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TUESDAY, June 12 (HealthDay News) -- The number of advanced diagnostic scans, such as CTs and MRIs, has zoomed upward since 1996, greatly boosting the amount of estimated radiation that patients receive, according to a new analysis of the medical records of millions of Americans in HMO health plans.
It's not clear what extra risk the radiation poses, nor is it known how much difference the scans have made in terms of diagnosing and treating illness. Still, the existing research raises questions about overuse of the scans, said study lead author Dr. Rebecca Smith-Bindman, a professor at the University of California, San Francisco.
"We spend in the ballpark of $100 billion a year on medical imaging, and we need to invest some research dollars to figure out how best to spend these dollars and when to image more and when to image less," she said. "The impact on health outcomes should be the driver of these decisions, rather than the fact that a new test has simply become available and we are enamored with the images."
The researchers studied millions of patients from six large HMO (health maintenance organization) health care systems over the period from 1996 to 2010. They followed 1 million to 2 million patients each year.
According to the findings, published in the June 13 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, patients underwent an average of just over one imaging examination -- such as an X-ray -- per year. A little over one-third were advanced diagnostic imaging tests, such as CT (computed tomography), MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), nuclear medicine, a subset of nuclear medicine called PET (positron emission tomography), and ultrasound scans.
The researchers found that CT scans grew by nearly 8 percent a year, MRIs by 10 percent a year, and ultrasounds by nearly 4 percent a year. Nuclear medicine scans, which are fairly uncommon, dipped by 3 percent a year, however PET scans grew rapidly from 2004 to 2010 -- by 57 percent annually.
The researchers calculated that the percentage of patients who received high or very high levels of radiation through scans also rose over the 15 years. Of those who received scans in 2010, nearly 7 percent received high annual radiation exposure and nearly 4 percent received very high annual exposure.
Smith-Bindman said the scan rates in the HMOs in the study were a bit lower than in traditional fee-for-service systems, but the growth rates were the same. "While the financial incentives are very different in the [HMO] setting, the other factors that have led to the dramatic rise in imaging are all the same -- physician and patient demand, improvement in the technologies that allow it to answer a broad range of questions, fear of medical malpractice suits, and uncertainty due to the lack of clinical guidelines on when to use imaging," she said.
CT scans are often unnecessary, Smith-Bindman added, and she believes that there aren't enough good guidelines regarding the use of scans in general.
Scanning technology has become much more accurate and useful over time, said Dr. Hiroto Hatabu, an associate professor of radiology at Brigham and Women's Hospital in Boston, who co-wrote a commentary accompanying the study.
For example, Hatabu said, scans make it much less difficult to diagnose bleeding in the brain.
But he acknowledged that high-tech scans can be overused. "I think we can use information technology and try to control it in the future. And there are ongoing efforts to decrease the radiation doses and get the same information."
The Medical Imaging & Technology Alliance, a trade organization for the medical imaging industry, announced last week that it has launched new projects to protect patients from being exposed to unnecessary levels of radiation.
More information
For more about CT scans, visit the U.S. National Library of Medicine.
SOURCES: Rebecca Smith-Bindman, M.D., professor, University of California, San Francisco; Hiroto Hatabu, M.D., Ph.D., associate professor of radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston; June 8, 2012, statement, Medical Imaging & Technology Alliance; June 13, 2012, Journal of the American Medical Association
|Copyright©2012 ScoutNews,LLC.
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Story highlights
- A Colorado paper reports a grand jury voted to indict JonBenet Ramsey's parents
- The paper cites jurors and an ex-prosecutor, claiming the DA didn't sign the indictment
- The lawyer for Ramsey's father says the "hero" DA averted "a gross miscarriage of justice"
- 16 years later, there still have been no arrests or charges in the 6-year-old's death
Eight women and four men convened regularly over 13 months. They heard from dozens of witnesses, considered 30,000 pieces of evidence. All of it was with one question in mind: Who was responsible for 6-year-old JonBenet Ramsey's death?
On October 13, 1999 -- nearly three years after the diminutive Colorado pageant queen's body was found in her home -- the 12 grand jurors went back to their own homes, sworn to silence and with nothing apparently to show for their effort.
"We do not have sufficient evidence to warrant the filing of charges," then-Boulder County District Attorney Alex Hunter said.
The presumption was that the grand jury hadn't voted to indict anyone. That included failing to take action against JonBenet's parents, John and Patsy Ramsey, whom Boulder police had said were under "an umbrella of suspicion" in the girl's death.
Yet the Boulder Daily Camera, the daily newspaper in that Colorado city, now says there was more to the story. Citing several unidentified jurors as well as an assistant district attorney in Hunter's office, the paper reports that the grand jury did, in fact, vote to indict the Ramsey parents on charges of child abuse resulting in death.
Hunter, the man who presented the case to them, didn't sign the indictment, however, the Daily Camera reports.
It's a decision that Bill Wise, a former prosecutor who wasn't directly involved in the grand jury proceedings, confirmed to the paper and said makes sense.
"The state of the evidence in that case was simply inadequate to file a charge, in my opinion, and that obviously was Hunter's opinion, too," Wise said. "Whether it's against one or two people, you just didn't have the evidence."
Those now in the Boulder County District Attorney's Office aren't commenting on the report, spokeswoman Catherine Olguin said Monday.
But Lin Wood, the Atlanta lawyer for John Ramsey, said, "I have known for years that Boulder prosecutors did not file charges against John and Patsy Ramsey because the evidence to prosecute them did not exist."
He said Monday that any reported "confusion of the grand jury over child abuse" could have been addressed had the Ramsey parents testified, as they repeatedly offered to do. Wood also pointed to the 2008 findings from then-District Attorney Mary Lacy that DNA tests ruled out any Ramsey family member's involvement in the girl's death.
"The DNA tests performed after the time of the Boulder grand jury not only prove the Ramsey family to be innocent and the grand jury wrong, they also make former District Attorney Alex Hunter a hero who wisely avoided a gross miscarriage of justice," Wood told CNN.
Mom: 'There's a killer on the loose'
It was December 26, 1996 -- a day after JonBenet got a bicycle as a Christmas gift -- when Patsy Ramsey said she discovered a three-page ransom note in her Boulder home. Police came and, later that day, found JonBenet's beaten and strangled body in the family's basement.
Days after burying the girl in suburban Atlanta, where they had previously lived, the Ramseys appeared on CNN.
"There's a killer on the loose," Patsy Ramsey said January 1, 1997, in an interview that brought an intense national spotlight on the case.
"I don't know who it is. I don't know if it's a she or a he, but if I were a resident of Boulder, I would tell my friends to keep your babies close to you. There's someone out there."
The parents insisted an intruder committed the crime, but no one was caught and no description was given.
In time, the focus turned on the parents: Could they have done it?
Investigators didn't find footprints in the snow outside the home, there was no sign of forced entry. A paintbrush from her mother's hobby kit was used to tighten the rope that choked JonBenet. And the alleged ransom note was written from paper inside the house and referenced little-known details about the family's past and its finances.
Despite the suspicions, the Ramseys were never named as suspects. But they were a focus of the grand jury, which first convened in September 1998.
On Monday, CNN talked with one juror and another's spouse, both of whom indicated that -- at the behest of the district attorney's office -- they would not discuss the case. Messages left by CNN with several other jurors were not immediately answered.
But according to Wise and several jurors who talked with the Daily Camera, the decision was eventually made to indict John and Patsy Ramsey. This was even though the jurors weren't sure who, exactly, had killed young JonBenet.
"We didn't know who did what," a juror told the newspaper, according to a story on its website. "But we felt the adults in the house may have done something that they certainly could have prevented (JonBenet's death) or they could have helped her. And they didn't."
16 years later, still no arrests or charges
According to Wise, who worked as a prosecutor for 28 years before retiring, there was disagreement among the eight or so involved in the prosecution about what to do after the grand jury voted to indict. He told the Daily Camera that he thinks his former boss did the right thing not pressing forward with the case, arguing that the evidence didn't show whether Patsy or John Ramsey may have been more directly responsible.
"If I were on a jury, I would not convict either of them," said Wise.
As is, while there have been many twists and turns since the grand jury was discharged in 1999, there's been no closure.
The Ramseys were busy in March 2000, releasing their book "The Death of Innocence," filing multimillion-dollar lawsuits against media organizations who they say libeled their son (who was 9 at the time of JonBenet's death) and settling a lawsuit with a tabloid newspaper.
That May, the Ramseys returned to CNN to face off with Steve Thomas, a former Boulder police detective who'd released a book of his own. Thomas claimed the girl died after "an explosive encounter" over a bed-wetting incident, something the Ramseys fiercely denied.
The district attorney's office, then led by Lacy, took over the case from Boulder police in 2002.
Four years later, there was an apparent breakthrough with the arrest of 41-year-old teacher John Mark Karr in Bangkok, Thailand. This came after he freely -- and repeatedly -- said he was with JonBenet the night she died, although he insisted her death was an accident and that he "loved" her.
But soon after his arrest and return to Colorado, prosecutors announced DNA evidence proved Karr had nothing to do with JonBenet's death.
That same year, 2006, Patsy Ramsey died at the age of 49 following a fight with ovarian cancer.
Then came Lacy's 2008 letter to John Ramsey, exonerating him and the rest of his family after tests of DNA evidence found in the girl's underwear and beneath her fingernails .
"To the extent that we may have contributed in any way to the public perception that you might have been involved in this crime, I am deeply sorry," Lacy wrote.
Since then, authorities have said they'd continued to try to find answers.
But despite their work, the case remains as cold as it was on that late December day, some 16 years ago.


