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3rd Annual Million-Dollar Ideas
This story appears in the January 2002 issue of . Subscribe »
It doesn't happen every day, and it doesn't make much noise when it does. The moment when you get the itch to start a business often happens quietly and without warning--you could be sitting in cafe enjoying a latte or zipping along on the freeway when inspiration strikes. And typically, it's accompanied by nothing more than a smile creeping across your face--because you know you're on to something, and you know you want to keep it to yourself for a while. That's what we hope happens when you read this year's "Million-Dollar Ideas," our 3rd annual look at some of the hottest business ideas around. Pull up a chair, or simply pull over on the side of the road, because you're going to want to take this one in good.
Staffing Firms
Companies always need staff. And the people providing that staff, staffing firms, have been doing well--to the tune of about $63.6 billion in sales. But the downturn of the economy has brought some new challenges to the market.
Deborah Wainstein, 28, founder of Priority Staffing Solutions Inc. in New York City, has been placing fewer permanent workers but more temporary workers in recent months: "Right now we're reinforcing the relationships we have [with clients] and keeping things positive."
The challenges are many--more people looking for jobs, competition from online job boards, company layoffs, to name a few. But opportunities abound, too. Cooper Moo, director of product management at Salary.com, sees strength, in the short term, in the staffing firms that provide security workers as well as those that have a sophisticated screening process for job seekers.
A couple Web sites to get you started in your staffing research:
In the long term, good staffing firms will be vital, say experts--especially since some economists are predicting an upswing in mid- to late 2002. "Long term, the outlook for the staffing industry will be very rosy," says Joyce L. Gioia, a workplace trends futurist at the Herman Group. "This is a time for people who run staffing companies to regroup-to prepare for the onslaught that takes place in four to eight months." --Nichole L. Torres
September 11 has put the need for security at the forefront of business concerns, and a broad range of opportunities exist within the security industry. The need for security guards across the nation overwhelmed many of the major security companies immediately after the attacks, and there is still a need for trained guards, armed and unarmed, especially in providing higher-end, more qualified personnel, though the demand has dropped as companies plan longer-term solutions.
According to Marc Bradshaw, president of the International Association of Professional Security Consultants, those long-term solutions include the installation of closed-circuit monitoring systems and biometrics systems as well as background checks on personnel in sensitive areas.
Check out these sites for more on the security industry:
"People do not have comfort and peace of mind," says Anthony Dohrmann, 35, founder, chairman and CEO of Lasershield Systems Inc., a manufacturer of security appliances in Carlsbad, California. "Attacks on American soil have created a kind of disease and fear that we've never had, and I think its going to have a tremendous impact [on the security industry]." -Gisela M. Pedroza
Yoga Studio
As our 21st century lifestyles become increasingly complicated, people are getting back to basics. Enter yoga, a 5,000-year-old practice seeking physical and spiritual enlightenment and drawing widespread devotees. IDEA Health & Fitness Association's Trendwatch 2001 highlights yoga as one fitness program showing the greatest increase in participation, and its proven benefits in health prevention and healing has many flocking to the yoga studios.
Mark and Kim Morrison, owners of Yoga Studio in Costa Mesa, California, left their respective jobs as attorney and teacher in 1995 to open up their studio with $25,000. Specializing in Bikram yoga, their 2001 revenue reached $250,000, with business increasing 20 percent annually. "People's whole perspective on life is shifting toward more authentic lifestyles," says Mark. "They're looking for a little peace."
Get in touch with your inner "yogapreneur" with these resources:
- Boston Yoga offers workshops for starting your own yoga business.
- The Business of Teaching Yoga by Larry Payne, available at www.samata.com
Larry Payne, co-founder and director of the International Association of Yoga Therapists, says $100,000 is ideal for starting your own studio and points to "yoga therapy," teaching yoga to people with special needs, as the future of the yoga industry. And he's not the only one convinced of yoga's appeal: According to Yoga Journal, there are approximately 20 million practitioners in the United States alone. -April Pennington
Online Games
When Tina Louise Feldman, 27, and Alan Balode, 25, began creating online games for Internet sites a few years ago, everyone thought their idea sounded like a sure thing. Now, Feldman says, when people hear that Ultimate Arcade Inc. develops games for dotcoms, they say, "Oh, I'm so sorry.' But we're doing great."
So is the online game industry as a whole. It's expected to grow to $5.6 billion by 2005, according to market research firm Jupiter Media Metrix. Feldman and Balode's Calabasas, California-based company has seen business double in just the past six months. Their clients are small (insurance companies, nursing homes) and big (Disney, Levi Strauss and Warner Bros.).
Surf over to these sites for some gaming inspiration and information:
Eventually, Feldman says, they'll branch out into doing online games people will pay to download. But for now, they're sticking to where the big money is: gaming sites offered by businesses with something else to sell. "We're going to see more and more companies [using] online games," says Glenn Platt, professor of economics at Miami University in Oxford, Ohio, and director of its Center for Interactive Media Studies. "Companies want to give consumers a reason to come to their site, to stay at their site and to come back to their site," says Platt. "And online games is the ideal medium for that, if you've done a good job. [Games] create a sense of community, and the users feel like they're part of a special club, which can be valuable for any organization." Platt created an online hockey game with his students a few years ago to help Procter & Gamble promote its Febreze fabric freshener. P&G was trying to improve its sales with college students, says Platt, adding, "They figured college kids would have smelly clothes." To gain the kind of following Ultimate Arcade enjoys, your games will need to stand out. "With all the competition," says Platt, "companies need to keep making these games better, more interesting and more sophisticated." --Geoff Williams
Alternative Health for Pets
Acupuncture, spas, nutrition bars--if you can use it for better health and well-being, so can your dog or cat. Americans were expected to spend $28.5 billion on their pets in 2001, according to the American Pet Product Manufacturers Association. And signs show much of that is being spent on alternative health: The American Veterinary Medical Association recently started encouraging its members to use herbs, chiropractic, homeopathy and other natural healing methods to treat chronic illness in all kinds of pets, from lizards to Labrador retrievers.
How to treat those ailing pets? Find out in The Encyclopedia of Natural Pet Care by C.J. Puotinen and Beverly Cappel-King.
Don't limit yourself to treatments when considering this market. Other successful ideas include greeting cards for sick dogs, vibrating pagers for deaf and hard-of-hearing dogs, and natural pet food stores. Still skeptical about the market? Then consider that there are some 115 million pets nationwide--and many people treat them as family members. Pet entrepreneur Kristen Leigh Bell has a theory: "[Many people] are too busy with their careers to start a family, and pets become their children. That's how it is for me," says Bell, 31, an animal lover who is president of Aromaleigh Inc., a Rochester, New York, canine and feline aromatherapy company. Her catalog carries everything from Canine Calming Synergy Spritz to a moisturizer for cats. Even a shaky economy hasn't stopped parents from buying for their "babies," says Bell. --Geoff Williams
Maternity Clothes
Celebrity moms like Cindy Crawford and Kelly Ripa aren't the only ones who know that muumuu-style maternity clothes are so last century. Today, pregnant women are all about celebrating their style and looking sexy. From high-end maternity designers like Liz Lange and A Pea in the Pod to midpriced maternitywear newcomers The Gap and Old Navy, clothing designers are on to the potential of this growing market. With more than 4 million babies born annually, it's easy to see why the maternity clothing market is buzzing.
Peg Moline, editor in chief of Shape's Fit Pregnancy magazine, has seen a boom in sexy and hip maternity clothing as well as in athletic maternitywear. And with more pregnant women on the job, maternitywear has to provide workplace comfort and style. "[Clothes] have to be really comfortable, really sharp-looking and also very hip," says Moline.
What's hip for mothers-to-be? Get the style lowdown at these sites:
Enter LSR Maternity. Specializing in lingerie, LSR founder Laura S. Rudolph describes her products as the "Victoria's Secret of maternitywear." Founded in 1996, Aurora, Colorado-based LSR was born out of Rudolph's frustration with the dearth of sexy, well-made and affordable maternity fashions on the market. Rudolph filled the void with lingerie the average woman could afford. "It's not about income levels and social status," says Rudolph, 36. "It's about who wants to feel beautiful and sexy during pregnancy." Rudolph's prices range from $48 to $84, and she plans to release a lower-priced line through her online store and specialty boutiques nationwide.
Need more proof this market is worth a look? LSR Maternity's revenues have increased 300 percent over the past six months, and Rudolph is projecting sales of up to half a million dollars in 2002. -Nichole L. Torres
Dolls, T-shirts, cell-phone deals, weight-loss plans, calendars, toy helicopters that whirl into the sky, rings, watches, bracelets, baseball caps and bonsai trees. Kiosks sell it all. And you could be earning it all. Also known as booths or shopping carts, kiosks located in shopping malls or outdoor shopping districts provide a potential gold mine for both established entrepreneurs and up-and-comers trying to gain a retail foothold.
Specialty retail, including kiosks and temporary in-line stores, is a $10 billion business, according to Patricia Norins, publisher of trade magazine Specialty Retail Report. "It's definitely still on the upswing," says Norins. "A lot of malls are clearing out planters and benches and making room for kiosk operators, recognizing the real benefits to consumers and to their own bottom line."
Visit Specialty Retail Report online at www.specialtyretail.com.
