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Mises Daily Articles
The Humanitarian War FallacyTags War and Foreign PolicyWorld HistoryOther Schools of ThoughtPhilosophy and Methodology
Many of today's social theorists are utilitarians. Broadly speaking, a utilitarian is someone who believes justice can be arrived at through a cost-benefit analysis. For example, a utilitarian economist would tell you that, before considering a new law, one needs to determine the "social" costs and benefits of such a law. If these benefits exceed the costs, then the law is justified. Some talk about the social costs and benefits of legalizing drug sale or prostitution and conclude that if the benefits outweigh the costs, these laws should be implemented.
Ronald Coase, probably one of the most misunderstood utilitarian economists, has often been criticized for what he did not say (i.e., the so-called Coase Theorem) but rarely criticized for what he did say — that individual rights depend on the potential of those rights to create aggregate wealth. The following article is a critique of the Coasean approach to the theory of rights.
Coase, in his essay "The Problem of Social Cost," argued that, in cases where markets fail to do so, the government should allocate property rights in a way that maximizes national income. His main argument was that the existence of transaction costs would preclude efficient allocation of property rights through market transactions. Thus, this would be a job for the government.
In essence, Coase is proposing a theory of justice in which individual rights depend on the circumstances. If a government bureaucrat finds that taking away Jim's rights and giving them to Janice would bring about an increase in the national income, then this reallocation of rights is just, regardless of whether Jim and Janice agree with it.
Some economists took a more abstract approach and talked about maximizing social welfare or utility. In this framework, utility — total satisfaction by material objects, experiences, and other states of affairs within a society — is treated as a quantity that can be increased or reduced by a public policy. A policy that leads to an improvement in total social welfare is, within this framework, justified.
This approach to the theory of rights had a strong effect in economics and is starting to spill over into other areas of human activity. One of those activities is warfare.
Utilitarianism and the Politics of "Humanitarian" War
The idea of "benevolent" or "disinterested" militarism is not new. However, I will start with one of the more recent "benevolent" military endeavors. On March 24, 1999, the members of the governments of 19 NATO countries decided that in order to prevent a "humanitarian catastrophe" in Kosovo, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia should be bombed.
This war, named "Merciful Angel," has been used as an example of a successful "humanitarian" war by its proponents. Even though the initiators of wars have often justified them by appealing to the well-being of some collection of individuals (usually a nation or an ethnic group), this was the first explicit reference to humanitarianism as a sole justification for a war.
More recently, similar arguments have been used by the proponents of keeping Western troops in Iraq and Afghanistan under the banner of "nation building."
Again, in these cases, the decision on whether to withdraw or stay depends on a long-term cost-benefit analysis not only for the countries that have troops there but also, allegedly, for the inhabitants of the "host" country and the whole "international community." Many of those who support or oppose these wars differ only in their accounting methods of aggregate costs and benefits.
Typing the phrases "cost benefit analysis" and "war in Iraq" into Google finds about 15,000 hits (for these exact two phrases together). The results include scholarly articles, blogs of law experts, TV-news websites, newspaper articles, speeches of politicians and so on. These results are a rough indication of the size and scope of the utilitarian quest for the correct estimate of costs and benefits of this war. The estimates attempt to include not only the monetary expense but also "human suffering," "national security," "freedom," etc.
Another recent military operation where similar arguments were used was the 2008 bombing of the Gaza strip. It has been described by its promoters as an attempt to prevent the future suffering of Israeli civilians while keeping the Palestinian civilian suffering at a minimum. The underlying premise was that any civilian casualties of the war can be justified by claiming that they were a necessary step in preventing far-greater future civilian casualties.
These cost-benefit justifications of humanitarian wars can be summed up in the words of Frida Ghitis, a political analyst and a regular columnist for the Miami Herald and World Politics Review. Ms. Ghitis wrote to me that "war is sometimes justified to stop even worse atrocities. That's the humanitarian rationale."1
Thus, it is recognized that the humanitarian war, just as any other war, implies some costs in the form of suffering or death of innocent victims. But this suffering or death is justified if it is a necessary collective sacrifice for a greater benefit, regardless of whether the victims involved agree to being sacrificed. This is clearly a utilitarian argument where an action is just if the aggregate benefits resulting from the action exceed aggregate costs. The purpose of this article is to show why this utilitarian argument, when taken to its logical conclusions, lacks credibility.
Calculating Atrocities
The idea of a utilitarian humanitarian war implies an accounting exercise where costs are compared with benefits. Using the terms suggested by the proponents of such wars, costs are the atrocities committed as a direct consequence of a humanitarian war, while the benefits are the atrocities prevented by the war. There are two problems with this interpretation: first, how are atrocities to be measured; and second, how are we going to count the atrocities that never happened?
Something is not an atrocity just because there is a lot of the red liquid called blood around, but because a human being experiences certain emotions faced with this scene and the events preceding it. The extent to which something is an atrocity is determined by an individual's internal experience, not just the physical properties of the event.
Thus, when it comes to the measurement of atrocities, every case of human suffering is different and any objective comparison is meaningless. For example, what is a greater atrocity: a child losing its parents to a bomb on an airplane, or a man losing his eyesight to a cluster bomb's shrapnel, or a father losing his 3-year-old daughter under the rubble of their family home? Who is to evaluate the "amount" of atrocities committed?
Utility, the importance that different individuals put on different aspects of physical reality and their own lives and well-beings, is subjective. Thus, there is no objective unit of measurement for utility. We cannot compare evaluations of the physical reality made by two different individuals; we cannot add them or multiply them in any objective manner that could be equally understood by everyone.
Therefore, one cannot arrive at an objective, aggregate measure of atrocities caused by a war.
However, even if we adopted the silly idea that the justness of a war could be derived from a count of dead bodies and lost arms, legs, eyes, etc., there is another problem — we will never know what a war prevented. We can only speculate as to what would have happened if the humanitarian war never occurred.
Accepting calculations of justice based on speculations of the future would give people the right to use violence against anyone whom they suspect will commit a crime.
Even if one accepts ethical judgments based on speculation and "objective" measures of suffering, University of Chicago Law School professor Eric A. Posner doubts that any of the recent humanitarian interventions, including the 1999 bombing of Yugoslavia, would be justified. He argues that the costs of the recent humanitarian interventions far outweigh his estimate of the potential benefits.
Those who want to wage "humanitarian" wars need to first persuade us that they know the future. Then they need to persuade us that they know the objective value of individual humans' sufferings and deaths. Finally, they need to persuade us that some people's lives are less valuable than others.
[Originally published March 2, 2010.]
- 1. Frida Ghitis, email message to author, May 28, 2007.


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04 December, 2013 | (01 hr)
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"Base erosion and profit shifting" (BEPS) refers to tax strategies used by multinational businesses to arrange their affairs among jurisdictions (including no and low tax countries) to minimize their overall tax burden. While BEPS activities have existed for decades, it has recently generated much high profile media and political attention, especially in light of budget pressures and Congressional and Parliamentary hearings that suggest aggressive tax behavior. The recent St. Petersburg G-20 Leaders' Declaration condemns aggressive BEPS practices and requests that the OECD address BEPS issues in a coordinated and comprehensive way. The OECD is now actively working on a BEPS Action Plan.
This Governance Watch session will:
- Provide an overview of the BEPS state of play (including intrusive tax audit activities and "dawn raids" in various countries)
- Explore the governance (including audit committee) implications of pursuing or not pursuing BEPS strategies in light of directors fiduciary duties to shareholders and other constituencies, and
- Discuss fiscal and other perspectives on the issues and risks raised by BEPS in Europe, the US and the BRIC countries.
Audience: Audit committee members, general counsel, corporate secretaries, directors of corporate governance, tax executives, audit executives, heads of governance and portfolio managers of institutional investors.
Nicolas Grabar
Practice focuses on international capital markets and securities regulation and on the representation of large reporting companies. Mr. Grabar plays a primary role in the firm's work for clients including leading Mexican...Full Bio
Saul Rosen
Saul M. Rosen is currently Senior Tax Counsel and Managing Director at Citigroup with a focus on Tax Policy. He had headed up tax departments in the financial industry from 1979 until February 2012 when he stepped down from the position of Chief Tax officer of Citigroup.
Mr. Rosen g...Full Bio
J.F. Daniel Weyde
J. F. Daniel Weyde is a partner with Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP based in the Frankfurt Office.
Mr. Weyde's practice focuses on tax law, particularly on international tax law and business taxation, including the taxation of M&A transactions and corporate reorga...Full Bio
Yaron Reich
Yaron Z. Reich is a partner at Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP.
Mr. Reich's practice focuses on taxation and related matters, including the tax aspects of corporate acquisitions, restructurings, insolvencies and financing techniques. He has extensive experience in inte...Full Bio

