text:
- "The Mirror of Erised is an ancient, ornate mirror. It has clawed feet and a gold frame inscribed with the phrase " Erised stra ehru oyt ube cafru oyt on wohsi." The mirror shows the most desperate desire of a person's heart, a vision that has been known to drive men mad."
- —Description[src]
The Mirror of Erised is a mirror, which, according to Albus Dumbledore, shows the "deepest, most desperate desire of our hearts." The name "Erised" is "desire" spelled backwards, as if reflected in a mirror. The happiest person in the world would look in the mirror and see a reflection of them, exactly as they were.
The writing engraved on the frame of the mirror is supposedly in a foreign and probably dead language, but if you look closely it says "I show not your face but your heart's desire" backwards, with the spaces rearranged. Erised stra ehru oyt ube cafru oyt on wohsi.
Early history
- "Men have wasted away before it, not knowing if what they have seen is real, or even possible."
- —Albus Dumbledore explaining the danger of the mirror to Harry Potter[src]
The Mirror of Erised was created before the end of the nineteenth century. It is unknown who the creator was. The mirror is one of those magical artefacts that seems to have been created in a spirit of fun (whether innocent or malevolent is a matter of opinion), because while it is much more revealing than a normal mirror, it is interesting rather than useful.[1]
It is unknown how it came to be at Hogwarts. A succession of teachers have brought back interesting artefacts from their travels, so it might have arrived at the castle in this casual manner, either because the teacher knew how it worked and was intrigued by it, or because they did not understand it and wished to ask their colleagues' opinions.[2] The Mirror had been kept in the Room of Requirement since around 1891.[2] It was only about a century later, in 1991, that Headmaster Albus Dumbledore brought it out and, tucking it out of sight in a disused classroom, initiated some key modifications to the mirror, so that it could hide the Philosopher's Stone.[2]
- "It does not do to dwell on dreams and forget to live, remember that."
- —Albus Dumbledore, when he discovers that Harry has been using the Mirror[src]
The Mirror was discovered by Harry Potter on the night that he used his father's Invisibility Cloak for the first time, to search the restricted section of the library for information about Nicolas Flamel. In his attempt to stay hidden from Argus Filch, the school caretaker, he stumbled upon the classroom where the mirror was being stored. Upon looking into it, Harry saw himself surrounded by his late parents and relatives. He saw several smiling family members. Some had the same green eyes, one had the same knees, one of his grandmothers was nodding and smiling at the same time. On his next midnight visit to the mirror, he brought Ronald Weasley, hoping to show him his family. However, Ron saw himself as the Gryffindor Quidditch Captain and Head Boy, holding up the Quidditch Cup, as he has always been overshadowed by his brothers and is always striving to be noticed by others.
Over the next few days, Harry proceeded to visit it as often as he could to see his parents' faces. Dumbledore found Harry visiting the mirror one night, and after explaining to Harry what the mirror was all about, told him that the mirror was to be moved and requested that Harry not go looking for it. Before heading back to bed, Harry asked Dumbledore what he saw when he looked into the mirror. Dumbledore claimed to see himself holding a pair of thick, woollen socks, telling Harry that "one can never have enough socks."[3] If this had been true, it would suggest that Dumbledore was so content with life that the only things he wished for were small things. However, Dumbledore was lying — the matter being a very personal one. As revealed to Harry in 1998 Dumbledore always, since the incident in his youth, saw his family whole and intact, free of any pain or suffering.[4]
In 1992, the Mirror was the final guardian of the Philosopher's Stone in its Chambers. Dumbledore placed an enchantment on the mirror, hiding the stone inside of it, and allowing the mirror to transfer the stone only to one who wanted to find the stone but not to use it. Anybody wishing more than simply to find it would see themselves making gold or the Elixir of Life, or in Professor Quirrell's case presenting the stone to his master. This is because the greatest desire of anyone wanting to use the stone would not have their greatest desire to be finding it in the first place; anyone just wanting to find the stone but not use it would thus have their greatest desire to find the stone thus have their wish granted.
When Professor Quirrell ordered Harry to look into the mirror, Harry focused on finding the stone, and, uninterested in actually using the stone for his own purposes, saw his reflection pocketing the stone, at which time it magically appeared in his real pocket.[3]
It is not known what happened to the mirror after the events described here. It might have stayed in the chamber or returned to its classroom.
- "Let me give you a clue. The happiest man on Earth would look into the mirror and see only himself, exactly as he is."
- —Albus Dumbledore to Harry Potter
The Mirror shows the greatest desire of the one looking into it upon its surface, often with them having achieved some goal or ambition. However, since each person is unique, only they can see it from their point of view. According to Dumbledore, the Mirror shows neither truth nor knowledge, and some have in fact gone mad from staring at it. Dumbledore later bewitched the Mirror to hold the Philosopher's Stone, where the only one who could retrieve it from the Mirror would be one who wanted to find the Stone but not use it or have it used.
Known desires
- "And slowly, Harry looked into the faces of the other people in the mirror, and saw other pairs of green eyes like his, other noses like his, even a little old man who looked as though he had Harry's knobbly knees — Harry was looking at his family, for the first time in his life."
- —Harry sees his extended family for the first time[src]
|Albus Dumbledore
|(Purportedly) A pair of thick, white woollen socks (claimed) — whether Dumbledore actually does like socks and did want some for Christmas, as he complained that people "keep giving [him] books", is unknown.
|His family alive, whole and happy — Percival and Kendra all returned to him, Ariana properly using magic and alive, and Aberforth reconciled to him.[5]
|Harry Potter
|His parents and extended family[3]
|4 June, 1992
|Himself shaking hands with Albus Dumbledore after winning the House Cup (claimed)[3]
|Himself holding the Philosopher's Stone (he was able to get the stone because he had no intention of using it).[3]
|Lord Voldemort defeated and dead[6]
|Hermione Granger
|Herself and her friends alive and unscathed, Voldemort defeated, and herself in a romantic embrace with a "certain person".[7][8] (theoretical)
|Ron Weasley
|Himself as Quidditch Captain, Head Boy, and standing apart and being better than all of his brothers.[3]
|Quirinus Quirrell
|Himself presenting the Philosopher's Stone to his master, Lord Voldemort[3]
|Lord Voldemort
|Himself, all powerful, more than anyone, immortal, and with no Harry Potter to stop him.[6][9] (theoretical)
|Severus Snape
|Himself with Lily Potter alive with him, both happy. (theoretical)
|Sirius Black
|His friends, James and Lily Potter alive. (theoretical)
|Remus Lupin
|Himself no longer infected with lycantrophy and being a werewolf. (theoretical)
|Gellert Grindelwald
|Himself, powerful than anyone (theoretical)
|Petunia Dursley
|Herself, going to Hogwarts (theoretical)
|Neville Longbottom
|His parents - Frank and Alice healthy, never being tortured by Death Eaters (theoretical)
The word "Erised" (pronounced eer-eh-said) is "desire" spelled backwards, meaning the name could also be known as the "Mirror of Desire". The backwards spelling symbolises how mirror reflections flip images around (for example, "erised" when reflected in a mirror spells "desire"). However, because this is no ordinary mirror, the text also shows how the mirror is very different from standard mirrors, in the way that it shows the inner desires and not the outside appearance of a person.
Behind the scenes
- Albus Dumbledore lied to Harry Potter in 1991 about what he saw in the Mirror.
- The quote "Erised stra ehru oyt ube cafru oyt on wohsi" on the mirror mentioned by Dumbledore reversed is "ishow no tyo urfac ebu tyo urhe arts desire", which with proper spacing becomes "I show not your face but your heart's desire".
- In the video game adaptation of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, the mirror is shown with the ability to reflect spells.
- In LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4, Ron sees himself in a Quidditch uniform while receiving a kiss on the cheek from Hermione Granger.
- In LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4, when Harry touches Voldemort's face his parents applaud in the mirror. When Harry is knocked unconscious and Voldemort fails to grab the stone, his parents laugh at Voldemort.
- In Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2, when Harry finds the lost diadem in the Room of Requirement, Draco (along with Goyle and Blaise) stands in the way of Harry's progress. Behind them the mirror can be seen among a pile of other hidden objects. Thus, it is quite obvious it was destroyed with everything else in the room by Goyle's spell, unless the prop was being reused as an easter egg for the fans. Neither is yet to have been confirmed.
- In the video games, the mirror is often used as a way to defeat Quirrell; how this often occurs varies:
- In the PC and GBA versions of The Philosopher's Stone, Harry must use the proper side of the mirror itself to deflect Quirrell's spells back at him in the second phase of the battle. In both cases, he must cast the Knockback Jinx on it to orient it properly.
- The PS2, Xbox and Gamecube versions instead involve having Harry stay close to the mirror, with Quirrell deeming that its power is protecting him; this is indicated with a white trail of magic connecting Harry to the mirror if he stays within a certain range of it, allowing him to absorb Quirrell's main offensive spell with no damage and to fire it back at him.
- The PS1 version instead, involves Harry charging the mirror with a spell cast at it; a second one right after fires a beam straight from it that can damage Quirrell, but the mirror is unable to be oriented and Quirrell must be in proper position.
- However, the only exceptions so far are in the GBC version of the game and in LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4, where Quirrell is engaged in direct combat with the mirror having no involvement in the battle.
- In 2003, J. K. Rowling said that she would probably see herself as she is on the Mirror, because she had had another child, David Rowling Murray, just a few months before. She also added that she would like to see her mother alive again, and would hope that "there'd be room over [her] shoulder to see a scientist inventing a cigarette that would be healthy" and "a particular journalist being boiled in oil."[10]
- The Mirror is possibly inspired by the magic mirrors in classic fairy tales such as Snow White, in which the desire of the story's antagonist, The Queen, is to be the fairest in the kingdom.
- Contrary to Dumbledore's words, the mirror does give its users knowledge, as it shows them what they want the most, even if they do not know for certain.
- The scene where Harry sees his parents in the mirror for the first time makes an appearance in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix during Harry's Occlumency lessons with Snape.
- The Mainland Chinese version of Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone included various footnotes from the translator explaining various aspects of British culture to Chinese readers. The footnote for the Mirror of Erised's inscription incorrectly claims that it is a secret Taoist charm.
Author's comments
"Albus Dumbledore's words of caution to Harry when discussing the Mirror of Erised express my own views. The advice to 'hold on to your dreams' is all well and good, but there comes a point when holding on to your dreams becomes unhelpful and even unhealthy. Dumbledore knows that life can pass you by while you are clinging on to a wish that can never be - or ought never to be - fulfilled. Harry's deepest yearning is for something impossible: the return of his parents. Desperately sad though it is that he has been deprived of his family, Dumbledore knows that to sit gazing on a vision of what he can never have, will only damage Harry. The mirror is bewitching and tantalising, but it does not necessarily bring happiness."
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (First appearance)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)
- Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film) (Appears in flashback(s))
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film) (Flashback on Disc 2)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Mentioned only)
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2
- Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Part 2 (video game) (Appears in flashback(s))
- LEGO Harry Potter: Building the Magical World
- LEGO Harry Potter: Characters of the Magical World
- The Wizarding World of Harry Potter
- LEGO Harry Potter: Years 1-4
- Harry Potter for Kinect
- Harry Potter Trading Card Game
- Pottermore
- LEGO Harry Potter
- Harry Potter: The Character Vault (mentioned only)
Notes and references
- ↑ Writing by J.K. Rowling: "The Mirror of Erised" at Pottermore (transcription available here)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Writing by J.K. Rowling: "The Mirror of Erised" at Pottermore (transcription available here)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
- ↑ Bloomsbury.com Webchat with J.K. Rowling, 30 July 2007
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 16 July 2005 Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview with J.K. Rowling
- ↑ Accio Quote: Hermione Granger
- ↑ It is unknown if Hermione ever looked into the Mirror of Erised; J. K. Rowling only confirmed what Hermione would see if she looked into it.
- ↑ It is unknown if Voldemort ever looked into the Mirror of Erised; J. K. Rowling only confirmed what he would see if he looked into it.
- ↑ "Fry, Stephen, interviewer: J.K. Rowling at the Royal Albert Hall, 26 June 2003" at Accio Quote


