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Mises Daily Articles
Judaism, Capitalism, and Communism
[Part 2 of "Judaism and Capitalism: Friends or Enemies?" The Lou Church Memorial Lecture in Religion and Economics, presented at the 2012 Austrian Scholars Conference (Click here for part 1)]
Let us turn then to another attempt to connect Judaism and capitalism, and this one the most significant of all, Werner Sombart's The Jews and Modern Capitalism, which appeared in 1911. Sombart conforms to the pattern mentioned earlier that those who ascribe to the Jews primary responsibility to capitalism tend to be hostile to both Judaism and capitalism.
In Sombart's case this is hardly surprising. Sombart began his academic career as a convinced Marxist. Though he veered to the right, he remained a socialist to the end, albeit of a peculiar kind. Like Marx, he stressed Jewish involvement in trade as the essence of capitalism: The Jews with their trader-ethic had succeeded in transforming the more static values of the Middle Ages. The broad outlines of this theory will already be familiar from our discussion of Marx's essay; but Sombart developed the position with enormously greater learning in the Jewish sources and in Jewish history. Sombart himself says that Marx, in his essay, "looked deep into the Jewish soul". After mentioning two other writers, he says, "What has been said about the Jewish spirit since these men (all Jews!) wrote is either a repetition of what they said or a distortion of the truth." 1
His favorable reference to Marx's essay should be sufficient to suggest that Sombart was an unfriendly critic of Judaism, but Milton Friedman dissents. He writes, "Sombart's book. . . has had in general a highly unfavorable reception. . .and, indeed, something of an aura of anti-Semitism has come to be attributed to it. . .there is nothing in the book itself to justify any charge of anti-Semitism though there certainly is in Sombart's writing and behavior several decades later, indeed, if anything I interpret the book as philo-Semitic" 2 Friedman has I suggest been deceived by his own strong approval for the behavior and attitudes that Sombart depicts. Sombart was not praising the Jews, e.g., when he ascribed to them the trader's mentality.
The great strength of his book is that he goes beyond the generalities to be found in Marx's essay and offers specific evidence from Jewish religious sources and history. He points out, e.g., that though a Jew is forbidden to lend money at interest to another Jew, he is permitted, and according to some opinions required, to do so to non-Jews. Jewish law sees nothing intrinsically wrong with lending at interest: the ban on taking interest from fellow Jews stems from the bonds that ought to link fellow believers. The prohibition on taking interest from a fellow Jew is more than a negative requirement. It is a positive duty to lend money without interest to Jews in need, and free loan societies have long been part of the Jewish community.
Sombart expresses the point about taking interest from non-Jews in typically colorful language:
Now think of the position in which the pious Jew and the pious Christian respectively found themselves in the period in which money-lending first became a need in Europe, and which eventually gave birth to capitalism. The good Christian who had been addicted to usury was filled with remorse as he lay a-dying, ready at the eleventh-hour to cast from him the ill-gotten gains which scorched his soul. And the good Jew? In the evening of his days, he gazed upon his well-filled caskets and coffers, overflowing with sequins of which he had relieved the miserable Christians or Mohammedans. It was a sight which warmed his heart, for every penny was like a sacrifice which he had brought to his Heavenly Father.3
Sombart does not see the law regarding interest as standing alone. To the contrary, he maintains that Judaism is a religion of calculative rationality, peculiarly suited to success under capitalism:
The kinship between Judaism and capitalism is further illustrated by the legally regulated relationship---I had almost said the business-like connection, except that the term has a disagreeable connotation---between God and Israel. . .The contract usually sets forth that man is rewarded for duties performed and punished for duties neglected. . .Two consequences must of necessity follow: first, a constant weighing up of the loss and gain which any action needs must bring, and secondly, a complicated scheme of bookkeeping, as it were, for each individual person.4
Sombart makes clear his evaluation of Judaism and capitalism, in a passage that evidently escaped Milton Friedman's attention:
In all its reasoning it [the Jewish religion] appeals to us as a creation of the intellect, a thing of thought and purpose projected into the world of organisms. . .destined to destroy and to conquer Nature's realm and to reign itself in her stead. Just so does capitalism appear on the scene; like the Jewish religion, an alien element in the midst of the natural, created world; like it, too, something schemed and planned in the midst of teeming life.5
What is one to make of all this? The main problem with Sombart's thesis is obvious. Though he is right that calculative rationality is integral to capitalism, this disposition is by no means peculiar to Jews. If so, capitalism cannot be considered Jewish in essence, though Sombart may well be right that certain traits of mind equipped Jews to prosper under capitalism. Sombart could hardly ignore this point; only a few years before his own book, Max Weber had issued his famous The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. In that book, Weber ascribed some of the same traits that Sombart thought especially Jewish to the Puritans.