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A Liberty Picnic
As you probably know by now we LOVE Liberty of London fabric prints! So when Purl Patchwork and purlsoho.com started making and selling the Liberty Fat-Quarter bundles I knew I had to do a project that used all 10 of the different prints together in some way.
With the weather finally turning sunny and warm I had picnics on the brain so I decided to make a Liberty Picnic Set of ten napkins and one crisp white picnic cloth, which can be used as a tablecloth or a blanket depending on your favorite picnic style. I embroidered the edges of all the napkins and the cloth with a retro looking pink and blue triangle stitch. I love the idea of everyone having a different but equally beautiful napkin. I also love the idea of taking the delicate looking (but actually quite sturdy), high class Liberty Tana Lawn out of it's usual dressy context and bringing it outside for a lovely picnic lunch, because what good is such beautiful fabric if you don't use and enjoy it! –Molly
The Materials
For the ten 16-inch x 16-inch napkins:
- One Liberty Fat Quarter Pack in blues or 2 1/2-yards total of of assorted 1/2 yard pieces of Liberty of London Tana Lawn prints
- 1 ball of Valdani embroidery thread in Light Blue
- 1 ball of Valdani embroidery thread in Pink
- 3 yards of Kona Cotton in White
For one approximately 52-inch square picnic cloth:
- 1-1/2 yards Wide Muslin in White (The wide muslin is 108-inches wide and its width is specific to this pattern).
- 1 ball of Valdani embroidery thread in Light Blue
- 1 ball of Valdani embroidery thread in Pink
The Pattern
Cut Fabric
- Cut each of the Liberty Fat-Quarters into 17-inch x 17-inch squares
- Cut ten 17-inch x 17-inch squares from the white Kona Cotton
(For help cutting check out my Rotary Cutting Tutorial.)
Pin + Sew Fabrics
- Pin each Liberty piece to a Kona Cotton piece with the right sides facing, leave a spot for a 3-inch opening along one side for turning the napkin right-side out when you're done sewing.
- Sew a 1/2-inch seam all the way around, remember to leave a 3-inch opening along one side. Back stitch at the beginning and end of each seam.
Finish Napkin
- Snip off the corners approximately 1/8-inch from the seam.
- Turn the napkin right-side out through the 3-inch opening. Make sure the corners are nice and pointy (a knitting needle works well for this, just be careful not to poke it through the fabric!).
- Tuck the seams of the 3-inch opening neatly inside the napkin and press carefully. This will make closing it in the next step a breeze.
Embroidering the Edges: Step One
Running Stitch
- Thread a 24-inch length of blue embroidery thread and tie a small knot at the end, leaving a 3-inch tail. (You'll need 3 lengths of thread to go around the entire napkin.)
- Sew a simple running stitch 1/4-inch from the edge of the napkin. (A running stitch simply goes in and out of the fabric as shown in the photo above).
- As you stitch around the napkin you will be catching the inside of the seam allowance, which will close the 3-inch opening you left for turning the napkin right-side out.
- Leave a 3-inch tail at the end of the thread and tie a simple knot.
Hiding the Ends
- Thread your needle with one of your tails.
- Place your needle back into the spot where the thread came out. Slip your needle between the two fabric layers for one inch and then poke the needle back out through the same side of the fabric.
- Give the thread a little tug and clip it close to the fabric, pull the fabric flat and the thread end will disappear between the layers. Repeat for all of the thread ends.
You can stop here and have a very pretty, simple napkin or follow the next step directions for a fancier version.
Embroidering the Edges: Step Two
Triangle Stitch
I don't know what to call this little pink edge stitch. If anyone knows it's proper name please let us know. For now I'll call it the "triangle stitch."
- Thread a 24″ length of pink embroidery thread and tie a small knot 3-inches from the end.
- Pull the needle through a few threads of the very edge of the Kona Cotton side of the napkin, in between two of the blue stitches as shown above.
- Pull the pink thread down through the left side of the right hand running stitch and back up through the right side of the left hand running stitch as pictured above.
- Place your needle into the top fold of the Kona Cotton, a few threads to the right of the knot, so the thread over laps itself a little.
- Slip the needle through this fold (do not poke through to the Liberty side of the napkin) and pull your needle out along the top fold, in between the two next running stitches as pictured above.
- When you pull the pink thread the "triangle" will appear.
- Repeat all the way around the napkins edge and hide the ends in the same way as in Step One, above.
Think of the picnic cloth as a very large napkin with a few small differences. Follow the pictures and explanations below to see how it's done.
Picnic Cloth
Rip + Pin Fabric
After you've washed and pressed the fabric you'll need to get the large piece straight. Since the Moda Wide Muslin is so wide the easiest way to get a straight line along one edge is to rip it.
- Begin with a 1-1/2 yard length of fabric (108-inches wide x 54-inches long).
- Make two little snips about 1 inch from both of the raw edges and rip along the whole width (selvage to selvage) of the fabric along each side. The ripped piece should measure approximately 108-inches wide x 52-inches long.
- Press ripped edges to get them flat again.
- I know it's a bit of a cheat, but we will not be cutting off the selvages of the fabric. Instead, fold the fabric in half so that the selvages meet. Make sure everything is laying as flat as possible and pin around all three open edges (the fourth edge is closed because it's a fold).
- Leave a 5-inch opening along one side for turning the cloth right-side out when you're done sewing.
Sew Cloth
- With a 5/8-inch seam allowance sew the 3 pinned sides together, remember to leave a 5-inch opening in the middle of one side for turning the cloth right-side out.
- Back stitch at the beginning and end of your seam.
- Snip the corners approximately 1/8-inch from the corner seams.
- Turn the piece right-side out through the 5-inch opening, poke the corners out for a sharp point, just like you did for the napkins.
- Press the cloth being sure to iron the gap so that the seam allowances are neatly tucked inside.
- Pin around all four sides of the cloth.
- Top stitch with a 1/2-inch seam along all sides of the blanket, crossing each corner as shown above. Back stitch at the beginning and end of each side. The top stitching will close the gap!
Embroider Edges: Step One
- Using the blue embroidery thread, follow the steps for embroidering the edges of the napkins (part one) with a running stitch from above.
Embroider Edges: Step Two
- Using the pink embroidery thread, follow the steps for embroidering the edges of the napkins (part two) with the triangle stitch from above, completing 10 triangle stitches on either side of every corner. (This way the pretty triangle stitch is still represented but you don't have to drive yourself crazy doing it all the way around the cloth!)
Iron the cloth one last time, pack up some sandwiches, and have a great Memorial Day!
2 comments on "A Liberty Picnic"
Hi, I am looking at your napkin projects…and clearly I am a sewing novice, but what type of fabric are you using for those? I only use fabric napkins, and so have decided to try making some myself, but I am not sure what type of fabric to use. I'm not sure if this is the spot for this question or not! Thanks in advance for your help!
I think we have some Liberty prints here in Chicago at Vogue Fabrics in Evanston, IL…but nothing nearly as print as what you've got. BTW, love the lilacs. It reminds me I must go pick some!


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Preparing for that annual celebration of green beer and off-key renditions of "Danny Boy," Dan Fedoryka used a recent night at Ireland's Four Fields in D.C. to enlist a beer-swilling crowd into what he called "Paddy's Day Boot Camp." It was a brief seminar that he claimed had a focused set of goals: drinking and partying.
"Do you want us to allow you to drink water all night?" he asked the audience. "Do you want us to serve Shirley Temples?"
"No!" shouted the audience.
"You're a bad influence," said Leks Fedoryka from behind his fiddle.
The Fedoryka brothers are half of Scythian, which is certainly a band of influence (whether good or bad is a matter of individual contemplation) as indicated by a recent WAMMIE (the Washington Area Music Association's annual awards) for D.C. Fan Favorite. The boys of Scythian — Danylo (Dan) Fedoryka on guitar, vocals and accordion, Oleksander (Leks) Fedoryka on violin, mandolin, harmonica, bass and vocals, Josef (Joe) Crosby on violin, bass and vocals and percussionist/drummer Mike Ounnallah — did not begin with the bar scene. In 2002, Dan, Leks and Joe were street performers in Old Town Alexandria near their Del Ray home, where Dan said they developed their performing style: high-energy, with lots of audience interaction.
"We would make enough money to go blow it that night," he said. When the crowds on the street began reaching 100, they realized they had something good going. Three years ago, they all quit their jobs to play full-time.
Crosby, for one, didn't look back. "I just jumped right in," he said.
Scythian has made big strides in the local music scene over the last year. Besides the WAMMIE, the band threw a huge New Year's bash, is finishing a new CD, and recently shared a stage with Eire rockers Flogging Molly at the Mid-Atlantic Shamrock Fest in RFK Stadium. The band has amassed a dedicated following from Manhattan to the Nation's Capital, with regular shows at places such as Stout in New York to Flanagan's in Bethesda and Fado's in D.C.
They used to carry their own gear and manage their own gigs, but now they have both roadies and a manager, said Dan Fedoryka.
"This summer we'll be touring," said Ounnallah. "We're going to play for more people, travel more."
They are booked for over 20 festivals this year, including Floydfest in Floyd, Va., the Dublin Irish Fest in Ohio, and Musikfest 2007 in Bethlehem, Pa. This St. Patrick's Day, they are throwing their own party, the all-day Big Jig in D.C.
CELTIC MUSIC attracted Leks Fedoryka from the first time he heard Cape Breton fiddler Natalie MacMaster at a college party.
"Initially, it was the fiddle players and the traditional music they play," he said. "That's really what got me excited and passionate about it."
Although traditional greats like MacMaster, Frankie Gavin and fiddler Eileen Ivers are among the band's strongest influences, it's not quite accurate to call Scythian a Celtic band. Over the last couple years, Dan said, the band has used their pub gigs and two CDs — "Dance at the Crossroads" and 2004's "Aidan's Orbit" — to "ferment" their sound. In that time, the band has picked up other influences, most notably from their individual backgrounds.
"We're all sons of immigrants," said Dan. The Fedoryka brothers are Ukranian, Crosby is half Austrian and Ounnallah's father Jordanian. At the Four Fields show, the song list included "Fields of Athenry" and "Donegal Reel," but also a Ukranian gypsy fiddle tune, the Middle Eastern "Malabar Train" and John Denver's "Country Roads." The boys name other influences: Ukrainian punk band Gogol Bordello, Big Bad Religion, AC/DC, Latin and Afro-Cuban music.
Even the more traditional Celtic tunes have Scythian's personal touch. One of the most hallowed songs in Irish and Irish-American culture, "Danny Boy" was long overdue for a makeover, said Dan Fedoryka, and the boys were not afraid to do it. Where typically "Danny Boy" is sung plaintively with minimal accompaniment, Scythian used an Eastern-European chord progression, added guitar and drums and made a rock-and-roll version that seems to channel Van Morrison.
OUNNALLAH HAS A MASTER'S in jazz studies from the University of Maryland, while Crosby, Dan and Leks grew up steeped in classical music. The Fedorykas' mother studied at Juilliard, while Crosby's grandfather was a composer in Salzburg. Dan Fedoryka played classical piano, while Leks Fedoryka and Crosby played violin. Ounnallah, who has been touring since he was 19, began playing with the band in 2005. He has played in nearly every style of music, he said, from salsa to hip-hop to bluegrass and now, the mix that Joe calls "immigrant trailer-park rock revolution."
Before Scythian, both Crosby and Leks had become burnt-out on classical music performance. And so what started out as an Irish pub band, said Crosby, has allowed its members to exercise their musical talents without too much formality and stiffness.
It has also allowed Crosby to experience an onstage face-plant and a mysterious broken nose; the band has lived through flipping their trailer on the interstate and almost getting shot in Philadelphia, said Dan Fedoryka.
But most of the excitement comes from performing, said Dan. "You're playing a pub one night, then playing for the Prime Minister of Ireland [at the D.C. National Ireland Fund Gala], then with Flogging Molly," he said.
With packed venues, a third CD, local success and 22 upcoming festivals, Scythian is now working toward an ultimate goal: a festival band. Dan envisions "success separate from the Man," much like Phish or the Grateful Dead, and although bar playing and festival playing are fairly different in their styles, the band's infectious live show seems to lend itself to this goal.
"We make it a point to throw our entire soul into a performance," said Leks. "Interaction is a major part of the show."
It is for this reason, it seems, that the band is so popular. They take time to talk to fans between sets and involve them in their shows.
They are, after all, playing for the crowd.
"That's what it's about, if you can get [the audience] for a second," said Crosby. "If you can take them somewhere else, you've succeeded."


