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This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/326,696, filed Dec. 2, 2008 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,602,978), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/754,919, filed May 29, 2007 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,460,726), which is a continuation of Ser. No. 10/277,617, filed Oct. 21, 2002 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,224,819). The Ser. No. 10/277,617 application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/525,865, filed Mar. 15, 2000 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,611,607), which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/180,364, filed Feb. 4, 2000. The Ser. No. 09/525,865 application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/503,881, filed Feb. 14, 2000 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,914). Application Ser. No. 09/503,881 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/186,962 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,171,016), filed Nov. 5, 1998, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/649,419, filed May 16, 1996 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,260). Application Ser. No. 08/649,419 is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/508,083, filed Jul. 27, 1995 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,841,978) and 08/436,098 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,636,292), filed May 8, 1995. The Ser. No. 10/277,617 application also claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/350,082, filed Oct. 19, 2001. Each of the above U.S. patent documents is hereby incorporated herein by reference.
The invention relates to deriving identifiers from multimedia content.
Digital watermarking is a process for modifying media content to embed a machine-readable code into the data content. The data may be modified such that the embedded code is imperceptible or nearly imperceptible to the user, yet may be detected through an automated detection process. Most commonly, digital watermarking is applied to media such as images, audio signals, and video signals. However, it may also be applied to other types of data, including documents (e.g., through line, word or character shifting), software, multi-dimensional graphics models, and surface textures of objects.
Digital watermarking systems have two primary components: an embedding component that embeds the watermark in the media content, and a reading component that detects and reads the embedded watermark. The embedding component embeds a watermark pattern by altering data samples of the media content in the spatial or frequency domains. The reading component analyzes target content to detect whether a watermark pattern is present. In applications where the watermark encodes information, the reader extracts this information from the detected watermark.
Recently, digital watermarks have been used in applications for encoding auxiliary data in video, audio and still images. Despite the pervasiveness of multimedia content, such applications generally focus on ways to embed and detect watermarks in a single media type.
One aspect of the invention is a method for decoding auxiliary data in multimedia content with two or more media signals of different media types. This method decodes watermarks in the media signals, uses the watermarks from the different media signals to control processing of the multimedia content. There are many applications of this method. One application is to use the watermark in one media signal to locate the watermark in another media signal. This is applicable to movies where a watermark in one media signal, such as the audio or video track, is used to locate the watermark in another media signal.
The watermark messages from different media signals may be combined for a variety of applications. One such application is to control processing of the multimedia signal. For example, the combined message can be used to control playback, copying or recording of the multimedia content.
Watermarks can be decoded such that a watermark decoded from a first media signal of a first media type is used to decode a second media signal. The first and second media signals may be of the same or different types. Also, they may be part of the same composite media signal, such as an audio or video sequence. The term, "composite," refers to a collection of media signals, which may be temporal portions (e.g., time frames in audio or video), or spatial portions (e.g., blocks of pixels in an image or video frame) of a visual, audio, or audio visual work. As an example, the first media signal may be an audio or video frame (or frames) in an audio or video sequence and the second media signal may be subsequent frames in the same sequence.
This method may be used in a variety of applications. The watermark in the first media signal may be used to de-scramble, decrypt, or decompress the second media signal. In addition, the watermark in the first media signal may be used to decode a different watermark from the second signal.
Another aspect of the invention is a method that uses a watermark decoded from a first media signal of a first media type to decode metadata associated with the first media signal. The watermark may be used to locate the metadata, which may be hidden for security purposes. The metadata located from the watermark may be located on the same storage medium that includes the first media signal. For example, the metadata may be located on portable storage device, such as flash memory, a magnetic memory device (e.g. . . . , tape or disk), or an optical memory device (e.g., CD, DVD, SACD, minidisk, etc.). The metadata may be located in a file header or some other place (e.g., encoded in the disk wobble).
There are a variety of applications of the watermark in this context. It may carry a key to decrypt, decompress, descramble, or locate the metadata. The metadata, in turn, may be used to control processing of the media signal in a computer or consumer electronic device. For example, it may be used to control usage rights, playback, recording, copying, transfer, etc.
Yet another aspect of the invention is a method that decodes first and second watermarks and forms a key for decoding data from the first and second watermarks.
The watermarks may be decoded from the same or different media signals. For example, the watermarks may be decoded from media signals from the same composite signal. They may be derived from different types of media signals, such as the audio and video tracks of a movie. Alternatively, they may be derived from different parts of the same type of media signal, such as an audio sequence, video sequence, or image. The watermarks may be extracted from a signal or signals stored in a storage device, such as a portable storage device (e.g., optical or magnetic disk or tape, flash memory, etc.).
The key formed from the watermarks may be used for a variety of applications. It may be used as a watermark key to decode a watermark from a media signal. It may be used as a decryption or de-scrambling key. Also, it may be used a decompression key (e.g., a parameter used to decompress a media signal).
Further features of the invention will become apparent with reference to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a diagram of a watermark encoder system for encoding watermarks in multimedia content.
FIG. 2 is a diagram of a watermark decoder system for multimedia data.
FIG. 3 is a diagram of a watermark decoder system where watermark detectors for different media types collaborate.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a watermark decoder system where watermark readers for different media types collaborate.
FIG. 5 illustrates an operating environment for implementations of the invention.
The following sections describe applications for integrating watermarks in multimedia data. In general, these applications exploit some level of interaction between watermarks and/or metadata associated with two or more different media types. The types of media supported in a given implementation vary with the application, and may include, for example, audio (e.g., speech, music, etc.), video, images, graphical models, etc.
The initial sections describe ways to integrate watermark embedder and detector systems in multimedia data. These techniques may be applied to many different applications, including, for example, copy protection, content authentication, binding media content with external data or machine instructions, etc.
Later sections discuss specific application scenarios.
The term, multimedia, as used in this document, refers to any data that has a collection of two or more different media types. One example is a movie, which has an audio and video track. Or another example is music (or other audio) that has multiple audio channels. Or another example is a combination of audio/video and data (e.g., subtitles, karaoke, text, binary data, source code, etc.). Other examples include multimedia collections that are packaged together on a storage device, such as optical or magnetic storage device. For example, media signals such as still images, music, graphical models and videos may be packaged on a portable storage device such as CD, SACD, DVD, tape, or flash memory card. Different media signals may be played back concurrently, such as the video and audio tracks of a movie, or may be played independently.
The extent of integration of watermark systems for different media types ranges from a low level of integration, where watermark decoders operate independently on different media types, to a high level of integration, where the decoders functionally interact. At a low level of integration, the watermark systems for different media types operate on their respective media types independently, yet there is some relationship between the auxiliary data embedded in each type. At a high level of integration, components of the watermark detectors and readers share information and assist each other to perform their respective functions.
FIG. 1 illustrates an encoder system for embedding messages into multimedia content with two or more media types. One example of multimedia content is a movie with video and audio tracks. For the purpose of illustrating the system, the following sections use a movie as an example of multimedia content. Similar methods may be implemented for other forms of multimedia content, such as combinations of three-dimensional/two-dimensional graphics and animation, audio, video, and still images.
In the encoder system shown in FIG. 1, there is a watermark encoder 20, 22 for each media type. Each encoder may embed a message 24, 26 into the corresponding media type 28, 30 in the native domain of the signal (e.g., a spatial or temporal domain) or in some transform domain (e.g., frequency coefficients). The result is multimedia content 32 having watermarks in different media types. The multimedia content 32 may be packaged and distributed on a portable storage device, such as a CD, DVD, flash memory, or delivered electronically from one machine or device to another in a file or streaming format.
There are a variety of ways to integrate the encoder functions. One way is to use a unified key that controls how a given message or set of messages are encoded and located within the respective media types. Another way is to insert a common message component in two or more different media types. Yet another way is to make a message inserted in one media type dependent on the content of one or more other media types. For example, attributes of an image may be extracted from the image and encoded into an audio track, and similarly, attributes of an audio track may be extracted and encoded in an image. Finally, the message in one media type may be used to control the processing of another media type. For example, copy control flags in a movie's audio track may be used to control copying of the movie's video track or the movie; and, copy control flags in the video track may be used to control copying of the audio track or the movie.
The following sub-sections describe various scenarios for integrating watermarks in different media types from the perspective of the decoder.
FIG. 2 depicts a framework for low level integration, where watermark decoders 40, 42 for different media types 44, 46 operate independently, yet an application 58 uses the auxiliary data associated with each of the media types. The auxiliary data may be encoded in a watermark message within a media signal or may be located in metadata accompanying the media signal (e.g., on the storage device and/or within a header of a file or data packet encapsulating the media). The multimedia content 50 is annotated with a "*" to reflect that it may not be identical to the original version of the content (e.g., the content shown at item 32, FIG. 1) at the time of encoding due to intentional or unintentional corruption (e.g., filtering, compression, geometric or temporal transforms, analog to digital, and digital to analog conversion). A content reader 52 receives the multimedia data and identifies the distinct media types within it. The functionality of the content reader may be built into a watermark decoder or provided by a separate computer program or device. In the example of a movie, the content reader identifies the audio and video tracks.
Watermark decoders for each media type operate on their respective media data. In extracting the watermark from the signal domain in which the embedder inserted it, the decoder functions compliment the embedder functions. In many applications, the media types may be coded in a standard or proprietary format. In the example of a movie, both the audio and video tracks are typically compressed (e.g., using some lossy transform domain compression codec like MPEG). The watermark decoders may operate on compressed, partially compressed or uncompressed data. For example, the decoders may operate on frequency coefficients in the compressed image, video or audio data. As shown in FIG. 2, the decoders 40, 42 operate independently on corresponding media types to extract messages 54, 56 from watermarks in each media type.