It cannot be said that Sombart's way of coping with this objection is entirely satisfactory. He writes, "I [Sombart] have already mentioned that Max Weber's study of the importance of Protestantism for the capitalistic system was the impetus that sent me to consider the importance of the Jew. . .Puritanism is Judaism."6
Sombart rightly stressed the importance for capitalism of lending money at interest, but allowing this practice is hardly peculiar to Judaism. In his great An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought, Rothbard remarks: "Calvin's main contribution to the usury question was in having the courage to dump the prohibition altogether. . . To Calvin, then, usury is perfectly licit, provided it is not charged in loans to the poor, who would be hurt by such payment." Rothbard continues about a later Calvinist, "The honor of putting the final boot to the usury prohibition belongs to. . . Claudius Salmasius,. . .who finished off this embarrassing remnant of the mountainous errors of the past. In short, Salmasius pointed out that money-lending was a business like any other, and like other businesses was entitled to charge a market price. . .Salmasius also had the courage to point out that there were no valid arguments against usury, either by divine or natural law."7 No doubt Sombart would respond by declaring Calvin and Salmasius to be Jews.
We have so far considered, and found largely wanting, attempts to connect Judaism with capitalism. But we have also to examine the views of those who find a Jewish impetus behind opposition to capitalism. Especially at the beginning of the twentieth century, a common view held that the Bolshevik Revolution was largely a Jewish enterprise.
Winston Churchill wrote in 1920, "There is no need to exaggerate the part played in the creation of Bolshevism and the actual bringing about of the Russian Revolution by these international and for the most part atheistical Jews. It is certainly a great one; it probably outweighs all others. With the notable exception of Lenin, the majority of the leading figures are Jews. Moreover, the principal inspiration and driving power comes from the Jewish leaders."
Churchill by no means thought that all Jews were Bolsheviks. To the contrary, he contrasted the internationalist Jews behind world revolution with nationalist Jews, e.g., Zionists. "The struggle which is now beginning between the Zionist and the Bolshevik Jews is little less than a struggle for the soul of the Jewish people."8
Churchill was but one of many writers of his time with similar views. As he notes in his article, he had read Nesta Webster, a once famous popular historian who studied conspiracy theories of revolution in, among other books, The French Revolution: A Study in Democracy; World Revolution; and Secret Societies and Subversive Movements. (Contrary to general belief, incidentally, she did not endorse the authenticity of the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion.) She was probably the foremost source for the view that communism was Jewish.
Backers of the theory, like Churchill, appealed to the fact that Jews occupied a high number of positions in the Bolshevik government. The Irish priest Father Denis Fahey published a pamphlet, The Rulers of Russia, containing long lists of Bolsheviks with Jewish-sounding names. In Germany, the Nazi writer Alfred Rosenberg sometimes read out such lists over the radio, leading to the joke that he thought that everybody named "Rosenberg" was Jewish except him. In recent years, the German writer Johannes Rogalla von Bieberstein has devoted a long book to the topic, Jewish Bolshevism: Myth and Reality [Der juedische Bolshewismus: Mythos und Realität].9
Before we turn to evaluate this theory, it should be noted that it is possible, however unlikely it may seem, for someone to hold this view together with the position we have earlier examined. That is, it is possible to hold Jews responsible both for capitalism and communism, its foremost antagonist. This is more than a bare possibility: Hitler, for one, believed precisely this.
The main failing of the view that connects Judaism and communism is a simple one. It confuses two questions: why, looking at the historical circumstances that led to the Russian Revolution, were many Jews attracted to revolution; and, is there anything intrinsic to Judaism that leads to support of communism?