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Elected officials representing the nine county Bay Area voted nearly unanimously just after midnight on Friday morning to approve Plan Bay Area — after listening to more than three hours of often contentious public comment.
Nearly all of the 500 seats in the Oakland Marriott's exhibition hall in downtown Oakland were filled when the climatic conclave began at 6:30 p.m., but only a hardy few hung on for the final vote.
A 40-year, regional transportation and land-use housing plan, Plan Bay Area ignited a storm of controversy in Marin County. The plan was designed by four regional government agencies to conform with a state law that requires each of California's 18 metropolitan areas to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and light trucks 30 percent by 2020 and a full 80 percent by 2050.
The plan seeks to channel 80 percent of the Bay Area's housing growth and 66 percent of its job growth into "priority development areas." These are areas typically located along existing traffic corridors, near mass transit, jobs, shopping and other services that have been identified and approved by local cities or counties for future growth. Local jurisdictions that approve priority development areas will be rewarded with grant money.
Opponents of the plan assert that it robs counties and cities of their control over land-use decisions and will result in high-density apartment developments that will degrade Marin's pristine environment and erode its small-town character. Supporters counter that opponents of the plan are really worried that the creation of higher-density, more affordable housing will attract lower-income, more ethnically diverse residents to the county.
The decision on whether to approve the plan, and an accompanying environmental impact report, was made by the Association of Bay Area Governments' 38-member executive board and the Metropolitan Transportation Commission's 21 commissioners.
Marin County Supervisor Katie Rice and Novato City Councilwoman Pat Eklund serve on ABAG's executive board, and Supervisor Steve Kinsey is a MTC commissioner.
Both Kinsey and Rice voted to approve Plan Bay Area. Eklund abstained from voting on the plan and, with the exception of Alameda County Supervisor Scott Haggerty, who voted against approval of Plan Bay Area, Eklund was the only member of either body who failed to vote for the plan.
Eklund was also one of several Associated Bay Area Government members who abstained from voting on the impact report; no member of either body voted against approval of the impact report.
Kinsey said, "I voted yes on the plan knowing that it doesn't reduce local control over land use. It actually commits the region to embrace long-standing principles reflected in Marin's protection of ag and open space, while encouraging limited new development along transit corridors."
Rice said, "Plan Bay Area is not a mandate to build housing. It does not erode, diminish, or supersede local control, local planning, or local decision making authority for this county or any other in the region."
Eklund could not be reached Friday for comment.
Citizen Marin, a coalition of Marin neighborhood groups that united to oppose Plan Bay Area, chartered a 48-seat Marin Airporter bus to shuttle plan opponents to Thursday's meeting.
Passengers included: Corte Mayor Diane Furst, Larkspur Mayor Dan Hillmer, Sausalito Councilwoman Linda Pfeifer, former Fairfax mayor Frank Egger, supervisorial candidate Toni Shroyer and Randy Warren, who is running for a seat on the San Rafael City Council.
The group's leaders had said it was important for opponents to be there to witness the votes by Marin representatives, but the bus had to return to Marin about an hour before the final vote was taken.
A number of Marin residents spoke during the public comment portion of the meeting. Opponents of the plan, many of whom complained that it smacks of socialism, vied with proponents, many of whom said the plan should be even more ambitious in its effort to cut greenhouse gases and promote the creation of affordable housing.
Marybelle Nzegwu, a staff attorney with Public Advocates in San Francisco, said she supports Plan Bay Area but added that it doesn't allocate enough money for mass transit. She called for everyone supporting the plan to join her at the lectern, and a crowd of over 100 people responded.
When Susan Kirsch of Mill Valley, a co-founder of Citizen Marin, spoke a few minutes later she followed suit, calling all the opponents in the hall to join her at the lectern and what appeared to be a slightly larger group responded.
"This plan has been wrong from the beginning," Kirsch said. "You don't represent us. What we demand is the right to vote."
The opposing coalition, which booed and issued catcalls throughout the evening, erupted then in a chant of "let us vote."
Vic Canby, a former president of the Marin United Taxpayers Association, said, "We don't need a regional approach to anything."
Angelina Randolph of San Rafael said, "Please do not vote for this communistic plan."
Speaking to the elected officials, Sausalito's Pfeifer said, "You've awakened a sleeping giant." She urged the crowd to demand accountability from public officials.
Responding to a drumbeat of criticism from Citizen Marin and other opponents, county supervisors last week voted unanimously to withdraw Marinwood and Tamalpais Valley from consideration as "priority development areas." Opponents of Marinwood's participation in Plan Bay Area have launched an effort to recall Supervisor Susan Adams.
A few Marin residents, including David Schonbrunn of Sausalito and Marin Grassroots Leadership Network Associate Director Ericka Erickson, spoke in favor of the plan, but said the plan needs to be more ambitious.
Many of the people who spoke in support of Plan Bay Area Thursday were young adults and college students, who said their generation drives less and wants more mass transit options.
Michael Dittmer of Milpitas, a student at the University of California, Berkeley, said he believes The John Birch Society and other far-right groups have been active behind the scenes soughing doubts about Plan Bay Area. He asked opponents of the plan, "What is the alternative?"
Contact Richard Halstead via e-mail at email@example.com


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Why you could be too close to your business to see its true value
"I've got nothing to sell, and nothing to pass on."
These are the words of a business owner we talked to this week. He was utterly convinced that his business – niche though it was – had no intrinsic value to anyone but himself. He felt (and I quote) that it was a "waste of time" contacting potential acquirers, because no-one would be interested. He was just going to close it down.
What makes a business owner feel this way? It's a combination of factors, of course. Red tape, staffing issues, business admin, management accounts, lack of marketing budget. All of these can have a negative impact on a business owner's working life, and, by extension, his (or her) perception of his business.
But where you see problems, others may sense an opportunity.
Our experience is that some clients can seriously undervalue the true worth of all the assets in their business, and I don't just mean property, equipment, or materials. Your customer base, key contracts, staff, processes or intellectual property have a value. Your relationships, your positioning in the marketplace, even your geographical location… these may be just what an acquirer is looking for.
And make no mistake, acquirers are looking. In the last year alone 661 organisations revealed their acquisition criteria to BCMS, in over 40 different sectors. And amongst those looking for businesses in engineering and IT, there are those with highly specific requirements: targeting companies in niche areas such as water treatment, giftware and translation services.
Add that to the thousands of companies we actively profile each week, and the 35,000 conversations we have with acquiring companies each year, internationally, and you can see the extent of the potential marketplace for your company. In the last week, in the UK alone we've sold companies in social care, consultancy, and construction.
Don't underestimate your business. Take a step back, and look again at the market where you operate, your key products and services, and why your customers buy from you, and keep buying.
And then, by all means, tell me you've got nothing to sell.


