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For nine-time UFC veteran Din Thomas (25-8) the frustration of May's canceled Shine Fights event is well behind him.
The delayed paycheck has finally cleared, and Thomas has been able to set his sights on the next potential contest.
However, even as he looks beyond that ill-fated contest with Ricardo Mayorga, Thomas said he hasn't exactly lost the desire to punch the former boxing champion in the mouth. In fact, now that MMA seems out of the question for Mayorga, Thomas is willing to take out his energy in the boxing ring.
"I think [Mayorga's MMA career] is a closed chapter," Thomas recently told MMAjunkie.com Radio Radio (www.mmajunkie.com/radio). "I really wanted to punch that dude, actually.
"[Mayorga] might get that (boxing) fight against Felix Sturm this summer, so I might call his people and see if he needs some sparring partners. Then I'm taking my camera crew out there, and it's on and popping."
The idea of Thomas dropping Mayorga in a YouTube clip is certainly a long way from Shine Fights' promoters' plan of the two scrapping on pay-per-view, but as "Dinyero" sees it, he owes the Nicaraguan striker.
"I had trained like five months for him," Thomas said. "Man, I got karate-chopped on YouTube. I was looking to get him.
"They didn't tell me what room he was in (after the fight was canceled) because me and my goons were going to go up to the room and kick his door in."
That original YouTube clip showed Mayorga apparently rocking Thomas with a shot to the neck, but the American Top Team fighter wants to set the record straight on that.
"He barely hit me," Thomas said. "It was like a finger grazing my chin.
"I didn't stumble; I tried to take a shot. I tried to take down the bouncer, but that dude was probably like 300 pounds."
Unfortunately, due to legal actions set forth by Mayorga's boxing promoter, Don King, and a series of mishandlings that led to the eventual cancellation of Shine Fights first-ever pay-per-view event – and with it, just about any chance of a Thomas-Mayorga matchup.
Thomas said it's probably for the best, but he's still willing to follow Mayorga to a boxing ring.
"[Mayorga] was in a no-lose situation," Thomas said. "The worst thing that could have happened to me is I got hit with a punch and knocked out. But really, I was going to go out there and choke him out, get it over with, and then he would have gone, 'Look, this just ain't my sport, anyway.' But for me, I would have choked him out anyway. It was an easy fight for me."
MMAjunkie.com Radio broadcasts Monday-Friday at noon ET (9 a.m. PT) live from the Mandalay Bay Resort & Casino's Race & Sports Book. The show is hosted by Gorgeous George, MMAjunkie.com lead staff reporter John Morgan and producer Goze. For more information or to download past episodes, go to www.mmajunkie.com/radio.


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Artificial Wedding Flowers
Silk Wedding Bouquets
Add some romantic ribbons to your wedding!! Our pew bows are sold in sets of 4 bows and we offer 15 different colors to choose from. Each bow is made with 15 loops and 2 tails of 2 1/2 inch ribbon. Each bow has a sturdy florist wire stem to aid in attachment. All ribbons have wire edges to avoid crushed or damaged bows. Wired ribbon is very forgiving and can be fluffed if needed once the order arrives. These bows can be used to decorate candelabras, stair rails, entry doors, headtable, cake table, marking route to reception and many other ways limited only to your imagination. Matching ribbon in 25 yard rolls is also available for purchase.
Overall Dimensions: 6.5 inches wide and 16 inches long
Pew Bows Brown Sheer - Set of 4 Brown Bows - Reception Decoration

subset: commoncrawl


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The first step to learning how to read music notation (notational literacy) is recognizing if a note is on a line or a space of the staff. Line notes have a line going through the center of the note head, while space notes do not. Space notes have at least one line adjacent to the note head above it, below it, or two lines both above and below. Lines and spaces of a staff are numbered from bottom to top. This exercises drills identification of notes as line or space and the line or space number. To learn more about line and space notes, see the lesson video line and space notes.
This exercises requires the user to identify if a note is a line or space note as well as the line or space number.


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MONTEVIDEO, Uruguay (AP) — "Hatch," a 10-year-old male Bengal tiger, has lived in a 20-by-16-foot (6-by-5 meter) cage with cement walls and nothing green in sight since he was traded to the Villa Dolores Zoo after spending his first three years in a circus. A similarly dismal cage next door is home to an unnamed female tiger. A poster says tigers "love water" and "bathe on hot days, swimming across rivers and lakes."
But these cats don't even have a paddling pool.
Now, Montevideo's municipal zoo is giving up its two tigers, bending to pressure from animal rights protesters and a lack of funds to create a healthier environment for them. They will be sent to a sanctuary in the United States.
Many municipal zoos have tried to transform themselves into animal conservation societies, replacing cramped iron cages with more natural animal pens and fostering habitat preservation to support the remaining animals in the wild. In keeping with a global conservation strategy first drafted in 1993 by the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, the London Zoo this year renovated its tiger habitat — an area about one third of the entire Montevideo zoo, at a cost of about $4.8 million.
"That is impossible for us," said zoo director Eduardo Tabares.
The compact urban zoo has no room to grow, and a plan Tabares drafted to create a more-welcoming tiger habitat added up to $600,000, too high for the city to support.
The city spends about $1,000 per month just to feed the tigers, but the social pressure was a more important factor than the money, authorities said.
Recently, someone freed a toucan from its cage, Tabares said, and nobody wanted a repeat of what happened at the zoo in Atlantida, a seaside resort in the municipality of Canelones. On July 27, a group calling itself "Direct Action" opened 16 cages there, and declared on Facebook that "we will not stop until all the cages are empty."
Within hours, a capybara, a llama, a black-headed parrot, a red parrot, a rabbit, three guinea pigs and a Patagonian hare were dead. Some apparently were struck by cars; others drowned in ponds or died of stress. Ten others disappeared, said Juan Carbajal, who oversees that municipality's two zoos.
"There are people who have very good intentions of respect for the animals, but there are others doing things which serve no purpose," Tabares said.
According to the World Wildlife Foundation, the wild tiger population has plunged by more than 95 percent since 1900, from as many as 100,000 to as few as 3,200. And yet, there's a surplus of big cats in captivity. They're no longer wanted by zoos and circuses, but can't be given away by reputable institutions to people who don't have adequate environments to house them.
Tabares said he tried to find an Argentine zoo willing to take the tigers, and Carbajal said no one he contacted would take his town's pair of 16-year-old jaguars.
Meanwhile, thousands of people still want pet tigers, especially in the United States, and are willing to pay prices ranging from $1,500 for more common Bengal tigers to $7,000 each for white tigers, said Juan Villalba Macias, the former South America director of Traffic, a global network combating the illegal wildlife trade.
"There are between 10,000 and 15,000 big cats in private hands, in places as diverse as basements, backyards and traveling exhibitions. In Texas there are more pet tigers than the entire population of wild tigers surviving in Asia," said Villalba, who now runs a private wildlife reserve in rural Uruguay.
Carlos Martinez laments that he wasn't offered these cats. He runs the zoo in Salto, a city in Uruguay's far northern corner, which has four tigers, and room for more. But city officials in Montevideo said they're convinced that the protesters would only head north, and Martinez conceded that was likely. "They're not bringing them here because of recent pressure by animal rights groups," he said.
Montevideo finally found a solution when it met with Animals Without Homes, an Uruguayan organization that works with zoos and circuses to move unwanted animals into better environments. The organization is currently in talks with the Wild Animal Sanctuary in Texas and the National Tiger Sanctuary in Missouri. The plan is to transfer the animals without compensation or cost to the city, said the organization's spokesman, Eduardo Etcheverry.
"I would like it if zoos did not exist, but they exist and have many animals that cannot be introduced back into nature. We try to help these animals have the best quality of life," said Etcheverry. "The administration of Montevideo has recognized, and we thank them for it, that they do not possess the means to have the tigers in their charge."
Eduardo Rabellino, Montevideo's acting director of arts and sciences, said the tigers are just waiting for their traveling papers now. "The idea is to make the transfer this year," he said.
With their departure, the little Montevideo zoo will focus on smaller South American creatures that are easier to maintain, Tabares said. The zoo's last elephant died last year of arthrosis, a bone disease common to captive animals. Zookeepers also hope to find new homes for a giraffe and a hippopotamus.
Carbajal said he too is in talks with animal rights groups, and that "we agree to move toward closing traditional zoos."
A tiger in captivity can live up to 25 years. Those working on Hatch's transfer hope he'll be able to spend the second half of his life walking through grass, and perhaps even taking a dip in a pond.