In the low-level integration scenario of FIG. 2, an application 58 uses the messages from different media types to process the multimedia content. The application is a device, software process, or combination of a device and software. The specific nature of this processing depends on the requirements of a particular application. In some cases, the message embedded in one media type references content of another type (e.g., link 60 from message 54 to media type 2). For example, text sub-titles in a movie may be embedded in the audio track, and may be linked to specific frames of video in the video track via frame identifiers, such as frame numbers or addresses. The application, in this scenario, controls the playback by superimposing the text sub-titles on the linked frames.
In many applications, it may be useful to insert a link in one media type to content of another media type within the multimedia data. For example, one might want to link a still image or a video texture to a graphical model. Then, a graphics rendering application may use the link to determine which image (or video) to map to the surface of a graphical model. As another example, one might link an audio clip to an image, graphical model or other media object. When instructed to render the image, model or other media object, the rendering application then uses the link to also initiate playback of the linked audio clip, and optionally, to synchronize playback of the linking media signal with the signal linked by the watermark. For example, the video watermark could specify which audio clip to play and when to initiate playback of parts of the audio clip. Stated more generally, the embedded link from one media type to another may be used by the rendering application to control the relationship between the linked media objects during playback and to control the playback process.
The media signals within multimedia content can be linked together through watermarks and embedded with control information and metadata that is used to control playback. The entire script for controlling playback of a multimedia file or collection may be embedded in watermarks in the media signals. For example, a user could initiate playback by clicking on an image from the multimedia content. In response, the rendering application extracts control instructions, links, and/or metadata to determine how to playback video, audio, animation and other media signals in the multimedia content. The rendering application can execute a script embedded in a watermark or linked via a reference in the watermark (e.g., a watermark message includes a pointer to, or an index or address of a script program stored elsewhere). The watermark message may also specify the order of playback, either by including a script, or linking to a script that contains this ordering. Several media signals may be tied together in a playback sequence via a linked list structure where watermarks embedded in the media signals reference the next media signal to be played back (as well as media signals to be played back concurrently). Each media signal may link to another one by providing a media signal identifier in the watermark message, such as an address, pointer, index, name of media title, etc.
As the rendering application plays back multimedia content, it can also display metadata about the media signals (e.g., the content owner, a description of the content, time and location of creation, etc.). The watermark messages embedded in the media signals can either include this metadata or link to it. In addition, the watermark messages may include instructions (or a link to instructions) for indicating how and when to display metadata. The metadata need not be in text form. For example, metadata may be in the form of speech output (via a text to speech synthesis system), a pre-recorded audio clip, video clip, or animation.
To embed a variety of different information, instructions and links into the media signals within multimedia content, the embedder can locate watermark messages in different temporal portions (e.g., time multiplex different messages) of a time varying signal like audio or video. Similarly, the embedder can locate different watermark messages in different spatial portions of images, graphical models, or video frames. Finally, the embedder can locate different watermark messages in different transform domains (e.g., Discrete Fourier Transform, Discrete Cosine Transform, Wavelet transform, etc.) of image or audio signals.
The following sub-sections describe additional application scenarios.
In a copy protection application, the messages embedded in each media type convey information to the application specifying how it may use the content. For example, each message may provide copy control flags specifying "copy once", "copy no more", "copy freely", and "copy never." These flags indicate whether the application may copy the media type or the multimedia content as a whole, and if so, how many times it may copy the pertinent content.
Copy control flags can be collected from different media types to determine the extent to which the media types can be copied or selected. For example, a movie may include an audio channel and a video channel. A "copy once" watermark may be embedded in the video channel, with a "copy no more" watermark added to a copy of the movie can be added to the audio track since it may be easier to embed the audio track in real-time for the copy.
In multimedia content, each media type may be owned by different entities. The messages embedded in the content may contain an owner identifier or link to an owner. An ownership management application can then collect the ownership information, either from each of the messages in each media type, or by requesting this information by following the link to the owner. For example, the link may be associated with an external database that provides this information. The application may use the link to query a local database for the information. Alternatively, the application may use the link to query a remote database via a wire, wireless, or combination of wire and wireless connections to a remote database on a communication network (e.g., the Internet). One or more intermediate processing stages may be invoked to convert the link into a query to the remote database. For example, the link may be a unique number, index or address that cross-references the URL of a database server on the Internet.
An authentication application may use watermark messages and/or metadata to authenticate media signals within the multimedia content. One or more of the media signals in multimedia content may be tampered with. Multimedia content poses an additional problem because media signals may be swapped into the content in place of the original signals. For example, in a video used as evidence, one might swap in a fake audio clip or remove a portion of the audio track. One way to authenticate the media signals is to extract features from them, hash the features, and insert the hashed features into the watermark messages of one or more of the media signals at encoding time.
To verify authenticity, the application at the decoder side repeats the process of extracting the features from the received media types (e.g., 44, 46), hashing these features, and then comparing the new hash with the hash extracted from the watermark message or messages. The objective of the hash is to create a content dependent parameter that may be inserted into a watermark message, or in some cases, in metadata associated with a media signal. The hash is not necessary if the size of the extracted features is such that they fit within a message.
Examples of features in images include the location of identifiable objects (such as the location of eyes and noses of human subjects), the shape of objects (e.g., a binary mask or chain code of an object in an image), the inertia of an image, a low pass filtering of an image, the Most Significant Bit of every pixel in a selected color plane (luminance, chrominance, Red, Green, Blue, etc.).
Examples of features in audio include the temporal location of certain aural attributes (e.g., a transition from quiet to high intensity, sharp transitions in spectral energy, etc.), a low pass filter of an audio clip, etc.
Features from one media type may be inserted into a watermark or the metadata of another media type. Alternatively, they may be combined and inserted in one or more of the media types in a watermark embedded in a watermark of the media signal or its metadata.
An additional level of security may be added using public key encryption techniques to create a digital signature that identifies the source of the multimedia content. Some cryptography examples include RSA, DES, IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm), skipjack, discrete log systems (e.g., El Gamal Cipher), elliptic curve systems, cellular automata, etc. Public key cryptography systems employ a private and public key. The private key is kept secret, and the public key is distributed to users. To digitally sign a message, the originator of the message encrypts the message with his private key. The private key is uniquely associated with the originator. Those users having a public key verify that the message has originated from the holder of the private key by using the public key to decrypt the message.
In a forensic tracking embodiment, video content (or media) includes a first watermark signal. (Forensic tracking may involve identifying content and/or tracking a distribution source or history of the content. Forensic tracking may also involve uniquely serializing content to a user or user device. Forensic tracking is particularly helpful in identifying content or a distribution source when the content is discovered in an unexpected or unauthorized channel or location.). The first watermark signal preferably includes a content identifier ("ID") and, optionally, a distributor ID. The content ID uniquely identifies the content (e.g., with a serial number, unique ID or other multi-bit data). Alternatively, the content ID identifies a class or family of content. The class or family may represent the type of content, e.g., by genre, artists, actors, studio, time period, copyright owner, etc., etc. The distributor ID preferably identifies the content distributor. Examples of a content distributor include a studio, network, company, etc. Alternatively, the distributor ID identifies a distribution channel, medium or protocol.
The content and distributor IDs can be used as an index to interrogate a data record or database to retrieve information related to content and/or distributor identification. Alternatively, the multi-bit data comprising the identifiers carries sufficient information to allow identification of the content/distributor.
The first watermark signal is preferably static or unchanging. A static watermark signal enables tracking of the video content item. When video content is found in an unexpected or unauthorized channel or location, the content ID (and optionally the distributor ID, if present) is decoded to identify the content. If a distributor ID is present, it is also extracted (e.g., decoded) from the content and used to identify the distribution source. For example, these IDs are used to query a database to retrieve content or distribution information. Or the multi-bits are decoded to reveal the content or distribution information. Content leaks (or unauthorized distribution) can be traced back to the source. Accordingly, unauthorized distribution or counterfeits, bootlegs, etc. of content items is "forensically" tracked to the misappropriating source via the content/distribution ID.
In a modified embodiment, the video watermark signal is embedded in a compressed domain. Once compressed, the video content signal is conveyed to an embedding module, which embeds the video watermark signal. Preferably, the video watermark is robust to survive decompression/recompression. In an alternative embodiment, the video watermark is embedded in an uncompressed domain. The video watermark signal preferably survives compression of the watermark signal.
A second watermark signal is embedded in an audio channel, which is associated with the video content. (For example, MPEG video includes an audio stream. Also, DVD and VHS have designated audio channels. Of course, any format having both a video channel and an audio channel will benefit from this aspect of the present invention. Furthermore, the second digital watermark can alternatively be embedded in subtitle/karaoke content common in DVDs.). The second watermark signal preferably includes a transaction ID. The transaction ID is preferably dynamic, e.g., allowing customization of the transaction ID by individual rendering device (e.g., MP3 player, set-top box, DVD player, VHS, personal computer, network node, receiving stations, etc.). Audio content becomes associated with a user or rendering device via our dynamic transaction ID. Since the multimedia content will typically be associated together, video content can also be associated with a user via the transactional ID embedded in an audio or other auxiliary channel. Although not required, once embedded, the second watermark signal is preferably static.
Alternatively, the audio channel is digitally watermarked by a broadcaster, repeater or transmitting source, instead of a user or user device.
In one implementation, the transaction ID is uniquely tailored to a particular transaction in a receipt-like manner. In this implementation, the ID is transaction specific. The transaction ID is optionally associated in a database along with customer, distribution channel, user and/or device information. Alternatively, a transaction ID can be unique to a particular customer. In this case the customer is assigned a unique account number (or other identifier). This customer-specific number is optionally associated with billing information, address, customer rates, content usage rights, distribution channel, etc. A customer's account number is then embedded as or with the transaction ID before (or concurrently as) the video content is rendered to the customer.
Consider one forensic tracking application. A user downloads content (or rips content from a DVD) including watermarked video and an unmarked audio. The watermarked video preferably includes a static watermark to identify at least the content. A user-rendering device (or the broadcasting device) digitally watermarks the audio associated with the video content. The digital watermark preferably includes a transactional ID. The transactional ID uniquely identifies either the device or the user. Hence, when the content is found in an authorized or unexpected channel the transactional ID is extracted from the audio and used to identify the user or user's rendering device. In this case, the content and/or distributor IDs can be optionally extracted from the video and then used to interrogate an appropriate user database, or to help identify the content. Of course there are many more alternative applications for transactional, content and distributor IDs.