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When a small mining community falls silent, a young soldier named Daltyn is sent to investigate. When he arrives in the remote mountain town of Karthas, he discovers that paranormal forces have sealed the miners below ground – which is where you must head to reveal the source of the disturbances.
Six huge levels await, each lovingly drawn in a retro, pixel art style. Help Daltyn learn new powers, upgrade his equipment and find the missing miners.
See it in action


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$50 million later, McMahon plots her next move
Still sounding very much like a candidate rather than an ex-candidate, former wrestling executive Linda McMahon made it no secret she wants back in the high-stakes game of politics during one of her first interviews since her Senate bid ended in defeat to longtime Attorney General Richard Blumenthal.
"I think this campaign opened a lot of doors," McMahon told Greenwich Time in a phone interview from Boca Raton, Fla., where she owns a luxury condo. "This is an incredible experience. I learned an awful lot."
If she had to do it all over again, McMahon said her decision to spend $50 million of her wrestling fortune on the race was well worth it.
"So I don't regret any of that, at all," McMahon said. "I was making an investment to serve, and I think that's a really good thing. I think you have to go into any kind of endeavor knowing what your downside is when you get into it."
Coy about her specific plans, McMahon certainly gave the impression that she is plotting her next move.
"Sure. I'll be moving forward this next year," McMahon said. "I have a couple (of avenues) to pursue. You'll have to stay tuned."
McMahon received 43 percent of the vote to 55 percent for Blumenthal in the most expensive congressional mid-term race in the country, in which nearly 1.2 million people cast ballots.
"A race you lose where it's not close, I think you hang your head and say, `Where were we not connecting?'" said Christopher Healy, the state GOP chairman. "It's a very tough state to win statewide if you're a Republican, no matter what the circumstances are."
McMahon marketed herself as a pragmatic outsider who overcame personal bankruptcy to run the highly profitable World Wrestling Entertainment empire and understands how to create jobs to get the economy back on track.
"Linda got a lot of people excited, got a lot of people involved in the process," said Healy, whose wife worked for McMahon's campaign. "(But) anytime you're a first-time candidate, while there are advantages of being fresh-faced and new, even then when you run statewide, you need to get your roots into the political community to the level where they're really fired up."
While her $50 million did not translate to a victory, McMahon said it did buy her name recognition that she can draw upon if she decides to run for office again.
"I do not think I would have to spend anywhere near that amount of money," McMahon said. "No one knew who I was. I made an investment, and I certainly would not have to do that again."
McMahon confirmed that she has no plans to return to her post as chief executive of Stamford-based WWE, which took a beating from her political opponents in the primary and general election phases of the campaign.
"Look, WWE was attacked throughout my campaign, and I believe the company had certainly not only the right but the obligation to put forth information to correct mistakes and errors that were out there," McMahon said. "I thought all that was beneficial, not harmful."
Five former WWE wrestlers under the age of 60 died during the campaign, with drug or steroid use playing a contributing factor in some of those circumstances.
Healy said that McMahon's opponents were able to define her before she could define herself.
"The other side was very effective, and, unfairly, I think, branding her as some sort of uncaring person by trotting out all of these former WWE employees who have befallen tragedies," Healy said.
Asked about the tenor of the phone call she made to Blumenthal to concede, McMahon said it was civil and short.
"I told him that I really did hope that he would focus on creating jobs in Connecticut and getting our country and the economy on track, and I wished him well," McMahon said.
On whether her campaign should have saved its opposition research on Blumenthal's self-exaggeration about having served in Vietnam when he had not instead of feeding it to the New York Times for a bombshell story in May, McMahon said the word was already out.
"We had no control over any of the timing," McMahon said. "They released it on their deadline."
Now that she has free time to herself, McMahon said she is looking forward to serving in her capacity as a board member of Sacred Heart University in Fairfield and Close Up, a Washington, D.C., educational foundation for high school and middle school students, as well as teachers.
McMahon hunkered down in a witness-protection like state immediately following the election.
"It's just good to kick back for a minute," McMahon said.
Healy said it's always wise for candidates to take a step back after such stressful and hard-fought races.
"I think it's time that all the politicians sort of recede into shadows for a while and get rested and get their bearings," Healy said.
Staff writer Neil Vigdor can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com or at 203-625-4436.


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Boyz n the Hood director John Singleton is set to direct his first science fiction film, Executive Order. It's typical alien-invasion fare, with a plane crash unleashing a space monster that terrorizes a snowbound small town. Still, Singleton's got the violent-action chops to make it work: his remake of Shaft may have bombed at the box office, but it was still badass. Singleton's also attached to direct the inner-city superhero film Luke Cage.
More from Gizmodo


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Spun in superfine merino, our baby yarn is perfect for the little one - soft, bouncy and non-pilling! Slightly chunkier than normal baby yarn and weaved in 12ply means it's versatile to knit anything cosy from booties to blankets.
The yarn is non-shrinkable and colourfast so there's nothing to worry about - babies can be babies but in beautiful, adorable knits!
Please ensure you buy enough yarn for your project to avoid out of stock in dye and colour lots.
*machine washing is possible only in cold settings with handwash preset. As each machine differs, we do not take responsibility for the outcome if washed by machine.


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Brown, Hallie Q.
Elizabeth Keckley was born a slave. To her came a full measure of the horrors and torture of slavery. In spite of this her spirit was unbroken and the serene calm, so characteristic of her rare personality was unruffled.
It is said that every cloud has a silver lining. Many years passed ere Madam Keckley caught sight of the gleam. After years of arduous labor, wherein by means of her skillful needle she supported the entire impoverished family to which she belonged, she finally realized her true commercial value. With the realization she borrowed the necessary money, purchased her freedom and by dint of great concentration of effort repaid the debt.
Although bitterly opposed to the great injustice of slavery, nevertheless, in speaking of those earlier days, Madam Keckley never failed to recognize the true value of the friendship she had formed with those by whom she was held in bondage.
At the time of her emancipation Madam Keckley was living in St. Louis, Mo. Soon after, however, she moved to Washington, D. C. where her skill as a modiste was soon recognized.
Although her patronage was largely among the congressional circle, it had long been her ambition to serve "The first lady of the land." After a time even this was realized when she became la modiste for Mrs. Lincoln.
Situated as she was "behind the scenes" it was possible for her to learn much not only about the Lincoln family but also about the affairs of state which were generally hidden from public view.
She became a staunch friend and confidant of Mrs. Lincoln and was greatly respected by the rest of the family. As time passed by and the bonds of friendship were deepened Madam Keckly became a participant in all their joys and sorrows. She prepared the President's wife for gala and formal functions, comforted her on the occasion of the death of her son and of her husband and later when Mrs. Lincoln was in adverse circumstances she continued to be her friend through all her adversities. When the two were forced to part they corresponded regularly.
The above period of her life is very vividly portrayed in "Behind the Scenes" a book published by Madam Keckley in 1868. This book was censored by the authorities hence could not receive the circulation it deserved. In closing her preface Madam Keckley says, "Had Mrs. Lincoln's act never become public property, I should not have published to the world the secret chapters of her life. I am not the special champion of the widow of our lamented President; the reader of the pages will discover that I have written with the utmost frankness in regard to her--have exposed her faults as well as given credit for honest motives. I wish the world to judge her as she is, free from the exaggeration of praise or scandal."
Mrs. Lincoln had given Madam Keckley several souvenirs belonging to herself and the President. These were later donated to Wilberforce University and were lost when the College was destroyed by fire on the night of Lincoln's assassination. The motive which prompted her to do this was not merely that of sympathy but also of tender association. Her son had attended Wilberforce up to the time he enlisted in the army in the service of which he lost his life.
Later Madam Keckley went to Wilberforce as director of Domestic Art.
Her exceptional personality, dignity of bearing, graciousness and love for youth made an abiding impression.
The tender expression of sympathy, cheery smiles and final charge when departing for Philadelphia are now cherished memories.
Several years later we met again in Washington where she spent her declining years living in retrospect the events of her remarkable and romantic career.
All Hail,
Women of America, A darker type!
Thy night of traffic, scourge and gloom,
Hath now become the op'ning day--
A rosy, bright, effulgent noon.
Grim Darkness hides his face away!
All Hail,
Women from every state,
A stronger type!
From homely scenes with haste we come--
Yet think of distant fields to roam--
Builders of wastes, with honors won,
Makers, keepers of hearth and home.
All Hail,
Women of worth and power,
A Nobler type!
Thy field doth lie from sea to sea.
Go forth in all humility,
The weary, fetter'd heart make free
Through Christ to all eternity.


