text:
Is Rome the True Church?
- Norman L. Geisler and Joshua M. Betancourt Authors
- 2008 18 Dec
EDITOR'S NOTE: The following is an extract from Is Rome the True Church? A Consideration of the Roman Catholic Claim, by Norman L. Geisler and Joshua M. Betancourt (Crossway).
CHAPTER 1: The Roman Claim to Be the True Church
The Roman Catholic Church claims to be the only true church and the only infallible interpreter of Christ's teaching. What do these unique claims mean? The answer can come only after looking at the historical development that led to the papal claims to exclusivity and infallibility.
The Historical Development of the Roman Claim to Papal Authority
As the saying goes, "Rome was not built in a day," and neither was the Roman Catholic Church. The belief in both the primacy of Rome and in its exclusivity did not come about overnight. As will be demonstrated, it developed gradually, step-by-step, over centuries of time. And like other gradual changes some doctrinal changes seemed imperceptible to the observer at any given time; but among the radical ones, e.g., papal primacy and infallibility, they became more perceptible with time, as we shall see.
These two Catholic claims—to papal authority and exclusivity—go hand in hand. Understanding the basis for Rome's claim of being the only true church begins with examining the history of the church, particularly as it relates to the development of the Roman Catholic authoritative structure headed up by an infallible bishop of Rome.
The Development of the Authoritarian Structure of the Roman Church
It took many centuries for the Catholic authoritarian episcopal (bishop dominated) form of government to emerge from the simple, self-governing, independent New Testament churches1 to the authoritarian papal hierarchical structure of the Roman Catholic Church. Along with this development came the evolution of the Roman claim to being the only true church of Christ on earth. The evolution may be attributed to the following seven factors.
First, the seeds of an episcopal form of government were found in New Testament times when John the apostle spoke of it in his third epistle and warned: "I wrote to the church, but Diotrephes, who loves to have the preeminence among them, does not receive us" (3 John 9 NKJV). Even in apostolic times, a false tradition began based on a misinterpretation of some disciples about one of Jesus' statements, which had to be corrected by the apostle John (see John 21:22–23).
Second, if false traditions could spring up even during the time of the apostles, it is easy to see how quickly they could spread once there was no apostle to squelch them. Tradition, as such, is neither authoritative nor reliable, except insofar as it is accurately transmitted. And written transmission, such as exists in Scripture and other writings based on it, is the only reliable source we have of apostolic teaching. Indeed, even Cyprian, (d. AD 258), who later failed to heed his own wisdom, said, "Hence, it is in vain that some who are overcome by reason oppose to us custom, as if custom were greater than truth" (Epistles, 72.13). He added, "Custom without truth is the antiquity of error" (73.80).
Third, by the mid-second century, almost a century after most apostles had died—the very time that even apocryphal gospels were emerging—the church embraced a more unorthodox authoritarian structure. Indeed, Irenaeus, writing decades after the time of the apocryphal Gospel of Thomas (c. AD 140), spoke of an emerging episcopal form of government. So there was plenty of time for false views to emerge, even among those who were otherwise orthodox.
Fourth, considering the attacks on Christianity at the time, there was strong motivation to develop an ecclesiology that would provide a united front against the divergent heretical groups emerging. This motivation is reflected in Irenaeus's emerging episcopal view of church government, a view that, ironically, did achieve a more mature form in Cyprian who himself warned against basing something on tradition, not truth.
Fifth, even if some second-century writers can be shown to favor the primacy of Rome as the center of Christianity, this does not support the later Roman Catholic claim that the pope is infallible. The early fathers constantly appealed to the original "apostles" (plural) as the God-established authority. Further, they did not single out Peter as superior to other apostles. They thought him to be, at best, only a co-founder of the church at Rome along with Paul. He was in fact on the same level as Paul and the other apostles to whom he repeatedly refers.
Furthermore, his stress on the primacy of Scripture as the final written authority of the Christian faith demonstrates that all ecclesiastical authority is based on Scripture, not the reverse. Even Roman Catholic authority Ludwig Ott admits, "The Fathers did not expressly speak of the Infallibility of the Pope."2 And as shown above, this was true up to the time of the greatest Catholic theologian, Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who spoke of the pope's authority to promulgate a creed based on Scripture but not to have infallible authority in all official doctrinal decrees.3
Sixth, even if the disputed text of Irenaeus,4 that "every Church should agree with this Church [at Rome]," is taken in an authoritative way (and not reflectively), it does not follow that Rome could not later deviate from the truth and be an unreliable source for all essential Christian truth. Indeed, this is precisely what Protestants believe, and they point to numerous Catholic teachings that are supported neither by Scripture nor by the early fathers of the church.5 Nor does it mean that Rome is infallible in all its official doctrinal pronouncements.
Finally, the conversion of Constantine (fourth century) and his use of imperial power to influence the emergence of an imperial church structure were significant catalysts in the formation of the authoritarian episcopal form of government. This, combined with the natural penchant for power, produced the Roman Church with its claim to papal infallibility and other unbiblical teachings. This was well under way by the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) and culminated in the doctrinal deviations of the Council of Trent (1545–1547) and the eventual dogma of papal infallibility of Vatican I (1870), which has been reaffirmed ever since.
The Development of the Roman Claim to Exclusivity
With this background in mind, we are prepared to understand Rome's claim to being the one true church. There are several things to note about the claim. First, it is an authoritative claim. It is neither casual nor incidental but lies at the heart of the institution for which it speaks.
Second, it is an infallible claim and has been made at ecumenical councils such as the Fourth Lateran Council (1215) and Vatican I (1870) and by popes defining the nature of Christian doctrine. As such, it is nonnegotiable and irrevocable.
Third, if the claims turn out to be false, unsupported by scriptural, historical, and rational argument, then the very structure of the Roman Church, being built as it is on its own magisterium, collapses. Not only is Rome not the true church, but it is also false in at least two, if not more, of its central claims. Its claim to infallibility would be false, since its fallibility is proven in its claim to infallibility.
Additionally, since its claim to infallibility underlies other distinctive doctrines of the Roman Church, these too are left, by their own confession, without a solid basis for belief. By its own claim, it is the infallibility of its magisterium that grounds its essential teachings for the faithful. An infallible Scripture, they claim, is not enough. What is also needed, they say, is to define Scripture and its meaning. Without this, they claim, there is no real basis for our faith. If so, if infallibility can be undermined, then the Roman Church as a whole crumbles. The rest of this book sets out to prove that this is indeed the case.
The Background of Rome's Claims
Roman Catholicism, claiming unbroken lineage of apostolic succession since Peter, claims that through it alone can anyone receive the fullness of salvation. Such salvation supposedly comes about through the sacraments, through which one receives the actual body and blood of Christ, properly administered only through an ordained priest in the line of apostolic succession.
Cyprian (AD 259)
The bishop of Carthage in North Africa wrote:
"Can anyone water from the Church's fountains who is not within the Church? But . . . they know that there is no baptism without, and that no remission of sins can be given outside the Church. For it is the Church alone which, conjoined and united with Christ, spiritually bears sons. But as the birth of Christians is in baptism, while the generation and sanctification of baptism are with the spouse of Christ alone, who is able spiritually to conceive and to bear sons to God, where and of whom and to whom is he born, who is not a son of the church, so that he should have God as his Father, before he has had the Church for his mother? But if His Church is a garden enclosed, and a fountain sealed [Cant. 4:12, 13], how can he who is not in the Church enter into the same garden, or drink from its fountain? Moreover, Peter himself, showing and vindicating the unity, has commanded and warned us that we cannot be saved, except by the one only baptism of one Church [by the ark illustration in 1 Pet. 3:20, 21]."6
Of course, at the time Cyprian's statement had no creedal or ecumenical authority. However, it was picked up later by the more influential bishop Augustine of Hippo in North Africa, who did preside over a local council in his city (AD 410).
St. Augustine (AD 354–430)
Citing Cyprian, Augustine wrote: "'Salvation,' he says, 'is not without the Church.' Who says that it is? And therefore, whatever men have that belongs to the Church, it profits them nothing towards salvation outside the Church."7 Indeed, Augustine said elsewhere, "The Catholic Church alone is the body of Christ, of which He is the Head and Saviour of His body. Outside this body the Holy Spirit giveth life to no one. . . Therefore they have not the Holy Ghost who are outside the Church."8
Of course, Augustine does not take this absolutely, since he allows for baptism by martyrdom and by intent.9 He wrote, "That the place of baptism is sometimes supplied by martyrdom is supported by an argument by no means trivial," namely, Jesus granting paradise to the dying thief without water baptism.10
"Imperial Edict" (AD 680)
This edict, following the Third Council of Constantinople, was posted in the church, warning, "No one henceforth should hold a different faith, or venture to teach one will [in Christ] and one nergy [operation of the will]. In no other than the orthodox faith could men be saved."11
The Second Council of Nicea (AD 787)
The primacy of Peter and of apostolic succession are emphasized here: "For the blessed Peter himself, the chief of the Apostles, who first sat in the Apostolic See, let the chiefship of his Apostolate, and pastoral care, that his successors who are to sit in his most holy seat for ever."12 It further speaks of "the holy Roman Church, which has prior rank, which is the head of all the Churches of God."13
Fourth Lateran Council (AD 1215)
"One indeed is the universal Church of the faithful, outside which no one at all is saved, in which the priest himself is sacrifice, Jesus Christ, whose body and blood are truly contained in the sacrament of the altar under the species of bread and wine; the bread changed into His body by the divine power of transubstantiation, and the wine into the blood. . . . And surely no one can accomplish this sacrament except a priest who has been rightly ordained according to the keys of the Church, which Jesus Christ Himself conceded to the Apostles and to their successors." (Fourth Lateran Council, 1215)14
This culminates the long tradition beginning with Cyprian (d. 258) and Augustine (d. 430) and gives the official authority of the Roman Catholic Church to Cyprian's statement that there is only one true church, outside of which there is no salvation. It was later confirmed by the Council of Trent, as well as by Vatican I and Vatican II.
Thomas Aquinas (AD 1224–1274)
The angelic doctor held that "those who lack baptism in this fashion [by rejecting it] cannot attain salvation because they are neither sacramentally nor intentionally incorporated into Christ through whom alone salvation is possible."15 And since baptism is a sacrament of the church, this would mean that salvation is not possible apart from what is ordained by the church.
However, Aquinas allowed for baptism by intention, as is indicated by the above phrase "intentionally incorporated into Christ." Salvation is also possible by fire (i.e., by martyrdom) without water baptism. Aquinas also affirmed, "No one achieves eternal life if he is not free from all sin and debt of punishment. Such complete absolution takes place in the reception of baptism and in martyrdom."16
Pope Boniface VIII (AD 1234–1303)
In 1302 the Roman pontiff Boniface VIII made a similar pronouncement on the unique claim of the Roman Church: "We declare, say, define, and pronounce that it is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff."
The Council of Trent (AD 1565)
"I acknowledge the holy catholic and apostolic Roman Church as the mother and teacher of all churches; and to the Roman Pontiff, the successor of the blessed Peter, chief of the Apostles and vicar of Jesus Christ, I promise and swear true obedience. . . . This true Catholic faith, outside of which no one can be saved, and which of my own accord I now profess and truly hold, I do promise, vow, and swear, that I will, with the help of God, most faithfully retain and profess the same to the last breath of life pure and inviolable."17
Vatican I Council (AD 1870)
Here Pope Pius IX (1792–1878) said, "By faith it is to be firmly held that outside the Apostolic Roman Church none can achieve salvation. [Following Cyprian's analogy, he added] This is the only ark of salvation. He who does not enter into it will perish in the flood." But Pope Pius IX offered an important exception: "Nevertheless, equally certain it is to be held that those who suffer invincible ignorance of the true religion, are not for this reason guilty in the eyes of the Lord."18
Vatican II (AD 1962–1965)
Despite the appearance of liberalizing the Roman Church, Vatican II held the same view as previous Catholic pronouncements. It declared: "The church is a saving institution" and "the Church is not only a communion between brother and sister, with Christ at its head, it is also an institution to which the universal mission of salvation has been entrusted.
. . . For this reason, the Church was presented by the Second Vatican Council as a reality . . . established as 'the universal sacrament of salvation' through the action of the Holy Spirit."19
The Catechism of the Catholic Church (AD 1994)
Even in this most recent and highly heralded Catholic Catechism, the claim of the Catholic Church to being the one and only true church of Christ on earth remains. It speaks of "the one and only Church of Christ."20 And in its "Decree on Ecumenism"21 it explains:
"For it is through Christ's Catholic Church alone, which is universal help toward salvation, that the fullness of means of salvation can be obtained. It was to the apostolic college alone, of which Peter is the head, that we believe that our Lord entrusted all the blessings of the New Covenant, in order to establish on earth the one Body of Christ into which all those should be fully incorporated who belong in any way to the People of God."
It calls the Roman Catholic Church "this one and only Church of God."22 However, like those before, Vatican II affirmed:
"Those who, through no fault of their own, do not know the Gospel of Christ or his Church, but who nevertheless seek God with a sincere heart, and moved by grace, try in their actions to do his will as they know it through the dictates of their conscience—those too may achieve eternal salvation."23
This is nothing more than a restatement of baptism by intention in early Catholic proclamations.24
What Rome's Claim to Being the True Church Does Not Mean
Now that we have examined the background to claims of papal authority and to Rome's exclusivity as the one true church, we will look more closely at particular aspects of Rome's claim to exclusivity, beginning with what it doesn't mean.
Rome's Claim Does Not Mean That All Non-Catholics Go to Hell
Roman Catholic teaching allows for salvation without baptism or communion within the Catholic Church on the grounds of invincible ignorance. The exception is made for some people, including those who desired baptism but were not able to get it (called the baptism of intent) or those who die as unbaptized martyrs (called the baptism of blood). "Those who, through no fault of their own, do not know the Gospel of Christ . . . may achieve eternal salvation."25 Though they are called "separated brethren"26 from "separated churches,"27 they are still "brethren."
According to The Catechism of the Catholic Church, "All who have been justified by faith in baptism are incorporated into Christ; they therefore have a right to be called Christians, and with good reason are accepted as brothers in the Lord by the children of the Catholic Church."28
In fact, they hold to the belief that not only are there true believers among non-Christians, but also that there is both truth and goodness in non-Christian religions. The Catechism declares: "Thus, the Church considers all goodness and truth found in these religions as 'a preparation for the Gospel and given by him who enlightens all men that they may at length have life.'"29
Rome's Claim Does Not Mean One Cannot Grow in the Faith Outside the Catholic Church
The Catholic Catechism declares that "'many elements of sanctification and of truth' are found outside the visible confines of the Catholic Church: the written Word of God; the life of grace; faith, hope, and charity, with the other interior gifts of the Holy Spirit, as well as visible elements."30 It goes on to say that "Christ uses these Churches and ecclesial communities as mean of salvation."31
Rome's Claim Does Not Mean That Non-Roman Catholic Baptism Is Not Valid
Both Augustine and Aquinas allowed for baptism by non-Catholics, including by heretics, as long as it was done by water in the name of the Trinity. Even laypersons can administer the sacrament of baptism.
The Catechism of the Catholic Faith declares, "When the necessity of the Church warrants it and when ministers are lacking, lay persons . . . can also supply for . . . Baptism, and to distribute Holy Communion in accord with the prescriptions of law."32
Rome's Claim Does Not Mean That Baptism Is Absolutely Necessary for Salvation
The above exceptions show that neither baptism nor membership in a Roman Catholic Church is absolutely necessary for salvation but only normatively necessary. That is, it is the norm (rule) for all, but there are some exceptions such as baptism by intent or by blood (martyrdom). Flannery said, "In view of the stress laid upon the necessity of membership of the Church for salvation it is understandable that the possibility of salvation for those outside the Church is mentioned only hesitantly."33
That was so only before Vatican II, which took it out of the footnotes, as it were, and put it in the main text in bold print. There was no change in doctrine, however; only in emphasis. As noted earlier, it stated that "those who, through no fault of their own, do not know the Gospel of Christ or his Church, but who nevertheless seek God with a sincere heart, and moved by grace, try in their actions to do his will as they know it through the dictates of their conscience—those too may achieve eternal salvation."34 This includes Jews, Muslims, and even sincere atheists. So, what was previously whispered before was said here in a clear voice.
What the Claim to Being the True Church Does Mean
Clearly, there has been a continual claim of some in the church, at least from the time of Cyprian and later by Augustine that "there is no salvation outside the Church." This claim was later made dogma by ecumenical councils beginning with the Fourth Lateran Council on through Vatican II.
In addition, their claim to being the only true church was granted by divine right, given to Peter by Christ and passed on by apostolic succession to the present pope. So it should come as no surprise that the reigning pope declares, "This Church, constituted and organized in this world as a society, subsists in the Catholic Church, governed by the successor of Peter and the Bishops in communion with him." The rest of professing Christianity is, at best, not a true church in "the proper sense." There are many "ecclesial communities"35 but not true churches. Such communities are in fact gravely "defective" churches since they cannot trace their lineage to Saint Peter, the first pope. So says Pope Benedict XVI, the former Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger.
Benedict's claims are not new. The Fourth Lateran Council accepted these claims as ecumenical, as did Trent and Vatican I and II. Also, in 1302 Pope Boniface VIII made a similar pronouncement: "We declare, say, define, and pronounce that it is absolutely necessary for the salvation of every human creature to be subject to the Roman Pontiff."
Rome's Claim Means That in the Roman Church Alone, Christian Truth Abides in Its Full and Proper Expression
While Rome admits that some truth can be found outside the Roman Church,36 the fullness of truth is only found within it and by "full communion" with it.37 According to Roman Catholicism, "The fullness of grace and truth . . . Christ has entrusted to the Catholic Church."38
Rome's Claim Means the Roman Catholic Church Alone Contains the Fullness of Salvation
The claim that salvation is found only in the Roman Catholic Church means that "where there is Christ Jesus, there is the Catholic Church. In her subsists the fullness of Christ's body united with its head; this implies that she receives from him 'the fullness of the means of salvation.'"39 Again, "the church is catholic: she proclaims the fullness of the faith. She bears in herself and administers the totality of the means of salvation."40 Since salvation is mediated through the sacraments, it means that only the Roman Catholic Church is the repository for all the sacraments handed down by Christ to Peter and on to the present pope by apostolic succession.
Rome's Claim Means Non-Catholic Churches Are Not True Churches
With the exception of Eastern Orthodox churches, both Vatican II and the recent Catechism reserve the word church for the true church whose visible head is in Rome. The other Christian groups are called "separated churches"41 and "ecclesial communities."42 Indeed, it is the church at Rome alone to which Christ referred when he said "the gates of hell shall not prevail against it" (Matt. 16:18 ESV). The Catechism of the Catholic Church says clearly that "all Christian churches everywhere have held and hold the great Church that is here [at Rome] to be their only basis and foundation since, according to the Savior's promise, the gates of hell have never prevailed against her."43 Thus, all non-Catholic Christians who have been properly baptized by water in the name of the Trinity, "although imperfect, [are in] communion with the Catholic Church." But "with the Orthodox Churches, this communion is so profound 'that it lacks little to attain the fullness that would permit a common celebration of the Lord's Eucharist.'"44
Rome's Claim Means That Only the Roman Church Has the Infallible Truth of Christ
As was indicated above, there were implications of the claim to infallibility of the Roman Catholic magisterium before the nineteenth century, but Vatican I was the first council to officially pronounce papal infallibility. Pope Pius IX decreed that the pope, "using the counsel and seeking for help of the universal Church," cannot err. Instead it ruled that the pope's definitions are "irreformable of themselves, and not from the consent of the Church" when speaking ex cathedra, that is, as pastor and doctor of all Christians.
Rome has not been shy about this claim since that time. It was repeated in Vatican II and in the recent Catholic Catechism. Vatican II declared "the primacy of the Roman Pontiff and his infallible teaching office":45
"This infallibility, however, with which the divine redeemer wished to endow his Church in defining doctrine pertaining to faith and morals, is co-extensive with the deposit of revelation, which must be religiously guarded and loyally and courageously expounded. The Roman Pontiff, head of the college of bishops, enjoys this infallibility in virtue of his office, when, as supreme pastor and teacher of all the faithful—he confirms his brethren in the faith . . . he proclaims in an absolute decision a doctrine pertaining to faith or morals.46
Likewise, The Catechism of the Catholic Church affirms, "in order to preserve the Church in the purity of the faith handed down by the apostles, Christ who is the Truth willed to confer on her a share in his own infallibility. By a 'supernatural sense of faith' the People of God, under guidance of the Church's living Magisterium," unfailingly adheres to this faith.47 Of course, it is only infallibility in matters of faith and morals.48 "The Roman Pontiff, head of the college of Bishops, enjoys this infallibility in virtue of his office. . . . The infallibility promised to the Church is also present in the body of bishops when, together with Peter's successor, they exercise the supreme Magisterium, above all in an Ecumenical Council."49 In brief, on official doctrine for the Church, the pope cannot be wrong, nor can the bishops with him be in error in an ecumenical council.
Rome's Claim Means Anyone Who Dies Knowingly Rejecting This Doctrine Will Go to Hell
According to the Roman Catholic Church, it is a mortal sin to reject one of its infallible teachings. Unrepented moral sins lead to eternal condemnation (hell). The Council of Trent often indicated this by attaching anathema to its decrees, saying something like, "If anyone, however, should not accept the stated dogma knowingly and deliberately, let him be anathema."50 But the claims that the Roman Church is the only true church of Christ on earth and that its pope is the infallible interpreter of Christian truth are Roman dogma, since they were proclaimed at ecumenical councils such as the Fourth Lateran Council and Vatican I.
This means that, according to Rome, anyone who knows and rejects this, as most knowledgeable Protestants do (including the authors of this book), will go to hell.
Our concern in this chapter has been to understand the Roman claim to being the true church on earth. Before we could evaluate this claim, we examined, first, what it does not mean and, second, what it does mean. In order to understand its meaning we studied the historical development that led to the authoritarian papal claim to have and to interpret Christian truth. With this background, we conclude that while the claim is not absolute, allowing for some exceptions, nonetheless it is sweeping.
It means that Christian truth in its fullness and proper expression resides only in the Roman Catholic Church. It also means the Roman Catholic Church alone contains the fullness of salvation. Any other form is incomplete and diminished. It also means that non-Catholic churches are not true churches. And, finally, it means anyone who dies knowingly rejecting this and other Catholic dogma will suffer eternal punishment! So much for the ecumenical spirit. What remains before us now is to determine the truth or falseness of this unique Roman claim to being the one true church and its conviction that those who knowingly reject its claim will be punished forever in hell. We begin with an examination of the development of the authoritarian episcopal form of government.
Is Rome the True Church? A Consideration of the Roman Catholic Claim
Copyright © 2008 by Norman L. Geisler and Joshua M. Betancourt
Published by Crossway Books, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers
1300 Crescent Street Wheaton, Illinois 60187
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher, except as provided for by USA copyright law.
1. See Norman L. Geisler, Systematic Theology, vol. 4: The Church and Last Things (Bloomington, MN: Bethany, 2005), chap. 4.
2. Ott, in ibid., 288. Of course, Ott believed that Irenaeus and others did "attest the decisive teaching authority of the Roman Church and of its Pontiff." But there are good reasons (see Appendix 1) to believe that this is a misinterpretation.
3. See Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica.
4. Irenaeus, Against Heresies 3.3.2 in Philip Schaff, Ante-Nicene Fathers (Grand Rapids, MI:
Eerdmans, 1885).
5. See Norman L. Geisler and Ralph MacKenzie, Roman Catholics and Evangelicals: Agreements and Differences (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1995), part 2.
6. Cyprian, The Epistles of Cyprian (72.10) in Philip Schaff, The Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. 5
(Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1957), 72:10; 72:24; 73:6; 73:7; 73:11.
7. Augustine, On Baptism, 4, 17 in Schaff, Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, 4:458.
8. Augustine, The Correction of the Donatists, 11, 50, in Philip Schaff, ed., A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church.
9. Augustine, On Baptism, 4, 21–28, 459.
10. Ibid., 22–30, 460.
11. Philip Schaff, ed., "Seven Ecumenical Councils," in A Select Library, vol. 14, 353.
12. Ibid., 547.
13. Ibid.
14. Cited in Henry Denzinger, The Sources of Catholic Dogma (St. Louis, MO: Herfer, 1957) no. 430, 169–70.
15. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica 3a 68, 2 (Blackfriars with McGraw-Hill, 1975).
16. Ibid.
17. Denzinger, The Sources of Catholic Dogma, No. 999–1000, 303–4.
18. Ibid., 312.
19. Austin Flannery, Vatican Council II (Northport, NY: Costello, 1982), vol. 2, 568–69.
20. Catechism of the Catholic Church (Liberia Editrice Vaticana, 1994), no. 822 (218).
21. Cited in ibid., 215.
22. Ibid., 216.
23. Flannery, Vatican Council II, 367.
24. According to Catholic authority Ludwig Ott, many others held that "membership of the Church is necessary for all men for salvation" (p. 112). In addition to those mentioned above, he lists The Council of Florence (AD 714), Popes Innocent III, Clement VI, Benedict XIV, Pius IX, Leo XIII, and Pius XII (Denzinger, The Sources of Catholic Dogma, p. 312).
25. Flannery, Vatican Council II, 367.
26. Ibid., 162.
27. Ibid., 449.
28. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 216.
29. Ibid., 223.
30. Ibid., 216.
31. Ibid.
32. Ibid., 239.
33. Flannery, Vatican Council II, 313.
34. Ibid., 367.
35. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 216.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., 220.
40. Ibid., 230.
41. Flannery, Vatican Council II, 449.
42. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 216.
43. Ibid., 221.
44. Ibid., 222.
45. Flannery, Vatican Council II, 370.
46. Ibid., 389.
47. Catechism of the Catholic Church, 235.
48. Ibid.
49. Ibid.
50. See Denzinger, The Sources of Catholic Dogma, 245.


