text:
by Matt Slick
Following is a letter written by a pastor to a friend of mine. My friend asked me to review it. I'm hoping that my review finds its way back to the Pastor, and that the Pastor is encouraged to stand more tightly with the word of God. But, who am I to correct a pastor? I'm nobody. But, all of us are subject to the word of God; and it is through an appeal to Scripture, correcting interpretive errors, and pointing out errors in logic that we hope to encourage the pastor and readers to adhere more closely to God's word in this matter.
The opinion of CARM is that the world is slowly creeping into the Christian Church in various forms such as contemplative prayer, and over-board concern for seeker sensitivity, in various forms of political correctness, i.e., women pastors, being a manifestation of the latter error.
As Christians, we are obligated to follow the word of God in all that it has revealed whether it is convenient or inconvenient and whether or not the world approves. We answer to God.
The original letter is in brown text, and CARM's response is in green. We have replaced the name and initials of the church with "-------."
Finally, we are hesitant to be critical of a fellow pastor. The Bible says that we are to be careful when addressing elders in the church. We mean no disrespect to the pastor of the congregation whom we believe loves the people of God. But, since we are all in the same boat, we are sinners, we need a body of Christ to help us stay on track.
Allow me to first address those of you who have come to (Church name removed) for any length of time and have heard me address the role of men and women both in the home and the church. If you have attended the "---------" Pre-marriage Class," you know that I believe the Bible (our final authority) teaches that the man is the head of the home even as Christ is the head of the Church. (Eph 5:23) Furthermore, since I can remember, I have said (and not to everyone's liking) that "matriarchal" systems do not work anywhere in the world because it is contrary to God's plan. I have not changed my position. This is what I believe and it is what I believe the Bible teaches. This is evidenced in cultures where the male is absent; it is equally emphasized where a single mother must assume responsibilities created specifically for the man. (How our single moms need our prayers and support!) Therefore, to those of you that believe because we have added to our staff a woman "pastor" I have changed my position on this matter, be assured, I have not.
Secondly, I believe the real struggle with having a woman assume "pastoral" responsibilities is not so much in her role as with her "title." I'll address this in just a moment. Allow me to first state the Church's position on "women pastors" as set down in our guidelines for a Church plant.
e. As to the following controversial issues which have torn apart, rather than united, the church, [three are named - Eternal Security, Tongues and Women in Ministry] a plant must hold the following posture concerning . . . Women in Ministry:
CARM: While it is true that the three above-named issues have divided the church, it has not been because the issues are not discernible. Rather, it is due to the fact that Christians have not been gracious. "Love is the perfect bond of unity." (Col. 3:14). Division occurs when Christians lack the proper grace and love from our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ. Nevertheless, we should not guarantee unity at the cost of doctrinal truth. There are times to divide.
ORIGINAL: Women in Ministry
We believe, as Scripture teaches, that a woman may possess every spiritual gift that a man possesses. However, we strongly hold that God has clearly given specific roles to women and men, even as He has given specific roles to a husband and wife. Eph. 5:23 clearly states:
CARM: First, this Pastor's initial premise is in error. Contrary to what he states, it is not possible for a woman to possess every spiritual gift that a man possesses. A woman cannot be a father. Furthermore, the spiritual gift of being an elder/pastor is something only the male is called to per divine revelation. The Bible says that the bishop/overseer is to be the husband of one wife (1 Tim. 3:2). Again, in Titus 1:5-7, Paul says, "For this reason I left you in Crete, that you might set in order what remains, and appoint elders in every city as I directed you, namely, if any man be above reproach, the husband of one wife, having children who believe, not accused of dissipation or rebellion. For the overseer must be above reproach as God's steward . . . " Notice that Paul interchanges the word 'elder' and 'overseer.' It is God who gives gifts to the Church, and one of the gifts is the pastor/elder. By definition, a pastor is an elder.
Second, let's take a look at God's word concerning eldership. We must know what God's word says specifically about pastoring/eldership before we draw our conclusions. (We have provided an outline of information on eldership at the end of this paper from which the following is extracted).
- The Term "Elder." The Greek term is presbuteros and depending on context means elder, an old man, a leader in the church. It is used of the elder of two persons (Luke 15:25, or more, John 8:9); of a person advanced in age (Acts 2:17; in Heb. 11:2); of the forefathers in Israel (Matt. 15:2; Mark 7:3, 5); of members of the Sanhedrin (Matt. 16:21; 26:47); of those who managed public affairs in the various cities (Luke 7:3); of those who were the heads or leaders of the tribes and families, as of the seventy who helped Moses (Num. 11:16; Deut. 27:1). This included:
- Regarding the Office:
- The pastor is an elder who preaches and/or teaches (1 Tim. 5:17).
- The pastor (elder) is to equip the body of Christ (Eph. 4:11-13).
- Must be a man (1 Tim. 2:9-13).
- All uses of "elder" are in the masculine except for 1 Tim. 5:2 where it means older women.
- The pastor is an elder who preaches and/or teaches (1 Tim. 5:17).
- The Responsibilities of Elders in the NT Church:
- Must shepherd the flock (1 Peter 5:2).
- They have the tasks of teaching (1 Tim. 5:17; Titus 1:5, 9).
- They have the tasks of acting as judges (Acts 15:2, 6, 22-29; 16:4).
- Qualifications for an elder
- Must be above reproach (Titus 1:6; 1 Tim. 3:2).
- Husband of one wife (Titus 1:6; 1 Tim. 3:2).
- Household must be in order with children who believe (Titus 1:6; 1 Tim. 3:4).
- Not a new convert (1 Tim. 3:6).
- Self-controlled and temperate (Titus 1:7; 1 Tim. 3:2).
- Honorable, hospitable, seeking good (Titus 1:7).
- Have a good reputation (1 Tim. 3:7).
- Able to exhort (teach) sound doctrine (Titus 1:9; 1 Tim. 3:2).
- Able to refute false teaching (Titus 1:9).
Important: Please take special note of section two outlined above where the declaration from God's Word is that the pastor/elder is to be male, and that the elder is one who teaches. A pastor of a church stands in the pulpit, the place of authority and teaches from God's Word. By nature, the teaching of God's Word, in the pulpit, is an authoritative act. This is why it is to be done by an elder who is appointed in the church. Let's look further into God's Word.
1 Peter 5:1-3, "Therefore, I exhort the elders among you, as your fellow elder and witness of the sufferings of Christ, and a partaker also of the glory that is to be revealed, 2 shepherd the flock of God among you, exercising oversight not under compulsion, but voluntarily, according to the will of God; and not for sordid gain, but with eagerness; 3 nor yet as lording it over those allotted to your charge, but proving to be examples to the flock."
- In 1 Peter 5:1-3, every occurrence of the word "elder(s)" is in the masculine form in the Greek.
- The elder is to shepherd the flock. A pastor is a shepherd.
- The elder/pastor oversees the flock.
- Therefore, the pastor is an elder of the church.
Since God has declared the elder is to be the husband of one wife (at the very least a male), it is not possible for a woman to hold this position. Therefore, this Pastor's premise that "a woman may possess every spiritual gift that a man possesses" is shown to be incorrect. Furthermore, the word of God declares the pastor/elder is to be male.
If this Pastor in his initial paper were to build upon such a faulty premise, his conclusions are suspect. Let's see.
ORIGINAL: For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church, his body, of which he is the Savior.
We therefore believe that a woman can be ordained and function in any role if that role is under the authority of a male Senior Pastor. In other words, our understanding of Scripture is that a woman should not function in the role of Senior Pastor when a qualified male is present.
CARM: We fail to see the connection between his first (and erring) premise and the conclusion he draws. The Bible makes no condition of acceptability of a woman being an ordained pastor as long as there's a male Senior Pastor present. This is a fabrication. It is not in the Bible. Furthermore, the Scripture that he quotes in Ephesians 5:23 is dealing with the husband-and-wife relationship and not with the church-elder authority. Therefore, this person has misused the Scripture and is misapplying it. In other words, he has introduced the fallacy of transferring the context of one verse over to another. This is a common and serious mistake.
ORIGINAL: Here is Biblical support for the above position. Scripture clearly states that "There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." Galatians 3:28 Obviously, Paul is speaking of our spiritual place in the Kingdom of God -- for some were still Jews and Greeks by birth, male and female by gender, and slave or free by position. However, in Christ we have been set free from the law of sin and death therefore we are "one in Him." This is the heart of God and this is what we should look for throughout Scripture - the heart of God.
CARM: There are two problems with the above paragraph. First, Galatians 3:28 is dealing with salvation--not with church headship. This is a verse that is very frequently misused in support of the position that a woman can be a pastor/elder. The context of Gal. 3:28 is dealing with there being no differentiation in salvation among nationality and gender. It is not talking about eldership. Therefore, it does not lend itself to the issue of male headship in the Christian Church. This is a serious exegetical error made by this pastor.
Second, what is "the heart of God" that the pastor introduces here? Though it is a commendable to seek the heart of God, we must be careful when using a subjective and biblically-undefined statement when trying to build a doctrine. Granted that the heart of God can mean many things but without an explicit statement in Scripture concerning it, what right does this Pastor have to use the phrase in support of his position?
Incidentally, the only two occurrences of the phrase "the heart of God" occurs in Ezekiel 28:2, 6-7, " . . . Yet you are a man and not God, although you make your heart like the heart of God . . . 6 Therefore, thus says the Lord God, 'Because you have made your heart like the heart of God, 7 Therefore, behold, I will bring strangers upon you . . . " As you can see, its definition is not given. Since it is best to let the Bible interpret the Bible, it is not wise to introduce this phrase in an attempt to support the Biblical position about women pastors . . . especially since the Word of God seems to be clear that the pastor is an elder, and the elder is to be male.
Original: What is God's heart concerning women in ministry? That is the question I would like to answer. By addressing this issue, we answer the question: "Can a woman be ordained and can she hold the title of 'pastor'?"
The word "pastor" derives its meaning from English-French culture based on a Latin word which means "to feed." Literally - "a herdsman," or one "who feeds and cares for the sheep." With this in mind, does God permit a woman to feed and care for "his own?" This is the question at hand. So rather than play games with semantics, let's go to the Book and see if God has used women to "pastor" his own.