text:
WHISTLER, B.C. — While an Italian was winning the final gold medal in alpine Saturday at the 2010 Olympics, Canada failed in its longshot bid in the men's slalom to secure a 2010 skiing medal.
But as shutouts go, Canada's O-fer the Olympics was nothing compared to what happened to the vaunted 'Wunderteam.'
For the first time since 1936, no man from skiing-mad Austria won an alpine medal. The country's galaxy of stars captured 14 of the 30 total medals at Turin — eight by the men, six by the women — but left Whistler Mountain with just four, all by women.
"I would have never thought that before the Games that that could happen, just because of the depth and the amount of World Cups that they're winning," said Max Gartner, an Austrian native and the chief athletics officer for Alpine Canada. "Their slalom team, there's four guys in the top seven in the world.
"And to walk away with no medal, it just shows you how unpredictable this sport is."
The Austrians were saying the same thing.
Like the Canadians, who had Erik Guay finish fifth in super-G and downhill, just 3/100ths and 24/100ths off the podium, respectively, Austria came agonizingly close.
Benjamin Raich, a winner in giant slalom and slalom at Turin, was fourth in the slalom won by Guiliano Razzoli of Italy, just 5/100ths from the podium.
"It was close, always close," said Raich. "Very disappointing for our team, but we have to handle it. It's not easy."
Marcel Hirscher, who was fifth in the slalom, missed a medal in giant slalom by 8/100ths of a second and Mario Scheiber was fourth in downhill, only 12/100ths behind bronze medallist Bode Miller of the U.S.
"Very disappointed," said Peter Schroecksnadel, president of the Austrian ski federation, which governs alpine, cross-country and freestyle. "But that's Olympics. We win medals in disciplines we didn't expect and we don't win medals in the best discipline we have.
"The problem is this is one day. If you have the whole season, then you can show your performance. If it's one day and a certain moment that you have to perform, then it's sometimes difficult.
"We are not happy about this, but that's the fact."
Schroecksnadel also noted that on the men's side, Austria is going through a transition with veterans Fritz Strobl, Stephen Eberharter and Hermann Maier all having retired in the last few years.
"You have to build up a new team. There's always a little bump and a correct."
Austria's lone gold medal came from Andrea Fischbacher in the women's super-G. Marlies Schild won her third career Olympic medal with silver in the slalom and all-rounder Elisabeth Goergl earned bronze in both the downhill and giant slalom.
The men were favoured to at least match that total, with stars like Raich, Michael Walchhofer and Reinfried Herbst. Walchhofer leads the World Cup super-G standings, but finished just 21st in that discipline in Whistler. Herbst had won four of eight slaloms on the circuit this season, but was only 10th on Saturday.
"It's really frustrating because we had a really strong team," said men's head coach Toni Giger. "It's really, really close, but in the end it's no medal and we have to accept that the other racers were faster. That's sport."
The Austrian media figure to be a field day with the medals shutout. After the men's super-G in the first week of the Olympics, one newspaper ran pictures of the four Austrian competitors — the best of whom was 14th — under big labels that read: "Failure No 1, 2, 3, 4."
Asked how harsh the media will be now, Schroecksnadel laughingly pointed to the handful of Austrian journalists in front of him and said: "Here's the press. Ask them.
"They don't like it and I don't like it either."
But when it was playfully suggested that the Austrian skiers are leaving the Olympics in much the same way as the Canadians, Schroecksnadel flashed some of that typical 'Wunderteam' bravado.
"We are in a much better position than Canada," he said with a big smile. "Canada has no medals, we have four in women. We have a better team."
Even Gartner would concur with that.
But after Julien Cousineau of Lachute, Que., surprised with an eighth-place finish in the men's slalom to go with those top 10s from Guay and another from Britt Janyk, who was sixth in the women's downhill, Gartner was thinking positively.
While it was disappointing, he said, not to meet the Own the Podium objective of two medals, the financial support from OTP will eventually be rewarded.
"There's been some people saying 'Oh, we shouldn't be putting money into alpine,' but I think we had the most successful cycle between the last Olympics and now, with six new (World Cup) winners, with a world championship in downhill (from the now injured John Kucera.)
"I'm realistic. I know we're going to be judged on how we do here, but I'm proud of the team that we built, and on any given day . . . that investment will pay off down the road."

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Six years after it was unceremoniously yanked from the Australian market, Nissan's Pulsar is about to make a comeback.
Nissan Australia spokesman Jeff Fisher told Drive that the Japanese car maker finally confirmed last week that Tiida - the name that usurped Pulsar in 2005 as part of a rebranding exercise forced on Australia by Nissan's Japanese parent - will not be worn by a new small car due to arrive here late next year.
Instead, he says, it will wear a Pulsar badge, as had been expected following numerous hints from Nissan executives.
See our full coverage of the 2012 Detroit motor show.
According to Fisher, even today the Pulsar name still has currency with buyers despite its absence, with many still in the hands of their original buyers.
Ironically, the Tiida was rebadged as the Versa in US markets when it was launched for fears that the more unusual name – said to mean "sun" in the Okinawan dialect – would prove too confusing for buyers.
Since its Australian launch, Tiida was mired in controversy. A saucy series of ads featuring Sex and the City star Kim Cattrall, and reported to cost the car maker about $1 million, was dropped after buyers ignored the car in significant numbers.
Over the years Tiida has been re-priced and re-specified to try and boost sales, and so far this year has struggled to sell an average of 300 a month.
In contrast, Pulsar, a 25-year veteran of the Australian market, racked up 385,000 sales in its lifetime.
According to Fisher, the Pulsar hatchback is already made in and on sale in China, but Australia will wait for a sedan version of the small car to launch at next year's Beijing motor show in April.
Australia can also expect a new version of the Pathfinder off-roader next year, with a new version of the vehicle due for its first showing at January's Detroit motor show.
The Pathfinder is another vehicle to flip-flop between forms, but instead of a simple name change the off-roader will once again adopt a car-like monocoque chassis after switching to a more traditional ladder-frame chassis in 2005.
Special feature:
Full coverage of the 2012 Detroit motor show
Follow Drive.com.au on Twitter @Drivecomau


text: Brightspot company is one of the best telecom company in the world. It has millions of users and we guess you are one of them. If you are an Brightspot user and searching for Brightspot Port Number query on Google and landed on our website, you are welcome here we will tell how you can apply for Brightspot Port in an easy way.