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Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Table of Contents
| Part Number:
| Part Title:
|Occupational Safety and Health Standards
| Subpart:
| Subpart Title:
| Standard Number:
| Title:
|Wiring design and protection.
| GPO Source:
Use and identification of grounded and grounding conductors --1910.304(a)(1)
Identification of conductors.1910.304(a)(1)(i)
A conductor used as a grounded conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all other conductors.1910.304(a)(1)(ii)
A conductor used as an equipment grounding conductor shall be identifiable and distinguishable from all other conductors.1910.304(a)(2)
Polarity of connections. No grounded conductor may be attached to any terminal or lead so as to reverse designated polarity.1910.304(a)(3)
Use of grounding terminals and devices. A grounding terminal or grounding-type device on a receptacle, cord connector, or attachment plug may not be used for purposes other than grounding.1910.304(b)
Branch circuits --1910.304(b)(1)
Identification of multiwire branch circuits. Where more than one nominal voltage system exists in a building containing multiwire branch circuits, each ungrounded conductor of a multiwire branch circuit, where accessible, shall be identified by phase and system. The means of identification shall be permanently posted at each branch-circuit panelboard.1910.304(b)(2)
Receptacles and cord connectors.1910.304(b)(2)(i)
Receptacles installed on 15- and 20-ampere branch circuits shall be of the grounding type except as permitted for replacement receptacles in paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section. Grounding-type receptacles shall be installed only on circuits of the voltage class and current for which they are rated, except as provided in Table S-4 and Table S-5.1910.304(b)(2)(ii)
Receptacles and cord connectors having grounding contacts shall have those contacts effectively grounded except for receptacles mounted on portable and vehicle-mounted generators in accordance with paragraph (g)(3) of this section and replacement receptacles installed in accordance with paragraph (b)(2)(iv) of this section.1910.304(b)(2)(iii)
The grounding contacts of receptacles and cord connectors shall be grounded by connection to the equipment grounding conductor of the circuit supplying the receptacle or cord connector. The branch circuit wiring method shall include or provide an equipment grounding conductor to which the grounding contacts of the receptacle or cord connector shall be connected.1910.304(b)(2)(iv)
Replacement of receptacles shall comply with the following requirements:1910.304(b)(2)(iv)(A)
Where a grounding means exists in the receptacle enclosure or a grounding conductor is installed, grounding-type receptacles shall be used and shall be connected to the grounding means or conductor;1910.304(b)(2)(iv)(B)
Ground-fault circuit-interrupter protected receptacles shall be provided where replacements are made at receptacle outlets that are required to be so protected elsewhere in this subpart; and1910.304(b)(2)(iv)(C)
Where a grounding means does not exist in the receptacle enclosure, the installation shall comply with one of the following provisions:1910.304(b)(2)(iv)(C)(1)
A nongrounding-type receptacle may be replaced with another nongrounding-type receptacle; or1910.304(b)(2)(iv)(C)(2)
A nongrounding-type receptacle may be replaced with a ground-fault circuit-interrupter-type of receptacle that is marked "No Equipment Ground;" an equipment grounding conductor may not be connected from the ground-fault circuit-interrupter-type receptacle to any outlet supplied from the ground-fault circuit-interrupter receptacle; or1910.304(b)(2)(iv)(C)(3)
A nongrounding-type receptacle may be replaced with a grounding-type receptacle where supplied through a ground-fault circuit-interrupter; the replacement receptacle shall be marked "GFCI Protected" and "No Equipment Ground;" an equipment grounding conductor may not be connected to such grounding-type receptacles.1910.304(b)(2)(v)
Receptacles connected to circuits having different voltages, frequencies, or types of current (ac or dc) on the same premises shall be of such design that the attachment plugs used on these circuits are not interchangeable.1910.304(b)(3)
Ground-fault circuit interrupter protection for personnel.1910.304(b)(3)(i)
All 125-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere receptacles installed in bathrooms or on rooftops shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel.1910.304(b)(3)(ii)
The following requirements apply to temporary wiring installations that are used during construction-like activities, including certain maintenance, remodeling, or repair activities, involving buildings, structures or equipment.1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(A)
All 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacle outlets that are not part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and that are in use by personnel shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel.1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(B)
Note 1 to paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this section: A cord connector on an extension cord set is considered to be a receptacle outlet if the cord set is used for temporary electric power.
Note 2 to paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(A) of this section: Cord sets and devices incorporating the required ground-fault circuit-interrupter that are connected to the receptacle closest to the source of power are acceptable forms of protection.
Receptacles other than 125 volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere receptacles that are not part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure and that are in use by personnel shall have ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection for personnel.1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)
Where the ground-fault circuit-interrupter protection required by paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(B) of this section is not available for receptacles other than 125-volt, single-phase, 15-, 20-, and 30-ampere, the employer shall establish and implement an assured equipment grounding conductor program covering cord sets, receptacles that are not a part of the building or structure, and equipment connected by cord and plug that are available for use or used by employees on those receptacles. This program shall comply with the following requirements:1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(1)
A written description of the program, including the specific procedures adopted by the employer, shall be available at the jobsite for inspection and copying by the Assistant Secretary of Labor and any affected employee;1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(2)
The employer shall designate one or more competent persons to implement the program;1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(3)
Each cord set, attachment cap, plug, and receptacle of cord sets, and any equipment connected by cord and plug, except cord sets and receptacles which are fixed and not exposed to damage, shall be visually inspected before each day's use for external defects, such as deformed or missing pins or insulation damage, and for indications of possible internal damage. Equipment found damaged or defective shall not be used until repaired;1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(4)
The following tests shall be performed on all cord sets and receptacles which are not a part of the permanent wiring of the building or structure, and cord- and plug-connected equipment required to be grounded:1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(4)(i)
All equipment grounding conductors shall be tested for continuity and shall be electrically continuous;1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(4)(ii)
Each receptacle and attachment cap or plug shall be tested for correct attachment of the equipment grounding conductor. The equipment grounding conductor shall be connected to its proper terminal; and1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(4)(iii)
All required tests shall be performed before first use; before equipment is returned to service following any repairs; before equipment is used after any incident which can be reasonably suspected to have caused damage (for example, when a cord set is run over); and at intervals not to exceed 3 months, except that cord sets and receptacles which are fixed and not exposed to damage shall be tested at intervals not exceeding 6 months;1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(5)
The employer shall not make available or permit the use by employees of any equipment which has not met the requirements of paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C) of this section; and1910.304(b)(3)(ii)(C)(6)
Tests performed as required in paragraph (b)(3)(ii)(C) of this section shall be recorded. This test record shall identify each receptacle, cord set, and cord- and plug-connected equipment that passed the test and shall indicate the last date it was tested or the interval for which it was tested. This record shall be kept by means of logs, color coding, or other effective means and shall be maintained until replaced by a more current record. The record shall be made available on the jobsite for inspection by the Assistant Secretary and any affected employee.1910.304(b)(4)
Outlet devices. Outlet devices shall have an ampere rating not less than the load to be served and shall comply with the following provisions:1910.304(b)(4)(i)
Where connected to a branch circuit having a rating in excess of 20 amperes, lampholders shall be of the heavy-duty type. A heavy-duty lampholder shall have a rating of not less than 660 watts if of the admedium type and not less than 750 watts if of any other type; and1910.304(b)(4)(ii)
Receptacle outlets shall comply with the following provisions:1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(A)
A single receptacle installed on an individual branch circuit shall have an ampere rating of not less than that of the branch circuit;1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(B)
Where connected to a branch circuit supplying two or more receptacles or outlets, a receptacle may not supply a total cord- and plug-connected load in excess of the maximum specified in Table S-4; and1910.304(b)(4)(ii)(C)
Where connected to a branch circuit supplying two or more receptacles or outlets, receptacle ratings shall conform to the values listed in Table S-5; or, where larger than 50 amperes, the receptacle rating may not be less than the branch-circuit rating. However, receptacles of cord- and plug-connected arc welders may have ampere ratings not less than the minimum branch-circuit conductor ampacity.1910.304(b)(5)
Cord connections. A receptacle outlet shall be installed wherever flexible cords with attachment plugs are used. Where flexible cords are permitted to be permanently connected, receptacles may be omitted.
Table S-4. -- Maximum Cord- and Plug-Connected Load to Receptacle
|Circuit rating (amperes)
|Receptacle rating (amperes)
|Maximum load (amperes)
|15 or 20
|Circuit rating (amperes)
|Receptacle rating (amperes)
|Not over 15
15 or 20
40 or 50
Outside conductors, 600 volts, nominal, or less. The following requirements apply to branch-circuit, feeder, and service conductors rated 600 volts, nominal, or less and run outdoors as open conductors.1910.304(c)(1)
Conductors on poles. Conductors on poles shall have a separation of not less than 305 mm (1.0 ft) where not placed on racks or brackets. Conductors supported on poles shall provide a horizontal climbing space not less than the following:1910.304(c)(1)(i)
Power conductors below communication conductors -- 762 mm (30 in.);1910.304(c)(1)(ii)
Power conductors alone or above communication conductors:1910.304(c)(1)(ii)(A)
300 volts or less -- 610 mm (24 in.),1910.304(c)(1)(ii)(B)
Over 300 volts -- 762 mm (30 in.);1910.304(c)(1)(iii)
Communication conductors below power conductors -- same as power conductors; and1910.304(c)(1)(iv)
Communications conductors alone -- no requirement.1910.304(c)(2)
Clearance from ground. Open conductors, open multiconductor cables, and service-drop conductors of not over 600 volts, nominal, shall conform to the minimum clearances specified in Table S-6.1910.304(c)(3)
Table S-6. -- Clearances From Ground
Installations built before August 13, 2007 Installations built on or after August 13, 2007 Maximum voltage Conditions Voltage to ground Conditions 3.05 m (10.0 ft)
3.66 m (12.0 ft)
4.57 m (15.0 ft)
5.49 m (18.0 ft)
Above finished grade or sidewalks, or from any platform or projection from which they might be reached. (If these areas are accessible to other than pedestrian traffic, then one of the other conditions applies).
Over areas, other than public streets, alleys, roads, and driveways, subject to vehicular traffic other than truck traffic.
Over areas, other than public streets, alleys, roads, and driveways, subject to truck traffic.
Over public streets, alleys, roads, and driveways.