CARM: This Pastor is in danger of the fallacy of equivocation. To equivocate means to change the meaning of words during a discussion without clarifying that change. The word "pastor" in the Bible (as is the context of this discussion) is by definition a male since the pastor is an elder, and the elder is to be the husband of one wife. But to use the definition of the word pastor to mean one who cares for his own and then say that since a woman cares for her own, therefore she's a pastor is a violation of the biblical use of that term which occurs only once in Eph. 4:11--which usage is in the masculine form in the Greek.
The issue is not if a woman can care for her own or care for people. We agree that women have a great ability to nurture. God undoubtedly recognizes this since he created that ability in them. But, if it is true that a woman's nurturing ability qualifies her as big a pastor, then why is God so clear about the elder being the husband of one wife? (The answer deals with a concept called Federal Headship which we will address at the end of the paper).
This pastor has failed to consider the logic of his position. If pastoring means watching out and caring for people in your charge, then unbelievers can be pastors as well since they too can oversee people in their charge with great care. Does this then mean that unbelievers can be pastors? This is the kind of logic that this pastor is using in his argument, and it is obviously fallacious.
ORIGINAL: I believe our first example of a woman shepherding a flock, under the authority of a male senior shepherd, was Miriam. She appeared to be the Pastor of Creative Arts. In Exodus 15:20-21 we read: "Then Miriam the prophetess . . . took a tambourine in her hand, and all the women followed her, with tambourines and dancing. [21] Miriam sang . . . "
Not only does Miriam direct the choir, drama and dance, but she speaks for God - she is a prophetess. In fact, the words that God has given her are repeated by all . . . even to this day.
The fact that Miriam spoke for God and helped Moses shepherd the Israelite nation becomes even clearer when she and her brother Aaron speak against Moses (their brother). Both Miriam and Aaron said: "Has the Lord spoken only through Moses?" they asked. "Hasn't he also spoken through us?" In verse six of this Chapter, God says He has spoken through Aaron and Miriam through dreams and vision, but with Moses face to face. (This is a great lesson in not lifting up one's hand against God's "senior pastor," but that is another matter we will address at a later time.)
CARM: Miriam was the Pastor of Creative Arts? He is reading into the text far too much.
Miriam was a prophetess--not an elder or a pastor. The Old Testament setting was not the same as the New Testament church. Paul and the apostles knew very well about Miriam, and you find no reference to her in support of women eldership. What you do find in scripture are distinct and clear declarations--that the elder/pastor is to be male. There is no qualification in scripture for "under the headship of a male" in the female pastorate.
We know that many people would like to include this in the Scriptures so as to make more palatable the idea of equality among the sexes (because they are listening to the secular world). However, like it or not, the male and female each have their respective roles as stated in scripture. The elder is to be the husband of one wife. A pastor is an elder as is demonstrated in 1 Peter 5:1-3. Therefore, a pastor, in the church context, is to be male. The author of this article should not take an Old Testament non-church-context about a prophetess and transport it into the pastoral epistles' church-context thereby overriding the clear declaration of Scripture regarding who is to be the elder.
ORIGINAL: The second example of a woman shepherding God's people is found in Judges. (Remember, we are looking for God's heart--the spirit of the law evidenced by example). Judges 4:4-5 tells us, Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of Lappidoth, was leading Israel at that time. [5] She held court under the Palm of Deborah between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of Ephraim, and the Israelites came to her to have their disputes decided. Two significant details are addressed by the Spirit in these two verses:
CARM: This is the first mention of what he means by "God's heart." He defines it as the spirit of the law evidenced by example. He offers a subjective definition by using the phrase "spirit of the law." Do not be swayed by the appeal of subjective, heart-oriented words and phrases. Instead, stick to what God toward actually says or you will end up in error.
ORIGINAL: 1) As a wife, Deborah is submissive to her husband's headship--"Deborah . . . the wife of Lappidoth." As a woman serving with pastoral gifts is submissive to the male senior pastor's authority - recall Jesus appointed no woman apostles - so the wife is to submit to her husband's authority (wherever and whenever it does not transgress the Word of God). With that said, let us keep in mind that Jesus and the apostles used many woman to help care for and bring the lost to salvation. (Mark 15:41; Luke 8:2; John 4:18-20, 39; Acts 18:18, 26; Col 4:15)
CARM: Where is the senior pastor in the life of Deborah as revealed in the Old Testament citation? It is not there. Remember, the idea of a pastor in the Christian Church is just that--in the Christian Church which is founded on Jesus Christ. Jesus appointed apostles, and the apostles appointed elders. The apostles taught us that the pastor is an elder who teaches(1 Tim. 5:17), and that the elder is to be a man (1 Tim. 2:9-13). We repeat this on purpose. (1 Peter 5:1-3)
What this author has done is take a New Testament word and church office, ignored the definitive declaration of the pastoral epistles regarding the gender of the elder, and then impose upon an Old Testament context upon the New Testament concept.
Remember, unbelievers can have pastoral gifts, helping, guiding, protecting, teaching, etc. Does this qualify them for being called a pastor? The way this author is using the term you would have to say that even unbelievers would be qualified as pastors since what he's doing is taking the term pastor, using a broad definition of it (excluding the male eldership qualification), and applying it to Old Testament women and then transferring it back to the New Testament church. This is very poor biblical interpretive methodology.
ORIGINAL: 2) Deborah led Israel, that is she was the final authority. This was not God's plan (that a woman would govern men--as the chapter bears out in the story of Barak and Jael), but as our Church Plant Criteria states, where no man is present, or better worded, where no man assumes his God-given role, God will use a woman. (Women do this today. As single mothers, they assume a double role, and God graciously assists - but that is not His plan.)
CARM: Correction, God was the final authority in Israel.
The fact that there are women pastors, particularly in the American church, is a sign of two important failures. First, it demonstrates that there are many churches that do not take the word of God seriously in the matter of male headship. Second, it further demonstrates the failure of men to heed the call of God, to step up and be responsible as godly men, and to stand for righteousness whether they (or church congregations and pastors) like it or not. To rationalize that because men are not doing their job, that God OKs women to do it is a double-edged sword. If it is true that God uses women when the men will not do what they're supposed to do, then it is because of the sin of men that women are pastors! The sword should cut at the heart of men who fail to answer the call of God.
Nevertheless, let's look at an exceptional case. Let's say that there was a woman pilot transporting 20 orphans during a war situation, and they crash on a deserted island where they live isolated for two decades. Furthermore, this woman pilot is also a Christian, and she takes the responsibility of teaching young children, male and female, about the Lord. In a sense, she's functioning as a pastor. Should we be so bold as to say that she should not teach the young manor--that she is not functioning in a pastoral sense? Of course not. It is most certainly better that the gospel be preached than not.
But, are we to conclude that a woman and orphans on a deserted island qualify the exception to the rule in regular churches? Are we to say that since it is acceptable on a deserted island, that we should do it in regular churches? Not at all. Exceptions to the rule do not make the norm.
It seems that the author of the article is saying that because men are not doing what they're supposed to be doing, then it is then OK for women to be pastors. However, the pastor's church has hundreds of men upon which to draw (we are told there are several thousand attendees). If there are no men capable in a church of several thousand, then we assume that the pastor is not discipling various men in that church to bring them to the place of eldership. In other words, he is not doing his job in this respect. The right thing to do is raise up men and disciple them so that they can be elders according to the Scriptures.
ORIGINAL: The other reason why Deborah is used to shepherd (lead) Israel is because she was a prophetess - that is she heard, and spoke for God. She was a prophet just as Moses, Samuel, Elijah and Daniel were prophets. Hence, because of her "spiritual gift," the people looked to her for counsel, direction and arbitration.
CARM: True. But does that mean that she is qualified to be an elder in the New Testament Christian church context? No. Furthermore, there are no more prophets and prophetesses in the Old Testament sense of which Deborah was. (See Luke 16:16). Remember, the pastor is an elder who teaches (1 Tim. 5:17), and that the elder is to be a man (1 Tim. 2:9-13; 1 Peter 5:1-3).
ORIGINAL: So today, women who have spiritual gifts should not be denied a place in ministry because they are woman. The church can be enriched by the spiritual gifts God gives to women. Women have insights and natural intuitions that are peculiar to their gender - their contribution to the church, like the home, is invaluable. Again, the caution is to make sure those gifts are used in the role God has defined. God places every gift in context. When we decide to remove the context set by Scripture we turn life into death, the blessing into a curse.
CARM: We are not saying that women should be denied a place in ministry because they are women. We believe that women are greatly gifted and underutilized in the church. Even though we personally believe that many women may be far better than many male pastors, what I feel and what we want have no bearing whatsoever on what the word of God says. Again, the pastor is an elder who teaches ( 1 Tim. 5:17), and that the elder is to be a man (1 Tim. 2:9-13; 1 Peter 5:1-3).
The pastor of this article is correct in his last statement in the above paragraph. He should abide by it.
ORIGINAL: This could easily become a book - or at least a "Master's thesis." And, I am not unaware that I have not addressed the arguments to why women should not serve in pastoral capacities. However, it is not my purpose to do so in this format. My purpose is to simply state the position of the Trustees and Advisory Board of Prayer Ministries, Inc.
CARM: Actually, he did not address the issue of the clear declaration that the elder is a person who teaches (1 Tim. 5:17), and that the elder is to be a man (1 Tim. 2:9-13; 1 Peter 5:1-3), the husband of one wife. This is a very solid and essential declaration of scripture that, so far, he has not even touched. If he has not even examined such clear teaching of Scripture, can we trust his conclusion about women being pastors?
