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Debugging from dumps
Diagnose more than memory leaks with Memory Analyzer
Adding debug statements to your code to write out the fields in an object, or even entire data collections, is a common problem-solving approach. Often you must do this iteratively as you discover that you need more and more information to understand and solve the problem. Although this process can be effective, it can sometimes fail to bear fruit: The volume of debug code can cause the problem to disappear, you might need to add debug to code you don't own, debugging may require you to restart processes, or the overall performance impact of the debug may prevent the application from running.
Memory Analyzer is a cross-platform, open source tool that you can use not only to diagnose memory problems, but also to gain huge insight into the state and behaviour of an entire Java application. By reading in a snapshot dump created by the Java runtime whilst the application is running, Memory Analyzer gives you a way to diagnose tricky problems that debug code might fail to expose.
This article shows how to generate dumps and use them to examine and diagnose the state of your application. With Memory Analyzer, you can inspect threads, objects, bundles, and whole data collections to debug Java code problems that go beyond memory leaks.
Snapshot dump types
Memory Analyzer can currently work with three dump types:
- IBM Portable Heap Dump (PHD): This proprietary IBM format contains only the type and size of each Java object in the process, and the relationships among the objects. This dump-file format is significantly smaller than the other formats and contains the least information. The data is usually sufficient, though, for diagnosing memory leaks and getting a basic understanding of the application's architecture and footprint.
- HPROF binary dump: The HPROF binary format contains all the data present in the IBM PHD format as well as the primitive data held inside the Java objects, and the thread details. You can look at the values held in fields inside the objects and see which methods were being executed at the time the dump was taken. The additional primitive data makes HPROF dumps significantly larger than PHD-format dumps; they are approximately the same size as the used Java heap.
- IBM system dumps: When the IBM Java runtime is being used, the native operating-system dump file — a core file on AIX® or Linux, a minidump on Windows®, or a SVC dump on z/OS®— can be loaded into Memory Analyzer. These dumps contain the entire memory image of the running application — all the information and data in the HPROF format, as well as all of the native-memory and thread information. This is the largest and most comprehensive dump-file format.
Both IBM dump types are available only with the Diagnostic Tool Framework for Java (DTFJ) plug-in installed (see Related topics and the Memory Analyzer variants sidebar).
Table 1 summarises the differences among the dump-file types:
Table 1. Summary of the dump types' characteristics
|Dump format
|Approximate size on disk
|Objects, classes, and classloaders
|Thread details
|Field names
|Field and array references
|Primitive fields
|Primitive array contents
|Accurate garbage-collection roots
|Native memory and threads
|20 percent of Java heap size
|With Javacore*
|Java heap size
|IBM system dumps
|Java heap size + 30 percent
*By loading in both a javacore.txt file (IBM thread dump file) and a heapdump.phd file that were generated at the same time, Memory Analyzer makes thread details available in the IBM PHD format dump.
Both the HPROF and IBM system dump formats can be compressed well, usually to around 20 percent of their original size, using operating-system tools.
Obtaining snapshot dumps
Different mechanisms are available for obtaining the various dumps for each of the Java runtimes, providing flexibility that lets you generate snapshot dumps for scenarios beyond those involving
OutOfMemoryErrors. The mechanisms available depend on which vendor's Java runtime you're using.
For all dump types, you must ensure sufficient disk space for the dumps so that they are not truncated. The default location of the dumps is the current working directory of the JVM process. For IBM JVMs, you can change this with the
-Xdump file command-line option. For the HotSpot JVM, you can change it using the
-XX:HeapDumpPath command-line option. See Related topics for links to the relevant syntax.
Dumps from the operating system can be used for both IBM and HotSpot JVMs. For the IBM
JVM, you can create dumps with the
jextract tool (shipped
with the JDK) and load them directly into Memory Analyzer; for the HotSpot JVM, you
use the
jmap tool to extract heap dumps from core dumps.
(We discuss both techniques in detail later in this article.) However, on some
operating systems, you must ensure that the process is running with sufficient
ulimits before creating the core dump; otherwise, the core dump will
be truncated and analysis will be limited. If the
ulimits are incorrect, you must modify them and restart the process before gathering a dump. See Related topics for links to detailed information on obtaining system dumps from AIX, Linux®, z/OS, and Solaris.
