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Every year, players of all ages in all sports receive concussion injuries during games and practice.Characterized by an impairment of the brain's normal function and caused by violent shaking or jarring of the brain, concussions may cause alterations in cognitive function, vision, eye movement, facial movement, or speech. Contrary to popular belief, no helmet in any sport can prevent a concussion.
Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury (TBI), caused by a blow or jolt to the head that can range from mild to severe and can disrupt the way the brain normally works. Coaches, administrators and trainers play a key role in helping to prevent concussion and in managing it properly if it occurs.
US Lacrosse and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have partnered to develop a number of educational resources regarding concussions. These resources, titled Heads Up, contain practical, easy-to-use information designed to help reduce the numbers of this type of injury.
Follow this link to find the online concussion training for coaches or click on the CDC Information on Concussions button below. Click on the Heads Up Resources for Lacrosse to find clipboard stickers and fact sheets for coaches, parents and players. Download the Heads Up App to install an application on your smartphone to support real time response if you think that your child or a player may have suffered a concussion or brain injury.
CDC Information on Concussions
Heads Up Resources for Lacrosse
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As if Mistress-gate wasn't enough drama to deal with, the White House will face a bomb threat on this week's Scandal.
Scandal Postmortem: Jake finally returned! What's next?
In the exclusive sneak peek at Thursday's episode (10/9c, ABC) below, we see just how bad things might get. Fitz (Tony Goldwyn) is essentially held hostage alongside Mellie (Bellamy Young), but it's not what you think!
One thing that is troubling: Mellie notes that this will put a damper on their romantic getaway. The episode description states that they'll finally admit their true feelings for one another. Is this the end of Fitz and Olivia (Kerry Washington)? Check out the video below:
Scandal airs Thursdays at 10/9c on ABC.