ORIGINAL: In conclusion, a final look at the married couple who accompanied St. Paul on his second missionary journey--Aquila and Priscilla, and Nympha (Colossians 4)--whose home served as the church at Colosse, along with Phoebe who served in Cencrea, makes it quite clear that women were certainly given pastoral responsibilities under the authority of men who were appointed as elders (senior pastors). Paul's letters continually place Priscilla's name in front of her husband's because she was the "type A" personality in the relationship (Acts 18; Romans 16:3-5) whose gifts were not only recognized by her husband but by the church at large.
CARM: Really? Where are they designated as pastors and elders? The Greek word for elder is 'presbuteros' in the pastoral epistles where it refers to church hierarchy and authority. In the pastoral epistles dealing with church authority and office, it is always without exception used in the male gender.
Here is the faulty argument that he is using.
1. A pastor is someone who exercises care over another.
2. Cite a woman, or women, in a home who cares for others.
3. State that she is qualified to be called a pastor.
4. Conclude that we can have female pastors in the church.
This is an absurd leap of logic.
ORIGINAL: Although Paul told the women in the Corinthian church to keep silent, he certainly did not give those instructions to Priscilla or Nympha. Why? Because both of these woman understood the word of God and were able to explain it with accuracy. (2 Tim 2:15) If the Holy Spirit allowed Deborah to govern a nation and Priscilla and Nympha to serve as assistant pastors in Corinth and Colosse, would it not behoove us to follow the same pattern? The answer is unequivocally "yes."
CARM: The reason Paul told the women in the Corinthian church to be quiet was most probably due to lack of proper order and in the gathering of believers in the Corinthian context. Most probably, Paul did not need to instruct Priscilla or Nympha to be quiet because there was no problem with the order and manners that they possessed. Obviously, Paul would not make the blatant mistake of saying to some women be quiet while encouraging others to speak if there was not a contextual reason for both. The pastor has not examined the contextual reasons, yet he makes broad conclusions.
Nevertheless, how does this mean that a woman can be a pastor or elder? It does not. Furthermore, there is no problem at all with woman being able to understand and teach the word of God. But as we have seen the Scriptures clearly teach, the pastor is an elder who teaches (1 Tim. 5:17), and that the elder is to be a man (1 Tim. 2:9-13; 1 Peter 5:1-3). In order for this pastor to support a woman pastor in his church is to ignore the pastoral epistles--as he has done in his defense of his position--and is a serious mistake.
CARM: Observations
- This pastor who authored the original paper began with an erring premise, i.e., that a woman can possess any spiritual gift a man possesses in the church.
- He is reading way too much into the context of Old Testament verses, i.e., citing Deborah "with pastoral gifts is submissive to the male senior pastor's authority."
- He is erringly transporting Old Testament contexts into New Testament concepts of pastors.
- He has misapplied Galatians 3:28 which is dealing with salvation--not with pastoring and eldership.
- He has not looked at the pastoral epistles regarding the qualifications for an elder which clearly defined them as being male. This is perhaps his biggest mistake.
- He has used too broad a definition of the term pastor and then applied an overly broad definition to different contexts.
We are sure there are many who will not be happy--the analysis of this pastor's defense of his position. All we can say is that they, as Christians, need to stick to the word of God and not listen to what they feel is right. The logic is simple, and the Scriptures are clear. We do not need to rip verses from their context and commit interpretive fallacies when trying to uphold an agenda that we want the Word of God to support.
What is Federal Headship?
Federal Headship is foreign to the modern mind, but it is a biblical concept. It is the teaching that the father is the one who represents his family--his descendants. Proof of this can be found in Heb. 7:8-10.
"Here mortal men receive tithes, but there he receives them, of whom it is witnessed that he lives. 9 Even Levi, who receives tithes, paid tithes through Abraham, so to speak, 10 for he was still in the loins of his father when Melchizedek met him."
Levi was a distant descendent of Abraham, yet it is said that Levi paid tithes to Melchizedek even though he wasn't born. How is this so? We know that Levi did not physically carry out the act of paying tithes, but we do know that Abraham did; and we also know that Abraham was the representative head of his descendants. This is how it can be said that Levi also paid tithes to Melchizedek.
Federal Headship also finds its place in the Epistle of Romans when Paul says in Rom. 5:12-14,
"Therefore, just as through one man sin entered the world, and death through sin, and thus death spread to all men, because all sinned--13(For until the law sin was in the world, but sin is not imputed when there is no law. 14Nevertheless death reigned from Adam to Moses, even over those who had not sinned according to the likeness of the transgression of Adam, who is a type of Him who was to come."
The Bible Knowledge Commentary says, "The federal headship view considers Adam, the first man, as the representative of the human race that generated from him. As the representative of all humans, Adam's act of sin was considered by God to be the act of all people and his penalty of death was judicially made the penalty of everybody."1Also, "The federal headship of Adam presupposes and rests upon his natural headship. He was our natural head before he was our federal head. He was doubtless made our federal representative because he was our natural progenitor, and was so conditioned that his agency must affect our destinies, and because our very nature was on trial (typically if not essentially) in him. Whatever, therefore, of virtue in this explanation the natural headship of Adam may be supposed to contain the federal theory retains."2 Therefore, it should be clear that Adam represented us and when he fell, we fell.
But some may object and say that this is not fair. They will say that we should not be held responsible for Adam's sin because we never sinned. If this is the position that they want to hold, then let's take a look at the cross and see why Federal Headship is important in relation to Jesus.
Jesus represented His people
1 Cor. 15:45 says, "The first man, Adam, became a living soul. The last Adam became a life-giving spirit." The "last Adam" is a reference to Jesus because of the similar relationship that exists between them both. That is, both Adam and Jesus are representative heads. Please consider 1 Cor. 15:22 that says, "For as in Adam all die, even so in Christ all shall be made alive." This is teaching us that Adam and Christ are heads of groups. Notice "in Adam" and "in Christ" referencing our position in relationship to both of them.
If Adam did not represent mankind, then Jesus could not represent the Christians when He died on the cross. As Adam's offense resulted in condemnation to all people, so also, Jesus' sacrifice results in justification for those who believe in Him (Rom. 5:18). It is because of Federal Headship--legal representation--that we are able to be saved at all. As Adam's sin was imputed3 to us because of the Fall, our sin was likewise imputed to Jesus on the cross; and Jesus' righteousness is imputed to us when we receive Him. In other words, if it was not for the biblical idea of Federal Headship (of one person representing others), then Jesus could not have represented us on the cross. If Jesus did not represent us on the cross, then it could not be said of us that " . . . you have died and your life is hidden with Christ in God." (Col. 3:3); and, "Now if we have died with Christ, we believe that we shall also live with Him." (Rom. 6:8).
Jesus represented us so completely on the cross that it can be said that we have died with Him. If it were not for Federal Headship, this would not be possible; and we could not have died to sin.
Federal Headship is a biblical concept with some very important ramifications. Because of the biblical concept, we are able to enjoy salvation; we have died to sin, and we can rest in Christ who represented us before the Father in His satisfaction of the Law of God.
Final Remarks
So how does the teaching of Federal Headship apply to the issue of women pastors? Quite simply, Federal Headship teaches us that the male is to be an authority in the church. This authority is based upon the fact that Christ represented his people on the cross; and that Jesus, being a man, was called the second Adam. As Adam represented all of mankind, Jesus represented all his people. The natural order is established with male headship in the church: In which Jesus is the head and in the family where the husband is the head of the wife. There is no mention in Scripture where a woman can be a pastor (in violation of the pastoral epistles' teaching that the elder is to be male) as long as there is a male head over her. By definition, a person in the pulpit on Sunday morning preaching the word of God is in a place of authority. Such authoritative proclamation of the gospel is the responsibility of the elder in the church. Again, the elder is a person who teaches (1 Tim. 5:17), and that the elder is to be a man (1 Tim. 2:9-13; I Peter 5:1-3), the husband of one wife.
- The Term "Elder"
- PRESBUTEROS--elder, an old man, a leader in the church. The term is used
- of the elder of two persons (Luke 15:25, or more, John 8:9).
- of a person advanced in age (Acts 2:17; in Heb. 11:2).
- of the forefathers in Israel (Matt. 15:2; Mark 7:3, 5).
- of members of the Sanhedrin (Matt. 16:21; 26:47).
- of those who managed public affairs in the various cities (Luke 7:3).
- of those who were the heads or leaders of the tribes and families, as of the seventy who helped Moses (Num. 11:16; Deut. 27:1). This included those:
- acting as judges in apprehending murderers (Deut. 19:12).
- conducting inquests (Deut. 21:2).
- settling matrimonial disputes (Deut. 22:15; 25:7).
- If theirs was a city of refuge, they also heard pleas for asylum (Joshua 20:4).
- of those qualified by the Holy Spirit who exercised spiritual care and oversight of the local congregation.
- EPISKOPOI--overseers, bishops
- Titus equates bishop and elder in Titus 1:5-9.
- PRESBUTEROS--elder, an old man, a leader in the church. The term is used
- Regarding the Office:
- The office of Elder is a divinely appointed office as defined in the Pastoral Epistles.
- Elders are apparently appointed by the laying on of hands (1 Tim. 4:14; 2 Tim. 1:6).
- Should receive double honor in the church (1 Tim. 5:17).
- The pastor is an elder (1 Peter 5:1-3).
- The pastor is an elder who preaches and/or teaches (1 Tim. 5:17).
- The pastor (elder) is to equip the body of Christ (Eph. 4:11-13).
- Must be a man (1 Tim. 2:9-13).
- All uses of "elder" are in the masculine except for 1 Tim. 5:2 where it means older women.
- The Responsibilities of Elders in the NT Church:
- Must shepherd the flock (1 Peter 5:2).
- Must voluntarily exercise oversight upon the flock (1 Peter 5:2).
- Must live as examples to the flock (1 Peter 5:3).
- Anoint and pray for the sick (James 5:14).
- They have the tasks of teaching (1 Tim. 5:17; Titus 1:5, 9).
- They have the tasks of acting as judges (Acts 15:2, 6, 22-29; 16:4).
- Qualifications for an elder
- Must be above reproach (Titus 1:6; 1 Tim. 3:2).
- Husband of one wife (Titus 1:6; 1 Tim. 3:2).
- Household must be in order with children who believe (Titus 1:6 ;1 Tim. 3:4).
- Not a new convert (1 Tim. 3:6).
- Self-controlled and temperate (Titus 1:7; 1 Tim. 3:2).
- Honorable, hospitable, seeking good (Titus 1:7).
- Have a good reputation (1 Tim. 3:7).
- Not addicted to wine (1 Tim. 3:3).
- Not greedy (1 Tim. 3:3).
- Able to exhort (teach) sound doctrine (Titus 1:9; 1 Tim. 3:2).
- Able to refute false teaching (Titus 1:9).
- They must be ready to earn their own living if necessary (Acts 20:17, 33-35).


