text:
ESCHATOLOGY (from τà ἔσχσατα=
(Redirected from ETERNAL LIFE.)
V05p209003.jpg V05p209004.jpg "the end of days":
- The Day of the Lord.
- Resurrection of the Dead.
- The Formation of an Eschatological System.
- The "Kingdom of God."
- World-Epochs.
- A World-Week.
- Travail of the Messianic Time.
- The War of Gog and Magog.
- Gathering of the Exiles.
- The Days of the Messiah.
- Time of Universal Peace.
- Renewal of the Time of Moses.
- The Cosmic Characters of the Messianic Time.
- The Messiah of the Tribe of Joseph.
- The New Jerusalem.
- A. New Law.
- Regeneration of the World.
- The Last Judgment.
- Gehenna.
- Gan 'Eden.
- The Banquet.
Gen. xlix. 1; comp. Gen. R. xcviii.,
In addition to this conception of the Day of the Lord, the Prophets developed the hope of an ideal Messianic future through the reign of a son of the house of David—the golden age of paradisiacal bliss, of which the traditions of all the ancient nations spoke (see Dillmann's commentary to Gen. ii-iii., p. 46). It would come in the form of a world of perfect peace and harmony among all creatures, the angelic state of man before his sin (Isa. xi. 1-10, lxv. 17-25: "new heavens and a new earth"). It was only a step further to predict the visitation of all the kingdoms of the earth, to be followed by the swallowing up of death forever and a resurrection of the dead in Israel, so that all the people of the Lord might witness the glorious salvation (Isa. xxiv. 21-xxv. 8, xxvi. 19). The hope of resurrection had been expressed by Ezekiel only with reference to the Jewish nation as such (Ezek. xxxvii.). Under Persian influence, however, the doctrine of resurrection underwent a change, and was made part of the Day of Judgment; hence in Dan. xii. 2 the resurrection is extended to both the wicked and the righteous: the latter "shall awake to everlasting life," the former "to shame and everlasting horror" (A. V. "contempt").The Formation of an Eschatological System.
It is certainly incorrect to speak of an eschatological system of the Bible, in which there is no trace of an established belief in the future life. Both Ben Sira and Tobit still adhere to the ancient view of Sheol as the land of the shades (see Sheol). It was the future destiny of the nation which concerned the Prophets and the people; and the hope voiced by prophet, psalmist, and liturgical poet was simply that the Lord as the Only One will establish His kingdom over the whole earth (Ex. xv. 18; Micah ii. 13, iv. 7; Obad. 21; Zech. xiv. 9; Isa. xxiv. 23; Ps. xciii. 1, xcvi. 10, xcvii. 1, xcix. 1). This implied not only the reunion of the twelve tribes (Ezek. xxxvii. 16 et seq.; Zeph. iii. 20), but the conversion of the heathen surviving the divine day of wrath as well as the downfall of the heathen powers (Zeph. iii. 8-9; Zech. xiv. 9-19; Isa. lvi. 6, lxiii. 1-6; Ps. ii. 8-12). It seems that, because of the tribulation which the house of Zerubbabel had to undergo—not, as Dalman ("Die Worte Jesu," p. 243) thinks, "because the Messiah was not an essential part of the national hope"—the expectation of a Messiah from the house of David was kept in the background, and the prophet Elijah, as the forerunner of the great Day of the Lord who would reassemble all the tribes of Israel, was placed in the foreground (Ecclus. [Sirach] xlviii. 10; I Mace. xiv. 41). See Elijah.The "Kingdom of God."
It is difficult to say how far the Sadducees or the ruling house of Zadok shared in the Messianic hope of the people (see Sadducees). It was the class of the Ḥasidim and their successors, the Essenes, who made a special study of the prophetical writings in order to learn the future destiny of Israel and mankind (Dan. ix. 2; Josephus, "B. J." ii. 8, §§ 6, 12; idem, "Ant." xiii. 5, § 9, where the term εἱμαρμένη is to be taken eschatologically). While announcing the coming events in visions and apocalyptic writings concealed from the multitude (see Apocalyptic Literature), they based their calculations upon unfulfilled prophecies such as Jeremiah's seventy years (Jer. xxv. 11, xxix. 10), and accordingly tried to fix "the end of days" (Dan. ix. 25 et seg.; Enoch, lxxxix. 59). The Talmud reproachingly calls these men, who frequently brought disappointment and wo upon the people, "mahshebe ḳeẓim" (calculators of the [Messianic] ends: Sanh. 97b; comp. 92b, 99a; Ket. 111a; Shab. 138b; 'Eduy. ii. 9-10; for the expression
In contrasting the future kingdom of God with the kingdom of the heathen powers of the world the apocalyptic writers were undoubtedly influenced by Parsism, which saw the world divided between Ahuramazda and Angro-mainyush, who battle with each other until finally the latter, at the end of the fourth period of the twelve world-millenniums, is defeated by the former after a great crisis in which the bad principle seems to win the upper hand (see Plutarch, "On Isis and Osiris," ch. 47; Bundahis, xxxiv. 1; "Bahman Yasht," i. 5, ii. 22 et seq. ; "S. B. E." v. 149, 193 et seq. ; Stade, "Ueber den Einfluss, des Parsismus auf das Judenthum," 1898, pp. 145 et seq.). The idea of four world-empires succeeding one another and represented by the four metals (Dan. ii., vii.), which also has its parallel in Parsism ("Bahman Yasht," i. 3), and in Hindu, Greek, and Roman traditions ("Laws of Manes," i. 71 et seq. ; Hesiod, "Works and Days," pp. 109 et seq. ; Ovid, "Metamorphoses," i. 89), seems to rest upon an ancient tradition which goes back to Babylonia (see Gunkel's commentary on Genesis, 1902, p. 241). Gunkel finds in the twelve millenniums of Persian belief an astronomical world-year with four seasons, and sees the four Babylonian world-epochs reproduced in the four successive periods of Adam, Noah, Abraham, and Moses. The four periods occur again in Enoch, lxxxix. et seq. (see Kautzsch, "Pseudepigraphen," p. 294) and Rev. vi. 1; also in Zech. ii. 1 (A. V. i. 18), vi.1; and Dan. viii. 22; and the four undivided animals in the vision of Abraham (Gen. xv. 9) were by the early haggadists (Johanan b. Zakkai, in Gen. R. xliv.; Apoc. Abraham, xv., xxviii.) referred to the four world-empires in an eschatological sense.A World-Week.
The Perso-Babylonian world-year of twelve millenniums, however, was transformed in Jewish eschatologyinto a world-week of seven millenniums corresponding with the week of Creation, the verse "A thousand years in thy sight are but as yesterday" (Ps. xc. 5 [A. V. 4]) having suggested the idea that the present world of toil ("'olam ha-zeh") is to be followed by a Sabbatical millennium, "the world to come" ("'olam ha-ba'": Tamid vii. 4; R. H. 31a; Sanh. 97a; Ab. R. N. i., ed. Schechter, p. 5; Enoch, xxiii. 1; II Esdras vii. 30, 43; Testament of Abraham, A. xix., B. vii.; Vita Adæ et Evæ, 42; Rev. xx. 1; II Peter iii. 8; Epistle of Barnabas, xv.; Irenæus, v. 28, 3). Of these the six millenniums were again divided, as in Parsism, into three periods: the first 2,000 years devoid of the Law; the next 2,000 years under the rule of the Law; and the last 2,000 years preparing amid struggles and through catastrophes for the rule of the Messiah (Sanh. 97a; 'Ab. Zarah 9a; Midr. Teh. xc. 17); the Messianic era is said to begin 4,291 years after Creation (comp. the 5,500 years after Creation, after the lapse of which the Messiah is expected, in Vita Adæ et Evæ, 42; also Assumptio Mosis, x. 12). On a probably similar calculation, which placed the destruction of the Second Temple at 3828 (Sanh. l.c.), rests also the division of the world into twelve epochs of 400 years, nine and a half of which epochs had passed at the time of the destruction of the Temple (II Esdras xiv. 11; comp. vii. 28). Twelve periods occur also in the Syriac Apocalypse of Baruch (xxvii., liii.) and the Apocalypse of Abraham (xxix.); the ten millenniums of Enoch xxi. 6, however, appear to be identical with the ten weeks in ch. xciii., that is, 10 x 700 years. As a matter of course, Biblical chronology was always so construed as to bring the six millenniums into accord with the Messianic expectations of the time; only by special favor would the mystery of the end, known only to God, be revealed to His saints (Dan. xii. 9; II Esd. iv. 37, xi. 44; Syriac Apoc. Baruch, liv. 1, lxxxi. 4; Matt. xxiv. 36; Pes. 54b). The end was believed to be brought about by the merit of a certain number of saints or martyrs (Enoch, xlvii. 4; II Esd. iv. 36; Rev. vii. 4), or by the completion of the number of human souls sent from their heavenly abode to the earth, the number of created souls being fixed (Syriac Apoc. Baruch, xxiii. 4; 'Ab. Zarah 5a; Yeb. 63b). Finally, it was taught that "he who announces the Messianic time based on calculation forfeits his own share in the future" (R. Jose, in Derek Ereẓ R. xi.) and that "the advent of the Messiah is dependent upon general repentance brought about by the prophet Elijah" (Sanh. 97b; Pirḳe R. El. xliii.; Assumptio Mosis, i. 18).Travail of the Messianic Time.
There prevails a singular harmony among the apocalyptic writings and traditions, especially regarding the successive stages of the eschatological drama. The first of these is the "travail" of the Messianic time (
Particularly prominent among the plagues of the time, of which Baruch xxviii. 2-3 counts twelve, will be "the sword, famine, earthquake, and fire"; according to Book of Jubilees, xxiii. 13, "illness and pain, frost and fever, famine and death, sword and captivity"; but greater than the terror and havoc caused by the elements will be the moral corruptionand perversion, the wickedness and unchastity anticipated in prophetic visions, and the power of evil spirits (Syriac Apoc. Baruch, l.c. and lxx. 2-8; Book of Jubilees, xxiii. 13-19). This view of the prevalence of the spirit of evil and seduction to sin in the last days received special emphasis in the Ḥasidean schools; hence the striking resemblance between the tannaitic and the apocalyptic picture of the time preceding the Messianic advent: "In the last days false prophets [pseudo-Messiahs] and corrupters will increase and sheep be turned into wolves, love into hatred; lawlessness [see Belial] will prevail, causing men to hate, persecute, and deliver up each other; and Satan, 'the world-deceiver' (see Antichrist), will in the guise of the Son of God perform miracles, and as ruler of the earth commit unheard-of crimes" ("Didache," xvi. 3 et seq.; Sibyllines, ii. 165 et seq., iii. 63; Matt. xxiv. 5-12; II Tim. iii. 1 et seq.). The rabbinic description is similar: "The footsteps of the Messiah [
An important part in the eschatological drama is assigned to Israel's final combat with the combined forces of the heathen nations under the leadership of Gog and Magog, barbarian tribes of the North (Ezek. xxxviii-xxxix.; see Gog and Magog). Assembled for a fierce attack upon Israel in the mountains near Jerusalem, they will suffer a terrible and crushing defeat, and Israel's land will thenceforth forever remain the seat of God's kingdom. Whether originally identical or identified only afterward by Biblical interpretation with the battle in the valley of Jehoshaphat (Joel iv. [A.V.iii.] 12; comp. Zech. xiv. 2 and Isa. xxv. 6, where the great warfare against heathen armies is spoken of), the warfare against Gog and Magog formed the indispensable prelude to the Messianic era in every apocalyptic vision (Sibyllines, iii. 319 et seq., 512 et seq., 632 et seq.; v. 101; Rev. xx. 8; Enoch, lvi. 5 et seq., where the place of Gog and Magog is taken by the Parthians and Medes; II Esd. xiii. 5, "a multitude of men without number from the four winds of the earth"; Syriac Apoc. Baruch, LXX. 7-10; Targ. Yer. to Num. xi. 26, xxiv. 17, Ex. xl. 11, Deut. xxxii. 39, and Isa. xxxiii. 25; comp. Num. xxiv. 7 [Septuagint, Γὼγ for "Agag"]; see Eldad and Medad).
