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SageWoman Blogs
There is no such thing as just a deck of cards. Each deck has a special energy or story to tell. They have a very distinct purpose and tend to be heavily imprinted with the essence of their creators. This blog will explore both tarot and oracle decks and delve into their story, their purpose and how best you as a reader can utilize the gifts and abilities each deck has to offer.
A Journey of Rebirth With the Tarot de St. Croix
My review today is not the one I had planned. In fact I have a hard drive filled with other reviews that really should be posted before this one. However this deck is speaking the loudest, is pulling me more to it and has just captured my heart. I am speaking of course of Lisa de St. Croix's stunning deck Tarot de St. Croix.
This deck arrived in my mailbox Easter weekend and has not left my hands since. It has mesmerized me, entrapped me and left me longing to experience more. Yes I am still talking about a deck of cards. I could feel the energy of this deck before I even opened the bubble wrap postal envelop. This energy only intensifies the moment you get it into your hands.
This deck is not just a journey through the 78 tarot cards but it is a journey through 4 years of Lisa's life and you feel it in every single card. The personal stories and sacred snippets of Lisa's journey are what gives this deck its true power. Some of my favorites are her story of the fool, death, the 9 of cups and the page of pentacles.
There are also times you feel like she is reading your mind and energy sharing your own story.
As I personally feel like I am being reborn into a newer more upgraded version of myself this deck has been timely. Getting it on Easter Saturday just enhanced my own personal journey of self discovery and bonded me even more with the energy Lisa has created with this deck.
Lisa has done something very interesting with the layout of the little white book that comes with the deck. Instead of having the cards in suits she arranges them by numbers and groups. So instead of finding all of the cups in one section, you find all of the aces, all of the twos and so on grouped together. I have to say I really like this layout and found her book very easy to navigate.
The cards themselves are printed on fantastic stock by Devera Publishing and fit in the hand comfortably. The little white book is printed in full color, another really cool bonus with this deck. This deck has a lot of orange in it and I mean a lot. For me all of the orange only added to the warmth of this deck, but if you are not a warm tones fan I can see how this might be visually off putting. I do encourage you to try and move past all the orange and allow the cards to really speak to you as they have a powerful message to share.
I am giving this deck a 4.5 star rating and highly recommend it especially if you are going through a rebirth phase.
If you want to find out more about Lisa and her work you can check out her site by clicking here.
* Make sure you are getting your Tuesday Tarot Tips by becoming a Tarotscapes V.I.P member today find out more at http://tarotscapes.com/
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NY Rangers beat Florida Panthers 4-1 in final game before Winter Classic
SUNRISE, Fla. - The New York Rangers are glad the Winter Classic is finally upon them.
After a disappointing loss to Washington on Wednesday, the Rangers bounced back with a 4-1 win Friday against the Florida Panthers.
The Rangers, who have won six of seven, will play the Philadelphia Flyers in the Winter Classic on Monday in Citizens Bank Park.
"There's a lot of talk about it, a lot of hype," Rangers captain Ryan Callahan said. "It's good to realize that it's our next game. We're excited about it. At the same time, it's going to be good to play it and move on and continue the rest of the season."
The Rangers lead the Eastern Conference with 50 points. Philadelphia has 48.
"It's been such a buildup," Rangers goaltender Henrik Lundqvist said. "In August you start to talk about it and going into camp and we had the Europe trip and HBO coming in and now we're finally there. It's so hard to believe almost."
Carl Hagelin had a goal and an assist to lead the Rangers' offensive attack against the Panthers.
Brad Richards, Brandon Dubinsky, and Michael Del Zotto also scored for the Rangers.
"You know it's not going to be easy, they're a pretty good team and they have a lot of skill up front," said Lundqvist, who stopped 27 shots. "They played pretty well, but we did a good job of making good decisions."
It didn't take long for the Rangers to score.
Callahan skated up the left side, stopped along the boards just outside the faceoff circle, and threaded a pass to Hagelin, who deflected a pass past Scott Clemmensen 35 seconds into the game.
Later in the first period, Richards beat Clemmensen with a wrist shot and Del Zotto scored from the blue-line ending Clemmensen's night. Clemmensen stopped 11-of-14 shots before being replaced by Jose Theodore.
"We weren't ready for the game and there's absolutely zero excuse for that," said Matt Bradley, who scored for the Panthers.
"They're the top team in the Eastern Conference and we know they work hard—that's their M-O. And to come out like that was embarrassing."
Dubinsky gave the Rangers a 4-0 lead on an impressive goal as he weaved through traffic and fired a backhand by Theodore for his fourth of the season.
Lundqvist was sharp throughout, stopping seven shots in the first, 11 in the second and nine in the final period.
"He played really well for us," Richards said. "You don't want to rely on him like we did in the third, but it's a good chance he'll hold the fort."
With 7.6 seconds left, Del Zotto delivered a cross-check to Tomas Kopecky in front of the net knocking Kopecky's helmet off. Del Zotto was facing the opposite direction when Kopecky responded with a punch that knocked Del Zotto to the ice.
"D-Z wasn't even looking at him," Rangers forward Brandon Prust said. "That's a sucker punch. If you're not looking at the guy and he punches you in the head."
Rangers teammate Mike Rupp came to Del Zotto's defence and received a fighting major in addition to a game misconduct.
Kopecky received a match penalty for the incident.
"That's hockey," Panthers coach Kevin Dineen said. "Some guy cross checks you in the back and follows through, he deserves a good smash in the face. (Del Zotto) got what he deserved."
Theodore turned away 10-of-11 shots for the Panthers, who have lost four of five.
Notes: Hagelin has scored four goals in the past six games. ... Del Zotto was a plus-2 giving him a plus or even rating in 30 of 36 games for the Rangers. ... The Rangers waived F Sean Avery prior to the game. ... Panthers F Stephen Weiss had four shots in his return to the lineup after missing two games due to an upper body injury. ... The loss for Clemmensen (3-1-2) was his first of the season in regulation. ... Before the game, the Panthers announced that D Mike Weaver had signed a two-year contract extension.

subset: commoncrawl


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Oakland, Berkeley, And East Bay News, Events, Restaurants, Music, & Arts
The contentedly independent filmmaker Jim Jarmusch has brought his restless energy to a series of surreal road movies that move nicely along on the strength of rare characters, quirky humor, and a willing embrace of chance adventure. These quest stories for hipsters have transported Jarmusch's fiercely loyal audience from New York to snowy Cleveland (Stranger Than Paradise), from a crappy New Orleans jail cell to the wilds of the bayou country (Down By Law), and in a veritable orgy of wanderlust, into the backseats of taxi cabs in Los Angeles, New York, Rome, and Helsinki -- all in one night (Night on Earth). For someone who sits down to write his scripts in a rustic cabin in the Catskill Mountains of upstate New York, this director sure seems like a rolling stone who never unpacks his suitcase.
In his strangely affecting, uncharacteristically star-studded Broken Flowers, Jarmusch hits the road again. This time he's in the company of a dour, aging ladies' man (Bill Murray) on the hunt for the mother of his nineteen-year-old son, of whose existence he has just learned via a cryptic note typed on pink stationery. The fact that good old Dad pops in on four possible mothers in the course of his search posits four love affairs in one year of the Reagan Administration, quite a body count even for a fellow whose name -- Don Johnston -- is an Americanized play on "Don Juan." Apparently, Warren Beatty never had a thing on this guy.
As a movie actor, Murray has long since abandoned the playful cutup everybody loved on Saturday Night Live and taken up residence in a darker, more seasoned persona -- part ironist, part tormented seeker, only occasionally the purveyor of jest or joke. In Flowers, we see in Murray the same kind of poker-faced world-weariness he transmitted in Lost in Translation. A soul adrift. Through the years, Don has made a tidy fortune in computer design, but his life doesn't add up. He never married, and his latest girlfriend (Julie Delpy) has just left him for unspecified reasons; one of the first views Jarmusch gives us in the aftermath is that of a tired campaigner in the war between the sexes sitting alone in his darkened living room, half-watching old movies on the boob tube. Is this a sexual dynamo women still find irresistible? Not to look at him.
Our hero is shaken from his inertia, more or less, by his energetic neighbor, Winston (Jeffrey Wright). An exuberant family man with five kids and three jobs, Winston still finds time to indulge his taste for amateur detective work, and he's delighted when he convinces Don to ferret out the author of the pink letter. Thenceforward to the airport.
As we'd hoped, each of the far-flung women Don revisits in anonymous, unnamed sectors of the country comes furnished with the famous Jarmuschian oddity, as do the several creatures in their orbits. Luscious Laura (Sharon Stone), now the widow of a stock-car driver, lives in a trashy frame house with a curiously frank teenage daughter (Alexis Dziena) named -- wouldn't you know it? -- Lolita. Neat, nervous Dora (Frances Conroy) and her grinning husband erect grim, prefab mansions in a brain-dead suburb. The dreamy ex-lawyer Carmen (Jessica Lange) has a new career communicating with animals (her cat rightly tells her that Don has a "hidden agenda") and a new sexual lifestyle. Best of all, hard-edged Penny (Tilda Swinton) has turned into a rural biker chick with a couple of nasty rednecks lurking out in the barn. Like the others, she's the recipient of the protagonist's way-easing pink bouquet. But Penny isn't buying. "What the fuck do you want, Donny?" she snarls at her uninvited guest.
What the fuck does Donny want? It's clear that he doesn't really know, and if his little roundup of the strays gives him any better sense of history or consequence, Jarmusch wisely lets us draw those conclusions on our own. Does the hero, with his impassive mug and his exhausted demeanor, discover who the mother of his child is? Don't count on it -- not in a Jim Jarmusch film that so intrigued the French in its fetching existential ambiguities that it won the top prize at this year's Cannes Film Festival. Does he find his son? Don't bank on that one either, although Jarmusch's democratically based open-endedness does allow for some hints. Is Don now a better, more self-aware man? Happily, Jarmusch doesn't bother with that game either. If you're shopping for neatly tied bundles of plot and the rigid arcs of "character development" common to mainstream movies, look elsewhere. Whether he's playing on the road or at home, Jarmusch always throws a lot of off-speed stuff, and that's his glory.
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News - October 21, 1:32 PM
News - October 20, 4:00 AM