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Weather Blog: Rinse and repeat
Thank you for stopping by the Weather Watch 12 blog! Rounds of heavy rain continue to soak the upper Midwest. An unsettled stretch of weather will continue at least another 24 hours before easing its grip. In today's blog we discuss the next round of potentially heavy rain, and look ahead to quieter weather for southeast Wisconsin.
Let's start with a quick recap of the storms that hit the area early Tuesday morning. Thunderstorms rumbled across the area from roughly midnight to 5am. Heavy downpours, vivid cloud to ground lightning and gusty winds accompanied the storms.
A viewer in Kenosha posted this incredible photo to the U-Local section of WISN.com of a tree struck by lightning Tuesday morning, and it was still smoking! If you have a photo to share please email to firstname.lastname@example.com and it will automatically post to our website!
In Shorewood, lightning hit the powerlines next to this home on North Morris Blvd. The photo below shows our live shot set-up for WISN 12 News this Morning, and the We Energies crew working to restore power to more than 1700 customers in the area.
Along with the bright flashes of lightning and loud booms of thunder, heavy rain soaked already water-logged soils. Estimated rain totals courtesy of the NWS radar shows 1"-2" of rain across parts of Milwaukee and Waukesha counties. Through 10am Milwaukee's rain total was at 1.35" since Monday evening. Notice extreme northern Green county where totals of 3"-4"+ are estimated!
Localized street flooding and standing water in farm fields has been the result of the recent heavy rain. A break is needed, but right now it appears that any dry period will not last long, and is about 24 hours or more away.
The next round of showers and thunderstorms is possible Tuesday evening and night. The RPM computer model forecast below shows thunderstorms over southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois by 5-6pm this afternoon. The main threats from the storms would be heavy rain and gusty winds.
A few showers or thunderstorms may linger on Wednesday, but the heaviest rains should exit southern Wisconsin by Wednesday morning.
Moving forward, the trigger for showers and thunderstorms will finally sag well to our south Thursday into Friday. The WPC surface forecast map below is valid on Friday at 7am. The low pressure area over southern Canada may swing a trough in our direction Friday or Saturday giving us the chance of a few pop-up showers, but overall no widespread heavy rain is expected.
Moving into the week of July 4, as anticipated an upper level low pressure area should hang near the Great Lakes, this will provide average to below average temperatures. This was discussed in the long range forecast posted here in the blog in late MAY.
We will focus more on the 4th of July holiday in the blog when I return from the AMS Broadcast Conference in Nashville. I am on the AMS Broadcast Board and will be attending the yearly conference the rest of this week. The conference focuses on various topics like severe weather, social media in weather, and the latest research in the field of weather and climate.
For the latest weather information watch WISN 12 News, and for updates throughout the day follow me on Twitter @jnelsonweather
Have a great day!
Jeremy Nelson


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Article content
Executors for Philip Seymour Hoffman's estate have been slapped with a $87,000 lawsuit for flood damage.
Gene Hoffnagel and Anna Erdelyi claim water leaked from the Capote star's kitchen downstairs to their New York condominium and caused extensive damage to their walls and floors.
Their attorney Mark Seitelman says, "They came home from vacation and found the floor was squishy under their feet.
"The water went straight down. It wasn't gushing - just a steady leak and it did a lot of structural damage."
The couple's insurance agents covered the cost of replacing their items, but would not pay for the repairs that were needed, according to the New York Daily News.
Hoffnagel and Erdelyi claim the late actor assured them his insurance would cover the rest of the damage, which totals $87,329.60.
The couple is now seeking the money from Hoffman's executor and mother of his three children, Marianne O'Donnell.
Hoffman died in February of a drug overdose.
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Aili Tripp's WIDER working paper focuses on how foreign aid helped, and unintentionally hindered, Tanzania's democratic consolidation.
Governance & Fragility
Governance & Fragility
Governance has become a major concern for both donors and aid recipient countries since the late 1980s. Very poor quality governance is also one of the defining characteristics of state fragility, and social unrest and violence may both exacerbate and be caused by weak institutions. Our work draws on some 80 studies prepared by UNU-WIDER's global network.
UNU-WIDER / Aug 2012
What are the next steps for donors in the MENA region?
Jane Harrigan / Dec 2011
In just a little over a month, policy makers will converge in Busan, South Korea for the fourth High Level Forum on Aid Effectiveness.
Danielle Resnick / Oct 2011
After sixtyyears of foreign aid efforts and dramatic change in the world of aid recipients, many concerns are being raised about the effectiveness...
Peter S. Heller / Nov 2011
For urban reduction strategies to be successful the urban poor must take center stage.
UNU-WIDER / Dec 2012
Is food aid effective, is it preferable to cash, and what role does it play in conflict situations?
UNU-WIDER / Aug 2012


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SALT LAKE CITY - A team of researchers, led by physicians and scientists at Intermountain Healthcare's Intermountain Medical Center and ARUP Laboratories, has made a medical breakthrough by discovering genetic mutations that cause a rare and deadly lung disease.
The disease, pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis or PCH, is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension, which occurs predominantly in young adults. PCH affects less than one in a million people, and has been extremely difficult and expensive to diagnose, as well as challenging to treat.
This genetic discovery offers new hope.
"This is a significant finding. This discovery should advance our understanding of this rare pulmonary vascular disorder and other related disorders," said Greg Elliott, MD, MACP, senior investigator of the study and medical director of the Pulmonary Hypertension Center at Intermountain Medical Center in Murray, Utah, and professor of medicine at the University of Utah School of Medicine.
Results of the study will be published in the February issue of the journal CHEST, the official publication of the American College of Chest Physicians. The study is embargoed by CHEST until Feb 4 at 6am, EST.
Dr. Elliott and his team at Intermountain Medical Center and the University of Utah School of Medicine collaborated with researchers from Columbia University, Vanderbilt University and Mayo Clinic-Scottsdale.
To find the genetic mutation, the research team used a relatively new technology - whole exome sequencing - performed at ARUP Laboratories in Salt Lake City to test DNA samples. They discovered the genetic mutations in Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Alpha Kinase 4. EIF2AK4 is a protein responsible for down-regulating protein synthesis when cells are exposed to stress.
Researchers found that in patients with the genetic mutations, their bodies don't properly regulate blood vessels in the lung. As a result, the capillaries in the lungs proliferate and the patient develops pulmonary hypertension.
D. Hunter Best, PhD, and Kelli L. Sumner, BS, two scientists on the research team, conducted the exome sequencing and analyzed the data in collaboration with colleagues at Columbia University and Vanderbilt University.
"Whole exome sequencing is breakthrough technology that allows us to test accurately and cost effectively for rare genetic disorders," said Dr. Elliott. "Without Dr. Best's expertise and the work done by Kelly Sumner in the laboratory, this discovery would not have occurred."
For those who receive a diagnosis of PCH, it becomes a life-changing event, where risky, expensive treatments are used to slow the progression of the deadly disease.
It's also difficult to diagnose, often delaying proper treatment. Without a correct diagnosis, physicians may try ineffective and costly therapies because PCH's symptoms resemble many other lung diseases.
Dr. Elliott says the discovery of the genetic cause of PCH should allow the correct diagnosis to be made earlier.
"This disease is not easily treated," he added. "Most therapies are expensive and probably misapplied - or their value is limited. They also can pose significant risks to the patient. Accurate early diagnosis and treatment based upon a correct diagnosis should bring increased value to patients and their families."
With the finding, physicians can now choose to order a genetic test to help diagnose the disease. Previously, patients with findings that suggested PCH sometimes underwent a lung biopsy to seek an accurate diagnosis. In some cases this was either too risky to do, or the patient experienced complications following the biopsy.
"Now we can test for disease-causing mutations in EIF2AK4, and correctly diagnose PCH or related conditions," said Dr. Elliott. "A correct diagnosis allows us to design the best treatment plan possible, save patients the added cost of ineffective therapies and unnecessary interventions - and most importantly, save lives."
Discovery of the gene mutations should also allow scientists to study the paths to disease development and to look for new ways to treat patients. Scientists can turn off (knock out) the gene in animal models to discover how the disease develops. Investigators also can explore targeted gene therapy or the effects of drugs that modify the function of the mutated gene.
"My hope is to ultimately find a treatment for this disorder and for the people affected with PCH and diseases like it. As their doctor, I see the suffering and I want to help," said Dr. Elliott.
Other members of the research team included D. Hunter Best, PhD; Kelli L. Sumner, BS; Eric D. Austin, MD; Wendy K. Chung, MD, PhD; Lynette M. Brown, MD, PhD; Alain C. Borczuk, MD; Erika B. Rosenzweig, MD; Pinar Bayrak-Toydemir, MD, PhD; Rong Mao, MD; Barbara C. Cahill, MD; Henry D. Tazelaar, MD; Kevin O. Leslie, MD; Anna R. Hemnes, MD; and Ivan M. Robbins, MD.
Intermountain Medical Center is the flagship hospital for the acclaimed Intermountain Healthcare system based in Salt Lake City. The Pulmonary Hypertension Center at Intermountain Medical Center works with cutting-edge technology and leading specialists from around the world to advance research and care for patients with pulmonary diseases.
Founded in 1984, ARUP Laboratories is a leading national reference laboratory and a nonprofit enterprise of the University of Utah and its Department of Pathology. ARUP offers more than 3,000 tests and test combinations, ranging from routine screening tests to esoteric molecular and genetic assays.


