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Cancer Glossary
|A disorder that occurs in adults. It is caused by the pituitary gland making too much growth hormone. This causes the bones to grow, including bones in the hands, feet and face.
|Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
|A cancer in which the bone marrow makes too many lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell.
|Acute myeloid leukemia
|A cancer in which the bone marrow makes abnormal myeloblasts, a type of white blood cell, red blood cells or platelets. It is the most common type of acute leukemia in adults.
|Acute promyelocytic leukemia
|A cancer in which there are too many immature blood-forming cells in the blood and bone marrow. It is a fast-growing type of acute myeloid leukemia.
|Adenomatous polyp
|A growth in the colon or rectum that is not cancerous. Polyps can become cancerous.
|Adjuvant therapy
|Treatment added to the main treatment for a disease. For example, chemotherapy, radiation or both can be used as adjuvant therapy after cancer surgery.
|Advance Practice Palliative Care Nurses
|A nurse who is specialty-trained to provide care to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of palliative care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of a disease, side effects caused by treatment of a disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to a disease or its treatment. Also called comfort care, supportive care, and symptom management.
|Aggressive (high grade) lymphomas
|Aggressive (high grade) lymphomas grow quickly. They are treated with systemic chemotherapy and are often curable. Selected patients may benefit from additional radiation therapy. Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant is frequently used to treat high risk or relapsed disease.
|Allogeneic transplants
|Patients receive stem cells from their brother, sister, parent or unrelated donor (a person who is not related to the patient).
|Allogenic transplant
|Patients receive stem cells from a brother, sister, parent or donor who is not a relative.
|Androgen therapy
|Treatment to lower the amount of male hormone in the body.
|The body does not make enough red blood cells. In some types, the body does not make enough other blood cells.
|A doctor or other healthcare provider who gives anesthesia during surgery.
|Antibody therapy
|Treatment with an antibody, a substance that can directly kill specific tumor cells or stimulate the immune system to kill tumor cells.
|A substance that keeps blood from clotting as it normally would.
|A medicine used to treat allergies and hypersensitive reactions and colds; works by counteracting the effects of histamine on a receptor site.
|Autologous transplant
|Patients receive their own stem cells or other tissue
|B12 deficiency
|Not having enough vitamin B12 in the body. This can happen if your diet does not have enough B12 or your body cannot take it in.
|Without cancer. A benign tumor does not spread to other tissues or areas of the body.
|Bevacizumab (Avastin)
|A drug that keeps blood vessels from forming or spreading.
|A fluid made in the liver that helps digestion.
|Biologic agents
|An extremely complex drug, vaccine or antitoxin that is made from a living organism, or from products of a living organism.
|Biologic therapy
|Treatment with substances found naturally in the body that help the immune system fight cancer.
|A bank that stores tissue specimens, such as tumor samples and blood, for scientific research.
|Bleeding disorders
|Diseases in which the blood cannot clot, causing the body to bleed more than normal.
|Blood product therapy
|Treatment with substances that occur naturally in the blood. Used to treat certain blood diseases.
|Blood transfusion
|A transfer of blood or blood products from one person to another. You can have a transfusion of your own blood if you donate it before a medical procedure.
|Bloodless surgery
|Surgery without a transfusion (transfer) of another person's blood. If you lose blood during surgery, doctors can give you some of your own blood that you donated before the operation.
|Board certified
|A doctor who has passed exams to be certified as an expert in one or more medical specialties.
|Bone marrow transplant
|Patients receive stem cells from a brother, sister, parent or unrelated donor (a person who is not related to the patient)
|Radiation with small radioactive implants placed inside the body, close to the cancer.
|Breast health nurse practitioner
|A registered nurse with advanced training in breast cancer treatment and care.
|Breast medical oncologists
|Doctors who use drugs (chemotherapy or targeted agents) to kill cancer cells or slow down their growth. Some medical oncologists are also hematologists.
|Breast MRI
|A special imaging technique used to examine the tissues inside the body, particularly the soft tissues. An MRI image is often superior to a normal X-ray image.
|Breast pathologist
|A doctor who studies tissue from the breast to learn about disease and its effects.
|Breast surgical oncologists
|A doctor who does surgery to remove cancer or treat symptoms specializing in breast cancer. A surgical oncologist is fellowship trained in treating cancer with surgery.
|Breast ultrasound
|A test that uses sound waves to create an image (picture) of breast tissue. Ultrasound is used to look for fibrocystic breast disease, check the position of breast implants or examine breast masses (lumps).
|The abnormal growth of cells in the body, causing tumors and illness.
|Cancer geneticist
|A doctor or scientist who studies how genes are involved in the growth, spread and treatment of cancer.
|Cancer syndromes
|Cancer syndromes are genetic predispositions to develop cancer. Genetic predisposition increases a person's chance to develop cancer during their lifetime, and at earlier stages in life. Most common types of cancer that can be genetically transmitted include breast, colorectal, gynecologic and endocrine cancers. However, cancer syndrome cases only account for 5 to 10% of all cancer cases.
|Cancer Treatment
|Treatment trials study potential anticancer treatments (like a new cancer drug, new approaches to surgery or radiation therapy, new combinations of treatments or new methods such as gene therapy), their safety and their effectiveness.
|Cancer treatment with powerful drugs that can kill cancer cells. A type of chemotherapy called biotherapy is treatment with substances in the body (biologic agents) that can help kill cancer.
|Chemotherapy before surgery or radiation
|Chemotherapy before surgery and/or radiation treatment
|Chemotherapy With Radiation
|Treatment with drugs or biologic agents given at the same time as radiation.
|Choroidal melanoma
|Relatively rare malignant melanomas that form in the choroid, the blood vessel layer beneath the retina. Treatment options are determined by the size of the tumor.
|Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
|A slow-growing cancer. The body has too many immature lymphocytes (white blood cells), mostly in the blood and bone marrow. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) are closely related to each other and are told apart by the extent of blood and bone marrow involvement. CLL is the most common form of leukemia and behaves very differently from acute leukemia. CLL/SLL is typically managed by observation, immunotherapy, and/or chemotherapy.
|Chronic myelogenous leukemia
|A slow-growing form of leukemia in which too many white blood cells are made in the bone marrow. Also called chronic granulocytic leukemia and chronic myeloid leukemia.
|A chronic liver disease that causes scarring on the liver and keeps it from working normally.
|The Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments; The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) regulates all laboratory testing (except research) performed on humans in the U.S. through the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA).
|Clinical Trial protocol
|A document that describes the objective(s), design, methodology, statistical considerations, and organization of a clinical trial. The protocol usually also gives the background and reason the trial is being conducted. The plan is designed to safeguard the health of the participants as well as answer specific research questions.
|Clinical Trial Protocol
|A protocol is a study plan on which all clinical trials are based. The plan is carefully designed to safeguard the health of the participants as well as answer specific research questions. A protocol describes what types of people may participate in the trial; the schedule of tests, procedures, medications, and dosages; and the length of the study. While in a clinical trial, participants following a protocol are seen regularly by the research staff to monitor their health and to determine the safety and effectiveness of their treatment.
|Clinical trials
|Research studies that involve humans. They help scientists develop new treatments and cures for disease.
|Related to a patient's symptoms and the results of lab tests.
|Thinking, knowing, remembering, judging, and problem solving
|Cognitive rehabilitation
|Treatment to help people recover normal mental function after disease, injury or treatment.
|Colorectal Surgeon
|A surgeon, or proctologist, who has a particular interest in diseases of the colon and rectum.
|Combination chemotherapy
|Treatment with two or more cancer-fighting drugs at the same time.
|Community medical oncologist
|A cancer doctor whose office is away from the hospital, but who works with your hospital team to diagnose and treat cancer, usually with drugs (chemotherapy).
|Concurrent chemotherapy
|Treatment with drugs or biologic agents at the same time as radiation.
|Conformal external beam radiation
|Radiation therapy that uses computers to create a three-dimensional picture of the tumor, allowing many radiation beams to be shaped to reach the tumor and avoid healthy tissue.
|Conformal External Beam Radiation Therapy
|Radiation therapy that uses computers to create a 3-dimensional picture of the tumor, allowing multiple radiation beams to be shaped (conform) to the exact contours of the treatment area.
|Conventional external beam radiation
|Radiation treatment given from outside the body.
|Coordinated Care Team
|A group of doctors and nurses who work together to give you personalized, efficient care.
|Used to treat prostate cancer. This treatment is used for cancer that has not spread outside the prostate gland. Probes containing liquid nitrogen are inserted into the prostate and maneuvered using ultrasound to destroy prostate tissue. If your cancer is only in the prostate gland, this treatment could be a good option for you. You might also have cryotherapy if other treatments, such as radiation, have not worked.
|CT scan, CAT scan
|Imaging that uses computers and X-rays to let doctors see inside the body. A CT scan is more detailed than a regular X-ray.
|Cushing's syndrome
|A disorder caused by too much of the hormone cortisol in the blood. It can be caused by taking certain medications or by a pituitary gland disorder.