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Iraqi Army
|Iraqi Army
Ground Forces Insignia
|Ground-based military warfare
|Active: ~200.000
|Part of
|Iraqi Ministry of Defense
|Baghdad, Iraq
|"Iraqi Ground Forces"
|January 6[1]
First incarnation:
|Ground Forces flag
The Iraqi Army, officially the Iraqi Ground Forces, is the ground force component of the Iraqi military, having been active in various incarnations throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
The Iraqi Army in its modern form was first created by the United Kingdom during the inter-war period of de facto British control of Mandatory Iraq. Following the invasion of Iraq by U.S. forces in 2003, the Iraqi Army was rebuilt along American lines with enormous amounts of U.S. military assistance at every level. Because of the Iraqi insurgency that began shortly after the invasion, the Iraqi Army was later designed to initially be a counter-insurgency force.[2][3] With the withdrawal of U.S. troops in 2011, Iraqi forces have assumed full responsibility for their own security.[4] A New York Times article suggested that, between 2004 and 2014, the U.S. had provided the Iraqi Army with $25 billion in training and equipment in addition to an even larger sum from the Iraqi treasury.[5]
The threat of war with newly forming Republic of Turkey, which claimed the Ottoman vilayet of Mosul as part of their country, led the British to form the Iraqi Army on 6 January 1921. The Mussa Al-Kadhum Brigade consisted of ex-Iraqi-Ottoman officers, whose barracks were located in Kadhimyah.[6] The United Kingdom provided support and training to the Iraqi Army and the Iraqi Air Force through a small military mission based in Baghdad.[7] Iraqi Army Day celebrates the soldiers that fight for Iraq.
Royal Iraqi Army
From 1533 to 1918, Iraq was under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and fought as part of the Military of the Ottoman Empire. After 1917, the United Kingdom took control of the country. The first Iraqi military forces established by the British were the Iraq Levies, several battalions of troops tasked to guard the Royal Air Force (RAF) bases from which the British controlled Iraq.
In August 1921, the British installed Hashemite King Faisal I as the client ruler of the British Mandate of Iraq. Faisal had been forced out as the King of Syria by the French. Likewise, British authorities selected Sunni Arab elites from the region for appointments to government and ministry offices in Iraq. The British and the Iraqis formalized the relationship between the two nations with the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1922. With Faisal's ascension to the throne, the Iraqi Army became the Royal Iraqi Army (RIrA).
In 1922, the army totalled 3,618 men. This was well below the 6,000 men requested by the Iraqi monarchy and even less than the British set limit of 4,500. Unattractive salaries hindered early recruiting efforts. At this time, the United Kingdom maintained the right to levy local forces like the British-officered Iraq Levies which were under direct British control. With a strength of 4,984 men, the Iraq Levies outnumbered the army with its British set limit of 4,500 men.
In 1924, the RIrA grew to 5,772 men and, by the following year, had grown still more to reach 7,500 men. It was to stay at 7,500 men until 1933. The force now had six infantry battalions, three cavalry regiments, two mountain regiments, and one field battery.[8]
In 1932, the Kingdom of Iraq was granted official independence. This was in accordance with the Anglo-Iraqi Treaty of 1930, whereby the United Kingdom would end its official mandate on the condition that the Iraqi government would allow British advisers to take part in government affairs, allow British military bases to remain, and a requirement that Iraq assist the United Kingdom in wartime.[9]
Upon achieving independence in 1932, political tensions arose over the continued British presence in Iraq, with Iraq's government and politicians split between those considered pro-British and those who were considered anti-British. The pro-British faction was represented by politicians such as Nuri as-Said who did not oppose a continued British presence. The anti-British faction was represented by politicians such as Rashid Ali al-Gaylani who demanded that remaining British influence in the country be removed.[10] From 1936 to 1941, five coups by the RIrA occurred during each year led by the chief officers of the Army against the government to pressure the government to concede to Army demands.[10]
1941 coup
In early April 1941, during World War II, Rashid Ali al-Gaylani and members of the anti-British "Golden Square" launched a coup d'état against the current government. Prime Minister Taha al-Hashimi resigned and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani took his place as Prime Minister. Rashid Ali also proclaimed himself chief of a "National Defence Government." He did not overthrow the monarchy, but installed a more compliant Regent. He also attempted to restrict the rights of the British which were granted them under the 1930 treaty.
On April 30 Iraqi Army units took the high ground to the south of RAF Habbaniya. An Iraqi envoy was sent to demand that no movements, either ground or air, were to take place from the base. The British refused the demand and then themselves demanded that the Iraqi units leave the area at once. In addition, the British landed forces at Basra and the Iraqis demanded that these forces be removed.
At 0500 hours on 2 May 1941, the Anglo-Iraqi War broke out between the British and Rashid Ali's new government when the British at RAF Habbaniya launched air strikes against the Iraqis. By this time, the army had grown significantly. It had four infantry divisions[11] with some 60,000 men.[12] At full strength, each division had three brigades. The Iraqi 1st and 3rd Divisions were stationed in Baghdad. Also based within Baghdad was the Independent Mechanized Brigade comprising a light tank company, an armoured car company, two battalions of "mechanized" infantry transported in trucks, a "mechanized" machine-gun company, and a "mechanized" artillery brigade. The Iraqi 2nd Division was stationed in Kirkuk, and the 4th Division was in Al Diwaniyah, on the main rail line from Baghdad to Basra. As noted above, all these "mechanized" units were transported by trucks.
Hostilities between the British and the Iraqis lasted from 2 May to 30 May 1941. The German government despatched an aviation unit, Fliegerführer Irak, and Italy send limited assistance, but both were too late and far from adequate. In the end, the British were able to march on Baghdad and Rashid Ali al-Gaylani fled.
After the Anglo-Iraqi War ended, Nuri as-Said returned as Prime Minister and dominated the politics of Iraq until the overthrow of the monarchy and his assassination in 1958. Nuri as-Said pursued a largely pro-western policy during this period.[13] The army was not disbanded. Instead, it was maintained to hinder possible German offensive actions launched from southern Russia. British troops left in the late 1940s.
1948 Arab–Israeli War
In the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, the Iraqis deployed an expeditionary force which peaked at 15,000–18,000 men.[14] In 1948, the RIrA deployed 21,000 men in twelve brigades and the Royal Iraqi Air Force deployed 100 planes, mostly British. Initially the Iraqis committed around 3,000[15] men to the war effort including four infantry brigades, one armoured battalion and support personnel. These forces were to operate under Jordanian guidance[16] During the first truce the Iraqis increased their force to about 10,000.[17] Ultimately, the Iraqi expeditionary force numbered around 15,000 to 18,000 men.[18]
The first Iraqi forces to be deployed reached Jordan in April 1948 under the command of General Nur ad-Din Mahmud. On 15 May, Iraqi engineers built a pontoon bridge across the Jordan River and attacked the Israeli settlement of Gesher. Over 3,000 Iraqi soldiers with armor and air support were unable to defeat less than 50 lightly armed Jewish defenders. Following this defeat Iraqi forces moved into the Nablus–Jenin–Tulkarm strategic triangle, where they suffered heavy casualties in the Israeli attack on Jenin which began on 3 June, but they managed to hold on to their positions. Active Iraqi involvement in the war effectively ended at this point.[19]
In May 1955 the British finally withdrew from Iraq. The Iraqi authorities said during the withdrawal negotiations that a motorised infantry brigade was to be formed, based at the previous RAF Habbaniya, a location that had been occupied by the British Iraq Levies.[20]
Republic declared
The Hashemite monarchy lasted until 1958, when it was overthrown through a coup d'état by the Iraqi Army, known as the 14 July Revolution. King Faisal II of Iraq along with members of the royal family were murdered. The coup brought Abd al-Karim Qasim to power. He withdrew from the Baghdad Pact and established friendly relations with the Soviet Union.
When Qāsim distanced himself from Abd an-Nāsir, he faced growing opposition from pro-Egypt officers in the Iraqi army. `Arif, who wanted closer cooperation with Egypt, was stripped of his responsibilities and thrown in prison. When the garrison in Mosul rebelled against Qāsim's policies, he allowed the Kurdish leader Barzānī to return from exile in the Soviet Union to help suppress the pro-Nāsir rebels.
The creation of the new Fifth Division, consisting of mechanized infantry, was announced on 6 January 1959, Army Day.[21] Qāsim was also promoted to the rank of general.
In 1961, an Army buildup close to Kuwait in conjunction with Iraqi claims over the small neighbouring state, led to a crisis with British military forces (land, sea, and air) deployed to Kuwait for a period. In 1961, Kuwait gained independence from Britain and Iraq claimed sovereignty over Kuwait. As in the 1930s, Qasim based Iraq's claim on the assertion that Kuwait had been a district of the Ottoman province of Basra, unjustly severed by the British from the main body of Iraqi state when it had been created in the 1920s.[22] Britain reacted strongly to Iraq's claim and sent troops to Kuwait to deter Iraq. Qāsim was forced to back down and in October 1963, Iraq recognized the sovereignty of Kuwait.
Qāsim was assassinated in February 1963, when the Ba'ath Party took power under the leadership of General Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr (prime minister) and Colonel Abdul Salam Arif (president). Nine months later `Abd as-Salam Muhammad `Arif led a successful coup against the Ba'ath government. On 13 April 1966, President Abdul Salam Arif died in a helicopter crash and was succeeded by his brother, General Abdul Rahman Arif. Following the Six-Day War of 1967, the Ba'ath Party felt strong enough to retake power (17 July 1968). Ahmad Hasan al-Bakr became president and chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC).
Six-Day War
During the Six-Day War, the Iraqi 3rd Armoured Division was deployed in eastern Jordan.[23] However, the Israeli attack against the West Bank unfolded so quickly that the Iraqi force could not organise itself and reach the front before Jordan ceased fighting. Repeated Israeli airstrikes also held them up so that by the time they did reach the Jordan River the entire West Bank was in Israeli hands. During the course of the Jordanian Campaign ten Iraqis were killed and 30 Iraqis were wounded, especially as the main battle was in Jerusalem. Fighting also raged in other areas of the West Bank, where Iraqi commandos and Jordanian soldiers defended their positions.[24]
Barzānī and the Kurds who had begun a rebellion in 1961 were still causing problems in 1969. The secretary-general of the Ba`th party, Saddam Hussein, was given responsibility to find a solution. It was clear that it was impossible to defeat the Kurds by military means and in 1970 a political agreement was reached between the rebels and the Iraqi government.
Following the Arab defeat in 1967, Jordan became a hotbed of Palestinian activity. During this time PLO elements attempted to create a Palestinian state within Jordan caused the Jordanians to launch their full military force against the PLO. As they were doing this Syria invaded Jordan and Iraq moved a brigade in Rihab, Jordan. Otherwise the only Iraqi activity was that they fired upon some Jordanian aircraft.
Iraq sent a 60,000 man expeditionary force to the Syrian front during the Yom Kippur War. It consisted of the 3rd and 6th Armoured Divisions, two infantry brigades, twelve artillery battalions, and a special forces brigade. The two armoured divisions were, Pollack says, 'unquestionably the best formations of the Iraqi Army.'(Pollack p. 167) Yet during their operations on the Golan Heights, their performance was awful in virtually every category of military effectiveness. Military intelligence, initiative, and small unit independent action was virtually absent.[25]
After the war, Iraq started a major military build-up. Active duty manpower doubled, and so did number of divisions, from six to twelve, of which four were now armoured and two mechanised infantry. (Pollack p. 182)
Iran–Iraq war
Later, Saddam Hussein, looking to build fighting power against Iran soon after the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War doubled the size of the Iraqi army from 1981, when it numbered 200,000 soldiers in 12 divisions and 3 independent brigades, to 1985, when it had 500,000 men in 23 divisions and nine brigades. The first new divisions were created in 1981 when the 11th and 12th Border Guard Divisions were converted into infantry formations and the 14th Infantry Division was formed.[26] Yet the rise in number of divisions is misleading, because during the war Iraqi divisions abandoned a standard organisation with permanent ('organic') brigades assigned to each division. Instead division headquarters were assigned a mission or sector and then assigned brigades to carry out the task - up to eight to ten brigades on some occasions.[27]
The war came at a great cost in lives and economic damage - a half a million Iraqi and Iranian soldiers as well as civilians are believed to have died in the war with many more injured and wounded - but brought neither reparations nor change in borders. The conflict is often compared to World War I,[28] in that the tactics used closely mirrored those of the 1914–1918 war, including large scale trench warfare, manned machine-gun posts, bayonet charges, use of barbed wire across trenches and on no-mans land, human wave attacks and Iraq's extensive use of chemical weapons (such as mustard gas) against Iranian troops and civilians as well as Iraqi Kurds.
Invasion of Kuwait and the Persian Gulf War
By the eve of the Invasion of Kuwait which led to the 1991 Persian Gulf War, the Army was estimated to number 1,000,000 men.[29] Just before the Persian Gulf War began, the force comprised grouped into 47 infantry divisions plus nine armoured and mechanised divisions, grouped in seven corps.[30] This gave a total of about 56 army divisions, and total land force divisions reached 68 when the twelve Iraqi Republican Guard divisions were included.[31] Although it was said at the time in Western media that Iraqi troops numbered approximately 545,000 (even 600,000) today most experts think that both the qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the Iraqi army at the time were exaggerated, as they included both temporary and auxiliary support elements. Many of the Iraqi troops were also young, under-resourced and poorly trained conscripts. Hussein did not trust the army; among counterbalancing security forces was the Iraqi Popular Army.
The widespread support for Iraq during the Iran–Iraq War meant Iraq had military equipment from almost every major dealer of the world's weapons market. This resulted in a lack of standardization in this large heterogeneous force, which additionally suffered from poor training and poor motivation. The majority of Iraqi armoured forces still used old Chinese Type 59s and Type 69s, Soviet-made T-55s from the 1950s and 1960s, and some T-72s from the 1970s in 1991. These machines were not equipped with up-to-date equipment, such as thermal sights or laser rangefinders, and their effectiveness in modern combat was very limited. The Iraqis failed to find an effective countermeasure to the thermal sights and the sabot rounds used by the M1 Abrams, Challenger 1 and the other Coalition tanks. This equipment enabled Coalition tanks to effectively engage and destroy Iraqi tanks from more than three times the distance that Iraqi tanks could engage.
The Iraqi tank crews used old, cheap steel penetrators against the advanced Chobham Armour of these US and British tanks, with disastrous results. The Iraqi forces also failed to utilize the advantage that could be gained from using urban warfare — fighting within Kuwait City — which could have inflicted significant casualties on the attacking forces. Urban combat reduces the range at which fighting occurs and can negate some of the technological advantage that well equipped forces enjoy. Iraqis also tried to use Soviet military doctrine, but the implementation failed due to the lack of skill of their commanders and the preventive air strikes of the USAF and RAF on communication centers and bunkers.
While the exact number of Iraqi combat casualties has yet to be firmly determined, sources agree that the losses were substantial. Immediate estimates said up to 100,000 Iraqis were killed. More recent estimates indicate that Iraq probably sustained between 20,000 and 35,000 fatalities, though other figures still maintain fatalities could have been as high as 200,000.[32] A report commissioned by the U.S. Air Force, estimated 10,000-12,000 Iraqi combat deaths in the air campaign and as many as 10,000 casualties in the ground war.[33] This analysis is based on Iraqi prisoner of war reports. It is known that between 20,000 and 200,000 Iraqi soldiers were killed. According to the Project on Defense Alternatives study,[34] 3,664 Iraqi civilians and between 20,000 and 26,000 military personnel were killed in the conflict. 75,000 Iraqi soldiers were wounded in the fighting.
During the 1990s
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) estimated the Army's composition immediately after the 1991 War as 6 'armoured'/'mechanised' divisions, 23 infantry divisions, 8 Republican Guard divisions and four Republican Guard internal security divisions.[35] Jane's Defence Weekly for 18 July 1992 stated that 10,000 troops from 5 divisions were fighting against Shia Muslims in the southern marshlands.
The IISS gave the Iraqi Army's force structure as of 1 July 1997 as seven Corps headquarters, six armoured or mechanised divisions, 12 infantry divisions, 6 RGF divisions, four Special Republican Guard Brigades, 10 commando, and two Special Forces Brigades.[36] It was estimated to number 350,000 personnel, including 100,000 recently recalled reservists.[36]
Invasion of 2003
In the days leading up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the following Iraq War, the Army consisted of 375,000 troops, organized into five corps. In all, there were 11 infantry divisions, 3 mechanized divisions, and 3 armored divisions. The Republican Guard consisted of between 50,000 and 60,000 troops (although some sources indicate a strength of up to 80,000).
In January 2003, before the start of the invasion of Iraq in March 2003, the force was primarily located in eastern Iraq. The five corps were organised as follows:
- 1st Corps, near Kirkuk consisted of the 5th Mechanized Division, 2nd Infantry Division, 8th Infantry Division and the 38th Infantry Division.
- 2nd Corps, near Diyala, had the 3rd Armored Division, 15th Infantry Division, and 34th Infantry Division.
- 3rd Corps, near An Nasiriyah, had the 6th Armored Division, the 51st Mechanized Division, and the 11th Infantry Division.
- 4th Corps, near Amarah, included the 10th Armored Division, 14th Infantry Division and 18th Infantry Division.
- 5th Corps, near Mosul, had the 1st Mechanized Division, and the 4th, 7th, and 16th Infantry Divisions.
- Western Desert Force, consisting of an armored infantry division and other units in western Iraq.
During the 2003 invasion of Iraq the Iraqi Army was defeated in a number of battles, including by Task Force Viking in the north, and the Battle of Nasiriyah and the Battle of Baghdad. The Iraqi Army was disbanded by Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2 issued by U.S. Administrator of Iraq Paul Bremer on May 23, 2003 after its decisive defeat during the Second Gulf War.[37] Bremer said that it was not feasible to reconstitute the armed forces. His justifications for the disbandment included postwar looting, which had destroyed all the bases; that the largely Shiite draftees of the army would not respond to a recall plea from their former commanders, who were primarily Sunnis, and that recalling the army would be a political disaster because to the vast majority of Iraqis it was a symbol of the old Baathist-led Sunni ascendancy..."[38]
Formations of the Army 1922–2003
- I Corps
- II Corps — reorganised as an armoured corps for the Persian Gulf War, comprising the 17th Armoured Division and the 51st Mechanised Division
- III Corps — In 2003, Nasiriyah was the headquarters of the Iraqi Army's 3rd Corps, composed of the 11th ID, 51st Mech ID, and 6th Armored Division — all at around 50 percent strength. The 51st operated south covering the oilfields, and the 6th was north near Al Amarah, which left three brigade-sized elements of the 11th ID to guard the An Nasiriyah area.[39]
- IV Corps
- V Corps
- VI Corps
- VII Corps
- Jihad Forces, Persian Gulf War
Infantry and mechanised divisions
- 1st Division, active from at least 1941. 1st Mechanised Division in Persian Gulf War and Iraq War. Reformed after 2003.
- 2nd Division, active from at least 1941
- 3rd Division, active from at least 1941. Served in Iran–Iraq war
- 4th Division, active from at least 1941. As 4th Mountain Infantry Division, served in Iran–Iraq war.
- 5th Division, activated 1959. Served in Iran–Iraq war. As 5th Mechanised Division, fought in Battle of Khafji.
- 7th Division, served in Iran–Iraq war
- 8th Division. As 8th Mountain Infantry Division, served in Iran–Iraq war.
- 11th Division, served in Iran–Iraq war, Persian Gulf War
- 14th Division
- 15th Division, served in Iran-Iraq war (Operation Beit-ol-Moqaddas)
- 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 24th, 25th Divisions,
- 26th, 27th,[40] 28th, 28th, 30th, 31st, 33rd, 34th, 36th, 37th, 38th Divisions
- 39th, 42nd, 44th, 45th, 46th, 47th, 48th, 49th, 50th, 53rd, 54th, 56th Divisions
- Eisenstadt reported 'about eight infantry divisions remain unaccounted for' as of March 1993.[30]
Armoured divisions up to 2003
- 3rd Armoured Division, active by 1967, served in Yom Kippur War, Iran–Iraq War
- 6th Armoured Division, served in Yom Kippur War, Iran–Iraq War
- 9th Armoured Division, served in Iran–Iraq War, disbanded after First Battle of Basrah/Operation Ramadan, July 1982 (Pollack p. 205). Reformed after 2003.
- 10th Armoured Division, served in Iran–Iraq War, in Persian Gulf War with Jihad Forces (corps)
- 12th Armoured Division, served in Iran–Iraq War, Persian Gulf War with Jihad Forces (corps)
- 17th Armoured Division[41]
- 52nd Armoured Division
The 65th Special Forces Brigade, 66th Special Forces Brigade, 68th Special Forces Brigade, and 440th Marine Brigade were active during the Persian Gulf War. (Eisenstadt)
Reform of the army
Based on Bush administration expectations that coalition forces would be welcomed as liberators after the overthrow of the Hussein regime,[42] prewar planners had only been expecting little if any resistance from the Iraqi people. Thus the new army was initially focused on external defence operations. The new Army was originally intended to comprise 27 battalions in three divisions numbering 40,000 soldiers in three years time. Vinnell Corporation was engaged to train the first nine battalions.
The Coalition Military Assistance Training Team (CMATT), headed by Maj. Gen. Paul Eaton, was the organization set up by the United States military with the responsibility of training and development of the new army. On August 2, 2003, the first battalion of new Iraqi Army recruits started a nine-week training course at a training base in Qaraqosh. They graduated on October 4, 2003.[43] Training of Iraqi forces was initially done by Vinnell Corporation contractors.
In April 2004, several Iraqi battalions refused to fight as part of the force engaged in the First Battle of Fallujah.[44] In June 2004, the CMATT was dissolved, and passed on its responsibilities to the Multi-National Security Transition Command – Iraq (MNSTC-I) (initially headed by Lt. Gen. David Petraeus) with the new focus on providing security for the Iraqi people from the emerging threat posed by the Iraqi insurgency.[45]
While the regular army was being formed, U.S. commanders around the country needed additional troops more quickly, and thus the Iraqi Civil Defense Corps (which became the Iraqi National Guard by July 2004[46]) was formed. Coalition commanders formed these militia-type units separately in each area; only later were they gradually brought together as one force. There were several instances where they have refused to take military action against fellow Iraqis, such as in Fallujah, deserted, or allegedly aided the resistance. It is alleged that most guardsmen were drawn from the Shia majority in Southern Iraq or the Kurdish majority in northern Iraq, rather than from the Sunni area which they were ordered to attack. In September 2004, a senior member of the National Guard, General Talib al-Lahibi was arrested on suspicion of having links with insurgent groups.[47] In December 2004, it was announced that the Iraqi National Guard would be dissolved.[48] At this time its strength was officially over 40,000 men. Its units became part of the Army. The absorption of the ING by the regular army appears to have taken place on January 6, 2005, Iraqi Army Day.[49]
On August 14, 2004, the NATO Training Mission - Iraq was established to assist the Iraqi military, including the Army. On September 20 the provisional Fallujah Brigade dissolved after being sent in to secure the city. The Fallujah Brigade experiment of using former insurgents to secure a city was not repeated.
Army training was transferred from Vinnell Corporation to the United States armed forces supported by U.S. allies, and is now done by three Iraqi training battalions. Training was impeded by domestic instability, infiltration by insurgents, and high desertion rates. In June 2005, the partnership between Coalition forces and Iraqi forces has increased due to the growing number of battalions in the Iraqi army, which then stood around 115. Out of this number, it was deemed that 80 of them were able to carry out operations in the field with Coalition support limited to logistics and strategic planning, whilst another 20-30 battalions still needed major Coalition support to carry out their operations. As of October 5, 2005 the Iraqi Army had 90 battalions trained well enough to be "deployed independently", i.e. without the help of others such as the United States.[50]
On May 3, 2006 a significant command-and-control development took place. The Iraqi Army command and control center opened in a ceremony at the Iraqi Ground Forces Command (IFGC) headquarters at Camp Victory.[51] The IGFC was established to exercise command and control of assigned Iraqi Army forces and, upon assuming Operational Control, to plan and direct operations to defeat the Iraqi insurgency. At the time, the IFGC was commanded by Lt. Gen. Abdul-Qadar. In 2006 the ten planned divisions began to be certified and assume battlespace responsibility: the 6th and 8th before June 26, 2006, the 9th on June 26, 2006, the 5th on July 3, 2006, the 4th on August 8, 2006, and the 2nd on December 21, 2006. After divisions were certified, they began to be transferred from U.S. operational control to Iraqi control of the IGFC. The 8th Division was transferred on September 7, 2006,[52] and the 3rd Division on December 1, 2006. Another unspecified division also was transferred to IGFC control.[53] Also transferred to the Iraqi chain of command were smaller logistics units: on November 1, 2006, the 5th Motor Transport Regiment (MTR) was the fifth of nine MTRs to be transferred to the Iraqi Army divisions. 2007 plans included, MNF-I said, great efforts to make the Iraqi Army able to sustain itself logistically.[54]
As of June 26, 2006, three Iraqi divisions, 18 brigades and 69 battalions were in control of battlespace (including two police commando battalions).[55]
On March 25, 2008, the Iraqi Army launched its first solely planned and executed high-profile division-level operation, Operation Charge of the Knights in Basra. They received Multi-National Force – Iraq support only in air support, logistics and via embedded advisors. Also, a British infantry brigade, part of Multi-National Division South-East, and stationed in Basra, were ready in a tactical overwatch role. Their participation was limited to the provision of embedded training teams.