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No, Obama Didn't Order the Removal of an American Flag from Ground Zero
Did you hear that Barack Obama demanded a massive American flag be removed from Ground Zero while he was there yesterday? It's not true! At all.
This latest Obama-hates-America kerfuffle began last night when ABC News' Jake Tapper tweeted, "One minute to air and they decided to take the flag down from the live shot!" He posted the photo up top as well, showing two cranes removing a large American flag from the side of a building. He meant that right before his spot on the evening ABC News broadcast, the flag was being removed for the night — as it is each night, and then put back in place each morning. Jake Tapper, a True Patriot, was upset that it wouldn't be in his live shot.
Tapper's tweet was interpreted quite differently in many quarters of the conservative Internet, who thought that Obama had personally ordered the flag taken down. Blogger Doug Ross, for one, wrote,"This administration and, by extension, the Democrat Party are now so thoroughly divorced from the history, traditions and morals of America that we might as well admit the Marxist left has executed a successful coup d'état on this Republic." His friend Michelle Malkin asked, "Does flying the American flag at Ground Zero now constitute 'spiking the football???'" This meme made it all the way to Matt Drudge, who ran the headline, "REPORT: Team Obama takes down US flag before Ground Zero event..."
As we know, Obama was already back in Washington by evening news time last night, making fun of his wife with the Mexicans. He did not order the removal of the massive American flag from Ground Zero. Michelle Malkin, to her credit, has apologized in a post titled, "No, Obama didn't remove American flag from Ground Zero."
But umm... he probably wanted to!


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Practicum in Masonry Technology
Practicum in Masonry Technology is an occupationally specific course designed to provide classroom technical instruction or work-based learning experiences. Instruction may be delivered through laboratory training or through career preparation delivery arrangements. Safety and career...
- Grade Range: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, Postsecondary
Scope and Sequence: Practicum in Masonry Technology
CTE TEKS - Implemented 2017-2018, adopted in 2015Practicum in Masonry Technology course scope and sequence within the Architecture and Construction Career Cluster® summarizes the content to be taught, and one possible order for teaching the units of instruction. A brief description...
- Resource ID: 19366
- Grade Range: 12