"It's a very strong business," concurs Kathleen Ruesche, director of specialty leasing and sales at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota. A single kiosk can bring in as much as $200,000 annually, and many kiosk owners own more than one. During the off-season, a kiosk entrepreneur might pay $500 to $2,500 to lease space; some malls also collect a percentage of sales. Prices between October and January in Mall of America-size malls could run as high as $10,000 a month.
Most operators think the benefits outweigh these costs. One perk: You don't have to keep your store open year-round-you can reap profits during busy months and shut down during slow ones. Kiosks also offer great exposure. "People are likely to practically trip over your store," says Ruesche. But one warning: Don't create an atmosphere that encourages loitering and looky-loos. The highest-performing kiosk retailers, says Ruesche, are those who provide "impulse buys." --Geoff Williams
Plus-Size Clothes
You dream of having a slim supermodel show off your clothing designs. But did you know that the retail clothes market for plus-sized women is $26 billion? "[Plus-size] is a great market," says Phyllis Borcherding, assistant professor of fashion design at the University of Cincinnati. "There are all sorts of niche markets in the plus-size industry, [such as] high-end [clothes]. I think the retail world is starting to realize that just because you're larger doesn't mean you [can't afford nice clothes]." Think plus-size businesswomen's clothes as well as loungewear and activewear, says Borcherding.
Susan Weber applauds that sort of thinking. But the president of Grand Style Women's Club, an online club for women who wear size 14 and up, offers an interesting conundrum: She thinks entrepreneurs should be wary of selling exclusively to the plus-size market. Most plus-sized women don't think of themselves as plus-sized, says Weber. She believes entrepreneurs would be wiser to offer clothing to everybody, from the smallest size to the largest.
Check out plus-size fashions at these sites:
Borcherding, however, contends the plus-size stigma is waning: "Plus-size doesn't mean you're necessarily overweight," she says. "Sometimes you're just larger." She notes that some brands offer what they call "alternative sizing," or don't bill themselves as plus-size lines-they just offer outfits in sizes 12 to 20, "which gets the point across," she says. In any case, ignore the market at your own peril: Weber says 50 percent of American women are size 14 or larger. --Geoff Williams
"One of the most important tasks of the franchisor is to eliminate the franchisee's excuse for failure, [which] is accomplished through constant testing and refinement of the products and services to know exactly what succeeds and what does not," notes Jerry Wilkerson, president of Crete, Illinois-based consulting firm Franchise Recruiters Inc. And that's really the beauty of franchising: Someone else does your dirty work.
That wasn't immediately evident to Steven Wise when he and his college buddies decided to start a business two years ago. "We didn't necessarily look into franchising; what we were looking for was to get into our own business," says Steven Wise, vice president and co-founder of eCo3 Ventures Corp., an Orlando, Florida, company he founded with Benjamin Staat, 31, and Keith Tanner, 33, to operate their Hangers Cleaners franchises.
Visit the Franchise Zone for articles, tools and research guides to help you find a franchise that's right for you
But Wise, whose company has yet to open for business (the company plans to have four units in operation by spring 2002), has already seen the advantages of franchising. "The biggest benefit is the ability to share your knowledge with a group of people who are doing very similar things in terms of creating a business and following the same guidelines [you are]," says Wise, 30. "You have the ability to tap in to a number of people throughout the country and ask them what their experiences are, what their knowledge is, and we have the ability to share that with them as well."
Consulting Service
Consulting is one of those businesses that most people aren't too familiar with. They know the term, but really, what do consultants do all day long? What do you consult about? We'll clear up the confusion: According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, a consultant is one who gives professional advice or services, an expert. It's one more thing, too, according to us: a damn good industry to get in on.
"Consultants offer a fresh, objective point of view when an organization is looking for answers to questions it never had in the past," says Elaine Biech, author of The Business of Consulting. And this is a particularly salient point right now with a recession lingering and layoffs occurring in all industries. "Layoffs don't signal less work for consultants," says Biech. "In fact, it's often just the opposite. The employees go away, but the work may not. Consultants can provide temporary people-power to complete projects that still remain."
Here are some resources to get you started in your consulting research:
Entrepreneur.com Resources
- Start-Up Kit: Consulting Business
- Start-Up Guide: How to Start a Consulting Service
- An Introduction to Business Plans
- Start a Private Practice Consulting Firm
Industry Associations
To get a start in consulting, you will need solid experience and expertise. John Hrastar began his McLean, Virginia, consulting firm, InterSource, after building a $25 million business. "My expertise comes from being a real-world, serial entrepreneur, having an interest in a wide variety of industries, an understanding of the underlying processes that drive business growth, and the ability to quickly learn, distill and communicate a situation when working with a client," say Hrastar, who offers CEO advisory services; interim CEO services, where he becomes the CEO of a company for a brief period of time; and CEO roundtable discussion moderation.
"The key is to determine where your brilliance lies and then offer it to clients," advises Biech. "Do a thorough self-assessment: Explore your experiences, inventory your competencies and assess your consulting aptitude." Also, talk to other practicing consultants to get a feel for the business, the day-to-day operations and the challenges. "The third step is to determine how much money you'll need to make and begin to establish your business plan," says Biech.
Start-up costs for consulting practices are minimal: A desk, computer equipment and high-quality marketing materials. "You can get by with few expenses to start a consulting business," says Biech. "However, don't cut costs on your marketing supplies. Do not shortchange your image."
Patriotic Products
After September 11, you saw them everywhere: Flags on car antennae or attached to windows. Flags on lawns. Flags on shirts. Many were given away in exchange for charity donations. But many, many were sold at the local convenience store, the grocery store, the department store--hopefully with a chunk of change still going to charity.
While marketing patriotic products during a time of national turmoil can be a risky venture, it can also turn out to be a business opportunity that can nourish both your entrepreneurial spirit and your conscience--if you go about it in the right way. John Landrum and Bill Russell both work in the film industry, but just days after September 11, they were struck with a thought that changed both their lives: How can you show your patriotism while also supporting the peace movement? Hours later, Peaceflags.org was born.
But don't let the quick start fool you: The business partners struggled to find flag manufacturers that would take a chance on their small company and surprisingly controversial product: an American flag with stars in the shape of a peace sign. In fact, CNN pulled a segment on Peaceflags as a result of advertiser pressure. "It's controversial in that the peace movement is marginalized right now," says Landrum, who worked with Russell to keep the flags completely U.S.-produced. "Because we're providing the symbol of that [movement], we definitely became the chew toy of that battle."
Check out these resources on Entrepreneur.com:
They also struggled to find a way to get the word out about their product. They first focused on nonprofit organizations like National Public Radio, but were shut out because Peaceflags.org isn't nonprofit. (They explored the option, but Landrum says it was a "bureaucratic nightmare.") With a scarce advertising budget, they lucked out: Both Mother Jones and The Nation offered online ad space for next to nothing, and their ad got the highest click-through rate--4 percent--in history on both sites. They've since received 3,000 orders and donated one-third of proceeds to charity, and they plan to keep the business alive in hopes of finding a nonprofit purchaser for Peaceflags.org.
The moral of this story is, while the nation's attitude is ripe for new patriotic products, it's not necessarily an easy sell. Like any "hot" trend, getting started quick is crucial--and getting started quick requires long, long hours. But is it worth it when the trend will peter out? The current 50 million flag market (according to the National Flag Foundation) will undoubtedly diminish over time, but 20 million flags are still sold every year. So regardless where current events are headed, customers will still be looking for flags come Flag Day and Fourth of July.
Tech Consulting
IT spending is down this year--it's true. But after increasing year after year for the past decade, there's still a huge market for tech consultants. IDC estimated that worldwide corporate spending on online initiatives would reach $700 billion in 2001, with U.S. companies spending $260 billion on Web infrastructure in 2000.
Who's the market for tech consulting? "Any firm using IT systems. In other words, almost any firm," says Don McLaurin, CEO of the National Association of Computer Consultant Businesses, an organization that represents IT services firms.
As far as choosing a specialty, let your imagination and your skills determine that. Computer consultants can focus on software development, network engineers, security, programming, Web designers...the list goes on and on. "People specialize [within these areas] as well," explains Gloria Metrick, owner of GeoMetrick Enterprises, a Cincinnati-based computer consulting firm that specializes in managing laboratory data. "For example, there are many programming languages a consultant might specialize in. Another twist is, some consultants specialize in a functional area or a subset of a functional area. For example, I work with a specific type of laboratory system known as LIMS (Laboratory Information Management Systems), and I perform all tasks within the type of system I work with."
Put your high-tech know-how to good use with help from these books:
- Flawless Consulting: A Guide to Getting Your Expertise Used by Peter Block
- Getting Started in Consulting by Alan Weiss
To get started, you need a good amount of experience in the area you're specializing in. Before striking out on her own, Metrick had worked for a LIMS end-user and a LIMS vendor as well as subcontracted at a LIMS consulting firm. "Consultants cannot be 'run-of-the-mill' talent," says McLaurin. "They usually need at least three years of practical experience. [And,] unless they are in some really esoteric technology, they need good soft skills, i.e., communications and relational skills. More than 80 percent of consultants are asked off of assignment because of nontechnical reasons."