R. Eliezer (Mek., Beshallaḥ, l.c.) mentions the Gog and Magog war together with the Messianic woes and the Last Judgment as the three modes of divine chastisement preceding the millennium. R. Akiba assigns both to the Gog and Magog war and to the Last Judgment a duration of twelve months ('Eduy. ii. 10); Lev. R. xix. has seven years instead, in accordance with Ezek. xxxix. 9; Ps. ii. 1-9 is referred to the war of Gog and Magog ('Ab. Zarah 3b; Ber. 7b; Pesiḥ. ix. 79a; Tan., Noah, ed. Buber, 24; Midr. Teh. Ps. ii.).
The destruction of Gog and Magog's army implies not, as falsely stated by Weber ("Altsynagogale Theologie," 1880, p. 369), followed by Bousset ("Religion des Judenthums," p. 222), the extermination of the Gentile world at the close of the Messianic reign, but the annihilation of the heathen powers who oppose the kingdom of God and the establishing of the Messianic reign (see Enoch, lvi.-lvii., according to which the tribes of Israel are gathered and brought to the Holy Land after the destruction of the heathen hosts; Sifre, Deut. 343; and Targ. Yer. to Num. xi. 26).
The Gentiles who submit to the Law are expected to survive (Syriac Apoc. Baruch, lxxii. 4; Apoc. Abraham, xxxi.); and those nations that did not subjugate Israel will be admitted by the Messiah into the kingdom of God (Pesiḥ. R. 1, after Isa. lxvi. 23). The Messiah is called "Hadrach" (Zech. ix. 1), as the one who leads the heathen world to repentance (
The great event preparatory to the reign of the Messiah is the gathering of the exiles, "ḳibbuẓgaliyyot." This hope, voiced in Deut. xxx. 3; Isa. xi. 12; Micah iv. 6, vii. 11; Ezek. xxxix. 27; Zech. xi. 10-12 and Isa. xxxv. 8, is made especially impressive by the description in Isa. xxvii. 13 of the return of all the strayed ones from Assyria and Egypt, and by the announcement that "the Gentiles themselves shall carry Israel's sons and daughters on their arms to Jerusalem with presents for the Lord" (Isa. xlix. 22, lx. 4-9, lxvi. 20). It was accordingly dwelt upon as a miraculous act in the synagogal liturgy and song (Shemoneh 'Esreh; Meg. 17a; Cant. xi. 1, xvii. 31), as well as in apocalyptic visions (Apoc. Abraham, xxxi.; II Esd. xiii. 13; Matt. xxiv. 31). God shall bring them back from the East and the West (Baruch, iv. 37, v. 5 et seq.; Ecclus. [Sirach] xxxvi. 13; Tobit xiii. 13); Elijah shall gather them and the Messiah summon them together (Ecclus. [Sirach] xlviii. 10; Sibyllines, ii. 171-187; Cant. xvii. 26; Targ. Yer. to Ex. vi. 18, xl. 9-10, Num. xxiv. 7, Deut. xxx. 4, Jer. xxxiii. 13). In wagons carried by the winds the exiles shall be borne along with a mighty noise (Enoch, lvii. 1 et seq.; Zeb. 116a; Cant. R. and Haggadat Shir ha-Shirim to Cant. iv. 16; Midr. Teh. to Ps. lxxxvii. 6), and a pillar of light shall lead them (Philo, "De Execrationibus," 8-9). The Lost Ten Tribes shall be miraculously brought back across the mighty waters of the River Euphrates (II Esd. xiii. 39-47; Syriac Apoc. Baruch, lxxvii.; Sanh. x. 13; Tan., Miḳḳez and Shelaḥ, i. 203, iii. 79, ed. Buber, after Isa. xi. 15; see Arzareth; Sambation; Ten Tribes).The Days of the Messiah.
The central place in the eschatological system is, as a matter of course, occupied by the advent of the messiah. Nevertheless the days of the Messiah ("yemot ha-Mashiaḥ"), the time when the prophetic predictions regarding the reign of the descendant of David find their fulfilment, do not form the end of the world's history, but are merely the necessary preparatory stage to the kingdom of God ("malkut shamayim"), which, when once established, will last forever (Dan. vii. 27; Sibyllines, iii. 47 et seq., 767 et seq.; Mek., Beshallaḥ, 'Amaleḳ, end). The Messiah is merely "the chosen one" (Enoch, xlv. 3, xlix. 2, li. 3 et seq.); he causes the people to seek the Lord (Hosea iii. 5; Isa. xi. 9; Zech. xii. 8; Ezek. xxxiv. 24, xxxvii. 24 et seq.), and, as "the Son of God," causes the nations to worship Him (Enoch, cv. 2; II Esd. viii. 28 et seq., xiii. 32-52, xiv. 9, after Ps. ii. 7, lxxxix. 27 et seq.). The time of his kingdom is therefore limited according to some to three generations (Mek., l.c., after Ex. xvii. 16,
The Messianic time, accordingly, means first of all the cessation of all subjection of Israel by other powers (
The Messiah will furthermore win the heathen by the spirit of wisdom and righteousness which rests upon him (Sibyllines, iii. 780; Test. Patr., Levi, 18; Judah, 24; Targ. Yer. to Gen. xlix. 12 and Isa. xli. 1). He will teach the nations the Noachian laws of humanity and make all men disciples of the Lord (Midr. Teh. xxi.). The wonders of the time of Moses will be repeated on a larger scale in the time of the Messiah (Mek., Beshallaḥ, Shirah, 8, after Micah vii. 15; comp. Hosea ii. 17; Targ.; Tan., Bo, ed. Buber, 6). What Moses, the first redeemer, did is typical of what the Messiah as the last redeemer will do (Eccl. R. i. 9). The redemption will be in the same month of Nisan and in the same night (Mek., Bo, 14); the same pillar of cloud will lead Israel (Philo, "De Execrationibus," 8; Targ. Yer. to Isa. xxxv. 10): the same plagues will be sent upon Israel's foes (Tan., Wa'era, ed. Buber, 15; Bo, 6, 19; Midr. Wayosha'; Jellinek, "B. H." i. 45); the redeemer will ride on an ass (Zech. ix. 9; comp. Ex. iv. 20); manna will again be sent down from heaven (Ps. lxxii. 16; comp. Ps. lxxviii. 24; Syriac Apoc. Baruch, xxix. 8); and water rise from beneath by miraculous power (Joel iv. [A. V. iii.] 18; comp. Ps. lxxviii. 15 et seq.; Eccl. R. i. 9). Like Moses, the Messiah will disappear for 90 or 45 days after his appearance (Pesiḥ. R. 15; Pesiḥ. v. 49b, after Hosea v. 15). The same number of people will be redeemed (Sanh. 111a) and the Song of Moses be replaced by another song (Mek., Beshallaḥ, Shirah, 1; Rev. xv. 3). But, like Moses, the Messiah will die (II Esd. l.c.); the opinion that the Messiah will not taste death (Midr. Teh. lxxii. 17) seems to be of later origin, and will be discussed in connection with the account of the Messiah from the tribe of Joseph or Ephraim (see below).The Cosmic Characters of the Messianic Time.
Jewish theology always insisted on drawing a sharp line between the Messianic days and the final days of God's sole kingdom. Hence the characteristic baraita counting ten world-rulers, beginning with God before Creation, then naming, Nimrod, Joseph, Solomon, Ahab, Nebuchadnezzar, Cyrus, Alexander the Great, the Messiah, and ending with God last as He was the first (Pirḳe R. El. xi.; Meg. 11a is incomplete). There are, however, in the personality of the Messiah supernatural elements adopted from the Persian Soshians ("Savior") which lent to the whole Messianic age a specifically cosmic character. An offspring of Zoroaster, born miraculously by a virgin of a seed hidden in a lake for thousands of years, Soshians is, together with a number of associates, six, or seven, or thirty, to bring about the resurrection, slay Angro-mainyush and his hosts of demons, judge the risen dead, giving each his due reward, and finally renew the whole world (Bundahis, xxx.; Windischmann, "Zoroastrische Studien," 1863, pp. 231 et seq.; Böcklen, "Die Verwandtschaft der Jüdischchristlichen mit der Parsischen Eschatologie," 1902, pp. 91 et seq.). Similarly, the Messiah is a being existing from before Creation (Gen. R. i.; Pesiḥ. R. 33; Pirḳe R. El. iii.; Pes. 54a, based on Ps. lxxii. 17), and kept hidden for thousands of years (Enoch, xlvi. 2 et seq., xlviii. 6, lxii. 7; II Esd. xii. 32, xiii, 26; Syriac Apoc. Baruch, xxix.; Midr. Teh. xxi.; Targ. to Micah iv. 8). He comes "from a strange seed" (
The Messiah's immortal companions reappear with him (II Esd. xiii. 52, xiv. 9; comp. vi. 26). Derek Ereẓ Zuṭa i. mentions nine immortals (see Kohler, in "J. Q. R." v. 407-419, and comp. the transposed [hidden] righteous ones in Mandäan lore; Brand, "Die Mandäische Religion," 1889, p. 38). They are probably identical with "the righteous who raise the dead in the Messianic time" (Pes. 68a). Prominent among the companions of the Messiah are: (1) Elijah the prophet (see
The origin and character of the Messiah of the tribe of Joseph, or Ephraim, are rather obscure. It seems that the assumed superhuman character of the Messiah appeared to be in conflict with the tradition that spoke of his death, and therefore the figure of a Messiah who would come from the tribe of Joseph, or Ephraim, instead of from Judah, and who would willingly undergo suffering for his nation and fall as victim in the Gog and Magog war, was createdby the haggadists (see Pesik. R. 37; comp. 34.). To him was referred the passage, "They shall look unto him whom they have pierced and mourn for him" (Zech. xii. 10, Hebr.; Suk. 52a), as well as the fifty-third chapter of Isaiah (see Justin, "Dialogus cum Tryphone," lxviii. and xc.; comp. Sanh. 98b, "the Messiah's name is 'The Leper' ['ḥiwwara'; comp. Isa. liii. 4]; the passage quoted in Martini, "Pugio Fidei," p. 417, cited by Gfrörer [l.c. 267] and others, is scarcely genuine; see Eppstein, "Bereshit Rabbati," 1888, p. 26). The older haggadah referred also "the wild ox" who with his horns will "push the people to the ends of the earth" (Deut. xxxiii. 17, Hebr.) to the Ephraimite Messiah (Gen. R. lxxv.; comp. Num. R. xiv.). The Messiah from the tribe of Ephraim falls in the battle with Gog and Magog, whereas the Messiah from the house of David kills the superhuman hostile leader (Angro-mainyush) with the breath of his mouth; then he is universally recognized as king (Suk. 52a; comp. Targ. Yer. to Ex. xl. 9, 11; Targ. to Isa. xi. 4, Cant. iv. 5; Sefer Zerubbabel, in Jellinek, "B. H." ii. 56, where he is introduced with the name of Nehemiah b. Ḥushiel; comp. l.c. 60 et seq., iii. 80 et seq.).