As an optional arrangement, the audio content is embedded with a third watermark signal as the video/audio content is passed from a first user to a second user. (Or the audio content is watermarked upon receipt by the second user.). The third watermark signal uniquely identifies the second user or second user's device. After such, the audio channel preferably includes both the second and third watermark signals. A distribution trail is formed from the distribution source (via a distribution ID) to the first user (via the audio watermark's transactional ID) to the second user (via the third watermark).
Like discussed above with respect to the video watermark signal, the audio watermark can be embedded in the audio content in a compressed domain.
Of course, the content ID could be embedded in an audio channel, while the transactional ID is embedded in a video channel. We note, however, the above content ID in video and transaction ID in audio is preferred since audio embedders are a bit easier to implement in consumer rendering devices or personal computers. As such, a content ID is preferably embedded by a studio or distributor into corresponding video via a professional embedder, potentially a custom hardware device, while an audio transactional ID is embedded by a transaction server, such as a video-on-demand (VOD) PC server, or a user's PC receiving or rendering software.
As a further implementation, the transactional ID is uniquely associated with the content or distributor ID. In this implementation, the transactional ID and content ID can be cross-correlated for authentication purposes. Or information regarding an expected attribute of the video signal can be embedded in the audio watermark, and/or vice versa.
Another way to integrate processing of media types is to integrate watermark detectors for different media types. One function of some watermark detectors is to determine the orientation and strength of a watermark within a host media signal. The orientation may provide the watermark location, and possibly other orientation parameters like warp (e.g., an affine or non-linear warp, temporal and/or spatial), scale, rotation, shear, etc. As the media content is subjected to various transformations, the watermark orientation and strength may change. Watermark detectors use attributes of the watermark signal to identify its location and orientation within a host signal. In multimedia content where different media signals are watermarked, detectors for the respective media signals can assist each other by sharing information about the orientation and/or strength of a watermark in the media signals. While the watermarks in different media types may be transformed in different ways, the orientation information found in one media signal might help locate a watermark in a different media signal.
FIG. 3 depicts a watermark decoder framework in which the watermark detectors for different media types collaborate. Each detector 70, 72 operates on its respective media type 74, 76, yet the detectors share information. The detectors determine the presence, and in some cases, the strength and/or orientation of a watermark in a host media signal. In some applications, such as authentication, the detector identifies portions of the media signal that have a valid watermark signal, and portions where the watermark has been degraded (e.g., the watermark is no longer detectable, or its strength is reduced). Depending on the nature of the host signal, these portions may be temporal portions (e.g., a time segment within an audio signal where the watermark is missing or degraded) or spatial portions (e.g., groups of pixels in an image where the watermark is missing or degraded). The absence of a watermark signal, or a degraded watermark signal, may evidence that the host signal has been tampered with.
In applications where the watermark carries a message, each detector may invoke a watermark reader 78, 80 to extract a message from the watermark. In some cases, the reader uses the orientation to locate and read the watermark. The strength of the watermark signal may also be used to give signal samples more or less weight in message decoding. Preferably, each reader should be able to read a watermark message 82, 84 from a media signal without requiring the original, un-watermarked media signal.
One example of integrated detection is a scheme where watermark detectors operate on respective media types concurrently and share orientation parameters. To illustrate the scheme, consider the example of a movie that has a watermarked audio and video track. While video and audio are distinct media signals in the content delivery and storage formats, the video and audio tracks are carefully synchronized so that the audio closely tracks the movement of actors' mouths and other motion depicted in the video. The embedding scheme places audio watermarks within a specified temporal range of the video watermarks. Because the video and audio tracks need to be temporally synchronized to avoid noticeable artifacts during playback, the temporal locations of the audio and video watermarks are likely to remain within a predictable temporal distance in their respective host signals. As such, the watermark detectors can take advantage of the temporal relationship of the watermarks in different media types to facilitate detection.
The location of a watermark detected in one media signal can provide information about the location of a watermark yet to be detected in another media signal. For example, when the video watermark detector finds a watermark in a video frame (e.g., an I frame in MPEG video), it signals the other detector, passing information about the temporal location of the video watermark. Leveraging the temporal relationship between the video and audio watermarks, the audio watermark detector confines its search for an audio watermark to a specified temporal range in the audio signal relative to the location of the corresponding video watermark in the video signal.
In this scenario, the audio watermark detector may provide similar information to the video watermark detector to help it identify the frame or sequence of frames to be analyzed for a video watermark.
Another example is a method where one watermark detector operates on a media type, and then passes orientation parameters to a detector of another media type. This scheme reduces the complexity of the second detector because it uses the orientation parameters extracted from a first media type to assist computation of the orientation in another media type. Applying this scheme to the previous example of a movie, the watermark decoder method reduces the complexity of the audio detector by confining its search to a specified range defined relative to the location of a video watermark. This is a simpler case than the previous example in the sense that the orientation information flows from a first detector to a second one. The second detector searches in a confined space around the location specified by the other detector, and does not have to pass orientation information to the other detector. In addition, a detector or calibration signal in one media type can be more robust than another, such that this calibration signal is used to extract the payload from the other media types. For example, in a movie, the audio and video may contain a calibration signal, and the video contains the payload. The video may have been played at a higher rate so the TV station can include more ads (thus, more revenue). It may be hard to read the payload from this time-compressed video, but the higher payload carrying capacity of the video is required so that a content ID can be detected at an interval sufficient, e.g., for interactive TV (e.g., at 1 second intervals). In this example, a watermark in an accompanying audio track can be used to obtain the calibration information, especially since audio watermarks are sometimes embedded in a frequency domain. This calibration information is used to detect the video watermark, especially for a video watermarking technique that embeds different payloads in various frames for increased payload capacity.
As in the previous sections, there are a variety of applications for watermark systems with integrated detectors. The watermarks may be used to encode data or links to external data or other media signals within the multimedia content.
The watermarks may also be used to encode authentication information. In the movie example, the watermarks in one media type can reference one or more watermarks in another media type. For example, if an audio detector does not find an audio watermark designated by the video watermark to be in a specified range within the audio signal, then it can mark that specified range as being corrupted. Similarly, the video detector can authenticate video frames based on presence or absence of video watermarks designated by audio watermarks.
In copy control applications for mixed media like movies, integrated detectors can be used to locate audio and video watermarks carrying copy control flags. If the audio or the video tracks have been tampered with or transformed in a way that removes or degrades the watermarks, then a copy control application can take the appropriate action in response to detecting the absence of a watermark or a degraded watermark. The actions triggered in response may include, for example, preventing copying, recording, playback, etc.
FIG. 4 illustrates yet another scenario for integrating watermark decoders where the watermark readers for different media types collaborate. In this scheme, watermark detectors 100, 102 for different media types 104, 106 operate independently (or collaborate as described above) to detect the presence, and optionally the orientation, of watermarks in their respective media types. Watermark readers 108, 110 then extract messages from the detected watermarks. The watermark readers pool the message data 112 that they extract from the different media types.
Then, a message decoder 114 attempts to decode the pooled message data. The message decoder may perform various error correction decoding operations, such as Reed Solomon, BCH, Turbo, Convolution operations. In cases where the watermark embedder uses spread spectrum modulation to spread raw message bits in the host media signal into chips, the message decoder may perform the inverse of a spread spectrum modulation function to convert spread spectrum chip values back to raw message values.
The result of the decoding operations provides information about the media signals. Depending on the application and implementation, the decoded message 116 can be interpreted in different ways. For example, in some cases, to generate a valid decoded message (as indicated by an error detection process such as a CRC or parity check), watermark message data from each media signal must be valid. In other cases, the decoded message may specify which media signals have valid messages, and which do not.
Like the other scenarios described above, the scheme for integrating watermark readers of different media types can be applied to many applications, including data embedding and linking, content authentication, broadcast monitoring, copy control, etc. This scheme is particularly suited for content authentication and copy control because it can be used to indicate content tampering and to disable various operations, such as copying, playback, recording, etc. For example, it can be used in a copy control scheme for content with audio and video tracks. Each track contains watermark messages that must be detected and converted to the raw message data 112 before the decoder 114 can decode a valid message. Thus, valid copy control information in both the video and audio tracks must be present before a valid copy control message 116 will be produced. A player can then process the multimedia content based on the control information in the valid copy control message. Alternatively, the content can be prevented from being passed into a player or other application or device if a valid control message is not generated.
The watermark message in one media signal may be used to specify a key of a watermark in another media signal. In this scenario, the watermark reader for one media type supplies the watermark decoder for another media type with the key. This key may specify the location of the watermark as well as information about how to extract the watermark from another media signal, and information to decode or decrypt the watermark message.
The watermark message in a media signal may also specify a key to access other metadata on the storage device of the media signal. For example, the message may specify a key to decrypt or decode metadata on the storage device, such as metadata in a header file or encoded within tracks of a CD or DVD (e.g., encoded within the disk wobble). The key may also specify the location of the associated metadata.
The scheme described in the previous section may be used in many applications, including those discussed previously. This scheme is particularly suited for content authentication and copy protection. In order to authenticate the content, each of the media signals in multimedia content need to have valid watermarks. The watermark in one media signal cannot be located without extracting a key from a watermark in another media signal.
In copy protection applications, the decoding system would need to find the watermarks in each of the media signals before enabling certain actions (e.g., playback, recording, copying, etc.).
For some applications, it is not necessary that each media signal in multimedia content have a watermark. For example, a watermark in one media signal could provide the desired functionality for the entire content, or for selected portions of the content. For example, in copy protection applications for movies, a watermark in the audio track could be used to encode copy control flags to control copying, playback, or recording of audio and/or video tracks.
