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Are your invoices late? Are you losing track of customers? Computers can help you fix the inefficiencies in your company
For companies buying personal computers for the first time or upgrading a purchase made a few years ago, now is the best time ever to be shopping. Price wars and volume production have driven down the cost of computers and peripherals even while the tasks they are capable of performing have become much more sophisticated.
Choosing a model can be a bewildering experience, given the array of features available from scores of manufacturers. As with all purchases of office equipment, the place to start is with an assessment of who in your company will be using the machines and for what purposes. The answers will bring into sharp focus the features you really need.
Long before making a purchase, outline every step your company takes, from soliciting business to billing receivables. Timm Runnion, president of Moving Systems Inc., in Newburyport, Mass., a company that provides services for employee relocation, bought computers for his business seven years ago when sales reached $1 million. He laid out graph paper on the walls of his office and plotted every important task his employees performed. Then he asked questions such as these:
Where are the bottlenecks in the process, places where a computer could perform a job faster and more accurately? On my present growth curve, how much labor cost can I avoid by adding computers in certain departments? Whose productivity can I increase the most by introducing computers? Where can I remove redundancies in the work process, such as redrafting of reports each time a change is needed? Is invoicing slow because of manual record keeping? Am I getting information out to customers quickly, and does it include the kind of first-class presentation that will command their attention? Does my manual system provide information on costs in a timely fashion, and does it immediately tell me how it will affect the bottom line? Are there problems tracking inventory?
Once you pinpoint where you need computers and how they will be used, as Runnion did, defining the right blend of features is fairly easy. Will you be manipulating a large database of customers? A fast computer with plenty of hard disk capacity is a must. Want to automate your billing department? A low-cost machine with an inexpensive dot matrix printer will do just fine. Will you produce reports with sophisticated graphics and design some of your own ads in-house? Buy a computer with plenty of memory and top it off with a good laser printer.
Whatever your choice, consider following this cost-effective strategy: Buy the cheapest acceptable models for the mass of machines you need and faster, costlier models only for the most sophisticated tasks. As prices come down, you can upgrade the systems of critical users and turn over their models to others. Then sell the obsolete bottom-end machines for a nominal sum to employees for home use.
PC or Macintosh?
Competition in the personal-computer industry has narrowed the field to two competing systems, the IBM PC and PC clones, and the Apple Macintosh. The PC standard was established by IBM Corp. in 1981 and has continued with the introduction of successive models. Numerous companies sell IBM clones through normal retail channels or through mail order. The second standard, the Macintosh, was established by Apple Computer Inc. in 1984; because the Mac utilizes proprietary technology, Apple remains the only supplier, although other vendors do offer peripheral equipment. A handful of other competing systems exist, but these are not widely used in business.
The biggest difference between the two leading systems is that Macs are easier to learn and use. PCs rely on a program called DOS, or disk operating system, to control the basic functions of the computer. Software that runs on DOS requires a user to memorize and execute a series of keyboard strokes to perform every function, and these commands are different for every applications program you buy.
On the other hand, Macs require no memorization of commands, working instead through graphic representations. Users move a handheld device called a mouse across a pad on their desks. The mouse enables a user to position an arrow on the screen on top of a visual icon or a menu that embodies all the commands needed to operate the machine. Clicking the mouse on the right icon or menu entry activates the function you want. These icons and menus are consistent from program to program.
PC makers have been trying hard, with partial success, to make PCs behave more like Macs. Microsoft Corp., the developer of DOS, released a program in 1990 called Microsoft Windows, version 3, which works as an add-on to DOS and enables a PC to work somewhat like a Mac. Although Windows makes a PC look like a Mac, the fact that it still relies on DOS makes it more difficult to use.
IBM has also tried to move away from DOS with a new operating system, OS/2, but at present few programs are available for OS/2 compared with Windows. That is unfortunate because OS/2 is technically more advanced than Windows.
If the Mac is easier to use, it is also more expensive than a PC. The price difference is hard to pin down, since Macs and PCs are equipped differently. A Mac costs about the same as an equivalent high-end PC or $500 to $1,000 per machine more than the cheapest clone.
Another advantage of the PC is its dominant position in the business world. Although Apple has made major inroads in corporate America, it still holds only a 13% share of the computers sold in this country.
This advantage is no longer as important as it once was. Although more programs have been written for the PC, much of the top business software now comes in versions for both the PC and the Mac. Both computers perform business tasks well. The only task in which one clearly outshines the other is in graphics work and desktop publishing -- here, Mac is your choice.
If you already have a few PCs or Macs in your office, it is generally easier to expand by buying more of the same. Spreadsheet, word processing, and other software designed to run on one system will not run on the other, although many of the files and documents you create with that software can be manipulated to run on the other system. Mixing PCs and Macs means that you will have to provide training and support for two systems, which may become a nuisance or worse if you don't have a computer expert on staff.
So, which system will it be -- Mac or PC ? If low-cost computing is your foremost concern, then buy PCs. Otherwise, the choice is a matter of personal taste. Try out both systems and decide which you and your employees prefer.
The purchase of a computer involves a series of decisions on features and peripherals. They include the processing chip that powers the machine, various media for storing information, a keyboard, a monitor, a printer, a modem, and more. The sum of all these items determines the capabilities of the computer -- what kinds of tasks it will be able to perform and at what speed.
Most computers come with a keyboard included in the package. Keyboards have become fairly standardized; the biggest difference between models is often the feel of the keys as you type. Ask employees to try out several keyboards before you buy.
Random Access Memory (RAM): Memory resides in several different places. RAM is the memory unit that stores programs and files you are actively using.
The amount of RAM in your computer will help determine the sophistication of the work you can do. RAM is measured in megabytes (MB), or millions of bytes; 1 megabyte can store about a 600-page novel. That's a lot of storage, to be sure, but many of the most sophisticated programs use a megabyte or more of memory. If your computer doesn't have sufficient memory, it can't run the program.
How many megabytes should you get? You'll be safe with 2 megabytes for most business applications, but you'll need 4 megabytes for the most sophisticated applications, such as desktop publishing. If you have a particular piece of software in mind, your dealer can tell you how large a RAM you'll need. If in doubt, err on the side of buying more RAM; at $50 to $75 per megabyte, it's a relatively inexpensive upgrade.
Hard Disk Drives: Another magnetic storage medium is the hard disk drive. It is used for permanent storage of programs and files. Hard disk drives come in many capacities, typically 20, 40, 80, and 100 megabytes. The most common is the 40-megabyte drive, which provides sufficient capacity for average business applications. In typical use, DOS, Windows, and a half dozen other programs take up about 6 megabytes of hard disk storage, leaving 34 megabytes for the files you create. That's plenty of storage, especially if you routinely erase old files you won't need again. However, if you plan to keep big databases, it might be worthwhile to upgrade to a 80-megabyte hard disk.
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the "brains" directing the flow of work within a computer. When a salesperson asks whether you want a 286 or a 386 machine, he or she is referring to the power of the microprocessor, the tiny chip that forms the core of the CPU.
Most CPUs come in several speeds, given in megahertz (MHz), or millions of clock ticks per second. Typical speeds are 8, 12, 16, and 20 MHz or more. Within a CPU type, the higher the megahertz rating, the faster the computer performs its tasks. Speed is important in many applications that require large amounts of computation, such as the manipulation of a large customer database. What type of machine do you need?
* 8088 and 8086 microprocessors: Computers with these chips are tempting to buy because of their low price -- $750 or so for CPU, monitor, and keyboard. But they are old, slow, and obsolete. They can't handle more than 640 kilobytes of memory, a serious limitation, and cannot run the new Windows or OS/2 programs. They are still acceptable for such basic tasks as letter writing and data entry, but their inability to handle advanced software limits their usefulness. If you already have a few of these machines, they are not worth the cost of repairs if they break.
* 80286 ("286") microprocessors: These machines follow the design of the IBM PC/AT and can typically handle 4 megabytes of memory. They are adequate for most business applications and can run the current versions of Windows and OS/2, provided they have at least 2 megabytes of memory and a CPU with at least 12-MHz speed. Basic computers with 286 chips, complete with hard disk drive and keyboard and monochrome monitor, sell for $900 to $1,400.
But 286 machines are no longer a wise purchase for companies whose computational needs are growing. New versions of software based on Windows and OS/2 that are due in the coming months will not run on a 286 machine. Generally, when the newest and most sophisticated software cannot run on a particular class of computer, its obsolescence as a product is assured.
The comparable product in the Macintosh arena is the Mac Classic. It can run most Mac software. Its main drawbacks are its slow speed and small screen. The Mac Classic sells for about $1,200 and can accept up to 4 megabytes of RAM.
* 80386SX or 386SX microprocessor: These are the minimum recommended for business. They can run all software effectively, including the present and the next versions of Windows and OS/2, provided you get at least 2 megabytes of memory. Prices are very attractive, beginning at $875 to $1,500 with a monochrome display, $1,125 to about $2,500 for color. 386SX machines come in three speeds: 16 MHz, 20 MHz, and 25 MHz, with a spread of about $200 between the 16- and 25-MHz models. The 16-MHz model should be adequate unless you will be manipulating large amounts of data. The equivalent Mac is the LC, which costs about $1,900 with a monochrome monitor, $2,100 with color.