text:
Jonathan Spence, one of the world's leading experts on Chinese history and culture, will deliver the 2010 Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities. The annual lecture, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), is the most prestigious honor the federal government bestows for distinguished intellectual achievement in the humanities.
"Jonathan Spence's scholarship has shaped the field of Chinese history," said NEH Chairman Jim Leach. "In a world in which mutual understanding has never been more important, Spence has helped Americans understand the culture of one of the world's oldest and greatest civilizations."
Spence will present the 39th Jefferson Lecture in the Humanities on Thursday, May 20, 2010, at 7 p.m. at the Warner Theatre in Washington, D.C.
In the lecture, "When Minds Met: China and the West in the Seventeenth Century," Spence will explore the many ways that one of the first Chinese travelers to reach Europe shared his ideas with the Westerners he met. Though the contacts were brief, they showed the possibilities for a real meeting of the minds between the two dramatically different cultures, and help us chart the value of the humanities in that distant era.
For more than four decades, Spence has captivated the public and scholars alike with his elegant writing style and knack for storytelling. The Modern Library named The Gate of Heavenly Peace, the Chinese and Their Revolution, 1895-1980 (1981) one of the best non-fiction books of the twentieth century. The Washington Post Book World called The Search for Modern China (1990, rev. 1999) "History at its best . . . all in the vivid, accessible style for which the author is well known." The book, which charts the history of China from the fall of the Ming dynasty through Tiananmen Square, became a New York Times bestseller and continues to be a classroom staple.
Spence's other works include To Change China: Western Advisers in China, 1620-1960 (1969); Emperor of China, Self-portrait of K'ang-hsi (1974); The Death of Woman Wang (1978); The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci (1984); The Question of Hu (1988); Chinese Roundabout, Essays in History and Culture (1992); God's Chinese Son, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan (1996); The Chan's Great Continent, China in Western Minds (1998); Mao Zedong (1999); Treason by the Book (2001); and Return to Dragon Mountain: Memories of a Late Ming Man (2007). With his wife, Annping Chin, he co-authored The Chinese Century, a Photographic History of the Last Hundred Years. He is also a frequent contributor to the New York Review of Books.
Spence was born in Surrey, England, in 1936. (He became an American citizen in 2000.) He studied at Winchester College and spent two years in the army for his national service, before attending Clare College, Cambridge, receiving a B.A. in history in 1959. A Clare-Mellon fellowship brought him to Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut, to study for an M.A. in history that same year. At Yale he devoted himself to the study of the history and culture of China, going on to earn a Ph.D. in 1965. His dissertation became the basis or his first book, Ts'ao Yin and the K'ang-hsi Emperor, Bondservant and Master (1966).
Spence joined the faculty at Yale as an assistant professor in 1966, becoming the George Burton Adams professor of history in 1976 and Sterling professor of history in 1993. He retired from full time teaching in 2008.
He is the recipient of numerous awards and honors, including Guggenheim and MacArthur fellowships, as well as ten honorary degrees. In 2004, he served as the president of the American Historical Association.
The Jefferson Lecture is the Endowment's most widely attended annual event. Past Jefferson Lecturers include John Updike, Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Bernard Bailyn, Toni Morrison, Arthur Miller, James McPherson, Barbara Tuchman, and Robert Penn Warren. The lectureship carries a $10,000 honorarium.
Tickets to the lecture are free of charge and distributed on a first-come, first-served basis. Ticket requests must be submitted by May 3 via the online form. All other inquiries, as well as ticket requests for persons lacking online access, may be directed to (202) 606-8446.
NEH gratefully acknowledges the generous support for this year's Jefferson Lecture provided by the National Trust for the Humanities and the President's Committee on the Arts and the Humanities.


text:
Wellesley Bunnies
If you are thinking about bunnies as a possible pet in Wellesley, Pet World is where you should go. Wellesley bunnies range in size, coloring, and personality and here at Pet World we can help you find the right match. Wellesley bunnies are fed with an herbivore diet of plants, with hay and vegetables as their main source of nutrition. Living from about nine to twelve years, Wellesley bunnies are a long-term commitment that definitely results in years of joyful companionship. Here at Pet World, we also sell all sorts of shelves, tunnels, and toys that you could want or need for Wellesley bunnies. Making sure Wellesley bunnies find loving homes with dutiful owners is part of the job. Stop in today to check out our wide selection of Wellesley bunnies to see if you could bring home a new pet today!


text:
While the full Brahms Festival isn't until January and February, the kick off is a collaboration with KLRN and the Symphony. Here are the four times KLRN will air the Brahms Festival TV show. The first is TONIGHT (12/27) at 8 p.m. on KLRN.
Thursday, December 27, 2012 at 8 p.m.
Sunday, December 30, 2012 at 5 p.m.
Saturday, January 5, 2013 at 8 p.m.
Sunday, January 6, 2013 at 1:30 p.m.
You can see a complete list on the Brahms Festival web site at BrahmsSA.com.
Happy New Year!
Follow the Symphony on Facebook and Twitter.
The logo drawing of Brahms was created by Judy Geist. All rights reserved.