301 to 600 V
Above finished grade or sidewalks, or from any platform or projection from which they might be reached. (If these areas are accessible to other than pedestrian traffic, then one of the other conditions applies.)
Over residential property and driveways. Over commercial areas subject to pedestrian traffic or to vehicular traffic other than truck traffic. (This category includes conditions covered under the 3.05-m (10.0-ft) category where the voltage exceeds 150 V.)
Over residential property and driveways. Over commercial areas subject to pedestrian traffic or to vehicular traffic other than truck traffic. (This category includes conditions covered under the 3.05-m (10.0-ft) category where the voltage exceeds 300 V.)
Over public streets, alleys, roads, and driveways. Over commercial areas subject to truck traffic. Other land traversed by vehicles, including land used for cultivating or grazing and forests and orchards.
Clearance from building openings.1910.304(c)(3)(i)
Service conductors installed as open conductors or multiconductor cable without an overall outer jacket shall have a clearance of not less than 914 mm (3.0 ft) from windows that are designed to be opened, doors, porches, balconies, ladders, stairs, fire escapes, and similar locations. However, conductors that run above the top level of a window may be less than 914 mm (3.0 ft) from the window. Vertical clearance of final spans above, or within 914 mm (3.0 ft) measured horizontally of, platforms, projections, or surfaces from which they might be reached shall be maintained in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section.1910.304(c)(3)(ii)
Overhead service conductors may not be installed beneath openings through which materials may be moved, such as openings in farm and commercial buildings, and may not be installed where they will obstruct entrance to these building openings.1910.304(c)(4)
Above roofs. Overhead spans of open conductors and open multiconductor cables shall have a vertical clearance of not less than 2.44 m (8.0 ft) above the roof surface. The vertical clearance above the roof level shall be maintained for a distance not less than 914 mm (3.0 ft) in all directions from the edge of the roof.1910.304(c)(4)(i)
The area above a roof surface subject to pedestrian or vehicular traffic shall have a vertical clearance from the roof surface in accordance with the clearance requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of this section.1910.304(c)(4)(ii)
A reduction in clearance to 914 mm (3.0 ft) is permitted where the voltage between conductors does not exceed 300 and the roof has a slope of 102 mm (4 in.) in 305 mm (12 in.) or greater.1910.304(c)(4)(iii)
A reduction in clearance above only the overhanging portion of the roof to not less than 457 mm (18 in.) is permitted where the voltage between conductors does not exceed 300 if:1910.304(c)(4)(iii)(A)
The conductors do not pass above the roof overhang for a distance of more than 1.83 m (6.0 ft), 1.22 m (4.0 ft) horizontally, and1910.304(c)(4)(iii)(B)
The conductors are terminated at a through-the-roof raceway or approved support.1910.304(c)(4)(iv)
The requirement for maintaining a vertical clearance of 914 mm (3.0 ft) from the edge of the roof does not apply to the final conductor span, where the conductors are attached to the side of a building.1910.304(d)
Location of outdoor lamps. Lamps for outdoor lighting shall be located below all energized conductors, transformers, or other electric equipment, unless such equipment is controlled by a disconnecting means that can be locked in the open position, or unless adequate clearances or other safeguards are provided for relamping operations.1910.304(e)
Services --1910.304(e)(1)
Disconnecting means.1910.304(e)(1)(i)
Means shall be provided to disconnect all conductors in a building or other structure from the service-entrance conductors. The service disconnecting means shall plainly indicate whether it is in the open or closed position and shall be installed at a readily accessible location nearest the point of entrance of the service-entrance conductors.1910.304(e)(1)(ii)
Each service disconnecting means shall simultaneously disconnect all ungrounded conductors.1910.304(e)(1)(iii)
Each service disconnecting means shall be suitable for the prevailing conditions.1910.304(e)(2)
Services over 600 volts, nominal. The following additional requirements apply to services over 600 volts, nominal.1910.304(e)(2)(i)
Service-entrance conductors installed as open wires shall be guarded to make them accessible only to qualified persons.1910.304(e)(2)(ii)
Signs warning of high voltage shall be posted where unqualified employees might come in contact with live parts.1910.304(f)
Overcurrent protection --1910.304(f)(1)
600 volts, nominal, or less. The following requirements apply to overcurrent protection of circuits rated 600 volts, nominal, or less.1910.304(f)(1)(i)
Conductors and equipment shall be protected from overcurrent in accordance with their ability to safely conduct current.1910.304(f)(1)(ii)
Except for motor running overload protection, overcurrent devices may not interrupt the continuity of the grounded conductor unless all conductors of the circuit are opened simultaneously.1910.304(f)(1)(iii)
A disconnecting means shall be provided on the supply side of all fuses in circuits over 150 volts to ground and cartridge fuses in circuits of any voltage where accessible to other than qualified persons so that each individual circuit containing fuses can be independently disconnected from the source of power. However, a current-limiting device without a disconnecting means is permitted on the supply side of the service disconnecting means. In addition, a single disconnecting means is permitted on the supply side of more than one set of fuses as permitted by the exception in § 1910.305(j)(4)(vi) for group operation of motors, and a single disconnecting means is permitted for fixed electric space-heating equipment.1910.304(f)(1)(iv)
Overcurrent devices shall be readily accessible to each employee or authorized building management personnel. These overcurrent devices may not be located where they will be exposed to physical damage or in the vicinity of easily ignitable material.1910.304(f)(1)(v)
Fuses and circuit breakers shall be so located or shielded that employees will not be burned or otherwise injured by their operation. Handles or levers of circuit breakers, and similar parts that may move suddenly in such a way that persons in the vicinity are likely to be injured by being struck by them, shall be guarded or isolated.1910.304(f)(1)(vi)
Circuit breakers shall clearly indicate whether they are in the open (off) or closed (on) position.1910.304(f)(1)(vii)
Where circuit breaker handles on switchboards are operated vertically rather than horizontally or rotationally, the up position of the handle shall be the closed (on) position.1910.304(f)(1)(viii)
Circuit breakers used as switches in 120-volt and 277-volt, fluorescent lighting circuits shall be listed and marked "SWD."1910.304(f)(1)(ix)
A circuit breaker with a straight voltage rating, such as 240 V or 480 V, may only be installed in a circuit in which the nominal voltage between any two conductors does not exceed the circuit breaker's voltage rating. A two-pole circuit breaker may not be used for protecting a 3-phase, corner-grounded delta circuit unless the circuit breaker is marked 1Φ -- 3Φ to indicate such suitability. A circuit breaker with a slash rating, such as 120/240 V or 480Y/277 V, may only be installed in a circuit where the nominal voltage of any conductor to ground does not exceed the lower of the two values of the circuit breaker's voltage rating and the nominal voltage between any two conductors does not exceed the higher value of the circuit breaker's voltage rating.1910.304(f)(2)
Feeders and branch circuits over 600 volts, nominal. The following requirements apply to feeders and branch circuits energized at more than 600 volts, nominal:1910.304(f)(2)(i)
Feeder and branch-circuit conductors shall have overcurrent protection in each ungrounded conductor located at the point where the conductor receives its supply or at a location in the circuit determined under engineering supervision;1910.304(f)(2)(i)(A)
Circuit breakers used for overcurrent protection of three-phase circuits shall have a minimum of three overcurrent relays operated from three current transformers. On three-phase, three-wire circuits, an overcurrent relay in the residual circuit of the current transformers may replace one of the phase relays. An overcurrent relay, operated from a current transformer that links all phases of a three-phase, three-wire circuit, may replace the residual relay and one other phase-conductor current transformer. Where the neutral is not grounded on the load side of the circuit, the current transformer may link all three phase conductors and the grounded circuit conductor (neutral); and1910.304(f)(2)(i)(B)
If fuses are used for overcurrent protection, a fuse shall be connected in series with each ungrounded conductor;1910.304(f)(2)(ii)
Each protective device shall be capable of detecting and interrupting all values of current that can occur at its location in excess of its trip setting or melting point;1910.304(f)(2)(iii)
The operating time of the protective device, the available short-circuit current, and the conductor used shall be coordinated to prevent damaging or dangerous temperatures in conductors or conductor insulation under short-circuit conditions; and1910.304(f)(2)(iv)
The following additional requirements apply to feeders only:1910.304(f)(2)(iv)(A)
The continuous ampere rating of a fuse may not exceed three times the ampacity of the conductors. The long-time trip element setting of a breaker or the minimum trip setting of an electronically actuated fuse may not exceed six times the ampacity of the conductor. for fire pumps, conductors may be protected for short circuit only; and1910.304(f)(2)(iv)(B)
Conductors tapped to a feeder may be protected by the feeder overcurrent device where that overcurrent device also protects the tap conductor.1910.304(g)
Grounding. Paragraphs (g)(1) through (g)(9) of this section contain grounding requirements for systems, circuits, and equipment.1910.304(g)(1)
Systems to be grounded. Systems that supply premises wiring shall be grounded as follows:1910.304(g)(1)(i)
All 3-wire dc systems shall have their neutral conductor grounded;1910.304(g)(1)(ii)
Two-wire dc systems operating at over 50 volts through 300 volts between conductors shall be grounded unless:1910.304(g)(1)(ii)(A)
They supply only industrial equipment in limited areas and are equipped with a ground detector;1910.304(g)(1)(ii)(B)
They are rectifier-derived from an ac system complying with paragraphs (g)(1)(iii), (g)(1)(iv), and (g)(1)(v) of this section; or1910.304(g)(1)(ii)(C)
They are fire-alarm circuits having a maximum current of 0.030 amperes;1910.304(g)(1)(iii)
AC circuits of less than 50 volts shall be grounded if they are installed as overhead conductors outside of buildings or if they are supplied by transformers and the transformer primary supply system is ungrounded or exceeds 150 volts to ground;1910.304(g)(1)(iv)
AC systems of 50 volts to 1000 volts shall be grounded under any of the following conditions, unless exempted by paragraph (g)(1)(v) of this section:1910.304(g)(1)(iv)(A)
If the system can be so grounded that the maximum voltage to ground on the ungrounded conductors does not exceed 150 volts;1910.304(g)(1)(iv)(B)
If the system is nominally rated three-phase, four-wire wye connected in which the neutral is used as a circuit conductor;1910.304(g)(1)(iv)(C)
If the system is nominally rated three-phase, four-wire delta connected in which the midpoint of one phase is used as a circuit conductor; or1910.304(g)(1)(iv)(D)
If a service conductor is uninsulated;1910.304(g)(1)(v)
AC systems of 50 volts to 1000 volts are not required to be grounded under any of the following conditions:1910.304(g)(1)(v)(A)
If the system is used exclusively to supply industrial electric furnaces for melting, refining, tempering, and the like;1910.304(g)(1)(v)(B)
If the system is separately derived and is used exclusively for rectifiers supplying only adjustable speed industrial drives;1910.304(g)(1)(v)(C)
If the system is separately derived and is supplied by a transformer that has a primary voltage rating less than 1000 volts, provided all of the following conditions are met:1910.304(g)(1)(v)(C)(1)
The system is used exclusively for control circuits;1910.304(g)(1)(v)(C)(2)
The conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure that only qualified persons will service the installation;1910.304(g)(1)(v)(C)(3)
Continuity of control power is required; and1910.304(g)(1)(v)(C)(4)
Ground detectors are installed on the control system;1910.304(g)(1)(v)(D)
If the system is an isolated power system that supplies circuits in health care facilities; or1910.304(g)(1)(v)(E)
If the system is a high-impedance grounded neutral system in which a grounding impedance, usually a resistor, limits the ground-fault current to a low value for 3-phase ac systems of 480 volts to 1000 volts provided all of the following conditions are met:1910.304(g)(1)(v)(E)(1)