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'The Screwtape Letters' Returns to New York City for Encore Performances
'The Screwtape Letters' Returns to New York City for Encore Performances
The satirical, successful play "The Screwtape Letters", an adaptation of the 1942 C.S. Lewis novel by the same title, is returning to New York City this week for another round of performances.
The play, which was adapted by actor Max McLean and playwright Jeffrey Fiske, has received overall warm reviews from critics since it first began performances in 2006.
"The Devil is given his due in a humorous and lively stage version of C. S. Lewis's examination of Christianity from the viewpoint of the other side," The New York Times said of the play.
"Although the show is a sermon at heart, Max McLean, who adapted the material with Jeffrey Fiske, gives such an energetic performance as Satan's right-hand man that the satire comes through."
The Theater Jones review, based in Texas, said in early November that the play overall communicates a proper satirical message of heaven and hell, but often times trips over clichés and "Bible Belt revelatory chuckles."
"The dialogue that unfolds in the script's lines taken straight from Lewis' pages is insightful and convicting on many levels, but the show occasionally panders to an evangelical crowd adding cliché touches like fast food jokes and outdated pop songs," the review read.
The adaptation's plot features the grapple of spiritual warfare from the perspective of the devil, Screwtape, portrayed by the play's artistic director and award-winning actor McLean, and his sidekick, a devil-animal named Toadpipe.
Throughout the play, Screwtape sits in his red, ornate leather chair and devises ways to deceive humans into sinning in order to join the devil in hell.
One of the underlying messages of the play is to show viewers that an evil lifestyle can be attained by committing large sins, such as murder or theft, but also through an accumulation of small sins, including pride and self-centeredness.
As McLean previously told The Moody Standard, "The Screwtape Letters" attempts to be as close of an adaptation to the original C.S. Lewis book as possible.
"At least 97 percent of the script stems directly from the book. We've tried to remain very faithful to the morally inverted universe that Lewis has created," said McLean.
The play, which will be showing five performances from Nov. 15-18 at New York City's Fellowship for the Performing Arts theater, has become a repeated performance since its initial 11 sold out performances in 2006.
"The Screwtape Letters", currently being performed in major cities, will extend its nationwide tour into 2013.


text:
COMMERCE CITY, Colo. – Real Salt Lake (2-3-1, 7 points, West #4) dropped the second leg of the 2013 Rocky Mountain Cup Presented by Mark Miller Subaru on Saturday night, falling 1-0 to the Colorado Rapids (1-3-2, 5 points, West #7) at Dick's Sporting Goods Park.
Real Salt Lake now trails Colorado by three points in the Rocky Mountain Cup standings with just one RMC game remaining. The Claret-and-Cobalt will need to beat the Rapids in Colorado on Aug. 3 in order to retain the Rocky Mountain Cup for a seventh-consecutive year.
Colorado MF Atiba Harris put the Rapids on top in the fifth minute. MF Nick LaBrocca started the play, crossing from the left side to FW Edson Buddle at the top of the six-yard-box. Buddle held the ball up and toe-poked it to Harris at the far post, setting up the former RSL man for a left-footed finish from close range.
RSL had its best chance at an equalizer just minutes after Harris's goal. Referee Chris Penso whistled Colorado MF Dillon Powers for a foul in the box on Claret-and-Cobalt captain Kyle Beckerman, giving the Utah side a penalty kick. FW Alvaro Saborio took the spot kick, but had his shot denied by Colorado GK Clint Irwin, who tipped Saborio's low drive to the right side off the post and out of play. The save moved Saborio to 12-for-13 all-time on penalty kicks in his RSL career.
Real Salt Lake continued pressing after Irwin's penalty save, registering a pair of chances in the 18th and 22nd minutes. FW Devon Sandoval had the first opportunity, heading a DF Tony Beltran cross at Irwin from eight yards out. Saborio had the second look, heading a corner kick wide of goal.
The game settled down after that, with neither side registering another opportunity until the 40th minute, when Harris nearly doubled Colorado's lead. Harris collected a long diagonal ball in the left side of the box, taking a touch toward goal before slamming a half-volley that RSL GK Nick Rimando saved nicely at the near post.
Real Salt Lake Head Coach Jason Kreis made a pair of changes at halftime, bringing MF Javier Morales on for MF Sebastian Velasquez and FW Olmes Garcia on for Sandoval.
Despite the changes, it was Colorado that came out of the locker room on the front foot, nearly scoring in the 49th minute. LaBrocca got on the end of a Buddle cross at the top of the box, hitting a volley just wide of the right post.
Saborio had chances in the 54th and 65th minutes. The first chance saw the Costa Rican international head a Morales corner kick wide of the mark; the second saw his long-distance drive parried out for a corner by a diving Irwin.
Colorado had another near miss in the 74th minute. Brown got on the end of DF Chris Klute's cross just inside the penalty spot and flicked a shot toward goal that flashed inches wide of the right post.
Rimando made a great save to keep RSL in the game in the 81st minute. LaBrocca played MF Jamie Smith through in the middle of the field, with the substitute MF running toward the top of the box before firing a right-footed shot that Rimando stopped with an acrobatic leap.
RSL pushed desperately for an equalizer in the game's final minutes. The Claret-and-Cobalt had a shout for a penalty in the 89th, when it appeared that Klute pulled Saborio down by the jersey inside the box.
Real Salt Lake had one final chance in the 93rd minute, when Beckerman crossed from the right wing to Saborio at the back post, only for the Costa Rican international's header to fly wide of the far post.
RSL's next match is next Saturday, April 13 at Vancouver Whitecaps FC. The Claret-and-Cobalt will play three home games in a row following next week's match at BC Place.
Click here to access video highlights and the MLSsoccer.com MATCHCENTER for RSL 0-1 COL
Real Salt Lake Match Notes – RSL 0-1 COL
- Real Salt Lake has not won at Dick's Sporting Goods Park since 2007. The Claret-and-Cobalt is 0-4-3 in seven games at the suburban Denver facility since it last beat the Rapids there on Oct. 20, 2007.
- RSL FW Alvaro Saborio's saved penalty kick attempt in the 10th minute of Saturday's game was the first PK miss in the Costa Rican international's RSL career. Saborio is now 12-for-13 from the spot since joining the Claret-and-Cobalt in 2010.
- By playing 45 minutes on Saturday, RSL MF Sebastian Velasquez moved to 405 MLS minutes played this season, surpassing the 403 he played in league action during his rookie season in 2012.
- Real Salt Lake MF Javier Morales came off the bench to play 45 minutes on Saturday night. It was Morales's second appearance of the season after playing 30 minutes in RSL's 2-1 win over Seattle on March 30. The Argentine playmaker missed RSL's first four games while recovering from preseason knee surgery.
- By playing 90 minutes on Saturday night, RSL GK Nick Rimando surpassed 16,000 regular season minutes played for RSL.
Goals by Period 1 2 F
Real Salt Lake 0 0 0
Colorado Rapids 1 0 1
Scoring Summary:
COL – Atiba Harris (Edson Buddle) – 5'
Misconduct Summary:
COL – Chris Klute (Tactical Foul) – 80'
Real Salt Lake (4-1-2-1-2) – Nick Rimando; Tony Beltran, Chris Schuler, Nat Borchers, Abdoulie Mansally (Khari Stephenson, 84'); Kyle Beckerman (C); Ned Grabavoy, Sebastian Velasquez (Javier Morales, 46'); Luis Gil; Alvaro Saborio, Devon Sandoval (Olmes Garcia, 46')
Substitutes Not Used: Josh Saunders (GK), Kwame Watson-Siriboe, Yordany Alvarez, Lovel Palmer
Colorado Rapids (4-4-2) – Clint Irwin; Brian Mullan, Marvell Wynne, Shane O'Neill, Chris Klute; Atiba Harris, Hendry Thomas, Dillon Powers, Nick LaBrocca (Nathan Sturgis, 84'); Edson Buddle (Tony Cascio, 57'), Deshorn Brown (Jamie Smith, 76')
Substitutes Not Used: Steward Ceus (GK), Danny Mwanga, Kamani Hill, Anthony Wallace
Referee: Chris Penso
Referee's Assistants: CJ Morgante, Gregory Barkley
4th Official: Ted Unkel
Attendance: 15,226