In April–June 2008, two brigades of the Iraqi Army 11th Division, supported by US forces, moved into the southern third of Sadr City. They were tasked to stop rocket and mortar attacks on US bases and the Green Zone. Following the Siege of Sadr City—a month of fighting—the Mahdi Army agreed to let Iraqi forces into the remaining portion of the city. On May 20, troops from the Iraqi Army 3rd Brigade of the 1st (Iraqi Reaction Force) Division and a brigade from the 9th Division moved into the northern districts of Sadr City and began clearing operations.
In May, Iraqi army forces launched Operation Lion's Roar (later renamed to Operation Mother of Two Springs) in Mosul and surrounding areas of Nineva province. Iraq became one of the top purchasers of U.S. military equipment with the Iraqi army trading its AK-47 assault rifles for the more accurate U.S. M-16 and M-4 rifles, among other equipment.[56]
In June 2008 the Army moved troops to the southern Maysan province. Following a four-day amnesty for insurgents to turn over weapons, the Iraqi Army moved into the provincial capital Amarah.
The Iraqi Army began the Anglo-Iraqi War with a force of four divisions. A fifth was formed in 1959. By the outbreak of the Iran–Iraq War, the force had grown to nine divisions. By 1990, with wartime expansion, the force had grown greatly to at least 56 divisions, making the Iraqi army the fourth largest army in the world and one of the strongest in the Middle East. After the defeat in the Persian Gulf War in 1991, force size dropped to around 23 divisions, as well as Republican Guard formations. The new army formed after 2003 was initially planned to be three divisions strong, but was then raised to ten divisions, and the force is now expected to grow to 20 divisions.
The U.S. House Armed Services Committee commented in 2007 that "It is important to note that in the initial fielding plan, five army divisions would be tied to the regions from where they were recruited and the other five would be deployable throughout Iraq. This was partially due to the legacy of some army divisions being formed from the National Guard units and has caused some complications in terms of making these forces available for operations in all areas of Iraq, and the military becoming a truly national, non-sectarian force."[57]
According to the United States Department of Defense Measuring Safety and Security in Iraq report of August 2006, plans at that time called for the Iraqi Army to be built up to an approximately 300,000-person force. This was based around an Army with 10 infantry divisions and 6 mechanised infantry division consisting of 36 brigades and 113 battalions (91 infantry, 12 special forces, 24 mechanised infantry, 60 armored battalions, 1 security). Nine Motorized Transportation Regiments, 5 logistics battalions, 2 support battalions, 5 Regional Support Units (RSUs), and 91 Garrison Support Units (GSUs) are intended to provide logistics and support for each division, with Taji National Depot providing depot-level maintenance and resupply. Each battalion, brigade, and division headquarters will be supported by a Headquarters and Service Company (HSC) providing logistical and maintenance support to its parent organisation. The Army will also include 17 SIBs and a Special Operations Forces Brigade consisting of two special operational battalions.[58]
The Iraqi Army consists of nine regional joint commands. The Joint Operational Commands fall under the command of the National Operations Center. The Iraqi Ground Forces Command does not directly command the army's divisions.
As of July 2009, the Iraqi Army had 14 divisions (1st-12th, 14th, and 17th, the designation 13 not being used), containing 56 brigades or 185 combat battalions. The 6th Division and the 17th Division are still missing their fourth manoeuvre brigades. By April 2010, the combat battalion total had risen to 197 combat battalions. Each division has four line brigades, an engineering regiment, and a support regiment.
Three of the 56 brigades are not Iraqi Ground Forces Command combatant brigades and are not assigned to a division. They are the Baghdad Brigade formed in the fall of 2008, the 1st Presidential Brigade formed in January 2008, and the 2nd Presidential Brigade formed in the spring of 2009.
Current status
In summer 2014, large elements of the Iraqi army were routed by a much smaller and less well-equipped force from the Islamic State.
Budget problems continued to hinder the manning of combat support and combat service support units. The lack of soldiers entering boot camp is forcing Iraqi leaders at all levels to face the dual challenge of manning and training enabler units out of existing manpower. In the 2015 Pentagon budget, a further $1.3billion has been requested to provide weapons for the Iraqi Army.[5] However, the New York Times reported that "some of the weaponry recently supplied by the army has already ended up on the black market and in the hands of Islamic State fighters". The same November 2014 article contended that corruption is endemic in the Iraqi Army. It quoted Col. Shaaban al-Obeidi of the internal security forces, who told the paper's David D Kirkpatrick: "Corruption is everywhere." The article claimed that one Iraqi general is known as "chicken guy" because of his reputation for selling the soldiers' poultry provisions.[5]
Divisions are forming engineer, logistics, mortar, and other units by identifying over-strength units, such as the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) battalions and other headquarters elements, and then transferring them as needed.
Problems include infiltration and an insufficient US advisory effort. The new army aimed to exclude recruits that are former regime security and intelligence organizations members, personnel of the Special Republican Guard, top-level Ba'ath Party members, and Ba'ath Party security and militia organizations.[59] However the Army is widely known to have been infiltrated by a multitude of groups ranging from local militias to foreign insurgents. This has led to highly publicized deaths and compromised operations.
The Iraqi Special Operations Forces are a Ministry of Defence (Iraq) funded component that reports directly to the Prime Minister of Iraq.[59]
Structure in 2012
Each of the JOINT Operational commands also include DBE, Federal Police, Emergency Police, Oil Police, FPS, etc. in their command as well as Iraqi Army.
As of the Fall of 2012, the Iraqi Army is organized as follows:
- National Operations Center – Baghdad
- Baghdad Operational Command – Baghdad[60] – Lt. Gen. Abud Qanbar
- Karkh Area Command (KAC) - Western Baghdad. Responsible for the Kadhimiyah, Karkh, Mansour, Bayaa, and Doura Security Districts.
- Rusafa Area Command (RAC) - Eastern Baghdad. Responsible for the Adhamiyah, Rusafa, Sadr City, New Baghdad, and Karadah Security Districts.
- 6th Motorised Division – Western Baghdad.
- 9th Armored Division – Taji – Division certified and assumes responsibility of the battle space of the northern Baghdad Governorate on June 26, 2006.[61]
- 11th Infantry Division – East Baghdad (probably planned to become a mechanized division).
- 17th Commando Division – HQ Mahmadiyah The 17th Division commander has been reported as Staff Maj. Gen. Ali Jassam Mohammad.
- 23rd Commando Brigade
- 25th Commando Brigade - 'Baghdad Eagles' - former 4th Bde, 6th Div. Has received commando training by U.S. Special Forces and air assault training.
- 55th Commando Brigade
- Niniweh Operational Command[62] - Mosul
- 2nd Division – Mosul +
- 3rd Motorised Division – Al-Kasik +
- 15th Division
- 16th Division
- Diyala Operational Command - Sulamaniyah, Diyala, Kirkuk, Salahadin
- 4th Motorised Division – Tikrit – Division certified on August 8, 2006.[63]
- 5th Infantry Division (Iron) – Diyala Governorate – Division certified on July 3, 2006.[64]
- 12th Motorized Division – Tikrit – split off from 4 Div in mid-2008.
- Basrah Operational Command – Basrah
- 8th Commando Division – HQ Diwaniyah
- 10th Commando Division – An Nasiriyah
- 14th Division – Basrah[65] - division commander Maj. Gen. Abdul Aziz Noor Swady al Dalmy[66]
- Anbar Operational Command – Ramadi
- 1st Infantry Division – Fallujah
- 7th Infantry Division – Ramadi, West Al Anbar Province – transferred to Iraqi Ground Forces Command on November 1, 2007.[67]
- Baghdad Operational Command – Baghdad[60] – Lt. Gen. Abud Qanbar
Rank insignia
There are three levels of troop capability in the new army: one, two, and three. Level three refers to troops that have just completed basic training, level two refers to troops that are able to work with soldiers, and level one refers to troops that can work by themselves.
Members of NATO Training Mission – Iraq (NTM-I) opened a Joint Staff College in ar Rustamiyah in Baghdad on September 27, 2005 with 300 trainers. Training at bases in Norway, Italy, Jordan, Germany, and Egypt has also taken place and 16 NATO countries have allocated forces to the training effort.[68]
The Multi-National Force Iraq has also conducted a variety of training programs for both enlisted men and officers including training as medics, engineers, quartermasters, and military police. Beyond the various courses and programs being held in-country, both American staff colleges and military academies have begun taking Iraqi applicants, with Iraqi cadets being enrolled at both the United States Military Academy and the US Air Force Academy.[69]
Recruits and enlisted men
Iraqi Army recruits undergo a standard eight-week [70] basic training course that includes basic soldiering skills, weapons marksmanship and individual tactics. Former soldiers are eligible for an abbreviated three-week "Direct Recruit Replacement Training" course designed to replace regular basic training to be followed by more training once they have been assigned to a unit.
Soldiers later go on to enroll in more specific advanced courses targeted for their respective fields. This could involve going to the Military Intelligence School, the Signal School, the Bomb Disposal School, the Combat Arms Branch School, the Engineer School, and the Military Police School.
The Iraqi Armed Service and Supply Institute located in Taji plays a significant role in training aspiring Iraqi non-commissioned officers and commissioned officers. The training is based on a Sandhurst model, chosen in part due to its shorter graduation time compared to West Point. Much of the Iraqi officer training programme is copied directly from the Sandhurst course.
CMATT's main recruiting stations are located in Baghdad, Basra and Mosul. The most desired recruits are individuals who have prior military service or are skilled in specific professions such as first aid, heavy equipment operation, food service and truck driving. A recruitment target of approximately one thousand men is desired to eventually form a 757-man battalion. Soldier fallout usually occurs due to voluntary withdrawal or failure to meet training standards.
Due to the current demand for these battalions to become active as soon as possible, the first four battalions' officers, non-commissioned officers, and enlisted men are being trained simultaneously (in separate groups). Notable differences in training between CAATT and former training under Saddam's regime include schooling in human rights, the laws of land warfare, and tolerance in a multi-ethnic team.
Based on the philosophy used by the U.S. military to boost its own size in response to World War II — that an army can be built faster by focusing on the training on its leadership rather than enlisted men — CMATT has pursued a similar strategy of focusing recruitment and training on commissioned and non-commissioned officers for the remaining 23 Iraqi battalions. Upon successful completion of officer training, these groups of officers will form the battalion's leadership cadre, which will then be responsible for overseeing its own recruitment, training, and readiness of its enlisted men. It is hoped that having the Iraqi leadership train its own will overcome problems faced by CAATT's training process; namely recruitment, desertion, and unit loyalty.
Military Transition Teams
All Iraqi Army battalions have embedded U.S. Military transition teams, according to the National Strategy for Victory in Iraq. The MiTTs advise their Iraqi battalions in the areas of intelligence, communications, fire support, logistics and infantry tactics. Larger scale operations are often done jointly with American battalions. This operational training aims to make the battalion self-sustainable tactically, operationally and logistically so that the battalion will be prepared to take over responsibility for battle space.
The DOD (as of March '07) reported that 6000 advisors arranged in 480+ teams were embedded with Iraqi units.[71] However, in April, the Congressional Research Service reported that only around 4000 U.S. forces were embedded with Iraqi units at a rate of 10 per battalion.[70] Former U.S. Army analyst Andrew Krepinevich argued that the roughly twelve advisors per Iraqi battalion (approximately 500 troops) is less than half the sufficient amount needed to efficiently implement the combat advisory effort .[72] Krepinevich argues that officers try to avoid taking on advisory tasks due to the US Army's practice of prioritising the promotion of officers that have served with a U.S. unit over ones that have served with foreign forces.[73]
Virtually all of the equipment used by the former Iraqi Army was either destroyed by the U.S. and British Forces during the invasion, or was looted during the chaotic aftermath shortly after the fall of the Hussein regime. Four T-55 tanks however have been recovered from an old army base in al-Muqdadiyah and are now in service with the 1st Division. In February 2004 the U.S government announced that Nour USA was awarded a $327,485,798 contract to procure equipment for both the Iraqi Army and the Iraqi National Guard; however, this contract was canceled in March 2004 when an internal Army investigation (initiated due to complaints from losing bidders) revealed that Army procurement officers in Iraq were violating procedures with sloppy contract language and incomplete paperwork. On May of that same year the U.S. Army Tank-automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) stated that they would award a contract worth $259,321,656 to ANHAM Joint Venture in exchange for procuring the necessary equipment (and providing its required training) for a minimum of 15 and a maximum of 35 battalions. The minimum bid would begin to be delivered immediately and further orders could be placed until the maximum of 35 battalion sets or September 2006 after the first order was fully delivered. In May 2005, Hungary agreed to donate 77 T-72s to the Iraqi Army, with the refurbishment contract going to Defense Solutions to bring the tanks up to operational status for an estimated 4.5 million dollars US.[74] After a delay in the payment of funds from the Iraqi government,[75] the 9th Mechanised Division received the tanks at its headquarters in Taji over a three-day period starting on November 8, 2005.[74] On July 29, 2005, the United Arab Emirates gained approval to purchase 180 M113A1 APCs in good condition from Switzerland, with the intent to transfer them to Iraq as a gift. Domestic political opposition in Switzerland successfully froze the sale, fearing that the export would violate the country's longstanding tradition of neutrality as well as perhaps make Switzerland a target for terrorism.[76] 173 M113s, 44 Panhards, and 100 FV103 Spartans were donated by Jordan, Pakistan and UAE. 600 AMZ Dzik-3 (Ain Jaria) APCs were ordered in Poland (option for 1,200) for delivery by Jan 2007. 573 Otokar Akrep APCs for delivery by Jan 2007. 756 Iraqi Light Armored Vehicles (option for 1,050) for delivery by November 2008.[77][78] Greece donated 100 BMP-1 to the Iraqi Army.
713 M1114 and 400 M1151 HMMWVs purchased for IA with delivery complete by end July 2006.
Serbia has signed a US$230m deal with Iraq to sell weapons and military equipment, the defence ministry said in March 2008. It did not specify the weapons but Serbian military experts believe they include Serbian-made CZ-99 hand guns, Zastava M21 5.56 mm assault rifles, Zastava M84 machine guns, anti-tank weapons (M79 "Osa", Bumbar, and M90 "Strsljen"), ammunition and explosives and about 20 Lasta 95 basic trainer aircraft. Iraq's defence Minister Abdul-Qadir al-Obaidi visited Belgrade in September and November to discuss boosting military ties with Serbia.[79][80]
In August 2008, the United States has proposed military sales to Iraq, which will include the latest upgraded M1A1 Abrams battle tanks, attack helicopters, Stryker armored vehicles, modern radios, all to be valued at an estimated $2.16 billion.[81]
In December 2008, the United States approved a $6 billion arms deal with Iraq that included 140 M1A1 Abrams tanks and 400 Stryker combat vehicles for elite Iraqi army units.[82]
In February 2009, the US military announced it had struck deals with Iraq that will see Baghdad spend $5 billion on American-made weapons, equipment and training.[83]
Army Aviation
|In service
|Antonov An-178
|2 on order[84]
|Bell 407
|United States
|light utility
|Bell UH-1
|United States
|Bell OH-58
|United States
|Mil Mi-17
|transport / utility
|Mil Mi-24
|Mil Mi-28
|CAS / anti-armor
| Mi-28NE
4 on order.[86]
|Eurocopter EC635
|Trainer Aircraft
|Bell 407
|United States
|Bell OH-58
|United States
Notable members
- Staff Major General Tariq Ziyad
- Lieutenant General Kahlid Obeidi
See also
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Army of Iraq.
- Iraqi Army Ranks Insignia
- Uniforms of Iraqi Armed Forces
- Iraqi Air Force
- Iraqi Navy
- Iraqi Special Operations Forces
- Iraqi Security Forces
- Iraqi Republican Guard
- ↑ Al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Sammy Salama (2008). Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History. London and New York: Routledge. p. 206. ISBN 0-415-40078-3. Al-Marashi and Salama note that the eighty-third anniversary of Iraqi Army Day was celebrated in 2004.
- ↑ "Measuring Security and Stability in Iraq" (PDF). U.S. Department of Defense. August 2006. p. 52.
- ↑ "The Gulf Military Balance in 2010" (PDF). Center for Strategic and International Studies. 22 April 2010. p. 2.
- ↑ "Iraq Withdrawal: U.S. Abandoning Plans To Keep Troops In Country". The Huffington Post. 15 October 2011.
- 1 2 3 "Graft Hobbles Iraq's Military In Fighting Isis". The New York Times. 23 November 2014.
- ↑ Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln/London, 2002, p.149
- ↑ Lyman, p. 25
- ↑ Al-Marashi, pp. 23–24
- ↑ Ghareeb, Edmund A.; Dougherty, Beth K. Historical Dictionary of Iraq. Lanham, Maryland and Oxford: The Scarecrow Press, Ltd., 2004. Pp. lvii.
- 1 2 Ghareeb; Dougherty. Pp lvii
- ↑ Playfair, I.S.O.; and others (2006). The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume II The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941). History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series, Official Campaign History, Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84734-427-5, p.182
- ↑ Lyman, Iraq 1941, p. 25
- ↑ Ghareeb; Dougherty. Pp lviii
- ↑ Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948–91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln/London, 2002, p.150, 156.
- ↑ D. Kurzman, Genesis 1948, 1972, p. 382.
- ↑ I. Pappe, The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, 2006, p. 129.
- ↑ Kurzman, p. 556.
- ↑ Pollack, 2002, p. 150.
- ↑ Pollack, 2002, pp. 149–155.
- ↑ Solomon (Sawa) Solomon, "The Assyrian Levies, The Final Chapter", Nineveh Magazine 4Q,93,V16,No4.
- ↑ The Times, 'New Division for Iraq Army,' 7 January 1959
- ↑ Tripp, Charles. A History of Iraq. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002, p.165
- ↑ Pollack, 2002, p.167
- ↑ Follow me- The story of the Six Day War 2. Six Day War- Tom Segev
- ↑ Pollack p.173-5, citing among others Tzvi Ofer, 'The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War,' transl. 'Hatzav,' Tel Aviv: Ma'arachot, 1986, p.128-65. Pollack notes that the various accounts of Iraqi operations on the Golan Heights are highly contradictory. He relies on Ofer, 1986, which is an Israeli General Staff critique of the official Iraqi General Staff analysis of the battle.
- ↑ Pollack 2002 p. 207
- ↑ Pollack 2002 p. 208
- ↑ Abrahamian, Ervand, A History of Modern Iran, Cambridge, 2008, p.171
- ↑ Brassey's, IISS Military Balance 1989-90, p.101
- 1 2 Michael Eisenstadt, 'The Iraqi Armed Forces Two Years On, Jane's Intelligence Review, March 1993, p.124
- ↑ Eisenstadt notes that four IRG security divisions were formed between the invasion of Kuwait and the outbreak of war. They remained in Iraq during the war. Eisenstadt p.124
- ↑ Robert Fisk, The Great War For Civilisation; The Conquest of the Middle East (Fourth Estate, 2005), p.853.
- ↑ Keaney, Thomas; Eliot A. Cohen (1993). Gulf War Air Power Survey. United States Dept. of the Air Force. ISBN 0-16-041950-6.
- ↑ Wages of War - Appendix 2: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 1991 Gulf War
- ↑ IISS Military Balance 1992-3
- 1 2 IISS Military Balance 1997-98
- ↑ Iraqi Security and Military Force Developments: A Chronology, 2, 4, 6, 7
- ↑ Bremer III, L. Paul (2007-09-06). "How I Didn't Dismantle Iraq's Army". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-05-04.
- ↑ Rohr, Karl. "Fighting Through the Fog of War". Marine Corps Gazette. Archived from the original on December 1, 2008. Retrieved 29 December 2008.
- ↑ See Gulf War Air Power Survey, Vol. I, pg 68/97.
- ↑ http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iraq/17ad.htm
- ↑ Christopher Spearin, 'A Justified Heaping of the Blame?,' in Stoker (ed). Military Advising and Assistance, Routledge, 2008, p.229
- ↑ http://www.cpa-iraq.org/pressreleases/20031007_Oct-04-NIAGrad.pdf
- ↑ Bing West (7 December 2011). No True Glory: A Frontline Account of the Battle for Fallujah. Random House Publishing Group. p. 118. ISBN 978-0-307-80834-9.
- ↑ Kalev Sepp (2005-03-14). "Prepared Statement before the House Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations regarding the training of Iraqi Security Forces". Archived from the original (PDF) on May 23, 2005. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ↑ Ibrahim Al-Marashi; Sammy Salama (7 April 2008). Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History. Routledge. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-134-14564-5.
- ↑ "US arrests senior Iraqi commander". BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ "Iraq to dissolve National Guard". BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ Cordesman and Baetjer, 2006, p.147-148. On the ING, see Neil Barnett, 'Iraq's turbulent transition,' Jane's Defence Weekly, 8 September 2004, p.23
- ↑ The Long War Journal, Training the Iraqi Army - Revisited, Again, 2005
- ↑ "Iraqi command and control center opens doors amidst turnover of new territory". Multi-National Force – Iraq. 2006-05-04. Archived from the original on 2006-07-08.
- ↑ US hands over control of Iraq military|Iraq Updates
- ↑ "Iraqis to Command Four Northern Divisions by February, U.S. General Says". U.S. Department of defense. December 1, 2006. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ MTRs transferred in order of event: 8th, 4th, 6th, 5th and 1st (2 Nov). IA 5th MTR driving toward success - Daily article on www.mnf-iraq.com, 20 November 2006.
- ↑ "Pentagon Press Briefing June 23, 2006, with Secretary Donald Rumsfeld and Gen. George Casey". MNF-I. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ Ceerwan Aziz, "Iraqi forces load up on U.S. arms," USA Today (5/22/2008). Retrieved 11 October 2014
- ↑ House Armed Services Committee, "THE CONTINUING CHALLENGE OF BUILDING THE IRAQI SECURITY FORCES," http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/OI_ISFreport062707/OI_Report_FINAL.pdf, 27 June 2007, note 53, page 120.
- ↑ Measuring Security and Stability in Iraq, August 2006
- 1 2 John Pike. "New Iraqi Army (NIA)". Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ Microsoft Word - OOBpage7-IGFC-B.rtf
- ↑ This Week in Iraq - MNF-I Newsletter, June 26, 2006
- ↑ Long War Journal, Microsoft Word - OOBpage5-IGFC-M.rtf
- ↑ Daily story on MNF-I Webpage, August 9, 2006
- ↑ "The Advisor, MNSTC-I Newsletter, July 8, 2006" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-12.
- ↑ Page 9: IGFC Basrah Sector - Long War Journal
- ↑ "Iraqi Bedouins seek role in secure future". 25 January 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ ""7th Iraqi Army Division now Controlled by Iraqi Government", MNF-I Press Release November 03 2007". Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ Jeremy M. Sharp and Christopher M. Blanchard - Post-War Iraq:Foreign Contributions to Training, Peacekeeping, and Reconstruction - Congressional Research Service
- ↑ DJ Elliott and CJ Radin - Iraqi Security Forces Order of Battle - Long War Journal
- 1 2 Iraq - Post-Saddam Governance and Security, CRS Report for Congress, p.41
- ↑ U.S. Department of Defense, Measuring Stability and Security in Iraq (March 2007), p. 23, p. 25
- ↑ Andrew F. Krepinevich, Send in the Advisers - Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments
- ↑ PRWeb.com, First Vietnamese-American to Serve as a Military Advisor to the New Iraqi Army, 2006
- 1 2 Defense Industry Daily, Iraq Receives T-72s & BMPs - With Another Armored Brigade Planned, 2005
- ↑ Iraq's T-72s: Payment Received
- ↑ "Defense News (dead)". Retrieved 11 October 2014.
- ↑ http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/bae-delivering-a-cougar-variant-for-iraqs-4454m-ilav-contract-02338/ BAE Delivers a Cougar Variant for Iraq's ILAV Contract
- ↑ http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htarm/articles/20070415.aspx Cougars Cousin Badger Arrives in Baghdad. April 15, 2007.
- ↑ Serbia signs Iraq arms deal - IraqUpdates.com
- ↑ Serbia seals multimillion arms deal with Iraq - International Herald Tribune
- ↑ Foss, Christopher (2008-08-12). "Iraq orders Abrams tanks through US FMS programme". Jane's. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
- ↑ "Procurement: Iraq Buys What It Knows", Strategy Page (December 18, 2008). Retrieved 20.02.2015
- ↑
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "World Air Forces 2016 pg. 21". Flightglobal Insight. 2015. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ↑ AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. September 2016. p. 36.
- ↑ AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. August 2016. p. 32.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 "SIPRI". Stockholm Int'l Research Institute. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
- Al-Marashi, Ibrahim; Salama, Sammy (2008). Iraq's Armed Forces: An Analytical History. Oxon and New York: Routledge. p. 254. ISBN 0-415-40078-3.
- Lyman, Robert (2006). Iraq 1941: The Battles for Basra, Habbaniya, Fallujah and Baghdad. Campaign. Oxford, New York: Osprey Publishing. p. 96. ISBN 1-84176-991-6.
- Kenneth M. Pollack, Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness 1948-91, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln and London, 2002, and Pollack's book reviewed in International Security, Vol. 28, No.2.
Further reading
- Hamdani, Ra'ad. Before History Left Us. Beirut: Arab Scientific Publishers, 2006.
- Tzvi Ofer, The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War', transl. Hatzav, Tel Aviv: Ma'arachot, 1986
- Michael Knights, "Free rein: domestic security forces take over in Iraq," Jane's Intelligence Review (November 4, 2010), http://www.janes.com/news/security/jir/jir101104_1_n.shtml.
- Loose Ends: Iraq's Security Forces between U.S. Drawdown and Withdrawal (Baghdad/Washington/Brussels: International Crisis Group, October 26, 2010).
- Kevin M. Woods, Williamson Murray, and Thomas Holaday, with Mounir Elkhamri, 'Saddam's War: An Iraqi military perspective of the Iran–Iraq War,' McNair Papers 70, INSS/NDU, Washington DC, 2009.
External links
- Iran's Militias Are Taking Over Iraq's Army (Feb. 2015), Eli Lake, Bloomberg News
- Blog on Iraqi Forces by Former Naval Intelligence Officer D. J. Elliot
- www.365iniraq.com Articles and pictures from an Iraqi Army transition team
- Building Iraqi security forces : hearing before the Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, House of Representatives, March 14, 2005
- Rebuilding Iraq: Resource, Security, Governance, Essential Services, and Oversight Issues: United States General Accounting Office Report to Congressional Committees, June, 2004
- Cordesman, Anthony H.: Prepared Statement before the Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations of the Committee on Government Reform, March 14, 2005
- Cordesman, Anthony H., Iraqi Security Forces, Praeger/CSIS, 2006 ISBN 0-275-98908-9
- Cordesman, Anthony H., Iraqi Force Development: A Current Status Report July 2005 – February 2006, February 15, 2006
- America's old Humvees add new luster to Iraqi fleet, Christian Science Monitor, March 17, 2008
- Blog on Iraqi Forces by Former Naval Intelligence Officer D. J. Elliot
- Russia's Bunker-Smashing Rockets Have Arrived in Iraq