text:
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text:
- Title
- Dynamic modelling and optimisation of flexible operation in post-combustion CO2 capture plants - A review
- Creator
- Bui, Mai; Gunawan, Indra; Verheyen, Vincent; Feron, Paul; Meuleman, Erik; Adeloju, Samuel
- Date
- 2014
- Type
- Text; Journal article; Review
- Identifier
- http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/163099
- Identifier
- vital:12763
- Identifier
- Identifier
- Abstract
- The drive for efficiency improvements in post-combustion CO2 capture (PCC) technologies continues to grow, with recent attention being directed towards flexible operation of PCC plants. However, there is a lack of research into the effect of process disturbances when operating flexibly, justifying a need for validated dynamic models of the PCC process. This review critically examines the dynamic PCC process models developed to date and analyses the different approaches used, as well as the model complexity and their limitations. Dynamic process models coupled with economic analysis will play a crucial role in process control and optimisation. Also discussed are key areas that need to be addressed in future dynamic models, including the lack of reliable dynamic experimental data for their validation, development of feasible flexible operation and process control strategies, as well as process optimisation by integrating accurate process models with established economic analysis tools. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Relation
- Computers and Chemical Engineering Vol. 61, no. (2014), p. 245-265
- Rights
- Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.
- Subject
- 0904 Chemical Engineering; 0913 Mechanical Engineering; Coal-fired power stations; Dynamic modelling; Flexible operation; Post-combustion carbon capture
- Reviewed
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text: Space, as Douglas Adams once so aptly wrote, is big. To try imagining how big, place a penny down in front of you. If our sun were the size of that penny, the nearest star, Alpha Centauri, would be 350 miles away. Depending on where you live, that's very likely in the next state (or possibly country) over. Attempting to imagine distances larger than this quickly becomes troublesome. At this scale, the Milky Way galaxy would be 7.5 million miles across, or more than 30 times the distance between the Earth and the moon. As you can see, these are rather inhuman dimensions that are almost impossible to really get a sense of. But that doesn't mean it's completely impossible. Astronomers have made observations and simulations that in some way capture the enormity of our cosmos. In this gallery, Wired will look at the size and scale of the universe's largest, farthest, and most mysterious objects. Above: Size of the Universe No one knows exactly how large the universe is. It could be infinite or it could have an edge, meaning that traveling for long enough in one direction will bring you back to where you started, like traveling on the surface of a sphere. Scientists argue over the exact shape and size of the universe but they can calculate one thing with good precision: how far away we can see. Light travels at a specific speed, and because the universe is approximately 13.7 billion years old, we can't see anything farther away than 13.7 billion light years away, right? Wrong. The strange thing about space is that it's expanding. And that expansion can occur at more or less any speed — including faster than light speed — so the most distant objects we can see were in fact once much closer to us. Over time, the universe has shuffled distant stars and galaxies away from us as if they were on an extremely rapid conveyor belt, and dropped them off in far away locations. Strangely, this means that our observational power is sort of "boosted" and the furthest things we can see are more than 46 billion light years away. While we are not the center of the universe, we are at the center of this observable portion of the universe, which traces out a sphere roughly 93 billion light years across. (And you thought it was a long way down the road to the chemist.) Image: Wikimedia/Azcolvin429It's Full of Galaxies NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has produced the deepest image of the universe ever taken. Astronomers generated this picture by pointing Hubble at one small patch of the sky for several months and recording every tiny photon of light they could get. The entire image (below) contains nearly 10,000 galaxies, but here you can see a small sample of what's out there. Because looking back in space means we're also looking back in time, these galaxies are seen as they would have appeared nearly 13 billion years ago, just short of the beginning of time. If you're more spatially inclined, this means that the objects are 30 billion light years away. But because the universe is ever expanding, and our estimates of its size get more refined over time, astronomers have actually come up with a better way of stating distances. As the universe grows larger, the light waves within it get longer, like a slinky being pulled apart. The wavelength of the light moves toward the redder part of the electromagnetic spectrum, so astronomers talk about the "redshift" of an object, meaning the amount that light waves from that object have expanded since they were emitted. The galaxies in this image would be more accurately described as being at a redshift of 7.9. Images: 1) NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI) and the HUDF Team NASA and the European Space Agency [http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/07/image/a/warn/) 2) NASA and the European Space Agency The Most Distant Object Seen The fuzzy red dot in the center of this image is actually a small galaxy thought to be the most distant object ever seen. Captured by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, this galaxy existed just 480 million years after the Big Bang. The galaxy is estimated to be at a redshift of approximately 10, which is equivalent to a distance of 31.5 billion light years from Earth. The object seems to be a loner, without any other galaxies around it of comparable age. This contrasts with the era 650 million years after the Big Bang, where astronomers have spotted more than 60 galaxies. This suggests that in the cosmic blink of an eye -– merely 200 million years -– larger galaxies built up rapidly from smaller ones. But astronomers have not entirely confirmed the distance to this object, which means that it could be closer than currently thought. Until NASA launches its next generation telescope, the James Webb Space Telescope, to replace Hubble, astronomers will continue to have scant information about galaxies from this era. Image: NASA, ESA, G. Illingworth, R. Bouwens, and the HUDF09 TeamThe Farthest Distance The most distant light that astronomers can see comes from the cosmic microwave background radiation. These are photons that have traveled to us from nearly the beginning of the universe. Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe was too small, and therefore too crowded, for light to travel very far before it was either scattered or absorbed by a particle. But approximately 380,000 years after the birth of the universe, it became large enough that light could travel freely for the first time without hitting anything. The resulting emission is the limit of what we can see; existing in any direction we point our telescopes. The cosmic microwave background is like a wall that we cannot glimpse beyond. As the universe expanded, the light within it was stretched out and so this light, which has been traveling for nearly 13.7 billion years, has been lengthened to an enormous degree. The radiation now has a temperature of -455 degrees Fahrenheit, or just slightly warmer than the coldest temperature possible. It is remarkably uniform, with sections differing from one another by only one part in 100,000. If neutrino detectors are ever built sensitive enough, they might be able to see beyond the cosmic microwave background, to the cosmic neutrino background. Unlike scattering photons, neutrinos pass through ordinary matter with ease, which means they could provide information about the universe from when it was only a few seconds old. Image: NASA/WMAP Science TeamButterfly of Galaxies When astronomers look out into the universe, they notice that the objects they see are not distributed willy-nilly. Rather, the force of gravity tends to bring galaxies together into giant agglomerations such as clusters, superclusters, sheets, and walls. Researchers have scanned the skies and produced incredible maps showing the distribution of the nearest galaxies. While these maps tend to stay within about 7 billion light years from Earth, some surveys have discovered distant quasars -- enormous sources of light from the early universe –- as much as four times that distance. In the largest survey, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, astronomers have so far mapped more than one-third of the sky and plotted the location of 500 million individual objects. The image above comes from the 6dF Galaxy Survey, currently the third largest sky survey. The picture has its peculiar shape because astronomers have to aim their telescopes away from the bright light of the Milky Way galaxy, which obscures the sections of the sky in the center of the image. Image: Christopher Fluke, Centre for Astrophysics & Supercomputing, Swinburne University of Technology, using data from the 6dF Galaxy Survey (courtesy H.Jones et al.)Nearby Superclusters Close to home, astronomers have a relatively good idea of what our immediate cosmic neighborhood looks like. Within about a billion light years of Earth, we see a sea of superclusters. These are groups of groups of galaxies that are strung together under the influence of gravity. The Milky Way galaxy is part of the Virgo Supercluster, seen at the center of this image. Our home galaxy is actually nothing but a side character in this group, which is dominated by the massive Virgo Cluster, made up of more than 1,300 galaxies 54 million light years away. The Coma Supercluster is interesting to note because it sits at the center of the Northern Great Wall, a staggeringly enormous filament of galaxies 500 million light years across and 300 million light years wide. The largest supercluster in our vicinity is the Horologium Supercluster, which stretches across half a billion light years. Image: Richard PowellDark Matter and Energy Invisible in all this large-scale grandeur is the stuff we can't see. Dark matter is a mysterious invisible substance that is thought to pervade the universe, interacting gravitationally with ordinary matter but shying away from light and other electromagnetic forces. How do we know the dark matter is there if we can't see it? Because it still manages to make its presence felt. For instance, our local supercluster, the Virgo Supercluster, has an estimated total mass 1015 times the mass of the sun (that's one quadrillion, for those who like names for their numbers). But the supercluster's luminosity is only about three trillion times that of the sun. This means that the Virgo Supercluster is 300 times less bright than it should be given its mass, suggesting the presence of a great amount matter sitting idly around and not producing any light, hence "dark matter." While dark matter in the universe is thought to outweigh ordinary matter by a ratio of five to one, both are severely overpowered by dark energy –- a strange force driving the accelerated expansion of the universe. Despite being the subject of the most recent Nobel Prize in Physics, researchers are still at a loss to explain what dark energy is. The description currently serves as a sort of placeholder until more accurate theories are developed to explain its presence. Image: NASA/WMAP Science TeamThe Cosmic Web Galactic surveys have revealed that the universe has a "bubbly texture." Almost all galaxies are found within giant arcs surrounding enormous voids, some more than 300 million light years across, containing little other than empty space. Though it can't be seen, dark matter dominates most of the structure. As seen in the simulation above, the universe is arranged into great collections of knots, sheets, and filaments. These formations got their start from the tiny fluctuations in the cosmic background radiation, which represent areas of slightly more or less density. As the universe evolved, these small inhomogeneities attracted matter to them, which snowballed over billions of years into the enormous collections we now see. Image: NASA, ESA, and E. Hallman (University of Colorado, Boulder)Massive Model In 2005, an international group of researchers wanted to see if our current understanding about the universe works. They produced the "Millennium Run," a simulation of more than 10 billion particles running around and interacting in a cube 2 billion light years on each side. The model, which incorporates ordinary matter as well as dark matter and dark energy, shows how the large-scale structure of the universe arises from known physics. Over the course of this simulated universe's history, the researchers witnessed the formation of model supermassive black holes, powerful quasars spewing out radiation, and roughly 20 million galaxies. The researchers found that their simulated observations corresponded quite closely to the real cosmos, producing the beautiful image seen above. The white line indicates the scale, which is 125 megaparsecs, or more than 400 million light years across (the h stands for the Hubble parameter, a number that represents astronomer's uncertainty regarding distance, and which is currently calculated to be 0.72.) Image: Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics


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For 80 years, I read TIME. My parents took it, I took it while in college, my husband and I took it (one brief break, wondering what else there was -- found nothing) -- then, in retirement I moved to Orono, Maine to be near a son.
Found a magazine with which I was not familiar on his coffee table -- got curious -- no longer really enjoying TIME, finally took out a subscription to The Week.
It is the best!! I read it cover to cover every week, get really annoyed when I have to wait to Monday for it to arrive (if lucky, it's Friday -- usually Saturday), and have recommended it to everyone I know. Thank you so much for your fair but wonderful coverage of everything that matters! I'm a retired college editor -- LOVE typos, and you give me NONE!! Congratulations on a news magazine WELL DONE
I love receiving The Week. Have subscribed for several years and sent gift subscriptions. My teenaged grandchildren enjoy reading portions of it, and I have not censored it for them.
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President and CEO of the Nature Conservancy Mark Tercek admits that he was a late bloomer when it came to nature. A city kid from Cleveland, Ohio, his passion for nature didn't fully develop until an eye-opening trip to Costa Rica with his wife and kids. From there, Tercek decided to learn as much as he could about the threats to nature that he saw firsthand on his travels with his family.
In 2008, Tercek took the full leap into the conservation world, leaving a 24-year career at Goldman Sachs that included leading the firm's efforts to develop and promote market-based solutions to environmental challenges. Since taking the helm at the Conservancy, Tercek has emphasized a sharp focus on priorities and finding new, innovative ways to maximize the organization's conservation return on investment. Here, Tercek discusses conservation that pays for itself; expanding conservation's appeal; and how protecting nature can help us solve the biggest challenges of our time.
What do you say when people ask you, 'What do you do?'
The Nature Conservancy conserves the lands and waters on which all life depends.
What new idea or innovation is having the most significant impact on the sustainability world?
Conservation that pays for itself. In Latin America, for example, we developed an innovative mechanism through which utility companies, breweries, and other downstream water users voluntarily provide funding for the conservation of forests and watersheds upstream. The companies save money by preempting the need for more costly water treatment activities, while water resources are kept healthy and flowing for local communities. The concept is so elegant and powerful that we are now replicating it throughout Latin America and beyond.
What's something that most people just don't understand about your area of expertise?
Conservation of nature is sometimes viewed as a luxury afforded only by the affluent. We need to better measure and articulate the many ways our work benefits people. Nature is not a luxury. It provides vital services -- food, clean water, shelter, income -- essential to everyone's health and well-being.
|Kay Redfield Jamison, Professor of Psychiatry
|Alan Durning, Director of the Sightline Institute
|Mark Lynas, Climate Advisor to the Maldives
|Lee Jones, Farmer at The Chef's Garden
What's an emerging trend that you think will shake up the sustainability world?
Businesses and governments are beginning to realize that conservation isn't just good for nature, it's good for people. There is a growing understanding of nature as a kind of infrastructure that underpins human well-being and economic prosperity. It's a powerful idea that I believe will lead to greater investment in nature as a solution to some of the world's most pressing global challenges -- climate change, water scarcity, food security, and sustainable infrastructure and energy development.
What's a sustainability trend that you wish would go away?
Vilifying big business. In my view, environmental organizations can play an important role in guiding companies whose decisions affect the places we want to conserve. It's companies with big environmental footprints whose behavior we ought to help change.
What's an idea you became fascinated with but that ended up taking you off track?
I like to write songs and sing them and play guitar. I've even performed at clubs a few times. But fortunately I never quit my day job.
Who are three people or organizations that you would put in a Hall of Fame for your field?
E.O. Wilson (biologist), the late Wangari Maathai (activist), and Bob Wilson (philanthopist).
What other field or occupation did you consider going into?
I considered a second career in global development. In fact, I think there is a big opportunity for the conservation organizations to work more closely with groups like Oxfam or CARE.
What website or app most helps you do your job on a daily basis?
Blogs like Grist keep me up-to-date on the latest environmental news.
What song's been stuck in your head lately?
"Boom," by Wild Flag.
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This course concerns the law governing credit transactions in which the collateral is personal property, principally Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code. Topics to be covered include the scope of Article 9, collateral classification, attachment and perfection of security interests, priority among creditors, the impact of bankruptcy law on secured transactions, and default and foreclosure in secured transactions. We will pay close attention to Article 9 and other UCC provisions, which will be explored through problems discussed in class.
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The Best Ks2 Christmas Card Ideas
Ks2 Christmas Card Ideas The best thing about a homemade birthday card is that it can be tailored to the recipient's interests and for non-milestone Ks2 Christmas Card Ideas. These homemade birthday cards are the perfect way to show how much you know your loved one, and pair great with Ks2 Christmas Card Ideas gift ideas!
Peruse these homemade Ks2 Christmas Card Ideas ideas to get inspired. Many of them can be made with objects you already have around the home, like buttons or birthday candles. Whether you're a crafty maven or DIY novice, these DIY birthday ideas will have you creating works of art in no time. You may never need to buy another card again!
This ingenious DIY Ks2 Christmas Card Ideas by One Good Thing couldn't be simpler. Blogger Jillee used scrapbook stickers to make her own greeting cards in less than 30 seconds. Since the stickers often come in packs of three or four, you'll have supplies on hand for next time.
The confetti details of this design by Blush Crafts might take a little bit longer to arrange and glue, but the end result is worth the extra time and effort. It's the ultimate card for a girly, crafty girl, and she'll love that you put so much time into her card! Ks2 Christmas Card Ideas