"Great will be the suffering the Messiah of the tribe of Ephraim has to undergo for seven years at the hand of the nations, who lay iron beams upon him to crush him so that his cries reach heaven; but he willingly submits for the sake of his people, not only those living, but also the dead, for all those who died since Adam; and God places the four beasts of the heavenly throne-chariot at his disposal to bring about the great work of resurrection and regeneration against all the celestial antagonists" (Pesiḥ. R. 36). The Patriarchs will rise from their graves in Nisan and pay homage to his greatness as the suffering Messiah, and when the nations (104 kingdoms) put him in shackles in the prison-house and make sport of him, as is described in Ps. xxii. 8-16, God will address him with the words "Ephraim, My dear son, child of My comfort, I have great compassion on thee" (Jer. xxxi. 20, Hebr.), assuring him that "with the breath of his mouth he shall slay the wicked one" (Isa. xi. 4); and He will surround him with a sevenfold canopy of precious stones, place streams of wine, honey, milk, and balsam at his feet, fan him with all the fragrant breezes of paradise, and then tell the saints that admire and pity him that he has not gone through half the suffering imposed upon him from the world's beginning (Pesiḥ. R. 37). The haggadists, however, did not always clearly discriminate between the Ephraimite Messiah, who falls a victim, and the son of David, who is glorified as victor and receives the tributes of the nations (Midr. Teh. xviii. 5, where the former is meant as being the one "insulted" according to Ps. lxxxix. 51 [A. V. 52]; comp. Targ. Yer. to Num. xi. 26, and Midr. Teh. lxxxvii. 6, where the two Messiahs are mentioned together). According to Tan. Yelamdenu, Shofeṭim (end), the nations will first bring tributes to the Messiah; then, seized by a spirit of confusion ("ruaḥ tezazit"), they will rebel and make war against him; but he will burn them with the breath of his mouth and none but Israel will remain (that is, on the battle-field: this is misunderstood by Weber, l.c.; comp. II Esd. xiii. 9).
In the later apocalyptic literature the Ephraimite Messiah is introduced by the name of Nehemiah ben Ḥushiel, and the victorious Messiah as Menahem ben 'Ammi El ("Comforter, son of the people of God": Jellinek, "B. H." ii. 56, 60 et al.). It appears that the eschatologists were anxious to discriminate between the fourth heathen power personified in Edom (Rome) the wicked, over whom the Ephraimite Messiah alone is destined to carry victory (Pesiḥ. R. 12; Gen. R. lxxiii.; B. B. 123b), and the Gog and Magog army, over which the son of David was to triumph while the son of Ephraim fell (see Otot ha-Mashiaḥ, Jellinek, l.c.). While the fall of the wicked kingdom (Rome) was taken to be the beginning of the rise of the kingdom of God (Pesiḥ. v. 51a), the belief was that between the fall of the empire of Edom = Rome and the defeat of the Gog and Magog army there would be a long interval (see Pesiḥ. xxii. 148a; comp. Pesiḥ. R. 37 [ed. Friedmann, 163b, note]).
According to R. Eliezer of Modin (Mek., Beshallaḥ, Wayassa', 4 [ed. Weiss, p. 58b, note]), the Messiah is simply to restore the reign of the Davidic dynasty ("malkut bet Dawid"; comp. Maimonides, Commentary to Sanh. xi.: "The Messiah, the son of David, will die, and his son and grandson will follow him"; on the other hand, Baḥya ben Joseph in his commentary to Gen. xi. 11 says: "The Messiah will not die"); also "the Aaronitic priesthood and Levitic service."The New Jerusalem.
The apocalyptic writers and many rabbis who took a less sober view of the Messianic future expected a new Jerusalem built of sapphire, gold, and precious stones, with gates, walls, and towers of wondrous size and splendor (Tobit xiii. 15, xiv. 4; Rev. xxi. 9-21; Sibyllines, iii. 657 et seq., v. 250 et seq., 420 et seq.; B. B. 75a; Pes. 50a; Pesiḥ. xx. 143a; Pesiḥ. R. 32; Midr. Teh. lxxxvii.; in accordance with Isa. liv. 11 et seq., lx. 10; Hag. ii. 7; Zech. ii. 8). The "new" or "upper Jerusalem" (
This expectation of course includes a "heavenly temple," "miḳdash shel ma'alah" (Enoch, xc. 29 et seq.; comp. Ḥag. l.c.; Pes. 54, after Jer. xvii. 12). The more sober view is that the Messiah will replace the polluted temple with a pure and holy one (Enoch, liii. 6, xc. 28, xci. 13; Sibyllines, iii. 77b; Psalms of Solomon xvii. 30; comp. Lev. R. ix.: "Coming from the North, the Messiah will erect the temple in the South"). The sacred vessels of the Tabernacle of Moses' time, hidden ever since, are expected to reappear (II Macc. ii. 4-8; Syriac Apoc. Baruch, vi. 7-10; Tosef., Soṭah, xiii. 1; apocryphical Masseket Kelim; Yoma 52b; Tan., Wayeḥi, ed. Buber, 3; comp. Josephus, "Ant." xviii. 4, § 1). There will be no sin any more, for "the Lord will shake the land of Israel andcleanse it from all impurity" (Pirḳe R. El. xxxiv. 21, after Job xxxviii. 13). The Messianic time will be without merit ["zekut"] and without guilt ["ḥobah"] (Shab. 151b). Yet "only the select ones will be allowed to go up to the new Jerusalem" (B. B. 75b).A. New Law.
Whereas the Babylonian schools took it for granted that the Mosaic law, and particularly the sacrificial and priestly laws, will be fully observed in the Messianic time (Yoma 5b et al.), the view that a new Law of God will be proclaimed by the Messiah is occasionally expressed (Eccl. R. ii. 1; Lev. R. xiii., according to Jer. xxxi. 32)—"the thirty commandments" which comprise the Law of humanity (Gen. R. xcviii.). "Ye will receive a new Law from the Elect One of the righteous" (Targ. to Isa. xii. 3). The Holy One will expound the new Law to be given by the Messiah (Yalḳ. ii. 296, to Isa. xxvi.); according to Pes. xii. 107a, He will only infuse new ideas ("ḥiddush debarim"); or the Messiah will take upon himself the kingdom of the Law and make many zealous followers thereof (Targ. to Isa. ix. 5 et seq., and Iiii. 11-12). "There will be a new covenant which shall not be broken" (Sifra, Beḥuḳḳotai, ii., after Jer. xxxi. 32). The dietary and purity laws will no longer be in force (Lev. R. xxii.; Midr. Teh. cxlvii., ed. Buber, note; R. Joseph said: "All ceremonial laws will be abrogated in the future" [Nid. 61b]; this, however, refers to the time of the Resurrection).
Resurrection formed part of the Messianic hope (Isa. xxiv. 19; Dan. xii. 2). Martyrs for the Law were specially expected to share in the future glory of Israel (II Macc. vii. 6, 9, 23; Book of Jubilees, xxiii. 30), the term for having a share in the future life being "to inherit the land" (Ḳid. i. 10). The Resurrection was therefore believed to take place solely in the Holy Land (Pesiḥ. R. 1; the "land of the living" in Ps. cxvi. 9 means "the land where the dead live again"). Jerusalem alone is the city whose dead will blossom forth as the grass, for those buried elsewhere will be compelled to creep through holes in the ground to the Holy Land (Ket. 3b; Pesiḥ. R. l.c.). From this point of view the Resurrection is accorded only to Israel (Gen. R. xiii.). The great trumpet blown to gather the tribes of Israel (Isa. xxvii. 13) will also rouse the dead (Ber. 15b; Targ. Yer. to Ex. xx. 15; II Esd. iv. 23 et seq.; I Cor. xv. 52; I Thess. iv. 16).
The Last Judgment precedes the Resurrection. Judged by the Messiah, the nations with their guardian angels and stars shall be cast into Gehenna. According to Rabbi Eleazar of Modi'im, in answer to the protests of the princes of the seventy-two nations, God will say, "Let each nation go through the fire together with its guardian deity," when Israel alone will be saved (Cant. R. ii. 1). This gave rise to the idea adopted by Christianity, that the Messiah would pass through Hades (Test. Patr., Benjamin, 9; Yalḳ., Isa. 359; see Eppstein, "Bereshit Rabbati," 1888, p. 31). The end of the judgment of the heathen is the establishment of the kingdom of God (Mek., Beshallaḥ, 'Amaleḳ). The Messiah will cast Satan into Gehenna, and death and sorrow flee forever (Pesiḥ. R. 36; see also Antichrist; Armilus; Belial).
In later times the belief in a universal Resurrection became general. "All men as they are born and die are to rise again," says Eliezer ben Ḳappar (Abotiv.). The Resurrection will occur at the close of the Messianic era (Enoch, xcviii. 10). Death will befall the Messiah after his four hundred years' reign, and all mankind and the world will lapse into primeval silence for seven days, after which the renewed earth will give forth its dead and God will judge the world and assign the evil-doers to the pit of hell and the righteous to paradise, which is on the opposite side (II Esd. vii. 26-36). All evildoers meet with everlasting punishment. It was a matter of dispute between the Shammaite R. Eliezer and the Hillelite R. Joshua whether the righteous among the heathen had a share in the future world or not (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 2), the dispute hinging on the verse "the wicked shall return to Sheol, and all the Gentiles that forget God" (Ps. ix. 18 [A. V. 17], Hebr.). The doctrine "All Israelites have a share in the world to come" (Sanh. xi. 1) is based upon Isa. Ix. 21: "Thy people, all of them righteous, shall inherit the land" (Hebr.). At first resurrection was regarded as a miraculous boon granted only to the righteous (Test. Patr., Simeon, 6; Luke xiv. 14), but afterward it was considered to be universal in application and connected with the Last Judgment (Slavonic Enoch, lxvi. 5; comp. second blessing of the "Shemoneh 'Esreh"). Whether the process of the formation of the body at the Resurrection is the same as at birth is a matter of dispute between the Hillelites and Shammaites (Gen. R. xiv.; Lev. R. xiv.). For the state of the soul during the death of the body see Immortality and Soul.Regeneration of the World.