|Cutaneous lymphoma
|Cutaneous lymphoma is a type of lymphoma that begins in the skin. Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of cutaneous lymphoma, but there are several other types. Cutaneous lymphoma is usually indolent, but there are also aggressive forms. Cutaneous lymphoma can be difficult to diagnose, and sometimes many biopsies over time are needed before characteristic changes are found. Skin-directed therapies are used for disease that is slower growing or involves a limited area. Aggressive or more extensive disease typically requires systemic chemotherapy.
|Dermatologic surgeon
|A doctor who treats skin diseases and conditions with surgery, including Mohs micrographic and reconstructive surgery.
|Dermatologic surgeons
|Doctors who treat skin diseases and conditions with surgery, including Mohs micrographic and reconstructive surgery.
|A specialist in dermatology, esp. a doctor who specializes in the treatment of diseases of the skin.
|Specialists in dermatology, esp. doctors who specialize in the treatment of diseases of the skin.
|A doctor trained in dermatology, the treatment of skin diseases and conditions, and pathology, the study of tissue taken from the body.
|Doctors trained in dermatology, the treatment of skin diseases and conditions, and pathology, the study of tissue taken from the body.
|Diagnostic mammography
|A breast X-ray done to examine a change in breast tissue, such as a lump, found by a screening mammogram
|Distal pancreatectomy
|Removal of the tail of the pancreas and part of the body of the pancreas.
|Measurement of radiation exposure, especially X-rays or gamma rays, or measuring how much radiation has been received from radioactive medicines that are injected or swallowed.
|Imaging of the breast duct to find the source of nipple discharge.
|Imaging of the breast duct to determine the source of nipple discharge.
|The part of the small intestine directly below the stomach.
|The endocrine system is a system of glands that involve the release of hormones. The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating metabolism, growth, development and puberty, and tissue function and also plays a part in determining mood.
|Endocrine system
|The organs that make hormones to keep the body working. They include the thyroid gland, the adrenal gland and other organs.
|A doctor who treats diseases and conditions of the endocrine system, including the thyroid gland, adrenal gland and other organs, with medicine and treatments other than surgery.
|Doctor who treat diseases and conditions of the endocrine system, including the thyroid gland, adrenal gland and other organs, with medicine and treatments other than surgery.
|An endoscope is a thin, tube-like instrument that has a light and a lens for viewing. A probe at the end of the endoscope is used to bounce high-energy sound waves (ultrasound) off internal organs to make a picture (sonogram).
|Endoscopic and endoscopic-assisted surgery
|Surgery using telescopes. It is typically used during surgeries done entirely or partially through the nose.
|Endoscopic video-assisted surgery
|Surgery using small instruments with lenses and lights that help doctors see inside the body.
|Refers to the surgical removal of a tumor without cutting into or dissecting it.
|Erectile dysfunction
|Impotence resulting from a man's inability to have or maintain an erection of his penis
|Ewing model
|Dr. James Ewing pioneered the concept of the modern surgical oncologist. Ewing was one of the founders of the Memorial Hospital for Cancer and Allied Diseases, now the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. Although he was a surgical pathologist by training, Ewing promoted the idea that cancer surgeons must, in addition to technical expertise, have a thorough understanding of the biology of the disease and detailed knowledge of radiation therapy and chemotherapy.
|Exocrine pancreas
|The part of the pancreas that makes digestive enzymes.
|External beam radiation therapy
|Radiation treatment from a machine outside the body. A radiation beam passes through the body.
|Familial adenomatous polyposis
|A hereditary condition that causes many noncancerous (benign) growths in the colon. The growths become cancerous if the colon is not removed.
|Fellowship trained
|A doctor with one or two years of additional specialty training after residency.
|Gastric surgeon
|Doctor who does surgery on the stomach and other digestive organs.
|Gastric surgeons
|Doctors who do surgery on the stomach and other digestive organs.
|A doctor who treats diseases and conditions of the digestive system (stomach, intestines and other organs).
|Doctors who treat diseases and conditions of the digestive system (stomach, intestines and other organs).
|Gemcitabine (Gemzar)
|A drug used in chemotherapy.
|General Surgeon
|A surgeon who treats a wide variety of colon and rectal diseases ranging from colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease), diverticulitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, hemorrhoids, etc.
|General surgeon
|A surgeon who does surgery on several different areas of the body.
|Genetic Counselors
|Genetic counselors are specially trained healthcare professionals with skills in medical genetics and counseling who work in a variety of settings including cancer genetic risk assessment.
|A doctor or scientist who studies heredity and the effects of genes on disease.
|Genitourinary cancer
|Cancer of the reproductive and urinary organs, including the kidneys, prostate, bladder, testicles and other organs.
|A test to determine what genes a person has, including genes linked to diseases such as cancer.
|Germ cell neoplasm
|A tumor that develops from cells called germ cells. Germ cells are found in the testicles and ovaries.
|First approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2001, GLEEVEC® (imatinib mesylate) is a unique treatment for certain forms of cancer. It works by targeting, and turning off, specific proteins in cancer cells that cause the cancer cells to grow and multiply.
|Growth factors
|Substances that occur naturally in the body that stimulate cells to grow.
|Gynecologic Oncologists
|Doctors who specialize in treating cancers of the female reproductive system.
|Hand therapy
|Treatment to recover normal hand movement and function after disease, injury or medical treatment.
|Head and neck surgeon
|A doctor who does surgery for head and neck diseases, including cancer.
|Head and neck surgeons
|Doctors who do surgery for head and neck diseases, including cancer.
|Head of the pancreas
|The part of the pancreas inside the curve of the duodenum.
|Hematologist/Medical Oncologists
|Your hematologist/medical oncologist will coordinate your care. Each doctor on the transplant team specializes in your type of blood and marrow transplantation.
|Doctors who specialize in treating blood disorders.
|The branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs.
|Hematopoietic stem cell
|Cells that are defined by their ability to form multiple different cell types (multipotency) and their ability to self-renew, i.e. the ability to maintain their own population at an approximately constant level.
|Hemolytic anemia
|A type of anemia in which red blood cells break down.
|The medical specialty of caring for and treating the liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
|Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
|A type of colon cancer with increased risk of tumors in other parts of the body.
|Hodgkin lymphoma
|Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of B cell lymphoma, characterized by malignant 'Reed-Sternberg' cells. Hodgkin lymphoma accounts for about 10% of all lymphoma and often occurs in younger people. Most Hodgkin lymphoma is of the 'classical' type. It is treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation and typically has a good prognosis. Stem cell (bone marrow) transplant is usually recommended for relapsed disease. Non-classical Hodgkin lymphoma acts and is treated like an indolent Non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
|Hormone-blocking therapy
|Treatment that removes, blocks or adds hormones to treat cancer.
|The overproduction of parathyroid hormone by glands, which are near the thyroid (the parathyroid glands).
|The thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
|Image-guided radiation therapy
|Radiation that uses images from a CT scan, MRI or other scanning equipment to focus radiation beams precisely on a tumor.
|Immunosuppressive drugs
|Drugs that slow down or stop the activity of your body's immune system.
|Inability to control the flow of urine from the bladder (urinary incontinence) or the escape of stool from the rectum (fecal incontinence).
|Indolent (low grade) lymphomas
|Indolent (low grade) lymphomas usually grow slowly. They do not always require treatment right away and can sometimes be carefully observed without therapy for months to years. Indolent lymphomas generally respond well to treatment but frequently come back. Depending upon the situation, treatment options may include observation, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, radiation, radio-immunotherapy, and stem cell (bone marrow) transplant.
|Inherited cancer syndrome
|An inherited (hereditary) change in your genes that increases the chances of developing one or more types of cancer.
|Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
|Precise radiation therapy that focuses guided energy directly on a tumor.
|Internal beam radiation therapy
|Radiation with tiny implants placed close to the area of cancer. Also called brachytherapy.
|Interventional radiologist
|A doctor who uses imaging, such as X-rays, CT scans and MRI scans to guide treatment with tiny instruments, such as needles or small probes.
|Interventional radiology
|Using imaging, such as X-rays, CT scans and MRI scans to guide treatment with tiny instruments, such as needles or small probes.
|Radiation therapy given through a small probe immediately after a surgeon removes a breast tumor.
|IntraBeam Therapy to Part of the Breast
|Radiation therapy given through a small probe immediately after a surgeon removes a breast tumor.
|Intraocular chemotherapy
|Chemotherapy given directly into the eye
|Iron deficiency
|Not enough iron in the body. Iron deficiency can affect bone marrow and muscle function.
|Iron overload
|Too much iron in the body. Iron overload can affect the liver, heart and other organs.
|islet cell tumors
|An uncommon tumor of the pancreas that arises from a type of cell called the islet cell in the pancreas.
|Islet cells
|Cells in the pancreas that make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that controls the amount of sugar in the blood.
|A condition that makes the skin and eyes look yellow.
|Juvenile polyposis syndrome
|An inherited condition that causes many polyps (growths) in the digestive system.
|Laparoscopic surgery
|Also called minimally invasive surgery, is a modern surgical technique in which operations are performed through very small incisions (usually 0.5–1.5cm) as compared to larger incisions needed in traditional surgical procedures, and recovery usually takes less time.
|Laser surgery
|Surgery that uses light energy to cut tissue instead of a scalpel.