Using Watermark Data in Conjunction with Other Data or Applications
The watermark message data can be used in conjunction with other data or applications to control processing of the multimedia or single media content. Using any of the scenarios above, for example, a decoder can extract a message that is used to control further media processing.
One example is where the watermark message is used as a necessary key for decoding or decrypting the media content. For example, the watermark message may contain necessary bits for decompressing (e.g., MPEG decoding) of the media signal or signals within the content (audio, video or both). Examples of necessary bits are CRC bits that are required to reconstruct coded video or audio data. This technique is particularly useful when the message is derived from watermark messages embedded in different media signals. In a movie copy control application, for instance, the decoder would have to generate a valid message based on decoding the raw message information from audio and video watermark messages before allowing playback, recording, etc. In this case, the embedder would spread the necessary control information into watermark messages inserted in the audio and video tracks. For example, watermark messages in audio or video frames include decompression parameters or descrambling keys to decompress or descramble subsequent audio or video frames.
The same approach can be implemented by embedding other forms of control data in one or more watermark messages in different media signals. Another example is a decryption key that is necessary to decrypt other media signals within the content, or other portions of the same media signal. Watermark messages in audio or video frames may include decryption keys to decrypt subsequent frames. One watermark message may include a key, or a portion of a key, needed to decrypt or unscramble other signal portions or other watermark messages. In the case where the watermark message includes only a portion of a key (e.g., one parameter in a key comprising two or more parameters), the other portion may be constructed by extracting another component of the key from another watermark message (in the same or different media signals) or from other metadata (e.g., in the disk wobble, the header file of MPEG content, etc.).
Another form of control data is region data that indicates that a particular media signal may only be played when the region data of the media signal and the player match. A similar region data scheme is understood to be implemented in the Content Scrambling System currently used for DVDs. The region data can be embedded in one or more watermarks in the same or different media signals. By placing this information in different media signals, the decoder must be able to extract consistent region data from watermarks in each of the media signals as a pre-requisite to further use of the content. Then, assuming all of the region data creates a valid region data message, then the copy control application would control playback based on whether the region data decoded from the watermarks (and/or metadata of the different media signals) matches the region data of the player.
The state of watermark encoders and decoders for audio, video and still images is quite advanced. Some examples of watermark systems for multimedia data include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,862,260, 5,930,369, and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/503,881 (now U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,914). Examples of watermark systems targeted to audio signals include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,945,932, 5,940,135, 6,005,501, and 5,828,325. Other watermark systems are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,940,429, 5,613,004, 5,889,868, WO 99/45707, WO 99/45706, WO 99/45705, and WO 98/54897. Examples of watermark systems used in copy control are: WO 00/04688, WO 00/04712, WO 00/04727, and WO 99/65240. These documents include examples where a copy protection scheme uses watermark data and metadata to control processing of a media signal.
Watermark systems that operate on compressed content are shown, e.g., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,687,191 and WO 00/04722.
These watermark systems may be used to implement the scenarios described above.
The watermark decoder may be implemented in one or more components. The location of these components varies depending on the application. For multimedia content on portable memory devices like DVDs or CDs, the decoder may be implemented in the drive hardware or in an interface to the drive hardware. Alternatively, the decoder may be located in an application program or device. One example is a media codec, like an MPEG codec. If the media signals are compressed, the detector may have to implement at least portions of the codec. For example, if the watermark is coded in frequency coefficients in MPEG video and audio, the decoder system may include an MPEG parser and dequantizer to identify the media signals (audio and video signals) and extract the coefficients from each of the media signals. Placing the watermark decoder in the media codec, such as the MPEG codec, saves resources because many of the resources used for decoding the media signals may also be used for detecting and reading the watermarks.
FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a computer system that may serve as an operating environment for software implementations of the watermarking systems described above. The encoder and decoder implementations as well as related media codecs and applications may be implemented in C/C++, Java, or other suitable programming languages and are portable to many different computer systems. Components may also be implemented in hardware devices or in a combination of hardware and software components. These components may be installed in a computing device such as a Personal Digital Assistant, Personal Computer, Hand-held media player, media players (DVD players, CD players, etc.) or implemented in a hardware module such as an integrated circuit module, ASIC, etc. FIG. 9 generally depicts one example of an operating environment for encoder and decoder systems.
The computer system shown in FIG. 9 includes a computer 1220, including a processing unit 1221, a system memory 1222, and a system bus 1223 that interconnects various system components including the system memory to the processing unit 1221.
The system bus may comprise any of several types of bus structures including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using a bus architecture such as PCI, VESA, Microchannel (MCA), ISA and EISA, to name a few.
The system memory includes read only memory (ROM) 1224 and random access memory (RAM) 1225. A basic input/output system 1226 (BIOS), containing the basic routines that help to transfer information between elements within the computer 1220, such as during start-up, is stored in ROM 1224.
The computer 1220 further includes a hard disk drive 1227, a magnetic disk drive 1228, e.g., to read from or write to a removable disk 1229, and an optical disk drive 1230, e.g., for reading a CD-ROM or DVD disk 1231 or to read from or write to other optical media. The hard disk drive 1227, magnetic disk drive 1228, and optical disk drive 1230 are connected to the system bus 1223 by a hard disk drive interface 1232, a magnetic disk drive interface 1233, and an optical drive interface 1234, respectively. The drives and their associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executable instructions (program code such as dynamic link libraries, and executable files), etc. for the computer 1220.
Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk and an optical disk, it can also include other types of media that are readable by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks, and the like.
A number of program modules may be stored in the drives and RAM 1225, including an operating system 1235, one or more application programs 1236, other program modules 1237, and program data 1238.
A user may enter commands and information into the personal computer 1220 through a keyboard 1240 and pointing device, such as a mouse 1242. Other input devices may include a microphone, sound card, radio or television tuner, joystick, game pad, satellite dish, digital camera, scanner, or the like. A digital camera or scanner 43 may be used to capture the target image for the detection process described above. The camera and scanner are each connected to the computer via a standard interface 44. Currently, there are digital cameras designed to interface with a Universal Serial Bus (USB), Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI), and parallel port interface. Two emerging standard peripheral interfaces for cameras include USB2 and 1394 (also known as firewire and iLink).
In addition to a camera or scanner, watermarked images or video may be provided from other sources, such as a packaged media devices (e.g., CD, DVD, flash memory, etc), streaming media from a network connection, television tuner, etc. Similarly, watermarked audio may be provided from packaged devices, streaming media, radio tuner, etc.
These and other input devices are often connected to the processing unit 1221 through a port interface 1246 that is coupled to the system bus, either directly or indirectly. Examples of such interfaces include a serial port, parallel port, game port or universal serial bus (USB).
A monitor 1247 or other type of display device is also connected to the system bus 1223 via an interface, such as a video adapter 1248. In addition to the monitor, personal computers typically include other peripheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers and printers.
The computer 1220 operates in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as a remote computer 1249. The remote computer 1249 may be a server, a router, a peer device or other common network node, and typically includes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer 1220, although only a memory storage device 1250 has been illustrated in FIG. 9. The logical connections depicted in FIG. 9 include a local area network (LAN) 1251 and a wide area network (WAN) 1252. Such networking environments are commonplace in offices, enterprise-wide computer networks, intranets and the Internet.
When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1220 is connected to the local network 1251 through a network interface or adapter 1253. When used in a WAN networking environment, the personal computer 1220 typically includes a modem 1254 or other means for establishing communications over the wide area network 1252, such as the Internet. The modem 1254, which may be internal or external, is connected to the system bus 1223 via the serial port interface 1246.
In a networked environment, program modules depicted relative to the personal computer 1220, or portions of them, may be stored in the remote memory storage device. The processes detailed above can be implemented in a distributed fashion, and as parallel processes. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown are exemplary and that other means of establishing a communications link between the computers may be used.
In one implementation, a watermark embedder or detector operates in software as part of the operating system (OS) or plug-in for an application or multimedia layer of the OS. The watermark embedder or detector can be alternatively implemented in hardware as part of a graphics card, network card, sound card, CPU, motherboard chipset, or video recording card. Or the embedder or detector can be implemented with a software controller that uses hardware specific pieces to optimally process the watermark.
Relationship with Other Applications of Metadata
Watermarks can facilitate and cooperate with other applications that employ metadata of multimedia objects. As demonstrated above, this is particularly true in copy protection/control applications where the copy control information in the watermark and the metadata are used to control playback. The watermark message and metadata (in the MPEG file header or encoded in the disk wobble) can form components in a unified key that is a necessary prerequisite to playback or some other use of the content.
The watermarks in the media signals can each act as persistent links to metadata stored elsewhere, such as a metadata database server on the Internet or some other wire or wireless network. Applications for viewing and playing content can display metadata by extracting the link and querying a metadata database server to return the metadata (e.g., owner name, content description, sound or video annotation, etc.). The watermark decoder or an application program in communication with it can issue the query over the Internet using standard communication protocols like TCP/IP, database standards like ODBC, and metadata standards like XML. The query may be sent to a metadata router that maps the link to a metadata database server, which in turn, returns the metadata to the viewing application for display or playback to the user.
The watermarking technology detailed herein can be employed in numerous diverse applications. See, e.g., the applications for watermarking detailed in commonly-owned U.S. Pat. No. 5,862,260, and copending application Ser. Nos. 09/292,569, 60/134,782, 09/343,104, 09/473,396, 09/476,686, and 60/141,763.
Having described and illustrated the principles of the invention with reference to several specific embodiments, it will be recognized that the principles thereof can be implemented in other, different, forms.
To provide a comprehensive disclosure without unduly lengthening the specification, applicant incorporates by reference the patents and patent applications referenced above.
The particular combinations of elements and features in the above-detailed embodiments are exemplary only; the interchanging and substitution of these teachings with other teachings in this and the incorporated-by-reference patents/applications are also contemplated.
In view of the wide variety of embodiments to which the principles of the invention can be applied, it should be recognized that the detailed embodiment is illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention. Rather, we claim as our invention all such embodiments as may come within the scope and spirit of the following claims, and equivalents thereto.