* 80386 or 386 microprocessors: The 386 chip is sometimes called the 386DX to distinguish it from the 386SX. These are medium- to high-performance computers, capable of handling all Windows and OS/2 software well. The 386 machines come in three main speeds: 25 MHz, 33 MHz, and 40 MHz. It's best to buy these models with at least 4 megabytes of RAM.
Many manufacturers now boast that their computers come with what's called "cache memory," a section of the RAM set aside to store information that is frequently accessed. A 386 machine can get a speed boost of roughly 20% with a cache, which costs from $100 to $250.
Who needs a 386? People who do desktop publishing or maintain a database with tens of thousands of listings. For more routine work, a fast 386 is nice but not necessary. Fully configured 386 models sell for $1,300 to $4,500 with a color monitor.
The equivalent Mac to the slower 386 models is the Mac IIsi, which with keyboard and monitor costs $3,000 to $4,000, depending on the size of the RAM and the hard disk. The more powerful Mac IIci, which costs $4,000 to $5,000, can keep up with the fastest 386 models. Mac prices include more standard equipment than PCs, so the prices are not directly comparable.
* 80486 or 486 microprocessors: The 486 is the fastest PC available today. Unfortunately, 486 models cost much more than 386 ones. They go for as little as $2,400 with a color monitor to as much as $8,000.
The 486 machines incorporate a math coprocessor, a special chip that speeds mathematical computations. The coprocessor, which is a $300 accessory for a 386 machine, is useful only with certain software. For word processing and most databases, a coprocessor is of no use; for spreadsheets, a coprocessor helps if you are calculating many exponential functions. For computer-aided design (CAD), in which thousands of lines and curves must be calculated over and over again, as when an architect lays out the plans for a building, a coprocessor can speed up the program two to four times -- a major improvement.
The Mac IIfx has power comparable with 486 models and sells in the range of $5,500 to $6,000. Both the Mac IIci and IIfx include a math coprocessor.
Disk Drives: These are the mechanisms into which you insert diskettes, those fragile pieces of magnetic memory that store programs and data. Diskettes are used to load programs and data into the computer. Every computer comes with at least one disk drive.
Your choice involves the size of the disk drive that comes with your machine. There are two sizes, 5.25 inch and 3.5 inch. The 3.5-inch drives are standard on laptops and portable PCs and a growing proportion of desktop models; all Macs use the 3.5-inch drives.
Because the 3.5-inch format is much less fragile, easier to handle, and is now becoming standard, you should insist that your computers come with them. To retain flexibility in case a customer or other business contact gives you records on a 5.25-inch disk, you should buy at least one computer with both disk formats.
Expansion Slots: Your computer may meet all your needs today, but next year you may want to add additional circuit boards that expand its capabilities. Expansion slots are connectors inside the computer that accept circuit boards for particular tasks, such as linking your machine to a network of computers.
Many PCs use expansion slots for basic functions such as connecting to a hard disk drive or a video display, so the sheer number of expansion slots is less important than the number of open slots after basic functions have been installed. Few people need more than one or two open expansion slots. All Macs come with network and hard disk connections built in, so expansion slots are much less important than for PCs.
Monitors: A video display consists of a monitor, which looks like a television tube, and a video display adapter, a circuit card inside the CPU. The adapter takes information generated by the computer and translates it into a form for display on the monitor. Some computers, especially the smaller models, have the display adapter built in. In many units they are priced separately.
For DOS software, such as Lotus 1-2-3, a monochrome monitor is fine. For these programs all you need is a Hercules-compatible (monographics) display board with a monochrome monitor, which together should cost less than $100.
Software based on Windows or OS/2, however, needs more flexible video displays. VGA (video graphics array) displays can be color or monochrome and support 8 or more levels of brightness or 16 to 256 colors. For normal business applications, VGA is the minimum quality you should buy. Standard VGA shows an image 640 pixels horizontally by 480 pixels vertically; a pixel is a single dot in the image, and theoretically at least, more pixels bring better clarity to the image.
Many computer manufacturers tout two enhanced modes, SuperVGA with 800 by 600 pixels, and another format with 1024 by 768 pixels. But beware: Not all software takes advantage of these. They produce squashed images on the common 12-inch to 14-inch video monitors ($350 to $650 in color). For a decent image, SuperVGA requires a 16-inch screen ($700 to $1,000) and the 1,024 by 768 mode requires a 19-inch screen ($2,000 to $3,000). Your software must be modified for these modes; otherwise, you will see a standard VGA image, even if it is projected on a large screen. If you can afford it, Super- VGA is great for desktop publishing and computer-aided design applications. Otherwise, stick to standard VGA.
Many buyers are unaware of two problems with VGA. The original VGA specification calls for monitors that refresh ("repaint") the image on the screen 60 times a second, or 60 Hz. But 60 Hz appears to flicker in many office situations and can cause eye fatigue. Newer VGA monitors and adapter cards produce a 72-Hz image free of flicker. Insist on it.
The second problem applies to color VGA monitors. The pitch of a monitor is the size of the smallest color element. Low-cost VGA color monitors have a pitch of 0.39 millimeters or larger. These are too coarse for regular work; insist on 0.31 millimeters or finer.
Video on the Mac is simpler because all monitors work with all software; pitch and flicker are not problems.
Cary Lu is the author of The Apple- Macintosh Book.
Involve employees in your buying decision. Insist that they try out different models. They'll appreciate the opportunity to be involved - and you'll probably make a better choice because of it.
It's tempting to save money by downgrading the monitors you buy. But eye fatigue from bad monitors will cost plenty in productivity and is sure to bring loud complaints from employees
Style isn't as important as substance, but it still means a lot in business. It pays to dress up your reports and letters with a laser printer, which provides crisp printouts of text and graphics. They start as low as $800.
This is one mouse you won't mind having in your office. It first arrived with the Macintosh line as a device that made it much easier for users to enter commands into the computer. Now it is an option on PCs as well. A mouse enables you to avoid memorizing complex commands and instead choose functions represented by visual icons.
Random Access Memory
The RAM is the computer's working memory, the place where files in active use are stored. It consists of memory chips each the size of a thumbnail. Each contains more components than did the first electronic computer in 1946, which weighed 30 tons and took up 1,800 square feet. Today chips can store more than a million times more information than the first commercial chip in 1970.
A modem enables you to send documents to another computer many miles away and to hook up with information services that provide a wide range of business information.
Central Processing Unit
The CPU contains the electronic circuitry that controls the computer's operation. Its most important element is the microprocessor, a chip that processes information. The development of microprocessors and memory chips made possible the birth of the personal computer. Before they arrived, only about 230,000 computers were in use in the U.S. Today the total number of computers in use exceeds 55 million.
Expansion Slots
Some wide open space inside your computer is a good thing. Expansion slots enable you to add electronic devices in the future as your computational needs grow and you want to expand the computer's capabilities.
Hard Disk
Without permanent mass storage of information, computers would be much less useful than they are today. Hard disks store data on magnetically sensitive material. Typical capacity for business applications is 40 megabytes, enough to store 20 novels the length of War and Peace.
The monitor consists of a video display unit, essentially a television set, and an adaptor card inside the computer. The adaptor card translates information produced by the computer into video signals for the display.
Disk Drive
These are the devices, visible to users as slots on the front of the computer, into which you insert diskettes. Old 5.25-inch "floppy" disks, and newer 3.5-inch cartridges enable users to introduce new software and files into their computers.
SCSI Ports
Most computers are hooked up to peripheral devices such as laser printers and drives. The connection takes place at the SCSI (scuzzy) ports located on the back of your computer.
Some advertised deals (like the example below) entice you with a low price, but careful analysis may tell you that the features won't serve your needs.
Calling All Businesses!
286/16 MHz ? 20 MB HD ? 1 MB RAM
5 1/4" 1.2 MB drive
Keyboard included
1 Parallel port ? 1 Serial port
Super VGA Color Monitor
All for $895.00!!
* Inexpensive it is, but 286 computers are on the brink of obsolescence. You'll do better with a 386SX.
* The vendor is saving a few dollars by throwing in a low-capacity hard disk. Get at least a 40 megabyte drive.
* This random access memory is too small for many business applications. Buy at least 2 megabytes.
* 31/2-inch disk drives are now standard. The 5 1/4-inch format is on the way out.
* A super VGA color monitor may be a waste of money. Super VGA doesn't help much with a standard-size color screen, and a monochrome VGA monitor will do fine for most business applications.
Laptop computers are the fastest growing segment of the computer industry. They come with the same range of choices as desktop models, and the same advice applies.
Laptops are usually no bigger than a briefcase and generally weigh less than 10 pounds. They are useful for executives who work on reports while out of the office and for salespeople who enter orders while visiting customers. Laptops generally cost about 50% more than the same machine in a desktop model.