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Knot Just Knitters is group for anyone that enjoys needlework. It meets at the Vacaville Cultural Center Library on second and fourth Fridays during the month from 2 p.m. to 4:30 p.m. People of all skill levels are welcome to attend to share their projects with the group, and help is available to anyone that would like to learn something new. The next meeting is Friday, Jan. 11.
The library is located at 1020 Ulatis Drive. For further information call 1-866-57-ASKUS or look on the library website at www.solanolibrary.com.
Make it easier to get up-to-date news about books and services at your library. Sign up here.
Get the scoop on all the newest additions to the library's collection and find that next good read!
Want to know what programs are happening at your library? Get a copy of your local branch's calendar of events.
Sign up to sample a book by reading a small portion each day for a week in your email.


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Did you know that yesterday was World Pasta Day? But really, we know that World Pasta is celebrated here EVERY Friday. So with no blabbering from me, let's get down to business.
First in this week... Val of More Than Burnt Toast is back with another PPN first...last week it was pasta in a sandwich and this week it's in a pie. Check out this Onion, Cheese & Pasta Pie. Thanks for the inspiration.
Ferdzy of Seasonal Ontario Food is back with another unique twist to an old standard. I won't give away any surprises ...but this is not your typical Mac 'n Cheese.
Lisa of Chris & Lisa's We (Heart) Food created this mouth-watering California Pasta. Isn't it stunning?
Sona of The Discovery of a New Dish... is a first time PPNer and her very inventive creation (done for another event originally) has a great pasta recipe for the Spaghetti Nest. Who says you shouldn't play with your food?
Dharm of Dad - Baker & Chef let his wife do the cooking this time around. The Cantonese Noodles look awesome. When can I come for dinner?
Katie of Thyme for Cooking is back with a funny story and...to help you get past the visual of the first line...a great looking Pasta with Sage & Parmesan.
Margot at Coffee & Vanilla whipped up this glorious Spring like dish of Pasta Primavera to help her forget how cold the weather is.
Haalo of Cook (Almost) Anything shares this beautiful Orecchietti di Cime di Rapa (also known as broccoli rabe). It's got me drooling.
Sab of Leplaisirdegourmandise is back with a great dish of Crispy Chinese Noodles with Tofu & Mushrooms. I didn't translate this time, but I will upon request.
Becke, the Columbus Foodie does another first for Presto Pasta Night...it's the first Greek dish we've had....Manestra with Orzo and it looks delicious. Actually Becke reminded me that she did another Greek Dish for PPN #18- Pastitsio
Sara of I Like to Cook came with a fabulous dish of Portobello Mushrooms and Parmesan (although, apparently she forgot the Parmesan). I've been improvising those "oops, I don't have..." moments myself lately.
Katerina of Daily Unadventures In Cooking - wrong again! There is nothing "un" about this simple but awesome dish Pasta with Marscarpone & Pecan Pesto.
And a first for me...I happened on Jaden's Steamy Kitchen - a great blog and staring me in the face was a perfectly awesome Lobster Mac 'n Cheese. Is it any wonder I asked her if I could add it to the roundup?
Sher of What Did You Eat? brings a very fresh and pretty Orecchetti with Radicchio, Feta & Walnuts. Yum! Orecchetti are one of my favorite pastas...they hold sauces so well.
Kate of Other Peoples Food brings a fantastic Goat Cheese Ravioli. Prep was done over time, so it felt like she just "threw it together". I love when that happens and thank goodness for freezers!
As for me, no where near the imagination of some of the others, but delicious none the less...Cranberry Couscous Stuffed Chicken Breasts.
Plus a very tasty, very easy dish we ended up eating two nights in a row! Pasta with Sweet Fennel Italian Sausage & Mushroom Sauce.
Don't forget to join in the fun for next week and please visit the Presto Pasta Gang on Facebook.
As always...a very big thank you to all of you for playing along and visiting every week!!!
Related Links:Food and Drink easy cooking recipes pasta Food Blogging Event Presto Pasta Night


text: I've always have had fascination with art. Mainly, I love to work with pencil and draw portraits of people. It's really interesting to work with different models and show the beauty of people and portray the many lessons of life through them. As I shade every age line, I wonder about the life story of the model and how they got the features they have today.


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This is an old map that I haven't uploaded yet.
Pepino wanted it so here it is.
Full resources
Bulldoze the trees in the water.
Latest Version Of The User Interface Mod
I have increased our donation amount due to a price increase from the hosting company. It happened last year but I've been covering it so far..... Also PayPal is charging more so I still end up covering extra amounts due to the exchange rate fees.Dismiss Notice
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Maps Widows Inlet 1.0
Savage rocks await the unsuspecting captain


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By DAVID GREEN
Educators and the public alike are often unhappy with new rules from Washington, but a piece of legislation passed in 2004 could prove to be a benefit for everyone. The new law requires that any district that participates in the National School Lunch Program must have a wellness policy in place by July of this year.
The creation of a wellness policy forces every district to take a close look at its nutritional and physical education programs, to determine if what's offered in the cafeteria is in the best of interest of children's health and what is taught in gym class will serve children's health now and in the future.
Morenci Board of Education members are taking a look at the proposed policy created by a wellness committee. Much of what they found was to their liking. Superintendent Kyle Griffith believes Morenci is ahead of many districts.
For example, the soft drink machines are located outside the school building and are unplugged during the day. The cafeteria is serving low fat dressings and breakfast cereals with reduced sugar.
The changes made here in recent months might seem like small steps, but a lot of little alterations add up to make a big difference.
The committee is charged with taking an on-going look at the many facets of the wellness policy and additional changes will undoubtedly be made.
School officials will do their part in trying to make Morenci students healthy. The remainder of the effort must come from the home where parents, too, need to take a look at "home policies" for raising healthy children.


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Export 14 results:Author Title Type [ Year]
Filters: Author is Barnes, Burton Verne [Clear All Filters]
Natural variation and clonal development of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata in northern lower Michigan. Doctor of Philosophy:318pp... 1959.
Hybrid aspens in the lower peninsula of Michigan. Rhodora. 63(755):311-324.. 1961.
The clonal growth habit of American aspens. Ecology. 47:439-447.. 1966.
Natural variation and delineation of clones of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata in northern lower Michigan. Silvae Genetica. 18:130-142.. 1969.
Occurrence of hybrids between bigtooth and trembling aspen in Michigan. Canadian Journal of Botany. 63:1888-1890.. 1985.
Phenotypic variation of Chinese aspens and their relationships to similar taxa in Europe and North America. Canadian Journal of Botany. 71:799-815.. 1993.
Ecological classification and analysis of wetland ecosystems, northern Lower Michigan, U.S.A. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 25:1865-1875.. 1995.
Using the landscape ecosystem approach to assess species and ecosystem diversity. Conservation Biology. 9(5):1148-1158.. 1995.
Silviculture, landscape ecosystems, and the iron law of the site. Forstarchiv. 67:226-235.. 1996.
Biomass accumulation and soil nitrogen availability in an 87-year-old Populus grandidentata chronosequence. Forest Ecology and Management. 191:121-127.. 2004.
Tree Response to Ecosystem Change at the Landscape Level in Eastern North America. Forstarchiv. 80(3):76-89.. 2009.
Landforms, Physical Landscapes, and Glacial History. The Changing Environment of Northern Michigan: A Century of Science and Nature at the University of Michigan Biological Station. :25-35.. 2010.
Vegetation History and Change, 1840-2009. The Changing Environment of Northern Michigan: A Century of Science and Nature at the University of Michigan Biological Station.. 2010.
Comparative phylogeography of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.): impacts of habitat specialization, hybridization and glacial history. Journal of Biogeography. 38(5):992-1005.. 2011.