The conditions of maintenance and supervision ensure that only qualified persons will service the installation;1910.304(g)(1)(v)(E)(2)
Continuity of power is required;1910.304(g)(1)(v)(E)(3)
Ground detectors are installed on the system; and1910.304(g)(1)(v)(E)(4)
Line-to-neutral loads are not served.1910.304(g)(2)
Conductor to be grounded. The conductor to be grounded for ac premises wiring systems required to be grounded by paragraph (g)(1) of this section shall be as follows:1910.304(g)(2)(i)
One conductor of a single-phase, two-wire system shall be grounded;1910.304(g)(2)(ii)
The neutral conductor of a single-phase, three-wire system shall be grounded;1910.304(g)(2)(iii)
The common conductor of a multiphase system having one wire common to all phases shall be grounded;1910.304(g)(2)(iv)
One phase conductor of a multiphase system where one phase is grounded shall be grounded; and1910.304(g)(2)(v)
The neutral conductor of a multiphase system in which one phase is used as a neutral conductor shall be grounded.1910.304(g)(3)
Portable and vehicle-mounted generators.1910.304(g)(3)(i)
The frame of a portable generator need not be grounded and may serve as the grounding electrode for a system supplied by the generator under the following conditions:1910.304(g)(3)(i)(A)
The generator supplies only equipment mounted on the generator or cord- and plug-connected equipment through receptacles mounted on the generator, or both; and1910.304(g)(3)(i)(B)
The noncurrent-carrying metal parts of equipment and the equipment grounding conductor terminals of the receptacles are bonded to the generator frame.1910.304(g)(3)(ii)
The frame of a vehicle need not be grounded and may serve as the grounding electrode for a system supplied by a generator located on the vehicle under the following conditions:1910.304(g)(3)(ii)(A)
The frame of the generator is bonded to the vehicle frame;1910.304(g)(3)(ii)(B)
The generator supplies only equipment located on the vehicle and cord- and plug-connected equipment through receptacles mounted on the vehicle;1910.304(g)(3)(ii)(C)
The noncurrent-carrying metal parts of equipment and the equipment grounding conductor terminals of the receptacles are bonded to the generator frame; and1910.304(g)(3)(ii)(D)
The system complies with all other provisions of paragraph (g) of this section.1910.304(g)(3)(iii)
A system conductor that is required to be grounded by the provisions of paragraph (g)(2) of this section shall be bonded to the generator frame where the generator is a component of a separately derived system.1910.304(g)(4)
Grounding connections.1910.304(g)(4)(i)
For a grounded system, a grounding electrode conductor shall be used to connect both the equipment grounding conductor and the grounded circuit conductor to the grounding electrode. Both the equipment grounding conductor and the grounding electrode conductor shall be connected to the grounded circuit conductor on the supply side of the service disconnecting means or on the supply side of the system disconnecting means or overcurrent devices if the system is separately derived.1910.304(g)(4)(ii)
For an ungrounded service-supplied system, the equipment grounding conductor shall be connected to the grounding electrode conductor at the service equipment. For an ungrounded separately derived system, the equipment grounding conductor shall be connected to the grounding electrode conductor at, or ahead of, the system disconnecting means or overcurrent devices.1910.304(g)(4)(iii)
On extensions of existing branch circuits that do not have an equipment grounding conductor, grounding-type receptacles may be grounded to a grounded cold water pipe near the equipment if the extension was installed before August 13, 2007. When any element of this branch circuit is replaced, the entire branch circuit shall use an equipment grounding conductor that complies with all other provisions of paragraph (g) of this section.1910.304(g)(5)
Grounding path. The path to ground from circuits, equipment, and enclosures shall be permanent, continuous, and effective.1910.304(g)(6)
Supports, enclosures, and equipment to be grounded.1910.304(g)(6)(i)
Metal cable trays, metal raceways, and metal enclosures for conductors shall be grounded, except that:1910.304(g)(6)(i)(A)
Metal enclosures such as sleeves that are used to protect cable assemblies from physical damage need not be grounded; and1910.304(g)(6)(i)(B)
Metal enclosures for conductors added to existing installations of open wire, knob-and-tube wiring, and nonmetallic-sheathed cable need not be grounded if all of the following conditions are met:1910.304(g)(6)(i)(B)(1)
Runs are less than 7.62 meters (25.0 ft);1910.304(g)(6)(i)(B)(2)
Enclosures are free from probable contact with ground, grounded metal, metal laths, or other conductive materials; and1910.304(g)(6)(i)(B)(3)
Enclosures are guarded against employee contact.1910.304(g)(6)(ii)
Metal enclosures for service equipment shall be grounded.1910.304(g)(6)(iii)
Frames of electric ranges, wall-mounted ovens, counter-mounted cooking units, clothes dryers, and metal outlet or junction boxes that are part of the circuit for these appliances shall be grounded.1910.304(g)(6)(iv)
Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of fixed equipment that may become energized shall be grounded under any of the following conditions:1910.304(g)(6)(iv)(A)
If within 2.44 m (8 ft) vertically or 1.52 m (5 ft) horizontally of ground or grounded metal objects and subject to employee contact;1910.304(g)(6)(iv)(B)
If located in a wet or damp location and not isolated;1910.304(g)(6)(iv)(C)
If in electrical contact with metal;1910.304(g)(6)(iv)(D)
If in a hazardous (classified) location;1910.304(g)(6)(iv)(E)
If supplied by a metal-clad, metal-sheathed, or grounded metal raceway wiring method; or1910.304(g)(6)(iv)(F)
If equipment operates with any terminal at over 150 volts to ground.1910.304(g)(6)(v)
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (g)(6)(iv) of this section, exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of the following types of fixed equipment need not be grounded:1910.304(g)(6)(v)(A)
Enclosures for switches or circuit breakers used for other than service equipment and accessible to qualified persons only;1910.304(g)(6)(v)(B)
Electrically heated appliances that are permanently and effectively insulated from ground;1910.304(g)(6)(v)(C)
Distribution apparatus, such as transformer and capacitor cases, mounted on wooden poles, at a height exceeding 2.44 m (8.0 ft) above ground or grade level; and1910.304(g)(6)(v)(D)
Listed equipment protected by a system of double insulation, or its equivalent, and distinctively marked as such.1910.304(g)(6)(vi)
Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of cord- and plug-connected equipment that may become energized shall be grounded under any of the following conditions:1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(A)
If in hazardous (classified) locations (see § 1910.307);1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(B)
If operated at over 150 volts to ground, except for guarded motors and metal frames of electrically heated appliances if the appliance frames are permanently and effectively insulated from ground;1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)
If the equipment is of the following types:1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(1)
Refrigerators, freezers, and air conditioners;1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(2)
Clothes-washing, clothes-drying, and dishwashing machines, sump pumps, and electric aquarium equipment;1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(3)
Hand-held motor-operated tools, stationary and fixed motor-operated tools, and light industrial motor-operated tools;1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(4)
Motor-operated appliances of the following types: hedge clippers, lawn mowers, snow blowers, and wet scrubbers;1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(5)
Cord- and plug-connected appliances used in damp or wet locations, or by employees standing on the ground or on metal floors or working inside of metal tanks or boilers;1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(6)
Portable and mobile X-ray and associated equipment;1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(7)
Tools likely to be used in wet and conductive locations; and1910.304(g)(6)(vi)(C)(8)
Portable hand lamps.1910.304(g)(6)(vii)
Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph (g)(6)(vi) of this section, the following equipment need not be grounded:1910.304(g)(6)(vii)(A)
Tools likely to be used in wet and conductive locations if supplied through an isolating transformer with an ungrounded secondary of not over 50 volts; and1910.304(g)(6)(vii)(B)
Listed or labeled portable tools and appliances if protected by an approved system of double insulation, or its equivalent, and distinctively marked.1910.304(g)(7)
Nonelectrical equipment. The metal parts of the following nonelectrical equipment shall be grounded: frames and tracks of electrically operated cranes and hoists; frames of nonelectrically driven elevator cars to which electric conductors are attached; hand-operated metal shifting ropes or cables of electric elevators; and metal partitions, grill work, and similar metal enclosures around equipment of over 750 volts between conductors.1910.304(g)(8)
Methods of grounding fixed equipment.1910.304(g)(8)(i)
Noncurrent-carrying metal parts of fixed equipment, if required to be grounded by this subpart, shall be grounded by an equipment grounding conductor that is contained within the same raceway, cable, or cord, or runs with or encloses the circuit conductors. For dc circuits only, the equipment grounding conductor may be run separately from the circuit conductors.1910.304(g)(8)(ii)
Electric equipment is considered to be effectively grounded if it is secured to, and in electrical contact with, a metal rack or structure that is provided for its support and the metal rack or structure is grounded by the method specified for the noncurrent-carrying metal parts of fixed equipment in paragraph (g)(8)(i) of this section. Metal car frames supported by metal hoisting cables attached to or running over metal sheaves or drums of grounded elevator machines are also considered to be effectively grounded.1910.304(g)(8)(iii)
For installations made before April 16, 1981, electric equipment is also considered to be effectively grounded if it is secured to, and in metallic contact with, the grounded structural metal frame of a building. When any element of this branch circuit is replaced, the entire branch circuit shall use an equipment grounding conductor that complies with all other provisions of paragraph (g) of this section.1910.304(g)(9)
Grounding of systems and circuits of 1000 volts and over (high voltage). If high voltage systems are grounded, they shall comply with all applicable provisions of paragraphs (g)(1) through (g)(8) of this section as supplemented and modified by the following requirements:1910.304(g)(9)(i)
Systems supplying portable or mobile high voltage equipment, other than substations installed on a temporary basis, shall comply with the following:1910.304(g)(9)(i)(A)
The system shall have its neutral grounded through an impedance. If a delta-connected high voltage system is used to supply the equipment, a system neutral shall be derived.1910.304(g)(9)(i)(B)
Exposed noncurrent-carrying metal parts of portable and mobile equipment shall be connected by an equipment grounding conductor to the point at which the system neutral impedance is grounded.1910.304(g)(9)(i)(C)
Ground-fault detection and relaying shall be provided toautomatically deenergize any high voltage system component that has developed a ground fault. The continuity of the equipment grounding conductor shall be continuously monitored so as to deenergize automatically the high voltage feeder to the portable equipment upon loss of continuity of the equipment grounding conductor.1910.304(g)(9)(i)(D)
The grounding electrode to which the portable equipment system neutral impedance is connected shall be isolated from and separated in the ground by at least 6.1 m (20.0 ft) from any other system or equipment grounding electrode, and there shall be no direct connection between the grounding electrodes, such as buried pipe, fence, and so forth.1910.304(g)(9)(ii)
All noncurrent-carrying metal parts of portable equipment and fixed equipment, including their associated fences, housings, enclosures, and supporting structures, shall be grounded. However, equipment that is guarded by location and isolated from ground need not be grounded. Additionally, pole-mounted distribution apparatus at a height exceeding 2.44 m (8.0 ft) above ground or grade level need not be grounded.
[46 FR 4056, Jan. 16, 1981; 46 FR 40185, Aug. 7, 1981, as amended at 55 FR 32015, Aug. 6, 1990; 72 FR 7195, Feb. 14, 2007; 73 FR 64205, Oct. 29, 2008]
Next Standard (1910.305)
|Regulations (Standards - 29 CFR) - Table of Contents