The first question is readily answered when one recalls the long history of anti-Jewish measures taken by the Tsarist Russian government in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A similar appeal to particular circumstances would I think explain such other instances of Jewish support for socialist revolutionary groups as the historical record discloses. Absent the existence of special circumstances, there is no marked Jewish support for the overthrow of capitalism. Jerry Muller is right when he says: "Milton Friedman's contention that Jews vilified capitalism while profiting from it is highly distorted. To the extent that Jews identified themselves with socialism, it was largely a phenomenon of eastern European Jews and their immediate descendents in the years from the late nineteenth century through the 1930s." 10And even if one is inclined to think the association between Jews and communism greater than Muller allows, it is clear that any such affinity has its limits. Even during the period when Jewish radicalism was at its height, most Jews were not communists, and most communists were not Jews. It would be difficult to consider the Chinese communist movement an instance of Jewish Bolshevism.
To show a close intellectual connection between Judaism and communism would require some derivation of communist ideas from Jewish religious doctrines, and that is not in the offing. True enough, radicals have appealed to Jewish texts to support their views. Michael Walzer has traced the role of the Exodus narrative on revolutionary thought: "I [Walzer] have found the Exodus almost everywhere, often in unexpected places. It is central to the communist theology or antitheology of Ernst Bloch. . . It is the subject of a book, called Moses in Red, by Lincoln Steffens, published in 1926; a detailed account of Israel's political struggles in the wilderness and a defense of Leninist politics."11 Others have found in the Jewish prophets an inspiration for socialist schemes for reform of the world. A once famous book of the 1920s, A Religion of Truth, Justice, and Peace, by Isidor Singer, the editor of the Jewish Encyclopedia, argued that "the world leadership of the social justice movement [is] offered to the Jew."12 Singer based his argument on an appeal to the words of Amos, Isaiah, Micah, and other prophets.13
Walzer and Singer to the contrary notwithstanding, the claim that Judaism teaches socialism or communism as a general political program cannot succeed. The basic reason such an attempt must fail is the same one that dooms the theories that link Judaism and capitalism. The religious precepts of Judaism are meant to apply only to Jews: they do not constitute an ethical system that prescribes a best social order for all of humanity.
As Meir Tamari says, "For centuries, Jews enjoyed autonomy in many countries and maintained rabbinic codes of law which regulated and governed their economic activity, thereby preserving its specifically Jewish characteristics. The Bible and the homiletical literature established an ethical and moral framework within which Jewish communities operated. . ." I conclude, then, that although Mises radically underrated the intellectual merits of the Jewish sources, he was not far from the truth in thinking that are no direct connections to be drawn between Judaism and capitalism.14
- 1. Werner Sombart, Judaism and Capitalism (Batoche Books, 2001[1911]), p.283.
- 2. Milton Freidman, "Capitalism and the Jews," The Freeman (October 1988).
- 3. Sombart, pp.170-71.
- 4. Sombart, p.146.
- 5. Sombart, p.144.
- 6. Sombart, p.174.
- 7. Murray N. Rothbard, An Austrian Perspective on the History of Economic Thought: Economic Thought Before Adam Smith, Volume 1 (Edward Elgar, 1995), pp.140, 144.
- 8. llustrated Sunday Herald, February 8, 1920, p.5.
- 9. For a brief account of the book, see Paul Gottfried, "Odious Germans."
- 10. Muller, p.124.
- 11. Michael Walzer, Exodus and Revolution ( Basic Books, 1985), p.4.
- 12. Isidor Singer, A Religion of Truth, Justice, and Peace (Amos Society, 1924), p.4. The book included an Introductory Essay by Edward Filene and an Epilogue by Israel Zangwill.
- 13. For a critical discussion of political appeals to the Jewish prophets, see Lewis Feuer, Ideology and the Ideologists (Transaction, 2010).
- 14. Tamari, p.3. To anticipate an objection, the Jewish sources do not prescribe a socialist order for the Jewish community either.


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At jobs.ac.uk you can browse 1000's of worldwide and UK mathematics vacancies, including Mathematics and Statistics jobs.
Whilst you're searching for employment opportunities, why not visit our Employer Profiles page for job listings and vacancy descriptions to help you in your mathematics career.
Job search jobs.ac.uk for Mathematics jobs UK.


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Applying Value-Added Principles
Value-added principles are quite simple and can be applied to all forms of manufacturing. Though this may be oversimplifying to some extent, there are only three basic task types in value-added terms.
Value-added principles are quite simple and can be applied to all forms of manufacturing. Though this may be oversimplifying to some extent, there are only three basic task types in value-added terms. Everything you and your people do fall into one of just three categories.
