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Tue., Nov. 6, 2012
FORT BRAGG, N.C. (AP) — A female U.S. Army captain testified Tuesday that her commanding general initiated a sexual affair during a combat tour in Iraq and threatened to kill her and her family if she told anyone.
The woman said Brig. Gen. Jeffrey Sinclair was extremely controlling, even telling her how much water to drink and when and where she could use the bathroom during a later combat tour in Afghanistan.
She said she repeatedly tried to end the relationship and asked Sinclair, a married man, for a transfer.
On two occasions, she testified the general ended such conversations by exposing himself and physically forcing her to perform oral sex. The Associated Press does not identify victims of alleged sexual assaults.
When a prosecutor asked if Sinclair should have been able to tell that she did not want to participate, the captain responded: "Yes, I was crying."
The woman testified on the second day of a military hearing at Fort Bragg on whether there was enough evidence to court-martial Sinclair on charges including forcible sodomy, wrongful sexual conduct and engaging in inappropriate relationships.
It is a rare criminal case against a general and the details from the hearing are the first public narrative of the alleged offenses that prosecutors say involved a total of five women: four of them military subordinates and one a civilian.
During the testimony, the woman often broke down in tears as she recounted their 3-year relationship. As she spoke, Sinclair repeatedly rolled his eyes, sighed audibly and stared at his former aide from the defense table as she sobbed. She did not look back at him.
The woman says she was honored at first by the attention from Sinclair, who she said was highly regarded. They first had sex in 2008 at a forward operating base in Iraq, she said.
"I was extremely intimidated by him. Everybody in the brigade spoke about him like he was a god," she said.
The captain testified that she believed Sinclair's threats to kill her because he had gone through Ranger training, knew how to kill with his hands and had a reputation as being unfazed by violence in battle.
Sinclair was deputy commander in charge of logistics and support for the 82nd Airborne Division in Afghanistan before being abruptly relieved in May amid a criminal probe. He has been on special assignment since then at Fort Bragg, the sprawling post that is home to the 82nd Airborne.
Sinclair's former commanding officer, Maj. Gen. James Huggins, testified Monday that he launched the criminal investigation on March 19 after the captain came to his office at the division's headquarters in Afghanistan late at night and in tears.
She reported that she had been involved in an affair with Sinclair. Adultery is a crime under the military code of justice and Huggins said the captain understood that making such a report could end her military career. After making her report, her security clearance was suspended, relieved of her duties and referred for a mental health assessment.
On Tuesday, the captain testified that Sinclair could be cold and demeaning to her and other female officers in the brigade, calling some of the other women degrading and profane names.
She testified she once told him in private he shouldn't talk about female officers that way, especially when lower-ranking soldiers might overhear him and follow his example.
"He said he was a general and he could say whatever the (expletive) he wanted," she testified.
But she said he could also be warm and affectionate when the two were alone, acting as her mentor in military matters and promising to leave his wife of 20 years so they could be together.
After becoming so conflicted and depressed about the relationship she wished for her own death, the soldier testified she finally reported the affair and the abuse after finding messages from another woman in the general's military e-mail account, which she reviewed as part of her work duties.
During their cross examination, defense lawyers for the general worked to paint the captain as a jilted lover seeking revenge, saying that Sinclair had passed a polygraph test during which he denied ever forcing her to have oral sex with him.
A defense lawyer also confronted the captain with explicit text messages in which she referred the general as "Mr. Sexy Pants." His pet name for her was Panda. The captain also expressed her love and admiration for Sinclair in writing, comparing him in a birthday card to George Washington, a general he greatly admired.
Even testifying against him on the witness stand, with Sinclair facing a potentially lengthy prison sentence if convicted, the captain admitted part of her was still eager to please him.
"In a (expletive)-up way I still love him," she admitted. "I don't want him to be mad at me."
Follow AP writer Michael Biesecker at twitter.com/mbieseck
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Rabbit Island
The Clock Tower (時計台, Tokeidai) is a symbol of Sapporo. The building was constructed during the early period of Sapporo's development in 1878 as a drill hall of the Sapporo Agricultural College. In 1881 a clock purchased from Boston was installed.
Today, the Clock Tower serves as a museum with displays about the building's history and Sapporo on the first floor. On the second floor are displays about the clock and a spacious ceremony hall that calls to mind the simple buildings of the colonial American Midwest.
The Clock Tower is four blocks or a ten minute walk south of JR Sapporo Station, and one block north of Odori Park.
Address: North 1, West 2
information source: japan-guide.com
Hours: 8:45 to 17:10 (entry until 17:00)
Admission: 200 yen
Address: Kita-1-jo, Chuo-ku, Sapporo-shi, Hokkaido west 2-1-1
Airport: New Chitose Airport
Closed: January 1-3 and infrequent, irregular closures for maintenance
English: Good

subset: commoncrawl


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DeKALB – The future of events like Spooktacular and Breakfast with the Bunny is in question amid mixed signals from the DeKalb City Council on future funding for running them.
The DeKalb Chamber of Commerce is requesting $45,000 from the city to create an event coordinator position to take over the events that Re:New DeKalb has run for years.
The DeKalb City Council voted Monday 5-2 to allocate $25,000 to fund the position, but City Manager Mark Biernacki said the dollar amount would not be finalized until the city passes its budget in May or June.
The money would come from the city's economic development fund, which is funded by the city's hotel/motel tax. Biernacki said the city expects to see a boost in this fund with the new Hampton Inn and Suites being built at the corner of South Annie Glidden Road and Taylor Street.
Many of the aldermen spoke in support of continuing the different events downtown at Monday's City Council meeting, but they also had reservations about the city funding a new position at the chamber.
"I think we're at a pivotal point, but I am not willing to give any money out of our general fund, which can be used to hire police officers," 6th Ward Alderman Dave Baker said.
Baker and 1st Ward Alderman David Jacobson voted against the city providing the chamber with either $25,000 or $45,000.
Re:New DeKalb will undergo a fundamental shift later this year, said Frank Roberts, the president of the organization's executive board. He said the organization will broaden its focus to include economic development in the entire city, public safety, and creating a marketing brand for DeKalb.
"Our proposal would not only address the economic development opportunities, but the other issues," Roberts said. "That's not being done in a consistent, well-defined way today."
Roberts said many plans are in their early stages, but he envisioned the organization working with the DeKalb Police Department on different fundraising efforts or broadcasting the city's lower crime rates.
Meanwhile, the Chamber of Commerce would begin hosting events like Spooktacular, which drew more than 1,000 people to the downtown area, said Lindsey Engelsman, Re:New DeKalb's marketing and special events coordinator.
Under the chamber's proposal, Engelsman would move from Re:New to the chamber staff and continue coordinating existing events while helping to create others.
Mark Smirz, the chairman of the chamber's board, said the chamber needs city support for the coordinator position.
"There's concern that we'd lose traction, and these downtown events would die on the vine," Smirz said. "It would be tragic to not keep things going downtown."
Smirz said he envisioned the chamber needing city support for only three to five years. At the same time, Smirz said he wants to increase the number of activities the coordinator would organize.
On Monday, council members signed off on an initial proposal to allocate $25,000 from the city's economic development fund to the chamber.
The $25,000 amount was a compromise proposed by 4th Ward Alderman Brendon Gallagher after four aldermen – Baker, Gallagher, Jacobson, and 7th Ward's Monica O'Leary – opposed allocating $45,000.
"From the Chamber of Commerce to our economic development department here at the City of DeKalb ... to all of these different programs that are trying to pump up DeKalb and DeKalb County, we're all pulling in the same direction," Gallagher said. "I'd be more inclined to support a lower level of funding."
Smirz said he hopes to persuade the council in the coming weeks, but he said the chamber will not be able to fully fund the position on its own.


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We'll never be able to change the startup gender ratio until more women get into computer programming at a young age. But what's it actually like to learn computer science as a teenage girl? The New York Observer got eight high schoolers to share their stories.
"At the moment, computer science is most interesting of the offers, and that's what I'm focusing on, to hell with the lack of girls in the field," one explained. Another girl said she "realized comp sci isn't about nerdy boys sitting at computers and coding out nonsense that turns into violent video games and complicated math problem solvers. No, comp sci isn't this at all. Comp sci, as I have found in my classes at Stuy, is a medium for expression, a place for creation and creativity." And for anyone wondering about taking classes, consider these wise words: "writing a program is almost like writing a story (cheesy analogy, I know). There are many ways you can structure it but you have to find the best way, and then when you're done you have a product that actually does something and you created it. And it's probably one of the most gratifying feelings in the world."
We can't wait until Wired features one (or all?) of these women on its cover some day.
Eight Real Tales of Learning Computer Science as a High School Girl [BetaBeat]
Image via ifong/Shutterstock.