text:
School of Architecture announces winners of the 2007 Kenneth F. Brown Asia Pacific Culture and Architecture Design Awards
Top winners will be recognized at the 7th International Symposium on Asia Pacific ArchitectureUniversity of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa
School of Architecture
HONOLULU — The School of Architecture at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, and the Asia-Pacific Center for Architecture, in cooperation with the Architects Regional Council Asia, have announced the winners of the 2007 Kenneth F. Brown Asia Pacific Culture and Architecture Design Award Program. This year's awards drew more than 100 projects from architects representing over 12 countries from the Asia Pacific Region. Jurors selected two projects in Bangladesh and in Japan for the award, who will share the $25,000 top prize.
Anna Heringer and Eike Roswag from Austria were honored for their work on "School — Handmade in Bangladesh," which according to jurors, "produced a personality-filled school with the simplest means and materials…" Atsushi Kitagawara Architects were also selected for "Gifu Academy of Forest Science and Culture" in Mino City, Gifu Prefecture in Japan, an "ambitious academy for wood building that encouraged education for developing forestry growth and awareness."
The following projects, which revealed a spectrum of architectural ideas from across the Asia Pacific region, received Honorable Mentions:
- The Quaid-e-Azam Public School in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan by Arcop (Private) Ltd.
- Boao Canal Village in Hainan, China by Rocco Design
- The Heeren Street Shophouse in Malacca, Malaysia
- Peppermint Bay in Woodbridge, Tasmania, Australia by Terroir Dty Ltd.
- The National Art Center in Tokyo, Japan by Kisho Kurokawa
- The Treatment Center for Mentally Disturbed Children in Date City, Hokkaido, Japan by Sou Fujimoto Architects
- The Meghna Residence in Dhaka, Bangladesh by Shatotto Architecture for Green Living
- The Church of St. Mary of the Angels in Singapore by WOHA Architects
- The Britomart Transport Centre in Auckland, New Zealand by Mario Madayag
The top winners of the 2007 Kenneth F. Brown Asia Pacific Culture Architecture Design Award will be recognized during the opening ceremony of the Seventh International Symposium on Asia Pacific Architecture on June 13.
Jurors for the 2007 awards were Itsuko Hasegawa (Japan); Kerry Hill (Singapore) and Robert Ivy (USA). The program was chaired by Kazi K. Ashraf of the UH Mānoa School of Architecture, and Honolulu architect Philip White.
To register for the Seventh International Symposium on Asia Pacific Architecture, to be held on June 14-16 in the School of Architecture at UH Mānoa, visit the website at http://www.arch.hawaii.edu/site/index.php
UH students, faculty and staff are invited to take part in the symposium for free. Fees to participate in the opening and closing ceremonies will still apply.
For more information, call 956-7084 or email email@example.com
Inaugurated in 1995, the program was named in honor of the eminent architect and civil minded humanitarian, Kenneth F. Brown, FAIA, with the purpose of recognizing and celebrating outstanding examples of contemporary architecture in the Asia-Pacific region. The program also seeks to establish a critical foundation for the improvement of the built environment.