text:
WHEREAS: the Parish of St. Bernard, State of Louisiana has requested an allocation from the 1996 Ceiling to be used in connection with the financing of the acquisition, construction, and installation of certain solid waste disposal, sewage and industrial facilities (the"Project") at Mobil Oil Corporation's Chalmette Refinery located in St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana; and
WHEREAS: the Governor has determined that the Project serves a crucial need and provides a substantial benefit to the State of Louisiana and the Parish of St. Bernard within the meaning of Subsection 4.11 of MJF 96-25;
NOW THEREFORE I, M.J. "MIKE" FOSTER, JR., Governor of the State of Louisiana, by virtue of the authority vested by the Constitution and laws of the State of Louisiana, do hereby order and direct as follows:
SECTION 1: The bond issue, as described in this Section, shall be and is hereby granted an allocation from the 1996 Ceiling as follows:
AMOUNT OF NAME OF NAME OF ALLOCATION ISSUER PROJECT $15,500,000 Parish of St. Bernard Mobil Oil Corporation State of Louisiana solid waste disposal sewage and industrial facilities
SECTION 2: The granted allocation shall be used only for the bond issue described in Section 1 and for the general purpose set forth in the "Application for Allocation of a Portion of the State of Louisiana Private Activity Bond Ceiling" submitted in connection with the bond issue described in Section 1.
SECTION 3: The granted allocation shall be valid and in full force and effect through the end of 1996, provided that such bonds are delivered to the initial purchasers thereof on or before November 27, 1996.
SECTION 4: Due to the extraordinary benefit to the State of Louisiana served by the granted allocation, to the extent that any provision of this Order conflicts with any of the provisions of MJF 96-25, the provisions of this Order are permitted and shall prevail pursuant to Subsection 4.11 of MJF 96-25.
SECTION 5: All references in this Order to the singular shall include the plural, and all plural references shall include the singular.
SECTION 6: The undersigned certifies, under penalty of perjury, that the granted allocation was not made in consideration of any bribe, gift, or gratuity, or any direct or indirect contribution to any political campaign. The undersigned also certifies that the granted allocation meets the requirements of Section 146 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.
SECTION 7: This Order is effective upon signature and shall remain in effect until amended, modified, terminated, or rescinded by the Governor, or terminated by operation of law.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have set my hand officially and caused to be affixed the Great Seal of the State of Louisiana, at the Capitol, in the City of Baton Rouge, on this 17th day of September, 1996.
M.J. "Mike" Foster, Jr.
Fox McKeithen
Secretary of State