Owing to the gradual evolution of eschatological conceptions, the Rabbis used the terms, "'olam ha-ba" (the world to come), "le-'atid la-bo" (in the coming time), and "yemot ha-Mashiaḥ" (the Messianic days) promiscuously or often without clear distinction (see Geiger, "Lesestücke aus der Mischnah," p. 41; idem, "Jüd. Zeit." iii. 159, iv. 124). Thus, for instance, the question is discussed whether there will be death for the Gentiles "in the coming time" or not (Gen. R. xxvi.). R. Eleazar of Modi'im, of the second century (Mek., Beshallaḥ, Wayassa', ed. Weiss, p. 59, note) distinguishes between the Messianic time("malkut bet Dawid"), the "'olam ha-ba" (the future world), which is that of the souls, and the time of the Resurrection, which he calls "'olam ḥadash" (the new world, or world of regeneration). This term, used also in the "Ḳaddish" prayer "Le-Ḥadata 'Alma" (The Renewal of the World), is found in Matt. xix. 28 under the Greek name παλινγένεσις: "In the regeneration when the Son of Man shall sit on the throne of his glory" and judge the world in common with the twelve Apostles (for the last words see the twelve judges for the twelve tribes of Israel in Testament of Abraham, A. 13, and compare the seventy elders around the seat of God in heaven in Lev. R. xi.)
Concerning this regeneration of the world Pirḳe R. El. i. says, with reference to Isa. xxxiv. 4, li. 6, lxv. 17; Hosea vi. 2: "Heaven and earth, as well as Israel, shall be renewed; the former shall be folded together like a book or a garment and then unfolded,and Israel, after having tasted death, shall rise again on the third day." "All the beauty of the world which vanished owing to Adam's sin, will be restored in the time of the Messiah, the descendant of Perez [Gen. R. xii.]—the fertility of the earth, the wondrous size of man [Sifra, Beḥuḳḳotai, 1-2], the splendor of sun and moon" (Isa. xxx. 26; Targ. to II Sam. xxiii. 4; comp. Apoc. Mosis, 36). Ten things shall be renewed (according to Ex. R. xv.; comp. Tan., Wayiggash, ed. Buber, 9): The sun and moon shall regain their splendor, the former endowed with healing powers (Mal. iii. 20 [A. V. iv. 2]); the fountains of Jerusalem shall flow, and the trees grow (Ezek. xlvii. 12); desolate cities like Sodom shall rise from their ruins (Ezek. xvi. 55); Jerusalem, rebuilt of precious stones, shall shine like the sun (Isa. liv. 11 et seq.); peace shall reign among the beasts (Isa. xi. 7); and between them and Israel (Hosea ii. 20 [A. V. 18]); weeping and death shall cease (Isa. 1xv. 19, xxv. 8-10); joy only shall reign (Isa. xxxv. 10); the "yeẓer ha-ra'" (evil desire) shall be slain by God (Suk. 52a). This regeneration of the world is to be brought about by a world-conflagration ("mabbul shel esh" = "a floor of fire" = ἐκπύρωσις: Sibyllines, iii. 542, 689; iv. 174; ii. 296; Hippolytus, "Refutatio Omnium Hæresium," ix. 30). This view, borrowed from the Stoics, is based upon Isa. xxxiv. 4 (comp. Bousset, "Der Antichrist," p. 159). In this world-conflagration Belial himself will be consumed (Sibyllines, iii. 73; compare the burning up of the primeval serpent Gohithar in Bundahis, xxx. 31). Thus the fire of Gehenna which consumes the wicked angels and the stars (Enoch, xc. 24 et seq., et al.) was turned into a cosmic force bringing about the world's renewal.The Last Judgment.
The Messianic kingdom, being at best of mere earthly splendor, could not form the end, and so the Great Judgment was placed at its close and following the Resurrection. Those that would not accept the belief in bodily resurrection probably dwelt with greater emphasis on the judgment of the souls after death (see Abraham, Testament of; Philo; Sadducees; Wisdom, Book of). Jewish eschatology combined the Resurrection with the Last Judgment: "God summons the soul from heaven and couples it again on earth with the body to bring man to judgment" (Sanh. 91b, after Ps. l. 4). In the tenth week, that is, the seventh millennium, in the seventh part, that is, after the Messianic reign, there will be the great eternal judgment, to be followed by a new heaven with the celestial powers in sevenfold splendor (Enoch, xci. 15; comp. lxxxiv. 4, xciv. 9, xcviii. 10, civ. 5). On "the day of the Great Judgment" angels and men alike will be judged, and the books opened in which the deeds of men are recorded (lxxxi. 4, lxxxix. 70 et seq., xc. 20, ciii. 3 et seq., civ. 1, cviii. 3) for life or for death; books in which all sins are written down, and the treasures of righteousness for the righteous, will be opened on that day (Syriac Apoc. Baruch, xxiv. 1). "All the secret thoughts of men will then be brought to light." "Not long-suffering and mercy, but rigid justice, will prevail in this Last Judgment"; Gehenna and Paradise will appear opposite each other for the one or the other to enter (II Esd. vii. 33 et seq.).
This end will come "through no one but God alone" (ib. vi. 6). "No longer will time be granted for repentance, or for prayer and intercession by saints and prophets, but the Only One will give decision according to His One Law, whether for life or for everlasting destruction" (Syriac Apoc. Baruch, lxxxv. 9-12). The righteous ones will be recorded in the Book of Life (Book of Jubilees, xxx. 22, xxxvi. 10; Abot ii. 1; "Shepherd of Hermas," i. 32; Luke x. 20; Rev. iii. 5, xiii. 8, xx. 15). The righteous deeds and the sins will be weighed against each other in the scales of justice (Pesiḥ. R. 20; Ḳid. 40b). According to the Testament of Abraham (A. xiii.), there are two angels, one on either side: one writes down the merits, the other the demerits, while Doḳiel, the archangel, weighs the two kinds against each other in a balance; and another, Pyroel ("angel of fire"), tries the works of men by fire, whether they are consumed or not; then the just souls are carried among the saved ones; those found unjust, among those who will meet their punishment. Those whose merits and demerits are equal remain in a middle state, and the intercession of meritorious men such as Abraham saves them and brings them into paradise (Testament of Abraham, A. xiv.). According to the sterner doctrine of the Shammaites, these souls must undergo a process of purgation by fire; "they enter Gehenna, swing themselves up again, and are healed." This view, based upon Zech. xiii. 9, seems to be something like the Christian purgatory. According to the Hillelites, "He who is plenteous in mercy inclines the scale of justice toward mercy"—a view which shows (against Gunkel, "Der Prophet Ezra," 1900, p. 15) that Judaism believed in divine mercy independently of the Pauline faith (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 3). As recorder of the deeds of men in the heavenly books, "Enoch, the scribe of righteousness," is mentioned in Testament of Abraham, xi.; Lev. R. xiv. has Elijah and the Messiah as heavenly recorders, a survival of the national Jewish eschatology.Gehenna.
There is no Scriptural basis for the belief in retribution for the soul after death; this was supplied by the Babylonians and Persians, and received a Jewish coloring from the word "Gehinnom" (the valley of Hinnom), made detestable by the fires of the Moloch sacrifices of Manasseh (II Kings xxiii. 10). According to 'Er. 19a, the smoke from subterranean fires came up through the earth in this place; "there are cast the spirits of sinners and blasphemers and of those who work wickedness and pervert the words of the Prophets" (Enoch, cviii. 6). Gehinnom has a double purpose, annihilation (Enoch, xciv. 1 et seq.) and eternal pain (II Esd. vii. 36 et seq.). Gehinnom has seven names: "Sheol," "Abbadon," "Pit of Corruption," "Horrible Pit," "Mire of Clay," "Shadow of Death," and "Nether Parts of the Earth" (Jonah ii. 3; Ps. lxxxviii. 12 [A.V. 11], xvi. 10, xl. 3 [A.V. 2], cvii. 14; Ezek. xxvi. 20). It is also called "Tophet" (Isa. xxx. 33). It has seven departments, one beneath the other (Soṭah 10b). There are seven kinds of pains (II Esd. vii. 81 et seq.). According to rabbinical tradition, thieves are condemned to fill an unfillable tank; the impure sink into a quagmire; thosethat sinned with the tongue are suspended thereby; some are suspended by the feet, hair, or eyelids; others eat hot coals and sand; others are devoured by worms, or placed alternately in snow and fire. On Sabbath they are respited (see Dumah). These conceptions, ascribed chiefly to Joshua ben Levi, have their parallel in the apocalyptic literature appropriated by the Christian Church (see Gehenna). The punishment of the wicked endures twelve months, according to R. Akiba; the generation of the Flood will in time be released (Gen. R. xxviii.), but the punishment of those who have led others into heresy or dealt treacherously against the Law will never cease (Tosef., Sanh. xiii. 5).Gan 'Eden.
The Garden of Eden is called the "Garden of Righteousness" (Enoch, xxxii. 3), being no longer an earthly paradise (ib. lx. 8, lxi. 12, lxx. 3). It is above the earth, and its inhabitants are "clothed with garments of light and eternal life, and eat of the tree of life" (ib. lviii. 3) in the company of the Lord and His anointed. In Slavonic Enoch its place is in the third heaven; its four streams pour out honey and milk, oil and wine (compare Sibyllines, ii. 318). It is prepared for the "righteous who suffer innocently, who do works of benevolence and walk without blame before God." It has been created since the beginning of the world, and will appear suddenly at the Judgment Day in all its glory (II Esd. vi.; comp. Pes. 54a). The righteous dwell in those heights where they enjoy the sight of the heavenly "ḥayyot" that carry God's throne (Syriac Apoc. Baruch, li. 11). As the wicked have a sevenfold pain the righteous have a sevenfold joy (II Esd. vii. 88 et seq.). There are seven divisions for the righteous, which shine like the sun (Judges v. 31; comp. Matt. xiii. 43), the moon (Ps. lxxxix. 37), the firmament (Dan. xii. 3), lightnings, torches (Nahum ii. 5 [A. V. 4]), and lilies (Ps. xlv. 1, Hebr.). Each of these divisions is placed differently before the face of God. Each of the righteous will have a mansion, and God will walk with them and lead them in a dance (Yer. Meg. ii. 73b). See Eden, Garden of.The Banquet.