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INDIANAPOLIS, IND. (October 9, 2012) – Green Savoree Racing Promotions announced a pair of agreements with Pirelli World Challenge and Cooper Tires USF2000 Championship Powered by Mazda.
These partnerships ensure the owners of Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg and Honda Indy Toronto will have both exciting series run at each track through 2014. Pirelli World Challenge and Cooper Tires USF2000 Championship Powered by Mazda will support the IZOD IndyCar Series events at all three tracks next year, competing at the Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg on March 22-24, the Honda Indy Toronto on July 12-14 and the Honda Indy 200 at Mid-Ohio on August 2-4 in 2013.
"Both World Challenge and USF2000 have been great series for everyone involved from manufacturers, tracks, drivers and of course, the fans," said Kim Green, owner, chairman and CEO of Green Savoree Racing Promotions. "We're looking forward to having great racing at our tracks in 2013 and beyond and these series will no doubt help us fulfill that mission."
Pirelli World Challenge made its first appearance at Mid-Ohio in 1994 and has had the track on its schedule 14 times, including every year since 2002. The series has run at St. Petersburg eight times since 1990, each year from 2010 to present. Toronto has played host to World Challenge twice previously, in 2007 and 2010.
"The Pirelli World Challenge Championships looks forward to once again opening the season in St. Petersburg. Signing this multi-year global track agreement secures the series to some of the best and most popular events on our schedule. The teams, drivers and all of our partners are thrilled to visit these tracks. We thank Green Savoree for working with us to secure such an asset to our series," said Scott Bove, president and CEO of WC Vision, marketing and license holders of World Challenge.
USF2000 debuted at Mid-Ohio in 1995 and has run at the Lexington, Ohio circuit 12 times, returning on the schedule in 2011 after a five-year break. The series made its first appearance at St. Petersburg in 2010. USF2000 will be holding its inaugural pair of races at Toronto in 2013.
"I am delighted to confirm an extended relationship with Green Savoree for three fantastic events," said Dan Andersen, owner and CEO of Andersen Promotions, the series promoter. "Our history with Mid-Ohio extends well into the past, and we have always enjoyed bringing our show to this premier road course. St. Petersburg has become our 'home' venue, with our main offices and facilities nearby, and Toronto has long been on my wish list of events to add. Green Savoree provides one of the best operational organizations and we are very pleased to become a long-term partner. I know our young stars of tomorrow will put on great shows for the fans."
Founded in 2009 by veteran motorsports executives Kim Green and Kevin Savoree, Green Savoree Racing Promotions is a privately held motorsports event ownership and management company. In working together since 1993, Green and Savoree have won four IndyCar championships, three Indy 500s and the 12 Hours of Sebring as team principals, and established the Indy Racing League's first street race in 2004. Headquartered in Indianapolis, the firm owns and promotes multiple professional racing events in North America, including Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, The Mid-Ohio School, Honda Indy Toronto and Honda Grand Prix of St. Petersburg. More information about the company is available at gpstpete.com, hondaindytoronto.com and midohio.com.
Get 2 FREE stocks valued between $2.50-$1,400 when you open and fund a Webull brokerage account or earn 5% annual interest rate at Worthy.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of SpeedwayMedia.com.