The biggest problem with the current generation of laptops is limited battery life. Many units can run only for 90 minutes on a battery charge; the better ones get up to three hours. However, look for new models entering the market that extend battery life by several hours; they may be advertised as utilizing an electronics package called a 386 SL CPU.
Video displays and keyboards can also be a problem for some users. The most popular displays, made of liquid crystals, may have poor resolution and be difficult to see well except in the best lighting conditions. Try them out before buying. Try out the keyboard, too; to save space, designers use shallow keyboards with fewer special keys. Some are uncomfortable to use.
Laptops have been missing from the Macintosh lineup, but Apple is expected to introduce models this fall.
Many users need three accessories: printers, modems, and a device for backing up (copying) the contents of a hard disk drive. And some companies may need to link their computers into a network.
Printers: Laser printers produce the print quality that everyone expects; for reports, letters, and documents, you can't have anything less. Fortunately, prices have dropped to $800 or so for a basic model. The leading vendor is Hewlett- Packard Co., with many other manufacturers selling HP clones. The standard laser printers work fine for documents that consist mainly of text and simple, limited graphics such as financial charts.
But standard laser printers are not effective for desktop publishing or other applications with intensive graphics. For these jobs you need a laser printer with PostScript software, developed by Adobe Systems Inc., which enables you to print photographs and decorative graphics and publish text in a much wider choice of fonts. PostScript capability adds $600 to $1,000 to the price of a laser printer. Some of the newest laser printers can switch between PCs and Macs and between Hewlett-Packard emulation and PostScript automatically.
Laser printers dominate business printing so completely that other types of printers are left only for specialized uses. Impact dot matrix printers cost from $150 to $600; they are noisy and produce poor print quality. Nevertheless, these printers are still useful for printing checks and other forms, especially if you need carbon copies. The print quality of ink-jet printers is far better than dot matrix printers, but it is coarse compared with a laser printer. They are useful for such business forms as invoices. They cost $350 to $600.
Modems: With a modem you can send and receive data over a phone line. Modems can link branch offices with headquarters for electronic mail and enable you to connect to information services.
The best buy in modems is described by a mouthful of jargon: a 2,400 bits per second (bps) Hayes-compatible modem with V.42/V.42bis error correction/data compression. They are available for about $200.
For faster transmission, you could move up to a 9,600-bps modem for about $500, but in the long run you'll be better off with a 14,400-bps modem following the V.32bis standard (and with V.42/V.42bis). But many PCs have trouble running fast modems at full speed. You may need to modify or replace the serial port circuitry in your computer; check with your vendor. All Macs can run fast modems without difficulty.
Backup Devices: Hard drives are generally reliable but are susceptible to various malfunctions that can make them crash -- a failure that can cause a loss of data. To protect yourself from losing data, you must routinely copy all your files to another medium. A cartridge tape drive is a good choice. A low-cost tape drive can put 60 to 120 megabytes on a single tape and costs $250 to $400.
Networks: Networks linking office computers make it easy for users to share files and to send messages to one another through a feature called electronic mail.
Networks often are oversold, though. They may not be worth the price unless your employees share files frequently throughout the day. Talk to owners of other companies who have installed networks to see if it was cost-effective for them.
Small PC networks cost $300 to $600 per computer for the hardware, $500 to $1,000 for the software to run the system, plus the cost of cabling, which is variable. Small Mac networks can be set up for no more than the cost of cabling. For larger networks involving more than about a dozen machines, the price for Macs is comparable with that of PCs, and both systems may need an additional computer called a file server ($2,000 and up) to run them.
The prices of PCs vary by a factor of two or more. A 386SX computer running at 16 MHz with a 40-megabyte hard disk, 4 megabytes of RAM, and a color monitor may cost anywhere from $1,125 to $2,500.
Familiar brand names tend to be at the middle to high end of the price spectrum and are generally sold by dealers. Many PC clones in the low to middle price range are available from manufacturers by mail order through ads in PC Magazine, Byte, and other computer publications. These PCs are made by scores of companies whose names you've probably never heard before. Don't let this scare you away. Help is available through the comparative reviews published in the computer magazines. The differences among the top two dozen models -- brand name or mystery name -- in any category are slight, and you probably won't go wrong with any of them.
Macs do not have the same wide disparities in price because Apple is the only supplier; there are no Mac clones. Some price differences are found among the dealers authorized to sell Macs, so it pays to shop around.
Support services are a vital consideration for most small companies. They include help in installing and integrating the computers in your workplace, training employees, and installing a network that enables users to send files to one another and receive electronic mail. If you don't have the expertise on staff, consider dealing with a retailer who can help with these tasks. But be careful: Not all dealers are created equal. Check references carefully, ask the Better Business Bureau about any complaints, and inquire about the dealer's reputation with a local users group. The best mail-order companies offer good technical support by telephone and on-site service if you need it, but you will have to install the equipment yourself.
PC or Mac? Either one will work well on business applications. PCs have the advantage if price is the major consideration; Macs win if you use a lot of graphics in your reports or perform desktop publishing. Otherwise, try out both systems and make your choice.
Central Processing Unit At the lowest end are the 8088 and 8086 processors, now obsolete except for basic tasks such as entering data and writing letters. It's best to avoid them. The next step up are the 286 machines, adequate for most business applications but not a wise choice if your computational needs are growing because they don't run the newest generation of software. They will soon be obsolete. Next up are the 386SX machines, the best choice for the vast majority of small and growing companies; long useful life is assured because they run the newest and most


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Don't let the sun go down on your anger and don't let this day pass without saying sorry to those you have wronged. This card's background has the branches of a Japanese cherry blossom tree in the top left corner and a swirl of pink, green, red, black, and purple colors mixed together across the rest of the card. Send this I'm Sorry card to show how sorry you are.
Are you sorry for something you have done? Do you wish you could let the wronged person know that you regret your actions? Now you can with this I'm Sorry card! The background is a pretty sky blue with a bouquet of red poppies and white daffodils in the center. The message is written on the bottom in dark blue. Send your apologies with this I'm Sorry card before the day is over!
Have you done something you regretted? Do you want to send a sweet apology to the person you wronged? If so, you have found the perfect card! This I'm Sorry card features bright pink tulips, which symbolize good wishes, and a brown paper-wrapped package that is tied with twine. Both items sit on a white-washed wooden table. Send this card to say "I'm sorry" today!
Did you hurt someone you care about? Do you want to tell them you are sorry for what you have done? Send them an I'm Sorry card to let them know. This card features a cute gray kitten who is looking at the card's receiver with a sad expression. The message is written at the bottom in large pink lettering. Use this I'm Sorry card for your apology today.
If you want to ask forgiveness for something you have done wrong, send a cute I'm Sorry card to the person you have wronged. This card's message is written in blue at the top of the card, which has a tan background. At the bottom, an adorable pug looks sad as he lays on a cushion. Send this card to say how sorry you are today!
Sometimes you need some humor to help your apology soothe a hurt. If that is what you need for your apology, send this Piñata I'm Sorry card to the person you have hurt. The background features a gray sky with white and gray clouds. A brightly colored Bee Piñata has a sad expression as it holds a wooden sign with an apology written in blue. Use this card to right your wrongs with humor before the hurt continues.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Zyxel WAP6405 5 GHz AC1750 Gigabit Wireless Bridge is an 802.11ac wireless bridge designed for video/IPTV and data services. The WAP6405 is the perfect way to stream high-definition videos to all devices throughout users' homes.
The Zyxel WAP6405 5 GHz Gigabit Wireless Bridge is compliant with the 802.11ac standard to bring you high wireless speeds at up to 1750 Mbps* for multimedia streaming. For IPTV services, the device connects directly to a 5 GHz wireless network through service providers' gateway, and then connects to the IP set-top-box client that receives IPTV streams transmitted between two WAP6405 boxes. The Zyxel WAP6405 also employs the latest video-grade QoS that intelligently optimizes video streaming quality. In addition to simultaneous video streaming, the WAP6405 manages data traffics through an integrated access point (AP) function efficiently as well.
The Zyxel WAP6405's beamforming technology enables direct wireless signal transmission to the linked devices for extended wireless coverage by just installing a pair of 5 GHz WAP6405 Gigabit Wireless Bridge at home, so you can enjoy digital entertainment without dead spots.
The Zyxel WAP6405 features a hardware switch for changing operating modes (AP/Client/Repeater). Simply set up the operating mode with this switch and WAP6405 is ready to serve.
The Zyxel's WAP6405 takes advantage of the TR-069 standard that allows service providers to manage and configure the devices without user intervention; it helps reducing the complexity of deployment, operating costs and maintenance expenses as well.
Configure and provision customer-premises equipment (CPE) effortlessly, remotely and cost-effectively to simplify deployment.
Remotely identify firmware versions of installed CPE and push necessary firmware upgrades to CPE when necessary. Receive notifications of the success or failure of a file download.
TR-069 standard defines a broad set of operational parameters to monitor CPE performance. Gateways collect various network and performance statistics and notifications that can be sent back to the ACS for analysis.