First, a value-added task is an activity for which your company is paid. Since your company only makes money when you ship your product, a value-added task in manufacturing is any task that furthers the completion of your product. To be more specific, pouring castings, sand-blasting, forging blanks, painting, deburring, machining, molding, plating, polishing, cleaning, and assembling are all examples of value-added tasks. Narrowing this down to the CNC environment, it is only when your machines are actually in the process of cutting parts that your shop is making any money for the company.
Second, there are many necessary support tasks that must be performed in your CNC environment. Though they are quite important, do not directly further the completion of the workpiece and thus do not make your company any money. Necessary support tasks can be administrative, clerical or manufacturing-related. Administrative support tasks include accounting, payroll, and human resources. Necessary support tasks more related to the CNC environment include programming, setup, program verification, inspection, tool maintenance and so on.
And third, anything left over—that is, not a value-added task or a necessary support task—is waste. Examples of waste tasks include duplication of effort, mistakes, scrapping workpieces, and inconsistencies in usage of any kind (inconsistent quality, setup times, cycle times, and so on).
Based on the three simple task types, there are four ways to improve the utilization of your CNC environment. In all cases, the best way to evaluate potential improvements is to study your people performing their daily activities.
Eliminate waste. In most companies, this provides the biggest chance for potential improvements, especially if you have never considered how much waste exists in your shop. In the February 1997 Tech Talk column we discussed waste elimination.
Enhance the value-added tasks. In the CNC environment, this means find ways to machine workpieces faster or better. In essence, it involves implementing many principles of a cycle-time reduction program. This is accomplished by improving the process, fixturing, and cutting tool selection and by optimizing your programs' execution time (cutting conditions, rapid motions, tool changes, and so on).
Eliminate non-essential support tasks. This is a bit of a gray area since, as we just said, any task that does not further the completion of the workpiece and that is not necessary is waste. With this approach, you'll be trying to find ways to move tasks currently in the category of necessary support to waste, and then you'll eliminate the task.
This may simply sound like a play on words. But it is one of the most powerful concepts in value-added principles. Do not be too quick to give up on eliminating costly necessary support tasks. You may find that there are many of them in your ownCNC environment that can be eliminated with little more than ingenuity and determination. And believe it or not, given unlimited resources, there is no necessary support task (especially in your CNC environment) that cannot be eliminated.
Many of the necessary support tasks related to program zero assignment, for example, can be eliminated based upon today's control technology and making qualified setups. Your setup people may be measuring the program zero point location and manually entering the corresponding values into fixture offsets, even though you make qualified setups. This is one necessary support task that can easily be moved into the category of waste—and eliminated.
Facilitate necessary support tasks. Just because it may be possible to eliminate a necessary support task does not mean it is feasible. It may not be possible to justify the related effort and cost. When this is the case, you must make the task as easy to perform as possible.


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Mr. Masucci has more than 25 years experience in investment banking, structured product development, sales and trading. In the last 5 years, he founded ETF Managers Group (ETFMG) to revolutionize the exchange traded fund market place. Sam's leadership has already led to the successful launch of 14 funds and $2B+ in assets. His unique approach to the ETF go-to-market process and post launch management is setting the bar in this quickly evolving industry. Prior to ETFMG, he has held senior positions at Bear Stearns, UBS, SBC Warburg, and Merrill Lynch and has a proven track record of creating, building and managing businesses for the issuance, sales and trading of: ETFs, index products, commodity products, hedge funds, ABS, and OTC structured products in the U.S. and Europe. He has significant experience in asset management product sales to institutional investors including pension funds, consultants, insurance companies and hedge funds as well as to broker dealer networks and RIAs.
You are leaving the ETFMG website. This link is provided for information purposes only and ETFMG Financial LLC is not reponsible for the content beyond this point. Please click OK to continue
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The holidays aren't just about presents and eggnog: They're about singing, too. Thus, in an effort to spread merriment and cheer, The A.V. Club has the premiere of Holly Golightly's "That's What I Want For Christmas" off the new Holidays Rule record. The very Christmas-y compilation is out now on Starbucks' Hear Music label and Concord Music Group and features acts like Paul McCartney, The Shins, Andrew Bird, Sharon Van Etten, and fun. jamming out on their favorite carols. Golightly's "That's What I Want" is simultaneously moody and old-fashioned, making it the perfect track for a toasty (or toasted) night by the tree.