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Booz Allen serves our clients as their essential partner, solving problems and reimagining the art of the possible. We blend a breadth of management consulting, technology and engineering expertise together with products to deliver the right breakthrough ideas. We bring together cohesive teams with diverse backgrounds, knowledge and skills. And together, we help clients move ahead.
Booz Allen has a proud 100-year legacy of shaping thought. We invent new ways to work smart and manage change. We engineer rapid prototypes and advanced cyber solutions. We break new ground in data and analytics. And we convene leading thinkers to conduct major studies and solve wicked problems. Today, Booz Allen is building new partnerships with small businesses, technology giants and research teams. Together, we're exploring new ideas and bringing new solutions to market.
Booz Allen believes in service to our country—and our communities. Our people engage in elite, mission-critical work for governments, businesses and non-profits. We also extend our spirit of service to local communities where we live and work. We volunteer our time and talents. We support community groups. And we help those in need, at home and abroad.


text:
Frequent Links
Open Access Articles- Top Results for Acetic acid
Cervical Cancer: Open AccessVisual Inspection of the Cervix with (Acetic Acid or Lugols Iodine) for Cervical Cancer Screening
Journal of Women's Health CareEffectiveness of Acetic Acid Iontophoresis and Ultrasound on Calcifying Tendonitis of the Shoulder
Occupational Medicine & Health AffairsEDTA: Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetic Acid â A Review
Otolaryngology: Open AccessOtotoxicity of Acetic Acid: A Short Review
Acetic acid
Unknown extension tag "indicator"
Acetic acid /əˈsiːtɨk/, systematically named ethanoic acid /ˌɛθəˈnoʊɨk/, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3COOH (also written as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2). It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial acetic acid. Vinegar is roughly 3-9% acetic acid by volume, making acetic acid the main component of vinegar apart from water. Acetic acid has a distinctive sour taste and pungent smell. Besides its production as household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinylacetate and cellulose acetate. Although it is classified as a weak acid, concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can attack the skin.
Acetic acid is the second simplest carboxylic acid (after formic acid) and is an important chemical reagent and industrial chemical, mainly used in the production of cellulose acetate for photographic film and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, as well as synthetic fibers and fabrics. In households, diluted acetic acid is often used in descaling agents. In the food industry, acetic acid is used under the food additive code E260 as an acidity regulator and as a condiment. As a food additive it is approved for usage in many countries, including Canada,[7] the European Union,[8] the United States,[9] and Australia and New Zealand.[10]
The global demand of acetic acid is around 6.5 million tonnes per year (Mt/a), of which approximately 1.5 Mt/a is met by recycling; the remainder is manufactured from petrochemical feedstock.[11] As a chemical reagent, biological sources of acetic acid are of interest, but generally uncompetitive. Vinegar is dilute acetic acid, often produced by fermentation and subsequent oxidation of ethanol.
- 1 Nomenclature
- 2 History
- 3 Chemical properties
- 4 Production
- 5 Uses
- 6 Other derivatives
- 7 Health effects and safety
- 8 See also
- 9 References
- 10 External links
The trivial name acetic acid is the most commonly used and preferred IUPAC name. The systematic name ethanoic acid, a valid IUPAC name, is constructed according to the substitutive nomenclature.[5] The name acetic acid derives from acetum, the Latin word for vinegar, and is related to the word acid itself.
Glacial acetic acid is a name for water-free (anhydrous) acetic acid. Similar to the German name Eisessig (ice-vinegar), the name comes from the ice-like crystals that form slightly below room temperature at Script error: No such module "convert". (the presence of 0.1% water lowers its melting point by 0.2 °C).[12]
A common abbreviation for acetic acid is AcOH, where Ac stands for the acetyl group CH3−C(=O)−. Acetate (CH3COO−) is abbreviated AcO−. The Ac is not to be confused with the abbreviation for the chemical element actinium.[13] To better reflect its structure, acetic acid is often written as CH3–C(O)OH, CH3–C(=O)OH, CH3COOH, and CH3CO2H. In the context of acid-base reactions, the abbreviation HAc is sometimes used,[14] where Ac instead stands for acetate. Acetate is the ion resulting from loss of H+ from acetic acid. The name acetate can also refer to a salt containing this anion, or an ester of acetic acid.[15]
Vinegar was known early in civilization as the natural result of exposure of beer and wine to air, because acetic acid-producing bacteria are present globally. The use of acetic acid in alchemy extends into the 3rd century BC, when the Greek philosopher Theophrastus described how vinegar acted on metals to produce pigments useful in art, including white lead (lead carbonate) and verdigris, a green mixture of copper salts including copper(II) acetate. Ancient Romans boiled soured wine to produce a highly sweet syrup called sapa. Sapa that was produced in lead pots was rich in lead acetate, a sweet substance also called sugar of lead or sugar of Saturn, which contributed to lead poisoning among the Roman aristocracy.[16]
In the 16th-century German alchemist Andreas Libavius described the production of acetone from the dry distillation of lead acetate, ketonic decarboxylation. The presence of water in vinegar has such a profound effect on acetic acid's properties that for centuries chemists believed that glacial acetic acid and the acid found in vinegar were two different substances. French chemist Pierre Adet proved them identical.[16][17]
In 1845 German chemist Hermann Kolbe synthesized acetic acid from inorganic compounds for the first time. This reaction sequence consisted of chlorination of carbon disulfide to carbon tetrachloride, followed by pyrolysis to tetrachloroethylene and aqueous chlorination to trichloroacetic acid, and concluded with electrolytic reduction to acetic acid.[18]
By 1910, most glacial acetic acid was obtained from the "pyroligneous liquor" from distillation of wood. The acetic acid was isolated from this by treatment with milk of lime, and the resulting calcium acetate was then acidified with sulfuric acid to recover acetic acid. At that time, Germany was producing 10,000 tons of glacial acetic acid, around 30% of which was used for the manufacture of indigo dye.[16][19]
Because both methanol and carbon monoxide are commodity raw materials, methanol carbonylation long appeared to be attractive precursors to acetic acid. Henri Dreyfus at British Celanese developed a methanol carbonylation pilot plant as early as 1925.[20] However, a lack of practical materials that could contain the corrosive reaction mixture at the high pressures needed (200 atm or more) discouraged commercialization of these routes. The first commercial methanol carbonylation process, which used a cobalt catalyst, was developed by German chemical company BASF in 1963. In 1968, a rhodium-based catalyst (cis−[Rh(CO)2I2]−) was discovered that could operate efficiently at lower pressure with almost no by-products. US chemical company Monsanto Company built the first plant using this catalyst in 1970, and rhodium-catalyzed methanol carbonylation became the dominant method of acetic acid production (see Monsanto process). In the late 1990s, the chemicals company BP Chemicals commercialized the Cativa catalyst ([Ir(CO)2I2]−), which is promoted by iridium[21] for greater efficiency. This iridium-catalyzed Cativa process is greener and more efficient[22] and has largely supplanted the Monsanto process, often in the same production plants.
In the interstellar medium
Acetic acid was discovered in the interstellar medium in 1996 by a team led by David Mehringer[23] who detected it using the former Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association array at the Hat Creek Radio Observatory and the former Millimeter Array located at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory. It was first detected in the Sagittarius B2 North molecular cloud (also known as the Sgr B2 Large Molecule Heimat source). Acetic acid has the distinction of being the first molecule discovered in the interstellar medium using solely radio interferometers; in all previous ISM molecular discoveries made in the millimeter and centimeter wavelength regimes, single dish radio telescopes were at least partly responsible for the detections.[23]
Chemical properties
The hydrogen center in the carboxyl group (−COOH) in carboxylic acids such as acetic acid can separate from the molecule by ionization:
Because of this release of the proton (H+), acetic acid has acidic character. Acetic acid is a weak monoprotic acid. In aqueous solution, it has a pKa value of 4.76.[24] Its conjugate base is acetate (CH3COO−). A 1.0 M solution (about the concentration of domestic vinegar) has a pH of 2.4, indicating that merely 0.4% of the acetic acid molecules are dissociated.[25]
Deprotonation equilibrium of acetic acid in water
In solid acetic acid, the molecules form pairs (dimers), being connected by hydrogen bonds.[26] The dimers can also be detected in the vapour at Script error: No such module "convert".. Dimers also occur in the liquid phase in dilute solutions in non-hydrogen-bonding solvents, and a certain extent in pure acetic acid,[27] but are disrupted by hydrogen-bonding solvents. The dissociation enthalpy of the dimer is estimated at 65.0–66.0 kJ/mol, and the dissociation entropy at 154–157 J mol−1 K−1.[28] Other lower carboxylic acids dimerize in a similar fashion.[29]
Solvent properties
Liquid acetic acid is a hydrophilic (polar) protic solvent, similar to ethanol and water. With a moderate relative static permittivity (dielectric constant) of 6.2, it dissolves not only polar compounds such as inorganic salts and sugars, but also non-polar compounds such as oils and elements such as sulfur and iodine. It readily mixes with other polar and non-polar solvents such as water, chloroform, and hexane. With higher alkanes (starting with octane), acetic acid is not completely miscible anymore, and its miscibility continues to decline with longer n-alkanes.[30] This dissolving property and miscibility of acetic acid makes it a widely used industrial chemical, for example, as a solvent in the production of dimethyl terephthalate.[11]
Chemical reactions
Organic chemistry
Two typical organic reactions of acetic acid
Acetic acid undergoes the typical chemical reactions of a carboxylic acid. Upon treatment with a standard base, it converts to metal acetate and water. With strong bases (e.g., organolithium reagents), it can be doubly deprotonated to give LiCH2CO2Li. Reduction of acetic acid gives ethanol. The OH group is the main site of reaction, as illustrated by the conversion of acetic acid to acetyl chloride. Other substitution derivatives include acetic anhydride; this anhydride is produced by loss of water from two molecules of acetic acid. Esters of acetic acid can likewise be formed via Fischer esterification, and amides can be formed. When heated above Script error: No such module "convert"., acetic acid decomposes to produce carbon dioxide and methane, or to produce ketene and water:[31][32][33]
Reactions with inorganic compounds
Acetic acid is mildly corrosive to metals including iron, magnesium, and zinc, forming hydrogen gas and salts called acetates:
- Mg + 2 CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Mg + H2
Because aluminium forms a passivating acid-resistant film of aluminium oxide, aluminium tanks are used to transport acetic acid. Metal acetates can also be prepared from acetic acid and an appropriate base, as in the popular "baking soda + vinegar" reaction:
- NaHCO3 + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O
A color reaction for salts of acetic acid is iron(III) chloride solution, which results in a deeply red color that disappears after acidification.[34] A more sensitive test uses lanthanum nitrate with iodine and ammonia to give a blue solution.[35] Acetates when heated with arsenic trioxide form cacodyl oxide, which can be detected by its malodorous vapors.[36]
At physiological pHs, acetic acid is usually fully ionized to acetate. The acetyl group, derived from acetic acid, is fundamental to all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Unlike longer-chain carboxylic acids (the fatty acids), acetic acid does not occur in natural triglycerides. However, the artificial triglyceride triacetin (glycerine triacetate) is a common food additive and is found in cosmetics and topical medicines.[37]
Acetic acid is produced and excreted by acetic acid bacteria, notable ones being the Acetobacter genus and Clostridium acetobutylicum. These bacteria are found universally in foodstuffs, water, and soil, and acetic acid is produced naturally as fruits and other foods spoil. Acetic acid is also a component of the vaginal lubrication of humans and other primates, where it appears to serve as a mild antibacterial agent.[38]
Acetic acid is produced industrially both synthetically and by bacterial fermentation. About 75% of acetic acid made for use in the chemical industry is made by the carbonylation of methanol, explained below.[11] Alternative methods account for the rest. The biological route accounts for only about 10% of world production, but it remains important for the production of vinegar, as many food purity laws stipulate that vinegar used in foods must be of biological origin. As of 2003–2005, total worldwide production of virgin acetic acid was estimated at 5 Mt/a (million tonnes per year), approximately half of which was then produced in the United States. European production stood at approximately 1 Mt/a and was declining, and 0.7 Mt/a were produced in Japan. Another 1.5 Mt were recycled each year, bringing the total world market to 6.5 Mt/a.[39][40] Since then the global production has increased to 10.7 Mt/a (in 2010), and further, however, slowing increase in production is predicted.[41] The two biggest producers of virgin acetic acid are Celanese and BP Chemicals. Other major producers include Millennium Chemicals, Sterling Chemicals, Samsung, Eastman, and Svensk Etanolkemi.[42]
Methanol carbonylation
Most acetic acid is produced by methanol carbonylation. In this process, methanol and carbon monoxide react to produce acetic acid according to the equation:
The process involves iodomethane as an intermediate, and occurs in three steps. A catalyst, metal carbonyl, is needed for the carbonylation (step 2).[43]
Two related processes for the carbonylation of methanol: the rhodium-catalyzed Monsanto process, and the iridium-catalyzed Cativa process. The latter process is greener and more efficient[22] and has largely supplanted the former process, often in the same production plants. Catalytic amounts of water are used in both processes, but the Cativa process requires less, so the water-gas shift reaction is suppressed, and fewer byproducts are formed.
By altering the process conditions, acetic anhydride may also be produced on the same plant using the rhodium catalysts.[44]
Acetaldehyde oxidation
Prior to the commercialization of the Monsanto process, most acetic acid was produced by oxidation of acetaldehyde. This remains the second-most-important manufacturing method, although it is usually uncompetitive with the carbonylation of methanol.
The acetaldehyde may be produced via oxidation of butane or light naphtha, or by hydration of ethylene. When butane or light naphtha is heated with air in the presence of various metal ions, including those of manganese, cobalt, and chromium, peroxides form and then decompose to produce acetic acid according to the chemical equation:
The typical reaction is conducted at temperatures and pressures designed to be as hot as possible while still keeping the butane a liquid. Typical reaction conditions are Script error: No such module "convert". and 55 atm.[45] Side-products may also form, including butanone, ethyl acetate, formic acid, and propionic acid. These side-products are also commercially valuable, and the reaction conditions may be altered to produce more of them where needed. However, the separation of acetic acid from these by-products adds to the cost of the process.[46]
Under similar conditions and using similar catalysts as are used for butane oxidation, the oxygen in air to produce acetic acid can oxidize acetaldehyde.[46]
Using modern catalysts, this reaction can have an acetic acid yield greater than 95%. The major side-products are ethyl acetate, formic acid, and formaldehyde, all of which have lower boiling points than acetic acid and are readily separated by distillation.[46]
Ethylene oxidation
Acetaldehyde may be prepared from ethylene via the Wacker process, and then oxidized as above. In more recent times, chemical company Showa Denko, which opened an ethylene oxidation plant in Ōita, Japan, in 1997, commercialized a cheaper single-stage conversion of ethylene to acetic acid.[47] The process is catalyzed by a palladium metal catalyst supported on a heteropoly acid such as tungstosilicic acid. It is thought to be competitive with methanol carbonylation for smaller plants (100–250 kt/a), depending on the local price of ethylene. The approach will be based on utilizing a novel selective photocatalytic oxidation technology for the selective oxidation of ethylene and ethane to acetic acid. Unlike traditional oxidation catalysts, the selective oxidation process will use UV light to produce acetic acid at ambient temperatures and pressure.
Oxidative fermentation
For most of human history, acetic acid bacteria of the genus Acetobacter have made acetic acid, in the form of vinegar. Given sufficient oxygen, these bacteria can produce vinegar from a variety of alcoholic foodstuffs. Commonly used feeds include apple cider, wine, and fermented grain, malt, rice, or potato mashes. The overall chemical reaction facilitated by these bacteria is:
A dilute alcohol solution inoculated with Acetobacter and kept in a warm, airy place will become vinegar over the course of a few months. Industrial vinegar-making methods accelerate this process by improving the supply of oxygen to the bacteria.[48]
The first batches of vinegar produced by fermentation probably followed errors in the winemaking process. If must is fermented at too high a temperature, acetobacter will overwhelm the yeast naturally occurring on the grapes. As the demand for vinegar for culinary, medical, and sanitary purposes increased, vintners quickly learned to use other organic materials to produce vinegar in the hot summer months before the grapes were ripe and ready for processing into wine. This method was slow, however, and not always successful, as the vintners did not understand the process.[49]
One of the first modern commercial processes was the "fast method" or "German method", first practised in Germany in 1823. In this process, fermentation takes place in a tower packed with wood shavings or charcoal. The alcohol-containing feed is trickled into the top of the tower, and fresh air supplied from the bottom by either natural or forced convection. The improved air supply in this process cut the time to prepare vinegar from months to weeks.[50]
Nowadays, most vinegar is made in submerged tank culture, first described in 1949 by Otto Hromatka and Heinrich Ebner.[51] In this method, alcohol is fermented to vinegar in a continuously stirred tank, and oxygen is supplied by bubbling air through the solution. Using modern applications of this method, vinegar of 15% acetic acid can be prepared in only 24 hours in batch process, even 20% in 60-hour fed-batch process.[49]
Anaerobic fermentation