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Best FM Radio Station
Ah, terrestrial radio, you confounding anachronism. However you like your FM radio these days, it's hard to deny that WMMS has the goods. Whether you're in the game for talk or rock, the Cleveland icon is at your service. Yes, we're long past the days of local ownership and Murray Saul's quintessential Friday mania, but the Buzzard still dishes up a fine medley of rock-and-roll attitude. We'll take a pass on the ubiquitous iHeartRadio Music Festival ads, but give us more of the rest.
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Best of Cleveland: Intro
Welcome to Best of Cleveland 2016
Bars & Clubs
Bars & Clubs
Best Place for Arcade Games
Best Jazz Club
Best Rock Club
Best Local Music Bar/Club
Best Underground Music Bar/Club
Best Hip Hop Club
Best Blues Club
Best LGBTQ Club
Best Electronic Club/Bar; Best Bar to Watch the Browns
Best Dive Bar
Best Neighborhood Bar
Best Bar for Singles/Best Bar for Day Drinking
Best Cocktail Bar
Best Happy Hour - Downtown
Best Happy Hour - Westside
Best Happy Hour - Eastside
Best Bar for Karaoke
Best Bar to Watch the Tribe
Best New Bar
Best Bar to Watch the Cavs
Best SIN Night
Best Bar Patio
Best Gentleman's Club
Best Brewery
Best Bar with Games
Best Ohio City Bar
Best Tremont Bar
Best Cleveland Heights Bar
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Best Old School Jukebox
Best Cocktail
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Best Local Beer
Best Bar in The Flats
Sports & Recreation
Sports & Recreation
Best Beach
Best Dog Park
Best Billiards
Best Sporting Goods Store
Best Indoor Soccer Venue
Best Bowling Alley
Best Places to Hike
Best Road Race
Best Golf Course
Best Place to Ski
Best Bike Route
Best Arena/Stadium to Watch a Game
Best Public Pool
Best Darts
Best Skate Park
Best Gym
Best Batting Cages
Best Yoga Studio/Best Yoga Instructor
Best Reason to Believe in the Browns
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Lowe challenges listeners on climate change issues
Wayland Baptist University students, faculty and staff were challenged by guest speaker Ben Lowe during the university's fourth annual Creation Care Week. Lowe, founder of Young Evangelicals for Climate Action, was on campus to speak about taking care of God's creation.
The author of "Green Revolution: Coming Together to Care for Creation," Lowe was on campus Tuesday and Wednesday interacting with students and visiting classes to discuss climate change. Wayland made copies of his book available to students and others who were interested in reading more of what Lowe had to say.
The son of missionary parents, Lowe was raised in Singapore where his family often dealt with water shortages and bad air quality. These experiences influenced his development. Lowe majored in environmental studies at Wheaton College where he helped organize the school's first national Climate Change Summit.
Lowe explained during Wednesday's chapel service, however, that his focus when going to college was not environmental studies. As a Christian, he wanted to work in the mission field and was leaning toward medical missions or becoming a pastor. He quickly determined that neither avenue was right for him. He eventually discovered that he could combine his love of nature with a love for people. Since then, he has championed environmental stewardship and has been at the forefront of the call for college and university students to become environmentally aware and active in the preservation of God's creation.
"If we are to love God with all of our heart, soul, mind and strength as we are called to, we can't claim to do that unless we love and care for the world, God's creation," Lowe said.
Lowe used examples from his student work in Tanzania and Malawi. While working as a student with an environmental group in Tanzania, it was determined that a local fishery was failing because climate change was affecting the lake and how the water and nutrients mixed, in effect becoming unable to support a prosperous environment for fish. A local fisherman shared his story with Lowe, saying his family had fished the lake for years, and they were no longer catching the fish that supported his family and many others. He wanted to know why.
Lowe was able to explain what was causing the lack of fish in the lake, but when the fisherman asked what he could do to change things, Lowe had no answer. He said China and the United States are the two largest polluters and the pollutants they emit are affecting people around the world. Lowe said there are stories like that all around the world in impoverished countries where the effects of climate change and pollution are felt far more greatly than in industrialized countries.
There are things being done, however, to better protect the environment. Lowe said in Malawi, farmers have stopped raising maize and sorghum and are planting millet instead because it is a drought-resistant crop and uses far less water. Other relief and development groups around the world are organizing to address climate change.
"We need the church to stand up and be light in a dark world," Lowe said. "We need to join God in what he is doing to bring hope and healing to a dying world."
Lowe outlined three steps Christians can take to be better stewards of God's creation.
One, he said, is to not respond to guilt, but instead let a love for God and love for each other and creation drive the efforts.
"Let guilt prick our conscience so that we see what is going on in the world with our eyes wide open, but don't let guilt be our motivation," Lowe said. "Let love be our motivation."
Lowe's second point was to stay away from a "to-do list" that can bog people down. Instead, he said people should think about creation care relationally, focusing on having better relationships through God's creation.
The third point was not worry about responding to need. He said if people focus on the need, they will inevitably burn out and fall into dissolution and despair. Instead, Lowe said we must respond to our calling and determine what God is calling us to do.
"We are not the ones who will save the world," he said. "But we follow the God who is."