More from The A.V. Club


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There's your typical hotel, and then there's this — a sprawling 30,000-square-foot luxury Honolulu vacation rental with ocean and mountain views. Read More
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Spend Your 2019 Vacation in One of These Upscale Caribbean Villas
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25 September, 2013 | (01 hr)
Sign In to access this Webcast
The Conference Board job satisfaction survey provides us with a unique opportunity to better understand the determinants of job satisfaction and employee retention decisions. It turns out that some factors that have strong influence on overall job satisfaction have little impact on retention and vice versa.
We also find that the determinants of job satisfaction and retention vary significantly across gender, age, race and ethnic groups as well as across locations. By understanding how different factors motivate different groups of workers, organizations can adjust and improves policies to improve productivity and retention.
Audience: All HR functions
Ben Cheng
Ben Cheng is a Senior Methodologist in the economics department at The Conference Board. He received his undergraduate degree in economics with honors and mathematics at New York University. Ben has worked on a variety of research projects involving productivit...Full Bio
Gad Levanon, PhD
Gad Levanon is Vice President, Labor Markets for The Conference Board, where he oversees the labor market, US forecasting, and Help Wanted OnLine© programs. His research focuses on trends in US and global labor markets, the US economy, and forecasting using economic ind...Full Bio


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Hulbert: Will Twitter's IPO Mark Top of Bubble?
Despite the hype around Twitter's IPO, the IPO market is nowhere near as overheated as it was in the late 1990s. Mark Hulbert discusses on MoneyBeat. Photo: Getty Images.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I'm ... you've heard ... Twitter will soon have an IPO is the final furlong ... and that is sparked questions of whether the Twitter IPO market up all of ... them ... say imports of bubble ... what is the IPO market now is heated it wasn't leaking achingly nineteen nineties ... MarketWatch's Mark Hulbert joins us today with some perspective ... on the IPO market Mark hell are you ... our carrier pretty good so I am a ... big flurry of activity on got excited ... Twitter filed for the IPO ... what is it really mean no more ... when I buy a lot of people in their ... claim to the future and that they don't have any other activity in their definition of what the consensus is that the China did the op and set up ... and so anytime something like this comes out to see a magazine cover that France is too polluted for another IPO ... people all this and say oh that must be the top of the market and ... even though I can turn into softening its uses the need for real identity and historical perspective ... on a diet actually not necessarily ... outside the camp of things for us we are overextended some of you with sentimental into bullish out there but ... you can support ... from the job market and I spoke to his column that I don't recollect that ... the number of the IPO is coming to market each year ... for thirty years I learned that the average percentage gain ... that the IPO is that have on the first day of trading a pop and everyone loves to talk about and hopefully capture ... and by the sense of imagination is the IPO market right now ... as overheated as what we saw the bubble that led to that the top and March two thousand ... I mean the ill we just pulled up the graph from your story about IPO's by year ... it is no I mean is nearly back to where it was ... on Nearly OT is nowhere near the dot com days ... and you look of the IPO market yes there are more IPO's are more companies coming to market ... but it is not a huge number any really speaks to the Medina will fly about the market the director the index's keep rising he really speaks to ... her home on its this recovery has been even for the capital markets ... the irony here yet and one way or the ... underlying your point is just how much the impact of the lingering impact into thousandeight it does not has been ... on a lot of the financial markets that the IPO market in particular I think it's going to take a long time for ... that market to recover and there is a lot of lingering trauma that I don't know whether the trough ... extends over a bed in two thousand but ... no doubt that are still plenty of ... you know walking dead around Wall Street for people ... to get back to what they pay for the stocks at the end and start to that point ... that said one sentence yes the market is back in it for their backcourt that it was last year was due to that extent we're closer to topping ... remember our year ... over year ago when Facebook came to market with a far larger ... view of either everyone was and is not to run a lot of contrarians would be constrained for saying the same thing that ... the average market top market and of course it wasn't on the IPO from Twitter ... is slated to be somewhat ten percent stake so it's nowhere near as a ... city that's going to ... look to take ... a contrarian take a contrarian take ... does that mean that this IPO market so that was more room to grow naturally heal ... when I think it you can only get IPO market itself yes that's the conclusion drawn out ... on ... a unit in training to look a lot of things and a look of a lot of measures of sentiment and ... five the IPO market is much of a longer term sentiment indicator tells you where you are in terms of very broad brush strokes in terms of the type ... of market sentiment some of the shorter term sentiment indicators do suggest that the market ... is perhaps I'll ... go a little over extended her and not a lot over extended ... but that doesn't come because of the job market are simple things that cause us to have concerned that ... I get is a plea for a ForTwo journeys to a stayer ... on the contrary any of them against any and objectively defined ... consensus with a lot of historical data to back up the concern and ... so I see something like this but I am to object ... to ... hide our call to leave it that thank you very much


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Booth Library | History |
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Public domain downloadable text files of 25,000+ titles from EEBO. This is the public release of phase I of the EEBO TCP
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The JPS Design & Construction Department oversees design, building modification, renovation, and new construction for JPS Health Network and follows all local, state, federal, TDH, TDLR, NFPA 101 and Joint Commission requirements.