Species of anaerobic bacteria, including members of the genus Clostridium or Acetobacterium can convert sugars to acetic acid directly, without using ethanol as an intermediate. The overall chemical reaction conducted by these bacteria may be represented as:
These acetogenic bacteria produce acetic acid from one-carbon compounds, including methanol, carbon monoxide, or a mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen:
This ability of Clostridium to utilize sugars directly, or to produce acetic acid from less costly inputs, means that these bacteria could potentially produce acetic acid more efficiently than ethanol-oxidizers like Acetobacter. However, Clostridium bacteria are less acid-tolerant than Acetobacter. Even the most acid-tolerant Clostridium strains can produce vinegar of only a few per cent acetic acid, compared to Acetobacter strains that can produce vinegar of up to 20% acetic acid. At present, it remains more cost-effective to produce vinegar using Acetobacter than to produce it using Clostridium and then concentrate it. As a result, although acetogenic bacteria have been known since 1940, their industrial use remains confined to a few niche applications.[52]
Acetic acid is a chemical reagent for the production of chemical compounds. The largest single use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate monomer, closely followed by acetic anhydride and ester production. The volume of acetic acid used in vinegar is comparatively small.[11][40]
Vinyl acetate monomer
The major use of acetic acid is for the production of vinyl acetate monomer (VAM). In 2008, this application was estimated to consume one third of the world's production of acetic acid.[11] The reaction is of ethylene and acetic acid with oxygen over a palladium catalyst, conducted in the gas phase.[53]
Vinyl acetate can be polymerized to polyvinyl acetate or to other polymers, which are components in paints and adhesives.[53]
Ester production
The major esters of acetic acid are commonly used solvents for inks, paints and coatings. The esters include ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and propyl acetate. They are typically produced by catalyzed reaction from acetic acid and the corresponding alcohol:
- H3C-COOH + HO-R → H3C-CO-O-R + H2O, (R = a general alkyl group)
Most acetate esters, however, are produced from acetaldehyde using the Tishchenko reaction. In addition, ether acetates are used as solvents for nitrocellulose, acrylic lacquers, varnish removers, and wood stains. First, glycol monoethers are produced from ethylene oxide or propylene oxide with alcohol, which are then esterified with acetic acid. The three major products are ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate (EEA), ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate (EBA), and propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PMA, more commonly known as PGMEA in semiconductor manufacturing processes, where it is used as a resist solvent). This application consumes about 15% to 20% of worldwide acetic acid. Ether acetates, for example EEA, have been shown to be harmful to human reproduction.[40]
Acetic anhydride
The product of the condensation of two molecules of acetic acid is acetic anhydride. The worldwide production of acetic anhydride is a major application, and uses approximately 25% to 30% of the global production of acetic acid. The main process involves dehydration of acetic acid to give ketene at 700-750 °C. Ketene is thereafter reacted with acetic acid to obtain the anhydride:[54]
Acetic anhydride is an acetylation agent. As such, its major application is for cellulose acetate, a synthetic textile also used for photographic film. Acetic anhydride is also a reagent for the production of heroin and other compounds.[54]
Use as solvent
Glacial acetic acid is an excellent polar protic solvent, as noted above. It is frequently used as a solvent for recrystallization to purify organic compounds. Acetic acid is used as a solvent in the production of terephthalic acid (TPA), the raw material for polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In 2006, about 20% of acetic acid was used for TPA production.[40]
Acetic acid is often used as a solvent for reactions involving carbocations, such as Friedel-Crafts alkylation. For example, one stage in the commercial manufacture of synthetic camphor involves a Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement of camphene to isobornyl acetate; here acetic acid acts both as a solvent and as a nucleophile to trap the rearranged carbocation.[55]
Glacial acetic acid is used in analytical chemistry for the estimation of weakly alkaline substances such as organic amides. Glacial acetic acid is a much weaker base than water, so the amide behaves as a strong base in this medium. It then can be titrated using a solution in glacial acetic acid of a very strong acid, such as perchloric acid.[56]
Medical use
Diluted acetic acid is used in physical therapy using iontophoresis.[57]
Vinegar is typically 4-18% acetic acid by mass. Vinegar is used directly as a condiment, and in the pickling of vegetables and other foods. Table vinegar tends to be more diluted (4% to 8% acetic acid), while commercial food pickling employs solutions that are more concentrated. The amount of acetic acid used as vinegar on a worldwide scale is not large, but is by far the oldest and best-known application.[58]
Other derivatives
Organic or inorganic salts are produced from acetic acid, including:
- Sodium acetate, used in the textile industry and as a food preservative (E262).
- Copper(II) acetate, used as a pigment and a fungicide.
- Aluminium acetate and iron(II) acetate—used as mordants for dyes.
- Palladium(II) acetate, used as a catalyst for organic coupling reactions such as the Heck reaction.
- Silver acetate, used as a pesticide.
Substituted acetic acids produced include:
- Chloroacetic acid (monochloroacetic acid, MCA), dichloroacetic acid (considered a by-product), and trichloroacetic acid. MCA is used in the manufacture of indigo dye.
- Bromoacetic acid, which is esterified to produce the reagent ethyl bromoacetate.
- Trifluoroacetic acid, which is a common reagent in organic synthesis.
Amounts of acetic acid used in these other applications together (apart from TPA) account for another 5–10% of acetic acid use worldwide. These applications are, however, not expected to grow as much as TPA production.[40]
Health effects and safety
Concentrated acetic acid is corrosive to skin and must, therefore, be handled with appropriate care, since it can cause skin burns, permanent eye damage, and irritation to the mucous membranes.[59][60] These burns or blisters may not appear until hours after exposure. Latex gloves offer no protection, so specially resistant gloves, such as those made of nitrile rubber, are worn when handling the compound. Concentrated acetic acid can be ignited with difficulty in the laboratory. It becomes a flammable risk if the ambient temperature exceeds Script error: No such module "convert"., and can form explosive mixtures with air above this temperature (explosive limits: 5.4–16%).
Acetic acid is a strong eye, skin, and mucous membrane irritant. Prolonged skin contact with glacial acetic acid may result in tissue destruction. Inhalation exposure (eight hours) to acetic acid vapours at 10 ppm could produce some irritation of eyes, nose, and throat; at 100 ppm marked lung irritation and possible damage to lungs, eyes, and skin might result. Vapour concentrations of 1,000 ppm cause marked irritation of eyes, nose and upper respiratory tract and cannot be tolerated. These predictions were based on animal experiments and industrial exposure. Skin sensitization to acetic acid is rare, but has occurred.
It has been reported that, 12 workers exposed for two or more years to an estimated mean acetic acid airborne concentration of 51 ppm, there were symptoms of conjunctive irritation, upper respiratory tract irritation, and hyperkeratotic dermatitis. Exposure to 50 ppm or more is intolerable to most persons and results in intensive lacrimation and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, with pharyngeal oedema and chronic bronchitis. Unacclimatized humans experience extreme eye and nasal irritation at concentrations in excess of 25 ppm, and conjunctivitis from concentrations below 10 ppm has been reported. In a study of five workers exposed for seven to 12 years to concentrations of 80 to 200 ppm at peaks, the principal findings were blackening and hyperkeratosis of the skin of the hands, conjunctivitis (but no corneal damage), bronchitis and pharyngitis, and erosion of the exposed teeth (incisors and canines).[61]
The hazards of solutions of acetic acid depend on the concentration. The following table lists the EU classification of acetic acid solutions:[62]
| Concentration
by weight
|1.67–4.16 mol/L
|Irritant (Xi)
|4.16–14.99 mol/L
|Corrosive (C)
|>14.99 mol/L
|Corrosive (C) Flammable (F)
Solutions at more than 25% acetic acid are handled in a fume hood because of the pungent, corrosive vapor. Dilute acetic acid, in the form of vinegar, is practically harmless. However, ingestion of stronger solutions is dangerous to human and animal life. It can cause severe damage to the digestive system, and a potentially lethal change in the acidity of the blood.
Due to incompatibilities, it is recommended to keep acetic acid away from chromic acid, ethylene glycol, nitric acid, perchloric acid, permanganates, peroxides and hydroxyls.[63]
See also
- Acetic acid (data page)
- Acetyl group, the CH3-CO– group
- Acids in wine
- ^ Scientific literature reviews on generally recognized as safe (GRAS) food ingredients. National Technical Information Service. 1974. p. 1.
- ^ "Chemistry", volume 5, Encyclopedia Britannica, 1961, page 374
- ^ IUPAC, Commission on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (1993). "Table 28(a) Carboxylic acids and related groups. Unsubstituted parent structures". A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (Recommendations 1993). Blackwell Scientific publications. ISBN 0-632-03488-2.
- ^ "Acetic Acid - PubChem Public Chemical Database". The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
- ^ a b IUPAC Provisional Recommendations 2004 Chapter P-12.1; page 4
- ^ a b c "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0002". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ "Food and Drug Regulations (C.R.C., c. 870)". Consolidated Regulations. Canadian Department of Justice. 31 May 2013. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
- ^ UK Food Standards Agency: "Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ US Food and Drug Administration: "Listing of Food Additives Status Part I". Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code"Standard 1.2.4 - Labeling of ingredients". Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Hosea Cheung; Robin S. Tanke; G. Paul Torrence (2005), "Acetic Acid", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_045.pub2
- ^ Armarego,W.L.F. and Chai,Christina (2009). Purification of Laboratory Chemicals, 6th edition. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 1-85617-567-7.
- ^ Cooper, Caroline (9 August 2010). Organic Chemist's Desk Reference (2 ed.). CRC Press. pp. 102–104. ISBN 1-4398-1166-0.
- ^ DeSousa, Luís R. (1995). Common Medical Abbreviations. Cengage Learning. p. 97. ISBN 0-8273-6643-4.
- ^ Hendrickson, James B.; Cram, Donald J.; Hammond, George S. (1970). Organic Chemistry (3 ed.). Tokyo: McGraw Hill Kogakusha. p. 135.
- ^ a b c Martin, Geoffrey (1917). Industrial and Manufacturing Chemistry (Part 1, Organic ed.). London: Crosby Lockwood. pp. 330–331.
- ^ P. A. Adet (1798). "Mémoire sur l'acide acétique (Memoir on acetic acid)". Annales de Chemie 27: 299–319.
- ^ Goldwhite, Harold (September 2003). "Short summary of the career of the German organic chemist, Hermann Kolbe" (PDF). New Haven Section Bulletin American Chemical Society 20 (3).
- ^ Schweppe, Helmut (1979). "Identification of dyes on old textiles". Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 19 (1/3): 14–23. JSTOR 3179569. doi:10.2307/3179569.
- ^ Wagner, Frank S. (1978). "Acetic acid". In Grayson, Martin. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
- ^ Industrial Organic Chemicals, Harold A. Wittcoff, Bryan G. Reuben, Jeffery S. Plotkin
- ^ a b Lancaster, Mike (2002). Green Chemistry, an Introductory Text. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. pp. 262–266. ISBN 0-85404-620-8.
- ^ a b Mehringer, David M. et al. (1997). "Detection and Confirmation of Interstellar Acetic Acid". Astrophysical Journal Letters 480: L71. Bibcode:1997ApJ...480L..71M. doi:10.1086/310612.
- ^ Goldberg, R.; Kishore, N.; Lennen, R. (2002). "Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data 31 (2): 231–370. Bibcode:1999JPCRD..31..231G. doi:10.1063/1.1416902.
- ^ Jones, R.E.; Templeton, D.H. (1958). "The crystal structure of acetic acid". Acta Crystallographica 11 (7): 484–487. doi:10.1107/S0365110X58001341.
- ^ Briggs, James M.; Toan B. Nguyen; William L. Jorgensen (1991). "Monte Carlo simulations of liquid acetic acid and methyl acetate with the OPLS potential functions". Journal of Physical Chemistry 95 (8): 3315–3322. doi:10.1021/j100161a065.
- ^ Togeas, James B. (2005). "Acetic Acid Vapor: 2. A Statistical Mechanical Critique of Vapor Density Experiments". Journal of Physical Chemistry A 109 (24): 5438–5444. PMID 16839071. doi:10.1021/jp058004j.
- ^ McMurry, John (2000). Organic Chemistry (5 ed.). Brooks/Cole. p. 818. ISBN 0-534-37366-6.
- ^ Zieborak, K.; K. Olszewski (1958). Bulletin de L'Academie Polonaise des Sciences-Serie des Sciences Chimiques Geologiques et Geographiques 6 (2): 3315–3322.
- ^ P. G. Blake; G. E. Jackson (1968). "The thermal decomposition of acetic acid". Journal of the Chemical Society B Physical Organic: 1153–1155. doi:10.1039/J29680001153.
- ^ C. H. Bamford; M. J. S. Dewar (1949). "608. The thermal decomposition of acetic acid". Journal of the Chemical Society: 2877. doi:10.1039/JR9490002877.
- ^ Duan, Xiaofeng; Michael Page (1995). "Theoretical Investigation of Competing Mechanisms in the Thermal Unimolecular Decomposition of Acetic Acid and the Hydration Reaction of Ketene". Journal of the American Chemical Society 117 (18): 5114–5119. ISSN 0002-7863. doi:10.1021/ja00123a013.
- ^ Charlot, G.; Murray, R. G. (1954). Qualitative Inorganic Analysis (4 ed.). CUP Archive. p. 110.
- ^ Neelakantam, K.; L Ramachangra Row (1940). "The Lanthanum Nitrate Test for Acetatein Inorganic Qualitative Analysis" (PDF). Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ Brantley, L. R.; T. M. Cromwell; J. F. Mead (1947). "Detection of acetate ion by the reaction with arsenious oxide to form cacodyl oxide". Journal of Chemical Education 24 (7): 353. Bibcode:1947JChEd..24..353B. ISSN 0021-9584. doi:10.1021/ed024p353.
- ^ Fiume, M. Z.; Cosmetic Ingredients Review Expert Panel (June 2003). "Final report on the safety assessment of triacetin". International Journal of Toxicology 22 (Suppl 2): 1–10. PMID 14555416. doi:10.1177/1091581803022S203.
- ^ executive ed.: J. Buckingham (1996). Dictionary of Organic Compounds 1 (6th ed.). London: Chapman & Hall. ISBN 0-412-54090-8.
- ^ "Production report". Chemical & Engineering News: 67–76. 11 July 2005.
- ^ a b c d e Suresh, Bala (2003). "Acetic Acid". Chemicals Economic Handbook. SRI International. p. 602.5000.
- ^ Acetic Acid :: Petrochemicals :: World Petrochemicals :: SRI Consulting. http://chemical.ihs.com/WP/Public/Reports/acetic_acid/ (accessed 18 December 2011).
- ^ "Reportlinker Adds Global Acetic Acid Market Analysis and Forecasts". Market Research Database. March 2009. p. contents. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
- ^ Yoneda, N.; Kusano, S.; Yasui, M.; Pujado, P.; Wilcher, S. (2001). "Recent advances in processes and catalysts for the production of acetic acid". Applied Catalysis A, General 221 (1–2): 253–265. doi:10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00800-6.
- ^ Zoeller, J. R.; Agreda, V. H.; Cook, S. L.; Lafferty, N. L.; Polichnowski, S. W.; Pond, D. M. (1992). "Eastman Chemical Company Acetic Anhydride Process". Catalysis Today 13 (1): 73–91. doi:10.1016/0920-5861(92)80188-S.
- ^ Chenier, Philip J. (2002). Survey of Industrial Chemistry (3 ed.). Springer. p. 151. ISBN 0-306-47246-5.
- ^ a b c Sano, Ken‐ichi; Hiroshi Uchida; Syoichirou Wakabayashi (1999). "A new process for acetic acid production by direct oxidation of ethylene". Catalysis Surveys from Japan 3 (1): 55–60. ISSN 1384-6574. doi:10.1023/A:1019003230537.
- ^ Sano, Ken-ichi; Uchida, Hiroshi; Wakabayashi, Syoichirou (1999). A new process for acetic acid production by direct oxidation of ethylene. Catalyst Surveys from Japan 3. pp. 66–60. doi:10.1023/A:1019003230537.
- ^ Chotani, Gopal K.; Gaertner, Alfred L.; Arbige, Michael V.; Timothy C. Dodge (2007). "Industrial Biotechnology: Discovery to Delivery". Kent and Riegel's Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology. Springer. pp. 32–34. ISBN 978-0-387-27842-1.
- ^ a b Otto Hromatka and Heinrich Ebner (1959). "Vinegar by Submerged Oxidative Fermentation". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 51 (10): 1279–1280. doi:10.1021/ie50598a033.
- ^ Everett P. Partridge (1931). "Acetic Acid and Cellulose Acetate in the United States A General Survey of Economic and Technical Developments". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry 23 (5): 482–498. doi:10.1021/ie50257a005.
- ^ O Hromatka, H Ebner (1949). "Investigations on vinegar fermentation: Generator for vinegar fermentation and aeration procedures". Enzymologia 13: 369.
- ^ Jia Huey Sim, Azlina Harun Kamaruddin, Wei Sing Long and Ghasem Najafpour (2007). "Clostridium aceticum—A potential organism in catalyzing carbon monoxide to acetic acid: Application of response surface methodology". Enzyme and Microbial Technology 40 (5): 1234–1243. doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.09.017.
- ^ a b Günter Roscher (2005), "VInyl Esters", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_419
- ^ a b Heimo Held; Alfred Rengstl; Dieter Mayer (2005), "Acetic Anhydride and Mixed Fatty Acid Anhydrides", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a01_065
- ^ Sell, Charles S. (2006). "4.2.15 Bicyclic Monoterpenoids". The Chemistry of Fragrances: From Perfumer to Consumer. RSC Paperbacks Series 38 (2 ed.). Great Britain: Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 80. ISBN 0-85404-824-3.
- ^ Felgner, Andrea. "Titration in Non-Aqueous Media". Sigma-Aldrich. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
- ^ Kolt, Gregory S.; Snyder-Mackler, Lynn (2007). Physical Therapies in Sport and Exercise. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 223. ISBN 978-0-443-10351-3. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
- ^ Bernthsen, A.; Sudborough, J. J. (1922). Organic Chemistry. London: Blackie and Son. p. 155.
- ^ "ICSC 0363 – ACETIC ACID". International Programme on Chemical Safety. 5 June 2010.
- ^ "Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Acetic Acid" (PDF). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 8 May 2013.
- ^ Sherertz, Peter C. (1 June 1994), Acetic Acid (PDF), Virginia Department of Health Division of Health Hazards Control
- ^ Yee, Allan (10 May 2013). "HSIS Consolidated List – Alphabetical Index". Safe Work Australia. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- ^ "Acetic acid MSDS". 21 May 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
External links
|Look up acetic in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acetic acid.
- International Chemical Safety Card 0363
- National Pollutant Inventory - Acetic acid fact sheet
- NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
- Method for sampling and analysis
- 29 CFR 1910.1000, Table Z-1 (US Permissible exposure limits)
- ChemSub Online: Acetic acid
- Usage of acetic acid in Organic Syntheses
- Calculation of vapor pressure, liquid density, dynamic liquid viscosity, surface tension of acetic acid
- Acetic acid bound to proteins in the PDB
- Swedish Chemicals Agency. Information sheet - Acetic Acid
- Storage and handling of Glacial Acetic Acid from the Queensland Government laboratory manual
- Process Flow sheet of Acetic acid Production by the Carbonylation of Methanol