|Linear accelerators
|A linear particle accelerator (often shortened to linac) is a piece of medical equipment used in Radiation Medicine that greatly increases the speed of charged subatomic particles or ions and us used to destroy tumor cells.
|Locate and resect primary tumors
|The surgical removal of all or part of a tumor.
|Removing just the part of a breast with cancer, not the whole breast.
|Lymphedema specialist
|A healthcare provider who treats patients with lymphedema, a condition that happens when lymph nodes are removed. Lymphedema causes swelling and discomfort for some people after cancer treatment.
|Lymphedema specialists
|Providers who treat patients with lymphedema, a condition that happens when lymph nodes are removed. Lymphedema causes swelling and discomfort for some people after cancer treatment.
|Cancer that begins in immune system cells.
|A tumor or growth that contains cancer cells.
|Containing cancer cells.
|An X-ray used to examine breast tissue.
|A radiation technologist who specializes in using X-rays to examine the breasts.
|Mammography-guided wire localization
|Surgery guided by mammography or ultrasound that uses a wire to help guide the surgeon to the targeted area.
|Surgery to remove all or part of a breast.
|Medical Oncologist
|A doctor who uses drugs (chemotherapy or targeted agents) to kill cancer cells or slow down their growth. Some medical oncologists are also hematologists.
|Medical Oncologists
|Doctors who use drugs (chemotherapy or targeted agents) to kill cancer cells or slow down their growth. Some medical oncologists are also hematologists.
|Medical oncology
|Oncology is the branch of medicine dealing with tumors (cancer). A medical professional who practices oncology is an oncologist.
|Medical Treatment
|Care provided to improve a situation especially medical procedures or applications that are intended to relieve illness or injury.
|The cells that give skin its color. Melanoma, a type of skin cancer, develops in these cells.
|The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another. A tumor formed by cells that have spread is called a "metastatic tumor" or a "metastasis." The metastatic tumor contains cells that are like those in the original (primary) tumor.
|Cancer that has spread from the place it started to other areas in the body.
|Surgery using microscope. It is typically used during complex neurosurgical procedures and reconstructive cases.
|Surgery done with a microscope and tiny, precision instruments.
|Minimally invasive
|A procedure with as little opening (cutting) of the body as possible. Minimally invasive surgery usually uses smaller incisions (cuts) than open surgery.
|Molecular diagnostic testing
|Testing performed on molecules, the smallest unit if cells, This testing is often used to diagnose the presence of lymphoma s or pancreatic tumors, and may also provide the indication for a drug targeting the specific abnormality.
|Molecular fingerprint
|Bits of chemical data in molecules that help scientists find patterns in diseases and other conditions.
|Monoclonal antibody therapy
|Molecules are attached to cancer cells that help the immune system attack the cancer. Some molecules have drugs or radioactive particles attached that help them kill cancer cells.
|Involving specialists from multiple disciplines (e.g. surgery, radiation)
|Multidisciplinary care
|A team approach to medical treatment. Doctors, nurses and therapists from different specialties share their knowledge and expertise to benefit patients.
|Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)
|Abnormal stem cells damage healthy blood cells that are forming in the bone marrow.
|Myeloproliferative syndromes
|Conditions in which the bone marrow produces too many cells.
|MYH associated polyposis
|An inherited condition that causes many growths (polyps) in the colon. It can lead to colon cancer.
|Neoadjuvant chemotherapy
|Chemotherapy before surgery or radiation. Also called induction chemotherapy.
|Neoadjuvant therapy
|Chemotherapy, radiation or both given before surgery or other treatment.
|An abnormal mass of tissue as a result an abnormal growth of cells. The growth of these cells exceeds, and is uncoordinated with, that of the normal tissues around it. It usually causes a lump or tumor. Neoplasms may be non-cancerous, pre-cancerous or cancerous.
|Nerve monitoring
|Surgeries using specialized nerve monitors to minimize the risk of injury to important nerves. This technique is used for many different types of surgeries.
|A blood condition caused by having too few neutrophils, a type of white blood cell.
|Nipple-sparing mastectomy
|Breast surgery that removes part or all of a breast, but leaves the nipple so it can be part of the reconstructed breast after cancer treatment.
|Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
|Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the most common form of lymphoma and is composed of many different types and sub-types. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is clinically divided into aggressive (high-grade) and indolent (low-grade) disease. However, indolent lymphoma can transform into aggressive lymphoma, and some types of lymphoma do not fit well into either category. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma is the most common type of aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and accounts for about a third of all lymphoma.
|A type of testicular cancer, named for the type of cell that becomes cancerous.
|Novalis TX with brainLAB technology
|A system for delivering high-intensity radiation therapy to a tumor, avoiding healthy tissue.
|Novel molecularly targeted agents
|Substances that affect specific molecules in the body, used to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing.
|Nuclear medicine
|A medical specialty that treats disease with drugs, imaging and small amounts of radioactive material.
|Nuclear medicine doctors
|The branch of medicine that uses radioactive materials either to image a patient's body or to destroy diseased cells.
|Nurse Navigator
|Nurse who works with you, your family and your local doctor to guide you through the patient care process. Each doctor works with a specific nurse navigator.
|Nurse Practitioner
|A registered nurse with advanced training who can diagnose and treat many health conditions. Some nurse practitioners have training in a specialty, such as oncology (cancer care and treatment).
|Nurse Practitioners
|A registered nurse with advanced training who can diagnose and treat many health conditions. Some nurse practitioners have training in a specialty, such as oncology (cancer care and treatment).
|Observational Population Studies
|Observational studies are done with cancer patients and people without cancer. People are observed or certain outcomes (events) are measured, but doctors do not otherwise take action or prescribe drugs or treatments.
|Occupational therapy
|Trains and helps people do daily activities that are important to them, even if they have a disease or disability.
|Ocular carcinoma
|Cancer that begins in tissues that cover structures in the eye.
|Ocular melanoma
|A rare cancer that begins in cells that make the pigment melanin in the eye
|A medical doctor who treats cancer with drugs and therapies other than radiation or surgery
|A protein involved in the growth of cancer cells.
|Open surgery
|Surgery with an incision (cut) that lets doctors work directly inside the body. Different from minimally invasive or laparoscopic surgery because the incision is usually larger.
|Oral and maxillofacial surgeon, dental surgeon
|A dentist who does surgery for conditions of the mouth, jaw, teeth and face.
|Orthotopic neobladder
|A bladder made from small intestine tissue after the urinary bladder is removed.
|A doctor who treats ear, nose and throat conditions.
|Intended to relieve or prevent symptoms
|Palliative medicine
|Healthcare that relieves symptoms such as pain and discomfort. The goal is not to cure a disease, but to make patients more comfortable and provide support.
|Palliative Medicine Doctor
|A doctor who is specialty-trained to provide care to improve the quality of life of patients who have a serious or life-threatening disease. The goal of palliative care is to prevent or treat as early as possible the symptoms of a disease, side effects caused by treatment of a disease, and psychological, social, and spiritual problems related to a disease or its treatment. Also called comfort care, supportive care, and symptom management.
|Palliative surgery
|Surgery to relieve the symptoms of a disease or prevent complications. Palliative surgery for cancer usually does not cure the cancer, because it has spread too far in the body to remove completely.
|Pancreatoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure)
|Surgery for pancreatic cancer. The surgeon removes the head of the pancreas, part of the stomach, the duodenum and other tissue in the area.
|Parathyroid glands
|Two small glands near the thyroid gland.
|Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
|Healthy red blood cells are destroyed in this rare blood condition. It can develop on its own or with other blood disorders such as aplastic anemia.
|Partial breast radiation with conformal beam radiation therapy
|Radiation to the area where a breast tumor was removed. Radiation beams are shaped to avoid healthy tissue and match the tumor area.
|A doctor who studies tissue from the body to learn about disease and its effects.
|Doctor who study tissue from the body to learn about disease and its effects.
|Studying tissues from the body to learn more about disease.
|Peripheral blood stem cell transplant
|A transplant of stem cells collected from the blood.
|PET Scan
|A procedure in which a small amount of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein, and a scanner is used to make detailed, computerized pictures of areas inside the body where the glucose is used. Because cancer cells often use more glucose than normal cells, the pictures can be used to find cancer cells in the body. Also called positron emission tomography scan.
|Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
|An inherited condition that causes benign polyps (growths) in the digestive system and freckles on the lips, in the mouth and near the eyes and nose.
|Phase I trials
|These first studies in people evaluate how a new drug should be given (by mouth, injected into the blood or injected into the muscle), how often and what dose is safe. A phase I trial usually has only a small number of patients, sometimes as few as a dozen.
|Phase II trials
|A phase II trial continues to test the safety of the drug and begins to evaluate how well the new drug works. Phase II studies usually focus on a particular type of cancer.
|Phase III trials
|These studies test a new drug, a new combination of drugs or a new surgical procedure in comparison to the current standard. A participant will usually be assigned at random to the standard treatment group or the new group. Phase III trials often enroll large numbers of people. They may be conducted at many doctors' offices, clinics and cancer centers nationwide.
|Phase IV trials
|The purpose of phase IV trials is to evaluate the side effects, risks and benefits of a drug over a longer time and in more people than in phase III clinical trials.