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The United Methodist Men at Peachtree City United Methodist Church are now taking orders for their 34th Annual Fertilizer and Pine Straw Sale.
Delivery dates will be on Feb. 23 and March 2. Products are priced comparably to big box retailers in the area and the men deliver to individual homes free of charge.
For the last 34 years the Peachtree City United Methodist Men have been selling high quality products at reasonable prices that work together to make lawns more beautiful.
Last year the group sold more than 700 bags of fertilizer, 300 bags of lime and 16,600 bales of pine straw to more than 600 customers.
The program began as a bricks and mortar fundraiser for the church's first facility under the management of charter member Al Messick. Now managed by long-time member Butch Hill, proceeds from the sale are distributed by UMM to many different organizations locally and around the world.
Ministries supported include Boy Scouts, Girl Scouts, 4-H Clubs, American Legion Boys/Girls State, USO, Methodist Children's Home, Methodist End Malaria Fund, The Society of St. Andrews End Hunger Campaign, and the Army Emergency Relief Fund. Place orders online at www.ptcumc.org and use the links provided or call 770-486-5331.

subset: commoncrawl


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ABC has picked up the rights to a new TV series titled "Jekyll and Hyde" which is based on the classic tale of Frankenstein. I kid. The show will take place in modern day San Francisco and focus on a female detective who tries to hunt down a mad scientist. She also builds a monster out of dead people. I kid again.
The good people over at WWE have snagged the rights to a new post-apocalyptic thriller about a group of survivors who make on last stand as the world comes to an end titled "The Day". I've got to say this actually sounds kind of cool, and as long as they don't go putting Stone Cold Steve Austin in the lead role it might have some potential. You give these kind of thought provoking roles to The Rock obviously.
As a child I had a pretty hefty crush on Meg Foster, she played Evil-Lyn in "Master of the Universe" and was scary and hot at the same time. Now she's been added to the cast of Rob Zombie's "Lords of Salem" as the leader of a witch coven that comes back to haunt modern day Salem. I can not think of a more appropriate role for Foster. With her sexy sexy eyes and frightening as all hell face.
And with the spooky time season coming up it only makes sense that we would get a trailer for "Halloween: XXX Porn Parody", the latest in a string of porns that will probably end up being more entertaining than the remakes they're based on. I hope this one is in theaters though.


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After Facebook launched its version of an Android-based mobile OS earlier this year, the initial reaction was lukewarm at best. Even now, the app has more than 10,000 one-star reviews on Google Play; more people hate the app than love it.
Fortunately for Facebook, a new program could help make the application better in a short amount of time.
Facebook today announced a beta testing program for its Android application that would effectively give early access to users who want to try out the latest, early releases of Facebook before general distribution to the public.
The idea is, you sign up to see the latest builds of the official Facebook app and automatically send feedback to the company, which can be used to improve the app before wide release. And the early adopters benefit in that they get to see the latest updates on a very popular app.
Right now, the beta program is only for the official Facebook app, not Messenger, not Camera, not Instagram … and not Facebook Home, either. But Facebook Director of Mobile Engineering Mike Shaver suggested that this program could eventually extend to Home at some point.
"Without [speaking to] future plans, we could see how that could benefit us as well," Shaver said when asked about a beta program for Home.
I'd say that's probably a good idea. Facebook played off its initial flop with Home as an intentionally slow release to select devices on the market. If you roll it out to only a small number of people at a time, the theory went, you can control quality better and update as needed.
Problem was, those releases, however limited, still felt like beta versions, and the users certainly let Facebook know how terrible it was. Perhaps if Facebook opens this program to Home in the near future, the company will face less initial backlash during product releases.
Or perhaps people just don't want a "Facebook Phone" period, no matter how much they beta test it.