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Molokai Events, Coupons, Reviews!
Subscribe to KidsScoop! The monthly family event and savings newsletter.
After being married for six years, I've learned that it's not the grand gestures that you want, it's the little things that you need. When my husband, Ed, takes out the trash without me nagging or picks up the toy car I've tripped over twelve times, I notice it. Those little things throughout the day really add up and remind me of when I fell in love with him seven years ago, in a time when our lives were so totally different.
The other day, we had our first snowfall in New Jersey and we woke up to a beautiful three-inch blanket of snow. As I was getting the kids out the door, it hit me that I hadn't cleaned the snow off my car. Walking up to my car I anticipated a nightmare ahead of me with the two kids but instead, I found a perfectly clean car. Ed had taken the time to do it for me.
Now I know he cleaned my car off because he loves me but I also think that he did it because we got these new ice scrapers called the Scrape-A-Round. They have a funnel-like shape and Ed had his doubts that they would actually work, so I know he's been dying to give them a try. He was pleased to tell me that the Scrape-A-Round worked great and made cleaning the windows super easy. The only issue he encountered was that it was difficult to do my front windshield because I have a big SUV and he couldn't reach the center of the window with the scraper.
I'm hoping he keeps feeling the love and my car is always magically snow-free all winter long. A big thank you to Scrape-A-Round for partnering up with me. http://youtu.be/baHi-litcD8
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Cossins map of 1725 clearly shows both the Upper and Lower Head Rows. New Street has been built to connect the Head Row to St. Johns Church and Harrisons
built by John Harrison in 1631. It was after the building of New Street that the Head Row was divided into Upper and Lower, or Nether, Headrow. The street to the west of the junction with Briggate was called the Upper Head Row, and that to the east the Lower Head Row.
The Upper Head Row ends at Burley Bar, after which it becomes Park Lane. The map shows a gate across the road at this point, and a gate is also shown across the entrance to Woodhouse Lane, marking the position of Woodhouse Bar. Below the junction with New Street the Lower Head Row runs eastwards to the junction with Vicar Lane.
The map shows clearly how narrow the Headrow is compared to Briggate. Despite this it was used as a market place; Ralph Thoresby, writing in 1715, tells us that the horse fair was held in the Upper Head Row, and the pig and cattle market in the Lower Head Row.
The Head Rows are shown as being built up on both sides along their whole length. Properties fronting the street were a mixture of houses, shops and inns. Behind the buildings of the north eastern side of the Head Rows were yards similar to the ones on either side of Briggate. There were several large houses with gardens behind, like Red Hall, one of the grandest houses in the town, and shown on the map near the junction with Lands Lane. All of these old buildings have been demolished, and to give us an idea of how the Head Row looked in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries we have to rely on photographs taken when some early buildings still survived. A photograph taken in 1906 shows a row of shops, probably built in the early 1700s, at Burley Bar, and an old print shows the Cock and Bottle Inn which became part of Schofields store.
Some of the shops in the Lowerhead Row had iron
crosses mounted on the front. This indicated that these properties were tenanted from the manor of Whitkirk rather than Leeds. The manor of Whitkirk used to belong to the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, successors of the Knights Templar. The inhabitants of the manor of Leeds had to have their corn ground at the Kings Mills; a court case in 1787 decided that the tenants of the manor of Whitkirk were exempted, and they displayed the Templar cross to indicate this.
Houses were built at both ends of the Head Rows in the eighteenth century, but development was very different at the west end from that at the east end. The West End of Leeds began with the building of large and elegant houses on the Park estate. They were intended for the rich merchants and professional people of Leeds, and the estate was laid out accordingly, with wide streets, and gardens. Tuke's map of 1781 shows the beginning of the development of the Park Estate at the West End of the Headrow. In 1792 a seperate development was built at Albion Street, described in the 1806 Leeds Guide as 'perhaps the pleasantest in the town………………the houses in this street are remarkably well-built, and are chiefly inhabited by professional gentlemen, and persons in a wholesale line of business, as no retail shops are allowed to be opened in it. William Hey, the eminent Leeds surgeon, built himself a house, Albion Place, on Albion Street.
The development of the east end was very different. The area around Timble Beck was the site of water mills, dyehouses and workshops. The beck itself was heavily polluted with the effluent from tanneries, dyehouses and oil mills and with sewage from the houses of east Leeds. The houses of the working class were originally cottages in the yards and courts of the city centre. As the population grew, cottages were built on the land between former farmyards in the Mabgate area, and small housing developments were built piecemeal along the York Road and on Quarry Hill. Some housing was put up by private developers, and some by building clubs where several people joined forces to build a number of houses which were then let out to tenants. Both types of development were found in Nelson Street (later demolished when East Street was built.) which ran along the northern edge of the Crackenthorpe Garden estate. On the north side of Nelson Street the houses were erected by a private developer, Abraham Croft, whereas on the south side a building club put up a row of houses which fronted onto Union Street. The houses were all of the same kind - two or three storey back-to backs with tunnels at intervals along the row of houses. The tunnels led to the entrances of the houses behind those facing the street, and to the courts and yards between the rows of houses. The houses were crowded, with no supply of clean water or proper sanitation, very different from the elegant buildings of the Park Estate.
Click images to enlarge
Cossins Map, 1725
Old Shops at Burley Bar, 1906
Red Hall
Cock and Bottle Inn
Templar Crosses on old shops in Lowerhead Row
Tuke's Map, 1781
Houses in Park Square
William Hey's House, Albion Place
Nelson Street
Red Hall
Park Estate
Site Map
© 2003
Leeds City Council
| Site created by:
LCC electronic information team
| 25 March 2003