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System IP Products aid low-power, media-rich SoC designs.
Press Release Summary:
Balancing low latency with guaranteed bandwidth, AMBA® Network Interconnect (NIC-301) with QoS delivers rich media experience from ARM Cortex(TM) CPUs, Mali(TM) GPUs, and Video processors. AMBA Dynamic Memory Controller (DMC-342) supports LPDDR2 memories and manages memory power modes to reduce system level power consumption. AMBA Verification and Performance Exploration (VPE-301) tool enables creation of what-if scenarios to explore performance of subsystems.
Original Press Release:
ARM Unveils New AMBA System IP for Low Power and Media Rich SoC Designs
Major upgrades and new products enable rapid deployment of Cortex and Mali processors into media rich, web-enabled systems
CAMBRIDGE, UK - October 21, 2009 - ARM [(LSE: ARM); (Nasdaq: ARMH)] today announced the launch of new system IP products from the ARM® AMBA® family: the AMBA Network Interconnect with Advanced Quality of Service, a new Dynamic Memory Controller, and the Verification and Performance Exploration tool. These significant additions to the AMBA family further accelerate ARM Partners' time to market for lower power, higher performance ARM processor-based SoCs.
The AMBA Network Interconnect (NIC-301) with advanced QoS (QoS-301) delivers the richest media experience from ARM Cortex(TM) CPUs, Mali(TM) GPUs and Video processors and is optimized to balance low latency with guaranteed bandwidth. Interconnect QoS boosts web browsing performance by up to 30 percent, providing consumers with enhanced responsiveness, considerably reducing the time taken from click to view.
The widely licensed AMBA Dynamic Memory Controller (DMC-342) family has been extended to support LPDDR2 memories with their higher bandwidth, lower power and reduced pin-count characteristics. The DMC-342 manages memory power modes to reduce system level power consumption. QoS-based traffic management within DMC-342 optimizes the efficiency of shared memory access, servicing high bandwidth GPUs while meeting maximum latency guarantees for real-time masters.
The new AMBA Verification and Performance Exploration (VPE-301) tool enables the creation of 'what if' scenarios to explore the performance of subsystems comprising ARM Cortex processors, Mali GPUs and customer IP prior to software or silicon availability. VPE-301 substitutes RTL with components that generate statistical AMBA AXI(TM) traffic profiles, and has been proven to reduce simulation times by more than 90 percent while maintaining data-path accuracy. With VPE-301, system architects can evaluate many more design configurations, ensuring they reach a solution with optimal performance.
"The drive to constrain product costs and power consumption represents a major challenge for system designers, particularly with external memory bandwidth," said Michael Dimelow, director of marketing, Processor Division, ARM. "To increase performance, designers need to focus on the efficient use of this memory bandwidth. This drives the need both for system IP that intelligently manages traffic between the masters and memory sub-system, and tools that aid analysis of the system dynamics ahead of silicon."
All of these products are available for licensing from ARM today.
A white paper "Traffic Management for Optimizing Media-Intensive SoCs" is available.
About AMBA & CoreSight
The ARM AMBA and CoreSight(TM) families of products deliver a range of system IP and tools to optimize ARM Cortex and Mali processor-based SoC designs. The product portfolio comprises network interconnect, SoC level debug and trace, dynamic memory and cache controller IP along with the configuration and performance exploration tools necessary to accelerate time to market. The AMBA and CoreSight families of products have been licensed by all leading semiconductor companies and are widely deployed across all consumer electronics product markets. These latest additions to the AMBA family raise the bar in both performance and ease of use. For more information: http://arm.com/products/solutions/fabric_overview.html
About ARM
ARM designs the technology that lies at the heart of advanced digital products, from wireless, networking and consumer entertainment solutions to imaging, automotive, security and storage devices. ARM's comprehensive product offering includes 32-bit RISC microprocessors, graphics processors, video engines, enabling software, cell libraries, embedded memories, high-speed connectivity products, peripherals and development tools. Combined with comprehensive design services, training, support and maintenance, and the company's broad Partner community, they provide a total system solution that offers a fast, reliable path to market for leading electronics companies. More information on ARM is available at www.arm.com.
ARM and AMBA are registered trademarks of ARM Limited. Cortex, Mali and AXI are trademarks of ARM Limited. All other brands or product names are the property of their respective holders. "ARM" is used to represent ARM Holdings plc; its operating company ARM Limited; and the regional subsidiaries ARM Inc.; ARM KK; ARM Korea Limited.; ARM Taiwan Limited; ARM France SAS; ARM Consulting (Shanghai) Co. Ltd.; ARM Belgium N.V.; ARM Germany GmbH; ARM Embedded Technologies Pvt. Ltd.; ARM Norway, AS and ARM Sweden AB.