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We will send correspondence to your e-mail address if one is provided on the application. Please ensure the e-mail address on your application is legible and accurate. You may want to add firstname.lastname@example.com to your safe senders list so that e-mails from the City of Marshfield do not go to your spam folder..
City of Marshfield accepts electronic (e-mailed) applications without the signature to firstname.lastname@example.com When submitting the electronic (e-mailed) application, the applicant shall affirm that all information contained therein is true and accurate. Should the applicant be hired or appointed, any false information provided shall constitute just cause for disciplinary action up to and including termination.
Job listings are updated continuously and are available at our office on the posting board and on this website. The phone number for contacting the Human Resources office is (715) 387-6597.
Applications are accepted only during the period of recruitment as stated in each announcement. Applications may be faxed to us at (715) 384-9310. Applications, facsimiles, or e-mails must be received in the Human Resources office prior to 5:00 p.m. on the closing day.
Resumes will not be accepted in lieu of an application. We do not accept "see resume" on your application.
Some positions require testing and will be identified as such in the announcement.
Please pay close attention to the Minimum Qualifications for each position. If your application does not meet these minimum qualifications, it will be rejected and you will be notified in writing via mail or email.
Please download or view online as needed. Printed applications will be accepted.


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Our Games
Trailer Park Boys - Greasy Money
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Play with Ricky, Bubbles and Julian as you run Sunnyvale Trailer Park. Unlock characters, complete challenges and laugh through hilarious dialogue in this addicting mobile game.
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Contact Us
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Drop us a line, and we'll get back to you as soon as we can.
High Roller Games Inc.
P.O. Box 20248 - Town Centre,
Kelowna, BC, V1Y 9H2, Canada
Toll Free: 1-855-BIG-DICE (244-3423)
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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Squier Guitars
If, on the other hand, a Jag is more your style, have a look at the Vintage Modified Jaguar Electric Guitar. This guitar is loaded with all the circuitry of the original Jag alongside wonderful present day touches that make it a real beast. With Duncan Designed pickups for a sharp, clear tone and a floating-vibrato bridge, you're going to love developing a sound that's all your own with this Jag.
And these are only two of the options available to you! Whether you're a fan of Strats, Teles, or Jags, there's a Squier here that will make your Fender fantasies a reality. It doesn't matter if you're a first time buyer or an old pro looking to add another great option to their collection, a Squier is always going to be a sure bet.


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Lauren Leonardi.
October 09
| See Comments
Published by: PetCareRx
Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine Ithaca, NY
Thanksgiving is synonymous with overindulgence. While many foods are safe to share with your pets on Thanksgiving, many are not! Knowing the difference could keep you out of the emergency vet clinic on this most fantastic day of feasting. If you do use people food in your pet's Thanksgiving meal, remember to moderate their food intake -- even if you're not able to do so for yourself!
At Thanksgiving, chances are high that some sneaky family member or another will want to treat your pooch to a table scrap. Be clear with family about the rules, but don't get too crazy about it. Manners and begging issues aside, Thanksgiving is a great holiday for pets. There are loads of good foods in traditional Thanksgiving meals that will be perfectly healthy for your dog or your cat.
Some stand by a strict no-people-food-for-pets rule in their homes. If that's the case, it's perfectly reasonable to uphold those rules even during the holidays. Other folks offer people food all year round, so Thanksgiving won't be much of a departure. Here are a few tips to keep your cats and dogs feeling well:
Here's where even pet parents with the best of intentions can go wrong: hidden ingredients. Family recipes often have that "secret ingredient," -- that hidden and oh-so-delish ingredient that ends up being toxic to your pet! At the top of the dangerous hidden ingredients list are onions, garlic, and butter or excessive fat. Onions and too much garlic can be toxic, especially to dogs, while butter and other fatty foods are too rich for pets, and can cause pancreatitis. Avoid these pitfalls by reserving unadulterated ingredients for your pet. During the cooking extravaganza, pull out some lean turkey, sans gravy. Save a portion of baked or steamed sweet potato before they're buttered and creamed. Portion out some stuffing bread crumbs before the sauteed onions and salt are added. Collect these pet-safe bits, and mix them all together at your pet's meal time. Be sure to serve these treats in small quantities that don't fill your pet's bowl.
If you're providing more than half of your pet's food as Thanksgiving fixin's, you're likely providing too much and setting yourself up for a trip to the vet.
Avoid these ingredients, always:
These foods can be safely shared with your beloved cat or dog on Thanksgiving. Remember to moderate for your pet, even if it's hard to do for yourself.
Cats are obligate carnivores. This means they thrive on a diet primarily of meat. Meat can safely be shared with your cat on Thanksgiving. Other foods should be given in only very small amounts. Some cats just love sweet potatoes, but it's up to you to restrict their carb intake.
Remember, cats are much smaller than most dogs so your cat really shouldn't get more than a tablespoon of Thanksgiving fixings. An excess of veggies or carbs could give them an upset stomach.
Is Your Cat a Picky Eater?Gourmet Pet Foods To Choose FromRecipe To Help Dog Digestive Stress
This information is for informational purposes only and is not meant as a substitute for the professional advice of, or diagnosis or treatment by, your veterinarian. It has however been reviewed for accuracy by Dr. Joe, a board certified veterinary nutritionist and graduate of Cornell University's program for Veterinary Medicine.
Natural Balance Synergy Ultra Premium Dry Dog Food
Enter your e-mail address to get a secret discount
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Nation's school employees applaud selection of Solis
Congresswoman Solis has focused her career on improving lives of working families
WASHINGTON - December 17, 2008 -
The National Education Association today praised President-elect Barack Obama's selection of five-term Congresswoman Hilda Solis (D-CA) as the next secretary of labor. Rep. Solis has called for access to affordable health care, protecting the environment and improving the lives of working families-all priorities of the NEA.
"Rep. Solis understands that there is a direct connection between public education and economic success," said NEA President Dennis Van Roekel. "From leading the battle to increase the minimum wage in California to sponsoring victorious legislation in Congress to provide training for green collar jobs, Rep. Solis has a solid record on labor and education issues in America. The announcement of Solis brings hope on issues facing working families that have been ignored for far too long."
As a California state senator, Solis won a substantial victory to increase California's minimum wage. In May of 2007, after Solis cosponsored the Fair Minimum Wage Act, the federal minimum wage increase to $7.25 per hour was signed into law (Public Law 110-28). Her efforts are a positive force for labor and show a strong commitment to our working families, Van Roekel said.
As a former member of the House Education and Labor Committee, Solis showed her understanding of the issues important to educators, Van Roekel said. She consistently earned an "A" on NEA's annual congressional report card.
"This is a challenging time for our national leaders and working families all across America," Van Roekel said. "In addition to the challenges we face in education, the nearly 5 million working men and women in our public schools are impacted by the decisions of the Labor Department. We are encouraged by the selection of Rep. Solis and look forward to working together on all of our issues."
# # #
The National Education Association is the nation's largest professional organization, representing 3.2 million elementary and secondary teachers, higher education faculty, education support professionals, school administrators, retired educators and students preparing to become teachers.
CONTACT: Samantha Kappalman (202) 822-7823