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Graduate Nursing Student Wins Award for Safety Project
Jill Rye, a graduate student in the Augustana Nursing Department, received an award at the Avera Quality Congress held in Sioux Falls. Rye is the Unit Supervisor for Rehabilitation Services at Avera McKennan Hospital and University Health Center.
Tennis Returns to Campus with Dedication of Huether Centre
Weather was less than ideal for tennis, but Tuesday's blustery conditions couldn't dampen the spirit of those gathered to welcome the sport back to campus. The new facility at 33rd Street and Grange Avenue was completed last month.
Second edition of A New South Dakota History published
The second edition of the Center for Western Studies' award-winning state history, A New South Dakota History, has been released. Grants from both the James and Eloise Elmen Foundation and the Robert and Rita Elmen Foundation made publication possible.
KELO-TV: Student to Attend UN Climate Change Conference
Jamie Horter's passion is protecting the Earth, ensuring its sustainability and viability. And she's just learned that she's one of only six students in the region chosen to attend the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark in December.
Media Coverage: Former President of Pakistan at Augustana College
Thousands gathered at Augustana College Friday night to listen as former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf shared his personal role in the global war on terror and addressed concerns about Pakistan's nuclear assets.
'Violence in the Name of Religion' Focus of Twin Cities Forum
Dr. Murray Haar, Chair of the Department of Religion, Philosophy, and the Classics at Augustana College, is the featured speaker at the Twin Cities Thought Leader Forum on Monday, October 26, in St. Paul, MN.
Olson, Odney, Harvey Award Winners Announced
Mark Meile, Wendell Elliott , and Pam Gohl will be honored at the 2009 Augustana Athletic Hall of Fame Banquet during Viking Days 2009. The Hall of Fame Banquet begins at 6:00 p.m. Friday, October 16, at the Holiday Inn City Centre in downtown Sioux Falls.
Four Augustana Alums to be Honored During Viking Days
Dr. Maria Bell, Rev. David Johnson, Bob Thimjon, and Sayra Siverson Salter will be honored on October 17 at the Blue and Gold Gala beginning at 6:00 p.m. in the Morrison Commons Ordal Dining Room on the Augustana campus.
'Dig Pink' Volleyball Match Fights Breast Cancer
Augustana's volleyball team is hosting a "Dig Pink" event when it entertains the University of Minnesota, Crookston in a Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference match on Saturday, October 10, beginning at 4:00 p.m.
Piece Premiered by Northlanders Jazz Band Earns Award
A piece premiered by Augustana's Northlanders Jazz Band, has received an "Editor's Choice Award" from J.W. Pepper, the world's largest retailer of sheet music. "Off The Hook" is the Northlanders' eighth commission in the last nine years.