text:
Event Archive - Dance the night away with Superglide!: Superglide
Fri. June 14th 2013 - Fri. June 14th 2013 @ Stationhouse Pub (No Minors)
9pm - 1am
Event CategoriesMusic: Pop / Rock / Indie, Tribute / Cover
ReviewsNo articles have been linked to this profile
Superglide (We get the dance floor moving.)
A high energy power trio playing a variety of classic to current rock with a little blues and even country thrown in the mix. We aim to please even the toughest crowd. Jaegermeister body shots available on request. more info

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Search Constraints
You searched for: Author Geological Survey (U.S.) Remove constraint Author: Geological Survey (U.S.) Access Public Remove constraint Access: Public Subject Inland Waters Remove constraint Subject: Inland Waters Place New Jersey Remove constraint Place: New Jersey Data type Line Remove constraint Data type: Line Year 2014 Remove constraint Year: 2014
Search Results
1. 1:1,000,000-Scale Streams of the United States, 2014
2014. Geological Survey (U.S.). This map layer shows streams of the United States, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The map layer was produced primarily from the Medium-R... Geological Survey (U.S.).


text:
If you've seen the bumper sticker, "Visualize Whirled Peas," as a play on "Visualize World Peace," it is a reminder of what is happening at Apple's Worldwide Developers Conference this week.
About 5,000 developers, the largest assembly ever for WWDC, are meeting here to learn about Apple technology, especially the iPhone 3G, which is coming July 11.
They hope to find out what iPhone 3G can mean to their new applications for gaming or for sharing critical information useful to doctors, engineers or just about anybody.
The whole event is stimulating, some developers said, as they crammed into bathrooms on breaks and lined up for coffee. But primarily it is inspirational, in the way technology can often inspire, and with a lot of wackiness and fun built in.
The developers and IT managers who will be using the iPhone 3G speak in grand terms about how a really good phone, combined with a great computer that runs on a really fast wireless network could, yes, change the world.
"It's not world peace, but it's a start," one developer, who didn't want to give his name, said of iPhone 3G with a smile and glistening eyes. In its early stages, the iPhone 3G, as announced, is, perhaps, more like Whirreled Peas that developers hope to turn into something more tangible.
In several interviews, they talked about how technology as good as the iPhone 3G could influence conventional economic systems, making it a truly distruptive technology. Several developers said it could be as important as a $100 laptop in the hands of a poor child, and with the iPhones priced at US$199, it gets close to that.
It could also be the first phone/computer for people in some regions of countries such as India or China, or even the rural US, where a traditional communications infrastructure, built on wires, never materialized, they said.
The hope of many wireless technologies has long been to leapfrog the wired world, but a smart phone with rich capabilities like the iPhone 3G's can bring that dream closer to reality, they said.
If they sound like dreamers, the Apple developers admit they are, but that is why many said they became developers in the first place.
"Look at how India and China have skipped a generation of infrastructure and have gone to wireless. One of the reasons that I liked iPhone early on was the idea of changing business processes, where you're not tied to the notion of having an office where the old-fashioned command and control approach applies," said Vivek Kundra, the chief technology officer for the District of Columbia.
There, a beta test of iPhone 2.0 is underway, and Kundra envisions hundreds, if not thousands, of workers using iPhone 3Gs to support municipal functions.
With GPS in iPhone 3G, Kundra said the location technology could help emergency response teams see where other team members are located on a street map on the device interface. Other smart-phone equipment providers offer similar capabilities, but the iPhone 3G seems to bring more functions together into one device, he said.
Mike Lee, chief architect for client software at Tapulous, a US-software company that develops social networking applications, said iPhone 3G is the kind of technology that could help one African nation close to his heart develop more intelligently.


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This Valentine's Day, SMU's Hegi Family Career Development Center will play matchmaker for students and businesses looking for commitments.
More than 100 employers will participate in the Hegi Career Center's Spring 2013 Career and Internship Fair noon-4 p.m Thursday, Feb. 14, in Hughes-Trigg Student Center. Students can find a list of participating employers here.
Hegi Career Center counselors are available to help students make the most of their Career Fair experience. A few advance tips:
"As part of your research before the fair, check out your target employers on Facebook, LinkedIn and Twitter. Social media may provide you more information about the company culture and what it is like to work there." – Guy Davis
"Dress in business casual clothing for the fair. Make eye contact and have a firm handshake when meeting employers for the first time. These are simple yet powerful ways to be remembered." – Darin Ford
"After the fair, if you met with a company that has a strong presence on Twitter or Facebook, tweet or post on its page about how great it was to learn about the company and its opportunities, and mention something specific that you discussed. The company's social media team will be impressed and might even tweet back!" – Allison Dupuis
"After the fair, make sure you follow up with employer representatives who provided you their contact information. Thank-you notes are always appreciated. Also, check the career center website to see whether the company will be hosting an information session that you can attend." – Lisa Tran
> Visit the Hegi Family Career Development Center at smu.edu/career


text:
Cao Zhi wrote:Nothing like that has ever happened to me. What did you experience? Was there a text with animated characters?
The world tallest midget wrote:I liked Romance of the three kingdoms 2, but I never figured how to make my officers stay loyal. They always lost loyalty so fast. and went free all the time. You cant reward them fast enough.
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text:
The Phi Alpha Tau brothers at Boston's Emerson College are raising money to help a prospective member pay for his gender reassignment surgery. Be still, my cold, frat boy-skeptical heart.
From Out:
[Donnie] Collins now has a college health insurance policy through Emerson, a policy, like so many others, that is trans-exclusionary. It is common practice for insurance companies to deem female-to-male breast augmentation-or top surgery-as a cosmetic plastic surgery rather than a necessity. So Collins has been raising money for the procedure for months, but it seemed that one door after another would close in his face. His petition for a trans-inclusive policy was recently denied by the college's insurance plan, and his personal Chipin fund will cease when the crowd-funding site shuts down next month.
In a time when his options were running out, Collins's brothers in Phi Alpha Tau have rallied together to cover some of the surgery's cost. Find their indiegogo fund here: Brothers of A Boston Fraternity - FTM: Top Surgery. The brothers' fund has already surpassed the $2,000 they initially hoped to donate, but now they're looking to cover even more of the procedure's $8,100 cost.
Most frats haze wannabe brothers by making them chug live goldfish and vomit, so the fact that Phi Alpha Tau is using its institutional cred to support Collins is beyond heartwarming. This is what brotherhood really looks like.


text:
Deep Fried Chicago: Mayan Palace
Last time I ordered a chimichanga here in Chicago, I left simultaneously vowing to skip dinner and nodding my head in awe at the restaurant's deep fried prowess. They had served me a perfectly golden brown deep fried burrito, one that could be cut in half without spilling its guts across the table and whose balance of flavors was remarkable, considering the circumstances. But I said it then and I'll repeat it now: it wasn't the chimichanga I desired. That elusive, red sauce and melted cheese topped specimen has been something of a challenge to locate here in Chicago. But I may have finally found my white whale at Mayan Palace, a nondescript Lakeview spot located on a lonely stretch of Halsted.
Resist the temptation to fill up on the free chips (which I'll discuss below): the Chimichanga Suiza ($9.95) is worth saving yourself for. With at least five iterations on the menu (not counting filling variations), Mayan Palace easily corners the niche chimichanga market. Don't attempt to understand the menu's varied minutia, though: all you need to know is that you'll be getting a flour tortilla wrapped around your filling of choice and the whole affair will be deep fried, plated, and presented desnudo or topped with sauce and/or cheese and/or avocado slices. Said sauces are the various housemade moles, and while I defer to Nick's more experienced tongue on the matter, I found both the mole rojo atop my chimichanga and the mole poblano our server brought out for sampling to be smoky, rich, and deeply flavored. The chimichanga proper was flawless in every way: the shredded beef filling was tender and well seasoned, the tortilla was crisp without shattering, and the restrained dousing of sauce and cheese moistened without overpowering. This is a chimichanga for which I shall return.
I wish I could say the same about the Chiles Rellenos ($12.95), the meal's only misstep. Though the pepper still retained an enlivened crunch and the cheese was sufficiently melty, the thickly applied egg batter was bready and soggy under its ranchero sauce blanket.
But back to the Chips & Salsa (free, as they should be at any self-respecting Tex-Mex restaurant), that appetite ruining starter for the self-discipline-less in us all. Rather than simply filling time and stomach space, the offering here is on point. The chips are greaseless and crisp with substance, like Fritos. And the salsa, with finely julienned cilantro, chip clingability, and unobtrusive (but certainly present) spice is exactly what I'm looking for in a place like this. Think of it as spicy Mexican pizza sauce, if that descriptor could be used without a hint of insult.
It's also worth mentioning the exemplary Rice and Beans: the former featured fiercely individual, saffron hued grains, while the latter was rich and creamy. If I can wrench myself away from the chimichanga on my next visit, they'll make an excellent pair to anything on the menu—as long as it comes topped with that silky, dreamy mole.
Mayan Palace
2703 N Halsted Street Chicago, IL 60614 (map)
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


text:
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Scalingo is about empowering software teams to manage entire application lifecycles without direct involvement of ops/admin.