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Follow @multimanpub
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This board is printed on stiff cardboard in the "ASL Starter Kit" style.
A few important notes about ordering Starter Kit style mapboards:
a) all maps will be shipped folded in half UNLESS 30 or more are ordered in which case we can rustle up a box and ship flat.
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As they become available, we will put ASL geomorphic mapboards on sale as parts. The numbers may be limited, as our parts are extras from print runs of various products.
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text:
Awkward – Brandon Belt
It's funny how things catch on.
Kuip makes one remark during a broadcast about me looking like a baby giraffe – I guess I looked a little wobbly chasing down a fly ball in the outfield — and everybody loved it. Now I see signs all over. Even when I was down in San Jose and Fresno, I saw Baby Giraffe signs. My wife Haylee thinks it's hilarious. When I was a kid, girls use to tell me I looked like a monkey. I've been called animal names all my life. So as you might imagine, I like Baby Giraffe a lot more.
Then during an interview with the Showtime guys for "The Franchise,'' I told how my friend Tommy Joseph, who's playing in San Jose right now, called me The Most Awkward Man in the World. I thought it was so funny. I knew exactly what he meant. I'm pigeon-toed so I look awkward walking around. Sometimes I'm socially awkward because I'm real shy at first if I don't know you. When the show aired, my family and friends just completely embraced it. During the series over the weekend in Houston, near where I grew up, I look up in the stands and see about 50 people – all family and friends — wearing T-shirts that said, "Keep Belt Awkward.''
It was their way of saying, "We love you how you are and it doesn't matter if you're the most awkward guy in the world.'' Those T-shirts might have been the weirdest way possible to send me that message of support, but it felt great to see them there backing me, wanting me to do well.
One of my friends said he was offered $100 for the shirt and he would have sold it if he had another shirt to put on. It was crazy.
There were so many people there for me in Houston. I saw Hudson High T-shirts all over the place. So I admit that I put a lot of pressure on myself when I started Saturday's game. Not only did I go 0-for-4, but in the outfield, I thought there was only one out when there were actually two. I caught a fly ball, and I was going to throw it home when I realized everybody was jogging in. So I just kind of threw it straight into the ground. I thought, "Oh, no, what did I just do?'' (Talk about awkward.)
After the game, I went to get a bite to eat with a whole crowd of family and friends. I thought I had really let them down. But nobody was disappointed at all. They were just happy that I was there. It was just an awesome feeling and that made me so much more relaxed on Sunday. I had a good game — 4 for 5. When I hit that three-run homer, it was such a load off after scuffling so much. That really helped me relax – and helped me get three more hits. But the Astros were making so many great plays. They threw Nate out at the plate from the outfield wall. They made a great play at third and got us caught in a rundown. It seemed nothing was going our way. But we didn't make excuses. We didn't complain. We just grinded it out. And we pulled it out in the end.
Now that I'm five months into my first year in the majors, I'd say there are two major things I've learned. One is you have got to be confident up here. Got to be comfortable. You can't get down on yourself. If you do, everybody's going to leave you behind. The league's going to keep on going and you're going to get stuck behind everybody else. So even when you're having a tough time and you're not feeling confident, you've got to give the outward appearance that you are. Last year in fall league, our hitting coach's slogan was "Fake it til you make it.'' If a pitcher sees in your body language that you're not confident, they gain more confidence and make pitches they normally wouldn't make. So even if you're 0-for-20, you still have to act like you're going to get it done.
The other thing is to be more aggressive at the plate. You have to be way more aggressive up here than down in the minors.
I'm learning a lot by watching how the veteran players handle setbacks. Obviously, with all our injuries and our offensive problems, it's hard not to get down. But guys come into the clubhouse every day with a new attitude. Our mindset is if we can keep within a few games of the Diamondbacks, we'll make up ground when we get some guys off the DL. Guys like Mark DeRosa make sure we keep things in perspective. Today is just today. We still have 30-something games left.
OK, I'm going to text Haylee to remind her to bring "Keep Belt Awkward'' T-shirts for Kruk and Kuip. Maybe Baby Giraffe T-shirts will be next. So that's another thing I'm learning: You've got to laugh at yourself. Take the game seriously, but not yourself.
57 Comments
Do YOUR know where baby giraffes come from?
Your writing certainly isn't awkward! Great story, thanks for sharing.
Great post. I'm sure I speak for many Giants fans in saying how glad we are that you are here. After your call-up in July and your great game against the Dodgers, I commented on the blog that you were "here to stay." Sadly, I was wrong. I was so upset that they sent you down in early August (the day before I had tix to the game!) that I wrote an email to the Giants protesting! (They actually wrote me back, assuring me that you'd be "back in September." Haha.)
We SF Giants fans are going to love you for a long, long time, and not just because you're good–and you are–but because you're REAL. You're articulate and can laugh at yourself. Your parents' T-shirts in Houston showed us that you come by this honestly! We never stopped loving our Panda even when he scuffled last year, and we're going to love our awkward Baby Giraffe, too. Giants' fans appreciate a good story and a great personality.
As to performance, great job last night against the Padres. You looked great on the triple and on the stolen base later. As for being doubled off first, well, rookie mistake. We still love you anyway.
Stay well, stay sane, and stay AWKWARD!
Confidence changes all competition. I show dogs if I walk in the ring knowing i have the best dog there. You get far more respect from your competitors and judges. Keep up the GREAT Job
Brandon, we're so glad to see you settling in recently. You've got a ton of fans behind you, and there were even some giraffe hats in the crowd at last night's game! Keep up the good work, my friend. We're glad you're in the big leagues again! Finish strong, and don't give up!
I watched you at UT and now get the pleasure of watching you with the Giants. Where can we find we find "Keep Belt Awkward" T-shirts?
AAA trophy, Lufkin, Texas
Mr. Belt
I'm a 25 year old Life time Giants fan I love watching you play. I just started my own screen printing business here in the bay area (so that I can go back to college) I would love to print any more keep belt awkward shirts! please have some one get back to me email@example.com
Thanks for sharring your story also! The Pablo Style Giraffe hats are gonna be a huge hit just watch!
So glad you're here, and so glad you're so honest. No one's laughing at you, you Awkward Baby Giraffe… we all love you. Stay strong and keep swinging!
Brandon, it is so good to see a fresh new face and someone who really wants to play. There will probably be a lot of Giraffe hats in the crowd. The Giants are turning into animal kingdom. Keep up the good playing and writing.
ahaha i always kinda thought u looked like a baby turtle, no offense ahhah
RIGHT ON Brandon!!! Thank you for sharing your thoughts, and we are all so happy you are with playing your heart out with our beloved Giants. I saw some Giraffe hats worn by the fans last night! You are an inspiration! KEEP BELT AWKWARD!! 🙂
Nice blog! haha now i understand why some were wearing giraffe hats in the crowd last night. 😉 Keep it up! 🙂
I was at the game last night and they kept showing the lady with the giraffe hat..I think it's cute!! Embrace it… We love ya kid!! Hang in there and make awkward cool 😉
Did ya see the giraffe hats?? It starting to look like a zoo in the stands, with panda and giraffe hats. I love it.
I Need an Awkward Giraffe t-shirt!! I enjoy your writing almost as much as I enjoy your play on the field — great post!
ps: even my puppy enjoyed reading this — makes him feel less awkward 🙂
Heidi (& Atticus the dog)
Belt, you = gamer
As a die hard fan, I can safely say I feel better when you're in the lineup!
I saw the Baby Giraffe hat at the game last night and loved it! Between you and the Panda we're starting the Giants Zoo. *lol* Loved your post. Well-written. We're glad you're here.
We're all rooting for you Baby Giraffe!! Keep your confidence up, and DFTBA! (Don't Forget To Be Awesome)
At the game last night I saw Giraffe hats in addition to Panda hats.
Aww, we love our Awkward Baby Giraffe! You're awesome and have a great personality to boot. Keep up the good work and I KNEW that we'd be calling you back up. You're here to stay kid.
Brandon…much props to how you are handling your pro career. You play the game the right way and have a sharp focus that will grow your success. Hearing Will the Thrill comment on how he thinks your swing is even sweeter than his is awesome because he had one of the sweetest lefty swings of all-time. Bro keep on doing your thing and we all look forward to you being a lifetime Giant here in the city by the bay!!!
I am so happy to not only see you back up in the majors, but putting on a show as well!! I was impressed when I saw you at Spring Training, and have been rooting for you ever since. I look forward to many years of "awkward," and frankly hope it never goes away….. And I would wear the t-shirt – but not a fan of the hat.
There are some great drawings from the tumblr, pandovalsays. Here they are if you haven't already seen them:
What a wonderful look into your feelings on, and off the field. As an awkward person myself, I completely understand "what did I just do?" moments.
Speaking of awkward… You signed an autograph for me (thank you) over the Rawlings logo on my baseball everyone always asks me "what is that?" "Brandon Belt"
Glad you're back!
I love this blog! You really are great with your writing. Also, I think you have just been amazing in every way this season. Moving back and forth from Fresno to SF has to take its toll and I'm sure a lot of players get rattled by it all. You have carried yourself so well and I love how you are always staying positive! Keep Belt Awkward is my new favorite catchphrase! Stay awkward and stay awesome!!
Its always refreshing to see a young man like yourself, come up to the show, and give it the respect it deserves. Enjoy the ride, and may it last for many many years to come.
Joey D.
Awesome post. Really enjoyed it
Brandon you're a doll! What a great story! I look forward to watching you as a Giant for many years to come. Stay awkward! Go Giants!!
Brandon – I'm a season ticket holder to UT baseball and a life long Giants fan. I can't wait to see how your career progresses. Hopefully, it will involve the Giants and a couple of rings.
Keep Austin Weird.
Keep Belt Awkward.
And of course keep on laughing at yourself.
Go Giants, and Hook 'Em!
Hi Brandon!
whod've ever thunk it, Baby Giraffes from Texas? keep up the great work, kid…we LOVE YOU!!
Great blog Brandon. If a baby giraffe was a bad thing then you wouldn't be in the majors. I think you fit in just fine with the Giants. Keep up the great work! Go Giants!
Welcome! ABG SFG = HGF (Happy Giants Fans). The fans knew you were right for the team from the beginning. You may be awkward, but you have a lot of wisdom for a young person. Stay comfortable with who you are. Down deep, where it really counts, you ARE self-confident about the important stuff.
Our friends got a great pic with Brandon Belt at Raley Field in Sacto this summer but #babygiraffe belongs at AT&T. I just ordered a giraffe hat online (amazon.com) so my 11 year old daughter and I can wear the panda and giraffe hats together (while my husband laughs at us) when we all watch the games on CSN together. Go Giants!
Welcome to the Bay Area! Almost everything K&K say sticks! By then time you leave here (20 years down the road) you'll have more nicknames and saying about yourself then you can count. My niece loves the baby giraffe nickname… She is 11 and is already 5'7 and hopes her friends come up with something equally as cool for her 🙂 Good Luck with the rest of the season.
great job, brandon! it looks as if your confidence is growing stronger and stronger game by game! you will be an integral part in the giants making it to the playoffs. stay strong!
Amazing, B.G.! I love this perspective, and we love watching you play – awkwardness included! My boys look up to you, and ask about the lineup as soon as they get home from school. 🙂
Thank you for such a great blog post. I'm glad to know that you don't mind the Baby Giraffe nickname! If you – and my fellow fans – are looking for some baby giraffe shirts, I've designed a few. Please consider checking them out! http://bit.ly/q5IGwC It's been a crazy year, and I couldn't be happier you're supporting this team through the push for September.
I am so happy that Boch and peeps finally realized that you need to be here and play everyday. You're the jolt of lightning that the Giants need right now. My friend and I had a brilliant idea to buy baby giraffe hats to go with all the panda hats out there. I was so excited when we found some last night and then I saw that somebody beat us by wearing it to the game. I will still proudly wear my hat to the game in full support you. Can't wait to see what your future holds as a Giant!
I am going to show this to my 11 year-old son tonight! We live in NC and are big Giants fans! We took a vaca to Cali this summer and he got to go to a game on his Birthday and soooooo wanted a Tim Lincecum autograph (his fav player). Tim was not starting that night so we thought it was possible. Tim just ran right by him into the dugout and didn't say a word. You came right up and gave him an autograph. It is a lifetime memory he will not forget. He is watching you now and I think you are becoming a great role model!!! Thanks!
Hey Brandon. Keep up the good work. Been rooting and pulling for you since you first showed up in our lineup. Now, where can I get a t-shirt? Would love to proudly wear one. Let all of your fans know.
so inspirational, just keep going, look forward, not back…. Thanks for posting!
Love this guy!!!!!!!!
"The other thing is to be more aggressive at the plate. You have to be way more aggressive up here than down in the minors."
Don't let this hack-tastic team get to you. The fact that you are patient at the plate is what makes you better than almost everyone this team has put out there over the last several years. Taking walks and not making outs is important too! No more .270 OBP lead off hitters, please.
Hey, Brandon, you're an incredible person, and we all just hope you DO stay awkward!
You've made a tremendous addition to the team and DO stay confident out there!
Your NORTH state (Cottonwood, CA) fans!
Now I know why they kept showing the lady wearing the giraffe hat! Keep up the confidence! You've got a lot of fans–we enjoyed watching you with the Grizzlies and are excited to see you with the Giants. Keep up the blog too 🙂
Brandon, I am just retired teacher (1st grade)
and giant fan since 1959. If you can feel okay with the giraffe thing go for it. That lady last night on TV looked cool with that hat. It seems likes it fits being a part of the giant's unique team culture which I love. Being a teacher I
have to tell you that giraffes are tall and lanky but that can really "kick it in gear". Check the science. You'll see. Bye the way, congrats on
showing besides your speed on offense and defense, you have shown when batting what a fine tuned "eye" you have as well improving well
on hitting for avg. Your at bat last night against
that lefty who is holding league to .113 avg. was
NO fluke. Good job and enjoy, guy
That has to be the single cutest thing I have ever read…. None of your fans will EVER be disappointed in you!! We love you through the ups and downs! The Giants are going to catch on very quickly, those "Keep Belt Awkward" shirts will be huge very soon!! Baby Giraffe is the cutest nickname ever and it definitely suites you! You don't look like a monkey at all!!!! 🙂 Your aggressiveness has been VERY apparent your last two times up to SF. The best part I think is that you didn't go Pablo about it (my family's way of saying hacking away at every pitch no matter what). You have found a great balance, and haven't lost your incredible eye. That is a true gift, like nothing else in the league. I've met you three times now, and each time you seemed very confident, even when you were on the DL. That is very admirable, especially knowing that you didn't feel confident. You should feel confident, you deserve it. You ARE all that!! And even Willy Mays had oh-for days. You see Barry Bonds cheering for you yesterday?? That's exciting!! I love you Baby Giraffe, play hard!!
♥ Sierra Wilson
This is a great blog. You are doing great, we are very proud of you and your accomplishments. I guess I need to go get me a t-shirt and then find me a giraffe hat. Keep up the good work.
Love this post! You have a great attitude and you're quickly becoming a fan favorite in the Bay.
Looking forward to many more years of baby giraffe hats and shirts!
Continued success.
Hey Brandon, Your one of my Favorite Giants. You have a great work ethic and attitude. And you sort of remind me of baseball players from a different era. Kind of a throw back. That's not bad.
Play Hard
Daryl Biancucci
Giants, Longhorns, Baby Giraffe….can't beat that!
I was so excited when you came up to the Majors this season! I had been paying a lot of attention to you last year in the minors, because I could tell then that you were a tremendous player. I totally understand being an awkward person, but just for the record I have yet to really see that in you (shy and quiet maybe, but it never translated to awkward until this whole incident…). I believe in you, and your ability to play the game (and play it well), and in the Giants this season (and every season). Im glad that you aren't taking the Baby Giraffe thing too hard, because really, I think its a wonderful thing. You've gotten the attention Kruk & Kuip, the rest of the team, and the fans enough to have earned yourself a nickname! 🙂 Just know that its all in good spirits, and that San Francisco (myself included!) really does love having you on our team. You're awesome!
Best always,


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The Arkansas CW Awarded Station of the Year
The CW Network recognizes affiliate station for leadership, inspiration & commitment to community
The CW Network has awarded its coveted Station of the Year honor to The Arkansas CW. The station was singled out among all CW Plus affiliates for the 2012 distinction based on its collective efforts in delivering outstanding initiatives in marketing, promotions, community outreach and sales.
The CW Plus Network is a group of 109 CW Network affiliates across the country covering diverse markets comparable in size to the Arkansas CW. Typically (and as is the case with The Arkansas CW), a CW Plus Network affiliate operates on a traditional station's multicast channel. The prestigious Station of the Year award is presented once annually to the station delivering the most exceptional results in its local community. This is the second such accolade for Hearst Television Inc., parent company of The Arkansas CW: in 2009, Orlando's CW18 (WKCF-TV) was honored as the CW Network's Station of the Year.
"Our team comes to work every day determined to produce and deliver exceptional local television" said Arkansas CW President and General Manager, Brian Sather. "We're all very humbled and honored to be considered best of class by our peers across the country," added Sather.
The Arkansas CW is one of America's leading CW affiliates. In November, Arrow placed the station among the top three CW Affiliates in the nation. In August, the station launched a local newscast at 9:00 p.m. and in three short months it was tied for the most watched local news in the time period with Women 25-54. In June, the station began broadcasting in HD and currently delivers as many as 17 programs per week in 1080p HD. In May, Hart of Dixie's ratings placed it among the top three CW stations in the country for delivering Women 18-34. With the expansion to local news, the Arkansas CW continues to demonstrate a commitment to the community and a dedication to localism.