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CASE Knives Wharncliffe Trapper Series 2009
A similar series was released several years ago and was very popular. This re-release is beautifully done with this unusual model of two bladed trapper with the one blade being a wharncliffe. We like them a lot! Five colors of bone handle and three sizes of trapper in each. These are very collectible.


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Tuesday 27th October 2020
I've not read this yet but I'm definitely going to. Always worth reading @squigglyrick on this topic. https://twitter.com/SquigglyRick/status/1320834134122508288
Just posted a photo https://www.instagram.com/p/CG1P3ACnx8qh4NnOtfeedbEXLQHcrL07EwFWFw0/?igshid=4pcsa4o7apr0
Just posted a photo https://www.instagram.com/p/CG1PrQIHj6U7tsPgOSMjApYxrroLKFjgvgf8ME0/?igshid=c5yczxnuog3o
Each Monday I Write About "Life This Week" via a prompt. Prompts are optional. Full list is on Home Page. Join in!
Join in the Monday link up called Life This Week where:
Every 5th week we "share our snaps".
Every 7th week share your "self-care" story.
Every 9th week, it's time to "take stock".
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Are We Dealing With Friend Or Foe In Skincare Ingredients?
Along with all the other misnomers and hype we have to wade through, including marketing, put out there about cosmetic ingredients, good or bad, watchdog groups also want to muddy ones' thinking by making claims that penetration enhancers utilized in cosmetics and skincare are spreading poisons into our bodies at an alarming rate. But let's not get carried away from the actual science here, or allow emotive jargon to cloud our judgment.
All of this theory and supposition, I guess, is going to be based on ones own perspective of the science. Personally, after reviewing the science on penetration enhancers, I believe they are a good thing in relation to pharmaceutical and skincare performance since our skin acts as an impermeable barrier to anything that comes in contact with it. Skin creams used for fighting free radicals and the aging process would be worthless if we can't go any deeper than the immediate surface of the skin. Antioxidants, Herbal Extracts and Essential Oils couldn't perform of what they are intended without penetration enhancers, in fact some EO's are in and of themselves penetration enhancers.
Now remember, when we refer to penetration enhancers we are not discussing a delivery system of toxic ingredients like arsenic, strychnine, or supposed endocrine disruptors, or anything which we would remotely be considered poisonous to our bodies or what the EWG and skin deep database would wish to convey as such. The use of some penetration enhancers are also combined with nano particles in order to reach deeper within our bodies such as delivery of medications requiring them to reach the blood brain barrier, penetrating not only the stratum corneum and the epidermis, but also into and beyond the dermis layer. In the studies which follow we will look at the delivery systems and the benefits for their use.
Let's Peek At The Actual Science
PubMed excerpt makes this correlation in part:
"One long-standing approach for improving transdermal drug delivery uses penetration enhancers (also called sorption promoters or accelerants) which penetrate into skin to reversibly decrease the barrier resistance. Many potential sites and modes of action have been identified for skin penetration enhancers; the intercellular lipid matrix in which the accelerants may disrupt the packing motif, the intracellular keratin domains or through increasing drug partitioning into the tissue by acting as a solvent for the permeant within the membrane."
A more recent PubMed article concurs with further research:
"Novel techniques for drug delivery have been investigated in human medicine in recent years. The transdermal route of drug delivery has attracted researchers due to many biomedical advantages associated with it. However, excellent impervious nature of skin is the greatest challenge that has to be overcome for successfully delivering drug molecules to the systemic circulation by this route. One long-standing approach for improving transdermal drug delivery uses penetration enhancers (also called sorption promoters or accelerants) that can reversibly compromise the skin's barrier function and consequently allow the entry of otherwise poorly penetrating molecules into the membrane and through to the systemic circulation. A large number of fatty acids have been used as permeation enhancers. They have proven to be effective and safe sorption promoters. This present review includes the classification, feasibility and application of fatty acids as sorption promoters for improved delivery of drug through skin."
The problem is EWG and CFSC are among those that wish to label all penetration enhancers as "BAD", instead of separation of the proven science in support of their use for the safety and efficacy they provide the user. The critical analysis here is, if personal care products could do all the things many marketing claims state they could do, then women wouldn't be injecting Botox or Restylane. Which basically means, that if penetration of actual skincare products was any deeper than the actual dermis, then injections wouldn't even be necessary.
No, Not My Olive Oil
I just recently learned that the EU is now looking at Olive Oil as a penetration enhancer and may be making a determination on its' restricted use in products made for small children….I believe 6 and under was the targeted age group, but I don't currently have the parameters of the restrictions the skincare companies may be faced with.
Olive Oil is a fatty acid which has been shown to have promising results in this field of study, though limited compared to others in penetration enhancement. What I found interesting in doing more research is, in a study performed in 2007 using in vivo, they determined human skin is usually the preferred skin membrance to use in an absorption study. No animal model gives absorption values identical to those obtained in human skin. Something I have tried repeatedly to convey in past articles that animal studies will not and cannot extrapolate to human beings as much as EWG, CFSC and their skin deep database would love them to, nor can in vitro (petri dish) compare to contact with actual human skin. The stratum corneum has long been considered a major barrier to the penetration of topically applied chemicals despite what ideologues try to pressure others into believing without supporting evidence.
The effects studied are shown with four essential oils (rosemary, ylang, lilacin, and peppermint oils), and three plant oils( jojoba oil, corn germ oil, and olive oil) on the permeation of human skin. These oils were compared with three synthetic chemical penetration enhancers, one of which is ethanol, and though the penetration of the oils enhanced permeation, their effects were less than the ethanol.
Aminophylline was the ingredient in this particular study for enhancing its absorption into the skin.
What I found interesting on page 6, in figure 3 of the study, and in the synopsis of the Journal of Cosmetic Science, out of all the oils used, Olive Oil performed the least in permeation of the skin.
So I have to wonder what is the motivation for the EU to be concerned with this ingredient when Jojoba Oil appears to perform the best overall for enhancing penetration of other ingredients? Again this is the reason why jojoba oil is excellent for dissolving and controlling excess sebum and maintaining skins pH balance, and I personally love this wax ester for what benefits it offers to skin, including the fact it is rich in antioxidants.
EO's also performed much better for enhanced absorption as a result of this study compared to Olive Oil.
I personally love Olive Oil and its' anti-aging benefits for the body inside and out. I am not too concerned about its' effective use in skincare as a penetration enhancer because that is exactly what I want it to do. I find it to be wonderful for soothing many skin irritations, and the fatty acid profile is exceptional for topical treatment of skin ailments since it acts as a natural steroid due to constituents of natural sterols, squalene and polyphenols, helping to calm many skin issues. Plus other studies in Asia showed that it was the preferred oil for baby massage over mineral oil since it is readily absorbed more easily, and offers more skin benefits for fighting irritation and dry skin in infants.
I also found this article written by International Association of Infant Massage (UK) Chapter very interesting in relation to all the oils used in infant massage and Olive Oil is among them for similarly what I described above. They may take issue with the EU restricting this luxurious oil or any other which may be deemed a penetration enhancer.
Let's Look At Concurring Facts
Another Study was performed utilizing other fatty acids and ethanol determining the increased absorption and retention of cortisol within the skin.
This study was performed by Sherry Jung, Biological Sciences. She has been an HSEP Medical Volunteer, a Peer Educator for the Counseling Center, and has served as a Biological Sciences Representative on the ASUCI Legislative Council. She is also a founding member and the current editor-in-chief of Med Times.
"The current project by Sherry Jung has served to illuminate our understanding of the penetration of a common dermatological drug when used in combination with a custom synthesized polymer. The results obtained point to direct applications in the field of dermatology as the polymeric compounds may be further modified for targeted-drug delivery. The avenues of research in this area are numerous, and we anticipate ongoing investigations using novel polymeric penetration enhancers."
In one portion of the discussion as determined during the study, the skin structure is composed of three resilient layers: stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis. The amalgamation of these transitional layers and their physical properties and physiological forces designates the skin as an ideal component in regulating absorption and retention. Absorption and retention are dependent on many factors, including pH, molecular weight, solubility, electrolytes, polarity, and especially the lipophilic/hydrophilic nature of the molecules involved. Furthermore, the effectiveness of topically applied therapeutic drugs is dependent upon the retention in skin layers and the transdermal absorption into specific target tissues.
Critical Thinking Versus Being Scared
Many ingredients' molecular structure are simply too large to otherwise penetrate the outer layer of our skin, so without fatty acids or a synthetic penetration enhancer, depending on your preference, a simple, basic skin cream will essentially just sit on top and do nothing but soften and create an additional barrier for preventing dehydration of the skin.
Furthermore, with all the research I have combed over in past few years including these latest studies above, molecular size of ingredients prevent most cosmetic and skincare products from going beneath the immediate skins surface without help to achieve penetration of the stratum corneum. Penetration enhancers are utilized to provide the deliverance of essential skincare ingredients which can have a cumulative or immediate short term effect on improving skin texture and it's appearance while using the product.
But what we really should be looking at, are these penetration enhancers carrying any other ingredients of concern into the blood brain barrier?…..the likelihood is slim based on the evidence of nano scale size particles being required in many instances to even come close to reaching the blood brain barrier. And in past articles, such as what was in the EPA Report, even this particle size will find great difficulty permeating healthy skin without a penetration enhancer acting as a catalyst. The diagram (left) simulates the depth of skin layers and conveys in relation of the surface of our skin to the blood vessels and lymph nodes.
I could not find a single study that actually determined the penetration of the blood brain barrier with cosmetic ingredients utilizing penetration enhancers, only the scare mongering and supposition perpetuated by EWG and CFSC without any peer reviewed studies to substantiate their claims.
Only those of pharmaceutical origin, which is exactly the purpose of penetration enhancers and nano science, were shown to be beneficial in this context of delivery of therapeutic drugs, but certainly should not be used to draw a conclusion that this extrapolates to cosmetics or skincare.
This is another scare tactic being used to take something positive within the medical field and twist it to the negative for self serving goals, by trying to convince the public that these same penetration enhancers are carrying everything we place on our skin right into our circulatory system. And if this can be done on a medical patch it must somehow do the same within cosmetic and skincare formulations…..
Cosmetics and skincare are not generally associated with big pharma, nor are they medicines, so their structure is for the purposes of treating the surface layers of our skin temporarily and should not be correlated as one in the same with a pharmaceutical delivery of medication through patches requiring a systemic effect. Because if they could perform as such, then they would require FDA approval and would be marketed as a "drug."
When it comes to skincare, I want my products to perform beyond simply just sitting on top of my skin. If an additional benefit of delivery of any essential anti-aging ingredient (antioxidants or Retinol) can be enhanced into reaching the epidermis, including softening and reducing fine lines and wrinkles, and sustain hydration of the skin, then that's the one for me.
It still is personal choice…..if you think penetration enhancers in skincare are doing far more to your body than treating surface layers of the skin, then by all means be wary, but remember, penetration enhancement is also not black and white….as it showed in the studies above, in some cases it requires a combination of ingredients and the perfect chemistry to achieve exemplary penetration of what the research was trying to achieve (therapeutic drugs), and the molecular structure of the ingredient being enhanced also plays a role.
As shown in these studies, natural chemicals also are penetration enhancers, so even with the use of an all natural skincare or cosmetic product, you will not be able to avoid these in any way, shape or form. Another reason to remember to take what the EWG and CFSC and their skin deep database state with a grain of salt, because frankly, they can't have it both ways….. and sadly this fact seems to be lost entirely on much of the all natural, certified organic skincare community.
This is where critical thinking and a touch of common sense should be used, but alas, as I see in so many forums or blogs on these subjects, are usually prefaced with a firm belief based on an ideology, whereby ignoring the actual science when it doesn't suit an agenda they are pursuing. It is especially disconcerting when skin deep database simply places scores of hazard without the balance of actual risk to the consumer, or EVEN references an ingredient in such a manner when they have 100% data gaps….their clairvoyance of such things is mind boggling.
The fact is, eliminate (ban) penetration enhancers based on ridiculous theories void of all science or the (beneficial) constituents these same ingredients may possess, and the majority of your natural skincare products (including my own formulations) will disappear from the store shelves as well as their synthetically derived counterparts. Now that would be a travesty!
But hey, there's always Vaseline and water!