text:
[Verse 1: Game]
I'm a B-L-double-O-D
Been on songs with S-N-double-O-P
Inside a Ferrari with the D-R-E
Run up I let it sing like Nate D-O-double-G
Walk through 8 Mile, G-Unit's on my feet
Got a cherry lowrider in the N-Y-C
Eve took me to Philly, never been to the pen
Been to Uptown with 50, seen niggas in Timbs
I done seen Young Buck scuff Air Force Ones
In Cashville, but Compton is {where I'm from}
Where it's just me, my son, and my bitch
She graduated when Notorious BIG dropped "Me & My Bitch"
She get them birds past, I put her in first class
And tell her to carry on that Dooney & Burke bag
She from Grape Street, she know how to work the mag
And only buy white tees, tell 'em to keep the purple tags
Cause the laces in my Chucks keep the beef crackin
I lay niggas out like creased khakis
In that G-wagon, lean like the 23's draggin
I got the whole N-Y-C saggin
[Hook: Nate Dogg]
If you don't know
(Aftermath, nigga witta attitude) (Game time niggas, Westside)
Where I'm from
(Nigga witta attitude) (Straight Outta Compton) (We rock khakis and Chucks)
If you don't know
(Almost lost my life when Dre dropped The Chronic) (Legend in the making)
Where I'm from
(Aftermath, you better watch your colors in the City of Angels)
[Verse 2: Game]
Y'all niggas got it fucked up
What you thought cause I'm from Compton I couldn't do numbers like Usher?
Platinum certified, nigga that's a mill' plus
Play both sides of the fence cause the Crips feel cuz
See me ridin with Nate, nigga it's still Blood
You can C-walk to this, homey it's still love
Nigga I've been bangin since Mary J did "Real Love"
(If you don't know) I painted the Rover black
The West coast is back, I can smoke to that
Moms got the CL-6, that's a fact
I bought the house, I'm just waitin on the platinum plaques
Niggas lookin for a cat to jack
Homey I'm willin to do two life sentences back to back
So please don't push me
You niggas is W-N-B-A, all pussy
[Hook - 2X]
The 15th track of The Documentary is Game's tribute to his home town, Compton, CA. Featuring the lamented Nate Dogg, that, along with production, keeps an old G-funk flavour.
The Game said this to Complex:
Game: I heard it & the 1st thing I thought was, 'I'm a b-l-double-o-d.' I wrote it for Nate Dogg to be in those spots, I wrote the hook too. Nate Dogg just came in & I told him what to do.


text:
MINOT – The work agreement for the support staff at the Minot Consolidated School came under fire Tuesday night before the School Committee had a chance to read it.
No sooner had Assistant Superintendent Marc Gendron given the School Committee copies of the work agreement to review and discuss at next month's meeting than school bus driver Joe Brown let them know he was not happy with a provision whereby the support staff will pay a portion of the health insurance premium.
"This is actually a pay cut for us. I can't see why you are doing this to the little people," said Brown.
Brown pointed out that in the 20 years he has driven for Minot, his pay has gone from $7 to $10.20 an hour.
"In 20 years, that's only a $3.20 increase; but I always thought the benefits overrode the small pay increase," said Brown.
Brown noted that many on the support staff – bus drivers, custodians, ed techs and the kitchen staff – are attracted to Minot less for the pay than for the school-provided health insurance policy.
Gendron said the cap on insurance coverage means support staff will pay about $9 a month during the first year of the three-year work agreement but that amount would likely go up in the final two years.
School Committee Chairman Lisa Sabatine said the board would address Brown's concerns at the May meeting once it has had time to fully review the entire work agreement. She also asked Gendron to find out the pay and benefits provided support staff members in surrounding school districts and forward that information to the board.
In her report, Superintendent Nina Schlikin told the board that she had ordered a freeze on spending. She said Business Manager Stacie Everett calculated the budget has less than $90,000 of unencumbered money with which to finish the school year and strongly recommended an immediate freeze.
Union 29 Director of Operations Gordon Murray thanked the school staff for their efforts to conserve fuel and electricity throughout the year.
"I had some potentially bleak projections last fall. The $7,500 net budget shortfall that I am projecting now is nowhere near as bad as it could have been," said Murray.
Murray also reported that he expects to have all permits for the new modular addition in hand soon and that groundbreaking will follow.
Principal Margaret Pitts thanked volunteers Pam Pelletier, Judy Rowe and Wendy Simard for their help making the recent kindergarten registration a success. She said that 20 kindergartners have been enrolled to date.
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text:
How to Avoid Early-Fall Allergy Attacks
Falling foliage is more than just an eye-sore: pollen and mold are sending allergies into overdrive. Leslie Yazel has tips for keeping allergies at bay. Photo: Philippe Huguen/AFP/Getty Images.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... the fall yard work may be weak and I mean literally allergic reactions that going into overdrive this time of year what's the use of plants are the culprits and ... protect yourself that Leslie is a look at the end of our Pursell Journal section ... she's been overseeing our reporting on this issue and she joins us now one of the embassies facts on the two point ... I ... don't I once thought you get a reprieve when the weather gets cooler but not so what's happening now you thinking like this looking to re now get outside and on the day in freak me ... all the line on the right thing ... and if the going and reviewing some of the day that exactly with an aunt exacerbate allergy ... and what why this is like more pollen What's and the euro its mold him falling although ... people in double whammy and Sandy clean Sony's so you're out there making ... it worse in the middle of the day ... so Allah buying things are wrong on this seminal likes the wet leaves a nearby compound that when you're breaking up those mold spores are coming up and in in in in the pond so are there certain trees and plants that are particularly ... big offenders like that this is when the wind is running the ad and that ... the dentist I am actually this common ran the town has a number of different ones flowering plants are actually can mean that they're better for use as a like but things are also other than that like in the vegetable like things are going to curves of profits in headlights is again in the batter so think about those ... things that when you're out ... and saying ... that I remember things you think you know to protect yourself as we can stay inside I mean the York police what had to have to go out how many ... healthy eating the things I mean really think like all really being hard rain and thunder still and the next they'll be great that actually that hard rain ... can release Morris for is actually enough and were sounds interesting light rain okay that lightning will clear the air ... so that's another thing to think about ... and don't even like sued up in a half the pollen hazmat suit I mean what what's that what's that the ideal thing to exit matter if you're wearing gloves and ponds in the aerobatic asset sale will help the kids a few testing the scene after we didn't take and why not ... add and ... collecting and even sun glasses or goggles can help prevent some of this ETF halftime ... you know if you don't want to be presented the hair thingy on one hand upon what things here here ... and kicking him asked him to stay with this ... mass they use email as saying that I'll get to know if it can be kind and come from all the experts say it was in a field day ... if you really suffering in the one of the of me I ... consider I'm getting one it's actually me for pollen he started to pick your poison right again of the season all my intellect stupidity hot and heavy glasses fog up with a mass consists of a nine year leases of the new neighbors like if doubt Michelle or maybe you're like you could help hire some might take up the price but had the biggest causes of the so the bad thing to mention just to recap what made Juniper's in use and ... um I know schools play a lot of the site mulberry trees these fruitless mulberry tree ... what women can suffer from allergies alot too hot industries to do in the ... mid asking this of the problematic as well I know it's in and is a lot and that ... is less specific than the apple that can be helpful in this way ... added until then put on my gloves so my hat that aam ICI all of my nasty people


text:
As Jeff Davis sees it, the issue could go away easily if Medina Township officials would just let it drop.
Township board members have an entirely different view. It's a simple matter of enforcing the zoning law.
The dispute is over a house trailer that Davis said has been on his family's Mulberry Road property for at least 25 years. He lived there himself at one time before his parents retired from farming and moved elsewhere.
Since then he's used the trailer as a rental unit to bring in needed income. Currently it's empty because Davis says he's hesitant to rent it out if the township board insists on having it removed.
The board's position, said supervisor Jim Craig, is that township law does not allow a trailer on land zoned for agricultural use. Trailers are allowed in residential zoning areas, such as in Medina and Canandaigua and near Morenci, or on a parcel zoned for a mobile home park along US-127.