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The Desert, My Mom, and Me, by Trenton Good of City High Radio
May 31, 2012 in Youthcast by Emily
I might as well get out with it — this is my last podcast for Youthcast. Two and a half weeks ago I packed up my stuff and moved from Boston, MA to Concord, NH, in order to report on NH economics for NPR's StateImpact project. The piece we're featuring today — by City High Radio's Trenton Good — is my favorite youthcast piece yet. In fact, I've been saving it up for over a month now, in order to end with a bang.
Let me tell you why this piece was so important to me. See — I was the kid who wanted to get good grades in grade school, so that I'd be prepared for high school, so that I'd be prepared for college, so I'd be prepared to get my dream job, so that I'd be prepared to have a family. The lesson I've been learning for the last 10 years is that you can't spend all your time preparing for the future — because who you are and what you want today will probably not be the same by the time that future comes around.
But some habits are hard to break. When I'm working on a radio story and the punch line I had prepared for doesn't materialize, I'm likely to bang my head against the wall for a good week before I look around enough to find another door.
Trenton Good is my exact opposite — not just because he's more likely to be enjoying the outdoors than doing homework. Trenton made this radio story by being open to inspiration. And he made it great by letting the moment guide him.
It all started when Trent skipped school. He had a radio assignment that wasn't going anywhere, and after his radio teacher, Sarah Bromer, asked him why he skipped school the next day, they threw out the old assignment and dove into the story that was right in front of them. Why had Trent skipped school that day?
But it doesn't end there. Instead of sitting down and writing a script the way most radio producers do, Trent started out just telling his story into the microphone. Then, he used that very real version of his story to shape a script that had the pieces he liked, and sounded authentic. More authentic, surely, than a script would be that was typed first and recorded later.
Trent is a natural at living in the moment. His lesson is like my lesson, but in reverse. Trent told me that producing this piece taught him that he does need to try in school, no matter how much he doesn't like it, because he needs to be prepared for college, so that he can be prepared to get a job he likes.
But I don't want to get carried away with didactic life lessons. The reason you should listen to Trent's piece is to enjoy his creative, introspective honesty. It's not something you hear from a 16 year old everyday.
Podcast: Download (Duration: 12:06 — 5.5MB)
Check back right here for the next Youthcast! And keep in touch on Twitter, Facebook, or by leaving a comment right here. While we're gone, listen to HowSound, the backstory to great radio storytelling. And thanks for listening!
View from Tumamoc Hill was shot by Trenton Good. Image of Trenton was shot by Sarah Bromer.