Receive availability information to determine the cause of bad connections or service degradations to allow for resolution or upgrade recommendations based on usage behavior to keep customers happy.


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Prices jumped by 2.8pc month-on-month to reach £235,741 on average, with big monthly leaps of around 5pc recorded in the North West of England and Wales, Rightmove said.
Prices are 1.1pc higher than a year ago and are just £2,115 shy of a February record set in 2008, showing the market is making a "slow but steady recovery," the study said.
Rightmove also reported that it recorded its busiest ever month in January, in a further sign that activity in the market is gathering pace.
Miles Shipside, director of Rightmove, said: "There has been a sprightly start to 2013, and while market activity remains patchy across locations and property type, some agents are reporting their busiest new year since the onset of the credit crunch."
There have been signs of the market picking up in recent months following the launch of Government schemes to kick-start mortgage lending and give people a leg up on to the property ladder.
The Council of Mortgage Lenders (CML) recently reported that lending to first-time buyers reached a five-year high in 2012.
However, Rightmove said it had found that seven out of 10 people who plan to sell in 2013 will be aged over 45, suggesting that older people are likely to be driving the market this year.
Half of those planning to buy a home in 2013 said they would be third-time buyers, and downsizing was the main reason for selling in the vast majority of regions.
The two most active age brackets were found to be 45 to 54-year-olds and 55 to 64-year-olds, the study found, suggesting that those who already have access to equity and finance will be the main "movers and shakers" in 2013.
All regions across England and Wales recorded month-on-month increases to asking prices.
Rightmove said that the large monthly price increases recorded in northern areas and Wales were effectively "rebounds" from large house price falls at a time when there were low numbers of properties on the market towards the end of last year.
The North West recorded the highest monthly increase at 5.2pc, taking prices to £156,801. However, prices in the region are still 1.8pc lower than a year ago.
Wales saw the second highest month-on-month increase at 5pc, meaning that, at £161,365, prices are 0.9pc higher than a year ago.
Asking prices in London are a hefty 8.4pc higher than they were a year ago at £486,890, although the month-on-month change was much softer at 1.2pc. The South East recorded the smallest monthly increase at 0.4pc, taking average prices to £297,036.
Mr Shipside said: "Pages viewed on the Rightmove website hit a record high in January, up by over 20pc year-on-year.
"While the journey between expressing interest and closing the deal has many more twists and turns than before the credit crunch, it is a sign of increased confidence and helps build a momentum that has been sadly lacking in many local markets over the last five years."
Source: PA


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Miley Cyrus and Madonna teamed up for MTV's 'Unplugged' special, but Madge wasn't exactly Miley's first choice. Awkward.
"I just wanted to have a special guest that would be something that no one saw coming, especially with it being 'Unplugged,'" Miley C admitted in a recent interview.
As for who she originally wanted to perform with, explained Miley, "I really wanted my [godmother] Dolly Parton to be there. [Dolly] had a show on the day of 'Unplugged,' so she wasn't able to be there, so I was like, who can I bring besides Dolly that would be something like that?"
In honor of her godmother, Miley went on to perform an acoustic version of Parton's 'Jolene.'
Having to pick someone else for the show, Miley settled on Madonna because she figured no one would expect her to perform on 'Unplugged.'
Unfortunately, Madonna's appearance wasn't definite until right before the show was set to air. As Miley recalled, "I never knew if it was gonna be possible. We just kind of threw it out there and when I was working on my record I wanted to have her on a song… she was working on her album and then when it was time for 'Unplugged.'"
We're glad it worked out because that performance sure had people talking!source


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Hornets 99-96 in OT over Mavs in Dirk's 1st start
Having Dirk Nowitzki back in the starting lineup was a significant step for the Dallas Mavericks.
Eric Gordon's first start of the season for New Orleans had a much better ending.
Gordon, who like Nowitzki missed time recovering from arthroscopic knee surgery, completed a three-point play with 4.7 seconds left in overtime Saturday, lifting the Hornets to a 99-96 victory.
Though Gordon was 4-of-13 shooting in only his third game this season, he made the biggest basket of the night on a bank shot from the top of the circle after he got Darren Collison in the air and drew the foul. He then sank the free throw.
"On that last one, I was starting to feel it a little bit. . I kept on playing and taking jump shots," Gordon said. "It's definitely a confidence booster to do well in overtime, especially for such a tough shooting night, it felt good to overcome it."
After a timeout, O.J. Mayo was beyond the 3-point line when Gordon went up the air and by him. Gordon's foot made contact with the ball, knocking it loose. Instead of a foul, officials called it a kicked ball. Dallas got one more chance but Vince Carter's shot from the right corner ricocheted off the rim.
Soon after the game, Mavericks owner Mark Cuban tweeted: "Im sorry NBA fans. Ive tried for 13 yrs to fix the officiating in this league and I have failed miserably. Any Suggestions ? I need help."
Nowitzki had a team-high 20 points on 7-of-16 shooting in 34 minutes, his most extensive action this season. He missed a free throw with 18 seconds left in regulation that would have put the Mavericks ahead by a point.
"Obviously, I'm not quite there yet, it's still a work in progress, especially playing 30 minutes and then being asked to get the ball down the stretch every time and make something happen, I don't think I'm at that point yet," Nowitzki said. "But I'm going to keep working on going in the right direction and turn it around, pull some of those close games out and get some of those wins."
Greivis Vasquez had 15 of his 25 points in the fourth quarter for the Hornets, but missed a final shot at the end of regulation. Vasquez also had nine assists.
The Mavericks (13-21) have lost 10 consecutive overtime games, matching an NBA record held by three other teams. That includes seven OT losses this season, five of them in their current 2-11 stretch - the latest against the worst team in the Western Conference.
"It feels like it. Yeah, it feels like it. I still believe in the team and I like the guys," coach Rick Carlisle said when asked if this felt like a rock-bottom loss. "This is just a tough time and it's important that everybody sticks together and we've got to fight through it."
Ryan Anderson had 16 points for New Orleans (8-25), which had lost 14 of its previous 16 games. Gordon had 14 points and Jason Smith scored 12. Al-Farouq Aminu had 10 points and 13 rebounds.
Carter had 17 points for the Mavs, and Mayo had 14 on 5-of-17 shooting.
Nowitzki had been a reserve in his first six games after missing the first 27 games of his 15th NBA season recovering from arthroscopic right knee surgery.
It was the NBA-high 15th different starting lineup for the Mavericks, and the first time this season they had the starting five they anticipated before the star 7-footer had surgery Oct. 19, three weeks into the preseason: Nowitzki with Shawn Marion and offseason additions Chris Kaman, Mayo and Collison.
There was a huge ovation when Nowitzki was the last of the starters introduced before the game.
Vazquez made a 3-pointer with 7 1/2 minutes left in regulation that put the Hornets up 79-73, their biggest lead of the night.
Anderson hit a long 3-pointer from the left wing with 3 minutes left in regulation to put New Orleans up 84-83, and Carter responded with his own 3 for Dallas.
After Vasquez missed both of his free throws with 1:12 left, the Mavs led 88-87 after Nowitzki swished a long jumper over Anderson. But Smith then drove past Nowitzki for a layup.
Hornets coach Monty Williams was livid when Gordon was called for a foul when providing some help defending Nowitzki. Dallas got the ball on the side before Nowitzki was fouled again by Gordon, this time going to the line. But he missed the first of two free throws for a tie game before Vazquez had to take a wild shot at the buzzer.
"It was a fun game for us because we were playing not good, but the fourth quarter and the momentum carried over for us," Vasquez said. "I missed a couple of free throws, but later on I took over and helped basically win the game for us."
NOTES: The Mavs played their only home game in a six-game stretch. They play at Utah on Monday night, starting a three-game trip. ... Marion could only smile when he was called for a foul in the third quarter, when he barely made contact with Vasquez. The Hornets guard fell back onto the floor like he had shoved hard. ... Cuban attended his first home game since before Christmas. He was hospitalized for kidney stones for several days last month before a holiday trip to the Cayman Islands.


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VIDEO DOWNLOAD - Scott Steiner Shoot Interview
Line up the freaks
Get out the straight jacket
And be afraid. Very afraid.
FOR THE FIRST TIME EVER - Scott Steiner's first shoot interview!
Love him or hate him, one thing you can never say about Big Poppa Pump is that he's not outspoken. Now, former WCW world heavyweight champion Scott Steiner, well known for controversial promos during Nitro's heyday, continued his tradition of "telling it like it is" on this new release. Have you ever felt fearwhile administrating a shoot interview? Well we now have!
A superstar in WCW, WWE, ECW, and even New Japan during the 1990s and 2000. Steiner been everywhere and has held every championship title in tag-team wrestling (multiple time WCW, WWE, IWGP winner) with his brother the dog faced gremlin Rick Steiner. The former All American has dealt with a lot of the politics in the wrestling business, including butting heads with the management of WCW while going into business for himself in two infamous shoot promos on Ric Flair and DDP Not too mention Scott's WWE run and matches with Triple H and his partnership and feud with Test. Now, for the first time, we sat Big Poppa Pump down and got the low down on his entire glorious career. Who knew that the college boy from Michigan with the awesome mullet and slow brother would later become this generation's version of Superstar Billy Graham?