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Vegetarian McDonald's: Its first non-meat restaurant to open in India
McDonald's, that carnivore's haven of beefy Big Macs and chicken McNuggets, is going vegetarian.
The fast food giant will open its first non-meat restaurant next year in India, in the Sikh holy city of Amritsar. The branch, to be located by the much-visited Golden Temple, will serve herbivore options tailored to the country's cultural tastes, according to AFP.
Much of the Indian population avoids certain types of meat. Hindus consider cows sacred and don't eat beef, while Muslims avoid pork. Indian McDonald's restaurants already feature much less meat than the chain's locations in other countries.
The company's bestseller in India is the McAloo Tikki burger, which features a fried potato patty and is responsible for a quarter of sales. The chain has fewer than 300 branches in India – a growing market for fast food that has already attracted competitors such as Subway, KFC and more.
Research in recent years suggest that Indians spend a quarter of their income on food, compared to the 1.5% they shell out for health issues.
Next up: Another vegetarian McDonald's planned for Katra, a town near the Hindu pilgrimage site of Vaishno Devi.
The company has long customized menus to its host country. There are kosher McDonald's in Israel and Buenos Aires, McBaguettes in France, McArabia pita-style sandwiches in the Middle East and more.
McDonald's tests deep-fried chicken wings
What is working at McDonald's like? An employee dishes on Reddit
How McDonald's makes its burgers look delicious in ads [Video]
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Growing up a child of the South, I never expected to live far beyond Atlanta's warm glow. However, fate dictated otherwise, and I have had to learn to cope with nothern winter weather. During my first winter in New York, I learned just how cold it could get. Although I was lucky since most of my time was spent inside the warm large animal clinic at Cornell University, if I ventured outdoors for more than a few minutes, I had a rude and often painful awakening. The burning, aching, and tingling of feet and ears that were dangerously cold became common companions. I was told often that this feeling was the early stages of frostbite, and I wondered how my equine friends could last all day and night outside and I could only last 10 minutes. Why did unprotected hooves that lived in snowbanks for five months of the year not freeze and slough right off?
Although frozen water buckets are often the biggest concern for horse owners in Northern climates, frostbite is also a potential threat. How do you protect your horse from frostbite? Which horses are most at risk? How can you tell if you horse has frostbite, and what should you do if you think your horse or foal has frostbite? Just how serious is it anyway? In this article we'll cover all these questions and more.
What Is Frostbite?
Frostbite can be defined simply as the freezing of the skin and/or the tissues underneath the skin, such as tendons, fascia (sheets of connective tissue covering or binding together body structures), or even muscle. Obviously, the deeper tissues are frozen, the more severe the frostbite. What I and most other people experience when their skin or extremities become very cold is frostnip. Frostnip is when the skin turns white and tingles. As the skin is warmed, it becomes red.
Because horse skin is often pigmented and covered with hair, it can be difficult to see the skin turning white (blanching) as the tissues become too cold. Frostbite occurs when those cold tissues are not warmed and the cells freeze. The frostbitten skin will then turn an "ugly" white or bluish color and begin to swell within several hours to a day. A line of demarcation — a line separating normal and frostbitten skin — will also become obvious. The abnormal skin might have blisters.
As the damaged skin dies, it will turn dark and eventually slough. The frostbitten skin will not have any feeling. There is no saving skin that is frostbitten; it must slough on its own or be surgically removed (debrided). Fortunately, most cases of frostbite are very superficial and little skin is lost.
Although frostbitten hooves are very serious, this doesn't occur often. We do not understand the phenomenon completely, but the horse's hoof seems to play a protective role against the cold. It can tolerate very cold temperatures without developing frostbite.
What Horses Are At Risk for Frostbite?
The risk of frostbite is determined by several factors, such as:
- Length of time the area (skin) is exposed to the cold;
- Temperature, including the wind-chill factor;
- Moisture — if the exposed skin is wet, the chances of frostbite are greatly increased;
- Age and illness.
In people, the elderly and very young (infants) are particularly at risk for frostbite. This is true of horses as well. Neonates (horses less than one month of age) are most susceptible, as they have don't have many fat stores to keep them warm in the bitter cold. Like older people, older horses (over 20 years old) might have health issues that create poor circulation, or poor body fat stores that don't allow them to stay warm.
Healthy, well-fed horses are not likely to develop frostbite. This is because horses, like cattle, create a large amount of internal heat or body heat from the normal way they digest their food. The fermentation process of breaking down roughage into energy can be likened to an internal furnace.
Contrary to popular belief, by digesting hay horses can produce 10 times the amount of body heat they produce when digesting grain. That is not to say horses don't need grain during the winter, just that they can much more effectively produce body heat when digesting hay. Therefore, horses which have a constant supply of good-quality hay and adequate protection from the wind and weather during the winter are unlikely to develop frostbite. However, when it does happen, it most commonly develops in the extremities (lower parts of the legs, ears, or even the tail).
A Serious Medical Condition
Frostbite is very serious, as it can permanently damage and/or deform affected areas. In people, it can require amputation of a limb. In horses, it can cause sloughing of the hoof wall and warrant euthanasia.
The reason frostbite is so serious is the way the tissues are damaged by freezing. As the cells of the skin, underlying tissues, and even red blood cells are frozen, the fluids inside and between the cells crystallize. These ice crystals cause the cells to rupture or burst. Small blood vessels can become blocked and thus do not supply the tissues with oxygen. Even when the area is warmed again, the ruptured cells can't repair themselves, so these areas of the skin, and possibly deeper structures, will die. As a result, frostbite often results in a large amount of skin cells dying and skin or even hoof sloughing. Sloughing of hooves is most often a fatal event, and large amounts of skin loss can be life-threatening due to secondary infections.
Luckily, the most common location that frostbite occurs is on the tips of a horse's ears. Most people don't realize that a horse has been frostbitten until the tip of the ear falls off, often several days to a week after the actual frostbite. Frostbite in this location is obviously not life-threatening, but is cosmetically unappealing.
The severe forms of frostbite I have seen occurred in newborn foals which arrived unexpectedly. These foals were born wet in very cold temperatures and did not have the energy to warm themselves so soon after being born, much less stand and nurse. These foals often have large areas of skin affected. In addition, they often have some degree of failure of passive transfer of antibodies (they did not get enough colostrum), so they rapidly become ill as the large areas of skin loss allow bacteria access to the foal's body. Depending on the severity of the frostbite, some of these foals require very intensive care in order to survive.
Treating Frostbite
Treatment of frostbite can't begin unless someone notices that frostbite has occurred. However, identification of the frostbitten area can be difficult for the reasons stated earlier. The subtle change to a lighter shade of pale, which signifies the earliest stages of frostbite, can be difficult to see. However, as the tissue begins to die, the affected area will begin to swell and turn dark and very hard, similar to leather. Large areas that are frostbitten and thawing are quite painful, so the horse might paw, shake its head, or bite at the area. Eventually, the leathery tissue will slough off, and the horse is left with exposed, bleeding tissue.
If you do identify a frostbitten area, the tissue must be handled ever so gently; rubbing the area to warm it will only cause more damage! Your veterinarian should assist in treatment, and he/she can administer medication to help the process. Rapid thawing, although more painful than slow thawing, has been shown to be the most effective method. So, water that's warm to the touch, not hot water, should be used. Apply warm water via a wet towel, or if possible you can submerge the area in a bucket of warm water.
Hair dryers are typically not recommended, as it's tough to control the amount of heat they create. Most importantly, the frostbitten areas must be prevented from re-freezing. Subsequent freezing of these damaged tissues leads to even more dramatic damage to the horse's skin. So, thawing frostbitten skin should not begin until the horse is in an area where he will not be subjected to freezing temperatures again.
Under the direction of your veterinarian, horses with frostbite will immediately receive some form of an anti-inflammatory such as phenylbutazone (Bute) or flunixin meglumine (Banamine) to help control the pain and inflammation involved with frostbite. As stated earlier, thawing of the frozen tissues is quite painful, and some horses might need to be sedated. Horses that are not current on their vaccinations might also need a tetanus booster.
In addition, some horses will have to be muzzled and bandaged to prevent them from damaging the area further. The tingling sensation of thawing damaged tissues can cause some horses to bite at their wounds. Because the lower legs of horses do not have much extra skin, frostbite in these areas often leaves ugly scars. However, horses which just lose an ear tip can have the ear cosmetically repaired via surgery.
Preventing Frostbite
As the adage goes, an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure — frostbite is much easier to prevent than it is to treat. As stated earlier, healthy horses which are provided with good-quality food and adequate shelter that allows them to stay out of the wind and avoid getting wet or overly cold are not likely to develop frostbite.
This does not mean that horses must be stabled all winter and never allowed to set a hoof in the snow. For most horses, a suitable run-in shed or wind break is all that is needed to prevent them from getting too cold. Horses with long winter coats usually do not need heavy blankets that compress the hair and decrease their ability to keep themselves warm. Horses are more comfortable in cold weather than humans, and they do very well in ambient temperatures just below and above freezing.
Horse left outside all winter should be monitored several times during the day to ensure that they are not in trouble, especially those horses left in temperatures well below zero degrees Fahrenheit (don't forget about the wind chill). It goes without saying that mares which are nearing foaling should be brought inside at night so they can deliver in a warm, clean stall and be monitored closely.
If these simple precautions are followed for your horses, then you can prevent winter's cold bite.
Provost, PJ. "Frostbite." Equine Surgery. Eds. Jörge Auer and John A. Stick. WB Saunders, 186, 1999.
King, Marcia. "Frostbite: Is Your Horse at Risk?" The Horse, February 1998, 49-51. Article #440 at www.thehorse.com.