According to Ascensio Isaiæ, viii. 26, ix. 18, xi. 40, the righteous on the arrival of the Messiah receive in the seventh heaven garments of light as well as crowns and thrones. No small part in the future bliss is played by the eating of the heavenly bread or manna (Sibyllines, Proœmium, 87; Ḥag. 12b; Tan., Beshallaḥ, ed. Buber, p. 21; comp. "the mysterious food," II Esd. ix. 19), the ambrosial milk and honey (Sibyllines, ii. 318, iii. 746), and, according to R. Joshua b. Levi, "the wine prepared from the beginning of the world" (Ber. 34b; comp. Matt. xxvi. 29). The very name for the highest bliss of the future is "the banquet" (Abot iii. 16), which is the same as "sitting at the table of the Messiah" (Rev. xix. 9; Luke xiii. 28-29, xxii. 30, et al.). It is called in rabbinical literature "se'uddat ha-liwyatan" (the banquet of the leviathan), that is to say, in accordance with Job xl. 30 (A. V. xli. 6) the "ha-barim, or pious ones, shall hold their meal over it" (see Leviathan). It seems that the Persian ox, "hadhayos," whose marrow imparts immortality to the eater (Bundahis, xxx. 25), gave rise to the idea of the behemoth and leviathan meal which is dwelt on in Enoch, lx. 7 et seq.; Syriac Apoc. Baruch, xxix. 4; II Esd. vi. 52; Targ. Yer. to Num. xi. 26, Ps. civ. 26; B. B. 74b; Tan., Beshallaḥ, at end.
But while this eudemonistic view is the popular one, based upon Isa. lxv. 13 and Ps. xxiii. 5 (Num. R. xxi.), there is also the higher and more spiritual view taught by Rab: "In the world to come there is neither eating, drinking, nor procreation, neither barter nor envy, neither hatred nor strife; but the righteous sit with their crowns on their heads and enjoy the splendor of the Shekinah; for it is said: 'And they saw God and did eat and drink'; that is, their seeing God was meat and drink to them" (Ber. 17a). More characteristic still is the view of Rab's Palestinian contemporary R. Johanan: All the bliss for the future promised by the Prophets refers only to the Messianic time, whereas in regard to that which is in store for the righteous in the world to come it is said: "No eye hath seen it beside thee, O God" (Isa. lxiv. 3 [A. V. 4]; Ber. 34b; comp., however, Ex. R. xlv., at end, according to which God showed to Moses all the treasures in store for the doers of benevolent works). The New Testament sentence, "Many shall be last [there] that are first [here], and first [there] that are last [here]" (Matt. xix. 30, Greek), finds its explanation in the saying of a son of R. Joshua b. Levi: "A contrary order of things I have seen in the world beyond: the high in station are low there, the lowly are placed on high" (Ber. 50a).
Only in the esoteric Essene circles whence the apocalyptic literature emanated were attempted all the elaborate descriptions of paradise that found their way into the Midrash Konen, the Ma'aseh Gan 'Eden, and similar midrashim of the geonic time given in Jellinek's "B. H." ii. 28, 52 et seq.; iii. 131, 191 et seq.; but these descriptions can be traced through early Christian back to Jewish sources (see "J. Q. R." vii. 595). Mystics like Naḥmanides in his "Sha'ar ha-Gemul" adopted these views; Maimonides and his school rejected them. The whole eschatological system of retribution through paradise and hell never assumed in Judaism the character of a dogmatic belief, and Talmudic Judaism boldly transferred the scene of the heavenly judgment from the hereafter to the annual Day of Judgment at the beginning of the year (R. H. 16b; see New-Year). For Samaritan eschatology see Samaritans.
The account above deals only with the early stages of the Jewish eschatological views, roughly speaking, down to the end of the Talmudic period. For later development and present-day views see Immortality; Judgment, Day of; Messiah; Resurrection.
- Schürer, Gesch. 3d ed., ii. 496-556, where an extensive literature is given;
- Bousset, Die Religion des Judenthums im Neutestamentlichen Zeitalter, pp. 199-273, 473-483, Berlin, 1903;
- Charles, A Critical History of the Doctrine of a Future Life in Israel, in Judaism, and in Christianity, London, 1899;
- E. Böcklen, Die Verwandtschaft der Jüdisch-Christlichen mit der Parsischen Eschatologie, Göttingen, 1902;
- Hastings, Dict. Bible;
- Cheyne and Black, Encyc. Bibl.;
- Hamburger, R. B. T. s.v. Auferstehung, Wiederbelebung der Todten, Messianische Zeit, Paradies Zukunftsmahl;
- Weber, System der Altsynagogalen Palestinischen Theologie, pp. 322-386, Leipsic, 1880 (to be consulted with caution);
- Drummond, Jewish Messiah, London, 1877;
- P. Volz, Jüdische Eschatologie von Daniel bis Akiba, Leipsic, 1903.


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Her head hanging as she watched her final moments of freedom slipped away, Lindsay Lohan surrendered in an LA courtroom and was taken away to begin her 90-day sentence in a jail several wayward Hollywood celebs have called home.
"Unless there's anything else, I'm going forward with remanding at this time," Judge Marsha Revel said during the five-minute hearing.
With a phalanx of cameras in the courtroom recording her every expression, Lohan, who defiantly wore a an obscene message on her middle fingernail during her last appearance before Revel, sat meekly, her doe eyes downcast. Before Lohan was handcuffed, Revel ordered all video and still cameras turned off, though officials later released a mugshot of the troubled actress in an orange jumpsuit.
U.S. & World
The day's top national and international news.
Lohan, who was sentenced for violating probation from a 2007 DUI, was then taken directly from Revel's courtroom to Century Regional Detention Facility in Lynwood, Calif., several miles south of downtown Los Angeles. Lohan's new home will be a 12-foot-by-8-foot cell in the jail's special needs unit, where she'll be held in isolation for her own safety, Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department spokesman Steve Whitmore told The Associated Press.
Whitmore later told the AP Lohan will likely be released Aug. 1 or 2, which equates to about two weeks of the three-month sentence.
Revel ordered that Lohan not be permitted to serve any part of her sentence on home detention or with electronic monitoring. Revel also ordered that Lohan report to a 90-day inpatient substance-abuse program within 24 hours of being released from jail.
Outside the courthouse, a sea of news vans, cameras and reporters watched as a black SUV delivered the "Mean Girls" star 10 minutes late for the 8:30 a.m. hearing. Michael Lohan, her estranged father, arrived at 25 minutes before Lindsay, and called out to her as she was hustled by the onlookers.
"We love you, Lindsay," Michael Lohan said.
Someone else yelled, "You look great. Fight for your right to party. I'll wait for you."
Lohan was accompanied by Shawn Chapman Holley, who represented her during previous hearings. Robert Shapiro, the powerful attorney known for his work on the O.J. Simpson case, announced Monday he was no longer representing the star -- just a few days after joining her legal team.
A tweet from Lohan Monday seemed to acknowledge the inevitable.
"The only 'bookings' that I'm familiar with are Disney Films, never thought that I'd be 'booking' into Jail...eeeks," she wrote.
She'll wear an orange jumpsuit and there will be no computer or cell phone use -- no tweeting. She'll get an hour a day to shower, watch TV and exercise. And like Paris Hilton and Michelle Rodriguez before her, Lohan will be provided with a simple toiletry kit that includes a toothbrush, toothpaste, soap, comb, deodorant, shampoo and shaving implements, Whitmore said.
"She has been extremely cooperative," Whitmore said after Lohan was booked.
Lohan's vulnerable emotional state was on full display July 6, when Judge Revel threw the book at her for repeatedly missing her alcohol education classes and even skipping a key court date.
"I have tried to do the best I can," Lohan sobbed. "It's just been such a long haul. I don't want you to think I don't respect you and your terms.
"I really did think I was doing what I was supposed to do, and I mean it with all my heart."
But Revel was unmoved. "I couldn't have been more clear [about my orders]," she said. "There are no excuses."
The following day, blown up photos revealed Lohan had a crude message painted on her left middle fingernail the entire time.
Next, Lohan's lawyer Holley resigned without explanation, but was back at Lohan's side Tuesday.
The actress checked herself in at "Pickford Lofts," a sober-living facility run by famed O.J. Simpson lawyer Robert Shapiro. Shapiro revealed late last week that he'd signed on to represent the "diseased" actress on the condition that she comply with all the terms of her probation, "including a requirement of jail time."
Because of jail overcrowding and a program that rewards good behavior, Lohan is not expected to serve more than 25 percent of her 90-day sentence - about 23 days or so, according to the LA Sheriff's Department. On Tuesday, department spokesman Whitmore said he expects her out even sooner -- definitely in time to attend the Sept. 3 premiere of her new film, the action flick "Machete."
Still, Lohan's stint in jail will no doubt be longer than her previous stretch at Century Regional Detention Facility. She was there for exactly 84 minutes in 2007 after being busted for drunk driving.
Lohan will be able to see friends and family members; visiting hours are from 8:30 am to 7:30 pm on weekends and 9:15 am to 4:30 pm on weekdays. It's the same LA county jail where Lohan pal Paris Hilton was held in 2007 for 23 days after getting busted for a DUI.
Other celebrities who have done time at the Lynwood facility include Nicole Richie and Khloe Kardashian, who spent less than a day each on separate drunk driving charges, according to the AP.
Daryl Hannah also did few hours at Century after being booked for trespassing in a tree-sitting protest; and "Lost" actress Michelle Rodriguez served 18 days and a few hours after being admitted to the jail twice on probation violations.
When Lohan finishes her sentence, she must immediately report to a drug rehab facility to start 90-day inpatient treatment.

subset: commoncrawl


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Popular Economics Weekly
We wrote recently about the Eurozone in danger of becoming Japan, which has suffered through some 2 decades of a deflationary spiral, before Prime Minister Abe opened the stimulus spigots. Why is deflation (or disinflation, which is lower inflation but not falling prices) such a bad thing?
Because it deflates everything, including profits, incomes and so job creation. This starts a vicious circle of more job cuts and shrinking household incomes, which is what causes a recession, or depression. That danger is now slowly creeping into the U.S. economy, though the U.S. is growing faster than almost all other developed countries at the moment.
Pundits, and even Fed Vice Chair Stanley Fischer are beginning to voice fears that the slowdown in the Eurozone in particular could slow U.S. growth. Why? Because it lowers the demand for U.S. goods and services.
Fischer said in a speech on Saturday that, "if foreign growth is weaker than anticipated, the consequences for the U.S. economy could lead the Fed to remove accommodation more slowly than otherwise."
- Europe's growth engine slashed its growth forecasts for this year and next.
- German economic sentiment turned negative for the first time in nearly two years
- U.K. inflation data also surprised to the downside, taking pressure off the Bank of England to raise rates.
This means the Fed would have to keep interest rates at the so-called zero bound longer than it wants to. That's because too much cheap money feeds asset bubbles, as happened with the housing bubble. So the European data added to a slew of fears that growth could be slowing across the world.
U.S. growth at present is doing very well with 4.6 percent growth in Q2 after the 2.1 percent shrinkage in Q1, and third quarter growth could exceed 3 percent based on recent inventory rebuilding numbers.
But there are headwinds, as interest rates continue to plunge, which signals worries of slower worldwide growth that is hurting stock prices. The 10-year Treasury note yield dropped below 2 percent for the first time in 16 months. But the good news is it will stimulate more housing sales, as 30-yr conforming fixed mortgage rates have plunged to 3.75 percent with 0 origination points, and the Hi-Balance conforming fixe rate is just 3.875 percent with 0 points. So the worries of slower U.S. growth, at least, have no basis.