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A Valley Center native, Renee became involved as a teacher and volunteer in her community at a young age. Graduating from Cal State San Marcos (BA) and Cal State Stanislaus (MA in Administration), she received her real estate license in 2009. Renee is a keen communicator and organized agent who specializes in residential property. As you look to buy or sell your next home, Renee helps you do the homework, research the available options and make the best real estate decision. Integrity, honesty and diligence mark her approach to serving your real estate needs. Let Renee's knowledge, experience and work ethic pay off for you. Call or email her today.
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We are in what some are calling an �epidemic� of influenza. Hospitals in Boston and other cities are coping with crowds of folks who are coughing, sick or nauseous. Several deaths have been reported. Governors and mayors are declaring emergencies. Hospitals are putting up tents to handle the overflow. Quarantines of various sorts are being tried.
Over all this � especially for the medical personnel � hovers a nightmare image from 1918 to 1919, when a flu �pandemic� ravaged the globe in the worst such episode since the Black Death of the Middle Ages.
In 1918, the bodies were piled up like cordwood at Fort Devens.
One way to get a quick read on its devastation is to compare its death toll to that of World War I, the deadliest armed conflict in history, just finishing up in 1918.
About 17 million military people died in World War I, and possibly 10 million civilians. The flu may have killed five times as many. At least one estimate puts the toll at 100 million.
Nothing like that has been recorded, before or since.
In 1918, a few months after it appeared in France, it hit Fort Devens, one of the main centers of the U.S. war effort. On Sept. 1, its barracks were jammed with 45,000 soldiers waiting to be shipped to France. By the end of that month, Fort Devens was a charnel house filled with the dead and dying. Bodies were being carted away. More than 8,000 sick and dying men clogged its hospital, which had a capacity of 2,000. The extra bodies, living and dead, were stashed in halls, corridors and outlying buildings. Doctors were baffled. They had never seen anything like it.
Alarmed by the reports from Massachusetts, U.S. Surgeon General William Gorgas sent four prominent physicians to visit the base and tell him what was going on. They reported their horrified amazement at the sight of �hundreds of stalwart young men coming into the hospital in groups of 10 or more. Their faces soon wear a bluish cast; a distressing cough brings up blood-stained sputum. In the morning the dead bodies are stacked about the morgue like cordwood.�
One witness reported watching a pathologist perform an autopsy. It was a gruesome sight. When the chest was opened, the lungs were revealed to be blue and swollen with foamy surfaces. The pathologist, a Dr. William Welch, remarked, �This must be some kind of new infection � or plague.� He was correct.
After more than 8,000 Spaniards had died from it just in the month of May 1918, it was called the Spanish Flu or sometimes the Purple Death, from the bluish tinge shown on the skin and lungs of the victims.
From Fort Devens the plague spread quickly to Worcester County. By the middle of September, newspapers were reporting its ravages. Leicester reported 125 cases. Eight died in Millbury on one day. Westboro and Holden closed their schools. The Leominster hospital had to turn away people who were dying. On Sept. 15, Worcester Mayor Pehr Holmes ordered fires lighted in all public school furnaces, in an effort to stem the disease. It had little effect.
At the end of September, the Worcester Board of Health essentially shut the city down. �All public, private and parochial schools, all theaters, motion picture houses, all places of amusement, all dance halls and public halls� were to close their doors until Oct. 7. That included the saloons. The churches were already closed after a ruling from the state. The board appealed for extra nurses at City Hospital, which was stretched to the limit and beyond. New graduate nurses were offered $4 a day, experienced nurses $60 a month, doctors $150 a month. At the behest of Mayor Holmes, City Hospital trustees voted to convert the Agricultural Society building in Greendale into an emergency hospital. It was ready within 10 days.
Public school teachers, their classrooms closed, volunteered as nurse assistants. They made beds, changed linens and helped out in various ways. Mrs. Samuel Colton opened her Elm Street mansion to any emergency workers who needed a bed and a bath. Various organizations pitched in. The Catholic Womans Club, the Blessed Sacrament Red Cross Auxiliary, the Zionist Organization of Worcester and several others did what they could during those grim days in October 1918.
A home on Harvard Street was hastily opened to offer help to children made orphans by the plague. The Telegram reported that �immeasurable good� was done in placing bereft tots in the homes of relatives and friends.
When the wave of deaths began to wane, Worcester quickly recovered. Perhaps 1,000 to 2,000 people died in Worcester County, not nearly the toll experienced by other localities.
The 1918 flu epidemic was the worst such plague in modern history. It covered the globe and it was lethally communicable. It far exceeded the various other epidemics, whether yellow fever, smallpox, typhus or malaria.
The United States lost perhaps 675,000 to the Purple Death, a far lower percentage than some other places. Still, it has been estimated that one in every four Americans, including President Woodrow Wilson, were infected to some degree.
Few Americans remember the 1918 pandemic, but it is much in the minds of scientists and physicians who are warily watching the current outbreak.
Albert B. Southwick�s column appears regularly in the Telegram & Gazette.


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Extraordinary Dials™ timepieces from the Hummingbirds collection
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The Extraordinary Dials™ truly epitomize the Poetry of Time® that inspires Van Cleef & Arpels' watch-making philosophy. Hidden behind these amazing works of arts is a story exploring a new facet of the legacy and universe of the Maison.
For Van Cleef & Arpels, a timepiece is not just a utilitarian object. It is composed of emotions conveyed through the delicacy of its design and the extraordinary craftsmanship involved in its creation. The mechanism of a timepiece is its heart. But its dial is its soul and, as such, should be gifted with life. Dials at Van Cleef & Arpels are more than still images.
They should evolve over time and change with it. More than anything, they should tell a story in perpetual motion to their owners. These areExtraordinary Dials. Van Cleef & Arpels has applied all its savoir-faire in the fields of inlaying, stone selection, cutting and setting, lacquering, hand engraving, and enameling to the creation of exquisitely precious, dreamlike dials.
Limits are expanded, new crafts are mastered. They all contribute to the aura and fascination that surrounds a single concept: the Extraordinary


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Career Education 9
Curriculum Career Education Grade 9 PDF Grade-Set: k-12
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Core Competencies
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Big Ideas
Grandes idées
Reflecting on our preferences and skills helps us identify the steps we need to take to achieve our career goals.
The value of work in our lives, communities, and society can be viewed from diverse perspectives.
Achieving our learning goals requires effort and perseverance.
Adapting to economic and labour market changes requires flexibility.
Our career paths reflect the personal, community, and educational choices we make.
Learning Standards
Show All Elaborations
Curricular Competencies
Students are expected to be able to do the following:
Use self-assessment and reflection to develop awareness of their strengths, preferences, and skills
Question self and others about how individual purposes and passions can support the needs of the local and global community when considering career choices
Recognize the impact of personal public identity
in the world of work
personal public identitydigital presence/footprint, diction, body language, representing self and communities
Demonstrate respect, collaboration, and inclusivity in working with others to solve problems
Recognize and explore diverse perspectives
on how work contributes to our community and society
explore diverse perspectivesquestion and challenge career perceptions and possible career paths and analyze the relationships between work, society, and the economy
Demonstrate safety skills and appreciate the importance of workplace safety
Set and achieve realistic learning goals with perseverance and resilience
Recognize the influence of curriculum choices and co-curricular activities on career paths
career pathsinclude direct to work, apprenticeships, college, or university
Appreciate the value of a network of resources and mentors
to assist with career exploration
mentorsinclude parents, teachers, elders, coaches, extended family, other adults, or peers
Question self and others about the role of family expectations and traditions, and of community needs in career choices
Apply a variety of research skills
to expand their knowledge of diverse career possibilities and understand career clusters
research skillsinterviewing, investigating, exploring, experiencing, etc.; learning can come from memory, history, and story
career clustersa group of careers that share common skills and training
Explore volunteer and other new learning experiences that stimulate entrepreneurial
and innovative
entrepreneurialtaking risks in order to create opportunities
innovativeoriginal, creative; taking an existing idea and making it better
Apply decision-making strategies to a life, work, or community problem and adjust the strategies to adapt to new situations
Students are expected to know the following:
Personal Development
- goal-setting strategies
- self-assessmentfor career researchself-assessmentincludes inventories of preferences, skills, personal attitudes values, and interests
- reflection
- project managementproject managementtaking an idea, creating a plan (including timeline and resources), putting the plan into action, and reflecting on the process
Connections to Community
- local and global needs and opportunitieslocal and global needs and opportunitiessocial justice, environmental stewardship, sustainability, effective use of resources, etc.
- cultural and social awareness
- factors affecting types of jobs in the community
- career value of volunteering
Life and Career Plan
- graduation requirements
- role of mentors, family, community, school, and personal network in decision making
- influence of technology in learning and working
- workplace safety
- hazard evaluation and control
- rights and responsibilities of the worker
- emergency procedures
- role of community, school, personal network, and mentorship in career planning
Note: Some of the learning standards in the PHE curriculum address topics that some students and their parents or guardians may feel more comfortable addressing at home. Refer to ministry policy regarding opting for alternative delivery.