text:
I'm Sibyl Chavis. One day I decided to give up complaining for 40 days. 40 days turned into 5 years and I've never looked back. Since then I've held a one-way ticket to living each day better than the last.
Harvard Law School and 10 years in corporate America kept me running through the day reacting to all the "stuff of life" that was continually thrown my way. Ironically, even though I was doing a lot, I felt like I wasn't accomplishing everything I was really capable of.
Sound familiar? Well, there is a different way to live.
We can take control of Today (and every today that follows) simply by living intentionally and not just letting the day happen to us.
Each day we are given a new set of 24 hours and a new set of possibilities. We get to decide how to use those 24 hours … what we do, what we feel, the chances we take, what we think, how we behave.
By taking advantage of all the possibilities of today, we open up a new world and a different way of living. We find all the success we have been looking for and live up to our absolute potential all while slowing down enough to enjoy the journey and have a great peace of mind.
It's all about choosing to create the life you really want and committing to Live Today Better than Yesterday. Will you join me?


text:
Suder to leave state Assembly
Majority Leader Scott Suder is leaving the state Assembly.
The Abbotsford Republican has represented the 69th Assembly District for 14 years. Suder said Wednesday he'll step down Sept. 3. Gov. Scott Walker says Suder will become the Public Service Commission's division administrator for Water Compliance and Consumer Affairs.
Suder says some of his legislative victories include Jessica's Law, which provided mandatory minimum sentences for first-degree child sexual offenders and the Rural Jobs Act that provided millions in tax credits to help locate and grow rural businesses.


text:
July 2006
U.S. Chief Economist to Keynote 13th Annual Securities Conference
Chester Spatt, Chief Economist of the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
, will deliver the opening keynote at the
13th Annual Securities Conference
, which will be held at Pace University's downtown NYC campus on Thursday, October 19, 2006. The luncheon keynote will be given by Gerald D. Putnam, President and Co-COO of the
NYSE Group, Inc
. The conference is being produced in conjuction with
The Wall Street Journal
and will focus on global consolidation of exchanges and securities firms.
more info
Chester Spatt
Bob Pittman
Robert W. Pittman to Keynote Executive Summit
Marketing Department
is co-sponsoring a major
industry conference
on September 15, 2006, in collaboration with
Adweek Publications
, and the
Marketing Executives Networking Group
. The luncheon speaker will be
Robert Ingalls
, president,
Broadband and Retail Market, and the keynote speaker will be
Bob Pittman
, founding member, Pilot Group, LLC, former CEO of
, and former president and co-COO of
AOL Time-Warner
. The conference is expected to attract over 200 senior marketing executives from client and agency organizations.
more info
Pace COAP Program Celebrates 20th Anniversary
The New York State Society of Certified Public Accountants (NYSSCPA)
and Pace celebrated the 20th year of the
Career Opportunities in the Accounting Profession (COAP) Program
, with 37 high school juniors attending the 2006 residency program at Pace's Pleasantville and downtown New York City campuses in June. The COAP program was begun to help create opportunities for minorities in accounting. Over 1,500 students have participated in the program over the last twenty years.
more info
Liz Diep '00 with COAP students
Students use software to help improve quality of life in Chinatown.
Students Work to Improve Chinatown Quality of Life
In June, Pace students surveyed and observed street conditions in Chinatown as part of a project to help the community regain the tourism that was lost since 9-11. They partnered with the FUND for New York City, the Chinatown Partnership, the Indochina Community Center, the Pace Center for Urban Education, and the businesses and citizens of Chinatown. Student teams were issued a map, a list of several hundred problems of which to be aware, and a Personal Data Assistant (PDA) with a built-in camera and special software to identify and log any of 330 various quality-of-life issues.
more info
8th Annual Lubin Golf Classic
Great weather and fun-spirited golfers set the pace for the
Lubin School's 8th Annual Golf Classic
at the Wheatley Hills Golf Club in East Williston, New York. Golfers played on a challenging Devereux Emmett designed course and enjoyed 5-star cuisine at brunch and the dinner/cocktail reception, fabulous raffle prizes, and a silent auction. Proceeds from the Golf Classic fund
scholarships for undergraduate students
who demonstrate academic excellence, financial need, and service to Pace. Ten Lubin undergraduates received Golf Classic Scholarships this year.
more info
Lucia Martinez accepting her 2006 Golf Classic Scholarship Award
Revan Raeburn '06 with Mary Long, PhD, associate professor of marketing
Class of 2006 Receive Honors
Outstanding doctoral, master's, and baccalaureate students were honored on the New York City and Westchester campuses in May at the Lubin School's
Centennial Awards and Beta Gamma Sigma Induction Ceremony
. One hundred thirty-seven students were inducted into
Beta Gamma Sigma
, the preeminent international honor society in business. Lubin's dean,
Joseph R. Baczko
, was inducted as an honorary member, and
Richard Friedman
'73, executive chairman,
BioScrip Inc.
, was the 2006 Beta Gamma Sigma Pace chapter honoree in recognition of their accomplishments in the field of business and personification of the principles of Beta Gamma Sigma.
more info
Lubin Student Receives Prestigious Scholarships
Jie Ying (Jade) Tsui '07, an international management student, received two prestigious and competitive scholarships, the
Benjamin Gilman Scholarship
and the
Freeman-Awards for Study in Asia (ASIA)
award, from the
U.S. State Department Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs
, for study in Japan. The Gilman Scholarship program offers grants for U.S. citizen undergraduate students with financial need to pursue academic studies abroad. Freeman-ASIA awards are designed to support American undergraduates with demonstrated financial need who are planning on studying overseas in East or Southeast Asia.
more info
Jie Ying (Jade) Tsui
Ryan D. Kaye
Convergence in Accounting?
Center for International Business Development
EDHEC-Nice Business School
"Global Reporting: Moving Toward Convergence?"
a conference which addressed convergence in accounting principles and its impact on the business environment as well as the accounting profession.
Dr. Linda Sama
, associate professor of management, and director of the Center for International Business Development, served as moderator, and featured guest panelists included
Dr. Jerry Engeholm
, clinical professor of accounting, Mr. Ryan D. Kaye, senior manager at
Ernst & Young
, and Mr. Yigal Rechtmann (CPA) of
Person & Company LLP
more info
International Student Visitors
This spring and summer, Lubin's Center for International Business Development hosted 15 MBA students from
Fachhochschule Stralsund
(Germany), 43 upper-level undergraduates from
EDHEC-Nice Business School
(France), and 10 upper-level undergraduates from the
school in Mexico-Santa Fe campus. As part of their programs these students visited a number of elite business institutions in New York City, including the NYSE, the Mercantile Exchange, Bloomberg, and the NASD.
more info
Stralsund University MBA students at Pace
Pace's New York City Advertising Team prepares for competition.
Advertising Olympics
The Pace Advertising teams finished in the top five in the
American Advertising Federation's National Student Advertising Competition
. The competition, dubbed the "Olympics of Advertising," is the premier college advertising competition. The
New York City team
came in 3rd place and the Pleasantville team won a special award for delivering the "Most Entertaining Presentation" and came in 5th in the total rankings. Our teams have come in 3rd place or higher for the last three years.
more info
Pace NABA Students Receive Highest Honors
For the fifth year, Pace's student chapter of the
National Association of Black Accountants (NABA)
placed first in their membership division in NABA's national Student Chapter Reporting Evaluation Program (SCREP). The chapter's outgoing president, Ritu Sood '06, has been designated a Distinguished Collegian, NABA's highest student honor, by
NABA National
, and Student of the Year, by the
NABA-New York Region
. Sigrid Richards '08, incoming NABA-Pace chapter president, received a scholarship from NABA National and will be honored at its
national convention
in Florida later this year.
more info
Sigrid Richards 06, left, and Ritu Sood '06
ALPFA team members at the competition
ALPFA Students Shine
The Pace chapter of the
Association of Latino Professionals in Finance and Accounting (ALPFA)
placed second in this year's KPMG accounting case competition held in New York City. Students presented a report to judges based on their analysis of the accounting case they were charged with researching. The Pace ALPFA team will go on to compete at the
ALPFA National Convention
in Fort Worth, Texas, in August.
more info
Third Annual Pace Pitch Contest
Save the date for the
Third Annual Pace Pitch Contest
, which will be held at Pace University's
downtown NYC campus
on Friday, November 17, 2006. The concept for this event is based on the Elevator Pitch, popular in the venture capital community. It is an extremely concise presentation of an entrepreneur's idea, business model, marketing strategy, competitive analysis, and financial plan, which is delivered to potential investors. The contest is open to the Pace community as well as the general public.
more info
David Oreck keynoted the 2005 Pace Pitch Contest.
Calling Executives For Nonprofits
Wilson Center for Social Entrepreneurship
at Pace has recently launched
, a Web site providing an online community for those interested in making the transition from business to nonprofit employment. If you are interested in working in the nonprofit sector, or in bringing experienced business people into your nonprofit, or if you speak with individuals interested in making this move, please visit
and join the community.
more info
Annual Fund
Since 1906, Pace has prepared its students for the professional world. Year after year loyal Annual Fund supporters provide the financial basis for an outstanding educational experience that leads to career readiness. Every gift greatly enhances the value and prestige of a Pace University Lubin School of Business degree. Especially during our Centennial year, your gift can make a difference. Please join the thousands of alumni, faculty, staff, and students who support Pace annually and make your gift today at
and don't forget to designate your gift to the Lubin School of Business!
more info
© Pace University