In fact,U.S. industrial production is approaching its historical average. Industrial production jumped an outsized 1.0 percent in September after a decline of 0.2 percent in August. Forecasts were for 0.4 percent. Overall capacity utilization jumped to 79.3 percent from 78.7 percent in August, close to its 80.1 percent long term average.
Manufacturing was solid, rebounding 0.5 percent in September after a 0.5 percent decline the month before. Within manufacturing, the production of durable goods increased 0.4 percent in September, led by the aerospace and miscellaneous transportation equipment. The production of nondurable goods also moved up 0.5 percent in September. With the exception of petroleum and coal products, each of the major components of nondurables posted gains in September.
So the warnings are real, but somewhat exaggerated. Europeans cannot allow prolonged slow growth policies that emphasize deficit reduction over job creation programs for long. And Fed Vice Chairman Fischer just emphasized that job creation is more important for Fed policy makers, and why the Fed will keep interest rates low for as long as possible, given almost no inflation, to spur more job creation.
Harlan Green © 2014
Follow Harlan Green on Twitter: https://twitter.com/HarlanGreen


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19 March, 2014 | (01 hr)
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Analytics runs the gamut of human capital – from describing your workforce to constructing models that demonstrate the cause-and-effect relationship between investment in people and business outcomes to demonstrating the ROI in those investments. Business questions drive the use of analytics, resulting in a wide variety of applications. This edition of Human Capital Watch™ features two case studies from our upcoming report titled Human Capital Analytics @ Work Volume 1.
By attending this webcast, you will hear from Tronox, the world's largest, fully-integrated producers of titanium ore and titanium dioxide (TiO2) and their journey along their five-level analytics continuum. You will also hear how The Hertz Corporation, a world leader in car rentals with a presence in 150 countries, collaborated with DDI to apply analytics to determine the impact of assessments and related development activities on business KPIs.
Patti P. Phillips, PhD
Dr. Patti Phillips is president and CEO of ROI Institute, Inc. A renowned leader in measurement and evaluation, she helps organizations implement her ROI Methodology in 70 countries around the world. Since 1997, she has been a driving force in the global adoption of the
Sonja Narcisse
Sonja Narcisse serves as Senior Vice President, Global Human Resources & Chief Human Resources Officer, providing direction and leadership for all human resources (HR) initiatives. Her strategic focus areas include performance management, compensation and benefits, talent development, c...Full Bio
Kerstin Aumann, Ph.D.
Kerstin Aumann, Ph.D., is a Human Resources Analyst and Generalist at Tronox. As a member of the global HR leadership team, she focuses on workforce analytics and planning and is engaged in HR initiatives that include recruiting, onboarding, performance management and compensation. Kerstin h...Full Bio
Sandra Olivier
Sandra Olivier is the Manager Workforce Planning and Analysis at Tronox. With more than 30 years experience in Human Resources, her contributions as member of the global HR leadership team are valued. She focuses on workforce planning and analytics and provides expertise to HR initiatives t...Full Bio
Jill George, Ph.D., DDI
Jill George is responsible for co-leading DDI's Talent Management Analytics capability. Her extensive client experience and expertise in integrated assessment and development solutions have helped clients achieve results across the leadership pipeline, ranging from the C-suite to the ...Full Bio
Stella Malsy, Ph.D.
Dr. Stella Malsy leads the Global Talent Management Practice Area (Global Assessment Services), which she implemented in 2010 to ensure that the use of psychometric testing within the organization meets the highest standards. In her role, Stella is responsible for consultation, coordination and d...Full Bio


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RSA Europe 2013 Declining support for young science and technology researchers from the US government could hurt technology innovation in the long term, a top computer scientist has warned.
Robert Griffin, chief security architect at information security biz RSA, said complaints about funding featured in all three pairs of Nobel Prize acceptance speeches this year.
Funding is not too much of a problem for established researchers but for "younger researchers there's pressure to publish early or quickly," said Griffin. Government funding for academic research has been cut because of tough economic conditions – but, said Griffin, this is a short-sighted approach because it will hurt researchers over the long term.
Zurich-based Griffin, who has given lectures at MIT and is heavily involved in the EU's Smart Grid project, said that industry needs to engage in the research community. Yet other sources of support are also needed because research breakthroughs can take years to filter down into front-line products.
For example, the RSA algorithm was the result of work by three young researchers - Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Len Adleman - in 1976. RSA Security was formed six years later in 1984.
During the US edition of the RSA Conference, Shamir said that cryptography is "becoming less important" because of state-sponsored malware. The godfather of encryption warned the security industry to prepare for a 'post-crypto world'.
Griffin, who is also co-chair of the OASIS Key Management Interoperability Protocol (KMIP) technical committee, was more upbeat and optimistic. While he stressed the need for continuous review of code, and highlighted the danger potentially posed by prime factorisation methods and other code-breaking techniques, he added that there's still an "opportunity for breakthroughs" in cryptography protocols and schemes.
At a more strategic level, game theory offers a possible means to get ahead of attackers – or, at least, to develop better techniques that can thwart or frustrate hacking attacks, according to Griffin.
Such strategies might include changing crypto keys at a frequency rapid enough to make brute force attacks unviable, as explained in more depth in a paper on the application of game theory to security problems co-authored by Griffin and Ron Rivest.
Griffin added that using security analytics and other techniques, such as the application of the DevOps method, offers a combined approach for improving security defences. ®


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Fisher Powers Diamond Hogs On Opening Day
Top-ranked Arkansas wins season opener, 9-1
The wait was finally over for Eric Fisher, and he didn't waste his first two opportunities to help his team win.
The redshirt sophomore first baseman drove in runs in his first two at-bats of the season, including a solo home run, to help no. 1 ranked Arkansas beat Western Illinois, 9-1, on Opening Day at Baum Stadium Friday.
"It's good to be back out there," Fisher said. "It's amazing how fast the redshirt year flew by and the season already coming up and the first game being today."
Fisher, who was red-shirted in 2012 after playing in 18 games in 2011, knocked in the first two runs of the game with a single to right field in the first inning.
"Fisher came up after two walks and a sac bunt and did what you're supposed to do: hit a ground ball and drive in a run," said head coach Dave Van Horn. "He just found a hole and got 2 RBIs right there, so that was really good to see."
Leading off the third inning, he hit a 1-1 pitch over the right field wall for his first career home run as a Razorback. It sparked a five-run rally that put the game out of reach early.
"He got a fastball out over the plate and did what you're supposed to do with a pitch like that," Van Horn said.
"To be able to go out there and produce when there's guys in scoring position and get that ball that I got to take out over the fence, it was a good start," said Fisher.
Junior right-hander Ryne Stanek (1-0) started on the mound for Arkansas, and allowed one run on two hits with a walk and four strikeouts in four shutout innings.
Freshman Trey Killian followed Stanek with three perfect innings in relief, striking out one.


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Someone should have told comedian Johnny Vegas that fat, drunk and stupid is no way to go through life. Vegas is the stage persona of British stand-up comedian Michael Pennington, whose act has been described as dangerous, confrontational, [and] out of control. Last Friday night in London, Vegas appeared as a "special guest" on a tour called 10 Greatest Stand-Ups, and many reviewers who caught his act found the performance nothing short of sexual assault: Vegas brought a young woman who appeared to be about 19 onstage, and proceeded to squeeze her breast, finger her through her clothes, and kiss her, after he had repeatedly told her that he wanted to be "inside" her.
Here's a more detailed account of how it went down, according to the Guardian's Mary O'Hara:
Vegas stepped on stage to cheers and immediately announced that he had no material, and that he was there mostly to get laid. There followed a short meandering ramble (mainly about lap dancers) before he turned his attention to the audience - and to one young woman in particular in the front row who, he announced, he wanted to be 'inside'...The woman he focused on was about 18 or 19 and was very obviously unnerved by his attention...Once she was on stage, Vegas told her to lie very still. She couldn't stop her nervous giggling; he threatened to kick her in the ribs. It didn't come across to me as a joke - and near to where I was sitting, no one was laughing. Eventually Vegas crouched down beside the nervous girl and started stroking her breasts while repeatedly saying, "don't fucking move". Then he ran his hand up her leg and began pulling her skirt up. Every time he looked up to address the audience, she would reach down and pull her skirt back down, but he kept pulling it back up.
According to a commenter named James Williams on the Not BBC forums, Vegas then started "fingering her through her clothes for a second or two" before ending his act.
Supporters of Vegas on the Not BBC forums and elsewhere argue that at no time did the woman refuse Vegas's advances; another commenter said he particularly enjoyed the "the discomfort [Vegas inspired] in the predominately middle-class section of the audience I was sitting in." Mary O'Hara and others point out that the woman, young as she was, may have felt she couldn't say "no", as Vegas was singling her out in a crowd full of cheering, jeering people and that she had no idea what was going to happen once she got onstage, and perhaps felt unable to fight back.
This is complete conjecture, but in an interview with the Guardian from two years ago, writer Decca Aitkenhead talks about how when Pennington created his "Johnny Vegas" angry-drunk-aggressive persona, he was "bitter and directionless, drifting between bar jobs in London and Glasgow. By 25 he still hadn't had a girlfriend." He created "Vegas" after he moved back in with his parents. Is Johnny's treatment of this woman payback for all those women who rejected him in late teens and early 20s? It's unclear. What is pretty evident, however, is that Vegas crossed the line on Friday night and called it "comedy." James Williams on Not BBC put it this way: "I don't like to think that any area is out of bounds for comedy, even if the comedy is lazy nonsense (which on this occasion, I think it mostly was) - but that really only applies when you're talking about words and ideas. Once you've got someone pinned down on the stage, it becomes a rather different matter... Really, did no one else see it?"
Here's Johnny! [Guardian]
Johnny Vegas Thread [Not BBC]


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Area Wide/Outside Agency Committees
Advisory body to the San Jose City Council and the Director of Aviation regarding Airport noise and curfew related issues and to provide a public forum for Airport policies and decisions.
Association of Bay Area Governments (ABAG) (General Assembly):
Established in 1961 to protect local control, planning for the future and promoting cooperation in area-wide issues.
Bay Area Water Supply and Conversation Agency (BAWSCA):
Established February 2003 to allow the City to have a greater voice in planning and funding of improvements in the Hetch-Hetchy regional water supply system.
California High-Speed Rail Authority Policymaker Working Group [Indefinitely on hold]
Established in 2010 to gather information and provide feedback to the technical teams that are preparing the Draft Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement (EIR/EIS) to determine the best route alignment and design of the proposed San Francisco to San Jose section of the statewide high-speed train system.
Caltrain Modernization Local Policymaker Group (CalMod):
Established by Caltrain Joint Powers Board for Caltrain modernization/electrification. Members represent cities along the Caltrain corridor.
Cities Association of Santa Clara County:
A. Board of Directors
B. City Selection Committee:
Established to promote cooperation among the fifteeen cities of Santa Clara County and to promote legislative action that will affect local control.