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We're back with a quick update! We haven't forgotten about ya'll. But LIFE is happening to all three of the co-host all at the same time! From work to passions to family matters and more we have been going through it. So we just want to update you about the going ons in our lives and let you know WE HAVEN'T LEFT YALL!
Follow us on social media:
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Website: www.theremedypodcast.com
Tweet us using #RemedyPod
Interact with the hosts
Taylor Jay
Blog: azealousvoice.com
Devotional Podcast: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/zealous-conversations-w-taylor-jay/id1315909476?mt=2
Twitter: twitter.com/azealousvoice
Instagram: www.instagram.com/azealousvoice
Blog: thefancyfriend.com
Twitter: twitter.com/thefancyfriend
Instagram: www.instagram.com/thefancyfriend
Nikki C
Blog: TheUrbanTea.com
Twitter: twitter.com/TheUrbanTea
Instagram: Instagram.com/TheUrbanTea
Brunch + Beauty Podcast: https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/high-tea-with-nikki-c/id1345156085


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"Hail him who saves you by his grace,
and crown him Lord of all."
A really good idea. Quite easy too
Merry Snowy Christmas
Love & Peace to the World
I don't know what to do about the link.
Use cookie cutters - or our free printable Christmas shapes template - to make paper cutouts, then cover in winter white glitter to make pretty hanging ornaments for the Christmas tree.
Please note: younger children can use safety scissors to cut out their ornaments, but a craft knife is very sharp and should only be used for this project by responsible adults.
Copyright © 1999-2012 Susan Spatone All rights reserved. Published with permission from CraftAtHome.com
Read more at http://www.allfreecrafts.com/christm...6otei4J6ETc.99
"Trace templates on heavy paper(40 lb. minimum) and cut out with scissors or craft knife (use self healing cutting mat if you use a craft knife). Punch a hole at the top centre of your cut out using a hole punch or other sharp object that will poke a hole for hanging. I used a wood pointed toothpick to punch the holes. A standard hole punch is too large for this project.
"Apply glue to one side of the paper cut out and cover glued area with glitter. Allow this to set for just a minute and then you'll be able to handle it, but be careful not to damage what you have just glittered. If you're a little skeptical, wait until this layer is dry before you continue.
"Apply glue to the other side of the ornament and apply glitter to this side as well. Place your ornament on a smooth flat surface (I used a cookie sheet) to dry completely. Do not disturb your ornaments until they are dry. If you do, you risk causing them to warp slightly.
"Once your ornament is dry, clear any glitter that has filled the hole by pushing a toothpick through the hole. Tie a piece of decorative cord or ribbon through the hole to use as a hanger."
Well the link worked fine for me.
Merry Snowy Christmas
Love & Peace to the World


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Home > About us
In 2004, Stéphane Groleau travelled for 9 months to learn about the veganic agriculture movement in Europe. In the United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, and France, he visited and worked at many veganic farms, gardens, and ecovillages. During this time, he became involved in the Vegan Organic Network, which actively promotes plant-based agriculture, primarily in the U.K.
In 2008, a small group of Canadians decided to start a North American chapter, the Veganic Agriculture Network. It aims to provide more regionally-focused information and support for North America's plant-based farmers and gardeners, and to increase the visibility of plant-based agriculture in North America.
The Veganic Agriculture Network was formed by Stéphane Groleau, who gardens veganically in Quebec and runs the website Vegeculture to promote veganic agriculture in French; Meghan Kelly, a conscientious consumer who is active in North America's vegetarian community; and Ryan Horning, who co-runs a veganic farm in Ontario, Niagara Escarpment Organics.
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Texas murder suspect surrenders after escape
A capital murder suspect stole a deputy's gun, fled a Dallas hospital and held police at bay for nearly two hours Tuesday night before surrendering peacefully and returning to the hospital, officials said.
Franklin B. Davis, 30, of Carrollton, surrendered shortly before 11 p.m. Tuesday and was returned to Parkland Memorial Hospital, the same hospital from which he'd escaped about 8:30 p.m. while receiving treatment, Dallas County sheriff's spokeswoman Carmen Castro said.
Castro said she did not know what kind of treatment Davis was receiving.
Dallas police tactical squad officers surrounded the 30-year-old Carrollton man about 9 p.m. after he sought refuge in a van about a mile from the hospital, Castro said. Negotiations finally resolved the standoff peacefully, she said.
Castro said the deputy was not injured in the incident at the hospital, but she said she had no other details.
Davis is awaiting trial in the death of Shania Gray, a 16-year-old sophomore at Hebron High School in Carrollton. Her body was found Sept. 8 along a fork of the Trinity River. She had been shot and strangled.
Davis already had been charged with four counts of sexually assaulting Gray when he allegedly took Gray from her school. Police have said Davis confessed to killing the girl. Police say he did so to prevent Gray from testifying against him in a sexual assault case.
Family and friends had said that when she was killed Gray's family was in the process of moving from one Dallas suburb to another so her father could be closer to work. Neighbors in Mesquite, the eastern suburb where the family lived for years, described Gray as friendly and caring.
According to relatives and an affidavit released by Carrollton police, Davis posed as a teenage boy on the Facebook social media page and bought a new cellphone to contact Gray and get information about the sexual assault case.
The two exchanged text messages, though Carrollton police spokesman Jon Stovall said he didn't know how many.
Davis told Carrollton police Gray was surprised to see him when he pulled up to her outside her school but got into his car because he wanted to discuss the case. He told police and several television stations that he drove her to an area near the Trinity River and shot her twice. He then stepped on her neck until she stopped breathing, the affidavit said. Her body was found two days later.


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{PARTY ON A BUDGET} The Ultimate Nerf Party
Melissa Newell from My Party Passion and our budget party contributor, threw her son the Ultimate Nerf Party. Not an easy theme to do, but Melissa found inspiration in unusual places. Read her whole story below:
I don't know about you, but it's easy breezy chicken peazey to find girl themes for birthdays, however, much more challenging to find a boy -- preteen no less -- theme.


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The trick or treating is over, the goblins are in bed, and this mommy is exhausted. I wanted to share a few quick pics before I turn into a pumpkin.
I had a 20% off coupon so I let the kids choose their costumes at the Disney Store this year. I always had high expectations of making costumes for my kids (ok not actually "making" so much as putting together pieces to make one cheaper than buying one premade), but it's just not in the cards time wise.
They went straight for exactly what I knew they would.
I present Captain Hook and Ariel.
This was Riley's first time trick or treating and let me tell you, she caught on real quick! She RAN to each door and started knocking before I could even turn up the walkway.
This guy was a little slower, but thought he was pretty cool carrying his bucket with his hook.
Makes a great Captain Hook face, doesn't he?
They had a fun night, got lots of candy and looked super cute doing it.
Now it's on the next big holiday ~ Black Friday!!! Oops, I mean Thanksgiving…
Happy Halloween everyone!