text:
Updated A number of Apple fanbois have been shut out of their iTunes store and iCloud accounts since last night as their login details fail to work as expected.
Attempts to access the services are thwarted with either a 'fatal internal error occurred' message being shown or the software simply saying that the password hasn't been recognised.
One Reg reader said that Apple's support lines were "congested", but when they eventually got through, the support person said that Apple ID computers were down.
Apple had not answered a request for comment at the time of publication.
The twitosphere is alive with complaints about the problem (#appleid) and seem to indicate that the issue is happening all over the world - judging by the number of tweets appearing in various different languages.
So far, Apple itself has made no public statements about the problem, leaving most Apple-lovers to thank social networking sites for giving them the news that they're not alone in having issues. The outage comes as Apple rolls out its iTunes Match service to the UK and other countries.
Apple is now reporting that some problems were experienced by iCloud users, but it's all sorted now, on what appears to be a new system status page. ®


text:
Book Direct with the Owner at Tourist Parks with our Tourism Adelaide Agent in , for all your holiday and travel needs.
Address: 16A Bell Street, Dunbogan NSW 2443
Address: Lake View Avenue, Blackheath NSW 2785
Address: 46 Merry Beach Road, Merry Beach NSW 2539
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Address: Penrice Road, Nuriootpa SA 5355
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Address: Egan Street, Mareeba QLD 4880
Address: 128 Hastings River Drive, Port Macquarie NSW 2444
Address: Cassowary Drive, Wongaling Beach QLD 4852
Address: Lot 2 Stuart Highway, Howard Springs NT 835
Address: Off Port Keats Road, Daly River NT 822
Address: Namatjira Drive, Glen Helen NT 872
Address: Larapinta Drive, Alice Springs NT 870
Address: 1382 Peko Road, Tennant Creek NT 860
Address: Rocks Road Cairns, Cairns QLD 4870
Address: 94 Twyford Street, Bundaberg QLD 4670
Address: 321 Goodwood Road, Bundaberg QLD 4670
Address: 15 Old GIn Gin Road, Bundaberg QLD 4670
Address: Corner Harmans South Road Miamup Road, Margaret River WA 6285
Address: Cnr Montville Landershute Roads, Palmwoods QLD 4555
copyright © 2020 Tourism Adelaide. All rights reserved.


text:
At the end of Day 1 of the Doctor Who Convention, what have we learned?
Oh sure, we saw Matt and Karen and Arthur and Steven and Caroline and the script-writers and producers and directors and costume-makers and make-up artists and props designers and pretty much everyone else associated with the show, and tbey were all fantastic. But the real stars were those hardy souls who elected to experience the entire kit and caboodle while wearing fancy dress, on a boiling hot spring day.
This is dedication beyond the cause of duty, this is sacrifice beyond that which is normally demanded, and such sacrifices must be recognised and applauded.
These then, are the Prime Whovians, and they should be saluted, rewarded, appreciated and cherished.
Like the girl wearing the amazing Dalek Burqa, or this soon-to-be Impossibly Hot Astronaut:
Or this handsome trio.
Or these equally fine gentlemen. The Six Doctors:
Or Tweedy-dum and Tweedy-dee:
Must be time for Elevensies:
And we all know what the Doctor calls the TARDIS in private, right?
"Get off my FOOT, SIMON!"
Note: OK, so that last one isn't technically cosplay.
Next: Day 2Read More


text:
|php.net | support | documentation | report a bug | advanced search | search howto | statistics | random bug | login
Patch property006.phpt for Scripting Engine problem Bug #60536
Patch version 2011-12-16 16:19 UTCReturn to Bug #60536 | Download this patch
Patch Revisions:
Developer: email@example.com
--TEST-- Introducing new private variables of the same name in a subclass is ok, and does not lead to any output. That is consitent with normal inheritance handling. --FILE-- <?php error_reporting(E_ALL | E_STRICT); class Base { private $hello; } trait THello1 { private $hello; } // Now we use the trait, which happens to introduce another private variable // but they are distinct, and not related to each other, so no warning. echo "PRE-CLASS-GUARD\n"; class SameNameInSubClassNoNotice extends Base { use THello1; } echo "POST-CLASS-GUARD\n"; // now the same with a class that defines the property itself, // that should give the expected strict warning. class Notice extends Base { use THello1; private $hello; } echo "POST-CLASS-GUARD2\n"; ?> --EXPECTF-- PRE-CLASS-GUARD POST-CLASS-GUARD Strict Standards: Notice and THello1 define the same property ($hello) in the composition of Notice. This might be incompatible, to improve maintainability consider using accessor methods in traits instead. Class was composed in %s on line %d POST-CLASS-GUARD2
Copyright © 2001-2020 The PHP Group
All rights reserved.
|Last updated: Sat Oct 31 13:01:23 2020 UTC


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Steve_S wrote:I bought one of those "tactical super bright military grade" flashlights they sell on informercials and its actually pretty good! It runs on 3 AAA batteries And is super bright. It says 3000 lumens but I doubt its THAT bright. https://www.amazon.com/Didakay-Tactical ... flashlight
tncaver wrote:Mini Mag makes several different LED lights that are very bright and priced under $20 each.
NZcaver wrote:Try something like this?
https://www.amazon.com/UltraFire-Tactic ... B071Y6JFBM
Personally I'm not a fan of zooming head LED lights, but a 5 pack for $17 isn't bad. $3.40 each. Ultrafire is a somewhat known brand, and this is probably the cheapest light they have. 300 lumens (so they say) with high, low and strobe settings. Water resistant. Hundreds of reviews, average 4 stars. Can use rechargeable 14500 or 1 x AA battery. Not bad for a stocking stuffer.
Squirrel Girl wrote:FWIW, NZ, I am familiar with UltraFire as a battery company. I think they might be the batteries that died soon after I bought them.
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How is it possible to be liberal and Reformed? I've read a lot of information on this site and others like it but I still don't understand why some Reformed churches are liberal and others not.
I've also noticed that the OPC seems to be quite conservative but you don't seem to be legalistic like some Baptists, Church of Christ and some Pentecostals. In fact my SBC seems liberal when I compare it to the local OPC. How is this?
Thank you for your questions. I think the answer lies in which definition of Reformed one uses. There are a number of churches that have that term in their name, but have forgotten what it means. It comes from the Reformation slogan that "The Reformed church is always reforming" according to the Word of God. In other words, we are consciously seeking to change anything in our thinking or practice that is not rooted in the Scripture. Understood historically, it is impossible to be Reformed and liberal theologically. We test all things by the Word of God, and that Word only. With that singular authority, we cannot stray from the Gospel.
As you also note, this also protects us from legalism. We are not free to design manmade standards to promote holiness. We find our righteousness entirely in Christ. We are not free to invent mandates or prohibitions. What God requires is required; what he forbids is forbidden; all other things are indifferent.
May God protect us from our own pride, and bring us as students to his Word!
"Questions and Answers" is a weekly feature of the OPC website. The answers come from individual ministers in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church expressing their own convictions and do not necessarily represent an "official" position of the Church, especially in areas where the Standards of the Church (the Scriptures and the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechisms) are silent.
The questions come from individuals like yourself. If you have questions about biblical and theological matters, you are invited to send them by e-mail by using the "Pose a Question" link on the OPC home page or by clicking here.
At least one new question is posted each week, so there should always be something new here for you to read. (For those people who would like to look at previous questions and answers, they will continue to be available as well.)
The purpose of the OPC website's "Questions and Answers" is to respond to biblical and theological questions. Matters of church discipline, disputes, or debates go beyond the scope of our work. We recommend that you present your concerns in these areas to the appropriate judicatory. In most cases this will be to a local pastor, elder, or session. We do not want the website to replace personal involvement in, or commitment to, the local, visible church.
While we will respond to every serious questioner, we are not bound to give a substantive answer to every question, should we deem the question to be beyond the scope of our purpose or our own ability to answer.
You will receive an answer by e-mail. Please be patient as many of our respondents are busy pastors. The response to your question may take up to two (2) weeks. Some of the questions submitted will be chosen to be posted here, along with the corresponding answers.
Note that the "Questions and Answers" posted on the site have been editedall personal references are removed, Scripture references or from some source may be added, and sometimes portions are expandedto make the questions and answers more useful to a larger audience.
|© 2020 The Orthodox Presbyterian Church
Chaplains and Military Personnel


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Apologies for the outages over the last couple of days.
The co-location company that we use, Titan Internet, were bought out a while ago, and frankly things have not been the same since.
The recent outage was caused by a re-build of the NAS (provided by Titan and shared with loads of other users) that we use for backups. It's attached to the server via an NFS mount. The work on the NAS was not announced in advance, so I was unable to take any precautionary measures.
With the backup NFS mount down, all overnight backup jobs failed. For some reason I don 't understand, the MySQL backups froze rather than crashed. Eventually, the MySQL server became locked up as all available connections were in use serving frozen backups!
TMC uses a MySQL database to store all dynamic content and to store authentication details for users. Additionally, MySQL is used to store authentication details for mail users, and is used by the SMTP mail server (Exim), as well as the POP/IMAP servers (Courier IMAP).
So TMC was down, as was the email service! As a result of the latter problem, no-one could email me to say that there was a problem! I eventually found out when my wife complained that she couldn't get her personal email.
I maintain a Gmail account as a backup to the email accounts managed by the TMC server. I've passed the details of this email account to Cakeboy. He has my phone number as well, which he knows he's welcome to use. Hopefully, this sort of problem won't happen again in the future - I have complained to Titan about their failure to notify me - but if it does, Cakeboy and the team should be able to let me know in good time.
All the best to everyone.