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Our designs page is under construction.
A complete selection of embroidery, rhinestone, screen printed and heat applied graphics for you to create your favorite decorated apparel item or accessory for your business, your team or special occasion. No minimum !!!
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3 Missouri parks to close for deer hunt
Dec. 8 weekend shutdowns include Watkins Woolen Mill State Park
The Missouri Department of Natural Resources said three state parks will be closed for two days next month in order to stage a managed whitetail deer hunt.
Officials said the hunts on Dec. 8-9 were being used to manage the deer population in the parks, which has grown too big for the resources in the area. Hunting is usually forbidden in state parks under Missouri law.
The parks that will be closed include Cuivre River State Park, near Troy, Mo., Dr. Edmund A. Babler Memorial State Park in Wildwood and Watkins Woolen Mill State Park near Lawson. All other state parks and historic sites will be open and off-limits for hunting.
Only hunters with a special permit will be allowed into the parks during the weekend closure. The permits were awarded during a random computer drawing of applicants over the summer.


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Photo #21076
Last Name: Bergner
First Name: Elizabeth
Middle Name: Uhler
Subject's City: Harrisburg
Subject's State: PA
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Subject's Country: Dauphin
Photographer's City: Harrisburg
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Nee: Uhler
Type**: PRT
Comments: Elizabeth Uhler Bergner (Nee: Uhler) | Harrisburg PA Dauphin | | Comments: Elizabeth Uhler, the granddaughter of a Revolutionary War soldier, John Martin Uhler, was the second wife of Harrisburg Telegraph (newspaper) owner, George Bergner. He was previously married to her sister Catharine, who died soon after the birth of their third child. Following this second marriage to Elizabeth, the couple had a child of their own, named Catharine, who, upon his death at age 56 in 1874, left her a great deal of his estate, making her one of the richest young woman at her time.
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The California Gold Rush began in the spring of 1848 at Sutter's Mill off the South Fork River, northeast of Sacramento. A carpenter named James Marshall was overseeing the construction of a water-powered sawmill when he spotted "something shining in the ditch." After some crude tests, he became convinced that what he held was real gold. He found more. In fact every time he looked around he found more.
After four days, an excited Marshall took the evidence to the mill's owner, John Sutter, who realized immediately he would lose everything, and he did. California was a lawless territory; if men decided to dig for gold on his property, he could do nothing short of shooting them to stop it. How could he guard 50,000 acres?
He told Marshall to keep it quiet, but the laborers saw what was going on and began picking up pieces of gold, too. Soon they threw down their shovels to pan for gold, and the word was out. In a short span of time, California would grow from 400 settlers to 90,000 gold seekers.
In San Francisco, 130 miles away, word reached the saloons and shipyards and, within weeks, pretty much the whole town of 15,000 rushed to the rivers to pan for gold. They used frying pans at first. Some bought Indian baskets as sieves to slosh the muddy river water. Many hacked at the rocks with kitchen knives.
Ships arriving in San Francisco anchored in the bay only to have all their deckhands, engineers, officers and captains desert the ship to go dig for gold. The bay became an eerie floating city of hundreds of empty vessels.
On Dec. 5, 1848, President James K. Polk eagerly announced to the 30th Congress the discovery, making it official. California gold helped Polk feel the cost of the Mexican War was justified; the Mexican government had signed a treaty giving the U.S. possession of Texas north to Oregon on Feb. 2, 1848, only nine days after James Marshall found the flecks of gold at Sutter's Mill.
The news then spread from every newspaper in the country.
"The most exciting point to this California news is the fact, now placed beyond even the shadow of a doubt, that the deposits in gold are actually inexhaustible, and that new and fresh discoveries are made every day," declared the Detroit Free Press on June 25, 1849. "Wonderful as these discoveries actually are, there can be no question that the wealth of California cannot be exaggerated."
Michigan joins in
It is estimated that about 6,000 men from Michigan made the trip to California over the years. The first notices of gold being found in California appeared in the Detroit papers later than other cites, primarily because 1848 was an important election year for the state. Detroit's own Lewis Cass was in a presidential contest with Zachary Taylor. Newspapers, especially those with a Democratic bias, devoted every inch of non-advertising space to politics. Once the election was over and Lewis Cass' defeat thoroughly reported, argued and analyzed, news of gold in California began to appear.
A sample of gold was sent home by Detroit lawyer Anthony Ten Eyck. His correspondence was printed in the papers, and it spread the fever throughout southeast Michigan.
The delirium for instant riches heated up as editors in Detroit and other Michigan city newspapers such as the Marshall Statesman, Niles Republican and Ann Arbor's Washtenaw Whig asked gold seekers to send letters so they could share their adventures; their readers all knew someone from town who was heading out West.
By December 1848, B. Bethune Duffield was advertising special life insurance in Detroit to all "candidates for California."
The California Gold Rush was the first time anybody equipped with nothing more than a pick or a shallow pan could make a tidy fortune instantly; it was America's first "get rich quick" scheme. More than 100,000 young men sought their fortune in California, mostly from 1849 to the mid 1850s, from all over the world. Many of the gold seekers came from Europe, China and South America.
Within one year, California had enough residents in the territory to become a state, but it was a man's world: Only 2 percent were women.
The decision to go
Henry Ormal Severance in his book "Michigan Trailmakers" portrays the anxiety pioneer families from Farmington experienced when their young men announced plans to seek their fortunes. Many had never fired guns nor had experience guiding teams of six or eight oxen or mules.
"They had seen Detroit but California lay on the other side of the world. Little groups of the boys and groups of men at church discussed the proposition pro and con:
Edwin said: 'It is a might dangerous trip overland and besides the distance is so great you could never walk it.'
Samuel said: 'Yes, and if you should ride one of our horses and he should die on the way, what would you do, stranded in the western plains where the Indians would hunt your scalp and the vultures would wait for your body and the body of the horse. …'
William said: 'I would say, boys, I wouldn't go. We have good farms here, you all have excellent opportunities. …'"
Of course, they went. Many boys were under 18. It was the journey of a lifetime, and reports of incredible easy wealth simply enflamed them. At a wedding of a young miner and his new bride, the Detroit Free Press reported, "It was whispered about at the wedding the cake had chunks of raw [gold] inside it, instead of a gold ring."
There were three ways to get to California. Some took an old whaling route that started in New York or Boston, went around Cape Horn and up the Pacific side to San Francisco. It was considered the safest but the slowest, taking five months.
Another route went from New Orleans to Chagres, Panama. Travelers then crossed the isthmus in dugout canoes and on foot through jungles and mountains for six days until they reached Panama City, where they boarded a ship to San Francisco. It was the shortest route but expensive and rife with yellow fever, cholera, dysentery and more.
Michigan men preferred the "overland journey," which meant either the Santa Fe Trail leading to Southern California or the better known Oregon-California Trail. That route took them to Chicago, St. Louis and Independence, Mo., then to Fort Laramie in what is now Wyoming and Fort Hall in what is now southeastern Idaho. Then it want south on the Humboldt River, which they followed into the valley formed by the Sierra Nevada on the east and the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers on the west.
The Wolverine Rangers
Very few men took this incredible journey alone. Some signed up for established traveling services, such as the Pioneer Co. of Fast Coaches, popularly referred to as the Pioneer Line, which for $200 offered a seat in its train of stagecoaches. Pioneer promised to "carry thro' to reach San Francisco or Sutter's Fort in eighty days," provided victuals (passengers had to cook them), and as best as it could promoted a passenger's comfort and safety.
But most Michigan men formed groups to travel and pooled resources; some groups were small and informally organized as they gathered in Independence. Other men drew up formal companies, such as the Central Michigan California Emigrant Co. of Jackson, the Monroe Pioneers, the Adrian Co., or the Pioneer Co. of Tecumseh. The most well known of the Michigan companies was the Wolverine Rangers from Marshall.
The Wolverine Rangers created a legal document with formal rules and bylaws titled "Articles of Association and Agreement" that each member had to sign. They began with 58 members who paid $100 to join. The company was organized into units they called "messes." Jobs such as cook or team driver rotated. Leadership also changed monthly, but organizers held military officer ranks, and some members wore uniforms or at least badges.
The company specified equipment and supplies that Rangers were obligated to take; each man was allowed 40 pounds of baggage. They also took some cash; the average was $400 that many got from mortgaging or selling their homes. So many took hard cash out of the local economy that some newspapers began to decry the removal; in 1850 the editor of the Argus estimated that $30,000 was taken from Washtenaw County alone by gold seekers.
The Wolverine Rangers taught inexperienced young men how to drive teams of six or eight oxen or mules. Many of their members had never shot weapons, and there was a real fear of Indian attacks, so they mandated target practice at a firing range prior to leaving. Each man had to carry a Bowie knife, two rifles with 10 pounds of lead to mold into musket balls, and two holstered pistols; a common brand was the Wesson "pepperbox."
These traveling companies were a big relief to parents of the young men who knew their sons' limitations and vulnerabilities. Some companies forbade alcohol. The Wolverine Rangers had a bylaw that stated they would maintain the Sabbath. (This actually would become a fractious problem as some in the company insisted there would be no traveling on Sundays even when the company was in serious trouble.)
In his 1981 book "The World Rushed In," J.S. Holliday claims that these formally organized traveling companies fared better than the informal groups that inevitably fell into squabbling and sometimes even gunfights.
One of the Wolverine Rangers was Oliver Goldsmith from Detroit. Much later in life, he wrote about his adventures in a book called "Overland in Forty-Nine," published in 1896. In 1849 he was 22 and working in a tobacco shop but managed to save $400.
A popular book for young men in 1849 was American explorer and military officer John C. Fremont's "California Reports," written 20 years earlier and filled with mountain men, the Platte River, Lake Tahoe, buffalo and Indians. It was well-known to Goldsmith and many others and formed their images of the great Wild West.
Stuck in Independence
The Wolverine Rangers left Marshall on April 18, 1849, by train to Chicago, steamboat to St. Louis, then on to Independence. That month, 20,000 men gathered with wagons and mules, horses and oxen, waiting to head out.
Men rigged wagons with gold smelting ovens, drilling machinery, even a bakery oven, and one wagon held an entire iron printing press drawn by alternating teams of 12 oxen.
Goldsmith described his clothing: "Our dress was somewhat varied. Mine was a green baize [felt] hunting jacket, red shirt, corduroy trousers and white soft felt hat." He added that some of the young men were dressed like mountaineers or Indians. A friend gave Goldsmith a "ferocious bull dog" as a going away present, but it was stolen on the first day by a soldier; however, Goldsmith was reconciled to his loss when he learned that "no dogs ever survived the journey through the mountains."
Using axle grease, Goldsmith and others painted "Wolverine Rangers" with their mess number on the covered sides of the wagons. The wagons were equipped on the hind wheel with odometers so they could track their rate of advance with accuracy. Many were handmade — carved wooden cogs calibrated to the turn of the back wheel.
One woman claimed to have made $18,000 selling pies to the gold seekers waiting to leave Independence. They were stuck there for weeks due to "the backwardness of the season," as one Wolverine Ranger described it — cold and severe rains. They had to wait for prairie grass to grow so their draft animals could graze as they traveled. One of the consequences of so many gathered in one place with no shelter and little to no concern for sanitation was cholera. Cholera would menace the trains all the way to California.