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Ronald Fisher
Template:Use British English Template:Infobox scientist Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher FRS[1] (17 February 1890 – 29 July 1962) was an English statistician, evolutionary biologist, geneticist, and eugenicist. Fisher is known as one of the chief architects of the neo-Darwinian synthesis, for his important contributions to statistics, including the analysis of variance (ANOVA), method of maximum likelihood, fiducial inference, and the derivation of various sampling distributions, and for being one of the three principal founders of population genetics. Anders Hald called him "a genius who almost single-handedly created the foundations for modern statistical science",[2] while Richard Dawkins named him "the greatest biologist since Darwin".[3]
Early life
Fisher was born in East Finchley in London, England, to George and Katie Fisher. His father was a successful auctioneer and fine arts dealer at one time. He had a happy childhood, being doted on by three older sisters, an older brother, and his mother, but she died from acute peritonitis when he was 14. His father lost his business in several ill-considered transactions only 18 months later.[4]
From 1896 until 1904 the family lived at Inverforth House in north London, on the edge of Hampstead Heath, where English Heritage installed a blue plaque in 2002 to mark Ronald Fisher's boyhood residency.
Although Ronald Fisher had quite poor eyesight, he was a precocious student, winning the Neeld Medal (a competitive essay in mathematics) at Harrow School at the age of 16. Because of his poor eyesight, he was tutored in mathematics without the aid of paper and pen, which developed his ability to visualize problems in geometrical terms, without contributing to his interest in writing proper derivations of mathematical solutions, especially proofs. He amazed his peers with his ability to conjecture mathematical solutions without justifying his conclusions by showing intermediate steps. He also developed a strong interest in biology, and especially evolutionary biology.
In 1909, he won a scholarship to the Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. There he formed many friendships and became enthralled with the heady intellectual atmosphere. At Cambridge, Fisher learned of the newly rediscovered theory of Mendelian genetics. He saw biometry and its growing corpus of statistical methods as a potential way to reconcile the discontinuous nature of Mendelian inheritance with continuous variation and gradual evolution. However, his foremost concern was eugenics, which he saw as a pressing social as well as scientific issue that encompassed both genetics and statistics.
In 1911, Fisher was involved in the forming of the University of Cambridge Eugenics Society with John Maynard Keynes, R. C. Punnett, and Horace Darwin (the son of Charles Darwin). This group was active, and it held monthly meetings, often featuring addresses by leaders of mainstream eugenics organizations, such as the Eugenics Education Society of London, founded by Charles Darwin's half-cousin, Francis Galton in 1909.[5]
Close to Fisher's graduation in 1912, his tutor told his student that—despite his enormous aptitude for scientific work and his mathematical potential—his disinclination to show calculations or to prove propositions rendered him unsuited for a career in applied mathematics, which required greater fortitude. His tutor gave him a "lukewarm" recommendation, stating that if Fisher "had stuck to the ropes he would have made a first-class mathematician, but he would not."[6]
After his graduation, Fisher was eager to join the British Army in anticipation of the entry of Great Britain into World War I. However, he failed the medical examinations (repeatedly) because of his poor eyesight. Over the next six years, he worked as a statistician for the City of London. For part of his war work, he took up teaching physics and mathematics at a sequence of public schools, including Bradfield College in Berkshire, as well as aboard H.M. Training Ship Worcester. Major Leonard Darwin (another son of Charles Darwin) and an unconventional and vivacious friend he called Gudruna were almost his only contacts with his Cambridge circle. They sustained him through this difficult period.
A bright spot in his life then was that Gudruna set him up with her sister Eileen Guinness. They were married in 1917 when she was only 17 years old. With her sister's help, he set up a subsistence farming operation on the Bradfield estate, where they had a large garden and raised animals, learning to make do on very little. They lived through the rest of the war without using their food coupons.[7]
During this period, Fisher started writing book reviews for the Eugenic Review and gradually increased his interest in genetic and statistical work. He volunteered to undertake all such reviews for the journal, and was hired to a part-time position by Major Darwin. He published several articles on biometry during this period, including the ground-breaking paper "The Correlation Between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance", written in 1916 and published in 1918. This paper laid foundation for what came to be known as biometrical genetics, and it introduced the methodology of the analysis of variance, which was a considerable advance over the correlation methods used earlier. This paper showed that the inheritance of traits measurable by real values (i.e., continuous or dimensional traits) is consistent with Mendelian principles.[8] This forms the basis of the genetics of complex trait inheritance and mitigated debates between biometricians and Mendelians, and the compatibility of particulate inheritance with natural selection. In this paper was also the first use of the term "variance" in statistics.
After the end of World War I, Fisher went looking for a new job in low hopes, calling himself "an egregious failure in two professions" as a commercial statistician and as a teacher.[9] He was offered a position at the Galton Laboratory led by Karl Pearson, the founder of mathematical statistics in Great Britain. Because he saw the developing rivalry with Pearson as a professional obstacle, however, he accepted a temporary job instead as a statistician with a small agricultural station in the countryside in 1919.
Early professional years
In 1919, Fisher started work at Rothamsted Experimental Station in Harpenden, Hertfordshire, England. Here he started a major study of the extensive collections of data recorded over many years. This resulted in a series of reports under the general title Studies in Crop Variation. This began a period of great productivity. Over the next seven years, he pioneered the principles of the design of experiments and elaborated his studies of analysis of variance. He furthered his studies of the statistics of small samples. Perhaps even more important, he began his systematic approach of the analysis of real data as the springboard for the development of new statistical methods. He developed computational algorithms for analyzing data from his balanced experimental designs. In 1925, this work resulted in the publication of his first book, Statistical Methods for Research Workers.[10] This book went through many editions and translations in later years, and it became the standard reference work for scientists in many disciplines. In 1935, this book was followed by The Design of Experiments, which was also widely used.
In addition to analysis of variance, Fisher named and promoted the method of maximum likelihood estimation. Fisher also originated the concepts of sufficiency, ancillary statistics, Fisher's linear discriminator and Fisher information. His article On a distribution yielding the error functions of several well known statistics (1924) presented Pearson's chi-squared test and William Gosset's t in the same framework as the Gaussian distribution, and his own parameter in the analysis of variance Fisher's z-distribution (more commonly used decades later in the form of the F distribution). These contributions made him a major figure in 20th century statistics. He was a prominent opponent of Bayesian statistics, and was even the first to use the term "Bayesian".[11]
His work on the theory of population genetics also made him one of the three great figures of that field, together with Sewall Wright and J. B. S. Haldane, and as such was one of the founders of the neo-Darwinian modern evolutionary synthesis. In addition to founding modern quantitative genetics with his 1918 paper, he was the first to use diffusion equations to attempt to calculate the distribution of gene frequencies among populations. He pioneered the estimation of genetic linkage and gene frequencies by maximum likelihood methods, and wrote early papers on the wave of advance of advantageous genes and on clines of gene frequency. His 1950 paper[12] on gene frequency clines is notable as the first application of a computer, the EDSAC, to biology.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Category handler|main}}{{#invoke:Category handler|main}}[citation needed] }}
His ground-breaking book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection was started in 1928 and published in 1930. He developed ideas on sexual selection, mimicry and the evolution of dominance. He famously showed that the probability of a mutation increasing the fitness of an organism decreases proportionately with the magnitude of the mutation. He also proved that larger populations carry more variation so that they have a larger chance of survival. It was in this book that he set forth the foundations of what was to become known as population genetics. The book was reviewed, among others, by physicist Charles Galton Darwin, a grandson of Charles Darwin's, and following publication of his review, C. G. Darwin sent Fisher his copy of the book, with notes in the margin. The marginal notes became the food for a correspondence running at least three years.[13] Fisher's book also had a major influence on the evolutionary biologist W. D. Hamilton and the development of his later theories on the genetic basis for the existence of kin selection.
Fisher had a long and successful collaboration with E. B. Ford in the field of ecological genetics. The outcome of this work was the general recognition that the force of natural selection was often much stronger than had been appreciated before, and that many ecogenetic situations (such as polymorphism) were not selectively neutral, but were maintained by the force of selection. Fisher was the original author of the idea of heterozygote advantage, which was later found to play a frequent role in genetic polymorphism.[14] The discovery of indisputable cases of natural selection in nature was one of the main strands in the modern evolutionary synthesis.
His later years
Fisher received the recognition of his peers in 1929 when he was inducted into the Royal Society. His fame grew and he began to travel more and lecture to wider circles. In 1931, he spent six weeks at the Statistical Laboratory at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa. He gave three lectures per week on his work, and he met many of the active American statisticians, including George W. Snedecor. He returned to Iowa State again for another visit in 1936.
In 1933 he left Rothamsted to become a Professor of Eugenics at the University College London. In 1937, he visited the Indian Statistical Institute in Calcutta, which at the time consisted of one part-time employee, P. C. Mahalanobis. He visited there often in later years, encouraging its development. He was the guest of honour at its 25th anniversary in 1957 when it had grown to 2000 employees.[15]
In 1939, when World War II broke out for the British Empire, the University tried to dissolve the eugenics department, and it ordered all of the animals destroyed. Fisher fought back, but then he was dispatched back to Rothamsted with a much-reduced staff and resources. He was unable to find any really suitable war work, and though he kept very busy with various small projects, he became discouraged of any real progress. His marriage disintegrated. His oldest son George, an aviator,[16] was killed in combat.
In 1943, Fisher was offered the Balfour Chair of Genetics at the University of Cambridge, his alma mater. During the war, this department was almost destroyed, but the University promised him that he would be charged with rebuilding it after the war. Fisher accepted this offer, but the promises were largely unfilled, and the department grew very slowly. A notable exception was the recruitment in 1948 of the Italian researcher Cavalli-Sforza, who established a one-man unit of bacterial genetics. He continued his work on mouse chromosome mapping—breeding the mice in laboratories in his own house—[17] and other projects. These culminated in the publication in 1949 of The Theory of Inbreeding. In 1947, Fisher cofounded the journal Heredity: An International Journal of Genetics with Cyril Darlington.