C. Legislative Action Committee
City/Mission College Liaison Committee:
Established on-going communication and review of joint programs with Mission College. The Mission College President and two board members participate on the Committee.
City/School Liaison Committee (Santa Clara Unified School District):
Established on-going communication and coordination of joint projects/programs between City officials and SCUSD officials. The School Board representatives and School Superintendent are members of the Committee.
Emergency Preparedness Council (EPC):
The County Code identifies the Emergency Preparedness Council as the policy group for the Santa Clara County Operational Area (OpArea) and also the County's disaster council. The EPC oversees and evaluates the County OES performance as the OpArea coordinator. The EPC membership is comprised of fifteen cities and a County representative.
Grand Boulevard Task Force/El Camino Real:
Member and alternate appointed by Council on February 21, 2006. First meeting was held March 2006. Joint Venture Silicon Valley Network/Peninsula Policy Partnership formed the Task Force for the purpose of looking for ways to raise the status of the El Camino Real to a world-class boulevard with special attention to the aesthetic, safety and interjurisdictional issues.
Human Trafficking Commission:
The Human Trafficking Commission was established on April 29, 2014 to investigate the nature and scope of human trafficking in the County, including both labor and sex trafficking; identify model victim-centered policies, services, and preventative measures to address this issue; make legislative and policy recommendations to the Santa Clara County Board of Supervisors; support the apprehension and prosecution of traffickers; and collaborate with partners regionally, nationally, and internationally to share information and strategies for ending human trafficking.
Modesto - Santa Clara - Redding Public Power Agency (MSR)
Modesto - Santa Clara - Redding Energy Authority (MSR EA)
Northern California Power Agency (NCPA):
Peninsula Division of the League of California Cities:
Established to encourage greater participation in the Division's activities, thereby creating a strong and unified voice for cities in the Peninsula Division. The responsibilities of the liaison include keeping the Council informed about and engaged in the Division's legislative activities, to provide periodic League updates at Council meetings and to attend Division and League events whenever possible.
Recycled Water Policy Advisory Committee:
Established in 2010 to review and advise the Santa Clara Water District and the City of San Jose (lead agency for the San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant) on all policy issues related to recycled water including operations and capital improvements.
Recycling and Waste Reduction Commission of Santa Clara County (RWRC):
Established per requirements of the California Integrated Waste Management Act of 1989 (AB 939) and subsequent amending legislation in order to coordinate and provide input to the countywide solid waste management program. Membership appointed through the City Selection Committee of Santa Clara County Cities' Association.
San Francisco Bay Area Regional Water System Financing Authority:
Established February 2003 to allow the City to have a greater voice in planning and funding of improvements in the Hetch-Hetchy regional water supply system. The Regional Financing Authority is a parallel organization with the Bay Area Water Supply and Conservation Authority Agency (BAWSCA).
San Jose/Santa Clara Clean Water Financing Authority:
Reviews and advises the City of San Jose City Council on all issues relating to the operation and capital improvement of the San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant.
San Jose/Santa Clara Treatment Plant Advisory Committee (TPAC):
Reviews and advises the City of San Jose City Council on all issues relating tothe operation and caital improvement of the San Jose/Santa Clara Water Pollution Control Plant.
Santa Clara County Comprehensive Expressway Planning Study Policy Advisory Board (PAB):
The Santa Clara County Comprehensive Expressway Planning Study policy Advisory Board (PAB) will provide a forum for policy input from elected officials for updating the Expressway Study's Implementation Plan originally adopted in August 2003.
Santa Clara County Emergency Operational Area Council (EOAC)
Santa Clara Valley Transportation Authority (SCVTA):
- Board of Directors:
Sets VTA policy; establishes committees to give advice on policy matters and provide.
- Caltrain Policy Advisory Board: INACTIVE
Established by the VTA Board of Directors on 1/7/99. Ensures that local jurisdictions are involved in guiding the planning, design and construction of projects in the Caltrain Corridor.
- County Expressways Policy Advisory Committee:
Appointments made by VTA Board of Directors. This committee is a Policy Advisory Board subcommittee.
- El Camino Rapid Transit (ECRRT) Policy Advisory Board (PAB):
Established by the VTA Board of Directors in October 2010 to guide the planning and implementation of Bus Rapid Transit corridors in Santa Clara County.
Policy Advisory Committee
Ensures that all jurisdictions within the County have access to development of VTA's policies.
Silicon Valley Rapid Transit Corridor (BART) Warm Springs Extension Policy Advisory Board
Established by the VTA Board of Directors on January 11, 2001, to replace all previous policy committees associated with the "Fremont-South Bay Corridor" (BART) to review the progress of the upcoming Major Investment Study/Environmental Impact Report.
Santa Clara Valley Water Commission (SCVW):
Established by the Santa Clara Valley Water District Board of Directors to review and advise on issues relating to water supply and water pricing.
Silicon Valley Animal Control Authority (SVACA):
Established in 2000 to provide animal control field services and shelter services for the participating cities. The Board is comprised of three members representing the participating cities of Santa Clara, Campbell and Monte Sereno.
Silicon Valley Regional Interoperability Authority (SVRIA) Board of Directors:
In 2001 several agencies in the area established the Silicon Valley Regional Interoperability Project to design an implementation strategy of an interoperable communications network; purchase a radio and data communications system or network; integrate this system or network with other nearby regional public safety communications systems; participate in regional interoperability; and to jointly apply for grants and funding to facilitate these goals. In 2010, a Joint Powers Agreement was established to implement and operate the SVRIA and other projects. The nine-member Baord of Directors of the JPA consists of elected officials from different geographic regions of the County and will serve as the governing body of agreement. The City of Santa Clara is represented in the "Central County Agencies" that also includes Sunnyvale and Milpitas.
Triton Museum of Art Liaison Committee:
The Trition Museum of Art is an independent non-profit organization. The Council appoints a representative to serve as a liaison to the Triton Museum Board. The participation of a Council Member at the Triton Museum Board meetings will further the communication and knowledge of the City's support.


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The ability to transfer save files across Wii U and 3DS versions of the new Monster Hunter series failed to go live on the game's North American launch day yesterday, despite being featured in the main trailer for the game.
Gamers in North America can merrily play through the Nintendo console and portable versions of Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate, but the ability to move save files from one machine to the next is dependent on a free, downloadable 3DS app that has yet to appear on the system's online store. Until it does, the Wii U version's save-transfer menu option is but a tease.
"The Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate Packet Relay Tools and the Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate Data Transfer Program are not yet live on the Nintendo eShop," a Capcom rep confirmed to Kotaku over e-mail late last night. "Capcom is working closely with Nintendo to make these available for download as soon as possible and apologize for the delay."
Monster Hunter is one of the most popular game series in Japan, a phenomenon of Call of Duty or Pokémon proportions. It kept Sony's PSP popular in that country even as the system fell into the shadows elsewhere.
The Monster Hunter games are fantasy-themed adventures that let up to four players arm heroes with outlandish swords, bows and other weapons as they hunt a menagerie of otherworldly beasts.
The new Wii U and 3DS games, which are sold separately, update the 2009/2010 Wii release of Monster Hunter Tri with up-razzed graphics and added content. While players can solo through the game, they can play online with others on Wii U or with fellow 3DS owners locally.
Once the app goes live players will be able to move their progress across machines so they can play on their TV or away from it. We'll update this post when it is available.
UPDATE 3/20 9:48PM ET: A Capcom rep now says: "As you know, the Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate Packet Relay Tools and the Monster Hunter 3 Ultimate Data Transfer Program are not yet live on the Nintendo eShop. Nintendo is working very closely with us to get these live as soon as possible and we anticipate that they will both be available on the Nintendo eShop by Friday, March 22. We sincerely apologize for the delay and appreciate that eager fans are looking forward to the feature set offered by the two apps."


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Designer Cristian Zuzunaga reimagines Runner Up women's high-top sneakers in his signature pixelated style, playing with color and contrast to blur the boundaries between the virtual and real worlds.
Zuzunaga creates timeless, non-gender specific and sustainable home and fashion textiles and accessories. Founded by artist and designer Cristian Zuzunaga, our brand and our products are a reflection on and of what it means to be human today.
Cristian Zuzunaga (b. Barcelona, 1978) is the son of a Peruvian father and a Catalan mother. He gave up his biology studies and his career as a professional model to study Typo/Graphic Design at the London College of Communication followed by an MA at the Royal College of Art in London, where he has lived for more than twenty years.
Though the biological studies did not last, the practice of magnifying did–he has always been fascinated by the microscope and the way in which it enables one to magnify an object–and to this day, breaking down patterns and images into their infinitesimal components remains at the core of his work.
Cristian's work is broad in scope–includes photography, video, letterpress, screen printing, sculpture, textile and furniture design–and it is informed by the psychology of colour, architecture and the urban environment, nature, Eastern and Western philosophy, alchemy, anthropology, sociology and the psychology of Carl Gustav Jung.
His designs and works of art are reflection on and of what it means to be human today. In 2010 he founded Zuzunaga brand, with the desire to create timeless, non-gender specific and sustainable home and fashion textiles and accessories.
Zuzunaga has won major accolades such as the Augustus Martin Award for Best Use of Print, in 2007; Elle Decoration International Design Award for Best Fabric Design, Skyline curtain collection for Kvadrat, in 2011; ICFF New York, 1st Prize for Textiles, Handwoven collection, in 2012 and the Wallpaper Award for Best Pixellation, in 2014.
Cristian combines his own manufacturing with collaborative work for companies and institutions like the Tate Gallery, Kvadrat, Camper, Ligne Roset, Fabergé, Nanimarquina and BD Barcelona Design, and also exhibits his work in a number of galleries around the world.
Meet Cristian Zuzunaga from Zuzunaga on Vimeo.
2018 Collaboration with Camper. Designed a limited edition shoe in the Art by category.
2017 London Showroom launch in collaboration with BD Barcelona Design.
2016 Origen exhibition. Galeria Lucia de la Puente. Lima, Peru.
2015 Collaboration with BD Barcelona Design. Designed the Dreams cabinet in 3 colourways. Design meets Art.
2014 Collaboration with Metalarte, Art by category. Design of pattern design for award winning Alta Costura lamp.
2013 Domaine de Boisbuchet & Vitra, Summer workshop in collaboration with Texidors. Collaboration with Campaign for Wool and Brintons, designed 34m runner exhibited at Somerset House, London
2012 Designed 3 new curtain collections for Kvadrat (ongoing collaboration). Design colour collection for Danskina to celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the company.
2011 Faberge Egg Hunt & Elephant Trust Charity event in London | Commissioned to design a one - off egg which was sold at an auction. Artists included: Peter Blake, Zaha Hadid, Chapman Brothers, Marc Quinn among others.
2010 Digit rug collection for Nanimarquina, Salone del Mobile, Milan. Special commission for Hästens & Wallpaper*, Handmade, Salone del Mobile, Milan. Skyline curtain collection for Kvadrat, Orgatec, Cologne.