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homestyles Coffee Tables
Home Styles Coffee Tables
Home Styles is a furniture brand that offers both style and value. Home Styles furniture is easy to maintain, most products can be cleaned by a soft, damp cloth. Its furniture is mostly constructed of Asian hard wood and other materials such as granite and metal. It caters to several rooms in the home including bedroom and dining, but if you are looking for a coffee table, Home Styles is definitely worth a look.
Read More
A coffee table from Home Styles come with clean lines. Simple and easy on the eye, a Home Styles coffee table is a basic and essential piece. Although you will find a number of rectangular coffee tables, there are also innovative designs and shapes like the Cabana Banana coffee table.


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Inquiry Commission
Article 3 and appendix IV of the Espoo Convention provide an inquiry procedure. Also relevant is paragraph 15 of the appendix to decision III/2 ("Where a matter is being considered under an inquiry procedure under Article 3, paragraph 7, of the Convention, that matter may not be the subject of a submission under this decision.").
The fourth session of the Meeting of the Parties adopted a decision on the inquiry procedure, further to a note by the secretariat on the first inquiry procedure, considered by the Working Group on EIA.
Inquiry procedure
The inquiry procedure has been invoked on one occasion to date, in 2004, regarding the Danube-Black Sea Deep Water Navigation Canal in the Ukrainian Sector of the Danube Delta.
Inquiry Commission (photographs below)


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$750,000 reduction on Marblehead Oceanfront Compound
The top end in Marblehead is seeing activity. In the last 6 months there have been 1 (private) sale over $4 million and 2 over $3 million, while currently there are 1 over $4 million and 2 over $3 million pending. The highest number of sales over $3 million in any year is 4 in 2007 so 2014 may set a new record.
Now is the time to buy and enjoy summer on the water in Marblehead.
Enjoy the elegance of a bygone era ins this Marblehead Oceanfront restored family compound.
Sun-drenched, South-facing. Views to South Shore. Protected location.
Main house: 6,265 SF, 15 rooms, 7 beds, 4 ½ baths.
Marblehead's "best located" Carriage house: 2,400 SF: great room, wide planked floors, wide picture window on ocean. Perfect for extended family or weekend retreat.
Great neighborhood. Pool. Private mooring available.Easy access to Logan Airport.
Originally listed at $4.5 million, now $3,749,000.
www.Facebook.com/11 CrownWay
If you – or somebody you know – are considering buying or selling a home and have questions about the market and/or current home prices, feel free to contact me on 617.834.8205 or email@example.com.
Andrew Oliver is a Realtor with Harborside Sotheby's International Realty
Sotheby's International Realty® is a registered trademark licensed to Sotheby's International Realty
Affiliates LLC. Each Office Is Independently Owned and Operated
Note that the Listing Agent is also the owner of this property.


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Die Java-Funktionalität deines Browsers ist ausgeschaltet. Bitte einschalten, sodass du alle Möglichkeiten dieser Site ausnutzen kannst.
HÜFTEN: Mit geschlossenen Beinen stehen und um den weitesten Teil der Hüften messen, um zu gewährleisten, dass du genügend Bewegungsfreiheit hast.
TALL: Alle Tall-Größen sind 5 cm länger als normale Größen und sind mit einem "T" hinter der Größe gekennzeichnet.
SHORT: Alle Short-Größen sind 5 cm kürzer als normale Größen und sind mit einem "S" hinter der Größe gekennzeichnet.
Die ultraenge Passform umschließt Ihre Muskeln wie eine zweite Haut, so dass die Muskeln frisch gehalten werden und Sie sich schneller regenerieren.
Liegt hauteng an, ohne jedoch auf die Muskeln zu drücken.
Lose Passform
Lose Passform über die gesamte Länge für bessere Beweglichkeit und atmungsaktiven Tragekomfort.
Du musst angemeldet sein, um per E-Mail teilen zu können.
Confortable mais la couleur est beaucoup plus clair en vrai dommage
Great fit and comfortable fabric. Bought as gift for husband
Not fleece warm, but warm meaning your body heat doesn't escape so easily. It's even better if you wear coldgear tights underneath them to combat 6 a.m. early morning temperatures on the golf course or wherever -- you will achieve perfect warmth.
I bought these pants because the outer texture feels like Gortex. Very minimum ironing required or 'NO' ironing required if you take them out of dryer and lay them out flat immediately. Believe it or not, these pants look fine enough so that you can where them into the office after golf with a sports coat, shiny shoes and a nice shirt.
I played golf through the Winter in the morning before heading off to work which frequently brought me into contact with the mud and sand -- which I easily wiped off in the bathroom after a round. Because the texture of the pants, you could not tell if I had come in contact with mud or sand.
I got the black pants, but I am now thinking about getting the navy blue or gray next.
As a golfer that plays all year in the Cincinnati, I used to wear various sweat pants for winter golf. The issue with sweat pants is the fit. They are either too tight somewhere (usually the calf for me) and when you squat to line up a putt it will pull the waist down. Or, they are too baggy and the wind whips around inside them making them colder.
Enter the UA Showdown Infrared pants. I have other Infrared stuff so I gave them a shot. The fit is awesome all around and they are the perfect stretch everywhere. The legs fit close to my legs and just stay there. When I I swat to read a putt they do not shift at all. The waist has a bunch of silicone stuff in there to grip your shirt so it does not ride up and they are in NO way uncomfortable.
They feel like awesome sweatpants and look like nice dress pants. The dirt that gets on them is easy to remove with a wet cloth.
I am so happy I made this switch. I then found out they make a summer weight version and I bought a few of those - they are the same - and super lightweight. These pants are worth it if you want to look great and be super comfortable on the course when the temps drop. A homerun product for UA!
Comfortable for golf and cool days. My son loves them and uses for dress.
This is my 4th pair but I've had the other 3 for several years out standing you're around comfort and quality.
Those who are familiar with the UA golf product line don't need to be told how versatile the pants are, but for those of you who are not aware, they're stylish, comfortable and appropriate for nearly any situation - shooting bogeys on your local golf course, attending unproductive meetings in your business casual work environment, or simply going out in public with your S.O. or friends.
For context, I own about 7 other pairs of UA pants for work and golf; 4 of them being normal Showdown's, which I've found to be perfect for summer/spring weather, tolerable in the fall, and a bit unbearable in the Canadian winters. This goes for wearing them indoors and outdoors. Wanting something for the colder months, I decided to try the "ColdGear® Infrared Showdown Tapered Pants". These pants are EXACTLY what I was looking for. Comfortable, stylish, and most importantly - WARM. Am I satisfied? Yes. I'll definitely grab a second pair (different color) in the coming months.
For what it's worth I like the appearance of the normal Showdown's more than the ColdGear, but the difference is negligible. Both pairs work on the golf course, at work, or out socializing.
Excellent fit and function for these pants. They're absolutely perfect for Canadian weather. They wick rain and sweat, keep me dry and warm on cold days and keep me dry on hot days. They're a thicker material without feeling bulky or hot and "accentuate all the right areas" according to my lady. Bonus, they're great for work, play and nights out. Very versatile look and quality purchase. So impressed I bought a second pair a week later.
I couldn't believe it when i saw these.
I have brought many before from other brands but none felt as comfortable as the Under Armour. With stretch technology keeping warth in and keeps cold air out what a design.
Awesome pants, freedom of movement, dries quick, breathing fabric, light and thin yet warm.