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Procurement Management Review Division
The core purpose of the Procurement Management Review Division (PMRD) is to ensure GSA Acquisition centers comply with procurement laws and regulations; to assist acquisition centers in preparing for any external agency audits; and in improving the operational/transactional effectiveness and efficiency of these acquisition centers.
Generally, the PMRD focuses on:
- analyzing, evaluating, and validating the acquisition process for regulatory and statutory compliance;
- evaluating the effectiveness of internal controls, procedures, and/or policies;
- assessing operational effectiveness of training,
- identifying need for improvement; and
- managing risks to achieve better outcomes.
Emphasis is on enhancing the acquisition performance agency-wide, as well as individual activities through recognition of and assistance in rectifying observed deficiencies.
The PMRD performs under authority of:
- OHR P 5440.1 CHGE 510, December 16, 2004, under the direction of the Office of GSA Policy, Integrity and Workforce, Office of Government-wide Policy; and
- Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Circular A-123, Management's Responsibility for Internal Control.


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In April of 2012, I received my Master of Architecture degree from the University of Michigan's Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning. I am currently seeking a position as a Junior Architect or Architectural Assistant at a firm that is practicing internationally, promotes a creative and collaborative learning environment, and one that provides challenging projects for their associates. I have a personal goal of becoming a professionally licensed architect and I will seek guidance and request opportunties that will allow me to ascend from a post-graduate position into a role of a professional.
My architectural interests have been defined, reaffirmed and solidified during my experience in graduate school. The University of Michigan TCAUP boasts a world-class fabrication laboratory and fosters the latest trends in digital technologies and discourse. During my time at the university I was fully engaged with courses that exposed us to methodologies such as Rapid Prototyping, Parametric Modeling and Digital Fabrication, to name a few. I became fully involved with the Digital Fabrication Laboratory (Fab-Lab), not just as a student, but through employment as a Fab-Lab Assistant. My duties included setting up files on multiple software platforms, such as Rhinoceros and Mastercam, and operating the school's CNC router and waterjet to fabricate dozens of student and faculty projects. Additionally, I have been exposed to other fabrication technologies including laser cutters, 3d printers and a zund knife cutter which were used for my own projects.
With a specialty in fabrication, I am able to work at multiple scales whether if that is to fabricate a mockup of a complex system and detail, or at the scale of a topographic base for a finished presentation model. I have digitally/parametrically designed components that range from facade studies of buildings to the cover of my own portfolio. I work confidently and comfortably with digital software and tools, but I am still enormously interested in the discipline of architecture as a whole - from the earliest sketches to the very last construction inspection, and everything in between.
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US, Digital Fabrication Laboratory Assistant
-Employed as an assistant for fabricating student and faculty projects on a 3-axis CNC router and waterjet.
-Advised students and faculty on proper file setup and explained expectations/limitations of a CNC router and waterjet.
-Familiar with the array of router/drill bits and fabrication methodologies associated with CNC routing.
Harvard Jolly Architecture, Tampa, FL, US, Draftsman - Technical Support - Junior Architect
-Assisted project managers with construction documents and shop drawings.
-Accompanied project managers to contractor/engineer/client meetings.
-Assisted project managers with photographing and documenting construction administration inspections.
-Researched compliance of Florida Building Code for projects.
-Produced rendered images of projects using Google SketchUP
-Created presentation quality renderings using Adobe Photoshop
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US, MArch, Architecture
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, US, BArch, Architecture


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It seems like just yesterday we were mourning the loss of one of the only black shows on TV–BET's The Game and now that it's back, we can breathe a sigh of relief. Well, get ready because BET's hit series is coming back for yet another season. Girl Melanie and the gang will be filming their sixth season soon!
Get the rest here.
Also On HelloBeautiful:
More From HelloBeautiful


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Or, my gaming adventures and mis-adventures. Things at least remotely related to gaming in general.
Not the MessySoft kind. Real solid physical windows with glass in them.
Last Saturday we at long last got rid of the 90 year old windows a in this 90 year old house. The change is amazing. No rattles, hardly any road noise, and best of all no drafts.
This comes courtesy of my wife wining the perfect loan contest at Quicken Loans where she works, The prize money paid for the new windows. Yea we are that domesticated, or homeowners, much the same really. Win a big prize
I have noticed that the Fantasy campaign resources forum gets very little love. You go back four pages and you are back four years.
Well there is some good stuff in those pages that doesn't get any attention anymore. To rectify that I have been posting in those forums to bump the material to the front. To get the attention of people that have joined in the interval since it was posted,and slowly rolled off the front pages.
As mentioned in the past I am slowly getting
Back again the intertubes have been boring.
I have not been idle gaming wise. My Saturday group has started a new campaign with a Norse feel. They are out to become the rulers of the north.
I have been working to get my long running game down in some coherent fashion. Two complete cities, Seahaven and Woodmanor two villages of importance Joy Island, and Malltranno, two more cities started Eyrie Keep and Hellsgate.
My ancient and crumbling world maps
With some of the profile features back I decided to give the blogs another look. I still see no way to edit the blogs once posted.
I don't have much to add right now. Gaming tomorrow. Last session got canceled due to people being sick or the weather being awful. I am jonesing for a game at this point.
Blog edited. Thank you Farcaster.
Updated 02-20-2011 at 12:01 PM by tesral
(Because I can)
Ron -- Johnny male Elf, Toymaker
Sue M -- Sharpy female 1/2 Elf fighter
Tom -- Sy male mostly human psionic
Sue S -- Nelida female mostly Human cleric with a few tricks.
The session started with a bit of basking in the successful run to New City. It was decided to do some intelligence on the other gangs in the area, and see what it was going to take to absorb them. Discussed were:
The Wallmen, a gang pieced together out of two fighting groups.