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The first time I begin to work with a patient and their family I realize that many people don't even know what attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity (ADD/ADHD) really means. I then begin the long journey to help them start understand this very complex disorder.
ADD/ADHD is a neuro-biochemical disorder that is manifested by problems in the part of the brain that involves cognitive processing, regulating and moderating behavior, and patterns of inhibition that are important in keeping us still, quiet and in control of our actions.
This problem is hereditary and more common in males than in females. Often one of the parents of the child has suffered with this life-long disorder, or has been on treatment for the problem. It can present with or without hyperactivity, but always presents with inattentiveness, impulsivity and distractibility.
The young child who has ADHD often comes to social and medical attention early in his or her life because the hyperactivity stands out so dramatically. The child with ADD without hyperactivity may not come to the attention of the physician until later into adolescence because the problems that are occurring are not ones of behavior but rather of academic failure. This child with ADD may not manifest the outward sign of hyperactivity, but the thought process jumps around inside the heads of these children and can be just as debilitating.
Just as asthma, diabetes, or gastrointestinal problems can manifest differently in the individual, ADD/ADHD presents in its own unique way in every patient. It can be subtle and take awhile for the teachers and parents to realize what is happening or it can be very obvious that something is wrong from the "get-go."
The ADD/ADHD child can be bright and develop excellent coping skills and the symptoms don't challenge everyday quality of life. In contrast in some ADD/ADHD patients symptoms can be overwhelming and cause continuous strain on all those around the patient including the patient him or herself.
There might be other patterns of behavior that may present along with ADHD. We call these "extras" co-morbid behavior disorders. These behaviors might be oppositional defiant behaviors, learning disabilities, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, or depression. All of these behaviors complicate the diagnosis of a child's patterns or problems and indeed make it challenging to function successfully in day-to-day activities.
In a perfect world, a child could have one on one interaction with a parent, teacher or friend. In this situation, life may go smoothly. But when you introduce siblings, two parents, school mates and group friend situations things break down.
It is interesting to note that sometimes the perfect world of one on one doesn't often help the problem child with a behavior disorder. Even intensive behavioral counseling has not shown to be 100% effective with ADD/ADHD and also those with co-morbid disorders. The studies have shown that medication for these disorders have been the number one treatment that has shown measures of success, and counseling is highly recommended as an adjunct.
A physician treating these children should take seriously his or her commitment to the longevity of treatment and the close follow-up that is necessary. This is a life-long illness and the child needs a knowledgeable advocate to monitor how he or she is doing. The parents also need a knowledgeable confidant and professional to guide them through the good and rough times. Choose this professional carefully and the child and parent will have a better chance of success in negotiating a life of this interesting and challenging disorder.
Important: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and not Everyday Health.


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Many 401(k) participants have been unaware that service provider fees come out of their retirement plans. The new participant transparency disclosure regulation aims to make that reality abundantly clear.
"People have been selling these plans and saying they're free. That isn't correct," says Sara Richman, vice president-product management, Great-West Retirement Services.
Now, notes Celia Rafalko, managing principal-CEO, Piedmont Independent Fiduciaries, "participants are being faced with employers saying, 'You know that 401(k) plan you have? It isn't free.'"
Also see main article: "Transparency."
But here's the question: Are participants and those eligible to join plans even reading the transparency disclosures they've received since last August?
Merrill Lynch mailed about 3 million and had only 300-400 phone calls. "They probably were a little overwhelmed with information and didn't focus a lot of attention on it," says Kevin Crain, head of institutional retirement and benefits services, Bank of America-Merrill Lynch. "More work needs to be done evolving the disclosure to make people understand and react."
Great-West, in an assist to sponsors, sent out 350,000 disclosures. "The fact that there were very few calls tells me they're not reading the information," Richman says. "That's too bad. A lot of effort and cost went into this."
But she can empathize: "If I get a packet of information in the mail that looks like a legal document, I'm probably not going to hunker down in front of TV with a glass of wine and read what turns out to be my participant disclosure!"
Crain notes: "The fear was that [people] would get scared by the disclosure and not participate in plans. But that has not come to fruition. They are engaging in plans more than ever before."
Upcoming this May: A Dalbar study on participant disclosures. — JWR


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It is June, so you ask, why is she writing about Christmas stuff? Because she is memory deficient and she a/k/a me, would have to write this now anyway and then save it in her Blog and then probably forget to publish it in December. Besides, Christmas in June is nothing new.
I have made several errors in my life. (Quit laughing, Master's Daughter) Okay, more than a few. One was having the lack of judgment to be married, for a short time, to a man my daughter's fondly refer to as Hitler. My mother says he is the only person, on this earth, that she hates and she has to ask forgiveness for that when she gets to the Pearly gates. I say, Hate him, Mom. He deserves it.
Hitler had many horrible traits, which explains why we called him Hitler. Those traits are best left forgotten. He did have a few redeeming traits and one was a love of all things Christmas, including the Christmas tree, which he did not want taken down until the fire department showed up in June and said, "You have to take this fire hazard down." It was a real tree and you can only water them for so long before they become tinder.
The perfect Christmas dinner, for Hitler, meant that the adults drover around town most of the day on Christmas Eve and picked up everyone's favorite food from restaurants. With gas prices now, it would be a very expensive dinner. Since, his kids had a "traditional" dinner with his ex, and mine had one the next day at Grandma's house, it was really a fun thing to do. The kids all loved it and it was their tradition. Which goes to prove that anything can be a tradition. It just needs to suit your lifestyle and family for it to last and be fun.
Christmas holidays have always been a big thing in my life. Mom decorated the perfect tree, I'm really thinking she was the original Martha Stewart, the cards always hung straight and filled the walls (remember when you were a kid and your self-worth was based on how many cards you got? "I got twenty valentines. How many did you get?") Mom and Dad would work to make the house, inside and out, perfection. There were yard decorations to be hung and lighted, window decorations, indoor decorations and the tree.
One of my fondest memories of my brother was the year he taught me how to wrap a present. David may have had a touch of the Compulsive gene, because you never saw such a job of wrapping in your life. Corners were pressed and creased. I'm sure you could have bounced a quarter off that box. But, he was also artistic and they were beautiful when he was done. He loved Christmas too.
Dad, my brother and I would hunt for the perfect living tree. It seems like there was a lot more snow then, so it was snowing when we went and you could see your breath as you spoke. It went on top of our station wagon and, when we got home, if it wasn't perfect, dad would work to make it so. Branches were actually added to our tree, if I remember right. I know it had to have the "bad" side to the corner and then dad and David put the lights on, while the mom directed them.
What was I doing while this went on? I was in the kitchen eating a whole box of chocolate covered sugar wafers. At eight, this is not a good thing to do on Christmas eve. You miss decorating the tree because you are heaving into the toilet. You would think this incident might have led to anorexia. Trust me, it didn't.
Mom may have been the first person in the modern world to use actual toys on the tree. She had all the traditional glass baubles and lights, but she would also hang trinkets. These included fancy dangly earrings, or strings of beads she had made, as well as little stuffed animals and dolls. People would come to our house and marvel at her tree.
While recovering from surgery, in 2007, I relinquished a lot of the traditions that, I am now learning, really robbed the fun of Christmas. I relinquished that little compulsive side of me who had to do the tree just right. I sat on the couch and watched the men decorate the tree. I laughed with them and Christmas was all the more special for the love that went on that tree, that year. It wasn't nearly done, but the memories are even more rich, and that's what Christmas is about.