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Executive summary: All current Lenovo ThinkPads with switchable graphics (R400, T400, T500, and W500) have usability issues in connection with Vista and the use of external monitors. For more than half a year, users were plagued by frequent Windows crashes. During that time frame, Lenovo did not comment on the various available reports and complaints. By the end of April 2009, Lenovo resolved many issues by releasing a new official driver. Though several problems, including severe ones, remain as of today. Lenovo has said to be actively working on the remaining issues (without outcomes so far).
Old problem description
On Vista 32 and Vista 64, the ATI display driver "amdkmdap" crashes when an external monitor was active before OR an application (game) using DirectX technology is used. The user typically receives a couple of so-called "Timeout Detection and Recovery" (TDR) messages from Vista:
(Click here for an explanation of the message from Microsoft)
Sometimes, amdkmdap crashes several times in a row. Then Windows crashes with a so-called "BSOD", likely resulting in data loss. Typically, Windows detects "atikmpag.sys" as the crashing driver. Sometimes, also an instantaneous reboot happens independent of prior TDR crashes. In such a case, no BSOD is displayed.
The following movie illustrates the phenomenon: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBX9QsCmrpY
This behavior above has been confirmed for the following ThinkPad models: R400, T400, T500, and W500 (see below). Problem reports indicate that the symptoms are often related to playing games and/or the notebook being docked and the external monitor being connected via DVI.
Though, the presence of these two conditions is not necessary to trigger the driver crash:
Steps to reproduce
While intially (around September 2008 - October 2008) the crash could be triggered easily, the situation is now (December 2008) more complex. The crashes do still occur, though there is no clear pattern anymore. According to various reports, the display driver crash can be triggered as follows:
Further issues
Here are more issues which seem to be related. More information can be found in other posts of this thread:
Lenovo has released a new "tip" document which provides a link to a new driver. Get it here but be sure to read the instructions!
(Old tips follow below the line. Consider them as obsolete.)
Here are some tips which might make the problem occur less often. I have not tried all of them. Though, A. and B. have improved the situation for me; your mileage may vary.
A. If you do not have to use an external monitor, then switch to Intel graphics for time being.
B. Make some changes to your system:
C. Disable the switchable graphics in the BIOS setup and install modded drivers from ATI (see zilla's post in this thread for instructions).
The last workaround (C.) has been confirmed to work reliably by several users. Though, thereby you use drivers which have not been tested by Lenovo. It's possible (but not very likely) that damage results by doing so. Also, it might be difficult to install a future Lenovo driver which resolves the issues reported here. Finally, you cannot use the power-saving Intel graphics. Thus, you should only use this workaround if you know what you are doing.
The programs can be downloaded from the following locations. Notice that System Update does not always offer you immediately the lastest versions.
User opinions
- Lenovo support has informed me today (2008-10-24) that they are working on the problem.- changed subject (was: Major troubles with DVI-port and a T400) to reflect new information.
- changed message body to reflect new information
- 2008-11-15: The problems are still present and there is still no ETA for a fix.
- As expected, also R400 models are affected. See below for reports.
- 2008-11-26: Still no word from Lenovo when the problem will be fixed. Added information on (partial) workarounds.
- 2008-12-03: Lenovo updated MIGR-70490. Though, problems persist.
- 2008-12-13: Updated problem description on the basis of new reports.
- 2008-12-16: Updated problem description on the basis of new reports.
- 2009-01-07: Updated problem description on the basis of new reports. Still no word from Lenovo. I called Lenovo's customer service in the Netherlands and was promised to receive a callback. Though, so far they didn't (want to) get back to me.
- 2009-01-08: Updated workaround description on the basis of new reports.
- 2009-01-10: Updated executive summary on the basis of new reports.
- 2009-01-14: Updated problem description on the basis of new reports (movie).
- 2009-01-19: Updated workaround section.
- 2009-01-21: Happy birthday MIGR-70490! It's now 4 months. Updated workaround section. I called Lenovo's customer service in the Netherlands again.
- 2009-01-22: Added section "User opinions"
- 2009-01-23: Updated problem description on the basis of new reports.
- 2009-01-24: Small updates.
- 2009-02-02: Small updates.
- 2009-02-03: Changes to section "Executive summary". Added section "Important information for affected users".
- 2009-02-04: Update to section "Credits".
- 2009-02-19: Update to section "Credits".
- 2009-02-27: Quick update to "Executive summary" and "Workarounds".
- 2009-03-10: Quick updates to section "Executive summary" and "Important information for affected users".
- 2009-03-21: Quick update to "Executive summary"
(Please don't expect that this list is complete. I am not paid to keep it accurate and complete and, actually, I have a life besides writing about Lenovo's problems. :smileywink: )
Original post
Hi there!
I have major troubles using a Dell 2709W monitor with my T400.
The notebook is attached to a Advanced Mini Dock to which the monitor is connected via DVI.
The problems are as follows.
A. Activating the external monitor often fails
Steps to reproduce:
1. Attach a Dell 2709W via DVI to an Advanced Mini Dock which is connected to a T40
2. Start Windows and make sure that the T400 is running on the ATI card.
=> Dell monitor enters power saving mode because no signal is coming.
3. In Windows use either the Presentation Director, Windows, or the ATI tools to activate the Dell monitor.
Expected result: The Dell monitor is activated and the Windows desktop is shown on it.
Actual result: It takes 1-3 seconds for the Dell monitor to display something. The monitor shows the Windows desktop for a short period. Then it's black again and the monitor returns to the power saving mode .
Analysis: It seems that the Presentation Director, Windows, or the ATI tools (or more aptly, I guess, the ATI driver) expect a quick response from the DVI-port that a monitor is present. If they do not receive the response, the DVI-port is deactivated again. Since the monitor is too slow to respond and enters the power saving mode too quickly, the monitor can hardly ever be activated.
Suggested change: Change these tools (or the ATI driver) so that they wait longer for a response on the DVI-port.
B. Resuming from monitor sleep causes Windows to fall back to a low resolution if the Dell monitor was activated before
Steps to reproduce:
1. Attach a Dell 2709W via DVI to an Advanced Mini Dock which is connected to a T400
2. Start Windows and make sure that the T400 is running on the ATI card.
3. Select the Energy Star profile
4. Activate the Dell monitor
5. Don't use Windows until the notebook display and the Dell monitor are set to sleep by Windows.
6. Wake up the displays (e.g. by pressing some keys)
Expected result: Both displays are run in the display mode as before.
Actual result: The Dell monitor still sleeps. The notebook displays is run at a lower resolution (I guess 800x600). The Windows login prompt is not visible and it has to be guessed that it is shown. Though the typical Windows login background is visible. If the password is entered, then Windows can be used again. Though, the resolution is still low and the Dell monitor still sleeps.
Analysis: It seems that by sending the Dell monitor to sleep, the monitor deactivates the DVI-interface or enters a low-power interface mode. This seems to disturb some component in Windows (the Presentation Director, Windows, the ATI tools, the ATI driver) in a way that Windows only activates the notebook display when it resumes from "monitor sleep".
Suggested change: Change these tools (or the ATI driver) so that they can cope with the situation that the DVI-interface is deactivated and wait longer for the interface to be in a useable state. Reactivate an external monitor even if it "sleeps very deeply".
Relevant system information
- T400 2767-CTO (T9400, 2x2GB RAM, ATI, WXGA+ LED)
- Advanced Mini Dock
- Vista 32 Business (German) - fully updated
- All Lenovo updates via System Update are installed- Dell 2709W
This is an update to my previous report.
Sometimes when my computer resumes from standby in a state in which the Dell monitor was attached and active before the notebook going to sleep, the display driver crashes (amdkmdap). Below is the eventlog entry from Windows:
Protokollname: System
Quelle: Display
Datum: 19.10.2008 11:12:33
Ereignis-ID: 4101
Ebene: Warnung
Benutzer: Nicht zutreffend
Computer: Lorelei
Anzeigetreiber amdkmdap reagiert nicht mehr und wurde erfolgreich wieder hergestellt.
<Event xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/win/2004/08/events/event">
<Provider Name="Display" />
<EventID Qualifiers="0">4101</EventID>
<TimeCreated SystemTime="2008-10-19T09:12:33.000Z" />
<Security />
Yesterday, Windows crashed after amdkmdap several times in a row. The result was an unexpected Windows shutdown followed by a restart.
Errorcode: 0x00000116 (0x84a1d008,0x8dd9e5a6,0x00000000,0x0000000d)
The problem pattern seems to be connected to the ATI drivers. How can I make sure that the relevant people from Lenovo/ATI are informed?
I've informed Lenovo support, though I've received until now no reply. :(
I've also sent error reports to Microsoft through the Vista error report tool. So, ATI/Lenovo should have access to the memory dumps collected by Vista.
Some more info about the config:
- ATI Mobility Radeon HD 3400 series drivers from Lenovo, version: 8.520.4.300
- Problem occurs when Notebook is docked and Dell monitor is attached to the DVI-port on the docking station.
- Dell monitor runs at 1920x1200 (32bit) at 60 Herz.
- Notebook display runs at 1440x900 (32bit) at 60 Herz.
- Windows is configured to extend the windows area.
- amdkmdap-service problem can be trigged quite reliably by sending notebook to sleep and waking it up again.
I've called Lenovo support. I've been informed that my support request is not in their system. Nevertheless, I got I reply from firstname.lastname@example.com with the subject "<Notification>-OpenPR:Acknowledgement of your support request." (I omitted the tracking number due to privacy reasons.)
Lenovo support has advised me to install the graphic card drivers from ATI. I've done so but the display driver still crashes after Windows resumes from standby when it was running on both displays before it entered standby.
I've installed the following driver: 8-10_vista32_dd_69564.exe
That is the display driver from the Catalyst™ Software Suite Version 8.10. If I understand correctly, this is the same driver as Lenovo lists in the driver matrix
Lenovo support made me reinstall presentation director to rule out this component as a factor. After the reinstallation, the amdkmdap-problem is still present. Letting Windows go to standby and waking the system up afterwards, is a reliable method in my case to reproduce the problem on condition that an external monitor was active. The problem does not occur if no external monitor is present.
A web search for "amdkmdap", "atikmpag","BSOD" with one of the ThinkPad-series names (like "T400") shows that other persons also have this problem with R400s, T400s, T500s, and W500s:
- t400: Display driver crashes
- My W500
- T400 Display driver stopped working...
- T500 Video/Video Driver Issues (2056-4SU)
- Vista64 + 4GB RAM + External Display = BSOD
- R400 problem report (in Chinese)
- T500 problem report (in Chinese)
- Bioshock keeps crashing (seems related)
- Vista x64, ATI graphics, dock + external LCD = bluescreens? (a report by a W500 user)
- many problems with lenovo w500
- another R400 problem report (in Chinese)
- Vista BSOD on Lenovo T500 with new Switchable Graphics
- switchable graphics and external monitor through port replic
- Problem with Lenovo T500 notebook & external LCD
- Lenovo ThinkPad T400 - some impressions.
- T400 freezes with graphics Intense programes
- Standard Laptop mit ein paar Macken (in German)
Some possibly related Non-Lenovo cases:
- Why Vista crashes so often when dual display is enabled?
- Vista and 7.3 Display driver atikmdag stopped responding error
- 4870 vista x64 multi-mon = atikdmag BOOM
In the cases in which people observe the "amdkmdap"-problem and describe the circumstances, the use of an external monitor is always a factor. These other reports also indicate that it is likely not an issue with the hardware of my notebook (or then a general problem for many batches of these machine types). For it happens a) on many systems and b) on different kinds of systems.
If others want to contribute to the problem solution, then we should provide Lenovo and ATI a good problem description. So, please add your description.
I have that problem to. I buy W500 10 days ago and it was normal until I put it in a dock and connect with 2 external monitors. I get this crach 2 times a day. I cannot see what those craches have in common. I have this setup:
W500 with Vista Ultimate x32
Advanced mini dock station
1 DVI monitor (Lenovo lx22) connected to DVI output
1 analog Samsung 940N monitor on analog output.
Lenovo support informed today (2008-10-24) that the amdkmdap-problem is known and that they are working on the problem.
Irritating: Lenovo knows about a problem that is affecting many people and is not informing them while they could do so easily. Thereby, many working hours are wasted.
In my opinion, such behavior is irrational and irresponsible.
Please review our Guidelines before posting.Learn More
Lenovo is committed to environmental leadership from operations to product design and recycling solutions.