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Comes With Game Cartridge Only.
* Does not include DS Lite Console.
Not compatible with DSi
Track list:
If for any reason you are not 100% happy with your purchase, we can provide you with a full refund or exchange if you return it to us within 7 days after you receive the goods. Conditions apply, please see our terms and conditions.


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NEA honors Kerry Kennedy with Human and Civil Rights award
WASHINGTON - June 23, 2011 -
The president of the Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights will be honored by the National Education Association (NEA) during its annual Human and Civil Rights Awards dinner in Chicago, Friday, July 1, 2011. Kerry Kennedy will receive NEA's H. Councill Trenholm Memorial Award recognizing her work to free the education profession from inequities based on race or ethnicity, while also helping to improve intergroup relations and understanding among racial and ethnic groups.
"Kerry Kennedy is a flag carrier for social justice," said Dennis Van Roekel, NEA president. "She exemplifies the passion and commitment necessary to fight inequities based on race and ethnicity."
The RFK Center for Justice & Human Rights was founded by Robert Kennedy's family and friends in 1968 as a living memorial to carry forward his vision of a more just and peaceful world. Through long-term partnerships and cutting edge methods, the RFK Center assists advocates who have won the RFK Human Rights Award. It supports investigative journalists and authors who bring light to injustice through the RFK Book and Journalism Awards. The RFK Center's Speak Truth to Power program educates the public and provides students with a toolkit for action to create change in the classroom, the community, nationally, and internationally.
The Center created a partnership with NEA's New York state affiliate, the New York State United Teachers (NYSUT), in 2008 to create a social justice curriculum. The curriculum, "Speak Up, Speak Out," was created by classroom teachers. It was released to teachers on International Human Rights Day in 2010.
Harper Councill Trenholm (1900-1963) served for 21 years as executive secretary of the American Teachers Association (ATA), which represented eighty-five thousand Black teachers who taught in segregated schools. Trenholm worked tirelessly for the 1966 merger of ATA and NEA.
For more information, visit:
Follow us on twitter at www.twitter.com/NEAMedia
# # #
The National Education Association is the nation's largest professional organization, representing 3.2 million elementary and secondary teachers, higher education faculty, education support professionals, school administrators, retired educators and students preparing to become teachers.
CONTACT: Dana Dossett (202) 822-7823, firstname.lastname@example.com


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Stocks mixed on Wall Street; Apple slides
Stocks are mostly lower on Wall Street, pulling the Standard & Poor's 500 index further below a five-year high it reached last week.
Apple tumbled on concern that demand for the iPhone 5 is waning.
The Dow Jones industrial average edged up six points to 13,494 shortly before noon Monday.
The S&P 500 fell three points to 1,469. The Nasdaq composite index fell 14 points to 3,111.
The Standard and Poor's 500 closed at a five-year high of 1,472 on Thursday, following a solid start to the fourth-quarter earnings reporting period and amid optimism that the outlook for global growth is brightening.
Apple slid $16 to $504.10 after The Wall Street Journal reported that the company has cut its orders for iPhone 5 components due to weak demand.


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Events Calendar
Tuesday, October 01 2019 - Tuesday, October 01 2019
Are you interested in politics? Do you have a desire to run for office one day? Congressman Joseph Morelle (NY-25) will be on campus to share his experiences in government.
- Event Time
- 3 p.m.
- Location
- Wilson Formal Lounge, Haffey Hall
- Organizer
- Hosted by the Office of Government Relations


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Classic Valencia A 8" x 8" Cement Tile
The Classic Collection provides cement tile in contemporary and European styles using modern colorways. Stocked for quick shipping. For a coordinated look, pair with our Classic Plain or Solid Color Tiles.
Cement Tile Product Details
- Handmade cement tile. Unpolished (raw) finish.
- Dimensions: 8" x 8" x 5/8"
- Weight: 3 lbs.
- Coverage: 2.3 tiles per sq. ft. / 23 sq. ft. per box
- Seal with a penetrating sealer.
- Stocked for quick ship. Allow 7-10 days for delivery.
Order Requirements
- Order in full-box quantities (multiples of 10) ONLY
- Minimum order: 100 sq. ft., a 20% surcharge is added to orders less than 100 sq ft.
Classic Colors used in this Pattern: White, Blue


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Split ends. Just those two words alone are enough to send any hairdresser into a meltdown. We all know they're a sign of bad things for your locks, but what exactly are they and just how can we get rid of them?
Can't get the hang of blow drying your hair with a paddle brush and hair dryer? You need the best hair dryer brush from Hot Tools. See why you'll love it.
These new liquid highlighters will give you more than a glow with added skin care benefits. Learn how to make highlighter pop with our glow tips now...
Spring is the ultimate time of the year that represents new beginnings. If you're in the mood, spring cleaning your home, dusting out nooks and cra...
Are you doing the full 20 seconds and singing happy birthday? Let us help you out with a little guide on how to wash your hands.
Guys, tame your mane with these 5 amazing men's styling products. Because when it comes to styling hair, ladies aren't the only ones who have bad hair days.
There's a reason Glasshouse Fragrances are known for the best scented candles ever. Read all about them and why they'll complete your self care routine...
One of the best vegan hair care brands has just undergone a major transformation. See what's changed plus our fav vegan hair products from them
Vitafive CPR Blonde Trio Pack
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Compositieopdracht 2018 North Sea Jazz concert
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam, The Netherlands
I am very happy to present Connecting Colors Vol. 1 – Acoustic Encounters! Eleven collaborations with musical friends, made in these Covid times. Eleven connecting drawings/paintings.
In the last weeks I added new video's to this site.
After our BIMhuis gig in November we decided to do a video recording the week after at the Concervatory of Arnhem. Great video-work by Dennis which captured our 'What you see is what you get' mentality. We are very happy with it.
Oene and Philipp Rüttgers present their duo album 'Changing Landscapes' released with High End recording label Just Listen on Native DSD Music.
Binnenkort speel ik een tweetal duoconcerten met de Canadese jazzpianist/componist David Braid. Daar ben ik heel blij mee dus ik breng het graag bij jullie onder de aandacht. Wees welkom!
In this new Scottish/ Dutch group Mark and Oene join two musicians with whom Oene has been playing for several years already.
New music by me will be performed on 4 November and 10 November at the November Music Festival.
While I was on a summer holiday with my family in England, I decided to pick up an old hobby again: drawing.
The Oriental Landscapes Festival gave me a Carte Blanche evening + a commission to write a new composition! I invited 5 wonderful friends / musicians I admire to join me. The composition is called 'Ode to Istanbul', and it is inspired by the many faces of this dazzling city.
Their debut album, Shapes of Time, will be released on March 19, 2018, and features special collaborations with visual artist Udo Prinsen and guitarist Raphael Vanoli.
Hello all, it has been a while since I updated my news.
Since 20 years I play with bass guitarist Mark Haanstra in several bands and it is always a true pleasure to share the stage with him!
I will be active in two concerts at the Amsterdam Cello Biennale 2016. 22 Oct Hello – Cello Orchestra, 25 Oct – Zapp4 + Jerome Pernoo
An update of the Sudoku reviews (October 2016)
Last June we recorded three days with engineer Chris Weeda and now we just finished the mixing.
In season 2016-2017 I will be working on two new productions for the Dutch National Opera (composing and playing).
In the past months I have been working hard on a cello double concerto for two inspiring cellists and friends Nick Shugaev and Willem Stam.
It is such a pleasure to introduce my first solo album to all of you: Sudoku. In 2015 I have had several recording sessions in the Warning Studio's, with the wonderful engineer Björn Warning.


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Collaboration between lawmakers and broad-based education coalition leads to historic legislation in Illinois
IEA, IFT, CTU protected teachers' voices at the table
WASHINGTON - April 14, 2011 -
The Illinois Education Association, the Illinois Federation of Teachers and the Chicago Teachers Union today announced support for bold legislation that ensures students will have quality educators in every classroom and a better learning environment in which they can succeed.
"With this agreement that puts children first, our Illinois leaders have shown how collaboration at all levels is the key to success," said National Education Association (NEA) President Dennis Van Roekel. "From the very beginning of this process, IEA President Ken Swanson was at the table with the IFT and the CTU, urging legislators to put politics aside and work together for the best interests of Illinois' students."
The unions worked with legislators and parents to craft the historic legislation. The Illinois union leadership championed key reforms, including:
- Ensuring experience and performance are respected;
- Ensuring teacher dismissal is more efficient and fair;
- Ensuring accountability for everyone involved in the education of Illinois' students;
- Granting tenure to teachers who are performing in the classroom and providing a way to expedite obtaining tenure if a teacher truly excels in the classroom; and
- Streamlining the dismissal process for underperforming teachers while protecting teachers' due process through the addition of a highly qualified evaluator.
"This collaboration between lawmakers, parents and the unions is ground-breaking and led to unanimous support from all involved in the coalition," Van Roekel said. "We are so pleased that our Illinois affiliate leaders focused on making sure that experienced educators are respected and have a voice in decision-making as they do their jobs, which is to ensure student success."
For more information, please go to: www.facebook.com/GreatSchoolsforIllinois
Follow us on twitter at www.twitter.com/NEAMedia
# # #
The National Education Association is the nation's largest professional employee organization, representing
3.2 million elementary and secondary teachers, higher education faculty, education support professionals, school administrators, retired educators and students preparing to become teachers.
CONTACT: Samantha Kappalman (202) 822-7823, firstname.lastname@example.com


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Anthony Leiserowitz, Ph.D.
Research Scientist & Director
Yale Project on Climate Change Communication
School of Forestry & Environmental Studies
Yale University
195 Prospect Street
New Haven, CT 06511
(203) 432-4865
Anthony Leiserowitz is a Research Scientist and Director of the Yale Project on Climate Change Communication at the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University. He is also a principal investigator at the Center for Research on Environmental Decisions at Columbia University. He is an expert on American and international public opinion on global warming, including public perception of climate change risks, support and opposition for climate policies, and willingness to make individual behavioral change. His research investigates the psychological, cultural, political, and geographic factors that drive public environmental perception and behavior. He has conducted survey, experimental, and field research at scales ranging from the global to the local, including international studies, the United States, individual states (Alaska and Florida), municipalities (New York City), and with the Inupiaq Eskimo of Northwest Alaska. He also recently conducted the first empirical assessment of worldwide public values, attitudes, and behaviors regarding global sustainability, including environmental protection, economic growth, and human development. He has served as a consultant to the John F. Kennedy School of Government (Harvard University), the United Nations Development Program, the Gallup World Poll, the Global Roundtable on Climate Change at the Earth Institute (Columbia University), and the World Economic Forum.
The Yale Project on Climate Change Communication advances public understanding and engagement with climate change science and solutions and catalyzes action by the general public and leaders of government, business, academia, and the media. Projects include:
- Climate Change in the American Mind
- International Public Opinion on Climate Change
- Vulnerability to Sea Level Rise and Coastal Erosion in NW Alaska
- The Roper/Yale Environment Poll
- The Yale Forum on Climate Change & the Media
- The Governor's Conference on Climate Change
- The National Conversation on Climate Action
Fields of Specialization
• Risk Perception, Decision Making, and Communication
• Sustainability Values, Attitudes and Behaviors
• Human Dimensions of Global Change
• Nature-Society Relations


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DescriptionBuilding websites can be rewarding, both personally and professionally, but it can also be tedious and irritating when you're going through the same motions over and over. This asset bundle from designer Creative Tim can help you break up the monotony and reach new creative heights. Packed with 26 Bootstrap templates and UI kits, 311 customized plug-ins, over 9,000 handcrafted components, and 524 example pages, this massive bundle includes a veritable treasure trove of inspiration.
Important Details


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sexta-feira, 1 de maio de 2020
Prodígio Feat. Deezy & Don G - Relationship Goals (VIDEO)
Tags # VIDEO
Postado por Anx Music às 21:33
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Templatesyard is a blogger resources site is a provider of high quality blogger template with premium looking layout and robust design. The main mission of templatesyard is to provide the best quality blogger templates which are professionally designed and perfectlly seo optimized to deliver best result for your blog.