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Football is back, the orchards are open, and here comes fall. There are plenty of things to keep you busy across the mitten. Check our list here to see what is a not miss event for you. This weekend on Behind The Mitten, we visit Big Rapids in the midst ...Read More »
TimeLine Layout
September, 2018
20 September
Things to Do (Sept. 20-26)
13 September
Things to Do (Sept. 13-19)
As we kick off the fall season, so many events are happening. If you are looking to make some harvest season memories, look no further. The list we have here has a ton of really great options to choose from. This week on the radio you can find us in ...Read More »
6 September
Things to Do (Sept. 6 – 12)
And, that's a wrap! An unofficial wrap that is. Summer is done, schools are back in session, and there is plenty to still do around our state. Just because summer has dwindled down, it doesn't mean that the fun has to be over. Check out our list of things to ...Read More »
August, 2018
23 August
Things to Do (Aug. 23 – 29)
As the last moments of summer tick away, there are still plenty of chances to make the most of what is left. Check out our list to find some great options. Be sure to check us out this weekend on the radio while you are out on your adventures! Willow ...Read More »
16 August
Things to Do (Aug. 16 – 22)
As another week drifts closer to fall, you still have time to make some summer memories. We have a long list of events and happenings to check out and find what might make your summer complete. Be sure and check us out this weekend on Behind The Mitten. Willow ...Read More »
9 August
Things to Do (Aug. 9 – 15)
Summer is winding down. Fall will soon be in the air. Have you done all the things you had hoped to when you were envisioning what your Pure Michigan summer was going to look like? If not, you still have time. Here is a great list of things that could ...Read More »
6 August
Forest Hills Fine Arts Center Announces 2018-2019 Season
Forest Hills Fine Arts Center has announced its 2018-2019 professional series season. This season kicks off in fine form with Colin Mochrie & Brad Sherwood, Scared Scriptless on Sept. 16, 2018 at 7:30 pm. Ticket prices are $34-$52. Armed with nothing but their sharp wit, comedians Colin Mochrie & Brad Sherwood take to the live ...Read More »
4 August
Restaurant Week GR 2018 (Aug. 8-19)
GRAND RAPIDS, MI – What do you call 12 days of unique and creative dining opportunities from more than 75 different Greater Grand Rapids popular restaurants? Restaurant Week Grand Rapids, of course. It all begins Aug. 8. The idea behind Restaurant Week Grand Rapids (RWGR), which is in its 9th ...Read More »
2 August
Things to Do (Aug. 2 – 8)
We have arrived! August. The last month of summer. Have you made the most of Michigan's opportunities, or are you looking for some activities to finish the summer strong? Check out our list, and see what you can fit in before summer turns into fall. Willow Run – A World ...Read More »
July, 2018
19 July
Things to Do (July 19-25)
Looking for something to do? Here is an extensive list to check out for some great options. In the meantime, be sure to check us out on the radio! Willow Run – A World Premiere by Jeff Duncan, through Sept. 1; The Purple Rose Theatre in Chelsea; http://www.purplerosetheatre.org Grand Haven ...Read More »


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How Much Worm Is a Worm?
|Areas of Science
|Time Required
|Long (2-4 weeks)
|Material Availability
|Readily available
|Very Low (under $20)
|No hazards
AbstractWorms are slimy, wiggly, and gross. But did you know that they have many unique abilities? One of the neatest things that worms can do is regenerate, or re-grow, parts of their body. After a piece of a worm is cut off, it can grow back with all of the necessary new parts. How much of a worm can you cut off and still get regeneration? Is one end of the worm better at regenerating than the other? See if you can make heads or tails of this wiggly problem!
ObjectiveIn this experiment you will investigate worm anatomy and regeneration to find out how much of a worm can be left to regenerate a new worm or if one end is better at regenerating than the other.
Share your story with Science Buddies!Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.
Sara Agee, Ph.D., Science Buddies
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Last edit date: 2017-07-28
Worms are one of the most overlooked biologically important animals. We are most familiar with worms we find while digging up dirt in our back yard. Worms do a lot of the planets dirty work, and are vitally important to decomposing and returning important nutrients to the soil. In addition to terrestrial, (land-living) worms, there are many other kinds of worms who live in water called aquatic worms. These aquatic worms are important in habitats like streams, lakes, seas, and oceans.
Worms are part of a group of animals called annelids. Annelids come in many shapes and forms, but share many common characteristics. They have segmented bodies with a left and right side, with a front end and back end. They are soft bodied, and do not have a skeleton. They secrete mucus, which is why they are so slimy, and have many muscles that make them very wiggly!
One of the neat things that worms can do with their bodies is regenerate, or re-grow, parts of their body that they have lost. This comes in handy when an earthworm has an unfortunate run in with your garden shovel or a hungry robin! If a part of the worm gets cut off, the pieces left behind will grow new parts.
Scientists who study regeneration try to understand how the process is regulated, and how the body of the worm turns regeneration on and off. How does a worm know when to start regenerating? When does is stop? How much of a worm can be left to regenerate, or will small pieces of worm die and fail to regenerate? Is one end of the worm better at regenerating than the other?
In this experiment you will cut worms in different places and in different sized pieces to find out if there is a relationship between regeneration and size or orientation of the body.
Terms and ConceptsTo do this type of experiment you should know what the following terms mean. Have an adult help you search the internet, or take you to your local library to find out more!
- annelid
- growth
- regeneration
- body length
- healing
- injury
- 2000. "Yucky Lab Activities: Worm World." Discovery Communications, Inc. Silver Spring, MD. 12/28/05.
- Day, Leslie. 1996. "The City Naturalist—Earthworms." The 79th Street Boat Basin Flora and Fauna Society. New York, NY.
- Appelhof, Mary. 1997. Worms Eat My Garbage: How to Set Up & Maintain a Worm Composting System. Flower Press. Kalamazoo, MI.
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Materials and Equipment
- 16 oz. plastic party cups
- rubber bands
- Saran wrap
- moist soil compost
- water mister or spray bottle, available from Carolina Biological, item #: 665565
- permanent marker (Sharpie)
- earthworms, available from a local bait shop or nursery, from online suppliers such as Carolina Biological, item #: 141620, or
- Use a small hand trowel or shovel to dig up earthworms from the ground (they may be most easily found in shady, moist soil), or find them on the ground after it has rained.
- Note: Keep your earthworms in a cool place in damp soil and dead leaves until you are ready to test.
- scissors
- ruler
Disclaimer: Science Buddies participates in affiliate programs with Home Science Tools, Amazon.com, Carolina Biological, and Jameco Electronics. Proceeds from the affiliate programs help support Science Buddies, a 501(c)(3) public charity, and keep our resources free for everyone. Our top priority is student learning. If you have any comments (positive or negative) related to purchases you've made for science projects from recommendations on our site, please let us know. Write to us at email@example.com.
Experimental Procedure
- Prepare 4 cups for the earthworms to live in by placing 1/2 cup of moist compost into the bottom of each cup.
- Choose 3 worms of good size and equal lengths. Try to use large worms about 5 inches in length. The front end of the worm will be closest to the clitellum, the smooth band about 30 segments in from the end of the worm.
- Label the first cup, "control," and place one whole worm into the cup.
- Using scissors, cut your second worm in half and place the two pieces of worm into two cups labeled, "front half" and "back half."
- Using scissors cut the third worm into a one-thirds piece and a two-thirds piece. Place the two pieces into separate cups with corresponding labels.
- Cover the cups with saran wrap and secure to the tops of the cups with a rubber band.
- Using a toothpick, poke several small air holes into the saran wrap covering each cup.
- Keep your cups in a cool dark place for several days. Every three days, take out your cups and make observations of your worms.
- To observe a worm, get a paper plate and dump out the contents of your cup onto the plate. Find the worm, or piece of worm, and separate from the soil. Make observations of the worm, and return to the cup. Place 1/2 cup of fresh moist compost into the cup. Cover with the saran wrap and rubber band. Return to a cool dark place for three more days.
- Continue to observe your worms every 3 days for 2–3 weeks. Make drawings of the worms and write down your observations in a notebook. What do you notice?
- Summarize your data in a table. What trends did you see? Did all of the pieces survive and regenerate?
If you like this project, you might enjoy exploring these related careers:
BiologistLife is all around you in beauty, abundance, and complexity. Biologists are the scientists who study life in all its forms and try to understand fundamental life processes, and how life relates to its environment. They answer basic questions, like how do fireflies create light? Why do grunion fish lay their eggs based on the moon and tides? What genes control deafness? Why don't cancer cells die? How do plants respond to ultraviolet light? Beyond basic research, biologists might also apply their research and create new biotechnology. There are endless discoveries waiting to be found in the field of biology! Read more
Biology TeacherLife is all around us, in beauty and abundance, and the people who introduce students to how life forms live and interact are biology teachers. Their work helps develop the next generation of doctors, nurses, life scientists, and engineers. Their enthusiasm and appreciation for all life helps students understand their own bodies, and how life forms are all connected to each other and to their environments. Read more
- Try different soil conditions for an effect on regeneration. Cut several worms in half and place into different types of soil: clay, sand, compost, manure, loam, bark, etc. Which soil conditions were best for regeneration?
- Earthworms can be used to break down materials in the soil. Many people place kitchen scraps in a worm box so that the worms will consume the material and turn it into soil. Will a regenerating worm still eat? Try placing kitchen scraps into containers of whole or regenerating worms. Which ones consume the most material?
- Earthworms are one type of "bioindicator" for healthy soil, which means that the number of worms can be counted and used to measure the quality of the soil. Poor soils have very low numbers of earthworms, and are not good for growing crops. Good quality soil contains many earthworms, and makes excellent rich soil for growing healthy crops. Dig up soil samples from different areas in your yard and count the numbers of earthworms present. Is your soil healthy?
Share your story with Science Buddies!Yes, I Did This Project! Please log in (or create a free account) to let us know how things went.
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avery373 said:
2017-10-24 07:39:11
What was the most important thing you learned?
What problems did you encounter?
Can you suggest any improvements or ideas?
Science Buddies materials are free for everyone to use, thanks to the support of our sponsors. What would you tell our sponsors about how Science Buddies helped you with your project?
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Ask an ExpertThe Ask an Expert Forum is intended to be a place where students can go to find answers to science questions that they have been unable to find using other resources. If you have specific questions about your science fair project or science fair, our team of volunteer scientists can help. Our Experts won't do the work for you, but they will make suggestions, offer guidance, and help you troubleshoot.