The Design & Construction Department has project management responsibility over architects, engineers, and general contractors that contract with JPS Health Network. In addition, the department has an in-house construction crew that will renovate, modify and/or construct small projects when appropriate.
The department is comprised of the Director, Construction Program Coordinator, Design Program Coordinator, Construction Project Manager, Office Manager, Project Superintendent, CAD Technician, drywall installers, master carpenter, and master electrician.
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Our office is located at the main campus, 1500 South Main Street, Fort Worth, TX 76104.
Main Phone Number: 817-702-4934
Fax Number: 817-702-4940


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Rough Earth Snake
Scientific name: Virginia striatula (LINNAEUS 1766)
* Currently accepted name
* scientific names used through time
- Coluber striatulus LINNAEUS 1766
- Natrix striatulus MERREM 1820
- Haldea striatula BAIRD & GIRARD 1853
- Conocephalus striatulus DUMÉRIL & BIBRON 1854
- Falconeria bengalensis THEOBALD 1868 (fide BAUER & DAS 1999)
- Potamophis striatulus ALLEN 1932
- Virginia striatula CONANT & COLLINS 1991
Description: Average adult size is 7-10 inches (18-25.4 cm). The record is 12.75 inches (32.4 cm). A small glossy brown or gray brown snake with a light yellow or cream belly. The head is small with a distinctly pointed snout. A faint light ring may be present around the neck. There are 17 dorsal scale rows at midbody, and the scales are keeled. The pupils are round. Juveniles are darker than adults and have a white to light gray ring around the neck.
A. Top of the head
B. Underside of the head (chin and throat)
C. Keeled scales
D. Side of the head
E. Front (face view) of the head
F. Elongated scales below the tail (subcaudal scales) are typically divided
Range: In Florida, the Rough Earth Snake occurs in the western half of the panhandle and northern peninsula. Outside of Florida, it occurs north to Virginia and west to Missouri, Texas, Oklahoma, and southeastern Kansas. It is absent from most of the Mississippi River floodplain.
Habitat: Found under leaf litter and just below the soil surface in drier hammocks and pine flatwoods.
Comments: HARMLESS (Non-Venomous). The Rough Earth Snake feeds almost exclusively on earthworms, although ant larvae may also be consumed. Its pointed snout facilitates burrowing in the moist soil where its prey is found. Can be found under flat debris such as boards and old sheet metal roofing. The rough earth snake bears live young. Litters of 3-8 young are born in summer. They are 3-4.5 inches (7.6-11 cm) at birth.
Comparison with other species: The Eastern Smooth Earth Snake (Virginia valeriae) has smooth scales and a less pointed snout. The Pine Woods Snake (Rhadinaea flavilata) has smooth scales and a whitish upper lip. The Ringneck Snake (Diadophis punctatus) has smooth scales and is grayish-black with a distinct neck ring and a yellow-orange belly. Dekay's Brown Snake (Storeria dekayi) have spots or flecking on the back and sides.


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Research Spotlight on Project-Based Learning
NEA Reviews of the Research on Best Practices in Education
What is Project-Based Learning (PBL) and how long has it been around? As far back as the early 1900s, John Dewey supported the "learning by doing" approach to education, which is the essential element of PBL.
Today, PBL is viewed as a model for classroom activity that shifts away from teacher-centered instruction and emphasizes student-centered projects.
This model helps make learning relevant to students by establishing connections to life outside the classroom and by addressing real world issues. In the classroom, PBL gives teachers an opportunity to build relationships with students by acting as their coach, facilitator, and co-learner. In the school and beyond, the model further allows teachers opportunities to build relationships among colleagues and with those in the larger community. Student projects can be shared with other teachers, parents, and others who have a vested interest in the students' education.