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subset: commoncrawl


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- Tech Trader Daily
Apple Rising: UBS Sees FYQ4 Upside on iPhone 6; 'Extremely Strong Replacement Sales,' Says Pac Crest
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Shares of Apple (AAPL) are up $2.80, or half a percent, at $535.67, defying an overall weak market, following a couple of upbeat reports from the Street, and also the speculative piece in The Wall Street Journal over the weekend that Apple is in talks with Comcast (CMCSA) about a deal for an Apple set-top box to stream video over Comcast's network.
UBS's Steve Milunovich reiterates a Buy rating on Apple shares, and a $625 price target, writing that his "checks" of the supply chain suggest the next iPhone, an "iPhone 6" is most likely to come in August or September, rather than June, in two different models, one with a 4.7-inch screen, one with a 5.5-inch screen. He thinks the former, the smaller of the two, "seems certain," but that the 5.5-inch model "may or may not launch at the same time and could be of the same resolution (lower pip), which would help app developers.
"Phone 6 units are expected to exceed 5s sales year- over-year when it ships."
Milunovich thinks the March and June quarters may prove weaker than expected, while Q3 could prove better:
In the near term, we believe 1Q procurement, though not fully correlated to sell-in, is coming down a bit. In phones, the primary difference likely is the 5c, which has not sold well. Overall volumes are reflecting a maturing high-end smartphone market. iPad volumes appear to be lower than expected—recall that Dec quarter sell-through was only up 5% YoY. General tablet production is soft with some components down 20- 50% sequentially. We model iPad units declining to 19mn in Mar and 16mn in June. We are below consensus for Mar/Jun quarter revenue; no change in Apple estimates. Apple's stock has been fairly listless but is still in an uptrend. Our price target of $625 per share is based on a NTM EV/FCF multiple of 9.5x, in-line with other large cap tech names. The stock may act better this summer in anticipation of new products. We expect a dividend hike and share repurchase guidance on the April earnings call. Our iPhone model is up just 10mn this year at 172mn vs 162mn last year. China Mobile, which appears to be off to a slow start at about 1mn iPhones in Feb, could be sufficient to account for the entire change. The second calendar half may surprise to the upside if either China Mobile or the iPhone 6 gain traction. Although the iPhone 6 could carry a lower margin since we would be surprised if it is priced at much of a premium, unit demand could be strong as surveys suggest Apple users want larger screen sizes and carriers' 24-month enforced contracts roll off for 4s owners.
Milunovich was on CNBC's "Smart money: Half Time Report" a short while ago talking about his note. He remarked in passing that his checks suggest the larger-screen models of the iPhone could conceivably be priced higher than current models.
Milunovich models $43.307 billion in revenue in the fiscal Q2 that ends this month, and $10.30 per share in EPS. That compares to consensus for $43.697 billion and $10.15, per Factset.
And Andy Hargreaves of Pacific Crest, who has an Outperform rating on the shares, this morning writes this his own checks of the component supply chain, and his calls in to carrier retail stores, "suggest iPhone unit volume could exceed our estimates of 39.7 million in March and 33.6 million in June. This suggests replacement rates remain extremely strong and that Apple is gaining share of high-end customers. iPad unit volume appears in line with our current estimates."
Hargreaves models $43.88 billion in revenue this quarter and $10.22 per share in EPS.
Hargreaves agrees with Milunovich that the iPhone 6 is most likely a Q3 story, and he writes that his checks imply orders are coming in to component vendors for the new model just now:
For the first time, our checks indicated volume component orders for iPhone 6. We expect significant component orders to begin in July, which is consistent with public availability of the device in late September or October. Initial component order volume for the iPhone 6 provides a positive bias to our previous unit expectations. Details around pricing and the complete waterfall strategy are unclear. However, it seems possible that Apple will continue to produce both the iPhone 4s and iPhone 5c. In this scenario, prices on the iPhone 4s and 5c would likely drop by less than the typical $100, which could generate incremental gross profit per unit compared to most expectations.
Hargreaves's colleague on the chip side, John Vinh, writes that there is now less risk implied for Cirrus Logic (CRUS) and OmniVision (OVTI), and that the iPhone 6 release could be good for ARM Holdings (ARMH) and Broadcom (BRCM).
He maintains an Outperform on ARM shares, and a Sector Perform on Broadcom. He has a Sector Perform on OmniVision and an Underperform on Cirrus, given "but our concerns about long-term saturation of high- end smartphones and increasing competition are unchanged."