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Federal agency signed $245 million dollar contract with separate company that specializes in back-scatter machines
Paul Joseph Watson
January 23, 2013
Contrary to reports last week that the TSA is eliminating its expensive fleet of x-ray body scanners from airports, the federal agency signed a contract months ago with a separate company to provide the very same machines.
When Rapiscan, the company responsible for providing the TSA with the x-ray scanners, failed to adhere to a congressional demand to install software which disguised images of travelers' naked bodies, the media announced that the TSA was abandoning x-ray body scanners in airports altogether.
However, the TSA merely announced that it had ended its $5 million dollar contract with Rapiscan, not that the x-ray devices would be gone for good. In addition, the Rapiscan machines will merely be relocated to other government agencies.
What press reports failed to mention was the fact that the TSA signed a much larger $245 million dollar contract with American Science and Engineering, Inc. back on October 9, 2012.
The press release concerning the contract outlines how AS&E will provide the TSA with "SmartCheck® Advanced Imaging Technology." One look at AS&E's website confirms that the technology is primarily used in "backscatter" x-ray body scanners for airports that emit "ionizing radiation."
A promotional video posted on YouTube also shows AS&E Vice President Joseph Reiss talking about how the company has perfected "back-scatter imaging" using x-rays and is also providing the Department of Homeland Security with backscatter vans that can roam highways and conduct drive-by scans, which was also reported by Forbes in 2010.
The only difference between Rapiscan's body scanners and those developed by American Science and Engineering, Inc. is that the latter company was able to develop "privacy friendly" software to comply with congressional demands. The scanners they will provide to the TSA are the same x-ray backscatter version that have been linked with cancer by numerous prestigious health bodies.
Although AS&E claims x-ray scanning technology is safe, numerous respected health authorities have warned that the radiation-firing body scanners can cause cancer, including the Johns Hopkins school of medicine, Columbia University's center for radiological research, the Inter-Agency Committee on Radiation Safety, and the University of California.
The TSA will also continue to use 'millimeter wave' scanners that pose a threat to health because they emit terahertz photons which can "unzip DNA," "creating bubbles in the double strand that could significantly interfere with processes such as gene expression and DNA replication," according to the Center for Nonlinear Studies at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico.
The mainstream media has got it wrong once again – far from abandoning dangerous x-ray scanners, the TSA has signed a contract worth almost 50 times its previous deal with a company whose primary function is providing x-ray scanners for airport security.
Paul Joseph Watson is the editor and writer for Infowars.com and Prison Planet.com. He is the author of Order Out Of Chaos. Watson is also a host for Infowars Nightly News.
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MIAMI (AP) Notre Dame tailbacks Theo Riddick and Cierre Wood showed how interchangeable they are in the final two games of the regular season for the Fighting Irish.
Game 11 against Wake Forest, Wood ran for 150 yards, while Riddick had 20.
Game 12 against USC, it was Riddick running for 146 yards, and Wood for 20.
And so has been the theme for the Irish this season: Two running backs - and sometimes three - are better than one. That approach has served Notre Dame pretty much since training camp, and the top-ranked Irish (12-0) are hoping it holds true once Monday night when they face No. 2 Alabama (12-1) in the BCS title game.
Riddick has run for 880 yards and five touchdowns this season, Wood 740 yards and four scores, and George Atkinson III - who got only 51 carries, compared with 180 for Riddick and 110 for Wood - added five touchdowns and 7.1 yards per carry.
``We try to utilize all their strengths,'' Notre Dame offensive coordinator Chuck Martin said. ``The truth be told, they all could be a feature back, they all could do all the things. Everybody is like, `He plays more, what's wrong with him?' There's nothing wrong with any of the three. We'd like to get George 20 carries a game but there's one football.''
Notre Dame was unranked to start the year, which means not many - well, very few - people thought the Irish would be in the national title game against the reigning champion Crimson Tide.
Among those who thought the Irish would play in the season's last game: Riddick, Wood and Atkinson.
``We've had RB meetings where we talk about what we want to do and what we all want to accomplish,'' Wood said. ``In the beginning of the season, what we said normally was, `We want to win them all.' That was word-for-word what we said. We want to win them all. And up to this point, we have. So we took that upon ourselves. We think we're one of the more skilled groups on the whole team. That's just how we go about our business.''
Martin was asked in the days leading up to the BCS title game to describe all three backs in rapid-fire style. His responses:
On Riddick, ``pound for pound as good a football player as they make.''
On Wood, ``as explosive a player as they make.''
On Atkinson, ``really explosive athlete.''
Notice any trends there? The Irish love their backs, and Alabama is raving about what they see from them all as well.
``Riddick is probably quicker than the other two,'' Alabama defensive coordinator Kirby Smart said. ``Great one-step quickness, the ability to make you miss, good stiff arm. Didn't think a former receiver would run with that much power, but he does run with power. They're really good backs.''
Riddick came to Notre Dame as a running back, then primarily played wide receiver for two years and returned to the backfield this season. He said he never complained, said he never wondered which position better suited him.
Whatever it took to win was fine with him, Riddick said.
``What can I say? I feel like I'm at ease,'' Riddick said. ``Everything slows down tremendously and I think it's just helped me.''
Ask anyone on the Notre Dame offensive line how Riddick has handled his return to running back, and they'll say they believe he's hitting his best stride at the perfect time.
That being, title game.
``He's been unbelievable,'' offensive lineman Zack Martin said. ``Especially in the last three or four games of the season, he's been great. To have a guy like that behind you, he's fun to block for.''
That probably can be said for Wood and Atkinson as well.
``It's a credit to all three of them that they've stuck with it and prepared hard every week, and some weeks they've gotten more touches, but that's the nature of the beast,'' said Chuck Martin, the offensive coordinator. ``But we're very fortunate to have three very talented kids at that position.''


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The Curiously Sinister Art of Jim Flora
I've been rendered completely numb for the past couple of days because Fantagraphics sent me a copy of The Curiously Sinister Art of Jim Flora, a book that I've been pining for a long time. I did a brief blurb about it last March, and since then I've dedicated a few more posts about Flora both on Drawn! (here and here) as well as on my own blog. Obviously I'm biased about his work, but I don't care -- I know that there are many artists, illustrators and animators who have been heavily influenced by Jim Flora. He was a master of contorted shapes, colors, and figures, all done with a mid-century deconstructive rebel mindset; an iconoclast in every sense of the word, never bowing to the usual editory convictions. I thought that one book on the master would be enough for anyone -- even for diehard fans. But, no. After going through page after page of beautiful long-lost Flora art and reading the breezy and insightful words of Chusid, Curiously Sinister is a must-have for anyone who loves wildly imaginative imagery and unbridled character design.
Often there are wary expectations for anything labeled as a "second collection" because the assessment is that the material contained within is probably, well, secondary or sub-par. A chance to cash-in on the notoriety of Flora's name, right? Not so here. Chusid writes in the introduction of Curiously Sinister that the contents of this book was material that they didn't know existed while compiling the first book. After discovering a storage unit filled top to bottom with oddities and unseen work throughout Flora's career (1930's - '90's), Irwin and co-author Barbara Economon both knew what they had to do: archive all of it immediately and get as much of it out there for the world to see.
And we all should thank them profusely for their efforts. While Jim Flora may be best known for his unique jazz album covers in the 40's and 50's, as well as for his amusing children's books from the 50's into the 70's, what Curiously Sinister does is sidestep the usual Flora fare with artwork that the artist did on the side, on his own time. It's fascinating because after thumbing through page after page of Flora's more personal works was like witnessing a mad scientist concocting incredible creations deep in his basement, no holds barred. Flora's professional work was already a mind-altering head trip, but man -- after just a few pages into this book you'll see that that was just the tip of the illustrative iceberg. And by publishing a second book of Flora artwork, Chusid and Economon offer us the full scope of who James Flora really was, discombobulated figures and all. It's a rare glimpse into the mind of Flora -- a mind that never seemed to concern itself with limitations, constrictions or constraints. Flora offered us more than just "jazz art" -- he gave us limitless possibilities when it comes to our own art.
Other links:
It should be noted that Irwin and Barbara have started up a Jim Flora blog, with some excellent insider notes on various works by the artist.
Support the family: buy original art and prints at the newly redesigned Jim Flora Art (with a nice jazz soundbyte to set the mood); buy t-shirts and other items at the official Jim Flora eBay store. I've got a "Jivin' Teens" t-shirt. Checkit, it's lovely:
Finally, the official Jim Flora site has also been recently redesigned and it looks mighty swanky. Be sure to check out the special gallery section on woodcuts, where they take a recently discovered Flora woodcut block (dated 1946) and bring it back to life.
3 comments:
I couldn't have said it better myself! Thanks again for the fabulous Flora coverage...I just can't get enough. I'm kicking myself, because I was invited to the party where Irwin Chusid was doing a special "screening" of Jim's secret work, right before the new book was published. I CANNOT wait to get my hands on a copy of this book...because you and I know he influences OUR work highly. I loved your description of him as a mad scientist concocting new creations in his basement. I only hope I can reach his level of visionary expertise...one day...maybe one day.ReplyDelete
NEAT-O! (whaddaya expect; the Magna Carta? I'm busy!)ReplyDelete
Oh,so wonderful! Thank you so much for sharing all of this! And lovely to hear that you and your family have finally settled down. My life is gonna undergo a serious change as well,like yours. We'll be moving in a month or so time. We'll see how that goes.ReplyDelete
Thanks again,Ward! Take cares! :)