text:
Ventriloquist dummies are made to be anthropomorphized, and their not-quite-human appearance is precisely what makes them so unnerving. So when I first heard of celebrity photographer Matthew Rolston's book of dummy portraits, I expected a creepy celebration of the uncanny valley. But so many of these photos, depicting dolls whose performing days are long behind them, are strangely sad.
Rolston traveled to Vent Haven Museum in Fort Mitchell, Kentucky, to photograph the museum's retired dummies for his book, Talking Heads, The Vent Haven Portraits. CBS News has a dozen of the portraits from the book, and yes, many of them are bizarre and a bit spooky. But Rolston chose to give his subjects head shot portraits, which makes them look less like instruments of terror than actors who are past their prime but long for one more great act. Instead of receding hairlines and sagging eyes, these performers suffer from cracking paint jobs, sinking plaster, and eyebrows that have gone askew.
Portraits of retired dummies [CBS News via Laughing Squid]


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WASHINGTON - For President Barack Obama, it was another sorrowful visit to another grieving community full of broken hearts from unimaginable violence.
The spot, this time, was Newtown, Conn., where on Friday a man opened fire inside Sandy Hook Elementary School. The toll: 26 dead, including 20 boys and girls just 6- or 7-years-old.
The president planned a private meeting Sunday afternoon with families of the victims and with emergency personnel who responded to the shootings. In the evening, he was to speak at an interfaith vigil at Newtown High School.
"As a nation, we have endured far too many of these tragedies in the last few years," he said in his weekly radio address Saturday. "An elementary school in Newtown. A shopping mall in Oregon. A house of worship in Wisconsin. A movie theatre in Colorado. Countless street corners in places like Chicago and Philadelphia."
Just last summer, Obama went to Aurora, Colo., to visit victims and families after a shooting spree at a movie theatre in the Denver suburb left 12 dead. He went to Tucson, Ariz., in January of last year after six people were killed and 13 were wounded, including then-Rep. Gabrielle Giffords, outside a grocery store.
In November 2009, Obama travelled to Fort Hood, Texas, to speak at the memorial service for 13 service members who were killed on the post by another soldier.
"We have to come together and take meaningful action to prevent more tragedies like this. Regardless of the politics," Obama said in his broadcast remarks.
After the Colorado shooting in July, the White House made clear that Obama would not propose new gun restrictions in an election year and said he favoured better enforcement of existing laws.
The Connecticut shootings may have changed the political dynamic in Washington, although public opinion in favour of gun control has declined over the years. While the White House has said Obama stands by his desire to reinstate a ban on military-style assault weapons, he has not pushed Congress to act.
Several Democratic lawmakers, during appearances on the Sunday talk shows, said the gruesome killings at the school were the final straw in a debate on gun laws that has fallen to the wayside in recent years.
"This conversation has been dominated in Washington by — you know and I know — gun lobbies that have an agenda" said Illinois Sen. Dick Durbin, the second-ranking Democrat in the Senate. "We need people, just ordinary Americans, to come together, and speak out, and to sit down and calmly reflect on how far we go."
Sen. Joe Lieberman, a Connecticut independent who is retiring, suggested a national commission on mass violence that would examine gun laws and what critics see as loopholes, as well as the mental health system and violence in movies and video games. Durbin said he supports the idea, and would add school safety to the list of topics to examine.
Sen. Dianne Feinstein, D-Calif., said she would push legislation next year to ban future sales of military-assault weapons like those used in the elementary school shooting. The bill will ban big clips, drums and strips of more than 10 bullets.
The proposals were among the first to come from Congress in the wake of Friday's shooting. Gun rights activists remained largely quiet on the issue, all but one declining to appear on the talk shows.
Rep. Louie Gohmert, R-Texas defended the sale of assault weapons and said that the principal at Sandy Hook Elementary School, who authorities say died trying to overtake the shooter, should herself have been armed.
Authorities identified the shooter as Adam Lanza, a 20-year-old who police say first killed his mother before driving to the school, opening fire in two classrooms and then taking his own life.
Before leaving for Connecticut, the president went to watch a dance rehearsal for one of his daughters in suburban Maryland.
As he said in his radio address, "this weekend, Michelle and I are doing what I know every parent is doing — holding our children as close as we can and reminding them how much we love them. "
Associated Press writers Anne Flaherty and Josh Lederman contributed to this report.
Follow Jim Kuhnhenn on Twitter: http://twitter.com/jkuhnhenn


text:
- Article no.: 46097
- Manufacturer no.: BDY-TK200X70
- Weight: 0,379 kg
1 ready for shipment, delivery time 1-3 days
Prices incl. VAT plus shipping costs
Koolance introduces new reservoirs bodies for expansion or replacement of your reservoir!
This acrylic tube if perfectly adapted to all water cooling needs. It can be used and mounted both horizontally or vertically. The inside of the tube is equipped with a fin to eliminate vortexing in the reservoir. With the optional accessory (Product number 46107) there are two possibilities for installation of fittings: At the side or at the lower end. The vacant connection threads can be sealed with the included screw plugs. The optional top and bottom expansion is made from sturdy Acetal. The top top piece (Product No. 46108) is also equipped with an opening which is especially interesting for integration of Fillports. The whole reservoir can be disassembled for hassle-free cleaning. All connection threads on the expansion pieces are 1/4" threads for maximum compatibility.
With the expansion piece with the product number 46106 even two tubes can be connected to each other. The lower end of the tube has the Koolance logo printed on with black lettering.
Warning: Please note that the Koolance guarantee only remains valid if this product is operated with distilled water (pure water) or with water additives and / or finished mixtures of the following manufacturers: Koolance, Alphacool, Aquacomputer, Innovatek and Phobya. If other liquids are used the warranty may no longer be given.
Technical specifications:
Material: Acrylic
Length: 200mm
Diameter: approx. 80mm
Capacity: approx. 770ml
Extent of delivery:
1x Koolance Reservoir Body 80x200mm
This product has been reviewed for you:
|G1/4" inner thread
|G1/4" inner thread
|LED hole:
|Available (for 5mm LEDs)


text:
ARCE Excursions Find us
ARCE's educational excursions offer opportunities to explore important sites throughout the world, under the guidance of experts in archaeology, history, palaeontology, and geology.
Capacity is limited and early reservations are recommended.
To make reservations, or to obtain additional information about the excursions listed below, please contact ARCE's program coordinator, Mary Sadek, by phone in Cairo (20 2 2794 8239) or by email.
October 2011
Join the American Research Center in Egypt for an unforgettable trip to Jordan.
The International Council of Museums, in an effort to fight against illicit traffic in cultural goods, compiles the Emergency Red List of Egyptian Cultural Objects at Risk. This list aims to help art and heritage professionals and law enforcement officials identify Egyptian objects that are protected by national and international legislations. View the Red List for Egypt.