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In September of 2011, I had created a profile on Zoosk. I was tired of meeting guys in the traditional "bar scene." A few weeks went by and I received a message from a guy that only included his phone number. It took me a couple days to think about if I wanted to call him. When I did, we agreed to meet up and have a drink, but I got scared and blew him off. Three days later I finally DID meet with him and I knew this was the guy I wanted to marry. After just six months in April he proposed to me and we just got married October 22, 2011. I never thought that it was possible to find someone like him. He puts me first and would like a family someday. There is someone out there for everyone. Thank you ZOOSK!!!!!
Congratulations and thank YOU for sharing your story with us!
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Western Carolina University's Police Department will host a free law enforcement seminar on police officer survival skills from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. Friday, July 30. Deputy Jeff DeGrow of the Charleston County, S.C., Sheriff's Office will re-enact an incident in which he survived being shot six times responding to a burglary in progress.
Geared to veterans of law enforcement and recent police academy graduates alike, the seminar also will cover critical incident care, stress management, identifying as an officer, and other survival techniques. 828.227.7301.


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Event Archive - The Modelos
Sat. December 22nd 2012 @ Fairview Pub (No Minors)
Event CategoriesMusic: Country / Bluegrass / Rockabilly, Pop / Rock / Indie
ReviewsNo articles have been linked to this profile
The Modelos (Western Cowboy Surf)
The Modelos are Vancouvers Rock 'n' Roll Instrumental Cowboy Surfers. The group was formed in 2004 when Joe Rotundo and Mike Kenney collaborated in a songwriting adventure that would produce songs like, "Somewhere West", & "Down the Dusty Trail". Brad Ferguson and Geoff Hicks were the natural selection as the rhythm section and thus born was The Mo... more info


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Opinion: Bloomberg Guns for the NRA
Editorial page editor Paul Gigot on Bloomberg's anti-gun campaign.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... I ... see Mayor Michael Bloomberg wants a twelve million dollars thirteen stayed at ian pizza from a gun control ... but what's the NRA chief Wayne LaPierre said on Meet the Press on Sunday ... here on Capitol Hill ... what's going happen with gun safety legislation ... well you just heard Mayor Bloomberg but he's going to find out this is a country of the people by the people and for the people ... in he can spend enough of his twenty seven billion dollars ... to try to impose his will on the American public they don't wanna miss the restaurants that don't want them in their homes they don't want and tell them what food in the they sure don't want to tell what self-defense Firestone in he can buy America ... he's so ... Paul Shanti your ... mind is what we well I mean she PRED sickness around a little more seriously why think he's taking very seriously and I think that what you heard that was the ... idea that we're not here is not the ... most awful man ... and even in these kind of weepy given to the cost of dismissal which that was ... ah but I think they are concerned because they know this is of a political threat ... they dominated the politics of gun control since the mid nineteen nineties because Democrats to ... favored gun control in the past ... have to have concluded that ... they could lose in the swing districts if they oppose NRA priorities ... Bloomberg is basic coming in the Senate were to change the political dynamic but trying to change the politics in individual districts ... in in states where to spend liberally to do it so for the first time in about two decades ... the NRA has a real political opposition ... they have to meet and defeat ... is so smart and lumber to focus on background checks which ... seem to have wide support among you can ... well he I think it is true that skinny because it did the background checks to mean think about it for some who pose that now ... the attitude that depends on the nature of the checks the area in particular ... does not like a formal record keeping ... with the end of the system which would become the basis could become the basis for a national gun registry ... but if it's something short of that ... I think most Americans don't we don't really care ... um background checks seem sensible would see somebody as a criminal record or mental health record or something but ... I'm that's with the contention is no and that's I think Smarties as if you look at what we as believers running ... prefect of unit that ... will mean that matter if you still see Democrats and Senate ... guys like Harry Reid for example they ... couldn't get ... an assault weapons ban on because of the divisions within the Democratic Party well it did that's exactly the kind of balance of power the kind of change for trying to change the facts on the ground where the senators from the swing states cars using what ... I can see clean bowled for background checks because ... even though the NRA says no one else scored differently ... to the public opinion has changed enough that what I heard from him in the coming election the Bharti see Harry Reid's given up on the assault weapons but that's gone ... that's not gonna pass but the issue of the background check to some of these in advance on ammo


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Tarot Card Meanings
Five of Cups
Loss happens on the material plane. Yet what truly belongs to you cannot be taken away.
Four of Cups
Six of Cups
Watch Now: Five of Cups Video
Learn the meaning of the Five of Cups Tarot card in under a minute!
General Meaning
The Five of this suit traditionally portrays the mess that is left after an emotional upheaval, such as a tantrum or fit of rage. Consequences run the gamut from a hangover and lost wages, to abuse and ruined relationships.
This card is also sometimes called Inheritance, suggesting the cross-generational legacy of such tragedies. Violent family patterns magnified to a much larger scale can become war.
In the Reversed Position
The Five of Cups reversed represents a paradoxical situation wherein what seems like the worst thing that could happen actually creates a better circumstance.
Any incoherent fear, once expressed and faced, can be transformed into a manageable issue. Then you are liberated from the dread of negative anticipation, wondering if the situation will blow up in your face. You are freer to act authentically as a result of this energy turn.
In the Advice Positon
The Five of Cups in this position advises you to tighten your belt, make do with less and show more appreciation for the things you do have. If something is truly yours, it cannot be lost. When you are experiencing feelings of loss, it may be because of an inappropriate emotional attachment. If you promise things that you cannot deliver, then you might be setting yourself up for disappointment to follow. In overestimating our abilities, we are forced to face our limits.
Be grateful that as the cups fell, you lost only three of the five. Two are still intact, pristine and full of sacred energy. Do not cling to the setback. Focus on the potential.
A powerful message is waiting for you! Get your Reconciliation Tarot Reading NOW...
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CUPSAce of Cups
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SWORDSAce of Swords
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COINSAce of Coins
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Knight of Coins
Queen of Coins
King of Coins


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Technology is advancing day by day in fact the new technology is no killing the old technology in reality it is advancing the previous versions, peoples are more and more easy and secure way to in technology usage, Microsoft is always been a very fast detector how to reshape the new technology is all software's like Microsoft Office, Operating systems like windows XP to Windows 7, Internet Explorer 8 IE8, and more,
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The MCTS certification is the one, which helps the candidate to step into the IT industry. MCTS also helps the professional who are already in the IT industry to get into a good position in the field. The candidates who are applying for the MCTS Online Certification should have experience about the network connectivity, desktop operating system, security, and applications. Those who are very good in these areas can have the MCTS certification without any problem and they may be experienced in a particular filed. The future of the certification will be very good and more demand will be there for MCTS certified professional. There are lots and lots of products that are developed with Microsoft Technology. Microsoft develops products which is very helpful for the users.
What expertise and skills MCTS certification demands?
Though you can acquire a reputable status by obtaining this certification, but it obviously demands a few expertises's that you must have. For this reason, you must be able in:
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To get this certification, you will require an experience of at least two years in implementing, troubleshooting, and debugging a given technology. One can say that this certification is the foundation for all the different Microsoft Certifications that are meant to validate your expertise in the functionality and features of Microsoft key technologies. As an IT professional, either you can demonstrate your in-depth knowledge in a given technical application or choose to earn as many MCTS training as you want to endorse your capabilities across a number of Microsoft products. However, it is all the more essential to constantly update your certification to enhance your competency under today's robust IT scenario.
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Württembergvür´təmbĕrk˝ [key], former state, SW Germany. Württemberg was formerly also spelled Würtemberg and Wirtemberg. The former state bordered on Baden in the northwest, west, and southwest, on Hohenzollern and Switzerland (from which it was separated by Lake Constance) in the south, and on Bavaria in the east and northeast. It included the Swabian Jura in the south and part of the Black Forest in the west. Stuttgart was the capital; other important cities were Ulm, Esslingen, Heilbronn, Tübingen, and Friedrichshafen. In 1952 it was incorporated into the new state of Baden-Württemberg.
Sections in this article:
- Introduction
- History
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
See more Encyclopedia articles on: German Political Geography


text: ok guys i am new here so here i go... back in the day i remember going to a cave in ga, i believe it was ear Smyrna, ga(within 50 or 60 miles) i do remember it was off a paved road or interstate maybe off of I-85 or hwy 19. it was maybe near south carolina. this cave had a opening that you could walk into and once in the cave( 200 feet??) there was an arch maybe. i do think it was labeled as a "beginners" cave. i think i could see my car from this cave. i can try to give more details if needed. does anybody know the name of this cave and where it is??