|Physical therapist
|A healthcare provider who evaluates, treats and prevents disability caused by injury, disease or other conditions.
|Physical Therapists
|Healthcare providers who treat injuries or illness with exercise, activities and other techniques to help the body function better and decrease pain or discomfort.
|Physical therapists
|Healthcare providers who treat injuries or illness with exercise, activities and other techniques to help the body function better and decrease pain or discomfort.
|Physician Assistant
|A healthcare provider who treats patients under a doctor's supervision.
|Physician Assistants
|Healthcare providers who treat patients under a doctor's supervision.
|Blood plasma is the yellow liquid component of blood, in which the blood cells are suspended. It makes up about 55% of total blood volume.
|Plastic and reconstructive surgeon
|A doctor who reconstructs damaged skin and other tissue. Plastic and reconstructive surgeons can also do surgery and other procedures to make skin and tissue look younger.
|Plastic and reconstructive surgeons
|Doctors who reconstruct damaged skin and other tissue. Plastic and reconstructive surgeons can also do surgery and other procedures to make skin and tissue look younger.
|Plastic surgery
|Surgery to correct a skin or tissue defect or restore a normal or younger appearance.
|Platelet disorders
|Diseases in which the body makes too many or not enough specialized blood cells called platelets.
|Post-mastectomy Radiation Therapy
|Radiation for the chest and lymph nodes after a mastectomy.
|Potentially curative surgery
|Surgery that may cure cancer by removing it from the body.
|Prevention trials test new approaches, such as medicines, vitamins, minerals or other supplements that doctors believe may lower the risk of a certain type of cancer.
|Primary cancer
|Cancer in the part of the body where it developed first.
|A forecasting of the probable course and outcome of a disease, esp. of the chances of recovery.
|Program coordinator
|A healthcare team member who arranges patient care, treatment and other activities, such as participation in research studies.
|In men, a gland about the size of a walnut that helps make semen, the fluid that carries sperm. The prostate is just below the bladder and surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder.
|Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)
|PSA is a protein in the blood that is produced only by prostate cells. PSA reflects the volume of both benign and malignant prostate tissue. The higher the PSA level, the more likely it is that prostate cancer is present. PSA test results are reported as nanograms per milliliter (ng/ml). The average PSA level increases with age. For men in their 60's and 70's, a PSA above 4 ng/ml is generally considered abnormal while in younger men lower PSA thresholds are used to recommend further evaluation. Ask your doctor for acceptable values for your age.
|Radiation Oncologist
|A physician specifically trained in the use of high energy X-rays to treat cancer.
|Radiation Oncologists
|Physicians specifically trained in the use of high energy X-rays to treat cancer.
|Radiation therapy
|Treatment with high energy radiation from X-rays or other sources of radiation.
|Radiation to Part of the Breast with Conformal Beam Radiation Therapy
|Instead of treating the whole breast with radiation, this treatment uses radiation in the area where the tumor was removed, using several shaped beams of radiation.
|Radioactive iodine
|A radioactive type of iodine used to treat thyroid cancer. Radioactive iodine in a drink, capsule or injection is used to kill cancer cells. Radioactive iodine can be used in tests for thyroid cancer as well as to treat the disease. If your thyroid is overactive (hyperthyroidism), you will take radioactive iodine one time in the form of a capsule. The medicine will directly radiates thyroid tissue, destroying it. It takes eight to 12 weeks for the thyroid gland to return to normal after treatment.
|Radioactive iodine therapy
|A type of iodine that is radioactive is used to treat thyroid cancer. Patients take a small amount of radioactive iodine in a drink, capsule or injection (shot).
|Radiofrequency ablation
|The use of electrodes to generate heat and destroy abnormal tissue by using energy waves to kill cancer cells by heating them.
|Reconstructive surgeon
|A surgeon who restores the appearance and function of tissue damaged by disease, injury or surgery.
|Reconstructive surgeons
|Doctors who reconstruct damaged skin and other tissue. Reconstructive surgeons can also do surgery and other procedures to make skin and tissue look younger.
|Re-irradiation techniques
|Ways of treating cancer with radiation after a patient has already had radiation treatment.
|A disease is responding to treatment or under control. Complete remission means that medical tests cannot find any cancer. Partial remission means there is less cancer, but it is not completely gone.
|Cancer that begins in the retina and usually occurs in children younger than five.
|Robotic prostate surgery, robotic prostatectomy (prostate removal)
|Prostate cancer surgery done with robotic arms holding the instruments. The surgeon controls the robotic arms to move the instruments. Surgery is done through incisions (cuts) that are smaller than in traditional prostate surgery.
|Robotic surgery
|Surgery using robot to assist surgeon to make fewer and smaller incisions. Will be used for thyroid and throat surgeries.
|Screening Detection and Diagnosis
|Screening, detection and diagnosis trials test the best way to find cancer, especially in its early stages when there are often no symptoms.
|Seminal vesicles
|In men, small glands near the bladder and prostate.
|A type of testicular cancer, named after the type of cell that becomes cancerous.
|Sickle cell anemia
|A disease that gives red blood cells an abnormal sickle (curved) shape. Healthy red blood cells are round, and the curved shape can cause blocks in blood vessels.
|Skin cancer, nonmelanoma
|Cancer that forms in the flat cells of the skin's surface (squamous cell carcinoma) or the base of the outer layer of skin (basal cell carcinoma).
|Social worker
|A healthcare team member with psychology training who helps patients deal with mental, emotional and daily living issues.
|Solid tumor
|A lump or mass formed by abnormal growth of cells.
|Somatostatin analog therapy
|Treatment option for inoperable or recurrent tumors that acts to decrease the growth hormone inhibiting hormone production of the tumor.
|Specialty team
|Also called a coordinated care team and includes doctors, nurses, therapists and other specialists who are experts in treating specific types of cancer. The team works together to evaluate a patient's cancer and determines the best therapies for the individual.
|Speech and language therapist
|A healthcare provider who diagnoses and treats speech and language problems, working with patients to improve their speech and related conditions.
|Speech pathologist
|A healthcare provider who diagnoses and treats problems with speech and language.
|Squamous Cell Carcinoma
|Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Squamous cells are found in the tissue that forms the surface of the skin, the lining of the hollow organs of the body, and the passages of the respiratory and digestive tracts. Also called epidermoid carcinoma.
|A system of classifying cancer using several factors, such as tumor size and location in the body.
|Stem cell
|A cell that can develop into other cell types, helping grow new tissue.
|Stem cell transplant
|A transplant of healthy stem cells, which can become new tissue in many different organs. Stem cell transplants can help replace diseased cells.
|A small tube placed inside part of the body, such as a blood vessel, to keep it from being blocked.
|stereotactic biopsies
|Surgery guided by mammography (breast X-ray) that allows your doctor to see in three dimensions while taking a tissue sample.
|Stereotactic body radiation therapy
|Radiation that uses special equipment to position the patient and focuses energy on a very small area, avoiding healthy tissue.
|Stereotactic surgery, computer-assisted
|A minimally invasive surgery using a precise map of the area to be treated. This technique can be used for biopsy, surgery, radiation and other procedures.
|Stereotactic surgery, computer-assisted
|A minimally invasive surgery using a precise map of the area to be treated. This technique can be used for biopsy, surgery, radiation and other procedures.
|This medication is used to treat certain types of cancer (kidney and intestinal). Sunitinib works by stopping or slowing the growth of cancer tumors. It also works by slowing the growth of new blood vessels within the tumor.
|Supportive Care
|Supportive care trials study treatments to prevent, control or relieve complications and side effects of disease or treatment and to improve patients' comfort and quality of life.
|Surgical nurse navigator
|A nurse who helps patients schedule and prepare for surgery.
|Surgical Oncologist
|A doctor who does surgery to remove cancer or treat symptoms of cancer. A surgical oncologist is fellowship trained in treating cancer with surgery.
|Syngeneic transplants
|Patients receive stem cells from their identical twin.
|Targeted biologic agents
|Treatments designed to destroy cancer cells without harming healthy tissue.
|Therapeutic apheresis
|Taking blood from a patient, separating the blood into its different parts and treating it for disease or replacing it with a blood substitute.
|Thoracic surgeon
|A surgeon who treats the chest, lungs and heart.
|A blood disease in which there are too few platelets in the blood.
|Thrombotic disorders
|Conditions in which the blood does not clot normally.
|Tissue plasminogen activator
|An anticlotting enzyme produced naturally in the body and genetically engineered to treat heart attacks, dissolve blood clots and prevent heart damage.
|Total pancreatectomy
|Removal of the entire pancreas. Used to treat pancreatic cancer.
|Transplant medicine
|The medical specialty of treating and caring for patients who need organ transplants.
|Treatment modalities
|Types of treatment.
|An abnormal growth on or inside the body.
|Tumor debulking
|The surgical removal of as much of a tumor as possible.
|Tumor dosimetry
|Measurement of radiation exposure from X-rays, gamma rays, or radioactive medicines that are swallowed or injected (given in a shot).
|Tumor embolizations
|A non-surgical technique used to reduce the amount of blood supply to a tumor to treat a tumor. It involves blocking the flow of blood in selected arteries.
|Tumor genotyping
|Finding the genes associated with tumor development.
|Tumor metastases
|The spreading of a disease (especially cancer)to another part of the body.
|Tumor resections
|The surgical removal of part of a structure or organ.
|A test that uses ultrasonic waves to scan the breast. Used to evaluate fibrocystic breast disease, breast implants or breast masses.
|Ultrasound and mammography guided-wire localization
|Surgery that uses mammography (breast X-ray) or ultrasound with a wire to help guide the doctor to the treatment area.
|Urologic oncologist
|A doctor who treats cancers of the urinary and reproductive system, including the prostate, testicles, kidneys and bladder.
|Urologic oncology clinic nurse
|A nurse with specialized training and experience in the urinary and reproductive system. Some urologic oncology nurses are certified as experts in this specialty.
|Urologic surgeons
|A doctor who does surgery on the organs of the urinary and reproductive system, including the prostate, testicles, kidneys and bladder.
|Varian linear accelerator
|A machine that gives intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), a precise type of radiation that focuses energy on a tumor and avoids healthy tissue.
|Whipple procedure
|Surgery for pancreatic cancer. The head of the pancreas, part of the stomach, the duodenum and other tissues are removed.