Finally, they were ready to move out. Dr. Caleb Ormsby from Ann Arbor was in his 50s and another member of the Wolverine Rangers who joined in Independence. He had been a pioneer doctor in Tecumseh and moved to Ann Arbor but through several bad business decisions was now broke. He came with three young men who were dependent upon him: his stepson Edward Brown, in his late teens; his sister's only son, 18-year-old William Mather; and a University of Michigan student, Cyrus Hamilton. Ormsby's letters to his wife were published in the Washtenaw Whig.
Ormsby described the scene as thousands began to depart: "… the swarm of emigrants of men, women and children, of all characters and colors, with their thousands of mules, horses, oxen and cows, wagons, carts and spring carriages are now putting forward for the great El Dorado of the West."
(The name of a fictitious country abounding in gold, El Dorado was believed to exist somewhere in South America.)
Life among the Argonauts
The ground was soft and the thousands of wagons and oxen left it a muddy, rutted quagmire, but they were on the Santa Fe Trail. The Rangers now had 18 wagons, 56 men and about 100 mules, and were making about 25 miles a day crossing the "Kanzas."
At night they circled the wagons to let the animals graze without fear of wandering off. Goldsmith described their nights:
"We were too tired for games or sport of any kind. We smoked our pipes, talked when we felt like it, and did some guessing before we examined the odometer about the number of miles made during the day. That was the extent of our gayety (sic)."
There were three preachers in the company, and on Sundays they took turns holding services by standing on a crate for a pulpit. The crew listened as they cut each other's hair, mended clothing, and washed a shirt or two, which aggravated the preachers, who saw it as disrespectful. Goldsmith agreed but countered that "they hardily sang all the hymns."
The company also used Sundays to repair damaged wagon wheels and axles and to give their animals time to rest.
Cooks made up the week's meals of beans and biscuits. There was no fuel, so they burned dried buffalo dung they called "chips."
Goldsmith described a dinner : "Once, in the captain's mess, when they supposed they were dining on fried buffalo steak, cut in small pieces, the captain — putting his fork into what he took to be a piece of steak — broke it in two, then asked the cook, 'What the devil is this?' The latter examining it, found it was a chip instead of a steak. He made no apologies but simply remarked, 'I wondered what had soaked up all my bacon grease,' as he tossed it away."
These travelers were called the "Argonauts" during their day: wanderers journeying across the land in search of their golden fleece. The line of wagons continued for hundreds of miles. In June and July they crossed Nebraska, and Goldsmith wrote that they were "wild with excitement" at the sight of the enormous buffalo herds.
"Not only was the country around here wild and beautiful, but the atmosphere was remarkably clear. For two days before we came up to it, we could easily see Chimney Rock, a landmark in what is now Nebraska. We were at that time on the North Fork of the Platte River." They broke lines to hike to Chimney Rock and carve their names in the soft sandstone; one wiseguy even climbed to the top, where he stuck a small windmill.
The cholera continued and they were passing between three and 10 freshly dug graves a day along the trail. They saw virtually no Sioux or Pawnee; it was said the Indians kept their distance due to the cholera. However, some came to trade and sell horses. Goldsmith, the city boy, had never owned a horse and bought his first from the Indians, being told riding a horse was much easier than riding in a wagon with no springs. For 20 silver dollars he bought a gray mare 6 or 7 years old with saddle sores.
"Different members of the company had purchased ponies and my mare was the subject of many jokes among them. They ridiculed her style, doubted her endurance and guyed [teased] me about her on every score and occasion." Through Goldsmith's care and love of the Indian pony he would be offered $200 for it in the mountains when other horses had died. He never took the money.
Overloaded wagons
What was growing obvious to everyone by the time they reached Fort Laramie in July was that they had overloaded their wagons, which were falling to pieces, and killing their animals through exhaustion.
Ormsby wrote to his wife: "The destruction of property is immense. Tons and tons of pork are seen by the side of the road. Tools, wagons, harness, in fact property of every description is strewn almost from one end of the road to the other. Horses and mules let loose, worth nothing and unwanted. A gentleman told me that his company had thrown away a sawmill after drawing it 500 miles. …"
Indian attacks never happened, so hundreds of pistols and rifles were tossed away, and entire wagons abandoned as travelers decided to pack the mules and walk.
Tragically, people were dropped off as well. Part of the reason cholera persisted was because as soon as someone died of it his or her bedding was thrown off the wagon onto the trail. As miles went by, grave digging ceased and dead bodies were dumped with little ceremony. Ormsby would visit injured travelers left behind by their companions in small tents, sad and solitary against the immensity of the Western landscape. He observed many men "shot to pieces" either from drunken fights or accidental shootings.
"Just two miles from the fort I visited Mr. Hodge from Jackson [Michigan] left by his company with no covering but a little tent." Another man nearby was attended by his wife, who told Ormsby, "Why, sir, a wagon ran over his head. …" Farther out and alone was another tent with two young men in it, one on each side resting on blankets.
"This was my second visit to these truly unfortunate men, and they were overjoyed to see me. The same wagon had run over both of them. One had been severely cut through the groin — lacerating everything to the arteries. … His wound is in bad condition. … The other had the wheel run square over his back, producing palsy of the lower extremities. …
"These men were both cultivated and refined gentlemen. … One was a collegiate and designed to qualify himself for the ministry on his return from California at Harvard University. Of a sudden, one of them cried out like a child and sobbed convulsively. I turned toward the other, and the tears were coming down his bright, handsome and intelligent countenance. … All we could do was let sympathy have its scope."
Starvation, dust, disease
By Wyoming in July, the boredom and exhaustion had taken its toll on both people and animals. They were down to eight miles a day. Those in the rear of the seemingly endless line (the Wolverine Rangers estimated they were in the center) found the wagons and livestock in the front of the lines had foraged anything green and there was nothing to eat; men were obligated to walk the animals two, three or five miles off the trail to find anything to graze. Draft animals, horses, cattle and mules brayed incessantly for water and food, making sleeping nearly impossible. Sometimes livestock would stray miles away, get lost and die.
By August as the wagons neared the Salt Lake, the land became highly alkaline, as Goldsmith wrote: "The thick powdery alkali dust on the roads through these lands was terribly hard. …. It was so thick that the drivers kept as far from the cattle as possible and often could not see them though less than ten feet away. The poor creatures coughed constantly, their hair became matted and so filled with dust that you could only guess their color."
Ormsby also described the carnage. "An immense number of cattle have perished within the last 200 miles. We have counted lying by the road-side as high as 46 in a day. The hills and valleys are strewn with them. Occasionally we find a dead horse or mule. This fatality of cattle is owing to the mineral water so common on the route."
To keep on the trails the companies used guidebooks, the most popular being Edward C. Wase's "Emigrant's Guide to California." It was a small handbook published in St. Louis in the spring of 1849. It was considered the most reliable even though Edward Ware had never been to California; he claimed to have written his guide from Fremont's "Report" and talking to those with experience.
However, none of the guides was perfect. Goldsmith reported crossing one barren desert that Ware described as 40 miles long only to find it nearly 90 miles. He reported copies of the Ware Guide discarded everywhere, from apparently disgusted travelers.
El Dorado a disappointment
Goldsmith, like many others, was nearly spent as he trudged through the mountains. He decided to quit the Wolverine Rangers because it was moving too slowly. He was given some food and went on his own. He walked instead of riding his pony, knowing that to ride the animal would break it down. Walking mile after mile at night when it wasn't so hot, he would drop in his tracks and sleep for two hours. He joined others who were by this time out of food, so they tried to buy anything they could, sometimes begging, sometimes stealing it.
The horror story of the Donner Party of 1846 in which travelers were trapped in the mountains and had to resort to cannibalism was well known during that time. When it was rumored that traveling companies were breaking apart, people were struggling without food, women and children were dying, and many were entering the Sierra Nevada late in the season, there was real concern that a disaster was in the making which might dwarf the Donner catastrophe.
In response, $200,000 was raised in Sacramento to send the Army out with food, shelter and supplies. They were ordered to help only women and children — men were on their own — but they did share food where needed.
Goldsmith, near starvation, ran into the relief train as he entered the Sacramento Valley:
"A day or two after leaving Deer Creek we met the last section of the relief train. I got two big handfuls of broken hard bread from them, which lasted us through the twenty miles we had to travel."
For Goldsmith, the romance of travel in the West was long gone. As soon as he was out of the Indian country, "I took my rifle by the barrel and knocked the stock off against the wheel of an abandoned wagon; then putting the barrel between the spokes and gave it a wrench that bent it badly and left it there — glad to be rid of the burden."
On Oct. 13, 1849 — with 340 miles yet to go over desert and bad roads — the remaining Wolverine Rangers agreed to dissolve the company and divide up the supplies. It was now every man for himself.
Ormsby and his young companions made it and began their search for gold, disappointed that it was not as easy as they were led to believe. Already by summer of 1850 the gold was difficult to mine. Ormsby wrote to his wife, "That there is a great abundance of gold in California I think is very certain, that it is very difficult to access is equally certain."
Gold fever short-lived
The territory was ruled by "lynch law." In six weeks, Ormsby had heard of 20 murders. Men had completely changed from their previous lives. Ormsby wrote, "The state of society here is wretchedly bad. To know a man in California, you can rarely judge what he was before he left home."
Detroiter Delos Davis wrote to the Detroit Free Press in 1851: "In view of the state of things existing here, the uncertainty of success, the almost certainty of disease … I would earnestly advise that no person, having any way of living at home, should think of coming to California."
The gold rush was short-lived. As Holliday reports in his book "The World Rushed In," by 1857 $500 million in gold had been dug from the hills, valleys, mountains and rivers of California. It financed the making of the state. By 1860 the value of California's manufacturing sector exceeded that year's gold production, and more than 20,000 new farms produced food that year. San Francisco boasted more newspapers than London.
Ormsby spent seven years in California but never made much money. Of the three young men he traveled with, one died of "mountain fever," one returned home in a year and one went to dental school and set up a practice in Nevada. Ormsby decided to head back to Michigan but died on his return in a shipwreck near Havana.
Goldsmith returned to Detroit and later in life built a fortune as a founding investor in the Detroit Copper and Brass Rolling Mills. He stated in 1907 on his 80th birthday: "I returned from my wealth hunting experience with a five dollar gold piece and a five cent piece … but the experience, hardships, and rough jolts of those days in the mountains were of invaluable benefit to me later in life."
Young Henry from Farmington and his companion George struck it rich. They were cautious and sensible, stayed clear of the gambling dens, and kept their distance from others. As the author Henry Severance said: "Henry and George buckled around them their specially constructed leather belts filled with their gold dust, with pistols and cartridges protruding from the front."
Severance described them as they returned to Michigan: "… they arrived on an early spring afternoon. The frequenters of the Detroit hotel, where they intended to stay overnight, were curious and unduly interested in the returned '49ers.
Henry to George: 'Did you see that fellow look at us askance? I don't like his looks. Let's go.'
George: 'For home?'
Henry: 'Yes, We are safer on the road than we are here if we can steal away, and keep our powder dry.'"
Like so many others, they were fundamentally changed by the experience. During the Gold Rush a popular expression of the '49ers heard over and over was, "I have seen the elephant!" which generally meant I have suffered an ordeal, I have seen something that has shocked me to my core, I know a new truth, and I am no longer the same person I used to be.