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We are proud to announce that this Jun 22nd, 2:00 PM to 4:00 PM we will be hosting an Open House at 9633 Manchester Drive in Strathmore Towers , Burnaby. This is an opportunity to visit this excellent Condo for sale in beautiful .
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Josh Bath Personal Real Estate Corporation
Keller Williams ELITE Realty


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Muhammad Ali at his training camp ahead of his fight with Richard Dunn in Munich, 1976.
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Latest Healthy Kids News
HealthDay Reporter
MONDAY, April 1 (HealthDay News) -- More than 80 percent of U.S. teens eat unhealthy diets and many are sedentary, which raises the odds they'll develop heart disease in adulthood, a new study suggests.
Researchers analyzed data on more than 4,600 teenagers, aged 12 to 19, and assessed their health behaviors based on criteria set by the American Heart Association. The poor health habits they uncovered translate into obesity and overweight, which in turn raise risk factors for high blood pressure and other predictors of cardiovascular trouble, the study authors noted.
"Most children are born in a state of ideal cardiovascular health, [but] the poor lifestyles many U.S. children exhibit are leading to a loss of this important asset earlier and earlier in life," said lead investigator Christina Shay, an assistant professor of biostatistics and epidemiology in the College of Public Health at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City.
Childhood levels of cardiovascular disease risk factors strongly predict their threat in adulthood, Shay said. And the length of time young people live with elevated risk factors also has an impact on their heart health as adults, she added.
Based on the current findings, the United States may witness "increasing rates of heart attacks and strokes as the current generation of children reach adulthood compared to previous generations that had more favorable risk factors," she said.
The students, who participated in one of two National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, are said to represent about 33 million teens nationwide. Their health behaviors were rated as poor, intermediate or ideal.
The heart association says cardiovascular health depends on seven factors: not smoking, maintaining a normal weight, eating a healthy diet, being physically active, and maintaining low blood sugar, blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
The study, published in the April 2 issue of Circulation, found less than 50 percent of U.S. teens had five or more of these healthy heart components.
None of the students met all seven criteria for "ideal" cardiovascular health. Mexican Americans were more likely than whites and blacks to meet five or more ideal cardiovascular health components.
About one-third of males and females had less than ideal body mass index (BMI), a measurement of body fat based on height and weight. And about one-third of males and females had also smoked.
Differences between males and females were also noted. Males did better than females in achieving ideal physical activity levels -- 67 percent compared to 44 percent. But almost one-quarter of males (22 percent) had less than ideal blood pressure compared to 10 percent of females.
Females were also more likely than males to have ideal fasting glucose levels (used to predict diabetes) -- 89 percent versus 74 percent.
Experts say the findings are cause for concern.
"This study provides further emphasis that cardiovascular risk factors and behaviors associated with the development of adult atherosclerosis frequently develop early in life," said Dr. Gregg Fonarow, a spokesman for the American Heart Association and professor of cardiology at the University of California, Los Angeles. Atherosclerosis is more commonly known as hardening of the arteries.
Shay and Fonarow said significant environmental and cultural changes are needed to promote healthier lifestyles for teens in order to improve their cardiovascular health.
"These unfavorable lifestyle habits have likely already led to the high proportion of children in this study that also exhibited elevated levels of cholesterol, blood sugar and blood pressure," Shay said.
Another expert said prevention works.
"As a culture, we take for granted that heart disease will occur often at or after mid-life," said Dr. David Katz, director of the Yale University Prevention Research Center in New Haven, Conn. "Yet the reality is that coronary artery disease need not happen at all, and certainly could be eliminated 80 percent of the time or more by eating healthy, being physically active and not smoking."
The results here show this opportunity is being squandered, Katz said. "Our sons and daughters are missing out on the opportunity and benefits of healthful eating and routine physical activity and so are showing early warning signs of heart disease," he added.
"Rather than eliminating heart disease as we could," he said, "our culture is putting ever younger people at risk."
Copyright © 2013 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


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Researchers seeking weapons against HIV have solved a molecular riddle about how the pathogen docks with immune system cells to unleash its viral mayhem.
Their computer-generated images of the molecules, which are 185,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair, offer researchers promising avenues for developing a drug that might impede HIV's cellular invasion, according to a study published online Thursday in the journal Science Express.
"We don't have the whole scenario of what happens when HIV enters a cell, but this is going to be a major jigsaw-puzzle piece," said Dr. P.J. Klasse, a virologist at Weill Cornell Medical College in New York, who was not part of the research team.
"These authors have really accomplished a lot in explaining how the virus chooses between different co-receptors."
The researchers, based at the Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica and the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, Calif., sought to illustrate how proteins on the surface of the virus help it dock with the membrane of a victim's helper T-cells, a kind of white blood cell.
To do so, the immunodeficiency virus takes advantage of cell receptors, which are crucial to thousands of genetic signaling functions in living things from amoebas to animals. These unseen facilitators are largely responsible for how the body pulls off unique and complex tricks such as vision, smell and the firing of neurons.
They also are central to inflammatory responses that can be the root of chronic disease.
HIV was known to take advantage of two such helpers in a class known as chemokine receptors. A member of the Shanghai-based team had helped solve the structure of one, CXCR4, while at Scripps, and researchers had developed a drug to impede the second co-receptor, CCR5, that is more commonly used by strains of HIV1.
Together, the receptors trigger a process that allows the virus' membrane to fuse with the membrane of human T-helper lymphocytes and other vulnerable cells.
The Shanghai team used a crystallized form of the CCR5 receptor, bound to the blocking drug Maraviroc, to determine the receptor's structure. That enabled them to compare it with the structure of the other receptor to discern subtle differences.
"Our previous success … helped us to better understand the protein behavior of the more challenging CCR5 receptor," lead researcher Beili Wu said in written remarks.
The images published Thursday reveal subtle differences in the "binding pockets" of the receptors. They also offer details about how Maraviroc (marketed as Selzentry) alters the shape of the receptor, indirectly blocking HIV's invasion.
The breakthrough could offer ways to improve the drug's effect or develop new pathways to defeating the virus.
"If you could unleash the trigger of the virus before it reaches the cell, you would for all practical purposes irreversibly inactivate, or to use more drastic language, kill the virus," Klasse said.


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This week, the overall grades of three pharmaceutical stocks are lower, according to the Portfolio Grader database. Each of these rates a "D" ("sell") or "F" overall ("strong sell").
VIVUS, Inc.'s (VVUS) rating falls to a D ("sell") this week, down from C ("hold") the week prior. VIVUS is a biopharmaceutical company engaged in the development and commercialization of therapeutic products for large underserved markets. VVUS also rates an F in Portfolio Grader's specific subcategory of Equity. As of Dec. 27, 2013, 30.9% of outstanding VIVUS, Inc. shares were held short. For more information, get Portfolio Grader's complete analysis of VVUS stock.
Cempra, Inc. (CEMP) is having a tough week. The company's rating falls from a C to a D. Cempra manufactures and markets pharmaceutical products. The stock gets F's in Equity and Cash Flow. To get an in-depth look at CEMP, get Portfolio Grader's complete analysis of CEMP stock.
Corcept Therapeutics Incorporated.'s (CORT) rating falls this week to an F ("strong sell"), down from last week's D ("sell"). Corcept Therapeutics engages in the discovery, development, and commercialization of drugs for the treatment of severe metabolic and psychiatric disorders. The stock gets F's in Equity and Cash Flow. For a full analysis of CORT stock, visit Portfolio Grader.
Louis Navellier's proprietary Portfolio Grader stock ranking system assesses roughly 5,000 companies every week based on a number of fundamental and quantitative measures. Stocks are given a letter grade based on their results — with A being "strong buy," and F being "strong sell." Explore the tool here.


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in relation to, but not limited to:
To report an incident during the show via the ECCC App, tap the ECCC Anti-Harassment Policy icon and follow the steps under Report Harassment. Please fill out the form in as much detail as possible so we can address the situation immediately and thoroughly. If you're still in the area where the incident took place and it's safe to stay where you are, our security team will meet you there.
If a person engages in harassing behavior, Emerald City Comic Con (ECCC) staff will take prompt action in any form they deem appropriate, including expulsion from ECCC with no refund. Our policy applies to EVERYONE at the convention. Exhibitors, fans (attendees), speakers, guests, professionals, press, staff, Minions, and security are all subject to our Anti-Harassment Policy.
Anyone can report harassment. If someone's behavior has made you uncomfortable, or if you witness the same happening to someone else, you should immediately contact ECCC staff, security team or a Minion. You may also come to an info desk or report the incident via the ECCC App.
If necessary, we will contact local law enforcement, provide escort, offer a safe place or otherwise assist those experiencing harassment to make sure they feel safe for the rest of ECCC.
Keep your hands to yourself. If you would like to take a picture with or of another ECCC fan, always ask first and respect that person's right to say no. When at ECCC, be respectful, be nice, be cool and be kind to each other.
ReedPOP's mission is to create a fun, safe, welcoming, awesome event where fans of all kinds can come together and celebrate. We want you to not only have the most amazing weekend ever, but to experience it in an environment where you are safe and accepted. As fans ourselves, we understand the importance of creating a safe space for everyone who attends ECCC.
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Contact Customer Service
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March 4-7, 2021
WA State Convention Center | Seattle, WA