2009 Special commission for Tate Gallery, silk scarf and bag for the Color Chart exhibition at Tate Liverpool. Imaginatio print designed for Christophe Delcourt.
Collaboration with Ligne Roset. Designed an exclusive print to upholster key furniture pieces to mark the 150 anniversary of Ligne Roset.
2007 Cristian graduated from Royal College of Art and right after his graduation he was selected to take part at the Fashion V Sport exhibition at Victoria and Albert Museum in London
We design timeless quality products that will last.
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Bond investors refuse to panic despite default fearsOctober 3, 2013: 1:22 PM ET
The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Paul R. La Monica. Other than Time Warner, the parent of CNNMoney, Abbott Laboratories and AbbVie, La Monica does not own positions in any individual stocks.
The bond market doesn't give a Shiitake mushroom about the government shutdown and debt ceiling drama. But how long can that last?
While stocks have tumbled a bit due to concerns about DC dysfunction, there's been an almost eerie sense of calm among fixed income investors.
The yield on the benchmark 10-year Treasury has been mostly stuck in a narrow range between 2.6% and 2.7% for the past week and a half.
It's as if bond traders are all big fans of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" or something. Their motto seems to be "Don't Panic." All we need now is for bond yields to suddenly plunge 42 basis points. (h/t @chrisidore.)
But several experts said the lack of a bond market hissy fit makes sense. Here's why.
For one, the market still doesn't believe that politicians will be stupid enough to let the United States default on any of its significant debt obligations -- particularly interest payments to Treasury holders.
Related: Warren Buffett says Congress won't resort to 'extreme idiocy'
The conventional wisdom is that cooler heads will eventually prevail ... or that Treasury Secretary Jack Lew will do his best Hank Paulson impersonation and strike the fear of some supreme deity into Congress to force them to raise the debt ceiling.
There's also that little entity known as the Federal Reserve. It's still buying $85 billion a month in bonds and mortgage-backed securities.
The Fed did not pull back on quantitative easing last month despite expectations that it would. And as I wrote last week, the shutdown and debt limit soap opera may prevent the Fed from tapering until 2014.
As long as the Fed is still buying long-term bonds, that should help keep rates on the 10-year from going much higher than where they are now. After all, the 10-year yield rose as high as 2.98% in early September.
Related: Even talking about default hurts economy
Finally, there's little reason for big bond investors to bail on Treasuries because the U.S. still (amazingly enough) is considered the safest haven in the world when it comes to sovereign debt.
"The U.S. is still the only game in town. There are no obviously superior alternatives," said Richard Portes, a professor of economics at the London Business School.
Sure, China and Japan may eventually grow tired of the political shenanigans on Capitol Hill. And if they do, that would be bad news for the United States considering that those two nations collectively hold more than $2.4 trillion in U.S. debt.
But if they dump Treasuries, what would they buy instead? Despite the improvement in the economies of Europe and Japan, bonds tied to the euro and yen still seem risky.
Related: Countdown to a default
Portes notes that some foreign central banks are gradually moving away from U.S. dollar-denominated assets to bonds and currencies linked to the Canadian dollar, Australian dollar and Swiss francs. But those are relatively small and less liquid markets.
So there you have it. Despite all the fear mongering, it seems highly unlikely that U.S. bond yields are going to skyrocket like Greek, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese bonds did during the worst of the euro crisis.
Keep in mind that even after Lehman went belly up five years ago, bond yields in the U.S. fell. The same thing happened after Standard & Poor's downgraded the credit rating of the U.S. in 2011 following the last debt ceiling debacle.
It may seem silly and completely illogical. But there's nothing like financial turmoil to remind the world that the U.S. is a safe place to invest ... even when Uncle Sam is the source of said turmoil.
It's not as if the U.S. is broke and can't pay its bills. It really is just a more a matter of political stupidity as opposed to catastrophically bad economic fundamentals.
Until something better comes along (and yuan-denominated bonds are probably more a 2050 story than 2013 story) investors are stuck with the U.S. Treasury market -- for better or (mostly) worse.
Reader comment of the Week! Bill Gross of Pimco released his latest monthly outlook on Wednesday. The market's main takeaway was that Gross thinks the Fed will keep interest rates low "for decades to come." But this is Bill Gross we're talking about. He didn't just wax wonky about bonds and the economy.
Gross also had a bizarre tangent on how he hates crows and his wife hates bugs. It was very existential. It almost sounded like he was the Claire Danes character from "My So-Called Life." (Hopefully Angela Chase is a more well-adjusted adult than Carrie Mathison.) One of my college friends picked up on this too.
Ha! Gross is a big music fan. I wonder if he was listening to Morrissey when he wrote that outlook.


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Wellsburg Communications & Internet Lawyers
Corning, NY 14831
New York University School of Law
Corning, NY 14831
University of Iowa College of Law
SUNY Buffalo Law School
Employment History: 1997 - Present: Attorney & Counselor at Law, The Ross Scott Law Firm, Andover, NY.
Focus on complex and first impression environmental issues, energy, technology, and Constitutional law, but also serving a broad local clientele as both counselor and litigator.
Experience at...
Rochester, NY 14621
Boston College Law School
Rochester, NY 14621
George Washington University
Rochester, NY 14604
Harvard University
Rochester, NY 14604
Georgetown University Law Center
Rochester, NY 14604
Rochester, NY 14621
J. Reuben Clark Law School
Rochester, NY 14604
Rochester, NY 14604
State University of New York at Buffalo
Rochester, NY 14604
Rochester, NY 14604
Duke Law School
Rochester, NY 14621
Washington College of Law
Rochester, NY 14604
George Washington University
Rochester, NY 14604
Rochester, NY 14604
Albany Law School of Union University
Cuba, NY 14727-2729
University of Pennsylvania Law School
Rochester, NY 14621
Rochester, NY 14604
S.J. Quinney College of Law
Rochester, NY 14604
Suite 1002
New York, NY 10018
Communications, Appeals, Business and IP
University of Kentucky College of Law
J.R. has tried a dozen cases to verdict in state and federal courts. He has successfully settled or prevailed in hundreds of cases in his career, sometimes with millions of dollars at stake. In 2019, J.R. won a $1.5 million dollar plaintiff's verdict. In 2018, he was part of the trial team for one of the 50 largest verdicts in Texas. Also in 2018, he secured a take-nothing defense verdict for a real estate developer facing a multi-million dollar claim.
J.R.'s practice focuses on all types of business and commercial litigation, including contracts,...
Ninth Floor
New York, NY 10018
Golden Gate University and Golden Gate University School of Law
New York, NY 10001
Northwestern University School of Law
I have successfully represented clients of every size in state and...
Suite 100
Bohemia, NY 11716
Boston University School of Law
3rd Floor
New York, NY 10013
St. John's University School of Law
Prior to law practice, I worked in finance for several years as both an investment banker and consultant with a focus on M&A. I enjoy working with founders and...
Suite 101
White Plains, NY 10604
Pace University School of Law
26th Floor
New York, NY 10004
Fordham University School of Law
Bob represents companies and investors involved in technology, manufacturing, health care, Internet, education, and other industries. He also serves as President of The Parlex Group, an international network of mid-sized law firms in Europe, Israel and Asia, which work together to handle cross-border transactions around the world.
1501 Broadway, FL 12
New York,, NY 10036
Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law
New York, NY 10111
London School of Economics and Political Science and UNLV William S. Boyd School of Law
Forest Hills, NY 11375
St. John's University School of Law
Suite A
Port Washington, NY 11050
Brooklyn Law School
Massapequa, NY 11758
Maurice A. Deane School of Law at Hofstra University and Hofstra University
Brooklyn, NY 11211
The City University of New York School of Law
640 Ellicott Street, Suite 109
Buffalo, NY 14203
SUNY Buffalo Law School
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Fordham University School of Law
Suite 102
White Plains, NY 10601-5210
University of Michigan Law School
His case on compensation for victims of child pornography in federal criminal restitution proceedings was recently decided by the United States Supreme Court. That case, United States v. Paroline, led to the Amy, Vicky, and Andy Child Pornography Victim Assistance Act of 2018 which recently passed the House and Senate by unanimous consent and was signed into law by the president on December 7, 2018.
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New York, NY 10004
Northeastern Univ School of Law
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White Plains, NY 10601
Fordham University School of Law
Suite 1002
New York, NY 10018
Columbia Law School
Before forming his own firm, Bryce was an eDiscovery project manager who deployed cutting edge technology to...
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art & culture
No matter what the season, festivals and other exciting events are always taking place somewhere in the Laurentians. Lovers of music, dance and theatre can vibrate to the rhythm of numerous different festivals and discover the creative universe of artists from here and abroad. On the sporting side, a number of major events take place each year against the beautiful background of the Laurentians, and feature an impressive variety of sporting disciplines. Lovers of fine food are also well provided for, there being many an invitation to come and participate in the pleasures of the table. Families can have fun together all year round at one of the many events designed for the amusement of young and old. Up North, fun times are always on the menu!
A site where cultural and social activities are held, Place des citoyens hosts a diverse cultural program with lots of exciting events that bear witness to the vitality of Sainte-Adèle!
Located once again at Place des Citoyens in Sainte-Adèle, exhibitors will be both indoors and outdoors.


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Squirrels have fuzzy tails.
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is 3 degrees resolution too jerky?
and why did you use 360? don't accelerometers only do 180 before being basically inverted?
is 3 degrees resolution too jerky?
probably going for a coanda effect UFO now
3-deg is definitely too jerky for a quad rotor - the vehicle is inherently unstable, and you'll need much tighter control.
ummmm Im sure you can run some type of filter on it . . . what would you say is acceptable accuracy?
For stable hover without lateral translation


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Natural Care Vertifix™ for Motion Sickness
Vertigo comes from the Latin verto "a whirling or spinning movement." It is a type of dizziness, where there is a feeling of motion when one is stationary.
Vertigo occurs when there is conflict between the signals sent to the brain by various balance and position-sensing systems of the body. Your brain uses input from four sensory systems to maintain your sense of balance and orientation.
The symptoms of Vertigo or motion sickness include:
dizziness • not feeling well • sweating • excessive perspiration • nausea • difficulties standing/walking • vomiting
What is motion sickness?
Motion sickness of kinetosis, also known as Travel Sickness, is a condition in which a disagreement exists between visually perceived movement and the vestibular system''s sensor of movement. Depending on the cause it can also be referred to as seasickness, car sickness, simulation sickness, airsickness, or space sickness.
Motion sickness is the nausea, disorientation and fatigue that can be induced by head motion. The first sign is usually pallor. As symptoms build, an upset stomach, fatigue or drowsiness may occur. The final stages are characterized by nausea and vomiting.
About 33% of people are susceptible to motion sickness even in mild circumstances such as being on a boat in calm water, although nearly 66% of people are susceptible in more severe conditions.
Indications: Helps to relieve symptoms of nausea, vertigo, dizziness, motion sickness, sea sickness and accompanying nervousness due to high places, travel or motion.
*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.