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What appear to be the first photos of the 2014 Mazda3 have shown up in a Japanese magazine. If these scans are accurate, the next car will have a lot less in the way of smiles — but hopefully it will still give its driver some grins.
Yes, the Mazda3, or "Axela" in Japan, seems to trade its infamous smiley face for a shrunken-down version of the styling cues from the new Mazda6. But that's not necessarily a bad thing, as the 6 is a pretty good looking car. If these photos are the real deal, it will likely be the most grown-up looking 3 we've seen yet.
I'm willing to bet these shots are pretty close to reality. It certainly looks like all the camo'd up spy shots we've seen everywhere else.
My main hope is that it will still be fun to drive. The Mazda3 is my favorite in this segment. Even though it's just a front-wheel-drive economy car, its impressive handling and fun character make it something I always enjoy.
Any thoughts on the new Mazda3? Will you miss that smiley face?
Photo via Autoblog Netherlands


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Taking for granted that the mathematical apparatus for describing probabilities in quantum mechanics is well-understood via work of von Neumann, Lüders, Mackey, and Gleason, we present an overview of different interpretations of probability in quantum mechanics bearing on physics and experiment, with the aim of clarifying the meaning and place of so-called objective interpretations of quantum probability.
The dichotomy objective/subjective is unfortunate, we argue, as we should distinguish two different dimensions integral to the concept of probability. The first concerns the values of probability functions, viz. what the real numbers measure, e.g. relative frequencies of experimental outcomes, or strengths of physical dispositions (objective-1), vs. degrees of belief of idealized agents (subjective-1), etc. But a second dimension is also important, concerning the domain of definition, the events or bearers of probability, what the probabilities are probabilities of. Relative frequencies of what, described how, or strengths of dispositions to do what, described how, degrees of belief in what, etc. Reminding ourselves of the quantum mechanical phenomenon of incompatible observables, we recall that contradictions are standardly avoided by describing probabilities as pertaining to measurement outcomes rather than possessed properties: thereby, subjective elements are introduced into the very description of the events. (Interpretations qualify as objective-2 if they avoid bad words like measurement as primitive, in favor of possessed properties or physical interactions; as subjective-2 if such terms are employed in an essential way.)
This leads to a two-by-two matrix of interpretative possibilities. The remainder of our talk consists in filling in the blanks (which the reader is invited to try for him/herself) and providing commentary on the relative advantages and disadvantages, which go to the heart of the problem of interpreting quantum theory. Given our scheme, it turns out that objective version of Copenhagen makes good sense; this is one locus of propensities, which can be made sense of, we claim, along the lines of pre-hidden-variables Bohm (his 1951 text), not to be confused with Popper. We close by noting a serious deficiency in recent Bayesian approaches to quantum probability (lying in the subj-1, subj.-2 quadrant), viz. its explanatory impoverishment. But Ive already given too many hints.