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The Return of the Coffee Middlemen
Posted by TheShot on 02 Mar 2010 | Tagged as: Beans, Consumer Trends, Fair Trade, Roasting
Just when you think the profession of the coffee "middleman" was on its way out in this era of the Internet, in come a number of entrepreneurs trying to reintroduce them. What we're talking about are consumer retailers that intermediate the sale of roasted coffee — with examples that include Citizen Bean, GoCoffeeGo (see Man Seeking Coffee's recent review), and ROASTe.
These e-retailers provide online storefronts for consumers to review, order, and purchase roasted coffees from a variety of specialty coffee roasters. Virtually all of the participating roasters already have their own online storefronts with support for direct ordering. So the value of these e-retailers is supposedly in the discovery of new roasters and the convenience of buying your roasted coffee from one Web site. Or so the PR machines behind them have stated in our stuffed e-mail inboxes over the past few months.
Business model challenges
In some ways, this reflects the ambitions of entrepreneurs who wish to shoehorn the specialty wine merchant business model on coffee's ever-popular wine analogy. Other elements seem like attempts at coffee's wine-of-the-month club. In either case, a major flaw in this model is that coffee, unlike wine, goes stale immediately after roasting. To address this, these e-retailers have established on-demand roasting relationships with their roasters.
Another major challenge with this business model concerns pricing. Adding a middleman always costs more money than a system without one, as they have to make expenses and payroll on top of all the other costs in the supply chain. It's for this reason that coffee middlemen have been extremely unpopular in recent years. They've been demonized by the Fair Trade movement as unnecessary leeches, siphoning money from the coffee trade supply chain that should otherwise be going to coffee farmers.
In fact, the entire financial premise behind Fair Trade and Direct Trade coffee is to get rid of the middlemen. So who is paying for these e-retailers? Right now, it seems to be an arrangement akin to that of travel agents before the age of the Internet: the seller picks up the additional costs as a marketing and distribution expense, and no additional costs are passed on to the consumer. But how long will this last once the consumer novelty wears off?
It's indirect trade: buying coffee through these roasted coffee brokers effectively cuts into the coffee roaster's capacity to pay top dollar to their coffee farmers.
Dinosaurs before they're hatched?
The travel agent analogy to these e-retailers is fitting, as there's little you can do with them that you cannot already do directly, and more cheaply (total supply chain cost-wise), over the Internet. Like travel agents in their heyday, the value of a middleman comes when there is a lack of consumer information and/or a lack of direct public access to the suppliers. The Internet has rendered both as non-issues when buying roasted coffee. And we all know what happened to travel agents. So unless the individual roasters themselves completely screw up their business at sales and distribution, a middleman will have a very limited opportunity to improve upon these relationships.
For a comparison, over the years I have purchased green coffee beans (for home roasting) from distributors such as Sweet Maria's and The Coffee Project. Why? For one, I simply cannot find supplies down the street. It also helps that a Web site like Sweet Maria's provides a lot of flavor profile information and roasting recommendations. But if individual farms I knew and trusted started selling directly over the Web, that would change things.
Does this mean that these e-tailers don't provide a valuable service customers want? Absolutely not. A number of them already have vocal, loyal customers. There may turn out to be a sustainable long-term market for one or two of these middlemen for a limited set of customers. But given the economic and disintermediation forces of the Internet, we foresee a pretty ugly commercial bloodbath on the horizon for a number of them. Travel agents did give way to travel-aggregating Web sites, but then we already had an established need for travel agents well before the Web came along.
11 Comments »
11 Responses to "The Return of the Coffee Middlemen"
Hmph, what are the chances you think of a local cafe/roaster allowing you to buy a bag of green beans at some discounted price?
I'd say Amazon provides a bit of a counterargument to this post's premise. People could just buy books directly from publishers' sites, but they head to Amazon instead because products are displayed in user-friendly categories, visitors can read product reviews, and apps like "Others who bought this also bought…" allow for discovery.
Wait, wait a second. As a responsible jounalist/ reviewer I assume you have tried these services first hand, know exactly what you get and when?
Citizen Bean for instance is a gift subscription, I'm most cases offer roasters thatcare not available to any other venue, include food pairings with each month"s coffees, do not charge a higher price and ship priority mail to their subscribers to ensure that they get it in days after the roasting date.
I might suggest turning your suspision into educated jounalist – read websites, use the service and interview other users before you get carried away . They don"t distribute flavored coffee but do send items to help educate consumers the nuances in coffee he'd ways they can identify them.
Thanks for the link, I didn't know Chris Baca moved on to Verve..
[…] Shot The Return of the Coffee Middlemen The Shot looks at the benefits and negatives of the rise of online coffee stores like ROASTe and Go […]


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John McAfee Makes Dubious Tech Comeback With Chadder Privacy App
May 7, 2014 11:19 AM PT
Future Tense Central and Etransfr have debuted Chadder, an app that sends private encrypted messages.
The app is one of a growing number of security products built around encryption technology and touted as secure that hit the market following Edward Snowden's massive data dump revealing the extent of the U.S. government's reach into consumers' digital lives.
Chadder stands out, though, because it was developed under the direction of security pioneer John McAfee, who in recent years has become embroiled in a real-world murder mystery. Whether McAfee's signature on this product will give it legs or squash it as it comes out of the gate remains to be seen.
How It Works
Chadder is based on key server encryption, which means even Chadder can't see a sender's message, McAfee said. Only the recipient, who has the key, can read it.
Chadder currently is available at Google Play and the Windows Phone Store. An iOS version is being tested and will available on iTunes in coming weeks.
Many Security Claims
Chadder's creds are not impressive, suggested Ken Westin, a security researcher for Tripwire.
"Whenever a new app comes out claiming to be secure and private, it should be met with skepticism," he told TechNewsWorld. "Many developers have made these claims, and they have turned out to be less than accurate."
Chadder's encryption engine -- but not the app itself -- was vetted by an independent third party security firm, Future Tense Central spokesperson Andrew Defee told TechNewsWorld.
That should only be the start of due diligence for a security technology, according to Westin.
"If Heartbleed and other recent security events have taught us anything, it's that when a vendor says they're using encryption it should be the start of a more detailed conversation -- not the end of it," he said.
Numerous reviews of the app have pointed to several bugs in the registration process, Westin pointed out, which doesn't inspire confidence. "It leaves me wondering what other bugs security researchers will find now that the application has launched."
Furthermore the app's association with McAfee is hardly a plus and could well be a detriment, he said, as it could make the application and its infrastructure a more appealing target for cyberattackers.
The 'McAfee' Name
Of course, the current generation of cyberattackers might not recognize the "McAfee" name.
John McAfee effectively has been out of the technology market for two decades, "and this is a market that cycles as often as twice a year in some segments," noted Rob Enderle of the Enderle Group. Five years is a lifetime.
"It is impossible for anyone to exit this industry decades ago and then step in and be relevant," he told TechNewsWorld.
McAfee's position as a newsmaker in recent years doesn't help. He made global headlines in 2012, when he became a "person of interest" wanted for questioning in the murder of a neighbor in Belize.
McAfee went to considerable lengths to evade Belizean authorities, fleeing to Guatemala, where he was arrested for entering the country illegally and then deported to the U.S.
Having once been an international fugitive would seem to be in massive conflict with the level of trust that needs to exist with a security product, Enderle said.
More to the point, Enderle is dismissive of Chadder's security claims.
"Simple key encryption like the technology Chadder appears to be providing is easily penetrated by security services, and any messaging app, to be successful, has to be as easy to use as what it replaces," he explained.
Also, the security gaps that usually compromise systems would not be addressed by a messaging app, no matter how secure, Enderle said, "because they provide remote control of the client device to the hacker who could then look at any message repository the user had access to -- including Chadder."


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Which is more important, that Jesus didn't throw the first stone at the woman caught in the act of adultery, or that he told her to sin no more?
Thank you for your question regarding this text (John 8:3-11). It is one that is difficult to answer as you have phrased it because two different things are in view. It is almost as if you were to ask "Which is more important, a faithful wife or obedient children?" Let me explain what I mean.
In regard to the casting of stones, Jesus didn't throw a stone because he wasn't qualified to do so. He is citing the Mosaic requirement that the first stones be cast by the witnesses to the sin/crime. Jesus wasn't there at the event, so he would have violated the law of God if he had cast a stone. His challenge is to the accusers, because the witnesses also must not be complicit in the crime/sin. (The situation reeked of a "set up"—that two men could have actually seen the adultery and yet that the guilty man escaped.) Jesus' challenge was the requirement of the law that a pure witness must cast the first stone; someone involved or falsely accusing would have been liable for the same penalty they were seeking to have imposed on someone else. This was a warning to them.
In regard to his warning to the woman, Jesus wasn't declaring her innocent of wrong doing. There was no legal case now pending, but that didn't excuse her from the Judgment Seat of God where she would be called to stand. It is a call to repentance, but phrased more broadly than simply a reference to this one area of sin.
So, I cannot say one is more important than the other. Both display the pure justice and wisdom of God, and a large measure of mercy.
"Questions and Answers" is a weekly feature of the OPC website. The answers come from individual ministers in the Orthodox Presbyterian Church expressing their own convictions and do not necessarily represent an "official" position of the Church, especially in areas where the Standards of the Church (the Scriptures and the Westminster Confession of Faith and Catechisms) are silent.
The questions come from individuals like yourself. If you have questions about biblical and theological matters, you are invited to send them by e-mail by using the "Pose a Question" link on the OPC home page or by clicking here.
At least one new question is posted each week, so there should always be something new here for you to read. (For those people who would like to look at previous questions and answers, they will continue to be available as well.)
The purpose of the OPC website's "Questions and Answers" is to respond to biblical and theological questions. Matters of church discipline, disputes, or debates go beyond the scope of our work. We recommend that you present your concerns in these areas to the appropriate judicatory. In most cases this will be to a local pastor, elder, or session. We do not want the website to replace personal involvement in, or commitment to, the local, visible church.
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