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Gretsch Guitars G6118T-LTV 130th Anniversary Junior -
In celebration of its 130th anniversary, Gretsch introduces a beautiful new Professional Collection guitar-the G6118T-LTV 130th Anniversary Jr. model. Its 2 1/4"-deep single-cutaway three-ply maple body has a 14" lower bout, arched top and back, and spruce "ML" bracing. Especially striking is the nitrocellulose lacquer finish, which is Black on the top and Metallic Gold on the back and sides, with single-ply binding.
Other premium features include a three-piece maple neck; 12"-radius ebony fingerboard with 22 medium jumbo frets, pearloid Neo-Classic™ "thumbnail" inlays and bone nut; Anniversary model plaque and pearloid Gretsch logo on headstock; and dual TV Jones® Power'Tron™ pickups. The guitar also has a metallic gold pickguard, "G" Arrow" control knobs and chrome hardware, an Adjusto-Matic™ bridge with pinned ebony base and Bigsby® B3CB tailpiece, and Sperzel® locking tuners. Available in right- and left-handed models, and deluxe hard-shell case included.
More details here > www.gretschguitars.com


text: Job Discussion Forums :: View topic - WANTED: E-PALS for SPANISH/ENGLISH INTERCAMBIO Get TEFL Certified & Start Your Adventure Today! Job Discussion Forums"The Internet's Meeting Place for ESL/EFL Students and Teachers from Around the World!" FAQ Search Memberlist Usergroups Register Profile Log in to check your private messages Log in WANTED: E-PALS for SPANISH/ENGLISH INTERCAMBIO Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Spain View previous topic :: View next topic Author Message mokpochicaJoined: 09 Sep 2003Posts: 3 Posted: Fri Sep 19, 2003 4:22 am Post subject: WANTED: E-PALS for SPANISH/ENGLISH INTERCAMBIO I am teaching Spanish at an all-boys' Catholic School in Warren, Michigan. I would like to find some e-pals (e-mail pen-pals) for my Spanish I and II students. I am looking for about 20-30 students between the ages of 14-16 to pair up with my students. Ideally these students will be studying English at school and will want to participate in an 'intercambio' over e-mail in English and Spanish. I am using the page e-pals.com to set up secure accounts for my students. I would ask that our partner school do the same, so check out the www.epals.com site if you would consider this. Please pm me if you have students that match this recommendation and are interested. Thanks! Back to top Display posts from previous: All Posts1 Day7 Days2 Weeks1 Month3 Months6 Months1 Year Oldest FirstNewest First Job Discussion Forums Forum Index -> Spain All times are GMT Page 1 of 1 Jump to: Select a forum Where to Begin----------------General DiscussionNewbie ForumCurrent Events ForumTechnology ForumOnline Teaching Forum Africa Forums----------------General Africa Forum Asia Forums----------------CambodiaChina (Job-related Posts Only)China (Off-Topic)Hong KongIndiaIndonesiaJapanMalaysiaPhilippinesSingaporeTaiwanThailandGeneral Asia ForumVietnam Caribbean Forums----------------General Caribbean Forum Europe Forums----------------Czech RepublicFranceGermanyGreeceItalyMacedonia and the BalkansPolandRomaniaRussia & C.I.S.SpainTurkeyUkraineUnited KingdomGeneral Europe Forum Latin America Forums----------------ArgentinaBrazilChileColombiaCosta RicaMexicoMexico (off-topic)PeruGeneral Latin America Forum The Middle East Forums----------------BahrainEgyptIsraelKuwaitOmanQatarSaudi ArabiaUnited Arab EmiratesGeneral Middle East Forum North America Forums----------------General North America Forum Oceania----------------Australia/New Zealand You cannot post new topics in this forumYou cannot reply to topics in this forumYou cannot edit your posts in this forumYou cannot delete your posts in this forumYou cannot vote in polls in this forum This page is maintained by the one and only Dave Sperling. Contact Dave's ESL Cafe Copyright © 2018 Dave Sperling. All Rights Reserved. Powered by phpBB © 2001, 2002 phpBB Group Teaching Jobs in China


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PACHMAYR GUN WORKS INC Signature Grips
Pachmayr Signature Grips w/Finger Grooves For Taurus 92
Pachmayr's signature grips feature patented full wrap around design and are made from rubber specially formulated for use on semi-automatic pistols. This rubber compound gives them a feel that is unmistakably Pachmayr. Built in steel inserts ensure they maintain their shape. Signature grips are the overwhelming choice of competitive shooters and law enforcement personnel alike.
SPECIFICATIONS:Mfg Item Num: 05043 Category: GRIPS/RECOIL PADS Type :Signature GripModel :Taurus 92 NEW, FG, 05043Finish :BlackMaterial :Rubber


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Recipe from Lisa Saplut of Louisiana
12 bell peppers
3 lbs. crabmeat
1/3 cup oil
3 white potatoes (mashed)
3 cans tomato sauce
2 minced jalapeno peppers
2 pks green onion
3 tbp. garlic
salt and black pepper to taste
1. In 8-qt. iron pot, put crabmeat, green onion and garlic.
2. Cook down on medium fire for 30 minutes.
3. Add potatoes, tomato sauce, jalapenos.
4. Add salt and pepper if desired.
5. Cook about 30-40 minutes or longer.
6. Boil bell peppers for 10 minutes.
7. Fill peppers with crabmeat mixture. Place in large baking pan and top with one tbsp. oil and bread crumbs. Add 1/2 cup water to pan.
8. Cover with foil and bake at 350 degrees for 35 minutes.
9. Remove foil and finish baking for 15-20 mins.
Excellent served with cooked rice or pasta.
*DISCLAIMER*: The information contained in or provided through this site section is intended for general consumer understanding and education only and is not intended to be and is not a substitute for professional advice. Use of this site section and any information contained on or provided through this site section is at your own risk and any information contained on or provided through this site section is provided on an "as is" basis without any representations or warranties.


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Daily Slice: Primo at Johnny Rad's, Baltimore
A different slice profiled each day.
Daily Slice gives a quick snapshot each weekday of a different slice or pie that the folks at the Serious Eats empire have enjoyed lately.
Open for nearly a year now, Johnny Rad's has established a foothold as one of the better pizza options in Baltimore City.
Twelve pizzas comprise the regular offerings on the menu, which are available in either 11" or 15" sizes at relatively reasonable prices. The quality metric at a pizzeria can usually be best determined by its more basic offerings, and the Primo at Johnny Rad's generally delivers.
Owner Rich Pugh has previously dubbed these pizzas as "Baltipolitan", but the pies straddle the line between a couple of styles; the very thin thickness factor on the bottom crust is reminiscent of New York-Neapolitan style while the crust, in both its brown-amber colored top and chewy interior, is similar to NY Style.
The sauce on the Primo is clean — tasting of vibrant, uncooked tomatoes, and the fior di latte is creamy. The ratio between sauce and cheese is about spot on. Whole, fresh basil (now being grown in-house) and fruity olive oil completes the bright compilation of flavors one expects from a good Margherita. Boofheads will delight that Mozzarella di bufala is an option on this pie as well.
But what about the crust, eh? Enthusiasts may find the crust slightly dried out on occasion, with variability in the evenness of the bake. However, the crumb often has a handsome hole structure which keeps the crust from being too dense. The quality and consistency of the crust has definitely improved since Rad's opened last summer and they are coaxing the most they can get from their gas fired oven.
This is a solid pizza bar and you could do a helluva lot worse than having Johnny Rad's in your 'hood. For a more in-depth review of this welcome addition to the Charm City pizza scene, check back here later this summer.
Johnny Rad's
2108 Eastern Avenue, Baltimore, MD (map) 443-759-6464; johnnyrads.com
And now for a Johnny Rad musical interlude...
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


text: Trade Magazines typically contain heavy advertising content focused on the industry. They also generally contain industry-specific job notices, to too many readers which is an interesting aspect of the publication. The purpose of Trade Magazines is to connect a community working in a specific area, and MagazineLand fulfills the purpose.


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Sicilian Villa in the historic center of Taormina
The charming Boutique Hotel Villa Schuler welcomes you in the heart of Taormina, Sicily, in a magnificent location immersed in an extraordinary exotic park in a quiet and panoramic position with breathtaking views over the bay of Naxos and the volcano Mt. Etna.
Carefully restored Hotel Villa Schuler in Taormina offers elegant atmospheres and a personalized hospitality that puts the guest at the center of all attention in order to really make you feel at home.
Very attractive spaces and rooms featuring state-of-the-art amenities assure an unforgettable experience.
Easily accessible by car and with garage and valet parking service: a real rarity in the historic center of Taormina.
Fly to us!
Come to Sicily from all major European and international airports! Book your flight and discover the wonders of Taormina and our region!


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Efficient recycling is one of the best ways to stop climate change and help the planet recover. Australia is one of the world's leaders in its recycling policies. Today, Australians recycle over 50% of household waste and 87% of cardboard and paper. The latter is the highest rate in the world. YARD Furniture helps this fight along by producing sustainable furniture from recycled timber.
Climate change is a proven fact and the threats of it are acknowledged by world governments. The Paris Agreement is only the first step towards combatting the destructive effects of this phenomenon. Every person can help stop climate change and restore the health of the planet by choosing sustainable living. Recycling, installing energy and water-efficient fixtures and appliances, are things every person can do today.
One can also start using sustainable energy as biofuels, solar panels, and other supplies are widely available. In Australia, the government even provides a variety of grants and support programs that help people afford these upgrades.
Video Link: http://www.youtube.com/embed/5D7Xlkl00k4
Sustainable Furniture to Help Stop Climate Change
Every choice one makes matters in the 'grand scheme of things' because if every person chooses sustainability, the planet has a chance. YARD Furniture is a company of people who believe in sustainability and love designing beautiful things.
In their catalogues at http://www.yardfurniture.com.au/, one can see that recycled furniture can look amazing. It's not something one has to 'settle on' sacrificing interior design for the sake of helping the planet. YARD Furniture produces bespoke pieces that will complement any design.
The company also uses eco-friendly tools and supplies to minimize their carbon footprint. They focus on benefitting the environment to the maximum, and using recycled timber offers another advantage. With materials like this, every piece of furniture has history. It does not only fill the timber with 'character' but also cures the wood affecting its look and properties. This type of material is sturdy and looks truly amazing.
Australia Climate Change Fight: Is Win Close?
Despite the positive dynamics in some types of recycling, Australia still has a long way to go. At the moment, the country recycles only 4% of batteries and 1% of fluorescent tubes. Each of those are extremely toxic when buried in landfills but can be recycled efficiently.
In order to stop the climate change, Australians should choose sustainability in every aspect of their lives.
YARD Furniture offers one of the eco-friendly options with their quality recycled timber products.
Media Contact
Company Name: Yard Furniture
Contact Person: Mr Peter McManus Owner
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: (03) 9480 6171
Address:271 Dundas St, Preston
City: Melbourne
State: Victoria 3072
Country: Australia
Website: www.yardfurniture.com.au