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By Mouldy Old Dough
February 17 2009
Oldham Athletic's new, unofficial fanzine for real Latics fans. We don't mirror the content on other OAFC websites; we want to reach out to quirky Latics fans across the globe and celebrate our beloved club with the exchange of frank views and opinions and take a light-hearted look at the goings-on at Boundary Park.
We need contributors to keep the site flowing so if you're a Latics fan and are (or aren't!) in the know, then join the team. If you're interested e-mail me at firstname.lastname@example.com.

subset: commoncrawl


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In the first addition of an outsider to its leadership ranks since being acquired by RCAP Holdings (RCAP) in September, First Allied Securities says it has named Kevin Keefe president.
Keefe, who previously was head of wealth management for the AIG-owned Advisor Group, will lead the broker-dealer operations and report directly to First Allied Holdings CEO Adam Antoniades.
"We are extremely pleased to welcome Kevin Keefe to First Allied. His diverse skill set and deep knowledge and understanding of the independent broker-dealer channel will enhance our current offering to our advisors," said Antoniades in a statement. "We are fortunate to have Kevin, with his extensive experience in this area, to fill this important new position."
The new First Allied president worked for several years at the Advisor Group with ex-CEO and President Larry Roth — who now leads a unit of RCAP, Realty Capital Securities.
(Realty Capital Securities is the nontraded REIT broker-dealer and wholesaler arm of RCS Capital, which is led by Nicholas Schorsch.
Before joining the Advisor Group, Keefe oversaw the development of platforms and services at LPL Financial (LPLA) from 2004 to 2009.
"I am thrilled to join First Allied and to lead its broker-dealer operations," Keefe said in a statement. "First Allied has earned a tremendous reputation for attracting independent advisors of the highest caliber, and I look forward to helping it continue to successfully fulfill its vision of providing them with the highest quality in practice management services, technology, tools and resources."
In March, First Allied promoted Matt McGinness to the role of CEO for First Allied Advisory Services. McGinness also reports to Antoniades.
RCAP recently acquired Cetera Financial Group — which includes about 6,600 independent financial advisors — from the private equity group Lightyear Capital. It is also in the process of buying Investor's Capital, J.P. Turner and Summit Brokerage Services.
Combined, RCAP will include about 8,900 advisors who work with about $190 billion in assets when these deals are completed.
Check out FINRA OKs RCAP's Cetera Deal; Schorsch Group May Buy NorthStar Realty on ThinkAdvisor.


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Welcome to the Carluke Community Website
Carluke is the Clyde Valley's largest town with a population of around 13,500. It sits on a high plateau overlooking the River Clyde, right in the heart of Lanarkshire's fruit growing area.
The town has seen a recent boom in house building thanks to its direct train link with Glasgow. There has also been recent reburbishment of most of Carluke's primary schools and its secondary school. The leisure centre and pool are in Carluke High School, and there is also a brand new sports stadium. The John Cumming Stadium is named after the footballing legend born in Carluke. John played for Carluke Rovers then went on to play for Hearts, winning two league titles, one Scottish Cup and four league cups in the 1950's and 60's, he also won nine Scotland caps.
Thanks to its proximity to the Clyde Valley's major fruit growers, one of Carluke's biggest employers is the jam company Renshaw Scott who recently added a chocolate refinery to their plant.
Memorials to two of Carluke's most famous sons were completed in 2006 as part of the town's Streetscape Project, regenerating the centre of the town. On the paving at the bottom of the High Street, a design of a compass etched with arrows pointing to places relevant to Carluke such as Tinto Hill and Carluke, New Zealand, has been created in honour of the noted surveyor and cartographer Major General William Roy. Doctor Daniel Reid Rankin is remembered by a plaque in Rankin Square with etchings of fossils carved into the granite. There is more information about both of these men on our site.
This website is now being run by pramsay13.


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Article content
A city couple who are banned from attending their son's hockey games for three-plus years has filed an appeal with Hockey Manitoba.
Hockey Winnipeg issued the suspension -- the longest in its history -- for their involvement in an altercation during a tournament in Fargo, N.D., in February.
After their eight-year-old son had played for the River East Royals (White) in a game against the Selkirk Steelers, the mother forced her way into the Selkirk dressing room to admonish the coach for the way her son, who has a medical condition, had been treated.
Her husband followed and got into a physical confrontation with the coach in front of the kids.
Hockey Manitoba will set a date to hear the parents' appeal within a few weeks, executive director Peter Woods said Wednesday.
"It could be made shorter or it could be made longer, although I doubt that," he said. "If the parents aren't satisfied there, they can go to Hockey Canada."
Officially, the couple cannot attend and any rink where their son is participating in Hockey Winnipeg-sanctioned activities.
Previously, the longest suspension for a parent was one year.
"I've never seen anything like this," Hockey Winnipeg president Don McIntosh said. "First, there were eight-year-old children stuck in a dressing room with no way out that were subject to this against their will.
"The husband took a swing at the coach and all hell broke loose, which was way beyond anything that was appropriate... And we got corroborative evidence from a team from Fargo that was at the tournament."
The unidentified mother said, to CBC, "I don't apologize for wanting to advocate for my son, but I did it in the wrong way."
Twitter: @bendersun
tap here to see other videos from our team.


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Happy Mother's Day to military moms: Column
- I write this note for a million women like my mom.
- When our dads are away on duty%2C moms keep the family at home together and going.
- This holiday%2C they deserve our appreciation%2C too.
I began writing a Mother's Day note, and then realized I was writing for a million women like my mom. My message wasn't just from me, but from 2 million kids who, like me, have sent a parent off to war in the past 10 years.
Almost everyone knows the huge sacrifices made daily by members of the military, but who is aware of the enormous sacrifices made by the parent who stays home? Are these sacrifices as important as those made by their mates'?
Over the past decade, members of the military have gone off to fight for their country, leaving behind their families for as long as a year. For many military personnel, the separation can repeat itself about every three years. During these tours of duty, their partners are left alone to be a single parent to their children, to adjust to a new town, and to hope fervently that the spouse who went off to war comes home in one piece.
Times of comfort
I remember my mom comforting my 3-year-old brother in the middle of the night as he searched the house for our dad, who was in Iraq. My mom told me how she sat on the couch with me in her arms years earlier, trying not to cry as my dad entered Iraq during the 2003 invasion.
The trials of a military spouse don't stop with the end of a deployment. On average, military families relocate every two or three years, leaving behind friends and a life. My mom has joined spouse groups and Blue Star Families to make transitions easier. These military parents rely on each other for a tight system of support.
By moving constantly, it's also hard for my mom to have a job. My mom discovered that there wasn't much use for a political adviser in a small town in North Carolina. Finding a new job every two or three years is so hard that a study by Blue Star Families found that 52% of non-employed military spouses would like to work.
Serve and sacrifice
I know my mom must have covered up her own grief to comfort me and my brother when we've hugged our best friends goodbye. Then it is on to the next town or country. A new house has to be found. A new school has to be picked. Everything has to be unpacked, and new connections have to be made.
Then a couple years later, everything is moved again. There's a common phrase used by military families: Home is where the family is — and it's true. After a few months the new house feels like home, but it's the spouse who makes it that way.
Many people think members of the military are the only ones who chose to serve their country. My dad wouldn't serve unless my mom supported him. When my mom chose to follow the path of military spouse, she was choosing to serve and sacrifice for her country as well.
So happy Mother's Day to all the military moms. Maybe this holiday can be a chance for more Americans to appreciate what you do.
Sophie Roth-Douquet, 15, is living in Stuttgart, Germany, where her father is stationed with the U.S. Marine Corps.
In addition to its own editorials, USA TODAY publishes diverse opinions from outside writers, including our Board of Contributors.


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News: 13 November 2012
What makes a city tick?
Answering this, Auckland's BIG little City today launched "A Day In the Life of the BIG little City", a digital video taking people on a journey of the central city – showcasing the people, places and unique culture that has made Auckland one of the most liveable cities in the world.