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As Tropical Storm Isaac hurtles toward the Gulf Coast and New Orleans, Republicans are massing in Tampa for their national convention, a rally and conclave that aims to galvanize support for Mitt Romney and give him enough momentum to overcome President Obama in the campaign's final two months.
Click here for a livestream of the GOP convention.
Romney is scheduled to formally accept his party's nomination Thursday and deliver a speech that, barring a disaster in the Gulf, will be watched by tens of millions of people. This is his big moment, perhaps his biggest of the race: a rare opportunity to articulate how he'd run the country without the noise of a typical day of stumping.
U.S. & World
"The real importance of Romney's speech is that he has one hour with the American public paying close attention to him to introduce himself and the central themes he hopes to conduct his campaign on," said Calvin Jillson, a political science professor at Southern Methodist University.
But Isaac – which threatens New Orleans on the seventh anniversary of Hurricane Katrina – isn't making it easy. Republicans are sensitive to being seen celebrating Romney while a potential disaster looms nearby, especially given the fallout from criticism of President George W. Bush's handling of the Katrina destruction in 2005.
A successful convention speech – one that shows Romney as good-humored, a family man and guided by religious faith – could shrink the so-called likeability gap, the polling results that currently show Romney trailing President Barack Obama by a significant margin.
"Every American has a clear sense of Barack Obama at this point – they either like and support him or they don't," Jillson said. "But not nearly as many people have a clear sense of Mitt Romney. They have a general sense of his background but they don't have an established impression of him."
The speech also gives Romney a chance to refocus attention on what he wants to talk about: mainly, his plan to rescue the economy, and how he can appeal to women and Hispanics, two groups that are increasingly leaning toward the president, Jillson said.http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32545640
Visit NBCNews.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy
Isaac did not hit Tampa directly, but out of caution Republicans scratched Monday's lineup of speakers. The governors of Alabama, Florida and Louisiana have chosen not to appear at the convention in order to attend to their states' responses to the storm. With Isaac bearing down on a broad swath of the Gulf Coast from New Orleans to the Florida panhandle, Republicans are facing the likelihood that they will have to compete for media coverage.
"It's a mess all around, and it's fraught with risk," Sally Bradshaw, a Florida Republican and longtime senior aide to former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush, told the Associated Press. "It's not good for anybody — particularly the people impacted by the storm."
Romney, practicing for his speech in New Hampshire Monday, remained upbeat and told reporters there were no plans to cancel the convention outright. He said he hoped people in the storm's path would be "spared any major destruction" but insisted that the GOP had "a great convention ahead."
Even before Isaac's appearance, Romney and his party faced storms of a different type.
Supporters of libertarian Texas Rep. Ron Paul, who won a few early primaries, may not cede the nomination quietly. And Republicans remained divided over their party's response to Missouri Rep. Todd Akin's comments about the need for abortions in cases of "legitimate rape." In the wake of the Republican congressman's statements, the Romney campaign was forced to spend precious time explaining his stance on abortion and how it differed from that of his running mate, Rep. Paul Ryan of Wisconsin.
If there were ever a time for the Republicans to be marching in lockstep behind Romney, this is it. He is running neck-and-neck with Obama in one recent poll, with a sliver of undecided voters up for grabs. With unemployment still north of 8 percent nationwide and widespread unease over Obama's reform of the health care system, the GOP sees so-called pocketbook issues as his ticket to the White House.http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32545640
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"Americans know we can do better than joblessness, poverty and debt," Republican National Committee Chairman Reince Priebus said in a statement. "This convention will present our vision for a brighter, better future and it will lay out an optimistic, achievable plan to make it happen."
Outside the arena, protestors of myriad persuasions will take to the streets by the thousands. Some will march in planned, peaceful fashion. But many other groups, including those affiliated with the Occupy movement, could create more trouble. They refuse to comply with any official attempts to control dissent. Quieter actions include a group of Brooklyn artists who plan to carve a 20-foot block of ice with the words "middle class" and let it melt and an encampment that the Poor People's Economic Human Rights Campaign will call "Romneyville."
GOP leaders have said they weren't concerned about the protests disrupting the convention.
"We are Republicans. We believe in the right of free speech when exercised peacefully," Republican National Convention spokesman James Davis said. "We'll be doing the same thing inside the convention hall."
Davis pointed out that this year's gathering has been dubbed a "Convention without Walls" – a nod to social media that will make the events more accessible to people around the world.
But there will also be lots of fences, including an eight-foot partition that will keep non-credentialed people from the arena.
The fences are part of an intricate security response that Tampa officials hope will help them avoid the outbreaks of violence and mass arrests that marked the first hours of the Republican convention in St. Paul in 2008.
The city has spent a $50 million Department of Homeland Security grant to keep the streets safe and relatively orderly.
Police have stocked up on riot gear, ATVs, surveillance cameras and an armored SWAT truck. They've placed strict limits on where and how long people can march, including a designated "free speech zone" that protesters describe as Orwellian. Authorities have arranged for more than 3,000 officers from neighboring jurisdictions to assist with crowd control, assuming they don't have to help out at home if a hurricane hits. City leaders have created an "event zone," encompassing several square blocks in which water pistols and components of puppets are banned.
The convention starts Tuesday with a crammed schedule carrying the theme "We Built It" – a knock at Obama's economic record, using a quote of his taken out of context. Much of the day's speeches will tout the ideals of American free enterprise that Republicans claim Obama is undermining. The headliner is New Jersey Gov. Chris Christie, a tough-talking firebrand. The speakers who will precede him include Romney's wife, Ann, South Carolina Gov. Nikki Haley, former Democratic Rep. Artur Davis, Wisconsin Gov. Scott Walker, former Sen. Rick Santorum, and Ohio Gov. John Kasich.http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/32545640
Visit NBCNews.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy
Republicans will continue pounding at the economic message Wednesday (theme: "We Can Change It") by highlighting Romney's "Plan for a Stronger Middle Class." Ryan – a conservative budget wonk who is not yet a household name among most voters – headlines the list of speakers, who also include former Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, New Mexico Gov. Susana Martinez, former Arkansas Gov. Mike Huckabee, Minnesota Gov. Tim Pawlenty and Arizona Sen. John McCain. Ron Paul, who was not given a speaking spot, will nonetheless be the subject of a video screened that night.
Thursday's leadup to Romney's speech includes a string of videos and speeches aimed at presenting a personal, gentler image of the candidate. The message will be not only of Romney's record as governor of Massachusetts and head of the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City but also as a family man, with five sons and 18 grandchildren. The opening lineup includes former House Speaker Newt Gingrich, a primary foe of Romney's, and former Florida Gov. Jeb Bush.