He opposed the UNESCO Statement of Race. He believed that evidence and everyday experience showed that human groups differ profoundly "in their innate capacity for intellectual and emotional development" and concluded that the "practical international problem is that of learning to share the resources of this planet amicably with persons of materially different nature", and that "this problem is being obscured by entirely well-intentioned efforts to minimize the real differences that exist". The revised statement titled "The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry" (1951) was accompanied by Fisher's dissenting commentary.[18]
Fisher eventually received many awards for his work, and he was dubbed a Knight Bachelor by Queen Elizabeth II in 1952. He was also awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin–Wallace Medal in 1958.
An inveterate pipe-smoker, Fisher was opposed to the conclusions of Richard Doll and Austin B. Hill that smoking causes lung cancer. He compared the correlations in their papers to a correlation between the import of apples and the rise of divorce in order to show that correlation does not imply causation.[19] To quote his biographers Yates and Mather,[1] "It has been suggested that the fact that Fisher was employed as consultant by the tobacco firms in this controversy casts doubt on the value of his arguments. This is to misjudge the man. He was not above accepting financial reward for his labours, but the reason for his interest was undoubtedly his dislike and mistrust of puritanical tendencies of all kinds; and perhaps also the personal solace he had always found in tobacco."
After retiring from the University of Cambridge in 1957, Fisher emigrated, and he spent some time as a senior research fellow at the Australian CSIRO in Adelaide, South Australia. He died and was buried in Adelaide in 1962.
Personality and beliefs
Fisher was noted for his loyalty to his friends. Once he had formed a favourable opinion of any man, he was loyal to a fault. A similar sense of loyalty bound him to his culture. He was a patriot, a member of the Church of England, politically conservative, and a scientific rationalist. Much sought after as a brilliant conversationalist and dinner companion, he very early on developed a reputation for carelessness in his dress and, sometimes, his manners. In later years he was the archetype of the absent-minded professor.
He knew the scriptures well and H. Allen Orr describes him in the Boston Review as a "deeply devout Anglican who, between founding modern statistics and population genetics, penned articles for church magazines".[20] But he was not dogmatic in his religious beliefs. In a 1955 broadcast on Science and Christianity,[1] he said:
- The custom of making abstract dogmatic assertions is not, certainly, derived from the teaching of Jesus, but has been a widespread weakness among religious teachers in subsequent centuries. I do not think that the word for the Christian virtue of faith should be prostituted to mean the credulous acceptance of all such piously intended assertions. Much self-deception in the young believer is needed to convince himself that he knows that of which in reality he knows himself to be ignorant. That surely is hypocrisy, against which we have been most conspicuously warned.
Fisher was an ardent promoter of eugenics, which also stimulated and guided much of his work in the genetics of humans. The last third of his book "The Genetical Theory" concerned the applications of these ideas to humans, and presented the data available at that time. He presented a theory that attributed the decline and fall of civilizations to its arrival at a state where the fertility of the upper classes is forced down. Using the census data of 1911 for Britain, he showed that there was an inverse relationship between fertility and social class. This was partly due, he believed, to the rise in social status of families who were not capable of producing many children but who rose because of the financial advantage of having a small number of children. Therefore he proposed the abolition of the economic advantage of small families by instituting subsidies (he called them allowances) to families with larger numbers of children, with the allowances proportional to the earnings of the father. He himself had two sons and six daughters. According to Yates and Mather, "His large family, in particular, reared in conditions of great financial stringency, was a personal expression of his genetic and evolutionary convictions."[1]
Between 1929 and 1934 the Eugenics Society also campaigned hard for a law permitting sterilization on eugenic grounds. They believed that it should be entirely voluntary, and a right, not a punishment. They published a draft of a proposed bill, and it was submitted to Parliament. Although it was defeated by a 2:1 ratio, this was viewed as progress, and the campaign continued. Fisher played a major role in this movement, and served in several official committees to promote it.{{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__ |$B= {{#invoke:Category handler|main}}{{#invoke:Category handler|main}}[citation needed] }} In 1934, Fisher moved to increase the power of scientists within the Eugenics Society, but was ultimately thwarted by members with an environmentalist point of viewTemplate:Clarify, and he, along with many other scientists, resigned.Template:Fact
See also
- Analysis of variance
- Fisher information (often used as a Fisher matrix)
- Fisher's equation (also known as the Fisher–Kolmogorov equation, whose solution is a Fisherian wave of advance)
- Fisher's exact test
- Fisher's Linear Discriminant
- Fisher's geometric model
- Fisher's inequality
- Fisher's iris
- Fisher's method for combining independent tests of significance
- Fisher's permutation test
- Fisher's theory of the evolution of the sex ratio
- Fisher's z-distribution
- Fisher kernel
- Fisherian runaway
- Fisher–Bingham distribution
- Fisher–Tippett distribution
- Fisher–Yates shuffle
- Behrens–Fisher problem
- Inverse probability
- R. A. Fisher Lectureship
- von Mises–Fisher distribution
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Template:Cite doi
- ↑ {{#invoke:citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}
- ↑ Dawkins, R. (2010). WHO IS THE GREATEST BIOLOGIST SINCE DARWIN? WHY? Edge "Who is the greatest biologist since Darwin? That's far less obvious, and no doubt many good candidates will be put forward. My own nominee would be Ronald Fisher. Not only was he the most original and constructive of the architects of the neo-Darwinian synthesis. Fisher also was the father of modern statistics and experimental design. He therefore could be said to have provided researchers in biology and medicine with their most important research tools, as well as with the modern version of biology's central theorem."
- ↑ Box, R. A. Fisher, pp 8–16
- ↑ Box, R. A. Fisher, pp 17–34
- ↑ Sir John Russell. Letter to The Times of London.
- ↑ Box, R. A. Fisher, pp 35–50
- ↑ Box, R. A. Fisher, pp 50–61
- ↑ Box, R. A. Fisher, pp 35–36
- ↑ Box, R. A. Fisher, pp 93–166
- ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
- ↑ Fisher, R. A. (1950) "Gene Frequencies in a Cline Determined by Selection and Diffusion", Biometrics, 6 (4), 353–361 Template:Jstor
- ↑ Fisher, R. A., 1999. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Complete Variorum Edition. Oxford University Press. Appendix 2.
- ↑ Fisher R. 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.
- ↑ Box, R. A. Fisher, p 337
- ↑ Box, R. A. Fisher, p 396
- ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
- ↑ http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0007/000733/073351eo.pdf "The Race Concept: Results of an Inquiry", p. 27. UNESCO 1952
- ↑ {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=journal }}
- ↑ Gould on God: Can religion and science be happily reconciled?
- {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation
|CitationClass=journal }}
- Box, Joan Fisher (1978) R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist, New York: Wiley, ISBN 0-471-09300-9.
- William H. Kruskal: "The significance of Fisher: A review of R. A. Fisher. The Life of a Scientist, by Joan Fisher Box," Journal of the American Statistical Association, 75 (1980), 1019–1030.
- David Howie, "Interpreting Probability: Controversies and Developments in the Early Twentieth Century" (Cambridge University Press, 2002)
- Salsburg, David (2002) The Lady Tasting Tea: How Statistics Revolutionized Science in the Twentieth Century, ISBN 0-8050-7134-2
A selection from Fisher's 395 articles
These are available on the University of Adelaide website:
- "Frequency distribution of the values of the correlation coefficient in samples from an indefinitely large population." Biometrika, 10: 507–521. (1915) Template:Hide in printTemplate:Only in print
- "The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance" Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 52: 399–433. (1918). It was in this paper that the word variance was first introduced into probability theory and statistics.
- "On the mathematical foundations of theoretical statistics" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, A, 222: 309–368. (1922) Template:Hide in printTemplate:Only in print
- "On the dominance ratio". Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., 42: 321–341. (1922)
- "On a distribution yielding the error functions of several well known statistics" Proc. Int. Cong. Math., Toronto, 2: 805–813. (1924)
- "Theory of statistical estimation" Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, 22: 700–725 (1925) Template:Hide in printTemplate:Only in print
- "Applications of Student's distribution" Metron, 5: 90–104 (1925)
- "The arrangement of field experiments" J. Min. Agric. G. Br., 33: 503–513. (1926)
- "The general sampling distribution of the multiple correlation coefficient" Proceedings of Royal Society, A, 121: 654–673 (1928) Template:Hide in printTemplate:Only in print
- "Two new properties of mathematical likelihood" Proceedings of Royal Society, A, 144: 285–307 (1934) Template:Hide in printTemplate:Only in print
Books by Fisher
Full publication details are available on the University of Adelaide website:
- Statistical Methods for Research Workers (1925) ISBN 0-05-002170-2.
- The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection (1930) ISBN 0-19-850440-3.
- The Design of Experiments (1935) ISBN 0-02-844690-9
- The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems (in Annals of Eugenics 7/1936)
- Statistical tables for biological, agricultural and medical research (1938, coauthor:Frank Yates)
- The theory of inbreeding (1949) ISBN 0-12-257550-4, ISBN 0-05-000873-0
- Contributions to mathematical statistics, John Wiley, (1950)
- Statistical methods and scientific inference (1956) ISBN 0-02-844740-9
- Collected Papers of R.A. Fisher (1971–1974). Five Volumes. University of Adelaide.
Biographies of Fisher
- Box, Joan Fisher (1978) R. A. Fisher: The Life of a Scientist, New York: Wiley, ISBN 0-471-09300-9. Preface
Secondary literature
- Edwards, A.W.F., 2005, "Statistical methods for research workers" in Grattan-Guinness, I., ed., Landmark Writings in Western Mathematics. Elsevier: 856–70.
External links
|Find more about Ronald Fisher at Wikipedia's sister projects
|Media from Commons
|Quotations from Wikiquote
|Database entry Q216723 on Wikidata
- Template:MacTutor Biography
- A Guide to R. A. Fisher by John Aldrich
- Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics for Fisher's contribution to the language of statistics
- University of Adelaide Library for bibliography, biography, 2 volumes of correspondence and many articles
- Classics in the History of Psychology for the first edition of Statistical Methods for Research Workers
- A collection of Fisher quotations compiled by A. W. F. Edwards
Template:S-start Template:S-aca Template:Succession box Template:S-end Template:Copley Medallists 1951-2000 Template:Guy Medal {{#invoke: Navbox | navbox }} Template:Statistics Template:Experimental design {{ safesubst:#invoke:Unsubst||$N=Use dmy dates |date=__DATE__ |$B= }}
{{#invoke:Authority control|authorityControl}}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown=}} Template:Persondata
- Use dmy dates from February 2011
- Articles with invalid date parameter in template
- Pages using authority control with parameters
- VIAF different on Wikidata
- 1890 births
- 1962 deaths
- 20th-century mathematicians
- Academics of University College London
- Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
- Biostatisticians
- English Anglicans
- English eugenicists
- English geneticists
- English mathematicians
- English statisticians
- Evolutionary biologists
- Fellows of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
- Fellows of the Royal Society
- Knights Bachelor
- People educated at Harrow School
- People from East Finchley
- Population geneticists
- Presidents of the Royal Statistical Society
- Recipients of the Copley Medal
- Rothamsted statisticians
- Royal Medal winners
- Researchers in stochastics
- Theoretical biologists
- Winners of the Guy Medal in Gold