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Come, Lord Jesus—Finale
Come, Lord Jesus, Great Redeemer,
Light of morning from the east.
We will be Thy children ever,
Dry our tears, all weeping cease.
Come in glory to the earth,
Come to us to rule and reign.
Ready us to kneel and greet Thee.
Come, Lord Jesus, come.
Jesus, once of humble birth,
Now in glory comes to earth.
Once He suffered grief and pain;
Now He comes on earth to reign.
Now He comes on earth to reign.
Come, Lord Jesus, come.


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Fresh like an orange!
This watercolour painting was done pretty quickly.
When I opened my sketchbook back in 2011,
inspiration of painting orange just flowed in because during that time,
I was surrounded by lots of orange blooms at home!
Now, when I revisit this painting,
the very same feeling of freshness of
creating this painting still abide...
Many friends that I met in bloggerland like orange colour.
Julie, Ces, Bella Sinclair and Kenwooi..are a few to mention here.
Freshly I deliver my most freshly dedication to all the above
and all that love orange colour yeah!
Hey friends, you don't mind to feel some
fresh orange blooms


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Note: I posted this last night, but no matter what I do I can't find it on tayclassic. I check when logged in, when logged out, on Chrome, on Internet Explorer, nothing worked. However some people have seen it and have commented on the post so it's somewhere. Anyway I'm re-posting this here because I want to make sure it actually got to where I intended it to go.
UPDATE: I have read quite a few of the comments. Not all of them though, there were WAY more than I ever expected. I figure I should update the analysis to include some of the info gathered from the comments. Also I'm clarifying some things I failed to tie in with the other trailers.
UPDATE 2: I don't listen to Kojima's podcasts so naturally if he confirmed something about the game I wouldn't know.
Surely by now if you have seen the Metal Gear Solid V 9 minute trailer right? If not watch it right up there. Already seen it? Watch it again, it's dramatically amazing and the song "Sins of the Father" is also amazing.
Anyway you may have noticed some things in the trailer. So have I and here I'd like to go over some of them because there is a treasure trove of info in the trailer.
WARNING! I do not claim to know anything about the game. So anything I say is merely speculation and not fact. Maybe some of the ideas presented here are right. Maybe they are wrong. Either way they technically are not spoilers so don't worry. Almost none of it is truly proven fact or full of game ruining potential. However if you feel like I might ruin something for you don't read this.
Also keep in mind I have played just about all of the Metal Gear games except for Rising and Peace Walker. So I am pretty sure I am not going to connect as many dots as I would have if I had played Peace Walker. UPDATE: I forgot that I haven't played Portable Ops, which I would love to play but I lack a working PSP. Also some people have mentioned that I haven't researched Peace Walker. I have researched some of the character and details about the plot. I knew that V taking place almost directly after would be important enough to research enough without spoiling it for me. And I am planning on playing Peace Walker sometime soon.
Back to the point, I am going to present all of the information I have in order of appearance in the trailer but I might have some back tracking involved.
(1) The woman being tortured here looks like Quiet, a character revealed later in the trailer (I told you there would be backtracking). (2) You can also see Ocelot in the scene (the boots are a dead give away). Why does Ocelot need to torture her?
(3)I'm going to bet these child soldiers are being trained for a war. Also I think they may be in Africa.
Every night I can feel my leg, and my arm. Even my fingers. The body I've lost. The comrades I've lost won't stop hurting. It's like they're all still there. You feel it too don't you? I'm going to make them give back our past.
(4) Later on in the trailer you see that both Kazuhiro Miller and Big Boss have lost some limbs at some point. It sounds like he is talking about his phantom pain but it may be deeper than that. He may be talking about the loss of his life's potential past or his future. He still feels like he has a future or had a past but logically he knows he will never be able to get it back. So what he is talking about may be deeper than just a lost limb.
UPDATE: Some people in the comments have mentioned that the voice sounds like Kiefer Sutherland talking, but it can't be him since as far as we know Big Boss didn't lose a leg. this could be Kojima messing with us and trying to conceal something bigger about the cast. Or maybe our hearing is terrible.
The child that has the package removed from his/her abdomen has several people there. (5) Other than Big Boss there is another child in the same yellow outfit. (6) The third person appears to be a soldier and can only be identified by the word MED (medic) on their chest.
UPDATE: Just about anybody who commented mentioned that the girl on the table is most likely Paz, and the boy is Chico.
(7) The package has a blinking light in it (a bomb or transmitter maybe?). (8) Also a peace sign on it, which would be ironic for a bomb. UPDATE: Removing a bomb with a peace symbol from a person named Paz (Spanish for peace) is definitely ironic.
(9) Here is Huey Emmerich, another character revealed later in the trailer. This guy I barely know due to not playing Peace Walker, however I know he is the father of Hal Emmerich. (10) Ocelot is torturing him. What is up with Ocelot and torturing people? I just had a flashback to Metal Gear Solid 1 and 2. (11) Also this is the same room as the room where Quiet is tortured. You can tell by the light over the door has the same pipe next to it, as well as the table is the same.
(12) The other man with Ocelot and Emmerich is probably Miller. It took me a while to realize the glasses were the give away. UPDATE: Some folks in the comments have huge speculation here from the comments about how this may be Campbell rather than Miller based on his looks. UPDATE 2: I forgot to mention he either has no right arm, or has a really flat arm.
(13) Here you can clearly see that Big Boss has a prosthetic hand.
"Let the legend come back to life!"
(14) Ocelot makes it sound like Big Boss hasn't been on the battlefield in a long time. To me it seems like this may be close to the beginning of The Phantom Pain. UPDATE: Or the beginning of the entire game. Not every story starts from the beginning.
(15) Miller might be blind! You can never really see his eyes in the rest of the trailer and he doesn't open them here. (16) Also you never see Big Boss talk, you can just hear it. (17) Another thing is that Miller also sounds like Kiefer Sutherland.
(18) Here is Quiet. Notice here pants and bikini top again. This is definitely the girl from the beginning of the trailer. (19) Also her eyes are surrounded by black marks that recedes towards her eyes as time passes in the trailer. UPDATE: A couple people have pointed out that she seems to have the same photosynthesis ability that The End from MGS3 had. She could be a relative to him.
Eli, the youth who curses his fate. (20) I'm going to just say this is Liquid Snake. Other people have commented on the video mentioning this and the evidence stacks up. Some people have also mentioned that in the Bible Eli and David were brothers of a cursed blood line. Solid Snake's real name is David. Solid and Liquid being David and Eli is just too much of a coincidence. Going on, both Solid and Liquid were born around 1972, sometime after Big Boss fell into a coma. The game supposedly takes place years after he is awakened. So if the game took place in 1982 like some people suggest Liquid and Solid would be about 10 years old. The evidence just adds up.
UPDATE: I don't know why I believe comments on Youtube videos, especially about the Bible. Apparently David and Eli weren't cursed. Don't believe everything you see at a passing glance on the internet, or I'd be a Nigerian millionaire by now. Also Eli has a red beret, typically used by the SAS (which Liquid Snake was in) and a snake in his lap.
UPDATE 2: LunarRoar mentioned that the 'snake' in his lap is actually a conch that was seen in a image showing off the FOX Engine.
(21) Emmerich again, this time standing thanks to the joy of having metal gear legs. I'm pretty sure that this is not after the time where he gets tortured, because he looks too happy to just get up after being tortured like that. I think he must have just built his legs and he is celebrating the fact the work by dancing. The table appears to be in the same position as it was when Quiet is getting tortured so this must be around that time. Also if you backtrack you can see that he was wearing the legs when he was being tortured. (22) Another thing to remember is that Hal Emmerich (Otacon) is born in the early 80's. Maybe Huey will be pressured to do things in order to protect his young child.
A rival living a lie? I'm sure he is the rival of Big Boss even though he works with him. (23) Maybe he betrays him considering his future with the Patriots.
(24) Maybe Psycho Mantis? It looks like him, and according to some sources he was born about 1970 so he would be pretty young if this is after Big Boss comes out of his coma. It would certainly add to the amount of children fighting wars in this game. UPDATE: After watching The Phantom Pain trailer again the way this character levitates seems to be more like Mantis but he didn't like wearing a mask until after he joined FOXHOUND. Also he he was burned badly and lost his hair after burning down the village he lived in so maybe it's not him.
(25) Miller has obviously lost his right arm. As you can see there is just a sleeve here, no arm. So from what I theorize is the beginning of the game Miller is already in bad shape.
This is my favorite part of the trailer. This is next gen! That is all.
(26) I certainly looks like Big Boss is trying to kill this child, or possibly the child is having a seizure and Big Boss is trying to brace his body to prevent injuries from it. Also is the child David/Solid Snake? My theory is no. More on that later. UPDATE: Still Chico, too limp for a seizure.
Just an oil platform in the sea? More on this later too. UPDATE: Mother Base.
Recall this scene from the previous trailers? I do, and I think it will help piece together the MGSV story. Whatever happened to Big Boss and Miller caused Big Boss to go into a coma in the early 1970's. Nine years later Big Boss wakes up to discover he lost his left hand. In this picture he is dressed like he was in the Ground Zeros trailer. that would imply that (27) Ground Zeroes is the before the coma and the beginning of The Phantom Pain is after he wakes up. (28) However if you go back to the trailer when Big Boss is woken up the bandaged man (Ishmael) who tells him "On your feet soldier!" sounds an awful lot like Kiefer Sutherland, but (29) the bandaged man is not Miller, even I thought that Miller sounded a little like Sutherland, I know it can't be him because throughout the rest of this trailer he isn't badly burned or scarred. UPDATE: Some speculation is coming up that Ishmael is Gray Fox. UPDATE 2: The Metal Gear Wikia states Gray Fox as being imprisoned in the 70's where he was rescued by Big Boss in Vietnam While that may happen in the game (Big Boss going around the world rescuing people to add to his military sounds normal) Gray Fox probably isn't Ishmael.
UPDATE: It's Chico, my theory is blown to hell. Here is a #30 to replace that: why does Chico pull his headphone jack from a hole in his chest? (you can see it better in the GDC trailer from a while ago).
UPDATE 2: I removed my former theory about Raiden because the html code for a strike through does not play well with Kinja. The easy thing was just to remove it.
UPDATE: Watching the GDC gameplay trailer really helps clear up some thing about the order of Ground Zeroes events. Also common sense.
"The Sins of the Father"
(35) Great song title. Maybe Big Boss and his 'children'?
(36) What you can clearly see here is Big Boss and his robo-hand passing what appears to be a blood diamond to a child. Afterwords more children hold out their hands with more diamonds. This reinforces the theory that this could be in (37) Liberia since that country and some of its neighbors have problems with blood diamonds. The child workers/soldiers and diamonds only help reinforce this. (38) Now I am starting to get the idea that some of the game involves Solidus after all.
UPDATE 2: Probably no Solidus. At least not from anything seen in this trailer.
(39) After that clip with the children it appears that Big Boss, now Punished Snake (I assume he is called that since he left the Patriots, being punished for his actions), aiming and shooting at the same children. I assume that because of the lighting and texture of the cave wall.
UPDATE: Here is something to replace #33 up there. Rich8606 pointed out that Snake has a somewhat visible chunk of shrapnel in his head. Maybe it's a chunk of diamond, hence "Diamond Dogs," or maybe it's just a rock.
UPDATE 2: Somebody in the comments (Sorry! I have a ton of notifications and can't find it!) mentioned that the shrapnel is bone. They mentioned that Kojima himself had said so in a podcast. It's worth mentioning that I don't listen to the podcast that Kojima puts out so I would have never known til I played the game myself.
Big Boss rescued Miller, (40) apparently after his coma (because of his prosthetic hand). It looks like (41) Miller was kidnapped or captured while Big Boss was in his coma and after recovering he saves him to get (42) revenge on The Patriots UPDATE: Cipher, which seems to be the overall theme of this trailer. (43) Also this looks like the same oil platform as from before in the trailer, so this scene must be from before then. Apparently Cipher really wants them dead.
"Cipher ... What they are doing in Africa is the missing piece."
So Cipher is doing something in Africa (nailed it!), but what does it have to do with blood diamonds? Lasers like in the movie Congo? I don't know.
UPDATE: To replace #34 up there commenter David Alter pointed out the Big Boss smokes an e-cigar:
However here is the end of the trailer where I seem to have run out of things to pull from the trailer. So, did I miss anything? Anybody have their own theories?