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Deep Knee Bends: Measuring Knee Stress with a Mechanical Model
|Areas of Science
Human Biology & Health
|Time Required
|Long (2-4 weeks)
|To do this project, you should be handy with basic woodworking tools
|Material Availability
|Specialty item (guitar string tuning mechanism)
|Average ($50 - $100)
|Adult supervision required (power tools used for assembly)
AbstractAre you interested in things like prosthetic limbs and artificial joints that can help people with disease or injury to lead a normal life? Or maybe you're interested in sports medicine or physical therapy? Either way, this project could be a good match for you. Find out how the tension on the knee joint changes as a function of angle by building a simple mechanical model.
The goal of this project is to estimate the relative amount of strain put on the patellar tendon by various bending angles of the knee joint.
Share your story with Science Buddies!Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.
Andrew Olson, Ph.D., Science Buddies
This project is based on the following 2007 California State Science fair project, a winner of the Science Buddies Clever Scientist Award:
- Lefley, A.G., 2007. Pliés to Perfection: The Force on Your Patellar Tendon,. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
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This project is based on a 2007 California State Science Fair project by Annie Lefley (Lefley, 2007). Annie is a ballet dancer, and she noticed that grand pliés (in which the knee is almost fully bent) put more strain on her knees than demi pliés (where the knee is only partially bent). Although ballet is much more graceful, you can think of it as the difference between a deep-knee bend and a half-knee bend.
Annie wanted to find out how much the strain on the knee changed as the angle of the knee became more acute. To find out, she built a cool mechanical model of the knee joint (see Figure 2, below). In order to understand the model, you should study up on the anatomy of the human leg and knee joint.
Figure 1 shows two views of the knee joint from the 1918 edition of Gray's Anatomy of the Human Body. On the top is the view of the joint from the front, and on the bottom is a sagittal section (cut-away view, showing the knee at mid-section). The knee is the joint where the femur (thigh bone) and tibia (shin bone) come together. The patella (knee cap) "floats" in front of the joint. It is held in place by tendons (which connect the ends of muscles to bones) and ligaments (which connect bones to one another). For the purposes of this experiment, the two main attachments for the patella are:
- The quadriceps tendon (on the top), which connects to the main thigh muscle
- The patellar ligament (on the bottom), which connects to the tibia
A diagram of a human knee shows a labeled cross-section with a view from the side of the knee joint. A layer of adipose tissue and bursa line the femur which rests above the tibia. The patella rests on the femur and is connected to the tibia with an infra patellar pad of fat that is surrounded by the medial meniscus, ligamentum patella and bursa. The medial meniscus continues to the opposite side of the femur where there is an oblique popliteal ligament.
Figure 1. Two illustrations of the human knee joint. On the top is an anterior (front) view. On the bottom is a sagittal (vertical) section through the middle of the knee
When you bend your knee to squat down (the ballet dancers out there among you can perform a plié, the rest of us can stick to what we know!), you can feel the tension increase in your quadriceps muscle (on the front of your thigh). The quadriceps tendon attaches to the patella, which is in turn anchored to the tibia by the patellar ligament. The tension of the quadriceps muscle holds the femur in position as the knee is bent.
In the mechanical model, a spring is used to represent the quadriceps muscle. A spring has an interesting property discovered by the physicist Robert Hooke, and now named for him (Hooke's Law). Here is the property: the restoring force (F) produced by the spring is proportional to the distance by which the spring has been lengthened (x). In equation form, this looks like:
F = −kx.
The equation says that the force (F) of the spring is equal to the spring constant (k, a measure of the stiffness of the spring) times the distance (x) that the spring has been stretched. The minus sign says that the force is exerted in the opposite direction of the stretching. In other words, if you stretch the spring out, the spring force is pulling back in the other direction. You'll see how you will be using Hooke's Law in just a minute, after we've described how the model of the knee works.
In Annie's model (see Figure 1) the femur, tibia and foot are represented by pieces of wood. The joints between the bones are hinges. The quadriceps muscle is represented by a spring. The patella is represented by a strip of metal, and the quadriceps tendon is represented by nylon guitar string. As the angle of the knee joint is changed, the guitar tuning mechanism is used to adjust the tension on the "quadriceps" spring. When the tension is at equilibrium, the joint will maintain its position. If the tension is too low, the joint angle will increase (knee unbends). If the tension is too high, the joint angle will decrease (knee bends more).
Note: you may have noticed that the "patella" in Annie's model is not "floating" like the real one, and the real leg has more muscles than just the quadriceps. However, the point of a model is to simplify the problem and to capture its essentials.
Figure 2. Mechanical model of the knee joint constructed for this project. The model has two main parts. The first part is the supporting frame, which consists of a horizontal base and vertical supports. The second part is the model knee, which consists of three separate pieces of wood (representing the femur, tibia/fibula, and foot). The pieces are hinged together and attached to the frame via another block of wood (representing the hip) which can travel up and down along the vertical support. A single spring represents the quadriceps muscle, and the quadriceps tendon is represented by a nylon guitar string. The guitar string is attached to the spring at one end and to a guitar tuning mechanism at the other. The tuning mechanism is used to adjust the tension on the spring. (Lefley, 2007)
So how does Hooke's Law comes in to this? You can use your knowledge Hooke's Law to measure the relative force in the "quadriceps" spring as the angle of the knee is changed. First you measure the length of the spring at rest. Then, you set the angle of the knee, and use the guitar tuning mechanism to adjust the tension on the spring until you reach equilibrium (the joint is not moving one way or the other). Measure the new length of the spring. The difference between the spring's length under tension and its length at rest is the x from Hooke's Law. It is important to note from Hooke's law that force is directly proportional to displacement. So, you can still see the relative changes in force (i.e. which knee angles cause higher or lower forces) without even knowing the spring's k value. If you would actually like to calculate force instead of just measuring displacement, you will need to look up how to measure your spring's k value. Refer to the Science Buddies project Applying Hooke's Law: Make Your Own Spring Scale to learn more about that process.
Terms and Concepts
To do this project, you should do research that enables you to understand the following terms and concepts:
Anatomy of the knee and leg:
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Quadriceps
- Tendon
- Ligament
Physics of springs:
- Hooke's law,
- Spring constant
- Elastic limit
- How does the force produced by a spring change as the spring is lengthened?
- What happens if you exceed the elastic limit of the spring?
- Here is a brief introduction to Hooke's Law:
Krowne, A., 2005. Hooke's Law, PlanetPhysics.org. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- You might also be interested in the Science Buddies resource, Stress, Strain and Strength.
- This webpage is the source of the diagrams of the anatomy of the human knee used in the Introduction:
Wikipedia contributors, 2007. Patellar ligament, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- For more advanced students, this high school physics tutorial on vectors and forces can help you to analyze the forces on the knee joint in the model:
Henderson, T., 2004. Vectors and Motion in Two Dimensions, The Physics Classroom, Glenbrook South High School, Glenview, Illinois. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- This project is based on the following 2007 California State Science fair project, a winner of the Science Buddies Clever Scientist Award:
Lefley, A.G., 2007. Pliés to Perfection: The Force on Your Patellar Tendon,. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
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Materials and Equipment
To do this experiment you will need the following materials and equipment:
- Power drill and bits
- Saw (hand saw or circular saw, for cutting wood to size)
Wood for supporting frame:
- Base: 11 x 11 x 3/4 in
- 1 20 x 6-1/4 x 3/4 in (back)
- 2 20 x 2-1/2 x 3/4 in (sides)
- 2 sections of metal U-channel, 3/4 in wide, 20 in long (forms tracks for casters)
Wood for knee model:
- "Femur:" 6-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 3/4 in
- "Tibia/fibula:" 6-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 3/4 in
- "Foot:" 2 x 1-1/2 x 3/4 in
- "Hip:" 5 x 1-1/2 x 1-1/2 in (casters are attached to this piece so that it can slide up and down in U-channels)
- 4 hinges, 1-1/2 x 1/2 in
- 1 guitar string tuning mechanism, (e.g., part number GTM21 from Elderly Instruments)
- 1 nylon guitar string
- 4 nylon furniture casters, 1-1/4 in diameter
