encourage the the guest of honor to personalize their event by sharing their talents with family and friends.
Madison and her father, Michael, chose the classic, Butterfly Kisses, for the father-daughter dance. It was a wonderful moment. As a professional DJ and Master of Ceremonies that entertains at a lot of wedding receptions, it's always a sentimental feeling when I get a glimpse of a future bride dancing with her dad. I love my job.
Madison's little sister, Mackinley, danced all night long like the rest of the guests, even though she was on crutches. She even won the voice activated LED T-Shirt during the dance contest. Songs like Ain't No Mountain High Enough, Sweet Caroline, Fire Burning, Party In the USA, Down and this year's biggest hit, I Gotta Feeling, were dance floor favorites.
From the grand entrance, to the affectionate candlelighting to the last dance with her family and friends, it was our pleasure to help Madison celebrate her inner princess.
There's no doubt she'll grow up to be a stunning queen of the ball.


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Shifting Tides: Google Borrows From Mobile for Latest Desktop Innovations
Two of Google's three search announcements today were borrowed from the work it's already done for mobile.
Image queries — where a user can ask Google to identify what's depicted in a photo or drawing by pasting the image into the search box — came from the mobile image recognition app Google Goggles. And voice search — now available for any computer with a microphone — has already been widely available through Google's Android operating system and its search and maps applications for other types of phones.
In past years, mobile was a second-class, cluttered, hobbled and constrained platform, but the emergence of the modern smartphone has been transformative. Now, technology and interfaces specially made for mobile are rejoining the rest of computing.
More than a year ago, former Google CEO Eric Schmidt began preaching the mantra "mobile first" to signal his company's commitment to phone software development and global accessibility. Today's announcements seem the clearest example of his words in action.
Sometimes it's the constraints of mobile that prompt innovation. In many situations, especially on the go, it's more natural to speak than to type, pointed out Mike Cohen, Google's manager of speech technology. (It's also safer when driving or walking.) Voice search may be less of an urgent need on the desktop, but it will likely be a convenient option for some users.
In other cases, the bundled features of smartphones have presented opportunities not available on a traditional computer. Since smartphones have cameras, Google was able to use their input to dream up its crazy Goggles feature, which identifies objects and landmarks by their shapes and translates menus in foreign languages. Now that kind of search will be available for images that have already been uploaded to a computer.
Meanwhile, in recent weeks, Apple and Microsoft both showed off their upcoming operating systems, Lion and Windows 8, respectively. As my colleague Ina Fried noted, both Lion and Windows 8 feature immersive, full-screen apps and built-in app stores that bear a strong resemblance to the two companies' mobile platforms.
Obviously, phones are still better for some tasks and full-screen computing devices are better for others. But if you want to have a top-of-the-line, cutting-edge experience, these days you're better off using a mobile phone.
Image of Amit Singhal presenting at Google's Inside Search event via Google.


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Today is ONE YEAR with my company, Run Racing. I can't believe it and here's a little recap of the year in pictures.
LA Marathon was my first big expo that I worked. I never had done anything like this before and it was quite fun and tiring all at the same time. It does give me a little bit more of a chance to meet my readers though, but it ruins a lot of my weekends since I have to work so much!
More expos!
Another fun part of my job is setting up flags for SeaFestival. That's every weekend in the summer from May to September. Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays from 5 am to 8 am and then back at 6 pm to take them down. I'm not so good at putting them together, but it's hilarious to watch me, according to my coworkers. :)
There were the OC Fair 5ks, which were cool and my first 'races' that I worked.
Met even more fun people and worked with Leslie and Adri, my two lovely co-workers!
The highlight of the summer work was meeting, or maybe just seeing Michael Phelps. DANG.
Before I knew it, it was time for Long Beach! GAH craziest weekend of my life! Still can't believe I made it out alive.
This picture almost brings me to tears hahaha. The best part of this picture is all those people have my email address, and if the course is an inch to long, or they couldn't find a parking spot because they left late, or their shoe came untied, they email me.
After we cleaned up LB, it was Turkey Trot time where it was 36 degrees that morning at 3 am, much to cold for this little turkey. And then onto the Holiday Half!
Maritza came out and ran, and I was in the command center all morning long.Pretty crazy to hear everything going on and having to communicate with so many different agencies for the race.
Now we're back to Expoing it up and getting ready for the OC Marathon! Last year I missed the OC Marathon because I was in Canada, but this year I will be there with bells on.
I am SO thankful for the people that sit in the 'bullpen' with me. They make my life much more entertaining at work and makes the nasty emails I get much more laughable. If you want to know more about my job, you can find another post here that I did on it.
Here's to another fun year of staying out of the way of the forklift, crying between portapotties and dumpsters, drinking so much monster and coffee we're shaking and laughing about christening portapotties at 3 am. One of the scariest things in life is using portapotties in pitch blackness and not knowing where the crew guys are who think it's humorous to torture us. See my life pretty much revolves around these.