text:
To simplify:
1. Your main image may be 500 pixels wide x 400 pixels high or smaller.
2. Additional images must be thumbnail images, as before.
3. Your post may contain only four images total.
The old rule can be found in the TOS here and here:
Thanks and enjoy.


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The most accurate way to calculate a herd's pregnancy rate is to multiply the percent of cows eligible to be bred that are actually bred times the percent bred that actually become pregnant for a given time period, typically 21 days. The goal should be to have an average 21-day pregnancy rate greater than 20%.
Anything below 20% means lost income potential. Losses come from decreased milk production, an increased cull rate, increases in semen expense, veterinary expenses and over-conditioned cows. These costs are coupled with a reduced ability to cull cows, sell heifers, grow the herd internally, a reduced number of calves born each year and increased herd health risks from potentially needing to purchase cattle.
The most common culprit behind low pregnancy rates is not enough heat detection taking place, says Rob Goodling, extension associate with the Penn State Extension Dairy Team. He points out that this includes herds that use synchronization protocols.
"If a herd can take its pregnancy rate from 14% to 20% they can add $90 to $100 per cow per year to the herd," says Goodling. "There's still money to be made if you can move your pregnancy rate above 20%." But Goodling does remind that, with anything, producers need to calculate the investment to obtain the goal of a higher pregnancy rate versus the economic advantage of achieving it.
Source: Purina Animal Nutrition LLC


text:
Check showtimes to see when Amanpour is on CNN where you are. Or watch online.
By Mick Krever, CNN
Neil Gaiman is many things: A writer, a screenwriter, a storyteller. But before all that, he is first and foremost and defender of imagination.
And imagination, he says, is under threat.
"The imagination – it's a muscle," he told CNN's Christiane Amanpour on Wednesday. "It's a really important thing. If you want to build the future, if you want to create a literate generation, if you want to create a generation that is not criminal."
Gaiman says that libraries – those endangered stockpiles of, yes, physical books – are a critical wellspring for imagination.
"I was a booky kid," he said. "I will never forget the joy of getting my parents to drop me off at the local library on their way to work, and just going in and reading my way through the children's library, going and exploring in the card catalog back when they had card catalogs."
"Pulling books off the shelf and then nervously edging out into the adult world" – and "discovering the joy" of the inter-library loan system!
It was – and is – "absolute magic."
Penny pinchers and technologists alike, he said, are mistaken to think that we can do without libraries.
"You can have a million books on your iPad, so why would you worry about this thing? Let's close it and save money."
"It misses everything I think that libraries are good for, and librarians are good for."
Libraries, he said wistfully, are bastions of discovery.
Of course, imagination is not just about finding new books at the local library.
Parents, he told Amanpour, have an "obligation" to read to their children.
"The joy of reading to children, the joy of doing the voices, the joy of finding some time where you are not being distracted by telephones, by televisions, by all of the glorious distractions of the twenty-first century – you make some time and you read and tell stories – is huge," he said.
"It tells children that they can go into these books, into these forests of words," Gaiman said. "They can take these 26 symbols and a handful of punctuation marks and build them into stories themselves."
One of Gaiman's most well-known works was Coraline, a novella and later a movie that was nominated for an Academy Award.
But the name "Coraline," he said, was the result of a mistake – not deep thought.
"I remember typing a letter to somebody named Caroline and looking down and I'd mistyped it into Coraline," he told Amanpour. "And I thought, that should be a name – what a great name! I wonder what somebody like that will be like?"
It's an important lesson for any aspiring artist, he said.
"There's nothing wrong with mistakes. Mistakes demonstrate that you're actually out in the world and you're doing something. You are active. You're engaged."
For too many young artists he meets, he told Amanpour, the fear of mistakes is paralyzing.
"They're sure it has to be perfect; and that terror of trying to be perfect stops them doing anything."
"What I try and tell people is use your mistakes," Gaiman said. "Treasure your mistakes."
Imagination is sparked in many ways. I used to read both the Yellow and White pages as a child, because there wasn't anything much else to amuse me sometimes. I'd also read the dictionary, for the same reason: Boredom.
Eventually I grew up, and became a successful rock musician.
A man pour. I imagine.
Oh I have been saying that for a while now in the form of "creativity is a muscle and the more you use it the bigger and better it gets," It is wonderful to hear there are like minded people out there. As for books and libraries – part of the love of reading for me is the smell of the books and the peace of a library. Kindle will never replace that, for me anyway.
Wow, one would imagine such an interesting topic to be written with a bit more imagination.
Or was Mick Kreven intentionally trying to prove the point Neil Gaiman was making by writing such an uninspiring and unimaginative piece about it?
Hank, funny comment. I was thinking the exact thing!
Imagine it!
Great inspirational speech by Neil Gaiman
Sounds like the laments of the digital immigrants under threat. I am perfectly happy to read off my ipad, I still own and use physical books and spend time in libraries and bookshops. Technologies hasn't threatened imaginations; it offered new ways to inspire and connect that so happens to compete with books. Ask Jane McGonigal if video games can provide valuable social time to engage parents and children. The child doesn't passively sit and listen, the child controls his own character and interacts with his family. It's like books, except better.
I don't buy that the disappearing library is what kills imagination. The Internet has more than made up the slack. The number one imagination killer, the slayer of creativity and independent thought and ultimate promoter of soul crushing conformity and hopelessness is what we call the public school system. Took me decades to throw off the mental shackles they put on me. You are lucky if you get one inspiring teacher and even then, you have to constantly dodge the loving social instruction from the lower primates.


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Whooping crane migration enters Kentucky
A flock of whooping cranes who are being guided by an aircraft on their way to Florida have arrived in Kentucky.
The endangered birds began a migration in early October from a wildlife area in Wisconsin.
A release from the Whooping Crane Eastern Partnership this week says the cranes have entered Union County. It is the 13th group of birds that have been involved in a project that is working to reintroduce the species in eastern North America.
The birds are following two ultralight aircraft on a journey through Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia to reach their wintering habitat at St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge in the Gulf Coast.


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- Date
- 06 Feb 2014
- Tags
- Sochi 2014 , IOC News , Figure skating , Russian Federation
Team figure skating: Host Russia off to a flier
Fine showings from Evgeni Plushenko, who finished second in the men's short programme, and the impressive duo of Tatiana Volosozhar and Maxim Trankov, saw Russia claim the lead in the new Olympic figure skating team event in Sochi's Iceberg Skating Palace on Thursday. The competition resumes on Saturday, when the female competitors and ice dancers enter the fray.
Japanese prodigy Yuzuru Hanyu put in an outstanding performance in the men's short programme, falling just two points short of his best-ever score of 99.84, the current world record. The 18-year-old thereby took control of the competition, propelling his team into an early lead.
"I was incredibly nervous," admitted Hanyu. "This is the Olympics and all the skaters are brilliant. I felt a bit of pressure going into my first Games, but now that I know what it's about, I'll be better equipped to do well in the individual event. Plushenko is my hero and it was just a great feeling to be skating on the same ice as him."
Home favourite Plushenko, now 31, delivered a faultless display, managing a quad-triple combination jump from the outset of his routine. The raucous Sochi crowd chanted his name, and all of the athletes present rose to applaud the skater. "I'm so happy," said the three-time Olympic medallist. "It can be difficult to skate in my homeland, but sometimes it helps."
Three-time world champion Patrick Chan (CAN) finished third behind Hanyu and 2006 Olympic champion Plushenko, with China's Yan Han and France's Florent Amodio finishing fourth and fifth.
Trankov and Volosozhar shine
At this stage, prior to the pairs event, Japan topped the standings on 10 points, followed by Russia (nine), Canada (eight), China (seven), France (six), Peter Liebers for Germany (five), Jeremy Abbott for the USA (four), Yakov Godorozha for Ukraine (three), Matthew Parr for Great Britain (two) and Paul Bonifacio Parkinson for Italy (one).
Reigning pairs world champions Tatiana Volosozar and Maxim Trankov (RUS) were on stunning form, enthralling the fans with a brilliant short programme and relegating Canada's Megan Duhamel and Eric Radford and the Peng Cheng/Zhang Hao pairing (CHN) to second and third place respectively.
Following that performance, Russia found itself at the top of the provisional standings with 19 points, ahead of Canada (17), China (15), Japan (13), Germany, France and the USA. Further down, the Italians boast eight points, Ukraine have five and Great Britain have three.
Upon completion of the ice dancing and ladies' events on Saturday, the five teams with the best scores will move on to the final stage of the competition, which will feature free programmes in the four different disciplines. The identity of the first-ever Olympic figure skating team champions will be revealed at around 10 pm on Sunday 9 February.