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The number 18 has a history of being worn by some pretty good Pirates; from Bill Virdon and Matty Alou through Andy Van Slyke and Neil Walker. In 1996 it was donned by an exciting young catcher who would make three All-Star teams and was one of the best players in the league from 1998 to 2000 (OPS+ of 131, 136 and 124): Jason Kendall.
Young Jason Kendall was a lot of fun to watch until a thumb injury in 2001 sapped him of his power and he began his descent to the slap hitter we've known for the last decade. The trade to Oakland came just before he fell completely off of the table as a hitter, so good timing there. Unfortunately they didn't get much in return, as was the norm at the time.
*I tried to find out what happened in the Bayliss trade at the end there but team officials were unable to find or confirm any information on who the PTBNL turned out to be or if the transaction was settled with cash. Neal Huntington should call Alex Anthopoulos and demand a player.
Filed under: baseball, Pirates, Trade Tree | Tagged: Andy Van Slyke, Arthur Rhodes, baseball, Bill Virdon, Chad Blackwell, Jason Kendall, Jody Gerut, Jonah Bayliss, Mark Redman, Matt Lawton, Matty Alou, Neil Walker, Pirates, Trade Tree | 2 Comments »


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Day 35:
Wind: 18-25 knots
Time: 3 hours
Location: Barra do Cauipe
Kite: Dyno 18
Lines: 25m
Board: Flyradical 128x38
Tricks to do: 22
Good day today! Quiet some progression and some hard tricks landed. Stronger wind, but I need a lot of power to land the last tricks. New tricks today: Tail Full Spin T-Handle and Kick Flip Barefoot Slide Pass.


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Brookline, Belmont, Cambridge, Milton, Newton, Weston: From Brookline's Coolidge Corner to the many villages of Cambridge, these towns are all in commuting distance to Boston, and provide an eclectic community with a variety of museums, parks and restaurants sure to satisfy even the most discerning foodies. Make the most of every season with plenty of outdoor activities, this is New England, after all. You can ski the Blue Hills Reservation in the winter, and swim in the Hill's Houghton pond in the summer. Cross country ski at the Weston Ski Track, and hike Weston's Jericho town forest when spring starts to blossom.
LandVest real estate professionals have offered unique and distinctive properties for sale in virtually every Greater Boston community over the years. These distinctive properties are generally important beyond their local community and require special attention and targeted marketing. LandVest listings are recognized as special, and so receive premium values.
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Coordinated access to space data more important than ever
In May 2012, two earthquakes struck Italy's Emilia-Romagna region, claiming at least 27 lives and causing widespread damage. Through GMES, damage assessment maps derived from satellite data were promptly produced to assist emergency response activities.
The maps were created by integrating pre- and post-earthquake satellite data to show changes that indicated potentially hazardous areas or damaged buildings.
Within hours of the tremors, the maps were uploaded to the Italian Civil Protection web platform and made accessible everyone involved in the emergency management effort.
Coordinated by the European Commission, the aim of the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme is to provide an increasingly broad user community with accurate, timely and easily accessible information collected from Earth-observing satellites and in-situ sensors.
GMES will improve the management of the environment, understand and mitigate the effects of climate change and support decision-making in emergency and crisis situations – like northern Italy's earthquake.
Monitoring marine environments is another service of GMES as it provides regular and systematic reference information on the state of oceans and seas. This also involves operational sea-ice monitoring in polar regions for the safe passage of ships.
Ice, coupled with long periods of darkness during winter months, poses a threat to ships that cross these treacherous waters. Within GMES, satellite radar readings are processed to provide near-realtime information about changing sea-ice conditions and iceberg distribution for navigation.
The GMES land services are also crucial for the operational monitoring of the environmental and ecological conditions of our planet, establishing annual statistics of land-cover change based on variables related to the vegetation, the energy budget and the water cycle.
For these objectives, GMES Services rely on a wide range of satellite data from over 40 European and international space missions, along with other environmental datasets.
The programme's Space Component data generation is currently in its 'Data Warehouse phase'. This entails compiling large datasets, such as high-resolution optical coverage of Europe, sea-ice monitoring data, systematic ocean colour data and data for atmospheric composition monitoring.
In addition, 'flexible' datasets that can be used for events not known in advance (like emergency mapping during crisis situations) are also being gathered.
Prior to this phase, Space Component data underwent a 'Data Access Grant phase', when thousands of Earth observation products from hundreds of datasets were downloaded by GMES Services.
Veronique Amans, the ESA Data Access Operations Manager, has seen the Data Access Service evolving over the past years towards a more operational service.
"Today, we serve a number of GMES users far above original expectations, and satisfying their stringent needs for Earth observation data is a daily challenge," she said.
"The evermore increasing usage of multiple satellite data represents a major achievement accomplished through the GSC-DA system for the monitoring of our fragile Earth."
With the upcoming era of the Sentinel missions, the coordinating role of ESA in the collection and assessment of the ever-growing quantities of data from the expanding fleet of satellites will become increasingly important for the success of the GMES programme.


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A rail pass is a travel document that gives you the possibility to take an unlimited number of train trips for a certain number of days in a given period and within a specific geographic area. For example, the 3 days Eurail Italy pass lets you take as many trips as you want in Italy during any 3 days within a 2 month period.