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Nucleic acids embrace many more kinds of molecules than just giant strands of DNA and RNA, and several forms have shown promise for therapy.
"Nucleic acids and their constituents have been studied for several years as potential therapeutic agents," says Manouchehr Saljoughian of Berkeley Lab's National Tritium Labelling Facility (NTLF). "The most advanced of these are just reaching the clinical trial stage."
Among the types of nucleic acid with promise for therapy are antisense agents — groups of nucleotides that bind to a strand of messenger RNA and disrupt the passage of genetic information — and aptamers, sequences of DNA and RNA that bind to a variety of specific molecules with roles in controlling gene expression in diseases such as cancer or atherosclerosis and in other biological functions.
Nucleotides are the structural subunits of DNA and RNA molecules, consisting of sugar-phosphate backbones attached to purine or pyrimidine bases.
Recently Saljoughian and his NTLF colleagues Hiromi Morimoto and Philip G. Williams have found a new way of tagging nucleotides for biochemical studies.
One of the best ways to study how a chemical is distributed and altered in the body is to label it with a trace amount of a radioactive element. Tritium is the radioactive isotope of hydrogen, with two neutrons in its nucleus; since hydrogen is ubiquitous in living tissues, in principle tritium can be used to label an almost limitless range of biological molecules.
In practice, the job is not so easy. For example, nucleotides whose phosphate-backbone segments have been labeled with radioactive phosphorus are commercially available, but the phosphates in these segments can separate from the rest of the nucleotide during metabolism. To track each part of the nucleotide requires additional labeling approaches.
Not only have Saljoughian and his colleagues devised a method for labeling specific bases, but they can place tritium atoms at particular positions on the base or independently at positions on the nucleotide's sugar. An added advantage is that the new phosphorylation technique allows the nucleotides to be tritiated at a very late step of synthesis — avoiding the need to work with tritiated compounds at earlier stages.
"The phosphorylation method we use was developed to simplify the addition of triphosphates to nucleosides in bulk, without having to worry about unprotected NH and OH groups, which could potentially interfere with the reaction," says Saljoughian. (A nucleoside is a nucleotide without the phosphate.)
Saljoughian explains that they have adapted the method to a "mini-scale" procedure and modified it to synthesize a number of nucleotides, "including particular precursors of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP), which we can subsequently label with tritium."
The process involves successive stages of drying, dissolving, stirring, adding other reagents and solutions, and drying again — all in one "pot" — until the compound is ready to be analyzed for purity.
Saljoughian and Morimoto have also developed a method of monitoring the progress of phosphorylation using high-performance liquid chromatography, particularly useful since the rates of phosphorylation vary greatly between the various nucleosides, and reaction times have to be adjusted accordingly.
In the first steps of the ATP or dATP labeling process, a bromine atom is attached to the base ring where the tritium atom will eventually be added. After a series of other steps, the triphosphate group is attached, and in the labeling step the bromine is removed in the presence of tritium gas and a catalyst, which substitutes tritium atoms at the desired positions in the molecule. The labeled nucleotide is then enzymatically or chemically incorporated into the desired DNA or RNA molecule.
As an example of the research being done with tritiated nucleic acids, Saljoughian cites a collaboration with Scott Taylor of the Lab's Life Sciences Division to synthesize a sequence of the DNA aptamer for thrombin — a factor essential in blood-clotting — and attach the tritiated dATP nucleotide to its terminus. Thrombin plays an important role in arterial disease, and binding a specific, selective nucleic acid to a thrombin molecule is one way of putting it out of business.
"The system is now being used to test the specificity of the aptamer for thrombin, as well as the stability of the bound system," Saljoughian says.
Saljoughian explains that during the development of a novel labeling technique, any new procedure is first tested with ordinary hydrogen at a small scale, and if successful, with deuterium (the nonradioactive isotope of hydrogen with one neutron), to make sure that hydrogen does not sneak in from undesired sources. Only then is the process tried with tritium, using only about 10 percent of the tritium required for a compound with high specific activity. Only when the process is judged workable and safe is labeling conducted at full strength.
Part of the National Tritium Labelling Facility's job is to pioneer techniques too difficult or too capital-intensive for universities and industry to handle alone.
In addition to the tritiated nucleotides that Saljoughian and his colleagues have already synthesized, their new method should be useful for synthesizing many related compounds. The prospect of extending fundamental research further into the function and uses of nucleic acids powerfully motivates the efforts of Saljoughian, Morimoto, Williams, Chit Than, principal investigator David Wemmer, and the users and collaborators of the NTLF.
Berkeley Lab. January 26, 2000.


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text:
Henley gets PGA Tour career off to record start
Russell Henley only felt like a rookie at the Sony Open.
He sure didn't play like one.
He was so nervous Sunday afternoon that he couldn't feel his arms and legs, and everything around him seemed to be moving at warp speed.
Only when he finished his record-setting performance with one last birdie did he realize what happened. And even then, he didn't know what to say.
The first player in 10 years to win in his debut as a PGA Tour rookie.
The second-best score for a 72-hole tournament in PGA Tour history, and a record score at the Sony Open by four shots.
Finishing with five straight birdies - only one of them inside 10 feet - for a 29 on the back nine and a 7-under 63, the lowest finish by a Sony Open winner.
And yes, that tee time reserved for him at the Masters in April.
"I'm pretty speechless," Henley said. "I was trying not to think about Augusta out there because I just kept telling myself, `This is a long year, you're going to play this game a long time, and be patient, it doesn't have to happen now.' Everything I could to psyche myself out of thinking about winning. It worked."
The back nine was simply surreal.
Henley won by three shots over Tim Clark, who birdied seven of his last 11 holes and still made up only one shot on the rookie from Georgia.
"When you get up close and watch a guy play ... if that's how he putts all the time, whew! It's over," Clark said.
And it was.
Tied for the lead with fellow rookie Scott Langley to start the final round, Henley seized control with a birdie on the opening hole and then poured it on at the end.
Henley had a two-shot lead with seven holes to play when he calmly sank a 10-foot par putt on the 12th, and he began to pull away with a 45-foot birdie putt on the 14th.
When the rookie rolled in an 18-foot birdie putt on the 17th to stay three shots ahead, Clark started laughing. There wasn't anything else he could do.
"He just never seemed to put a foot wrong, and when he did, he made those par putts," Clark said. "That's when you know a guy is comfortable, when he's making those 8- to 10-footer for par. But I still got on the 15th hole and said, `Well, let's finish with four birdies and see what happens.' And sure enough, he birdied the last four, too. When a guy plays that well and beats you, you just have to be happy for them."
Henley finished at 24-under 256, breaking by four shots the Sony Open scoring record held by Brad Faxon in 2001 and John Huston in 1998. It was the second-lowest score for a 72-hole tournament in PGA Tour history, two shots behind Tommy Armour III in 2003 at the Texas Open.
And that wasn't the only mark Henley left on Waialae Country Club. He set tournament records for the low 36-hole score after his 63-63 start, he shared the 54-hole record with Langley and set another tournament record with the lowest final round by a champion.
Welcome to the big leagues, kid.
He became the first PGA Tour rookie to win his debut since Garrett Willis in the 2001 Tucson Open, which was held the same week as the winners-only event in Kapalua. And the way he putts, there's no telling where this will lead.
For starters, the 23-year-old from Macon, Ga., can add a local event to his schedule - he's going to the Masters in April.
"I don't really know what happened, honestly," Henley said. "This is the most nervous I've ever been. That's the hardest thing I've ever done. It's been my goal to make it to the Masters my whole life. I'm kind of speechless right now."
He then acknowledged his parents and his girlfriend, watching from home. Henley spent his first week as a tour member on his own, and that's about how he looked on Sunday at Waialae Country Club. No one was particularly close to him.
Clark, finally feeling healthy after a mysterious elbow injury after his runner-up finish at the Sony Open in 2011, shot 63. Charles Howell III closed with a 66 to tie for third with Langley, who birdied his last two holes for a 70.
"I wish I would have played a little bit better today and made some more putts," said Langley, who missed three birdie putts of 5 feet on the front nine. "But Russell played so awesome. I don't even know if I could have caught him."
Henley only looked to be in big trouble when he hooked his tee shot well left on the 16th, flirting with out of bounds.
No problem. He hammered a pitching wedge from 160 yards over a large tree and a row of royal pines to 12 feet and turned trouble into a birdie.
On the strength of his Web.com season last year - two wins and No. 3 on the money list - the win allowed Henley to crack the top 50 in the world ranking.
That should be enough to get him into the Match Play Championship for the top 64 in the world, with the qualifying date only a month away, and he should be set for the other WGC at Doral. The win qualifies him for Firestone in August, along with the PGA Championship.
Not bad for his PGA Tour debut.
Then again, the Georgia kid has been on a roll. In his past five tournaments dating to end of September - four of those on the Web.com Tour - Henley is 73-under par. His scoring average in those five events is 67.15.
Henley seized control immediately with an approach that barely cleared the bunker and settled 3 feet away for birdie. For Langley, it was a struggle from the start. He went over the green and into the rough with a lie that looked as if it might jump on him.
Instead, he decelerated and moved it only about 10 feet, chipped to 5 feet and watched the bogey putt swirl into the cup. At least that one went in.
Despite falling two behind after one hole, Langley had ample opportunity to make up ground, except that his stroke was quick and he missed short birdie chances.
When they made the turn, Henley had a two-shot lead.
Clark got in the game by running off three straight birdies around the turn to get within two shots.
No one else came particularly close. Howell, twice a runner-up at the Sony Open, made a 15-foot eagle putt on the ninth to get within one shot, but only as long as it took Henley to two-putt for birdie on the ninth and smash a drive on the 10th that set up a pitch-and-putt birdie.
Pat Perez and Matt Kuchar also put themselves in good position in case Henley was to fold. That never materialized, and never looked as if it even would - not with that putting stroke. Henley had 33 one-putt greens for the tournament, seven of them over the final nine holes.
"I can't imagine what people at home watching this tournament saw," Clark said. "That's kind of what we were feeling out there."