This clip shows a fresh and vibrant perspective on all aspects of Auckland's central city, with an emphasis on the diverse cultural disposition and individuality of the people that are proud to call Auckland home.
Cities have to behave and function differently and to a different beat. They have to represent diversity and breadth – they are experiential.
During working hours it has a population equivalent to the fourth largest city in New Zealand.
Our central city is rapidly changing in response to this.
Auckland is bounded by one of the most spectacular urban harbours in the world and eclectic and gritty arts and creative sector, two universities and a two generous parks form boundaries to the east and west.
Auckland's public art installation features throughout the video, from commissioned sculptures decorating the waterfront, to the colourful street art injecting personality into the back streets, this distinct array of art communicates that Auckland is a city that celebrates creativity.
A smorgasbord of Auckland's fine dining restaurants and colourful cafes serve up an array of culinary delights, in a sequence that flaunts our rich dining culture and world-class eateries.
Window shop your way around the BIG little City's retail precincts for all your fashion needs. From local designers, to top international labels, the central city showcases all new season trends to help you enjoy what this truly fashionable city has to offer.
This clip shows a perspective on all aspects of Auckland's central city, with an emphasis on the diverse cultural disposition and individuality of the people that are proud to call Auckland home.
Alex Swney, CEO of Heart of the City says, "This is the city's ever changing face, a glimpse of the city's evolving story and the breadth of our offering from the grit of the back streets, to the beautiful the theatres, the boutique shops, the bars, and international dining scene, the food, the shopping and its heritage. It's authentic and for this reason it engenders a great sense of pride for our city."
Share this video, show your pride for Auckland and the city, get involved, and share your Auckland... #ADayInTheLifeOf.
Updated on 7th October 2019


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Martian volcanoes are not known for being hard to spot. The behemoth Olympus Mons, for example, claims the mantle of the largest known volcano in the Solar System. A new paper published in Nature, however, suggests that some volcanoes on the red planet have remained incognito by blending in with the impact craters that dot Mars' surface. The reason for this mistaken identity is that these volcanoes undergo explosive, Yellowstone-style eruptions, leaving a crater-like caldera behind.
Olympus Mons and its kin are shield volcanoes—broad domes built up by lava flows issuing from a central vent. Volcanism has taken a number of other forms throughout the planet's history, though, before activity dropped off as Mars cooled. Erosion and burial beneath younger lava flows have made it harder to identify some volcanic features—especially the older ones.
One thing that isn't hard to find is an impact crater. These scars left by collisions with other bodies are numerous and have a set of distinctive features—there's more to a crater than a hole in the ground. You can usually find a raised area like a bulls-eye in the center of the circular depressions. The rim around the edge is raised above its surroundings. The material that was rudely excavated by the impact is launched radially outward, forming what's known as an "ejecta blanket" where it settles to the ground.
In a pock-marked region named Arabia Terra, researchers Joseph Michalski and Jacob Bleacher have spotted a few depressions that they think are not like the others. They lack those characteristic features of impact craters, including the neatly circular shape. Instead, they look strikingly like volcanic calderas created by massive eruptions.
Calderas form when the contents of large magma chambers are explosively vomited into the air. With nothing left in the chamber to support the overlying rock, the surface collapses in. If you expected all volcanoes to be impressive, Olympus Mons style peaks, you would miss Yellowstone Caldera, the source of an eruption that dumped ash over the majority of the United States just 640,000 years ago. Michalski and Bleacher think they've been looking at calderas on Mars associated with eruptions at least that large.
Their best example is a feature called the Eden patera (pictured above). The nearly 2-kilometer-deep depression lies at the center of a shallow bowl in the surface. Careful inspection reveals signs of the type of faults that form as calderas collapse in on themselves. The convoluted shape of the depression, difficult to explain as an impact, could be the result of several overlapping calderas from separate eruptions. In one portion, the researchers even noticed terraces that resemble the "bathtub rings" left by drained lava lakes.
If these really are calderas, it could add a lot to our knowledge of Mars' volcanic history. For one thing, they could be the source of some ancient layered rocks on Mars that researchers have puzzled over for some time.
It would also point to a different style of volcanism in Mars' youth, when its crust was much thinner. If they were widespread, these massive eruptions could have wreaked a lot of havoc on the climate system. Since we want to know how Mars lost its water, its climate history is something we're keenly interested in learning more about.
Nature, 2013. DOI: 10.1038/nature12482 (About DOIs).


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Security giant Trend Micro is considering pulling its anti-virus software from the Virus Bulletin 100 (VB100) tests, claiming they no longer reflect contemporary malware.
In an interview with Techworld, Trend Micro's anti-malware CTO Raimund Genes was blunt about the company's feelings. "It [the VB100] was created in the 20th Century when we had one outbreak per quarter," he said. "The marketing value of the logo is high but it doesn't mean anything."
According to Genes, the VB100 pitted anti-virus products against a whitelist of viruses drawn from the collection of the independently-managed and respected Wildlist.org. However, although drawn from real-world viruses, the volume, variety and evolution of malware now rendered the use of a Wildlist subset almost meaningless.
According to Genes, other vendors were also unhappy with this aspect of the tests. He contrasted the VB100 unfavorably with the huge malware sets used by Austrian outfit AV Comparatives, which he suggested would be a better reflection of the real threats anti-malware programs were now up against.
If the pull-out comes to pass, it will be a blow not just to Virus Bulletin, but to the idea underpinning the VB100 itself. According to Virus Bulletin's website, Trend Micro has taken part in 27 tests carried out over the years by the title. The VB100 - conducted free of charge but vendors must pay to use the logo on paper marketing - would continue, but a major AV engine would no longer be there for comparison.
John Hawes of Virus Bulletin defended the VB100, saying that viewing it as a definitive malware test missed the point. It measured a basic level of competence. Vendors had to score 100 percent in order to be accredited, and had to avoid all false positives, a high but fair level of achievement against malware from a publically-known set.
"The point of the VB100 is that everyone should get everything on that list," said Hawes. "It would be a shame if they [Trend] did not take part."
He revealed that Virus Bulletin was working on a new and more comprehensive test, a sort of "VB1000", which would include leading-edge malware. He was unable to be drawn on timescales for this, but referred to the complexity of designing and carrying out such tests.
Stuart Taylor of Sophos was happy to defend the credibility of the VB100. "Because VB100 is very much a pass or fail test many people expect products to achieve a VB100 as a matter of course. Therefore it is a requirement for most vendors to participate," he said.
However "It has to be acknowledged that testing security products is becoming far more complex and testers need to address the changing threat landscape and the emerging technologies that vendors are using to counter the latest threats," he added.
A promising speck on the horizon comes in the form of the non-profit Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization (AMTSO), a cross-vendor organization that has held a number of meetings in the hope that some new standards can be agreed on software testing. So far, nothing has come out of its initial meetings held in Bilbao and Amsterdam, but Taylor - a member of the management committee - was hopeful that a forthcoming meeting set for July, to be held at Microsoft's Redmond campus, might speed the plough.
"AMTSO is going to provide guidelines for testing which will help with testing the complexity of today's malware and different technologies. The aim is to raise the bar on testing relevance and quality," said Taylor.
The VB100 has a habit of coming up with a range of interesting tid-bits, including April's revelation that a number of anti-malware products for Vista weren't quite up to scratch.


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Okla. Insurance study cites uninsured driver costs
A study by the Oklahoma Insurance Department suggests Oklahoma is losing $8.8 million annually in state revenue from uninsured drivers.
Department Chief Actuary Frank Stone prepared the analysis using data provided by the Insurance Research Council, the U.S. Department of Transportation and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners.
The evaluation suggests the money is lost in the form of premium taxes that are not paid on the estimated 563,000 uninsured vehicles in the state.
About half of that money would go into the state's general revenue fund while the rest would be deposited into various state public safety pension programs.
Insurance Commissioner John Doak says he is pushing for legislative changes in 2013 to tackle the problem of uninsured drivers, including increased fines.


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CALGARY — A new report on Canada's job market indicates 30 per cent of the country's businesses face a skilled labour shortage, which is double the rate seen in early 2010.
And the issue is more acute in Alberta.
The report, released Monday by CIBC World Markets, also said Canada's job market shows a growing divide between have and have not occupations.
"Obviously when you look at the occupations you can see where Alberta is missing. It's really things that are related to the oilsands. Engineers. Heavy machinery operators. The mining industry," said Benjamin Tal, the CIBC's deputy chief economist. "Those kind of occupations definitely you see it in Alberta (for shortages). Also, if you look at the rate of (job) vacancies relative to unemployment, you can see it is the highest in Alberta.
"Clearly this is an issue that is slowing down the ability of Alberta to grow . . . I think that if there is a problem, clearly it is in Alberta."
He said the survey indicating 30 per cent of Canadian businesses face a skilled labour shortage would be higher in Alberta.
The largest skill shortage was found in health-related occupations, the mining industry, advanced manufacturing and business services. Put together, those occupations account for 21 per cent of total employment in Canada.
"One-fifth of the Canadian labour market is currently showing signs of skilled labour shortage," said Tal, adding that in Alberta it would be higher. "The average unemployment rate of this pool of occupations is just over one per cent and their wages are now rising by an average annual rate of 3.9 per cent — more than double the rate seen in the economy as a whole.