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Summative Designation
Title 1 Status indicates whether or not a school is eligible for targeted or school wide supports pursuant to Title 1. Schoolwide Title 1 Programs are for schools in which the poverty rate is 40 percent or higher. Targeted assistance programs are Title I schools with less than the 40 percent schoolwide threshold or schools who choose not to operate a schoolwide program.
The display indicates the status of participation in the federal Title I financial assistance program for schools with high numbers or percentages of children from low-income families. There are four possible values displayed:
Not a Participant in Title One Program. These schools are not eligible to participate.
Eligible, but Not a Participant in Title One Program.
Targeted Assistance Title One Program. Title I funds provided to these schools may only be used to provide targeted support to eligible students. For more details see Context.
Schoolwide Title One Program. Title I funds are provided to these schools for support of comprehensive program reform. For more details see Context.
Title I, Part A (Title I) of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, as amended (ESEA) provides financial assistance to local educational agencies (LEAs) and schools with high numbers or high percentages of children from low-income families to help ensure that all children meet challenging state academic standards.
The display shows the building's Title I status. There are four possible values:
Not eligible for Title I support
Eligible, but not participating: Schools with this label qualify for federal Title I program support but are not participating in the program.
Targeted: In a Title I, Part A targeted assistance school(s), Title I funds may only be used to provide supplemental instructional services to eligible children identified as having the greatest need for special assistance. Eligible children are children identified by the school as failing, or most at risk of failing, to meet the challenging state academic standards on the basis of multiple, educationally related, objective criteria.
Comprehensive: Schoolwide programs are not districtwide and must be planned for and implemented at each individual school building (also known as attendance center) in the district. A Title I, Part A schoolwide program is a comprehensive reform strategy designed to upgrade the entire educational program in a Title I school with a poverty percentage of 40% or more in order to improve the achievement of the lowest-achieving students.
For more information visit the Illinois State Board of Education's Title I informational resources:
The US Department of Education's Title 1 Program Description:


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The strength of the Financial Services Institute (FSI) comes from our members and their personal engagement in our advocacy agenda. We know that our ability to fight for our industry depends on the day-to-day involvement of thousands of independent financial advisors and financial services firms across the country. We also know that our members sometimes wonder how they can make a difference, given the large bureaucracies involved in each new rule, and the arcane deliberative processes that factor into financial legislation.
What many members don't realize, however, is that opportunities exist to engage regulators right in their own backyards.
One of the best ways our members can get involved in the regulatory process is through active participation on FINRA District Committees. While FINRA itself may seem somewhat distant and imposing, the regulator's nationwide network of 11 Committees serves, in part, to facilitate a dialogue between themselves and the financial professionals who are in the field solving problems for their Main Street American clients every day. Each District Committee comprises small, mid-size and large broker-dealer firms, with membership ranging from about seven to nine members.
One FSI member, Wilson Williams of Williams Financial Group in Dallas, has made advisor engagement with FINRA's District Committees a particular focus for his firm.
"The more people you have involved in the dialogue with regulators, the more you can get their ear and make a difference," says Williams.
For independent financial services firms and their affiliated independent financial advisors who are not involved with advocacy activities, Williams offered these sage thoughts: "To sit back and let someone else worry about fighting for our industry's interests is not the correct approach. I think you have to get involved and volunteer your time. Work with people who can help you make a difference and create change."
Williams strongly encourages his advisors to get involved with their local District Committees, whether by serving on the Committees themsevles or by establishing relationships with current Committee members.
Williams says that building stronger engagement with FINRA District Committees has improved his advisors' understanding of the regulatory process and has helped them feel more empowered. "Involvement with the District Committees allows our individual advisors to feel that they have a voice, that they can participate in the process and that regulators are listening to them," he says.
Williams' experience in this area began with his own service as a member of FINRA's District 6 Committee in Dallas. "It was a great experience, because I was able to relay my feelings on FINRA and its actions back to the regulators themselves," says Williams. "Through the District Committee, I was able to let FINRA know which of the issues before it were important, and which were not. It was very effective."
Williams' efforts to get his firm's advisors involved with FINRA at the district level reflect FSI's own initiatives in this area.
We are continually working to build a more robust dialogue with FINRA officials and to help them better understand our industry's concerns. We have endorsed FINRA to serve as the single self-regulatory organization (SRO) for retail investment advisers, and we are pleased and excited that FINRA CEO Rick Ketchum will speak to our Firm member CEOs at FSI's National Discussions in Washington, D.C. in June. Within the past year, FSI's strong relationship with FINRA has enabled us to limit potentially onerous new requirements on communications between firms and clients, and has helped us convey to FINRA our industry's concerns regarding more stringent supervision rules, revenue sharing disclosure rules and numerous other issues. In addition, 16 new FSI members were elected to serve on FINRA District Committees around the country in January.
We applaud Wilson Williams—and all our engaged members—for their efforts to help advisors understand that they can make a positive difference in the regulatory process.
We echo his sentiment that proactive involvement is vital in effecting change and we hope that independent financial advisors around the country will join with us to make every effort to engage regulators and legislators in their communities as well.


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Magoon Capital
Magoon Capital
Get Our Perspectives:
Follow Christian Magoon on Twitter.
Follow @ChristianMagoon
ETF veteran Christian Magoon consistently provides his industry insights and knowledge as a commentator in the U.S. media, speaking publicly on macro investment issues, thematic investing and ETF related topics.
Magoon Forms New ETF Sponsor
Christian Magoon has formed a new ETF Sponsor called YieldShares. Read his thoughts and recent press coverage here.
Article Page
Wall Street Journal's "The Best Tweets For Your Money"
The Wall Street Journal named @ChristianMagoon to its best "Tweets For Your Money" list in 2013. Christian came in at number 10 on the list compiled by WSJ reporters and editors. Read the full story here.
Article Page
The New York Times
The Low Cost Power of Exchange Traded Funds
The Sunday Business section of the New York Times featured an ETF article that highlighted Christian Magoon. In this interview Christian spoke about the disruptive nature of ETFs relative to other traditional investment vehicles.
Article Page
ETF Database
Top 5 ETF Expert On Twitter: @ChristianMagoon
Leading ETF website, ETF Database named @ChristianMagoon a "Top Five ETF Expert On Twitter." ETF Database described Magoon as a "very knowledgeable source on all things ETF." Christian regularly tweets about ETFs, investing and markets.
Article Page
Financial Planning Magazine
Magoon Dubbed "ETF Pioneer" By Financial Planning
Christian Magoon was featured in the October 2011 issue of Financial Planning magazine. In this interview he spoke about his passion for ETFs and what the future has in store for the industry.
Article Page
© 2017 Magoon Capital LLC


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History of Edwin Mellen Press
10 Reasons Publish with us
Steps in Publishing with Mellen
Our Production Process
Contact Information
Mellen Books
Subject Areas
Selection of Mellen Books
Reviewed by Choice
Mellen Authors
Author Testimonials
A - Z of Authors
New Titles
New Titles from The Edwin Mellen Press
Publish with Mellen
The Italian-American Immigrant Theatre of New York City 1746-1899 - Volume 1, Book 3
Aleandri, Emelise
This book is a comprehensive and detailed study of the Italian immigrant theatre of New York City from 1746 to 1899. It is chronologically and geographically detailed, along with details about the actors and principals of that theatre. The author provides factual, personal and anecdotal stories about the principals of this theatre, such as Lorenzo Da Ponte, Adelina Patti, Guglielmo Ricciardi and Antonion Maiori. Through these details, the book explains why theatre was so important to the Italian immigrant population, suggesting that, for one thing, life among the immigrants was itself dramatic, if not theatrical. With its thoroughness and emphasis on the humanness of Italian immigrant society clearly conveyed, this book will be an important contribution to scholarship.
" … Dr. Emelise Aleandri's book is an excellent example of the drive to recapture, to return to what was left behind even as we move to higher ground. She has recorded for us one aspect of those rites of passage every immigrant, every Italian-American has gone through. The theater that emerged in those early days speaks of a community striving to survive emotionally in unknown territory, expressing in their skits, plays, songs, the things they loved best; using humor, laughter and optimism to lighten the uncertainties of the new land, the new life they had chosen … This ambitious work will insure that the history of what is surely one of the most interesting facets of the Italian American experience – the Italian-American immigrant theatre – will not go unrecorded."
– (from the Preface) Anne Paolucci, Professor Emerita, St. John's University
"This work of the history of the Italian language theatre in America should be in every library. This study is an exciting one, the only one ever to be published on the progress of the Italian-American immigrant theatre, decade by documented decade from pre-revolutionary times until the theatre's temporary demise by the 1960s. It is only one result of Dr. Aleandri's continuing pursuit of information in order to reconstruct the history of the existence of this ethnic theatre …"
– Professor Mario Fratti, The City University of New York
"I have known and admired Dr. Aleandri for many years. From our first acquaintance, it was evident that she had a passion for Italian-American theatre. Her academic pursuits have dealt with these materials and a good part of her post-doctoral life has been devoted to this subject. I would wager that no one else knows the material so deeply and so widely as she does. What she has discovered and experienced should most certainly be preserved for future generations of scholars and practitioners."
– Vera Mowry Roberts, Professor Emerita, Hunter College