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Waka Flocka releases an official video for his track "Color Blind," directed by All Eyes On It Films. This is taken from his DuFlocka Rant Halftime Show mixtape out now.
Waka Flocka – Color Blind (Official Music Video)
Waka Flocka "Big Homie Flock" (Mixtape)
Waka Flocka Flame has dropped his new mixtape Big Homie Flock. The 23-track project contains production from 808 Mafia, Lex Luger, Will A Fool,…
Waka Flocka "Smoker" (Prod. By 808 Mafia)
Waka Flocka Flame drops his latest 808 Mafia-produced record titled "Smoker". The single will land on his new project Big Homie Flock, which is…
Waka Flocka "Trap My Ass Off" (Official Music Video)
Brick Squad Monopoly artist Waka Flocka returns with a visual for "Trap My Ass Off." The record is a return to form for Waka…
Waka Flocka – Was My Dawg (Gucci Mane Diss)
Waka Flocka disses his former friend Gucci Mane on the new track "Was My Dawg". That's right, instead of Waka trying to fix his…
Waka Flocka & DJ Whoo Kid – Whippin
Waka Flocka Flame teams up with mixtape legend DJ Whoo Kid for an explicit song titled "Whippin".
Waka Flocka – LeBron Flocka James 4 (Mixtape)
Waka Flocka Flame teams up with Southside aka Sizzle for the 4th installment of his LeBron Flocka James mixtape series. Download: Waka Flocka –…
Waka Flocka – Real Friends (Official Music Video)
Turp Up God Waka Flocka blesses the masses with a visual for his "Real Friends" remix.
Waka Flocka – Fire In The Booth Freestyle
While across the pond Waka Flocka spit some new bars in front of BBC 1xtra cameras. Once again, Waka proves he can actually spit.
Waka Flocka hijacks a sample of Drake's "Hype" instrumental for his latest free remix.
Akon & Waka Flocka – Had It Hard
DJ Funky and DJ Buu release a new collaboration between Akon and Waka Flocka titled "Had It Hard".
Waka Flocka – Real Friends (Remix)
Waka Flocka adds a verse to Kanye West's popular The Life of Pablo record "Real Friends". The Atlanta rapper had to be treated by…
ASAP Rocky – Goldie Mack (Feat. Waka Flocka) (Snippet)
For the second Wavy Wednesdays release we get a snippet of ASAP Rocky's collaboration with Waka Flocka titled "Goldie Mack", produced by 808 Mafia.
Waka Flocka & Young Sizzle – One Eyed Shooters (Official Music Video)
Waka Flocka and Young Sizzle drop off a visual for their collaboration "One Eyed Shooters".
After joining up with French Montana for "What's Happenin" last week, Waka Flocka goes acapella for his latest single titled "Wakapella".
Waka Flocka – What's Happenin (Feat. French Montana)
Waka Flocka returns with a new record after dropping "Day Zeros" last week. The collaboration is with French Montana and is called "What's Happenin"….
Waka Flocka – Day Zeros (Feat. KSO)
Waka Flocka drops off a new song about all of his "Day Zeros" featuring KSO. Production by DJ Baby Gold Jesus.
The Latest
Future "Perkies" (Produced by Metro Boomin)
Debonair Brown "Embrace It" (Official Music Video)
A Boogie Wit da Hoodie "Reply" (Feat. Lil Uzi Vert)
Future "Last Name" (Feat. Lil Durk)
Lil Peep "Everybody's Everything" (Album Stream)
Tory Lanez "Chixtape 5" (Album Stream)
Kanye West "Jesus Is King" (Album Stream)
Kirill & Jaco "Hublot" (Official Music Video)
Lil X "New Kid on the Block" (Album Stream)


text: A new unique gameplay, draw gems in all kinds of sizes and match 3 of the same color to score points. Watch out that you do not overload it with too big gems. The bigger gems you combine the more points you can score. How many points can you score within the given time?


text:
A low viscosity polyurethane (PU) concrete floor primer and sealer.
BENEFITS & KEY FEATURES Approximately touch dry In 4 - 6 hours. Highly effective concrete dustproofer. Reduces the risk of delamination. Great...View full details
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A low viscosity polyurethane (PU) concrete floor primer and sealer.
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Chose this product as it was recommended by a friend in the trade. I power washed my blocked drive, re-sanded and sealed it with Paintmaster to provide some protection while I landscaped the front garden. Once the job was done I gave the blocks a quick clean and a further two coats. It brought the driveway back to within a smidgen of it's original colour [ it is eighteen years old] and provided an excellent seal. Clearly a quality product that I would be happy to recommend. Coverage was as stated, prompt delivery.
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This was perfect for the project
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I stenciled my old concrete doorsteps and used Ultimate Concrete sealer to finish off with. I have to say I was worried after all the work I had put into this project. I need not have worried its done the job perfectly.
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text:
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text: Couture shoe designer Jimmy Choo teamed up with Vogue editor Tamara Mellon to launch the brand in 1986. Jimmy Choo had encountered success in shoemaking in the early 1990's, with clientele reaching the status of Diana, Princess of Wales. Being the ultimate luxury accessories brand, Jimmy Choo holds revered standing in the fashion industry. This was supported, as the label was awarded with the Accessory Council's 'Brand of the Year 2008'. Jimmy Choo's luxury range of sunglasses was launched in 2007, combining opulent frames with classic and contemporary shapes. With recent endorsers of the eyewear including Cara Delevingne; you're sure to be amongst privileged company. Jimmy Choo Sunglasses are the hallmark of luxury and femininity. With frames being available in a range of styles – from cat-eyed to square– you're bound to find a pair of eyewear comfortable in fit but innovative in design. Craftsmanship such as the implementation of double spring hinges ensure that the frames and temples of the glasses will open and close smoothly, minimising damage. Unique colour combinations in the lenses – such as grey graduated gold – and frames – such as ivory/gold arrangement – ensure a product which will express the identity of the user and look divine with any outfit attire. The further use of the finest metals in decorative embellishments, coupled with the inscription of Jimmy Choo upon model's arms will comprise a look that any passer by will envy. So, what are you waiting for? Browse our extensive range of women's Jimmy Choo Sunglasses which will dazzle in reflection of the sun's rays. Browse our extensive and find the summer partner you deserve – such as the best-selling Jimmy Choo LUE/S, complete with a shiny blue and gold finish with graduated light-blue lens.Mens Jimmy Choo Sunglasses


text:
- 2 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 large onion, coarsely chopped
- 2 garlic cloves, crushed
- 1 pound Swiss chard leaves (center ribs and stems removed) or spinach, coarsely chopped (about 10 cups)
- 3 1/2 cups vegetable broth
- 1 cup coarsely chopped flat-leaf parsley
- 1/2 cup coarsely chopped fresh cilantro
- 1/4 cup fresh mint leaves
- 1 tablespoon dried mint
- 1 teaspoon freshly grated nutmeg
- 1 tablespoon fresh lemon juice
- Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
- 5 ounces plain Greek-style yogurt (about 1/2 cup)
- 1/2 cup mixed chopped herbs (such as parsley, cilantro, and mint), divided
- 4 ounces feta, crumbled, divided
- Kosher salt and freshly ground black pepper
- Fresh lemon juice (optional)
- Olive oil (optional)
Recipe Preparation
Heat oil in a large saucepan over medium heat. Add onion and garlic and cook, stirring often, until translucent and soft (do not brown), 7–8 minutes. Stir in chard, broth, parsley, cilantro, fresh and dried mint, and nutmeg. Bring to a boil, reduce heat, and simmer, stirring occasionally, until chard is tender, about 10 minutes. Stir in lemon juice and season to taste with salt and pepper. Working in batches, purée soup in a blender until smooth. Return to pan. DO AHEAD: Can be made 8 hours ahead. Cover and chill. Rewarm soup before continuing.
Place 1/3 of yogurt in a medium bowl. Add 1/2 cup warm soup; whisk until smooth. Repeat process twice more, adding a total of 1 cup more soup. Whisk yogurt mixture into soup in saucepan. Stir 1/4 cup herbs and half of feta into soup. Season to taste with salt, pepper, and lemon juice, if desired.
Ladle soup into bowls and garnish with remaining 1/4 cup herbs and 2 oz. feta. Drizzle with oil, if desired.