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Inuktitut: Eastern Arctic - ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ
Eastern Artic Inuktitut Bible
About Inuktitut
Inuktitut, also called Eastern Arctic Inuktitut, is spoken primarily in Nunavut and in Nunavik (northern Quebec) by the Inuit people. It is one of the official languages in the Nunavut territory along with English. The writing system used in Inuktitut is based on the syllabic writing originally developed by James Evans for Cree speakers, which was later adapted and introduced to the Inuit by Edmund Peck.
About This Translation
The Canadian Bible Society partnered closely with the Anglican Church diocese of the Arctic on the production of this scripture translation. The translation project was established by Dr. Eugene Nida, Translation Director for the American Bible Society in 1978 at the invitation of the Anglican Church. It is the first complete Bible translated in Canada where all of the translation has been done by speakers of the language (all Anglican priests, two of whom were consecrated as Bishops during the course of their work on the translation). The New Testament was first published in print in 1992, with at least 5 subsequent reprints. The complete Bible was published in 2012 and dedicated in the new Cathedral in Iqaluit on June 3, 2012. If you are interested in obtaining a printed copy of this Bible, please contact the Canadian Bible Society at http://www.biblescanada.com.
Copyright Information
Eastern Arctic Inuktitut Bible © 2012 Canadian Bible Society
The text of the Bible in Inuktitut which appears in this electronic format or website is for personal use only.
Up to five hundred (500) verses of the Bible text in any form (written, visual, electronic or audio) may be quoted without permission. The quoted verses may not be more than 50% of a complete book of the Bible, or more than 25% of the total text of the work in which they are quoted. Prior written permission must be obtained for any other use of the text. Copyright acknowledgement must in all cases appear on the title or copyright page.
For more information on copyright conditions or to apply, visit http://www.biblesociety.ca/copyright
Read Version Download The Bible App Now


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Textured Backdrops
Total Results 10
Total Results 10
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Texture can be thought of as the surface quality element in a piece of art. 2D and 3D textures create an illusion of depth and substance. It's no surprise that graphic designers and painters alike will use different techniques to bring out texture in order to distinguish their work and capture an audience's attention. Texture is unmistakable to the eye and you know it right away when you see it.
Why do Photographers use Textured Backdrops?
Denny's collection of textured backdrops take inspiration from everyday objects that you would find in your home, in the city, or out in nature. Aged copper, the shiny surface of gold tinfoil, and the rush of running water are a few of the textures that capture the imagination and make photos pop.
Some photo shoots require a little more depth than what a solid color can provide and thats why both seasoned and budding photographers trust Denny for printed textured backdrops. A wonderful choice for portraits of children, students, brides, and families.
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Share the world: Condon's continuing crusade
Winter will pass soon enough, but before you start limbering up your green thumb, make sure you get the thumbs up from Marlene Condon. The Nature Friendly Garden, her illustrated guide to ecologically sound horticulture, is tentatively slated for a March release, but her gardening revolution is scheduled to continue for quite a while after that.
This might come as news, but it's possible the rows of flowers and luxurious green pastures of many novice gardeners are doing Mother Nature more harm than good.
Take, for example, pesticides: "It's important to have as many kinds of animals as you can," says Condon. "There are all these predator-prey relationships that take place, and if you have different kinds of animals around the house, they just naturally keep each other in check."
In other words, you wouldn't need to fend off hordes of ravenous rodents with chemical WMD's every year if you'd just take care not to upset the delicate natural balance in the first place.
It may seem counterintuitive in a culture where we medicate anything that exhibits so much as a basic metabolic response, but Condon insists that's not necessary, proposing chapter after chapter of therapeutic alternatives.
"A lot of people don't like to let their plants go to seed– they remove them over the winter, because they think dried plants look ugly," she says. "But when people clean up their yards, they're actually making it very sterile and hard for wildlife to survive. These things aren't actually ugly."
How's that for Zen?
That's a recurring theme in her book, which also encompasses philosophy, aesthetics, and the emotional benefits of gardening. For those looking for a little physical rehab to go with the spiritual enlightenment, there's also a chapter about gardening techniques for the handicapped: "Of course, this is helpful even if you're not handicapped," she laughs.
Though this is Condon's first book, it's certainly not her first foray into eco-journalism: she's currently a field editor for Birds and Blooms magazine, has been published in a number of environmental periodicals, and wrote a nature column for the Daily Progress until around 2002.
And although she's also known for letters she occasionally pens to The Hook, Condon insists that she isn't an environmental activist.
"I picture myself more of an educator," she says. "The reason that people tend to do things that are harmful to the environment is that they don't know better. I see myself as trying to get people to understand the natural world, to deal with it in a natural way, and to be accepting of the fact that we need to share the world with these other organisms. With understanding, acceptance comes more easily."
There she goes with the enlightenment again.
Age: 53
What brought you here? I had been a summer research assistant at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Charlottesville.
What's worst about living here? The unnecessarily rampant development that has been taking place and is continuing Favorite hangout? My yard is definitely my favorite hangout. There is absolutely no other!
Most overrated virtue? People always comment on how clean I keep my house.
People would be surprised to know: I love cats even though I tell folks to round up strays and to restrict the wandering of their pets so they won't have the opportunity to kill lots of wildlife.
What would you change about yourself? I wish I could better speak out in public for the good of the environment.
Proudest accomplishment? I graduated from college with a degree in physics after having had to work for five years as a cashier, waitress, and department manager in a store.
People find most annoying about you: I have strong convictions regarding what's best for the environment.
Whom do you admire? Carl Sagan, a brilliant astrophysicist, because he served as a public ambassador for astronomy.
Favorite book? Lost Horizon by James Hilton
Subject that causes you to rant? I don't like that some developers want to disregard the detrimental environmental consequences of their projects.
Biggest 21st-century thrill? That my book is being published by Stackpole Books.
Biggest 21st-century creep-out? I worry that the novel 1984 is becoming reality because of the ubiquitous cameras.
What do you drive? I drive a Toyota.
In your car CD player right now? I don't have a CD player, but I listen to folk music on a tape player.
Next journey? I'll be traveling around to help people implement the message of my book.
Most trouble you've ever gotten in? I skipped my advanced-math final exam my senior year of high school because it was just too nice a day to be indoors.
Regret? I regret having given away a great deal of money to people with the intention of helping them, only to discover that they then came to expect more money to be forthcoming.
Favorite comfort food? I don't eat to make myself feel better, but if I did, almost any unadulterated chocolate dessert would be great.
Always in your refrigerator? I always have skim milk and camera film in the fridge.
Must-see TV? I don't watch much TV, but I love The Office.
Favorite cartoon? "Ziggy" because I want to squeeze him!
Describe a perfect day. Any warm day spent observing the natural world is a perfect day for me.
Walter Mitty fantasy? I always wished I could live in James Hilton's Shangri-la, where time is almost unlimited for obtaining knowledge (a real hunger of mine).
Who'd play you in the movie? If it were a movie about me as a young girl, it would have to magically be a young Shirley Temple, whose hair style I shared.
Most embarrassing moment? Thirty-five years ago, the meter reader unexpectedly came by on a hot summer day and saw me through the bedroom window reading– in my birthday suit! This was in California, and the house had no air conditioning.
Best advice you ever got? Carl Sagan told me to get a degree in physics, not astronomy.
Favorite bumper sticker? Without a doubt, "Virginia is for lovers."
Marlene Condon


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Navy flag officers and top executives were told Thursday to begin cutting expenses -- laying off thousands of temporary civilian workers, reducing base operations and preparing to cancel maintenance work on more than two dozen ships and hundreds of aircraft.
Adm. Jonathan Greenert, chief of naval operations, directed the reductions in a memorandum sent to senior Navy officials. The cuts are driven by uncertainty over how much a divided Congress and the White House might approve for the Pentagon's 2013 budget.
"We are making the following reductions, starting now, to ensure we can fund ongoing deployments and other mission-critical activities," the memo said.
The reductions do not specifically mention Navy operations in Hampton Roads, but they are expected to affect numerous private and military facilities in the region -- as well as ships and aircraft. Southeast Virginia is home to multiple bases, including the Navy's largest, Norfolk Naval Station, and Norfolk Naval Shipyard, a government-owned facility in Portsmouth where thousands of civilians work on Navy vessels.
The cuts include:
-- Plans to cancel maintenance for about 30 Navy ships at private shipyards between April and September.
-- Plans to cancel depot maintenance for about 250 aircraft between April and September.
-- Terminations of temporary civilian employees and a civilian hiring freeze. This will reduce the shipyards' workforce by more than 3,000 people.
-- Reductions in base spending and plans to cancel most repairs and upgrades of piers, runways, buildings and other facilities.
Private ship-repair operators said last week they were already feeling the effects of the cutbacks, noting that new repair contracts aren't being approved.
"This is a big deal for all those yards here that have been hiring," said Craig Quigley, executive director of the Hampton Roads Military and Federal Facilities Alliance. "They have been investing.... They have been doing advance purchases. This completely pulls the rug out from under them."
Greenert stated that if Congress takes action to provide more money or permits the Navy to shift funds, the cuts could be avoided.
"These reductions are intended to be reversible," said Greenert, who will be in Norfolk today for an all-hands meeting with sailors.
The cutbacks are in response to Congress' continuing to fund the Navy at the 2012 budget level, rather than providing what the service was expecting for 2013. Unable to agree on an annual budget, Congress approved a continuing resolution to keep the government operating at 2012 budget levels until March 27.
Congress will have to decide by then how to fund the remainder of the fiscal year.
The smaller budget and other "unplanned growth" leave the Navy with $4.6 billion less than it needs for 2013, the memo says.
However, even if money is restored later for maintenance and other projects, Greenert indicated, the delays will be costly.
"Much like putting off an oil change because you can't afford the $20 service, we save in the short term, but shorten the car's life and add to the backlog of work for later," he wrote.
The reductions are separate from about $1 trillion in automatic budget cuts -- known as sequestration -- with more than half coming from the military. Those are set to begin March 1, unless Congress intercedes.