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Discover for free which first names would suit you or your baby !
Meaning of name Mauri
Etymology : Finnish form of MAURICE
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Who is he?
He has a strong character and tends to be quite impressive, as much due his magnetic personality and reserved appearance as for his need to be admired and respected. Sociable, though both introverted and extroverted at different times; he is an endearing and rather charming man who wants to please others and be liked in return, although he is quite self-involved, all things considered. Often courteous, he is very tactful but he can be known to slip up at times... He is elegant and refined, and possibly an esthete - unless he settles for tasting the pleasures that this world has to offer. Voracity is one of his foibles. Feelings occupy an important place in his life, and he is often influenced by his family - for better or for worse. Mauri doesn´t shy away from his responsibilities, and is strong-willed even though he is prone to hesitation. Once he is driven by something that motivates him he is capable of great tenacity in order to see things through to their completion. Demanding, authoritarian and bossy, Mauri can also be known to experience outbursts of anger if the realization of his desires is hindered or if he is treated unfairly, despite his calm and composed demeanour. A proud creature, he appears to be very self-assured while he loathes mediocrity and baseness. He is also very image-conscious, and doesn´t permit himself to fail, always seeking to excel and surpass himself - and be the best. As a child, he is active and independent with an exacerbated need for freedom. He hates restriction and can be quite unruly and confrontational if one tries to impose this upon him. It is therefore necessary for his parents to be firm, but flexible while he is growing up, and encourage him to socialize in order to tame this little tearaway. It would definitely be preferable for him to have siblings, and take part in a sport or physical activity in open air, especially those where he can be part of a group or team...
What does he like?
A lover of change, he likes to be on the move more than anything else, to travel and be free to explore the world as he pleases. He craves experiences that he can feel passionately about. Emotional, masculine and resourceful all at the same time, Mauri could easily be a man of conquest (especially if he was born on a 5th, 14th, 23rd, or if his life Path Number is 5). He feels his instincts and desires intensely which makes him very attentive to a woman´s needs, however he is not necessarily a very sentimental man, nor is he always faithful... He is quite selective and could experience indecision when it comes to romantic commitment. The chosen one should effectively be perfect in every way, otherwise he is likely to quickly become jaded with the relationship.
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What does he do?
There are a few possibilities that are likely to appeal to him, and he is inclined to choose a career that is exciting and varied, preferably out of doors and involving physical activity (especially if he was born on a 5th, 14th or 23rd), or in connection with the earth (if he was born on a 4th, 13th, 22nd or 31st)..., occupations involving the exercise of a certain power could be tempting, such as politics for example, because Mauri likes to be the one who pulls the strings, sometimes even to his own advantage (especially if he was born on a 6th, 15th, 24th, or if he has a life Path Number of 6... those in relation to beauty, luxury, comfort, art or gastronomy as well as occupations concerned with the medical or paramedical domains.
Discover others boys first names : Maalik Maamar Maan
*To note: :
It sometimes happens that two different first names have the same meaning. This has nothing surprising: both first names have the same figures of numerology. It is as in astrology: two persons belonging to the same sign present the same characteristic...
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Your Name Horoscope !
Thanks to the numerology, we propose you daily a horoscope personalized for your first name. Love, money , Shape: discover what waits for you for today. In Bonus every day find your daily lucky figure .. Horoscope of the first names
Love :Couples: The complicity between the two of you will be reinforced. Singles: An admirer will make themselves known.
Money :You are trying to decide whether or not to make a property investment. Take your time.
Health:You won't see any results without some effort Mauri .
Your Lucky number : 80


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Demographic Estimates and Projections are ideally suited for business users and researchers who need to know where to market, where to expand, and how to allocate resources. GeoLytics� current year estimates and 5-year projections provide researchers with the necessary data to identify changes occurring in communities in the years since the 2010 Census and forecast the demographic trends that are likely to occur in the future.
With Estimates Professional you get all of the basic current year estimates and 5-year projection data as well as 100s of additional variables. These include sex by age by race, educational attainment, consumer expenditures and more.
Estimates Premium includes all of the basic and Professional variables and also includes poverty, employment, family income, median home values and median rents. The geographic selections are also expanded to include cities, towns and MSAs.
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Market Segmentation
GeoLytics now offers a market segmentation tool. Our SPECTRUM segments allow users to profile their customers as well as evaluate locations for their suitability. This specialized product can help you compete with large businesses that have large marketing research budgets.
Each of the 208,000 block groups are classified into sixty-four segments on the basis of a wide range of demographic characteristics. The idea behind segmentation is that people tend to gravitate towards communities with other people of similar backgrounds, interests, and income. Thus using our segmentation models you will be able to find other like-minded individuals to your current customer database.
Geocoding & TelcoCD
Our Geocoding and Zip+4 products let users append demographic information to their files by street addresses, latitude/longitude, or zip+4. Geocoding can be done for a single address in our SiteDVD, which produces a detailed demographic report for three radii around your address or latitude/longitude. Geocoding can also be accomplished in a batch mode of thousands or millions of addresses with our GeocodeDVD. If you don't have complete street addresses, our Zip+4 CD appends geographic and demographic information to each zip+4 record. TelcoCD maps and profiles telephone area codes, area codes with their 3 digit prefix code, and local calling areas. Lastly, StreetDVD provides hundreds of geographic layers released by the U.S. Census Bureau to enhance your mapping software products.
Geocode API Tool Kit - Add geocoding capabilities to any Windows� based application that you are building. The Geocoding API Tool Kit is a set of programming and data tools that allow a programmer to add geocoding capabilities to a project. The set includes geocoding database files, application extensions, header files, documentation, and programming samples. The API is available for Microsoft's� .NET platform only.
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Census 2010 / ACS
Census 2010 - The 2010 Census products include: Summary File 1 (SF1) and Redistricting. These are both available down to the block level as well as at the block group, tract, zip code tabulation area, county, etc.
American Community Survey (ACS) is released annually. The data set includes the 1-year, 3-year and 5-year estimates. The 2005-09ACS is still in the existing 2000 boundaries, the 2006-2010 ACS and all subsequent releases are in the 2010 boundaries. The 2011 and subsequent releases include zip codes as a geography. The new version of the product is released in February for the year concluding 14 months earlier.
Bundled Packages�Big Savings
Time Series Research Package - This comprehensive package includes all of our census datasets fiporor complete historical analysis: the full Censuses (1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 1990 Blocks, 2000 Redistricting, 2000 Short Form, 2000 Long Form, 2000 Blocks, 2010 Redistricting, 2010 Summary File 1, 2010 American Community Survey) as well as all of our Normalized data products (Neighborhood Change Database, 2000 Long Form in 2010 Boundaries, 1990 Long Form in 2010 Boundaries, 1980 in 2010 Boundaries, 1990 Long Form in 2000 Boundaries, 1980 in 2000 Boundaries, 2010 Summary File 1 in 2000 Boundaries.
Planners Package � includes 4 time periods of data � 2000 Long Form in 2010 Boundaries, 2010 American Community Survey and then our current year estimates and 5-year projections. Thus allowing you to easily compare nearly 20 years of data in 4 distinct times all in the same geographic boundaries.
Planners Package Plus � add the 1990 Long Form in 2010 Boundaries to the Planners Package for a 5 snapshot now covering nearly 30 years.
Census Reference Package - A bundled package that includes all of our Census data sets: the Complete Census 2010 Package, along with the Long Forms for the previous four decades: CensusCD1960, CensusCD1970, CensusCD 1980, CensusCD 1990 and CensusDVD 2000 Long Form, Short Form and Redistricting.
Census 2010 Package / 2010 Plus - The official Census 2010 is comprised of the 2010 Redistricting and the 2010 Summary File 1 (SF1). The 2010 Package Plus also includes the 2010 American Community Survey (ACS)
Census 2000 Package - This bundled package includes all of our 2000 Census products on CD: Long Form, Short Form, Redistricting, and both block level products.
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Normalized Data
Comparing data from different census years can be a difficult task due to changing geographic boundaries. Our Normalized Data Product line assists researchers with comparisons of data across time by adjusting and weighting the census data to account for changes in geographies.
Our individual normalized product line includes:
Neighborhood Change Database (1970-2010) - this Tract level product allows you to easily compare data from 1970, 80, 90, 2000, and soon 2010 data in one report. The 2010 NCDB will be released at the end of the Summer 2013.
1990 Long Form in 2010 Boundaries - the entire 1990 Long Form data set normalized to the various 2010 boundaries.
1980 in 2010 Boundaries - the entire 1980 Long and Short Form data sets normalized to the various 2010 boundaries.
1990 Long Form in 2000 BoundariesBoundaries - the entire 1990 Long Form data set normalized to the various 2000 boundaries.
1980 in 2000 BoundariesBoundaries - the entire 1980 Long and Short Form data sets normalized to the various 2000 boundaries.
Our normalized product packages include:
Time Series Research Package - includes all of our normalized data products AND all of the official Census data � from 1960 to 2010.