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CrystalSolutions V8
CrystalSolutions Version 8 is a Practice Management & Development Solution for Complementary and Alternative Therapists and Multi Discipline Clinics.
It has been designed for structural practitioners such as Osteopaths and Chiropractors as well as Herbalists, Homeopaths, Acupuncturists, Reflextherapists and Podiatrists.....
It provides a record of patients seen and who by, in an holistic manner; what treatments they have received, and keeps track of money received and spent, together with Products provided. It has Stationery, Statistics, Mass Marketing; by letter or email, and it attempts to compliment handwritten case notes and to provide an environment where practices can develop. It has an integrated electronic booking system with Diaries and Calendars, and can cater for Multi Disciplinary Clinics or Practices. It has been developed over many years and and we have used previous versions daily for over 9 years ourselves, in our own Practices.
New Features include a completely redesigned interface, making the most of 10 years of Crystalsolutions experience, alongside professional computer design. We can now offer Marketing and mass mailing - bulk mail and mergemail !! a 5 Elements page with pulse histories for Acupuncturists, Homeopathic & Herbalists benefit with remedy lists as well as a Herbal & Remedy History with auto RX evaluation and seperate Rx2/3... etc.
Treatments, Medicines and Supplements can be swiftly added and there is an x-ray, picture and film and document area page, which can take dictated notes!!! All this with redesigned Schedules and Electronic booking, Reception with Contacts, Stationery - receipts and letters, Accounts and Statistics. A new page for Podiatrists and Reflextherapists alongside the pages designed for Physical therapists, such as Osteopaths, Physiotherapists and Chiropractors, allow for quick input of salient features. There is now a Product area where you can monitor Stock and Sales of goods you provide...
It runs on Mac OS X 3.9 and above, and Windows NT, 2000, XP and Vista. and costs 68.($127)
A free working demo (50 Records) is available from www.CrystalSolutions.org


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'The Gruffalo' Character Finger Puppets
About This Primary Resource
A set of stick puppets featuring the key characters from the Gruffalo story.
Please note, this resource is 100% unofficial and contains original illustrations designed by a member of the ELHQ team. It has not been endorsed by the author or publisher in any way and has been created in order to support the teaching of a wonderful early years book. If you don't already have a copy of The Gruffalo we would strongly recommend that you Purchase one as it really is a fantastic story!
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Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 Review
Image Quality
All of the sample images in this Review were taken using the 14 megapixel Fine JPEG setting, which gives an average image size of around 5.5Mb.
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 produced images of good quality during the review period. The 1/2.33 inch, 14 megapixel CCD sensor used in the Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 produces noise-free images at ISO 100-200, with limited noise and colour desaturation starting to appear at ISO 400. ISO 800 exhibits quite visible noise, smearing of fine detail and colour desaturation, and ISO 1600 is even noisier, although still usable for small prints.
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 dealt very well with chromatic aberrations, with limited purple fringing effects appearing only in high contrast situations. The pop-up flash worked well indoors, with no red-eye and adequate exposure. The night photograph was excellent, with the maximum shutter speed of 60 seconds allowing you to capture plenty of light. Anti-shake is a feature that works very well when hand-holding the camera in low-light conditions or when using the telephoto end of the zoom range.
Macro performance is very good, allowing you to focus as close as 3cms away from the subject. The images were a little soft straight out of the camera at the default sharpening setting and ideally require further sharpening in an application like Adobe Photoshop, or you can change the in-camera setting if you don't like the default results. The Intelligent Resolution feature either makes a standard image look sharper, albeit with some unwanted artefacts appearing, or it digitally increases the 16x optical zoom to 21x, again with a slight loss in quality.
There are 5 ISO settings available on the Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18. Here are some 100% crops which show the noise levels for each ISO setting.
ISO 100 (100% Crop)
ISO 200 (100% Crop)
ISO 400 (100% Crop)
ISO 800 (100% Crop)
ISO 1600 (100% Crop)
Here are two 100% Crops which have been Saved as Web - Quality 50 in Photoshop. The right-hand image has had some sharpening applied in Photoshop. The out-of-the camera images are a little soft at the default sharpening setting and benefit from some further sharpening in a program like Adobe Photoshop. You can change the in-camera sharpening level via the Picture Adjust menu option.
Original (100% Crop)
Sharpened (100% Crop)
Focal Range
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18's 16x zoom lens provides a versatile focal length of 24-384mm in 35mm terms, as demonstrated below.
File Quality
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 has 2 different image quality settings available, with Fine being the highest quality option. Here are some 100% crops which show the quality of the various options, with the file size shown in brackets.
|14M Fine (5.44Mb) (100% Crop)
|14M Normal (3.05Mb) (100% Crop)
Chromatic Aberrations
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 handled chromatic aberrations excellently during the review, with very limited purple fringing present around the edges of objects in certain high-contrast situations, as shown in the examples below.
Example 1 (100% Crop)
Example 2 (100% Crop)
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 offers a Macro setting that allows you to focus on a subject that is 3cms away from the camera when the lens is set to wide-angle. The first image shows how close you can get to the subject (in this case a compact flash card). The second image is a 100% crop.
Macro Shot
100% Crop
The flash settings on the Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 are Auto, Auto/Red-eye Reduction, Forced On, Slow Sync./Red-eye Reduction, Forced Off. These shots of a white coloured wall were taken at a distance of 1.5m.
Forced Off - Wide Angle (24mm)
Forced On - Wide Angle (24mm)
Forced Off - Telephoto (384mm)
Forced On - Telephoto (384mm)
And here are some portrait shots. As you can see, neither the Flash On or the Auto/Red-eye Reduction settings caused any red-eye.
Forced On
|Forced On (100% Crop)
Auto/Red-eye Reduction
Auto/Red-eye Reduction (100% Crop)
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18's maximum shutter speed is 60 seconds, which is great news if you're seriously interested in night photography. The shot below was taken using a shutter speed of 15 seconds at ISO 100. I've included a 100% crop of the image to show what the quality is like. The camera takes the same amount of time again to apply noise reduction, so for example at the 15 second setting the actual exposure takes 30 seconds.
Night Shot
Night Shot (100% Crop)
Anti Shake
The Panasonic Lumix DMC-TZ18 has an anti-shake mechanism, which allows you to take sharp photos at slower shutter speeds than other digital cameras. To test this, I took 2 handheld shots of the same subject with the same settings. The first shot was taken with anti shake turned off, the second with it turned on. Here are some 100% crops of the images to show the results. As you can see, with anti shake turned on, the images are much sharper than with anti shake turned off. This feature really does seem to make a difference and could mean capturing a successful, sharp shot or missing the opportunity altogether.
Shutter Speed / Focal Length
Anti Shake Off (100% Crop)
Anti Shake On (100% Crop)
|1/10 sec / 24mm
|1/13 sec / 384mm
Intelligent Resolution
The Intelligent Resolution feature either makes a standard image look like a higher resolution one by processing the contour areas, texture areas and smooth areas individually, or it digitally boosts the zoom magnification from 16x to 20x.
Resolution - Off
Resolution - On
Zoom - Off
Zoom - On


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14 September, 2011 | (01 hr)
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People make up a huge proportion of operating costs, and many CEOs claim that employees are the company's most important asset. Yet most companies omit human capital altogether or include a limited number of people-related issues when they identify, assess, prioritize and treat company-wide risks through Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)!
New research from The Conference Board investigates the current state of human capital risk management in U.S., European and Asia-Pacific-based companies. Human capital outranks many other kinds of risk based on its potential business impact, yet less than one third of companies say they assess and manage human capital risk effectively. The study's findings point to a few critical factors that set these companies apart.
The research also finds a significant disconnect between Human Resources and Enterprise Risk Management. The two corporate functions that ought to have a common interest in human capital risk have strikingly different views about its impact and management.
Guests will explore how companies are beginning to frame the key questions:
• Where should the responsibility for human capital risk management reside?
• What can Human Resources and Enterprise Risk Management each contribute to a more effective approach to human capital risk?
• What are the critical success factors?
• How can companies get started?
Andrew Wallace
Andrew Wallace is an Executive Director at UBS, the global financial services firm. He works in Human Resources in New York, where he is responsible for strategic workforce planning within the Recruitment function, a role he has held since 2008. Before that, his UBS roles have include...Full Bio
Olivier Balmat
Olivier Balmat is Head Group Risk Management and responsible for the Enterprise Risk Management within Syngenta. This includes the regular review and reporting of the Group Risk Profile to the Executive Committee and the Board of Directors, as well as including the global operations (Divisions, F...Full Bio
Ellen Hexter
Ellen Hexter is senior advisor, enterprise risk management at The Conference Board. She has served on the faculty of The Conference Board Directors' Institute and worked with boards to provide director training in risk management practices and the role of the board in ERM oversight.
Mary B. Young, D.B.A.
Dr. Mary Young leads The Conference Board's program of research on digital transformation's human capital impacts, big data and human capital analytics, and strategic workforce planning.
Mary is the author of more than 25 research publications from The Conference Boardin...Full Bio


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Back in 2000, when Hagel was on the stump for McCain at a meeting with Arab-Americans in Michigan, Hagel offended the group when he referred to the Lebanese political party and paramilitary organization Hizbullah as a "terrorist organization." A write-up of the event in the Washington Report on Middle East Affairs said, "While all attendees were clearly put off by the senator's comments, a few took the opportunity to inform Senator Hagel in less than tactful terms." One of the grievances expressed today by some of Hagel's critics is that he declined to sign a letter to the European Union urging the designation of Hizbullah as a terrorist group.
McCain eventually lost the primary to Bush, who went on to become president. When the White House urged Congress to pass a resolution authorizing war against Saddam Hussein's regime in Iraq, Hagel delivered a speech that warned of the difficulties of imposing democracy on a complex, foreign country. But at the end of the day, he voted for the resolution despite his reservations.
Hagel's approach to the Iraq war was similar to his approach to the 1998 Iraq Liberation Act, legislation supported by both Republicans and Democrats that made regime change official U.S. policy for Iraq. Francis Brooke, an adviser to Iraqi politician Ahmed Chalabi who lobbied Hagel at the time, said, "Senator Hagel saw the popular case against Saddam Hussein's actively hostile dictatorship and was willing give it rhetorical legislative voice by supporting the Iraq Liberation Act." But Brooke added, "When it came to implementation of the act to aid Iraqi democrats fighting to overthrow Saddam, he balked, fearing any concrete action that might lead to greater U.S. involvement."