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WELCOME BACK JOE! pic.twitter.com/b2NbBSX3sx— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) April 4, 2019
Warzel got an interview with the "memesmith"* who calls himself Carpe Donktum, who seems like a perfectly nice man, so I felt queasy about the way Warzel undercut him:
Yep, a grainy, edited parody clip of the former vice president... [is] a perfectly unbelievable and dispiriting artifact of our fractured and chaotic political media ecosystem, where politicking is conducted through viral memes and retweets.Chaotic? Dispiriting? It was brilliantly funny, lightweight, sweet and doesn't seem to take any position on how we ought to feel about Joe Biden. It was absurd — and hardly political at all. I think it's positively healing. Why is Warzel getting so heated up about it?
The entire event is at once silly, trivial, offensive and, thanks to Donald Trump's Twitter feed, something we're now begrudgingly made to pay attention to.Oh, spare me. You're already paying complete attention to Donald Trump's Twitter feed. Warzel seems to hate the idea that CarpeDonktum may have "an indirect line to the Oval Office." Yes, isn't it terrible that an ordinary person, somewhere in flyover country, can just say something or show something, and the President might see it and take 10 seconds of his time to acknowledge that it exists and is funny? It's easy to imagine how wonderfully cool the same behavior would be if Obama, while President, had done the same thing with a video that made cute fun of Dick Cheney.
And his elevation — from a Kansas City keyboard warrior to right-wing internet fame as the president's unofficial meme maker — is a telling example of how the internet has fully blurred the lines between meme posting and business of politics.MSM wants a strong border between the professional media and social media. They're overwrought about the cacophony of illegitimate voices in the discourse. Their entire way of life is threatened. If only there could be some kind of wall to protect them from the chaos of the invasion of the horde.
"It's definitely an organic process," CarpeDonktum told me over the phone shortly after Mr. Trump tweeted his video. "[White House director of social media] Dan Scavino follows me on Twitter, but there's no formal relationship there between me and the president. If there's something I want to make sure [Scavino] sees, I'll wait for him to post a tweet and try to be the first to reply, linking to what I want to show." He said that he doesn't get paid for any of his videos (other than his Patreon crowdfunding account and occasional YouTube ad revenue) and has no relationships to outside politicians....It's a simple process, and CarpeDonktum nicely shared a tip.
[CarpeDonktum] tailors [videos] to an older generation of internet users. The elaborate memes feature footage from old Looney Tunes cartoons or depict Mr. Trump as a cowboy from an old John Wayne-style Western, slapping a man with a CNN or MSNBC logo across its head. "It's boomer humor," he said of his style of videos. "I'm not a boomer. But that brand of humor is most easily shareable by lots of people. So, I stay away from real violence, or overly sexualized stuff so it appeals to the largest amount of people.""Boomer humor" — by a younger guy who sees its value. Gee, thanks. I hear him saying that he wants something more sweet and silly, but Warzel wants to use him to show that everything's spinning out of control.
The videos share extremely well among an aging Trump supporter contingent who are prolific and aggressive posters of misinformation and hyperpartisan content on platforms like Facebook.There's no misinformation or hyperpartisan content in that Biden video. I wonder how old Warzel is. Based on his photograph, he's Gen X or millennial. But he doesn't share CarpeDonktum's affection for the aging Boomers, at least those of us who don't accept instruction from mainstream media. Our laughter at a silly meme feels "aggressive" to him — "chaotic" and "dispiriting."
"Sean Hannity is going to play the video tonight," [CarpeDonktum] told me... "Some kids that are 18 can retweet it and so can some grandma in Wisconsin. It's slightly edgy but universal."See? CarpeDonktum thinks he's having fun and reaching everybody.
Though his videos are dressed up using cartoons or slapstick humor, all of them center on the incendiary, offensive and hyperpartisan themes of Mr. Trump's politics (the wall, anti-media sentiment, making fun of Hillary Clinton and other Democrats).The Biden one doesn't. Warzel seems to be injecting his own political emotion without regard to the substance. Ironically, this is what professional journalism shouldn't do. And it just seems really mean to get an interview with what seems to be a perfectly civil good guy who's being nice and funny and sharing his tips and to call what he does merely dress-up. Dressed-up what? Suddenly a video has a surface —which might be cute and funny — and a core — which in CarpeDonktum's case is "incendiary, offensive and hyperpartisan." But the Biden video isn't incendiary, offensive and hyperpartisan. It's retweetable by some grandma in Wisconsin!
And CarpeDonktum, who described himself as "an entertainer" who "wants to make people laugh," is not above engaging in all-caps Trumpian politics (which includes angrily tweeting at liberal politicians).What's the evidence of his "angrily tweeting"? The NYT puts a link on those words and it goes to a search of his Twitter feed for the word "fuck"! Turns out CarpeDonktum sometimes says things like "Respectfully, you don't know what the Fuck you are talking about." To someone who did something that risked violence to another person he said, "What the fuck is wrong with you?" And he'll even say "Fuck you." Who would he say that to? Look:
John,— Carpe Donktum🔹 (@CarpeDonktum) March 20, 2019
When faced with the reality that the people of the United States might elect a president that would not be under your thumb, you threw a temper tantrum that resulted in acts of treason.
You betrayed your country and its people.
Fuck You John https://t.co/etbuNM6TjE
Back to Warzel's hit piece:
[CarpeDonktum's] desire not to reveal his name suggests that he's aware that those outside Trumpland find his content toxic.Pseudonymity is a complex topic, but Warzel chooses the interpretation that says what he wants: CarpeDonktum knows his memes are regarded as "toxic." Another way to put this is: CarpeDonktum is afraid Trump haters might try to destroy his family's life.
"I'm not shy about this stuff but I don't advertise it," he said. "If I were to go to a party I wouldn't introduce myself as the 'Trump meme guy from Twitter.'"And that's in Kansas.
That CarpeDonktum's online musings or personal life should be picked apart is controversial in its own right.What? Who's picking apart his personal life? Is Warzel engaging in NYT musing about whether he should pick apart CarpeDonktum's personal life?
At first glance, it feels silly, maybe even wrong, to elevate him.Elevate him? You sound like you want to destroy him.
He's not a politician. He's a Reddit user wielding far-right "Dad humor." He's not a public figure, save a few Infowars appearances and Persicope live stream videos where he films himself talking while he makes lunch for his children.Ugh! Don't even mention the children! And look at the next thing he says:
But at a time when our politics is programmed by what's viral on Twitter, CarpeDonktum appears — stupefyingly as it might seem — to have something approaching power in MAGAland. It appears he senses it, too.Did Warzel contemplate the ideation that a crazy Trump hater might get from that?
"All of the memes and stuff like that." he said. "That's the future of political advertising. The 30 second spots on TV aren't the way to market anymore. The stuff online that people dismiss as memes — that's the way to motivate people," he added. "It's the viral political marketing of the future."Yes, that's the story I see here, but that's not how the article ends. There are 2 more sentences:
In theory, his story is a perfect realization of the utopian understanding of the utopian promise of the internet: a truly democratic system of communication where anyone, anywhere can create things and get them seen by important people — even the president!
But in keeping with our current political moment, that utopian vision is used for vapid, divisive ends. The reality, as we should all know by now, is darker and a whole lot dumber.Gone are the days when the NYT could tell us there's something "we should all know by now" and we would scurry to get up to speed with what all the right people think. Warzel decries what is "divisive," but he jumped off from a completely non-divisive video and — after speaking to a nice man in Kansas — went as "dark" as he could. Ridiculous!
* I think "memesmith" is the NYT's word. I'm still trying to adjust to the use of the word "meme" to refer to individual items — videos or graphics — that are merely intended to be shared frequently. I accept that the word grew out of the original Richard Dawkins idea (from "The Selfish Gene" (1976)):
We need a name for the new replicator, a noun which conveys the idea of a unit of cultural transmission, or a unit of imitation. 'Mimeme' comes from a suitable Greek root, but I want a monosyllable that sounds a bit like 'gene'. I hope my classicist friends will forgive me if I abbreviate mimeme to meme... It should be pronounced to rhyme with 'cream'. Examples of memes are tunes, ideas, catch-phrases, clothes fashions, ways of making pots or of building arches.It became something that didn't require imitation and copying with variations, if they acquired virality — if people really did share it compulsively. Now, the word applies to any damn thing someone makes with the hope that it will inspire massive sharing and even if it fails. So the Russians threw together thousands of dumb graphics and we're told they made 3,000 memes. Where was the virality?
Well, ultimately there was a kind virality, as Trump resisters used them in their misguided, ridiculous effort to oust the President America elected, but mostly we've heard only references to the "memes," and we're not looking at these stupid things. The only one I remember seeing is Jesus arm-wrestling with Satan. I don't think the actual graphics were compulsively shared, so they were not viral, and I don't like calling them "memes."
But if these items are to be called "memes" at the point of their creation and before any virality is achieved, I accept the word "memesmith." The ending "-smith" refers to someone, like a blacksmith, who manufactures something.


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Production Execution (SAP ERP) – eLearning
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In my study of the canonization of Scripture I've read that the following are required to ensure publication of an inerrant and infallible Bible translation. What are your thoughts?
If so, what English version meets these criteria?
Canon, as you likely know, refers to that which we receive as inspired of God and thus as infallible and inerrant. In the OPC, we believe that there are thirty-nine books in the Old Testament that evince inspiration and twenty-seven in the New. While there are a myriad of issues that could be discussed relevant to the canon question, what's particularly important to remember is that the church does not create the canon; rather, the canon creates the church. The church is what it is because of what the Bible says and not the reverse. The church, as the covenant people of God, receive and recognize the canon; the church does not create the canon.
We may look, in terms of the canonization process early on, at the Marcion heresy and the Murtarion Canon (ca. 180), as the church labors to receive the New Covenant Word, or, later, the first complete list that we have of the twenty-seven books of the NT canon in the Easter letter of Athanasius (367). Accompanying this acceptance of canon in the East--as reflected in Athanasius's correspondence--is that of the West in 382 at the Synod of Rome and then the recognition of such for the whole church (East and West) in 397 at the Synod of Carthage.
In the process of all this, various church leaders are looking at different manuscripts, meeting in council, and debating what bears the marks of inspiration. All of this is involved in addressing the question of canon and the receiving of the divine word of the Lord.
Translation is another matter from transmission (transmission having to do with what texts best preserve the very words of the original autographa). The Roman church decided that it wanted to exert control over translation and during the middle ages came to hold the Latin version (called the Vulgate) that Jerome had developed as authoritative. The Bible was not written, of course, in Latin so this put scholars at a remove from the original Hebrew and Greek. Rome wished to control the publication of all Christian literature (not simply the Bible) and developed the office of censor librorum (censor of books), who, together with other church officials, would issue the "nihil obstat" and the "imprimi potest" (or "imprimatur") authorizing the publication of materials.
Historic, confessional Reformed and Presbyterian churches have not designated an English translation as authorized. In OP churches, you will find, largely, in the pulpit and pew the KJV, the NKJV, the NASB, the NIV, and the ESV. The first two of these are based on the majority text (the transmission question) and employ a fairly literal translation theory. The last three are based on the eclectic text (again the transmission question), with the NASB employing as a translation theory what is called "formal correspondence," which is quite literal; the NIV using an approach called "dynamic equivalence," which is freer and more idiomatic in English; and the ESV, which would fall between the two, roughly.
What we can rejoice in is that God has given us His word and has preserved its transmission so that we can rest assured that our English Bibles, whatever the minor differences they may have due to transmission or translation theory, are God's Word, authoritative and infallible.
I hope that this proves useful in some measure, at least as an introduction to what is a rather involved subject.
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At least one new question is posted each week, so there should always be something new here for you to read. (For those people who would like to look at previous questions and answers, they will continue to be available as well.)
The purpose of the OPC website's "Questions and Answers" is to respond to biblical and theological questions. Matters of church discipline, disputes, or debates go beyond the scope of our work. We recommend that you present your concerns in these areas to the appropriate judicatory. In most cases this will be to a local pastor, elder, or session. We do not want the website to replace personal involvement in, or commitment to, the local, visible church.
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Chaplains and Military Personnel


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Yankee rotation dealt another blow with CC Sabathia on DL
Recommended Video:
MILWAUKEE >> The New York Yankees' injury-plagued rotation has taken another big hit.
Struggling left-hander CC Sabathia was placed on the 15-day disabled list before Sunday's game against the Milwaukee Brewers with inflammation in his right knee.
The move came a day after the left-hander allowed three home runs in a no-decision against the Brewers. Milwaukee won 5-4.
Sabathia is making $23 million this season, the sixth in a deal that will pay him $161 million over 7 years. He is 3-4 with a 5.28 ERA, with opponents hitting .301 off him this season.
Until now, all the questions about Sabathia were about his arm and a drop in velocity. Turns out his right leg is a bigger problem right now.
"I'm not going to sit here and kill myself and be negative," Sabathia said Saturday night after allowing eight hits in 5 1-3 innings. "So we will go from there, and I'll be out there five days from now ready to go."
Not anymore. The Yankees will have to find yet another pitcher to plug into the rotation with Sabathia having been scheduled to pitch next on Thursday night against the Mets at Citi Field in the Subway Series.
The once-reliable ace has lost his touch at a time when the Yankees needed him most. New York is already minus two injured starters in Ivan Nova (season-ending elbow surgery) and Michael Pineda (back). Japanese rookie Masahiro Tanaka has taken over at the top of a rotation that looked formidable just a few weeks ago.
Pineda, has completed his 10-game suspension for using pine tar and was placed on the 15-day DL last week. Manager Joe Girardi said before Sunday's game that Pineda was playing catch, though his recovery might take a little longer than the initial timetable of three to four weeks.
Girardi did not mention Sabathia's injury before Sunday's game, the last of a three-game interleague set against Milwaukee. Right-hander Matt Daley was called up from Triple-A Scranton/Wilkes-Barre to take Sabathia's spot on the roster.
Girardi also said that reliever Shawn Kelley's sore back is feeling better. Kelley last pitched Tuesday against the Angels.