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Does This Church Make Me Look Fat?
Rhoda Janzen has a gift for describing an ordinary life in ways that make it seem extraordinary. Humor is key as in this chapter opener, "How do you tell your PhD friends, far-flung across the world at their various academic postings, that you are attending church on purpose?" And it's not just any church that this feisty ex-Mennonite has joined, but a Pentecostal one.
In Does This Church Make Me Look Fat? Janzen has interwoven two other threads: how she met and married a man very different from herself, and how she dealt with a diagnosis of breast cancer.
The man she chose to marry is a conservative, evangelical and a hunter--all things that Janzen never expected to find in a mate. Not only does she leave her lovely lake-front cottage for him, but she moves into a dark, dreary house where his curmudgeonly aged father also lives. Her unhappy father-in-law rebuffs most of her attempts at good cheer. But luckily, she hits it off much better with his teenage son and they become fast friends. In fact, she helps him endure a hard break-up with his long-standing girlfriend (even though that entails gallons of new paint to cover up her name on his bedroom walls).
Janzen's cancer diagnosis is extremely serious. Her doctors and her family expect her to die because the cancer is growing fast and is also very large. In fact, Janzen starts giving away her favorite possessions--shoes and works of art.
But it's the new church that is the heart of this story. Rhoda has many problems with its expectations and treatment of women, ones she shares with her husband. But she decides to give it a try, and this new faith balances her in a way that she has not experienced since childhood when her Mennonite faith was at the core of her being.
One interesting component of the book is Rhoda's response to tithing her income for the church. Doing so, helps her and her husband to live more simply and buy less, but amazingly, their income seems to grow magically with each increase in their giving.
As a college professor and intellectual, Janzen has a unique perspective on both her new church and her new family. In this book you will experience a delightful woman's discoveries about illness and faith. For another writer's perspectives on religion, try Anne Lamott's Traveling Mercies: Some Thoughts on Faith.


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Fear. That is all that was traveling through my body....
Meet Me in the Meadow89714689642
- by Hazzalover112
- Rating:
- Published: 4 Nov 2012
- Updated: 7 May 2013
- Status: Complete
Dreams are like fireflies. You have to catch them in order to see the beauty, but once they stop lighting up, they die. That sums up my life. An eighteen year old girl, who sits alone everyday in the same spot wondering what to do with her life. If anyone wants to save me from ending it, tell them to meet me in the meadow. I bet you no one will show up.
*One Direction Story* Please read! :) xxx
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Every week, WoW Insider brings you Encrypted Text for assassination, combat and subtlety rogues. Chase Christian will be your guide to the world of shadows every Wednesday. Feel free to email me with any questions or article suggestions you'd like to see covered here.
Brian Holinka, who is quickly becoming the most frequent tweeter on the dev team, recently talked about Shadowstep and rogue mobility in a series of tweets. Mobility is one of those things that gets trotted out every time a melee class starts talking about PvP balance. One melee class has a teleport, another has a snare break, yet another has a speed boost –- no two melee classes are equal. I'm sure we all remember ret paladins complaining about their lack of a "gap closer." The problem with mobility is that mobility doesn't matter. Well, not really.
What really matters to a melee class is uptime. Our goal isn't to have 100% mobility, it's to have 100% uptime. We want to be attacking our target as often as possible, and that usually requires being in melee range. Looking at mobility in a vacuum is missing the forest for the trees. Mobility is just one of the tools that we use to achieve a high melee uptime. All of our other abilities, like CCs, stuns, and slows are critical components to maximizing our uptime. Shuriken Toss is the exact opposite of mobility, but its strength comes from increasing our uptime despite being out of melee range.


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CLEVELAND, OH – In honor of Mother's Day and Women's Health Week, U.S. Sen. Sherrod Brown (D-OH) announced two new bills today that would help accelerate the end of breast cancer by 2020 and educate breast cancer patients about their reconstructive options prior to surgery. At University Hospitals (UH) Seidman Cancer Center, Brown joined Dr. Lyndsay Harris, Director of the UH Breast Cancer Program, and a Cleveland breast cancer patient scheduled for reconstructive surgery later this month. The press conference also included other local cancer patients and survivors supportive of these bills.
"We need to do more to fight breast cancer and better inform women, in Ohio, about their reconstructive care options. We empower them when we inform them of all options – including reconstructive surgery – at the outset of their treatment. The Breast Cancer Patient Education Act will help ensure that women know of their options." Brown said. "An overwhelming majority of women are not informed of their breast cancer reconstructive options, even though by law any insurance plan that covers breast cancer treatment must also cover reconstruction or prosthetic care. The Breast Cancer Patient Education Act would ensure all women are informed of their care options prior to breast cancer surgery, so that they can benefit from a systematic plan of care from the start of treatment."
Brown also outlined the Accelerating the End of Breast Cancer Act, a bill that would establish a commission to develop a strategic plan to end breast cancer by identifying, promoting, and recommending initiatives, partnerships, and research within the public and private sectors and across the sciences to capitalize on the overlooked and underfunded initiatives that hold the most promise for eradicating breast cancer. The commission would have no more than 10 members from a variety of backgrounds, including experts in biomedical research, experts from various disciplines outside of biomedical research, and trained and knowledgeable patient advocates. Members would be appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Brown continued, "Likewise, the Accelerating the End of Breast Cancer Act establishes a commission to bring together leading experts to examine approaches to fighting breast cancer that don't receive enough funding or attention."
Dr. Harris, an internationally recognized authority on breast cancer treatment and research, explained why this commission would be vital to ending breast cancer.
"We are so grateful that Senator Brown is working on the Accelerating the End to Breast Cancer Act, which would create a commission that would be responsible for identifying, promoting, and recommending initiatives, partnerships, and research within the public and private sector and across the sciences that can be turned into strategies to help prevent breast cancer and breast cancer metastasis," Dr. Harris said. "Research is vital to making progress in the fight against breast cancer. Creating a commission to better understand the state of breast cancer research is essential to help us know where progress is being made and where researchers need to go next."
Brown also introduced the Breast Cancer Patient Education Act, which would ensure women with breast cancer who are facing invasive surgeries are informed of all their care options prior to breast cancer surgery. Recent studies found 70 percent of breast cancer patients were never informed of their reconstructive options. Being able to discuss options, especially before the first surgery, allows women to participate fully in their complete care, and gives them more options for how reconstruction or prostheses might be used.
Minority women and women in rural areas are significantly less likely to receive information about their options regarding reconstruction and prostheses. Many women simply do not know that if their insurance covers breast cancer treatment, by law that insurance must also cover reconstructive or prosthetic care as well. The bill would direct the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service (HHS) to target educational efforts to women of racial and ethnic minority status, and ensure all women are informed that:
Cleveland resident and breast cancer patient Patricia Reddick shared her story about fighting breast cancer and why these bills are so important to women who face breast cancer treatment. As an African-American woman, Reddick represents breast cancer patients who would most benefit from Brown's breast cancer education bill.
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, with 1.3 million cases each year. In the United States, one in eight women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in her lifetime, up from one in eleven in 1975. This year, 438,000 women died from breast cancer worldwide, an increase of 37.5 percent from 1990.
Brown supported the health law, which for the first time ends discrimination in insurance premium rates based on gender. It also ensures that people with serious health conditions or preexisting conditions cannot be dropped from coverage or be charged exorbitant rates. Further, the health reform law adopted the Women's Health Amendment, which Brown cosponsored, that requires all health plans to cover comprehensive women's preventive care and screenings at no additional cost – a provision that will help 1.8 million Ohio women. Brown has also advocated for reducing the exclusivity period for biologic drugs that treat conditions like breast cancer. Allowing generics to come to market faster could save consumers and the American health care system more than $3.5 billion over the next decade.
Dr. Harris came to UH Seidman Cancer Center as Medical Director of the Breast Cancer Program from Yale, where she held leadership positions in breast medical oncology, genetics and genomics programs. A nationally recognized expert, Dr. Harris has focused her research on the genomic aspects and the development of novel strategies to evaluate and treat breast cancer. Dr. Harris is also a Professor at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine.


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Solar Power
SEIA President Resch says high oil prices, state incentives are driving solar boom
As high oil and gas prices spur consumers to consider alternative sources of energy, solar power leaders say their industry is ready for prime time. The industry is growing at a frantic pace both internationally and in the United States, as photovoltaic panel costs decrease and state and federal officials sign solar incentives into law. Rhone Resch, president of the Solar Energy Industries Association, examines whether solar can become more than a niche market in the United States and addresses concerns that the industry is growing too fast for its own good. Plus, he calls on policymakers to extend solar incentives as they consider new energy legislation following Hurricane Katrina.


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text: "Obviously this is one of the most serious and troublesome cases I've ever seen," Circuit Court Judge Edward L. Hogshire said, according to a Daily Progress story this morning. Indeed. Fluvanna county resident Jermaine Leon Franklin, 25, was sentenced yesterday to 30 years in prison for raping a two-year-old he was babysitting. The 2003 rape sent the two-year-old into surgery for more than two hours. Assistant Commonwealth's Attorney Elizabeth Killeen had been seeking a life sentence for Franklin, but seemed pleased with the verdict.


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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
1681 - 1741
Historical Period:
The Early Modern Period
Johann Gottlieb Heineccius (1681–1741) studied theology at Leipzig and later law at the newly founded (1694) University at Halle, where he became a pupil of Christian Thomasius. He became known for his textbooks on Roman Law and for his lectures on natural law.