Planners Package - includes the 2000 Long Form in 2010 Boundaries, the 2010 ACS, and our Estimates and Projections so you get 4 time points to compare in the same geographic boundaries.
CensusCD Neighborhood Change Database [NCDB] - This single CD product is the easiest way to compare 1000 variables from each of the 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, and 2010 US Censuses.The 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000 data sets come in both its year-specific boundaries and also weighted to the 2010 Census Tract boundaries. When you use it in the year-specific format, the data and maps are identical to that found in the CensusCD product for that given year. However, the NCDB is limited to Census Tracts only. Therefore, smaller geographies (block group) or larger geographies (zip code, county, or state) are not available in the NCDB. This product is ideally suited for neighborhood (tract) time series analysis over the five census periods. Regional planning groups, government agencies, and researchers looking at changes over time for these smaller areas often find this to be the best choice.
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Census 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000
Export data files and map population demographics in seconds with GeoLytics Census CD's for 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1990. Access to historic census data had never been easier with this suite of historic census data products. These products offer all of their historic census data in their original geographic boundaries.
CensusCD 2000 - we have the Long Form (SF3), Short Form (SF1), Redistricting and block products comprising a full suite of 2000 census based products.
CensusCD 1990 Long Form - Complete 1990 Long Form (STF3) census data, plus a built-in mapping function. Includes about 3500 variables and 11 boundaries such as tracts, block groups, zip codes, MSA and more.
CensusCD 1990 Blocks - The entire Census 1990 Short Form (STF1) data set and boundaries for 7 million census blocks available on a single disk. Micro-level 1990 census data available in an instant right on your own personal computer.
CensusCD 1980 - The complete 1980 Census Long and Short Form date sets. This CD includes 1500 variables: 1200 from the Long Form and 300 from the Short Form. Data and mapping capabilities for county, MCD, place, tract and block group. The country was not fully tracted in 1980; there is no tract or block group data available in untracted areas.
CensusCD 1970 - 1970 Census Long Form data with over 5,000 variables. It has data and mapping capabilities for counties and tracts, and data only for MCDs and places. The country was not fully tracted in 1970; there is no tract data available in untracted areas.
CensusCD 1960 - 1960 Census Urban Long Form includes data for 22,871 tracts from the urban parts of the country. The US Census Bureau did not fully tract the US until 1990 so there is only data available for the urban areas (or what was urban in 1960).Also included in this urban file is data for 175 SMSAs (Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas or cities with their surrounding suburbs). The data is also included for the 175 Central Cities without their suburbs. There are 441 variables for each of these three geographies.
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Mailing Lists
With your GeoLytics account, you can:
Select from over 150 million addresses in the US – encompassing a full 96% of all the residential and business addresses. Every month they are checked and cleaned to ensure that they are kept to USPS postal standards. Willowbend, which owns and maintains this file also has a file of addresses that are verified to exist, but for one reason or another they do not accept mail delivery at those addresses. There are over 10 million records in this data set.
Specify areas within your general service area that meet your targeted requirements based upon age, race, income, marital status, educational attainment, employment, owners vs renters, rent, housing value, age of the housing unit, how long folks have lived in the housing unit, number of vehicles, and more.
Build a list 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, anywhere, and at any time
Preview and refine your leads, get a price quote and download your mailing lists
Business Data
GeoLytics offers reliable and accurate business and marketing information software that is within the budgets of small and medium-sized businesses. We can help you compete with large businesses that have large marketing research budgets.
Make sure you have all the answers with our suite of business software products with GeoLytics' complete Business Package. We have zip code level demographic data for 1990, 2000, 2010, current year, and 5-year projections. Plus many other levels of geography including tracts and block groups.GeoLytics also has industry data in our Business Demographics CD. This CD includes the 2000 Census, the Business Census, current year population estimates, consumer expenditures, and 5-year population projections. Data is available for the nation, state, county, and zip code. It is easily exportable for use in your own spreadsheets, statistical programs, or mapping software.
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Crime Reports
Crime Reports allow access to the UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING PROGRAM DATA for 9 years: 1998-2006 from the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. The data contains 669 crime variables from 19464 agencies.
The data can be seen at the national level or broken down to the state or agency level. The reports are created in multiple formats (comma separated, tab separated, dbf, or a summary report) to be exported to other statistical and database applications. The national or state data can be run as a map but there are no boundaries for mapping of the agency based files.
Source of Data: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation. UNIFORM CRIME REPORTING PROGRAM DATA. Compiled by the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Federal Bureau of Investigation.
Custom Reports
Custom Reports - We regularly run custom reports for individuals and agencies providing just the variables needed for the area specified. Sometimes it is a radius around a potential location that a customer is thinking of developing and needs to know how many people there are within 3 miles and what their income levels are. Other times it is information about ethnic breakouts by tracts across a state or the country at large. These are generally run right out of our products and are usually purchased by groups that do not need the complete software (or don't want to learn how to use it). These customers generally only need one set of answers and a custom report is a quicker and simpler solution. Reports start at $150.
Area Segmentation - We can create a specific weighting file to determine which parts of an area qualify using your agency specifications. You tell us what your target audience has as its characteristics and we will rank order the entire area by how well it correlates to this target profile.
For example, we created a weighting file for a state government agency that needed to determine which Block Groups in their state met the mandated definition of "Distressed Block Groups". In their state to be "distressed" it had to meet at least 5 of 8 indicators (high unemployment, low high school graduation rates, high child poverty rates, high senior poverty rates, high single-mother with children in poverty rates, low per capita income, high percentage of minorities, high percentage of multiple people sharing living limited space). This file will then be used to determine which block groups are distressed and the level of distress. The government agency will then use this as the method for determining where to invest in programs, where to offer additional resources, and what areas qualify for different funding sources. We can custom tailor the variables used and the cut-offs to meet whatever your agency or state needs require. The pricing for this sort of project is about $2,500 depending upon the constraints.
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Special Data Sets
Geocoding Services - Geocoding takes an entire database of addresses and assigns the appropriate latitude/longitude coordinate to each address. It then assigns the Census Block for that coordinate. Our GeocodeDVD goes one step further. As a default we will append 60+ demographic variables to each address. But as a service we can also customize the demographic data appended to better meet your specific needs. The appended data will allow you to profile your customers or identify locational differences between stores. Customers normally purchase our GeocodeDVD and geocode their address lists themselves, but if you don't want to have to do it yourself, we would be happy to do it for you. The pricing will depend upon the number of addresses being coded and whether or not we need to append custom selected variables.
Custom-built Databases / Full Product Development
Below are two examples; one is a dataset, the other an entire product designed to meet the specific requirements of two organizations. A third example is the Neighborhood Change Database, which we built for the Urban Institute, with funding from the Rockefeller Foundation.
Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
HUD awarded GeoLytics Solicitation number Q1Q-NCS-P0014 to Develop a Data Access Tool for 1990 Census Data STF4 Tables 59 and 60. These data provide detailed information regarding housing conditions, and are of great importance to HUD economists. GeoLytics was asked to develop a database "Housing/Data Access Tool" (H/DAT), that would allow HUD personnel who need to access these data an easy way to select, process, report, and map these data.
During this project it was necessary for GeoLytics to import, clean, validate and then process the original data. The data was then converted into a proprietary compressed format. The final product has a menu-driven interface that allows the user to form his/her own queries and thus create his/her own custom set of data from these tables. To make the reporting more powerful we also added a mapping component that displays the various geographic levels.
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Online Data & Maps
Download demographic data directly from the Internet at anytime and from any PC with GeoLytics Online Demographic Data and Maps. For the same price as our CDs and DVDs, you can now get many of your favorite databases online. No need to load software to your computer and carry around disks from your home office to your business. With GeoLytics Online Products and Maps, you have all the data you need available directly over the Internet.
Test-drive the On-Line Data and Maps with the FREE Census 2000 Data and Maps. Take a preview of our on-line demographic data and get FREE downloads of U.S. Census 2000 data.
More demographic products are coming online every week, so check back often and consider upgrading your current CD or DVD to the online version for only $100.
Click here for more information.


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Silver-plated art deco vase
Silver-plated marked Y on base
Art deco style angular flower design on this triangle shaped vase
Colour, dark grey metallic
6.5"x 3.75"
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Peter Freyd showed that the real interval [0, 1] is a final coalgebra for a functor on sets equipped with two points, which sends such a set to the 'wedge' of two copies of itself, identifying the second point of the first copy with the first point of the second copy.
The hyperfinite II_1 factor has trace values in [0, 1] and arises from a process of completing a union of finite subalgebras by a form of doubling discussed here.
Is there then a similar coalgebraic characterisation of the factor?


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Biological Macromolecular Resource
The PDB archive contains information about experimentally-determined structures of proteins, nucleic acids, and complex assemblies. As a member of the wwPDB, the RCSB PDB curates and annotates PDB data according to agreed upon standards.
Use the RCSB PDB to perform simple and advanced searches based on annotations relating to sequence, structure and function, and to visualize, download, and analyze molecules.Hide Full Description
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