text:
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|This is an overview article which contains background information and cross-game comparisons. For game-specific information and stats, see the articles linked on the right.
Combat armor is among the best forms of protection in the post-War wasteland. Although extremely expensive, the protection value of this armor and its variants is surpassed only by power armor. It was designed to sheath the human body as completely as possible with a high-durability armor.
First created in 2051, the military-grade combat armor was designed to protect key sections of the human body from ballistic trauma with hard armored plates made from complex polymers and ceramics, with a flexible body suit interwoven with thermal-dissipative membranes and bulletproof material. The earliest models of the combat armor were manufactured as specific plates mounted on combat webbing, although as the technology improved, body-enclosing suits of armor were created and entered active combat duty, though in limited quantities. The armor came with a matte-finish olive drab coloring by default, making it suitable for woodland and/or urban camouflage.
The combination armor layers of a suit of adequately-maintained combat armor grant the wearer significant protection from most types of damage, including laser, plasma, ballistic (bullets, shrapnel), and blast damage - uncommon for personal armor. Furthermore, it does so without the extreme weight inherent in most battle armor systems of the 20th and 21st centuries. In summary, combat armor provides outstanding protection at comparatively low-weight and high-comfort levels.
Pre-War users
Prior to the Great War, combat armor was nearly exclusively the property of military forces and special police units. Currently-available historical documentation shows users only in the North American continent, but allied nations were likely to possess identical or similar systems. Combat armor was the de facto armor of the United States military, issued to all combat soldiers not in the powered armor units. Additionally, at least one Canadian partisan was caught on camera wearing a suit of combat armor.
Civilian ownership of combat armor was highly restricted. A special permit was required from the Bureau of Alcohol, Drugs, Tobacco, Firearms and Lasers for private ownership of the combat armor (though it was marketed to US citizens without mentioning this fact).
Post-War users
After the war, it became a valuable item, especially as the number of usable suits dwindled in the centuries that followed. Only those who are either very wealthy, very well-connected, very skilled, or simply very lucky own combat armor - and even for those people, finding a suit can be a task.
West Coast
In 2161, combat armor was rare outside large population centers. The Gun Runners that originated in the Hub owned and wore several sets, while a few merchants had a suit available for sale at extremely high costs. The armor was also used by the Hub police. The Brotherhood initiates used a superior variant.
In 2241, the armor became more popular, used by the Vault City guard, New California Republic Rangers, Hubologist guards and even some raiders, as evidence by Bishop's mercenary raider captains and Darion's elite raiders. The selling price was lower, but locating a set of the armor was still difficult. Shops in San Francisco often had a set or two in stock, but usually for $12,000 or more.
In 2281, pre-War combat armor has been largely superseded by post-War designs, especially by larger and most powerful factions. However, some mercenaries and most importantly, the Gun Runners still use combat armor, making it uncommon, but not unseen.
East Coast
In 2277, the combat armor is fairly commonplace in the Capital Wasteland, owing the fact that the National Guard was dispatched hours before the bombs fell. First-generation suits are used by several factions who have also recolored it to fit their profile.
First generation armor variants
Basic combat armor
The basic model of combat armor is essentially a pre-War olive-drab military body suit, worn with combat webbing to which armored plates forming the combat armor are mounted. It offers decent protection (and reliability, as broken plates can be simply swapped for fresh ones), although lacks the coverage later models offer.
The helmet is a standard ballistic assembly, with a back-mounted battery that can be used to power any helmet attachments.
- For other versions in Fallout Shelter, see: sturdy combat armor, heavy combat armor, battle armor, sturdy battle armor and heavy battle armor
US Army combat armor
US Army combat armor is different from standard combat armor in four primary ways, the first of which are aesthetic. The leggings are slightly darker, and have added cargo pouches. There is also a single chevron on either shoulder pad, indicating a rank of Private. Additionally, the US Army combat armor has more damage threshold than normal combat armor or reinforced combat armor, with only slightly less than Mk II reinforced combat armor. It also gives a bonus to the guns and survival skill.
Winterized combat armor
This winterized version was used by the United States during the Anchorage Reclamation campaign in Alaska. The winterized combat armor includes snow goggles, a mask and protective bracers in addition to the other features already present in combat armor.
Winterized medic combat armor
A special winterized version was used by doctors and medics during the Anchorage Reclamation campaign in Alaska. It closely resembles the winterized combat armor, except it doesn't have the mask and black goggles for the helmet, and has a red cross symbol on the back.
Security uniform
A weaker, civilian version of combat armor used by the Tenpenny Tower Security and Rivet City security after the War. The Tenpenny Tower version is very similar to the basic combat armor but with a desert color, while the Rivet City one has a black color and a modified combat helmet resembling a riot helmet.
Talon combat armor
A black-colored variation of the basic combat armor. The suit also bears the Talon Company logo in white on the left breast. There is also a unique version - Lag-Bolt's combat armor.
Reilly's Rangers combat armor
A version of the basic combat armor used by Reilly's Rangers. This version offers superior damage resistance and bears the Reilly's Rangers insignia while retaining the standard olive-drab camouflage with matte finish.
Van Graff combat armor
An improved basic combat armor used by the Van Graff family. It is colored matte-black for "brand recognition purposes", but has no matching black helmet. It closely resembles the Rivet City security uniform.
Sim regen armor
|The following is based on Fallout 3 cut content and has not been confirmed by canon sources.
A version cut from the final version of the Fallout 3 add-on, Operation: Anchorage. It is identical in appearance to standard combat armor.
Second generation (reinforced) armor variants
Reinforced combat armor
In this more advanced and expensive pre-War model, the torso is covered by the primary armor assembly, including a vest enclosing the entire chest and upper abdomen, pauldrons and an armored plate covering the lower abdomen. It is typically worn over a long-sleeved body suit, with proper combat webbing attached by default. The lower body incorporates no hard armor, save for armored boots and kneepads.
The helmet is a ballistic assembly, designed to protect the wearer from projectile and energy weapon impacts, bladed weapons, blunt trauma, and concussion. An integrated polarized visor not only protects the user's eyes from the ordinary battlefield hazards of grit and dust, but also from laser blindness and flying fragments. The helmets also incorporate combination camera/laser rangefinder units built into the helmets' right side, just above the ear. Those suits of combat armor surviving in the wasteland still have the housing for that equipment, but no suit has been documented as having working hardware.
Reinforced combat armor mark II
An improved version of the Reinforced combat armor, designed to replace it, this high tech suit was created as a heavier, more protective armor reserved for use by American shock troops and special forces.
This suit of armor is even more durable than the standard reinforced combat armor, providing modestly greater protection against all forms of damage. Some of its variants are visually identical to the older model, while others feature a modified design.
Brotherhood combat armor
The Brotherhood of Steel has also developed their own improvement on the reinforced combat armor. Called, creatively, Brotherhood armor, this version boasts significantly-improved defensive ratings in all forms of damage. However, this armor did not see widespread use as its holdings were zealously restricted to the ranks of the Brotherhood and those who had been of unique assistance to the Brotherhood. Its distinguishing marks includes pale green/gray coloring of the armor panels, blue trim on the chest armor panels, a light gray body suit, and pronounced riveting on the pauldrons.
Third generation combat armor variants
NCR Veteran Ranger combat armor
A military-grade armor originally used by LAPD riot squads, this combat outfit is typically worn with a matching military helmet with built-in low light optics, a combinaton IR/white light lamp and gas mask.[1] It is traditionally worn with the Desert Rangers' traditional duster (with the NCR Rangers' insignia on the left flap) and a set of rodeo jeans. Its creation was based on the Desert Ranger combat armor for the NCR Veteran Rangers after the merge between the Desert Ranger and the NCR Rangers in 2271.
Desert Ranger combat armor
A military-issue armor from the same manufacturer as the LAPD riot armors, this particular type of combat suit was provided to U.S. Marines operating in China. Boasting a desert camouflage pattern, the armor provides quality protection and is typically worn with a matching military-grade helmet with built-in low light optics, a flashlight and gas mask. Owner data is printed on the collar and includes rank, name, service branch and blood type, to facilitate easy identification of wounded and dead soldiers.
Riot gear
It resembles the NCR Ranger combat armor, but with a black duster and different markings on the chest plate as well as green details on both the duster and the body armor such as a dark green color and pouches located on the side of the duster's sleeves. The helmet also features a different design on the gas mask and a small spike protruding from the tip of it. The helmet also gives the effect "Sneak Sight", which gives the player low visibility sight while in sneak mode. This will toggle from on to off once you exit sneak mode.
Advanced riot gear
The Advanced riot gear appears to be a more heavily armored version of the riot gear. The shoulder pads are bulkier and worn on top of the duster, and the chest plate seems to be slightly greener. It appears to have much thicker armor plates on the forearms. It also has a faded 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment emblem on the helmet. The suit itself looks a lot thicker and the duster looks darker along with a cleaner appearance. The eyes of the helmet glow red at night, much like the NCR Ranger combat armor during the Fallout: New Vegas intro. The helmet's air-filtering system seems to be more advanced, and there is a Flashlight on the side of the helmet, however, this cannot be used by the player or any other character. The suit also weighs 5 pounds less than standard riot gear, NCR Ranger combat armor, or even Desert Ranger combat armor.
Elite riot gear
A unique version of the riot gear with different shoulder plates from advanced riot gear, and a larger amount of pouches and equipment on the torso plate and duster. It also lacks the faded 11th Infantry emblem on the helmet and has the addition of green tubes on its enhanced gas filter as well as an antenna connected to the flashlight on the right side of the helmet. There is also a canteen attached to the belt and a bandolier that spans across the chest plate. It provides a high level of protection for its weight and the only medium armor with a higher DT is the Gannon family Tesla armor.
Other types of combat armor
The armors listed below are similar in function or design, but otherwise unrelated to the American modular combat armor.
NCR Ranger patrol armor
The NCR Ranger patrol armor is a combat armor worn by the NCR Rangers in 2281. Each model is made by hand in the NCR and features full body armor, a knife sheath on the left chest plate, a camelback style hydration pouch in the back and the Ranger insignia on both pauldrons.
Urban combat armor
|The following is based on Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel and has not been confirmed by canon sources.
A recovery combat armor, crafted with Kevlar and metal plating put on a leather armor, created after the Great War and only seen in Texas.
|End of information based on Fallout: Brotherhood of Steel.