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CALGARY, Alberta, Jan. 21 (UPI) -- Ryan Getzlaff and Daniel Winnik each scored two goals Monday and the Anaheim Ducks won a second straight to begin the season, 5-4 over Calgary.
Getzlaff's first tally came only 1:06 into the game and triggered a three goal onslaught that handed the Ducks a quick 3-0 lead. His second -- the eventual game-winner -- gave Anaheim a 5-3 advantage in the final frame.
Winnik added an assist and Saku Koivu also notched three points with a goal and two helpers as the Ducks began the lockout-shortened NHL season with their second triumph in two games.
Jonas Hiller turned aside 21-of-25 shots to earn the victory.
Curtis Glencross provided two goals with an assist while Alex Tanguay chipped in with a score and a helper as the Flames dropped a second straight to begin the campaign.
Miikka Kirprusoff made 19 saves in Calgary's loss.


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Daily Archives: August 25, 2009
Letting it all out
When was the last time you cried? I mean, really cried. Wept, sobbed, shook your shoulders and snotted everywhere…
I did that tonight. It's been too long since I let it all out. Apparently, I had a lot building in me.
I have to be out of my current apartment before my new apartment is available. I've hired movers for Saturday who are too expensive to cancel. I work at 5 am both Saturday and Sunday. There is a very real chance I will have to sleep on the futon in the newsroom.
Both my sisters are in the province this weekend with their significant others. I would love nothing more than to be at our beautiful cottage with my beautiful family this weekend.
My dad and his family are going through rough times. I wish I could be there to help them.
For the first September in my life, I will not have plans to return to school. I am working a permanent job indefinitely. This terrifies me.
The last of my friends has moved away. I am left behind in this city, alone.
As of right now, I am looking forward to:
- going to the gym in the morning
- Waffle Wednesday
- reporting on important trials tomorrow
- getting my new glasses frames on Thursday
- swimming for the first time since the triathlon
- my long run on Friday
- seeing my mom and one of my sisters on Monday
- joining a new gym
- starting my new life in a place to call my own
And what's life without a little flavour?
Savoury oats
- 1/2 cup rolled oats
- 1 cup water
- pinch salt
- chopped up breakfast sausage
- fried egg
- hot salsa
- mozzarella
Mahi mahi in a peach sauce. Pan-fried mahi mahi filet in Bragg's topped with one chopped peach, onions and plum sauce. Brocolli and brussel sprouts with a little Bragg's for the side.
Also, do not freeze watermelon then thaw it out. It turns slimy and meaty, and can only be saved in a smoothie.
At least it was pretty. 1/2 cup plain yogurt, handful watermelon meat, handful frozen papaya chunks.
When was the last time you cried? What is stressing you out at the moment? What are you looking forward to?
Thankfully, today is over. I'm going to bed and look forward to the brand new day ahead of me. It will be better. My outlook alone will allow that to happen.


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| 10.3°C Belfast
One of the jailed members of the Russian punk group Pussy Riot has begun a hunger strike in protest at harsh working conditions and threats to her life.
Nadezhda Tolokonnikova is serving a two-year sentence for hooliganism. She and two other group members were arrested in 2012 when Pussy Riot made a brief, unauthorised performance in Moscow's main Orthodox cathedral denouncing Vladimir Putin.
In a letter published on the group's blog, Ms Tolokonnikova says inmates in her prison are forced to work up to 17 hours a day in a shop that makes police uniforms.
She also says the prison's deputy warden threatened her last month, saying "Things never will be bad for you because there is nothing bad in the next world."


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I picked up an ASUS i7 gaming laptop, 17.3", which runs it comfortably on High.Amazing graphics! Really is a remarkable world !I've only just started playing ... my teenage daughter is already many levels above me
There's no hurry. You can enjoy it at your own pace. This is one game that really does make you want to stop and smell the Red Mountain Flowers.


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Miskito Lounge chair / 1.549 eur
Designed by Herman Studio
With its classic and clean look Miskito Lounge Chair is inspired by Middle American aesthetics and craftsmanship. The cushion, held in place behind the backrest, adds a soft touch. As the chair is foldable you can easily bring it with you outside when the weather allows it.
- Details
- Oak
Wool / Light Grey
FSC Mix
WxDxH: 66x73,5x69 cm / Seat H: 27 cm
Item no. 1410130
- Packaging
- WxDxH: 68x9,3x31 cm
Weight: 14,5 kg
- Material and care
Proper usage and maintenance
Proper usage and maintenance is vital for getting the most out of the valuable resources we have. Our designs are made to last for generations, but just like everything else, they need a little care to get there.
Oak grows in most temperate zones. The Skagerak oak comes from European forests and is either 100% FSC certified or FSC mix certified, supporting sustainable forest management. The selection of the wood is extremely careful and all processing is by hand, so that only the best and most durable pieces of wood are used in production.
Oak is a sturdy and hardwearing type of wood containing natural tannings that will protect against bacterial growth. Combined with its light, elegant colour and well-defined grains, this makes oak wood safe choice for high-quality interior.
The wood comes with no finish. If you choose not to treat it with soap or oil, use a suitable cleaning agent for wood.
As the wood is untreated it may be affected by grease and colorants. For this reason, we recommend saturating the wood with soap or a suitable furniture oil to make it more resistant. If you wish to use soap or oil, use a suitable product. Be aware that the wood will change colour when applying soap or oil.
Note: When using Skagerak's drying racks, do not dry wet laundry directly on the wood as this might discolor the fabric.
Tonus Meadow
Woven from an elastic combination of 90% wool and 10% Helanca, Tonus Meadow is highly abrasion-resistant, lightfast and flame retardant. The wool gives it a sublime comfort due to its softness and ability to absorb/give off humidity. Tonus Meadow is made by Kvadrat and designed by Danish Nina Koppel.
Vacuum the upholstery regularly. Remember to use a proper attachment to avoid pilling.
The Tonus Meadow upholstery may only be dry-cleaned. However, most spots can be removed with lukewarm water and a mild wool detergent. We recommend to treat stains immediately. It is a good idea to test on a minor spot before beginning the cleaning process. Use only a small amount of detergent and dry up with an absorbent cloth after.
Cold Foam
Cold foam is a form stable foam with high elastic properties, which makes it a good choice for cushions and pads. The foam provides a firm and comfortable support.
About the designer / Herman Studio
Originality is something Herman Studio aspire to: there must be room for surprises and for something that has not been seen before. Herman Studio consists of the two designers, Helle Herman Mortensen and Jonas Herman Pedersen. Herman Studio works in an iterative and holistic design process between sketches, models and prototypes. Combining these elements brings forth inspiration, creativity and great dynamics that helps them in their development of new projects. Their workshop has therefore grown a natural part of the studio.


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Jenise wrote:For a lot of Americans, I think "Beirut" is synonymous with "war zone" and has been for the last thirty years or so.
That's absolutely the case. But even among Lebanese, it's so.
I find this to be very interesting. My ex is Lebanese- both parents grew up there, most family still there. When I expressed concern about a planned annual trip there to visit grandparents and other family, I was met with defensiveness and the following statement repeated often: "Lebanon is the Switzerland of the Middle East". My point of view that this may not be the safest place for a vacation was resented mightily.
This was in 2001 if I'm not mistaken.


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Accommodation Port Arthur Tasmania
Self Catering Waterfront Holiday House in Port Arthur Tasmania
Why stay at Burilda Waters when you visit the awe inspiring Tasman Peninsula?
- Spacious two level house
- Upstairs bedroom with queen size bed and ensuite
- Downstairs – bedroom with queen bed, bedroom with single bed, bathroom and toilet
- Seaside holiday home with panoramic views of Carnarvon Bay
- A three minute drive to the iconic Port Arthur Historic Site and Tasman Island Cruises
- Central location to explore the walks and fabulous scenery of the Tasman Peninsula
- Upper level deck with BBQ and outdoor setting overlooking the Isle of the Dead
- Wood heater and heat pump in the upstairs lounge for thermal comfort
- Keyless entry via electronic keypad on the front door
- Fully equipped kitchen with dishwasher and laundry amenities downstairs
- All bedding and linen supplied
This house is ideal for a self catering holiday as it has upstairs and downstairs lounge rooms, bedrooms, bathrooms and toilets making it perfect for families or friends traveling together.
It will also appeal to couples looking for a romantic escape to relax and enjoy each others company in lovely peaceful surroundings.
The upstairs lounge and balcony are the perfect place to unwind and enjoy the serene waterfront environment of Possum Beach overlooking Carnarvon Bay and the World Heritage Historic Site.
The wood heater in the upstairs lounge radiates warmth and provides a lovely ambiance during the cooler months or inclement weather.
Before you book explore the possibilities!!!
Guest Comments
This is great place to stay – still sunny days and crisp, cool nights in front of the fire. We have stayed on the Tasman Peninsula many times but this is the best accommodation we have ever stayed in. A great find and we hope it will be available for our next trip here. We didn't realise June could be such a lovely time to spend here, so we must get the word out to the mainlanders! Lynne & Noel from Hobart and Christopher & Ella from Melbourne. Forget remarkable cave, this is a remarkable house! We have had an absolutely wonderful time and appreciated all the luxury touches you've added to make this a comfortable home away from home. Thank you!! We will definitely be back. Faust & Merilyn, Melbourne
Port Arthur and the Tasman Peninsula
The World Heritage Port Arthur Historic Site is a very popular holiday destination with visitors coming from all over the world to see what remains of this British penal colony. As the site contains a museum, numerous historic buildings and ruins, the entry fee to the Site provides a two day pass which also includes a guided tour and a harbour cruise around the Isle of the Dead. Each night when darkness descends eerily on the Historic Site you can join the lantern-lit Ghost tour, which is particularly intriguing for children.
The Tasman Peninsula is an extraordinary destination for scenery, walks, beaches and fishing, particularly when tuna are running. In the Tasman National Park there are numerous short walks to stunning coastal scenery, such as the Coal Mines Historic Site, Tessellated Pavement, Remarkable Cave and Blow Hole, Tasman Arch, Devil's Kitchen & Patersons Arch coastal walks. For the physically fit there are world class walks to Cape Raoul, Cape Hauy and Cape Pillar. If sea conditions permit the half day Tasman Island Cruise is not to be missed.
Click here to check Booking Availability