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Fantastic Fest's Fantastic Market Announces New Projects
Fantastic Fest has just announced the first projects selected for Fantastic Market / Mercado Fantastico, the international co-production market that debuts at this year's festival.
Ten different countries are represented on the list and ScreenAnarchy readers will certainly recognize most of the names there. Representatives of the projects will make pitches at the market in Austin, and a jury made of Fantastic Fest founder Tim League, director Robert Rodriguez and other industry professionals will select and award the top three.
Here's the full press release:
Austin, TX - Thursday, August 22 -- Fantastic Fest is proud to announce the 16 selected projects for the inaugural edition of its international co-production market: Fantastic Market | Mercado Fantastico. The market runs from September 19th through September 21st, 2013 in Austin, Texas. Fantastic Fest runs from September 19th through September 26th.
The public response to Fantastic Market's call for submissions was astounding. Many excellent projects seeking co-production partners were received. The selected projects represent a diverse mix of international talent, including many Fantastic Fest veterans. Seven of the 16 selected projects propose to film, at least partially, in Texas. Full details about each project are available on the co-production market website. The projects are as follows:
BELZEBUTH (Mexico)
Director: Emilio Portes (Meet the Head of Juan Perez; Pastorela)
Producer: Rodrigo Herranz Fanjul, Pastorela Películas (Meet the Head of Juan Perez; Pastorela)
CLUB PANICO (Mexico)
Director: Adrian Garcia Bogliano (Cold Sweat; Penumbra; Here Comes The Devil)
Producer: Andrea Quiroz, Salto de Fe Films (Cold Sweat; Penumbra; Here Comes The Devil)
Director: Batan Silva (Rays of Light; Nonna's Trip)
Producers: Sandra Avila & Monica Bider, Avila Entertainment
Cast: Damin Bicher and Olga Kurylenko
CROSS OF SOULS (Brazil)
Director: Dennison Ramalho (first feature)
Producers: Pablo Torrecillas, Rodrigo Castellar, and Dennison Ramalho, TC Filmes & Pagan Film
EL DUENDE (Colombia)
Director: Jorge Navas (Blood and Rain)
Producer: Diego Ramirez, 64-A Films (Perro Come Perro)
EL PLATA (Argentina)
Director: Tamae Garateguy (Pompeya; She Wolf)
Producer: Jimena Monteoliva, Crudo Films (Pompeya; She Wolf)
EL ARBOL DEL OLVIDO (THE TREE OF OBLIVION) (Canada)
Director: Rodrigo Gudiño (Last Will and Testament of Rosalinda Lee)
Producers: Marco Pecota & Lilia Deschamps, Rue Morgue Cinema & Someone at the Door Productions
GREEDY BEASTS (Spain)
Director: Juan Martínez Moreno (Game of Werewolves; A Good Man)
Producers: Enrique Lopez Lavigne (28 Weeks Later; The Impossible) & Belen Atienza (The Impossible; Open Windows) & Maria Angula, Apaches Entertainment
THE INCIDENT (Mexico)
Director: Isaac Ezban (first feature)
Producer: Andrea Quiroz, Yellow Films (Cold Sweat; Penumbra; Here Comes The Devil)
SMALL TOWN (Uruguay)
Director: Gustavo Hernández Ibáñez (La Casa Muda)
Producers: Pablo González & Ignacio García Cucucovich, Mother Superior
THE SUMMER HIT (Uruguay / Chile / Brazil)
Director: Pablo Stoll (25 Watts; Whisky)
Producers: Florencia Larrea, Kiné-Imágenes (Bonsai; Young and Wild) & Pablo Stoll Ward & Pablo Torecillas, Temperamento Films & Tc Filmes
TATEWARI (Mexico)
Director: Edgar Nito (first feature)
Producer: Rodrigo Frias, Pimienta Films
US VISITOR (Argentina)
Director: Nicolas Goldbart (Phase 7)
Producer: Sebastian Aloi, Aeroplana SA (Phase 7)
THE WRONG PLACE (Cuba / U.S.)
Director: Alejandro Brugués (Juan of the Dead)
Producers: Claudia Calvino & Alejandro Tovar, Producciones de la 5ta Avenida (Juan of the Dead)
VIOLENT RIDER (Chile)
Director: Ernesto Diaz Espinosa (Mandrill; Kiltro; Mirage Man)
Producer: Derek Rundell, 6 Figure Films (Mandrill; Kiltro; Mirage Man)
YAMAHA 300 (Mexico)
Director: Jorge Michel Grau (Somos Lo Que Hay)
Producer: Mayra E. Castro, Velarium Arts


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Feast your eyes on one of only two Vortech-supercharged 2008 Dodge Challenger SRT8's — blacked out, naturally. The Challenger SRT8 already makes 425 HP with the 6.1-liter Hemi, but would you believe this supercharged monster is currently dynoing at 540 HP and 500 lb-ft of torque? You know that scene in cartoons when the junkyard dogs see a sexy lady-dog saunter past and their eyes bug out of their heads and their tongues hit the floor as they start panting uncontrollably? Yeah, we just did that.
The supercharger package is currently undergoing final tuning at the Vortech facilities and is targeted for sale in August. This one made an appearance at the All-Mopar Nationals last weekend where tipster Adam Geake, owner of HXC Performance, snapped a couple of shots for us. Expect more news from Adam soon, as HXC is working on a 'Cuda version of the Challenger for all those Plymouth fans out there.


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We have a TV that folds into the roof in our car and one morning, as it was folded away my son asked, "Please would you take the television down?".
I didn't think this was the correct use of the word 'take' - the TV was not being moved anywhere, just folded down for viewing. Am I correct or is my son?


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Connect to MySQL
Before running the commands shown on this page, you should load the Bitnami stack environment by executing the installdir/use_APPNAME script (Linux and MacOS) or by clicking the shortcut in the Start Menu under "Start -> Bitnami APPNAME Stack -> Application console" (Windows). On OS X VMs, the installation directory is /opt/bitnami and OS X VM users can click the "Open Terminal" button to run commands. Learn more about the Bitnami stack environment and about OS X VMs.
You can connect to the database from the same computer where it is installed with the mysql client tool.
$ mysql -u root -p
You will be prompted to enter the root user password. This is the same password entered during the server deployment process.


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During the Milan Design Week the Italian group of architects Zo_loft presented a mobile shelter for homeless or urban nomads. 'WheelLY' consistes of a rolling aluminium frame, round tent poles – these are the stable and supporting elements – and two expandable polyester tents. The bottom of the tent is made of insulating neoprene.
Packed together 'WheelLY' can easily rolled and pushed around. Reflecting flanges make it even safe for the city traffic. The inside of the frame provides storage for up to 250 pounds of personal items.
With 'WheelLY' Zo_loft presents another example of their research on alternative architecture and design.


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- pair 0.1.2
- A key/value pair data type
pair 0.1.6
This library contains a single PostgreSQL extension, a key/value pair data
type called
pair, along with a convenience function for constructing
key/value pairs. It's just a simple thing, really: a two-value composite type
that can store any type of value in its slots, which are named
k and
pair data type was created as an inspiration, as documented in
this blog post.
Give it a read if you're interested in the context of its creation.
To build it, just do this:
make installcheck
make install
If you encounter an error such as:
"Makefile", line 8: Need an operator
You need to use GNU make, which may well be installed on your system as
gmake install
gmake installcheck
If you encounter an error such as:
make: pg_config: Command not found
Be sure that you have
pg_config installed and in your path. If you used a
package management system such as RPM to install PostgreSQL, be sure that the
-devel package is also installed. If necessary tell the build process where
to find it:
env PG_CONFIG=/path/to/pg_config make && make installcheck && make install
If you encounter an error such as:
ERROR: must be owner of database regression
You need to run the test suite using a super user, such as the default "postgres" super user:
make installcheck PGUSER=postgres
Once pair is installed, you can add it to a database. If you're running PostgreSQL 9.1.0 or greater, it's a simple as connecting to a database as a super user and running:
CREATE EXTENSION pair;
If you've upgraded your cluster to PostgreSQL 9.1 and already had pair installed, you can upgrade it to a properly packaged extension with:
CREATE EXTENSION pair FROM unpackaged;
For versions of PostgreSQL less than 9.1.0, you'll need to run the installation script:
psql -d mydb -f /path/to/pgsql/share/contrib/pair.sql
If you want to install pair and all of its supporting objects into a specific
schema, use the
PGOPTIONS environment variable to specify the schema, like
PGOPTIONS=--search_path=extensions psql -d mydb -f pair.sql
pair data type has no dependencies other than PostgreSQL.
Copyright and License
Copyright (c) 2010-2018 David E. Wheeler.
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the PostgreSQL License.
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose, without fee, and without a written agreement is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph and the following two paragraphs appear in all copies.
In no event shall David E. Wheeler be liable to any party for direct, indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages, including lost profits, arising out of the use of this software and its documentation, even if David E. Wheeler has been advised of the possibility of such damage.
David E. Wheeler specifically disclaims any warranties, including, but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The software provided hereunder is on an "as is" basis, and David E. Wheeler has no obligations to provide maintenance, support, updates, enhancements, or modifications.