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Every website needs to be trusted to be successful. Growing concerns about fake sites, viruses and identity theft have made consumers reluctant to do business with websites that are not taking steps to protect them. With a GeoTrust Website Anti-Malware Scan, you can:
Malware is rarely visible on your website; it is hidden in your web page code. A malware scan by a malware detection tool can help you identify infected code. The GeoTrust Website Anti-Malware Scan includes a daily malware scan. If malware is detected, you will be notified and directed to a list of infected pages and the code causing the problem. Your website administrator can find and delete all instances of the code and request that your site be rescanned within 24 hours.
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Distribution of malware via websites almost doubled in 20101. With over 286 million unique variants of malware being identified last year* , your website is vulnerable to an attack. Don't let your website be hacked.
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|Find the best surf spots
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Latitude: 14° 45.019' N
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The easiest way is to park in the parking lot of the Hotel Meridien President. Then ask for the beach and you'll see the spot just on its left. The only problem is that you might need to pay some money to enter in the hotel.
DistanceTake a car
WalkInstant access (< 5min)
Easy to find?OK
Public access?Public access
Special accessDon't know
Alternative name Carpes Rouges
Wave qualityNormal
ExperienceAll surfers
FrequencySometimes break
DirectionRight and left
PowerOrdinary, Fun
Normal lengthNormal (50 to 150m)
Good day lengthLong (150 to 300 m)
Good swell direction
Good wind direction
Swell sizeStarts working at 1.0m-1.5m / 3ft-5ft and holds up to 5m / 16 ft and over
Best tide positionAll tides
Best tide movementRising and falling tides
Week crowdEmpty
Week-end crowdFew surfers
- Rocks
- Sharks
Good alternative when N'gor island's right is overcrowded. Usually this spot works as a left, less often as a right. Being a little bit isolated from the other spots, people don't think to check it for waves. So it's always a good idea to take a few minutes to take a look. Avoid to surf this wave after the rain (pollution from the fishermen village and some Mako sharks...)
Not crowded, no one on the beach to witness your 35 seconds-tube, no babes on the beach waiting for you. You'll be by yourself for your own pleasure!
Author: Anonymous Contributors (1) They surfed this spot ! (13)
|Aucun voyage
By email@example.com , 21-07-2004
firstname.lastname@example.com - i have e photo to the spot baie des carpes
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Abstract and Keywords
Computational models of human sentence comprehension help researchers reason about how grammar might actually be used in the understanding process. Taking a cognitivist approach, this article relates computational psycholinguistics to neighboring fields (such as linguistics), surveys important precedents, and catalogs open problems.
Keywords: parser, grammar, cognitive science, cognitive architecture, psycholinguistics, incremental interpretation, information theory, surprisal, entropy reduction, language comprehension, performance, computational model
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ScripHessco – Chiropactic equipment and supplies provider including tens units


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Some say that there are two kinds of people in the world: dog people and cat people. While I don't want to foster any kind of segregative animosity between fellow humans, it does seem to me that dogs, despite their fewer numbers as pets, tend to have the bigger mindshare. Dogs, not cats, are described as man's best friend, and you hear of dog-related genetics a fair bit more than you do cat-related science. Not today though.
The reason for this disparity is that although there are hundreds of different varieties of domesticated cats, they don't show the same spread of sizes and shapes we see in dogs. (Apparently, no one other than me thinks the idea of a Great Dane-sized cat is a good one.) What we do know is that cats and humans have lived together for almost 10,000 years. The earliest evidence of cats and humans together was found in Cyprus and dated at around 9,500 years ago. As to the origins of these early domestic cats, not a huge amount has been known. There are a number of subspecies of Felis silvestris in the wild: F. s. silvestris (Europe), F. s. lybica (Africa and the Near East), F. s. ornate (Middle East and Central Asia), and possibly F. s. bieti (China, although some argue this is a separate species). So which one of these groups did the world's most numerous pets derive from? A new multinational research effort has found the answer, and it's published in Science online today.
Carlos Driscoll and his colleagues across the world have collected DNA samples from almost 1,000 different individual cats and looked at different genetic markers to identify common ancestry patterns between domestic cats, purebreds, and wild cats. The data they gathered shows that domestic and purebred cats fall into the same clade as wildcats from the Near East, which matches up well with the archaeological data from Cyprus.
The researchers also worked out the approximate age of the species by looking at the genetic sequences with respect to the rate of mutation in order to calculate a molecular clock. It appears that there were five distinct maternal lineages within the domestic cat clade, as early as 100,000 years ago, predating any evidence of human domestication by an order of magnitude. These lineages all appear within the population of domestic cats.
So there you have it: your house cat, just like our modern civilization, most of our grain crops, and the majority of our domesticated livestock has its origins in the Fertile Crescent.


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Leonardo DiCaprio in Bondi Beach, Australia Pictures
Leo Scopes Out Bondi Beach With Lukas and Ethan
Leonardo DiCaprio joined pals Lukas Haas and Ethan Suplee for a sightseeing walk along Sydney's Bondi Beach earlier today. Leo and his friends chartered a private jet for their return to Australia, where Leo's been filming The Great Gatsby, after Leo celebrated his birthday with Victoria's Secret models in NYC over the weekend. Leonardo reportedly partied with Alessandra Ambrosio, Izabel Goulart, Ana Beatriz Barros, and Karlie Kloss as well as buddy Bradley Cooper. Leonardo's 37th birthday fell on Friday, which also happened to be the opening day for his latest film, J.Edgar. Despite an engaging performance by Leo and an all-star cast the Clint Eastwood directed project took the fifth spot at the box office during its opening weekend.


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Hello Everyone.
This is new After Effects CS4 project. This project i create only using Standard After Effects only, very clean project, stylish with different camera movement with 3D Glass Box. Perfect for your Presentation, Corporate, Business, Intro, Web or Openers.
Description of the project :
- CS4,CS5,CS5.5,CS6 Compatible
- No Need Any Plugins
- Include 2 Final Renders, FULL HD 1920×1080 25 fps and 1280×720 25 fps
- Change Text and Background Color Easily
- Duration 1 Minute Long
- 12 Text Holders
- 8 Placeholders (Image or Video)
- PDF help file showing you how to edit text and change placeholder include with the screenshot
- Music in the preview is not include in the download, but you can buy HERE
- Music from Soundroll Thanks for this great music
- Picture and Video not include in the download, only for preview purpose only
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please rate this project, i really appreciate if you can rate this project. Thanks


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