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"I love you."
Once the three most important words in a relationship, now a way to get someone off your back. At least, that's how comedienne Cory Kahaney (Last Comic Standing) feels on StandUp in Stilettos, which is hosted by The Office's Kate Flannery. But has "I love you" really lost its luster?
Check out a sneak peek from this week's episode to find out how the ladies feel below.
StandUp in Stilettos airs Saturday nights with back-to-back episodes at 11/10c and 11:30/10:30c on TV Guide Network.


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Some one tells you that it is an USB lamp. And some one says it is an USB flash memory drive. Whose word will you listen to? From the appearance, it is only a cute lamp keychain.
Of course none will you believe in. Just like an old Chinese idiom says that three man make a tiger. Maybe you don't know the exact meaning of it. But it is don't matter. I will tell you that it teaches us that we should not fully trust others.
Maybe a little far from our topic, let's come back now. None of them is right and both of them are right for it is an USB light lamp flash memory drive. When plug in, the bulb will be lighted up and start flashing. No need to worry about the fragile bulb may be broken easily. Made up of a special combination of glass and plastic, it will not crashed into pieces, even being dropped from a 10 meters high place. A key chain attached will help for easy carrying. 4 GB capacity is enough fro common use. Price for USB light lamp flash memory drive is $11.28 + free shipping.


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Knowledge Exchange
The field of seniors health care is rapidly expanding and evolving, meaning that we are constantly looking to adapt and improve the way we work at the front line, as well as across our teams, organizations and systems. We rely on literature-based, practice-based and lived experience evidence to guide and inform our decisions. This section of the site has two purposes:
1. to keep you in the know about the latest and greatest information related to seniors' health; and
2. to provide a platform for discussion and exchange about hot topics in the field.


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The world is recoiling from the horrific slaughter at a Jewish school in Toulouse, France that killed Rabbi Jonathan Sandler, his two sons, and a young girl.
Rabbi Sandler, age 30, was sent from Israel to strengthen the Jewish community in France. He was teaching at the same Ozar HaTorah School that he attended as a child.
We now know this was an anti-Semitic act. Which means this is a wake-up call for Jews worldwide.
Some mistakenly think that only the Jews of Israel are in danger ― from Hezbollah in the north, Hamas in the south, and Iran in the nuclear skies above.
Yet while Israel does indeed bear the brunt of anti-Semitism, the fact is that Ahmadinejad and his cohorts view all Jews as equally valid targets. As Hezbollah leader Sheikh Nasrallah so bluntly put it: "If the Jews all gather in Israel, it will save us the trouble of going after them worldwide." (Lebanon Daily Star, October 23, 2002)
One chilling detail being reported is that 3-year-old Gabriel Sandler, gunned down at point blank range in Toulouse, was named after Rabbi Gavriel Holtzberg, the Chabad emissary who was murdered by terrorists in Mumbai, India, in 2008.
Here in Israel, we are living under tremendous pressure as the threat of nuclear annihilation looms. Yet sometimes I get the feeling that Jews abroad still perceive the threat as "somewhere out there."
In truth, it is right in your backyard.
Rafah, the Iranian news site affiliated with Ahmadinejad, has threatened to "take the war beyond the borders of Iran, and beyond the borders of the region." Last month, Islamists hit Jewish targets in Georgia and India, plus two Iranian-perpetrated blasts in Bangkok, Thailand.
So what's the solution? Can we expect much in the way of international protection (an element which was sorely lacking during the Holocaust)? No, not if the United Nations is any indication. It is the U.N. Human Rights Council that originally scheduled a speech ― today, the very day of the Toulouse slaughter ― by Ismail al-Ashqar, the same senior Hamas official who described the killing of Osama Bin Laden as "state terrorism that America carries out against Muslims."
And in a speech just hours after the murders, Catherine Ashton, one of the highest-ranking European Union officials, juxtaposed "what happened in Toulouse" with "what is happening in Gaza..."
The world is descending into a new round of moral confusion and chaos. The sooner we realize one inalienable truth, the better off we will all be:
Every Jew, no matter where s/he is, cannot separate himself from Israel. We are all one, intrinsically bound for eternity.
Today, let us join together to mourn the murder of Rabbi Sandler and three young children.
And let us feel the pain of the bereaved widow who moved to France with the purest of intentions, and now returns to Israel to bury her husband and two sons.
And let us pledge to take the plight of every Jew fully to heart.


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Schools & Colleges
School of Public Affairs
Fulbright Specialist Candidate
Unlike most Fulbright grants, which focus on teaching and research in countries abroad, the Senior Specialist Award aims to strengthen and develop higher education institutions in more than 100 countries around the world. Candidates selected by the Fulbright organization are matched with requests from higher education institutions to participate in collaborative projects lasting two to six weeks. In December, 2008, Kathleen Beatty was appointed to this prestigious Fulbright prestigious Specialist eligibility list.
Beatty's proposal was based on her experience with the composition, approval, and enforcement of quality standards for graduate education in public affairs and public policy. Beatty is the immediate past president of the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration, and, in that role, she pushed NASPAA to increase its international profile and to open membership and accreditation to international higher education institutions.
She has also been active in site visits and in decision-making for public affairs accreditation. In her role as a member of the Board of Management of the International Association of Schools of Administration (IASIA), the only worldwide association of public affairs schools, she participated in the adoption of international quality standards for public policy and administration programs. This experience, as well as her twelve-year service as Dean of CU Denver's School of Public Affairs, prepared her well to assist schools in developing programs to implement quality standards or to prepare for accreditation.
Likely other assignments for Beatty include Asia, where excellent public administration programs exist but without any quality control mechanisms; Eastern Europe, where programs are struggling to understand and implement standards; or Africa, where the best programs hope for accreditation opportunities, while others struggle for basic resources.
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