"Overall employment in this group is rising by 2.1 per cent — much faster than the speed seen in the rest of the market, but obviously not fast enough to dent the labour market skill scarcity. In this context, the recently announced government plans to admit between 53,000 and 55,000 new Canadians in 2013 through an overhauled federal skilled worker program is a welcome development. However, it's simply not large enough to turn things around. Ditto for the increased focus on apprenticeship as a possible solution to the chronic shortage in skilled trades. Despite recent program improvements, the number of certificates granted to apprentices is still a fraction of the overall size of the skilled trades labour pool."
According to a recent survey commissioned by DeVry Institute of Technology, 86 per cent of Albertans believe that a shortage of technology workers would have a negative effect on Alberta's overall labour market and economy. Such an impact could jeopardize the province's employment rate, which continues to be highest in the country, said DeVry.
"We're already starting to see the impact of a skilled IT worker shortage here in Alberta," said Jonathan Nituch, vice-president of operations at Fortress Technology Planners. "Not enough Albertans are choosing Information Technology as a career path, which is leaving unfilled employment opportunities that are critical to economic growth."
Recently, another report, from Hays, an international recruitment consultancy and Oxford Economics, said Canada is suffering from chronic skills shortages that will simultaneously drive up job vacancies and unemployment if left unchecked. But the report also said that Canada has the necessary framework to create the next generation of Canadian talent and successfully feed the candidate pipeline and bring down unemployment.
"The skills shortage is unfortunately a fact of life for many employers but Canada has the fundamentals in place to relieve the pressure in the medium term. Our path to success relies on our will to get it done," said Rowan O'Grady, president of Hays Canada. "It will take genuine collaboration between business leaders, academics and the government to push for a change in how we collectively approach our labour challenges."


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Texas Court Rules on Tracking High School Students
A federal judge in Texas next week will consider whether a San Antonio high school can force a student to take part in a program that equips students with microchips to track their attendance. Nathan Koppel reports on Digits. Photo: Getty Images.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... should schools be allowed to track students with microchips a Texas court is going to decide whether they should be what they call for joining us now from ... Austin Texas tells all about this and night thanks for being now ... yes I made this cool is reducing Antonio which is one of the ... state has started to grow our are ... some of this season in middle school high school teachers to deny the fact is ... there and ended with radio frequency ... devices that can track the students wherever they are in this time what why cant that that ... this was during ... this issue they can better monitor the tendency to school season the state funding ... is tied to ... the school's ... average daily attendance today ... when using these to my purchasing better to ... know whether a student ... had shown up for school that day ... and after doing it isn't for security reasons ... but ... I don't know um not everybody is is thrilled with this all they had the idea of having to go that that this goes to enroll teams of highly reasonable want but because wants to know that that was a ... that disagrees with the still wanna do it for religious reasons explain what's going on now ... she's EAS on more and she did ... indeed been job creation and she says ... that this violates ... she she says is in the book of revelation that ... it constitutes a form of submission to a ... as secular ruling authority in which she considers a form of idolatry is protected by the marble cheese and ... cheese on it ... true crime to to get out of the IB program the school has said ... that they ... will not require her to have an ID card has a microchip and she still require that she wants to stay in school too ... to where the idea around her neck ... she has led the I ninety but not with the Micra ... Trojan ... that now there are other ways to take attendance on I mean you don't even like I mean that the day when given us Mike that if ... one of the stone that would take him tenants ... reading his critics is that you know the the Olympian attendance list is actually in class Truman and ... aim to raise their him and teacher call their name up ... and also to be that the American Civil Liberties Union as well when is it another way it seems can do is just a carry an ID badge that the swine on her way into school ... I'm ... concerned again these devices can overseas are any units any point in time for the day for ... and ... been this school say this is a unit of it I know that many students like they're also using it in a lunchroom making ... scoring the winner going through the lunch line and and and incentives to different uses ... now that mean that the Texas Court is gonna decide on on this next week aam is this likely to be all on the hearing was this to me it was snapped up ... in a dinner for thirty one the first issues with this cool can ... in winter ... they require a transfer of ice which she refuses to wear ... where's that she's she's that's for the koruna win over the school from transferring her and ... that she is she's got out of the Rover ... on interesting stuff only I we await the result of that thank you my much to ... make copies and was originally with the accretion of moral mount the vs day don't come


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Bouncing Basketballs: How Much Energy Does Dribbling Take?
|Areas of Science
Sports Science
|Time Required
|Very Short (≤ 1 day)
|Material Availability
|Readily available. See the Materials and Equipment list for details.
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AbstractPlaying basketball can be hard work. Players not only constantly run around the court, but just dribbling the basketball takes a lot of effort, too. Why is that? It has to do with how the basketball bounces. When the ball hits the court, its bounce actually loses momentum by transferring some of its energy into a different form. This means that to keep the ball bouncing, players must continually put more energy into the ball. In this sports science project, you will determine how high a basketball bounces on different surfaces relative to the height from which it was dropped. Which surface enables the basketball to bounce the highest, meaning which requires the least amount of energy from a player to keep on dribbling the ball? Grab a basketball and try this science project idea to find out!
ObjectiveDetermine how different surfaces affect how high a basketball bounces relative to the height it was dropped from.
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Bounce, bounce, swish! Playing a game of basketball is hard work, and one part of that workout comes from just dribbling the ball. In Figure 1 below, you can see Kobe Bryant, playing on the U.S. men's Olympic team, dribbling a ball. Why does it take effort to dribble the ball? When a basketball hits the ground (and as it flies through the air), it actually transforms some of its energy to another form. If players do not put enough energy back into the ball, they will not be able to dribble it effectively.
Figure 1. When a player dribbles a basketball, as Kobe Bryant does here on the 2012 U.S. men's Olympic team, the ball actually transfers some of its energy on each bounce (Airman 1st Class Daniel Hughes, 2012).
When a basketball bounces, it has two different types of energy: kinetic energy and potential energy. Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to motion. Any object that is moving has kinetic energy. A fast-moving basketball has more kinetic energy than a slow-moving basketball. And a basketball that is not moving at all has no kinetic energy. Potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its height above the ground. (A basketball resting on the floor has no potential energy.) For example, when you hold a basketball at waist level, it has some potential energy. If you hold it higher, such as up over your head, it has even more potential energy. If you drop the basketball, the force of gravity pulls it down, and as the ball falls, its potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. As the ball approaches the ground, its potential energy decreases. But the ball also speeds up, so its kinetic energy increases.
So what do kinetic energy and potential energy have to do with how a basketball bounces on the court? As mentioned earlier, when the basketball hits the court's floor, it appear to "lose" some energy—what really happens is that some kinetic energy gets converted into energy in the form of sound, heat, and briefly changing the shape of the ball (flattening it slightly). Some of the energy is also absorbed by the court's surface. When a collision occurs where kinetic energy is lost, it is called an inelastic collision. (On the other hand, an elastic collision is when kinetic energy is conserved—it is the same before and after the collision.) When a basketball bounces (without being pushed down), it does not go all the way back up to its original height, as shown in Figure 2 below. This is because the basketball had an inelastic collision with the ground. After a few bounces, it stops bouncing completely. The energy has left the ball!
Figure 2. A bouncing ball has both kinetic and potential energy. As it bounces, it loses kinetic energy, so each bounce is not as high as the one before it. (Michael Maggs and Richard Bartz, 2007)
One factor that can affect the basketball's inelastic collision with the ground is the type of surface the ball collides with. The surface affects just how much kinetic energy is "lost," or transformed (technically the law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be lost, but it can change form) and this determines how much energy a player has to put back into the ball to keep it bouncing. In inelastic collisions, different surfaces absorb different amounts of energy. How do you think a hard surface, like concrete, absorbs energy compared to a soft surface, like carpet? In this sports science project, you will determine how high a basketball bounces on different surfaces relative to the height from which it is dropped. Which surface will absorb the least amount of energy and allow the basketball to bounce the highest? Grab a basketball and get ready to find out!
Terms and Concepts
- Energy
- Kinetic energy
- Potential energy
- Gravity
- Inelastic collision
- In a typical game of basketball, when does the ball have more kinetic energy than potential energy and vice versa?
- Why does a basketball eventually stop bouncing if you just let it go and do not dribble it?
- What examples of inelastic collisions have you seen? How is the energy transformed?
- What surface will absorb more energy, a soft or hard one? Why?
BibliographyTo find out more about kinetic energy, check out this webpage:
- The Physics Classroom. (n.d.). Kinetic energy. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
This webpage has additional information on elastic and inelastic collisions:
- Nave, R. (n.d.). Elastic and inelastic collisions. HyperPhysics. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
This article discusses some of the physics of dribbling a basketball:
- Kasie14. (2012, February 16). Physics of dribbling a basketball. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
For help creating graphs, try this website:
- National Center for Education Statistics, (n.d.). Create a Graph. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
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Materials and Equipment
- Different surfaces to bounce a basketball on (at least 3). They should be steady, fixed surfaces. Some examples include carpet, concrete, grass, linoleum, and a basketball court. The surface needs to be flat and next to a wall or other large surface perpendicular to it. Pick at least one hard surface and one soft surface.