What does the research say about PBL? Below are links to the current research on the topic:
- Handbook: Introduction to Project-Based Learning
This article gives an introduction to PBL and a description of its benefits. It also identifies key elements of successful projects. (Buck Institute for Education, 2007)
- PBL in Your Classroom
This section of the handbook suggests "standards-based" projects as a central method of teaching and learning that replaces conventional instruction for a portion of a course.
- Project-Based Research
This page contains links to current research studies on PBL. (Buck Institute for Education, 2007)
- A Review of Research on Project-Based Learning (
This review covers the underpinnings of PBL research and practice, evaluative research as well as research on the effectiveness of PBL. (John W. Thomas, 2000)
- Research Validates Project-Based Learning
This article highlights the growing body of academic research that supports the use of PBL in schools as a way to engage students, cut absenteeism, boost cooperative learning skills and improve test scores. (Edutopia, 2001)
- Web Resources: Project Examples
This site contains links to exemplary projects and structures for students to create and facilitate their own projects to fit their own particular classroom and curriculum needs. (Buck Institute for Education, 2007)
- Technology and Beyond: Teachers Learning Through Project-Based Partnerships (
This article highlights a teacher partnership model for professional development that's effective in building technology, pedagogy, leadership skills, and collaboration practices that support teacher learning. (Karen A. Cole, Institute for Research on Learning, 1999)


text:
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We use only the finest ingredients. Organic lavender buds, Organic peppermint leaves, Organic flax seeds and essential oils.
Lavender's natural herbal scent, is known for its soothing, calming effect. It is perfect for those people suffering from mild depression, anxiety and stress as well as insomnia and other sleep issues. It has also been shown to be helpful to those suffering from tension and stress related headaches.
Peppermint's natural herbal scent, is known for its invigorating, energizing affect. It has been beneficial to people suffering from migraine and sinus headaches, stress and nervous tension. It helps to improve concentration and give clarity to the mind. Peppermint is also a natural decongestant and it encourages the opening of sinus passages to help reduce sinus pain, sinus pressure and sinus congestion.
The unscented eye pillows are made as beautifully as our aromatherapy eye pillows and are perfect for people who want the benefits of the soothing, gentle flaxseed acupressure but without any fragrance..
Let them help you eliminate the headaches caused by stress, anxiety and tension that you deal with each and every day! The perfect weight of the flax seed applies acupressure to your temples and facial muscles helping to stimulate your body's natural healing abilities and achieve a centered, emotional balance.
A Touch Of Satin aromatherapy eye pillows can also gently soothe and relax you when you are having difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep because of insomnia, symptoms of menopause (including hot flashes) as well as other sleep issues!
Our aromatherapy eye pillows are a perfect solution to soothe eye strain and eye fatigue after you've been sitting in front of the computer all day and your eyes just won't stop aching!
Organically grown means it has not been treated with any pesticides or herbicides.
"Organic......... Nature's way of helping you cope with life's challenges ......Naturally"
Our Yoga Eye Pillows are perfect for the savasana ending to your yoga session, helping you achieve a calm, centered and balanced emotional state. Feel it cleanse your mind and restore your energy as it washes away the tension and anxiety of the day!
They are the ultimate aromatherapy eye pillow in both comfort, style and effectiveness.


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iF Design Gold Award for ADVANTAGE AUSTRIA and architects Vasku & Klug
ADVANTAGE AUSTRIA was presented with the internationally acclaimed iF Design Award in the Gold category on 27th February. The award recognises the presentation concept of the Austrian exhibition CONFESSION OF DESIGN , which was part of the world's most important furniture fair, Salone Internazionale 2014 in Milan. Initiated and organised by ADVANTAGE AUSTRIA creative industries, the exhibition was realised by the Viennese architect duoMichael Vasku and Andreas Klug .
The iF Design Award is one of the world's most acclaimed design accolades in light of the high design standards of the submissions. The jury selected the best achievements in design from 5,000 entries from 50 countries. The award proves that Austria has succeeded in positioning itself as a design country on the international stage. The Austrian exhibition has become a fixed feature of the Milan design week. Over 312,000 design fans from all over the world visit Salone del Mobile each year.