- 1 metal strip 2-1/2 x 1 x 1/8 in
- 1 sturdy cup hook or hook eye (for attaching top end of "quadriceps" spring)
- 4 #8 wood screws, 1-1/4 in long (for mounting uprights to base)
- 16 #8 wood screws, 1/4 in long (for mounting hinges)
- 10 #6 wood screws, 1-1/2 in long (for putting together the wooden uprights, attaching the metal U-channels, and attaching the guitar tuning mechanism)
- 1 spring 2-1/2 in long, 5/8 in diameter, 0.072 in gauge (or similar)
- 1 spring 2-1/2 in long, 1/2 in diameter, 0.047 in gauge (or similar)
- 2 machine screws, 6-32 x 1-1/4 in (for mounting "patella")
- 4 washers for 6-32 screws
- 2 nuts, 6-32
- Protractor
- Ruler
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Experimental Procedure
Building the Model Knee
- Refer to Figure 2 in the Introduction to see how the model goes together.
- Mark and drill pilot holes for the four sets of casters on the "hip" piece. Then mount the casters on the "hip" piece. You will need this piece to determine the correct spacing for the vertical side supports.
The vertical support is made of three wooden pieces:
- The back of the vertical support has dimensions 20 x 6-1/4 x 3/4 in.
- The two side pieces of the vertical support have dimensions 20 x 2-1/2 x 3/4 in.
- Use wood screws to attach the U-channel pieces to the side pieces. We recommend using flat-head screws and countersinking them into the channels so that the screwheads are not in the way of the casters.
- Use wood screws to attach the side pieces to the back (drive screws through the back and into the side pieces). Use your "hip" piece with the casters mounted on it to make sure that the side supports are set at the correct distance. The casters should roll easily in the tracks made by the U-channels (see Figure 2).
- Mark and drill pilot holes for the four sets of hinges in the "hip," "femur," "tibia," "foot," and base pieces. See Figure 2 to see how each of the hinges is mounted.
- Mark and drill pilot holes for the guitar tuning mechanism (mounted on the back side of the "tibia"). You also need to drill a clearance hole for the tuning peg. It sticks through to the front side of the "tibia."
- Attach a sturdy cup hook to the top end of the "femur" piece. This will be used for attaching the top end of the spring ("quadriceps").
- Don't mount the "patella" (metal strip) until you have assembled attached the hinge that holds the "femur" and "tibia" together. You'll want the "patella" to extend just a shade beyond the joint so that the guitar string will bend over the edge of the "patella."
- Attach the four sets of hinges to assemble the leg. Before you screw the hinge down to the base, make sure to slide the "hip" piece with its four casters into the tracks of the U-channels.
- Attach one end of the "quadriceps" spring to the cup hook.
- Tie one end of the guitar string to the other end of the "quadriceps" spring.
- Attach the other end of the guitar string through the tuning peg and secure it in place.
Measuring Tension Using the Model Knee
- Check to make sure that the pieces of your model can move fairly freely. Each joint should bend fairly easily, and the "hip" piece should move easily up and down in the U-channel tracks. Make any adjustments needed to assure free motion.
- Measure the length of the spring at rest. You'll need to subtract this value from your measurements under tension to get the change in the length of the spring.
Measure the stretched length of the spring needed to hold the knee joint in place at a series of different angles (minimum of three).
- Set the desired angle by sliding the "hip" piece up or down in the track. You will need to hold it in place until the spring tension is adjusted.
- Carefully adjust the tension on the spring by turning the guitar tuning peg. You want the "quadriceps" spring to just hold the mechanical knee in place.
- Tip: to see if you are at equilibrium, you can tentatively release the "hip" piece and see if it moves. If it starts to move, quickly stop it and adjust the spring further. If the "hip" piece moves up, you need to increase the tension on the spring. If the "hip" piece moves down, you need to decrease the tension on the spring.
- When you reach equilibrium, use the protractor to measure the angle of the knee joint and use the metric ruler to measure the length of the spring. Tip: Be careful not to knock the model when making your measurements. The equilibrium is a bit unstable!
- Repeat steps 3 and 4 at least three times for each angle.
- Replace the "quadriceps" spring, and repeat the experiment.
- For each spring, make a graph to show the length of the spring (y-axis) as a function of angle of the knee joint (x-axis). Remember that according to Hooke's Law, the force in a spring is directly proportional to its displacement from equilibrium (or its length at rest). So, even though you are not calculating force directly, you can still see the relative levels of force at different knee angles by creating a plot of spring displacement vs. knee angle. If you would like to calculate force, first you will need to measure the k value for your spring (see the Background tab).
- Are the results for the two springs similar in shape?
- How does spring tension change with angle? By what factor does tension increase as the angle of the knee changes from 90° to 45°? To 30°?
- What is the angle of your knee joint when you are squatting down completely? What is the relative tension in your mechanical model at this same angle (relative to a 90° bend)?
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
Biomedical EngineerShakespeare described humans as a "piece of work," and others have called the body "the most beautiful machine," but like any machine, sometimes body parts need repairs or servicing when the body cannot take care of the problems itself. That's where biomedical engineers come in. They use engineering to solve problems in medicine, such as creating replacement body parts, drug-delivery systems, medical instruments, and test equipment. Their work helps restore health and function, and improves the quality of life for people who are sick or injured. Read more
Physical TherapistIf you are injured in an accident, suffer a stroke, heart attack, or loss of a limb, or are born with conditions that make it difficult to move your body, then you will often be cared for by a physical therapist. Physical therapists review a patient's medical history, test and measure his or her physical condition (things like range of motion, strength, flexibility, balance, coordination, muscle function), and then develop a treatment plan to meet some physical goals. They coach, motivate, and educate the patient to follow the plan and work on therapies that will restore, maintain, or promote physical fitness and health. Physical therapists also act as advocates, bringing a patient's health needs to the attention of other workers on a patient's healthcare team, such as physicians, speech therapists, or respiratory therapists. Read more
Mechanical EngineerMechanical engineers are part of your everyday life, designing the spoon you used to eat your breakfast, your breakfast's packaging, the flip-top cap on your toothpaste tube, the zipper on your jacket, the car, bike, or bus you took to school, the chair you sat in, the door handle you grasped and the hinges it opened on, and the ballpoint pen you used to take your test. Virtually every object that you see around you has passed through the hands of a mechanical engineer. Consequently, their skills are in demand to design millions of different products in almost every type of industry. Read more
Athletic TrainerSports injuries can be painful and debilitating. Athletic trainers help athletes, and other physically active people, avoid such injuries, while also working to improve their strength and conditioning. Should a sports injury occur, athletic trainers help to evaluate the injury, determine the treatment needed, and design a fitness regime to rehabilitate the athlete so he or she is ready to go out and compete again. Read more
- For a more basic experiment on the physics of springs, see the Science Buddies project Applying Hooke's Law: Make Your Own Spring Scale.
- Advanced. Can you use vectors to analyze the forces applied to the guitar string as the "knee" angle is varied? See if you can come up with an equation to predict the force exerted on the guitar string at different angles. Solve the equation for each of the angles used in your experiment, and graph the results with your data (use a different symbol and color). How well does your equation agree with your experimental results?
- Super advanced. Maybe you're interested in a sport that involves the arms, like swinging a tennis racquet or pitching a baseball. Do you think that you could come up with a model that would help you to estimate the forces exerted on the elbow in these sports?
- Super advanced. We said in the Introduction that the point of a model is to simplify a problem and to capture its essentials. It is also a good idea to try to circle back and do a "reality check" on your results when you are done. See if you can find a mentor for this project (a physician, physical therapist, or someone with a background in bioengineering) to help you with your analysis, and maybe even help to improve your model. For example, would it make any difference to include a spring to model the lower leg muscles?
Share your story with Science Buddies!Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.
Ask an ExpertThe Ask an Expert Forum is intended to be a place where students can go to find answers to science questions that they have been unable to find using other resources. If you have specific questions about your science fair project or science fair, our team of volunteer scientists can help. Our Experts won't do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot.
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