- Tape measure, metric
- Painter's tape. This is available at hardware stores or online through sellers such as Amazon.com.
- Video camera. A video camera on a cell phone should work fine.
- Optional: Note cards, index cards, sheets of paper, or something else to write trial numbers on (10).
- Volunteer to videotape the experiments, or a tripod. If you use a tripod, you will need a surface nearby, such as a chair, to set the tripod and camera on. GorillaPods are an example of inexpensive, small types of tripods available through Amazon.com.
- Basketball
- Access to a computer or large screen to watch your recorded videos on
- Lab notebook
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Experimental Procedure
Videotaping the Basketball Bounces
- Prepare the wall, or other vertical panel, next to the first surface you want to test so that you can measure the height of the basketball's bounce.
- On the wall next to the surface, use a tape measure and the blue painter's tape to mark every 20 centimeters (cm), starting from the floor and going up to 100 cm. You should end up with five tape marks, as shown in Figure 3.
- Note: You can make the tape marks longer than the ones in Figure 3, so they will be easier to see in the video recording. Remember to put the top edge of the tape at the every 20 cm mark.
Figure 3. On a wall or other panel next to the surface you want to test, place strips of painter's tape every 20 cm, starting from the floor and going up to 100 cm. The test surface shown here is linoleum, and the tape was placed on a refrigerator.
- Set up the video camera so that all of the marked measurements and the floor are in view. It is best to record the bounce as straight on, or as evenly framed in the viewfinder, as possible. You can either have a volunteer run the camera for you, or set the camera up on a tripod.
- Tip: If you use a mini tripod, you need a raised surface nearby, such as a chair, to set the tripod and camera on.
- Test the basketball on the surface:
- Either ask your volunteer to start the video camera or, if you do not have a volunteer, begin recording with the video camera on its tripod.
- If you are using note cards to visually keep track of your trials, show a note card with the trial number written on it in front of the camera briefly, before you do the experiment. Alternatively, you can just say the trial number so you can hear it later on the recording. (The first trial you do will be Trial 1.)
- Hold the basketball so that the bottom of it is lined up with the top edge of the highest tape mark you made, as shown in Figure 4. Also hold the ball close to the wall, not more than about 5 cm away.
- Make sure your body is not blocking the camera's view of the basketball and the tape-marked wall.
- Tip: If you have a volunteer helping you, ask them to check if the bottom of the basketball looks lined up with the top edge of the tape mark when looking through the camera.
- Drop the basketball. (Do not push it down.)
- Let the basketball bounce back up and then hit the ground a second time before you catch it in your hands and stop recording it.
Figure 4. To record the basketball's bounce, hold it so that the bottom of the ball is lined up with the top tape mark, at 100 cm, before dropping the ball.
- Repeat step 3 at least nine more times with the surface you just tested, for a total of at least ten trials of this surface.
- If, in any of the trials, it looks as if the ball did not bounce straight back up, but went slightly to the side, then do an additional trial.
- Repeat steps 1 to 4 with the other surfaces you wanted to test.
- You need to test at least three surfaces total, including at least one hard and one soft surface. The surfaces you test should all be flat.
- For consistent results, try to hold the basketball for each trial the same distance from the wall and also position the camera at the same approximate height (keeping the camera and tripod placed on the same chair and then moving the chair to the new surface is a good way to do this).
- Note: If you are testing a surface that is at a very different temperature (such as concrete outside on a cold day), you will want to do your trials quickly so that the ball does not change temperature. A change in the ball's temperature can affect how it bounces. You could try doing one trial at a time and bringing the basketball inside in between the trials to let it warm back up.
Analyzing Your Results
- Once you have finished testing the surfaces, make a data table in your lab notebook similar to Table 1. You will record your data in this data table. Table 1 has already been partly filled in as an example — fill in the exact surfaces you tested in your own data table. For each surface, describe how hard it is in the "Hardness" column. See examples in Table 1.
|Drop Height (cm)
|Bounce Height (cm)
|Height Difference (cm)
|Average Height Difference (cm)
|Trial 1
|Trial 2
|Trial 3
|Trial 1
|Trial 2
|Trial 3
|Trial 1
|Very Hard
|Trial 2
|Trial 3
Table 1. In your lab notebook, make a data table like this one to record your results.
- Now watch your videos closely and fill in the "Drop Height (cm)" and "Bounce Height (cm)" columns in your data table with your results. Watch your videos on a computer or other large screen so you can make detailed observations. Because the actual drop heights and bounce heights will vary slightly from trial to trial, you need to determine them by examining the video carefully.
- Watch the videos for each trial using slow motion and/or pause the recording right before the basketball is dropped, and then when it is at the highest point in its first bounce.
- Right before dropping the ball, it is at its drop height.
- When the ball is at its highest point in its first bounce, it is at its bounce height.
- Do your best to use the tape marks on the wall to help you estimate the drop height and the bounce height.
- Always measure the drop height and the bounce height from the bottom of the basketball.
- The drop height should be close to 100 cm, but you should review the videos to see if it was actually a little above or below 100 cm. For example, in one trial it might have been at about 105 cm, whereas in another trial it could have been closer to 95 cm.
- Do not count any trials where it looks as if the basketball did not bounce straight up, but instead went off to the side.
- Watch the videos for each trial using slow motion and/or pause the recording right before the basketball is dropped, and then when it is at the highest point in its first bounce.
- Calculate the height difference for each trial and note it in your data table. To calculate the height difference, subtract the bounce height from the drop height.
- For example, if your drop height was 105 cm and your bounce height was 60 cm, your height difference would be 45 cm (since 105 cm - 60 cm = 45 cm).
- Calculate the average height difference for each surface and record this in your data table. Do this by calculating the average height difference for all of the trials for a given surface.
- For example, if your height difference for ten trials with a surface were 60 cm, 63 cm, 65 cm, 64 cm, 61 cm, 60 cm, 60 cm, 65 cm, 63 cm, and 62 cm, your average height difference for that surface would be 62 cm (the sum of these numbers divided by ten, since there were ten trials).
- Make a bar graph of the average height difference for each surface.
- Put the name of the surface on the horizontal axis (x-axis) and the average height difference (in cm) on the vertical axis (y-axis).
- You can make the graph by hand or use a website like Create a Graph to make a graph on the computer and print it.
- Look at your data and your graph and analyze your results.
- How high did the basketball bounce relative to its drop height when dropped on the different surfaces? Which surface enabled the ball to retain the greatest height relative to the drop height, and bounce the highest? Which surface caused the ball to lose the most height?
- Based on your results, which surface do you think absorbed the least amount of energy from the basketball, enabling the ball to bounce the highest?
- Can you use your results to help explain why a basketball court has the surface that it does?
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
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- Try this science project again, but instead of investigating different surfaces, try bouncing a basketball at different temperatures. You could try storing a basketball in a refrigerator or freezer, and then bouncing it. Compare its bounce height to a basketball that was stored at room temperature. How do the bounce heights compare when the basketball is at different temperatures? Tip: Be sure to do the experiments quickly after removing the basketball from the refrigerator or freezer, because the basketball will quickly warm up again.
- You know that a basketball loses kinetic energy by transferring it to other forms when the ball bounces, but just how many bounces can a basketball make before losing all of its kinetic energy and stopping bouncing? And how does this change if you alter some factors, such as the surface the basketball bounces on or the drop height? Design an experiment to investigate how many bounces a basketball can make and how various factors affect that number. You will also want to measure how high each consecutive bounce is. You could then make a graph of bounce height versus bounce number. Give it a try!
- How do different balls bounce compared with each other? You can try this science project again, but just pick one surface to test and try a variety of different types of balls, such as bouncy balls, soccer balls, tennis balls, and others.
- How does a punctured basketball (or soccer ball) bounce compared to one that is not punctured? Try this science project again, but pick one surface to test and first try a ball that is not punctured, then puncture the ball and try it again.
- When the basketball hits the ground, energy is transferred to the floor, converted in the form of heat and sound. Design an experiment to investigate one (or more) of the other ways that kinetic energy can be lost by changing to another form of energy, such as by measuring how loudly the ball hits the ground, or how much the ball heats up. Does the surface the ball is bounced on affect how the energy is lost?
- There are equations you can use to actually calculate potential energy and kinetic energy. You can use Equation 1 below to calculate the potential energy of the basketball when you drop it. You could try measuring the bounce height of the basketball when it is dropped from different heights (but always on the same surface) and calculate how much potential energy it has each time it is dropped. How does its potential energy change when you change its drop height? How does this affect its bounce height? How much energy is transformed on each bounce?
Equation 1:
- PE = potential energy (in joules [J])
- m = mass of the basketball (in kilograms [kg])
- g = acceleration due to gravity, which is 9.81 meters per second squared (m/s²)
- h = height (in meters)
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lions200918 said:
2020-04-15 17:45:50
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puddincat said:
2020-02-12 01:39:02
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i learned that playing basketball on concrete actually saves a lot of energy
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it helped me find a project idea that i liked very quickly and also helped save a lot of time for my upcoming and soon due science fair project
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sumukh2421 said:
2019-10-03 15:05:40
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