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Model #66574369K2 Kenmore dishwasher
Here are the repair parts and diagrams for your Kenmore 66574369K2 dishwasher.
The diagram(s) below can help you find the right part. If you'd like help, we invite you to call our customer service number at the top of the page, or click chat.
On this page, you can also find any manuals, installation guides and error code tables associated with this model.
For advice on diagnosing problems with appliances, lawn & garden equipment and other products, check out the videos, repair guides and articles in our DIY section.
Showing 10 of 181 parts
Lower dishrack parts, optional parts (not included) Diagram
Upper dishrack and water feed parts Diagram
Lower dishrack parts, optional parts (not included) Diagram
Tub assembly parts Diagram
Tub assembly parts Diagram
Dishwasher water-level pressure switch hose
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Lower dishrack parts, optional parts (not included) Diagram
Upper dishrack and water feed parts Diagram
Pump and motor parts Diagram
Frame and console parts Diagram
Recommended maintenance parts and accessories
Symptoms common to all dishwashers
Repair guides common to all dishwashers
If the control panel goes blank, the fan could be to blame. Replace the vent and fan assembly using these steps.
When the spray arm won't spray, you might need to replace the circulation pump and motor assembly. Here's how.
If your dishwasher fills constantly or won't fill at all, the water inlet valve has failed. You can replace it in about half an hour.
Articles and videos common to all dishwashers
Find out where dishes should go, as well as what never to put in a dishwasher.
Overloading the detergent dispenser, using clumpy soap and a broken actuator are reasons why the dispenser won't open.
It's easy to get a newer looking dishrack!


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'XAMPP Component Status Check Failure [3]. Run this program only from your XAMPP root directory.'
is message i see when starting xampp control panel. i saw the same issue here in another post back in 2007, but no answer/solution. can anyone help? what does the error mean and how can i fix?
im running windows 7 - 64bit with one 750GB HDD. 2 partitions, one for OS and APPS; one for server (where xampp is).


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Petříček: "Shocking violence in Hong Kong is no solution!"
Czech Foreign Minister Tomáš Petříček has voiced support for Monday's EU declaration, which calls for restraint and constructive engagement in de-escalation efforts regarding the ongoing protests in Hong Kong. "Neither policemen and soldiers, nor the protesters should get away with acts of violence", Mr. Petříček tweeted on Tuesday, stressing instead that "dialogue with protesters" was key and that Hong Kong's Basic Law, including the island's autonomy, should be respected. He finished with a message to the citizens of Hong Kong, writing that he supported their "non-violent fight" for rights.
Many, including the EU High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy Federica Mogherini, have pointed to the continuing rise in violence in Hong Kong, including the ongoing police siege of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, which is being occupied by protestors.
Latest News
New health minister aims to replace fear of Covid-19 with respect for virus10/29/2020
The new minister of health, Jan Blatný, has outlined his vision for the post his first news conference since being appointed. Dr. Blatný said the main goal for him and his government department would be to change the situation with regard to Covid-19 and the mood in society. He said fear of the virus, which was paralyzing and dividing people, needed to be traded for respect.
The new minister said the current strict measures aimed at curbing the spread of the coronavirus would not need to be tightened further in a significant way. However, people need to respect them, he said.
Man faces terror charge after threatening to drive truck into crowd over closed bars10/29/2020
Police have charged a man from Pardubice who is accused of saying on Facebook that he would drive a truck into people if restaurants and bars were not reopened. They are closed under Covid-19 restrictions.
The man, who is 62, faces from five to 15 years in jail for threatening an act of terrorism, a police spokesperson said.
Farmers' markets want loosening of new Covid-19 restriction10/29/2020
The Czech Association of Farmers' Markets have called on the government to reconsider restrictions on such sites imposed in a bid to curb Covid-19 infections. A new measure says there may be no more than 20 persons in a 400 metre square space at farmers' markets. However, this amounts to far more than the standard two-metre distance required and makes markets unfeasible to hold, say operators.
Restrictions introduced this week allow the sale of agricultural products only at markets. No consumption of food or drink is allowed on site.
Babiš expresses horror over fatal attack in Nice10/29/2020
The Czech prime minister, Andrej Babiš, says he is "absolutely horrified by the barbarous attack in Nice" on Thursday. Three people were killed in the apparent terrorist incident. Mr. Babiš wrote on Twitter that he stood by the French president, Emmanuel Macron, and all French people.
The Czech minister of foreign affairs, Tomáš Petříček, said whatever the motivation nothing could excuse the brutal attack in Nice, another attempt in Avignon and an attack on the French Embassy in Saudi Arabia. He also expressed sympathy with the victims.
Weather forecast10/29/2020
It should be overcast and rainy in the Czech Republic on Friday, with an average daytime high of 14 degrees Celsius. The following days are also expected to be overcast.
Prague wooden church fire blamed on technical fault or human error10/29/2020
Fire service investigators say a blaze at a wooden church in Prague was probably caused by either a technical fault or human error. The Church of St. Michael in the city's Kinský Gardens park was burnt to a cinder in Wednesday's fire. It was originally built in Carpathian Ruthenia before being disassembled and transported to Prague in 1929.
The fire service said the cause of the blaze should be established by Friday.
Medical chamber chief: New minister must demand full lockdown10/29/2020
The head of the Czech Medical Chamber says that the new minister of health needs to insist on a total lockdown to contain the Covid-19 emergency. Speaking to Czech Radio, Milan Kubek said the country's hospitals were headed for disaster. The doctors' leader said the government's bit by bit "salami technique" was not working.
Mr. Kubek said that the Czech Republic should follow Israel's lead by imposing a full lockdown, adding that the tougher the restrictions the shorter they would need to be in place.
Doctor Jan Blatný appointed health minister10/29/2020
Doctor Jan Blatný has been named Czech minister of health. He was appointed by President Miloš Zeman at his Lány residence near Prague on Thursday. The move came less than a week after the previous minister, Roman Prymula, was photographed leaving a restaurant, which should have been closed under Covid-19 restrictions. Mr. Prymula was only appointed in the latter half of September.
Dr. Blatny specialises in paediatric haematology and has international experience. He has previously served as deputy head of Brno's University Hospital.
Data analysts: lockdown will be inevitable10/29/2020
According to the Centre for Modelling of Biological and Social Processes (BISOP) a strict lockdown will be unavoidable if the epidemic is to be brought under control by Christmas.
It should also include a ban on people meeting outside work and family, the centre said in a press release. The BISOP research team consists of seventeen scientists from the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Charles University and the CERGE-EI institute.
According to the centre's executive director René Levínský a strict lockdown would mean a reduction in contacts by 60 to 70 percent, presence in the workplace by 50 to 60 percent, compulsory face masks and a high level of compliance with the protective measures enforced.
A recent survey showed that a third of Czechs oppose the restrictions and 27 percent still refuse to wear face masks.
Number of newly registered Covid-19 cases hits new high10/29/2020
The number of newly registered Covid-19 cases reached 12,977 on Wednesday, the highest number yet on a non-work day.
The number of people hospitalized and those in a serious condition continues to grow steeply, as does the death toll.
175,000 people are currently fighting the infection, over 6,600 people are hospitalized with Covid-19, of which close to a 1,000 are in a serious condition. The death toll has reached 2,675.


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0.5 g Jupiter Ceramic Cell vape cartridge. Strain specific solvent-less Sublime Craft Distillate infused with all natural Strawberry Cough terpenes. Lab tested for safety and potency. No PG, no VG, no MCT.
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Facts contradict ATF statements
Adan Salazar
September 27, 2012
Anyone who's purchased a firearm in the United States in the past few months may have noticed a small change to form 4473, the Firearms Transaction Record required by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) prior to all gun purchases.
Where previously the form asked a general question about the purchasers' race (ethnicity), the section now requires Americans in the Hispanic community to designate themselves as such.
Curiously, the form's "Race" section has been divided into two parts. Section 10a, now labeled "Ethnicity," requires you to check off whether you're "Hispanic or Latino" or "Not Hispanic or Latino." The new 4473 document's 10b section no longer includes Hispanics or Latinos as a race.
Boasting a US population density of 16.3%, Hispanics, in general, encompass a large portion of the gun owning community. Given this fact, the change, that went into effect early July with little to no press or fanfare, has left many gun owners baffled as to why the ATF is singling out Hispanics.
Evan Nappen, General Counsel of Pro-Gun New Hampshire, reported on the alteration as a blatant form of racism, asking, "What if the "ethnicity" question demanded "Jew or Not a Jew"? Would that "ethnicity" question be acceptable? Like the Hispanic/Latino question, it is offensive and not necessary. It has nothing whatsoever to do with one's qualification to purchase a gun."
Infowars reporter Matt Williams asked a Houston ATF public relations spokesperson why the change had gone into effect and why it specifically targeted Hispanic and Latino Americans. The ATF told us the change had been implemented by White House order of the Obama Administration's Office of Management and Budget and has been ordered across the board nationally to be carried with all federal agencies.
Further investigation provided no answers as to why the minority group has been singled out, and no conclusive evidence shows that any other ATF form, or government agency for that matter, has adopted the protocol. Even the form licensing home manufacture of firearms/class 3 weapons (i.e. machine guns, suppressors, etc.) does not include this stipulation. (see image to the right)
Despite the fact that the ATF was caught red-handed staging the gun-walking Fast and Furious operation – a staged provocation that led to the deaths of hundreds of Mexicans and at least one U.S. Border Patrol agent – to blame citizens exercising their Second Amendment rights, the Bureau continues to throw red herrings at the public in attempts to divert attention from the real source of Americans' woes, an overreaching, increasingly tyrannical control-freak government.
Gun owners, specifically returning and retired veterans, tea party members, and anti-Fed activists, have come under intense scrutiny following such incidences as the Aurora, Colorado massacre and Sikh temple shootings. These and other various attempts to demonize gun-owners, a constitutionally protected right, circumvent what the founding fathers saw as crucial for the liberty of a free nation.
Is the ATF attempting to single out Latino gun-owners for additional screening due to the cartel violence they themselves contributed to? Given that we're in the middle of a government sponsored Hispanic Heritage Month, we feel the Hispanic community deserves some answers.
Alex covered this report on the Friday broadcast:
Mathew T. Williams and Alex Jones contributed to this report.
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