ADVANTAGE AUSTRIA will be represented in Milan again this year from 14th to 19th April. Under the motto AUSTRIAN DESIGN PIONEERS, the exhibition concept by architect duo Vasku & Klug is dedicated to the pioneering spirit of Austrian design. A total of 70 companies from Austria will provide a contemporary overview of the innovations and influences of the creative scene in the design sector, which forms the basis for the pioneering achievements of tomorrow.


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Somewhere in the world there is someone using the bathroom and will leave without washing their hands. They will do their "business," perform what ever cleaning they do (or don't do) and walk right out of the bathroom into the big-wide-world touching stuff that you will eventually touch. Likewise, they
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La Traviata
- London Coliseum
Do not miss Verdi's famous opera La Traviata while in London. Tickets to La Traviata in London can be booked here!
La Traviata - the touching story of the self-sacrificing courtesan of the title - has long been one of the most consistently loved of all operas across the world. Verdi's music is instantly appealing, with a wealth of famous melodies that allow operatic voices to soar and thrill.
With Verdi's music and an expert conductor La Traviata will again show just why this opera have become such surefire successes with audiences every time.
Varaa liput
Various dates and times
Various dates and times
Ensimmäinen esityspäivä
Varaus päättyy
2 hours 40 minutes
(3mins) Take Cranbourn Street until St Martin's Lane, where you head right until you reach the theatre.


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Diesel's Toy Chest supports B.I.G. Love Cancer Care, a 501c(3) non-profit, volunteer based organization committed to providing basic necessities and personalized care to cancer kids and their families at hospitals in the greater Houston area.
You can support by donating toys at Houston Dynamo World Cup Viewing Parties or with a monetary contribution.
Donate a monetary contribution directly to B.I.G. Love Cancer Care:
Click here for more information about becoming a sponsor of this campaign.


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Ogni giorno offriamo programmi GRATUITI che altrimenti dovresti comprare!
Questo giveaway è scaduto. Touch Traffic HD è adesso regolarmente disponibile.
Welcome to TRADEGAME Lab game world!
'Touch Traffic HD' is a simple fun and addictive traffic control game on iPhone & iPad. Don't compare with any other traffic control games. It's very different and unique!
There are heavy traffic cities, and their residents are suffering from air pollution and the drivers under a lot of stress.
Can you give them your best solution??
Of course you can do it!!
How to play :
- Enjoy 60 unique stages.
- Touch and drag to change the traffic signal.
- The sum of all car's waiting time is limited.
- Minimize car's waiting time to clear each stage.
- To minimize waiting time, change the signal for a car from another direction as soon as a car has passed the stop line.
- Emergency vehicles should be prioritized. If they are stopped at anytime, the stage will be failed.
- Addictive and dynamic game play.
- Global leader boards via Game Center.
Special items for helping you :
- Increasing 5sec for waiting time limit(30 coins needed)
- Reducing game speed for 20sec(25 coins needed)
- Unlock a stage(10 coins needed)
Tips :
- During the game, your fingers will be very busy so we highly recommend that
you use your two hands to play it.
Enjoy our other management simulation games :
- Cruise Tycoon (Cruise liner management)
- Air Tycoon2 (Airline management)
- Air Tycoon (Airline management)
- Hotel Tycoon (Hotel chain management)
When you have any question or opinion about our games, please feel free contact us. Thank you!
email : firstname.lastname@example.com
TRADEGAME Lab Inc.
iPhone, iPad, iPod touch


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Marte comes off bench to hit after missing two starts
PITTSBURGH -- Starling Marte came off the bench and pinch-hit in the sixth inning Sunday. It was noteworthy because it was his first action after being held out of the Pirates' starting lineup two consecutive games as he dealt with head trauma from a fastball he took off the helmet Friday night.
Marte -- who was hit with a 93-mph fastball from Rockies reliever Adam Ottavino -- drew a walk in his at-bat, hitting in place of starter Jeff Locke. Marte was unavailable in Saturday's 3-2 extra-inning victory against Colorado, and manager Clint Hurdle wasn't sure of his Sunday status until a few hours before the game.
General manager Neal Huntington noted the team was going through "concussion protocol" with Marte.
"He's making great progress, but it is a gray area," Huntington said prior to Sunday's series finale. "He may wake up two days from now and have regressed, or he may wake up two days from now and feel ready to go."
Marte initially stayed in the game Friday after being evaluated by trainers on the field, but was eventually replaced defensively in the ninth inning. In his third Major League season, Marte is hitting .258 with 26 extra-base hits and 21 stolen bases in 85 games.