Obtaining a snapshot dump: HotSpot runtimes
The HotSpot-based Java runtimes generate the HPROF format dump only. You can choose among several interactive methods and one event-based method for generating the dump:
- Interactive methods:
Using a Ctrl+Break: If the
-XX:+HeapDumpOnCtrlBreakcommand-line option is set for the running application, an HPROF format dump is generated along with a thread dump when a Ctrl+Break event, or
SIGQUIT(usually generated using
kill -3), is sent via the console. This option may not be available on some versions, in which case try:
Using the
jmaptool: The
jmaputility tool (see Related topics), delivered in the bin directory of the JDK, provides an option to request an HPROF dump from the running process. With Java 5, use:
jmap -dump:format=b pid
With Java 6, use this version, where
liveis optional and results in only the "live" objects being written to the dump-file process ID (PID):
jmap -dump[live,]format=b,file=filename pid
Using the operating system: Use the nondestructive
gcorecommand or the destructive
kill -6or
kill -11commands to produce a core file. Then, extract a heap dump from the core file using
jmap -dump:format=b,file=heap.hprof path to java executable core
- Using the JConsole tool: A
dumpHeapoperation is provided under the
HotSpotDiagnosticMBean in JConsole. This operation requests that a HPROF dump be generated.
- Event-based method:
- On an
OutOfMemoryError: If the
-XX:+HeapDumpOnOutOfMemoryErrorcommand-line option is set for the running application, an HPROF format dump is generated when an
OutOfMemoryErroroccurs. It is ideal to have this in place for production systems, because it is almost always required to diagnose memory issues, and it incurs no ongoing performance overhead. In older releases of HotSpot-based Java runtimes, there's no limit to how many heap dumps are produced on this event per JVM run; in newer releases, a maximum of one heap dump is produced on this event per JVM run.
- On an
Obtaining a snapshot dump: IBM runtimes
The IBM runtimes provide dump and trace engines that can generate either PHD-format or system dumps in a large number of interactive and event-based based scenarios. You can also generate interactive dumps using the Health Center tool or programmatically using a Java API.
- Interactive methods
Using a
SIGQUITor Ctrl+Break: When a Ctrl+Break or
SIGQUIT(usually generated using
kill -3) is sent to the IBM runtime, a user event is generated in the IBM dump engine. By default this event only generates a thread dump file (javacore.txt). You can use the
-Xdump:heap:events=useroption to generate a PHD-format dump, or the
-Xdump:system:events=useroption to generate a system dump of the Java application.
Using the operating system to produce a system dump:
gencore(or the destructive
kill -6or
kill -11)
- Linux/Solaris:
gcore(or the destructive
kill -6or
kill -11)
- Windows:
- z/OS:
SVCDUMPor console dump
Using IBM Monitoring and Diagnostics Tools for Java - Health Center: The Health Center tool provides a menu option for requesting either a PHD or a system dump from a running Java process (see Related topics).
- Event-based methods. The IBM dump and trace engines provide a flexible set of capabilities for generating PHD and system dumps on a large number of events, from exceptions being thrown to methods being executed. Using them, you should be able to generate dumps for most problem scenarios you want to diagnose:
Using the IBM dump engine: The dump engine provides a large number of events on which you can produce a PHD or system dump. Further, it lets you filter on types of those events in order to exercise finer-grained control over when to generate dumps.
You can see the default events by using the
-Xdump:whatoption. You'll notice, for example, that a heapdump.phd and javacore.txt are produced on the first four
OutOfMemoryErrorexceptions in the JVM.
To gather more data, you can produce a system dump instead of a heap dump on an
-Xdump:heap:none -Xdump:java+system:events=systhrow, filter=java/lang/OutOfMemoryError,range=1..4,request=exclusive+compact+prepwalk
Some exceptions, for example
NullPointerExceptions, are generated commonly in most applications by a wide range of code. This makes it difficult to generate a dump on a particular
NullPointerExceptionof interest. To help you be more specific about which exception to generate the dump on, an extra level of filtering is provided for "throw" and "catch" events that lets you specify the throwing and catching methods, respectively. You do this by adding a
#separator and then adding the throwing or catching method as appropriate. For example, this option produces a system dump when a
NullPointerExceptionis thrown by the
-Xdump:system:events=throw, filter=java/lang/NullPointerException#com/ibm/example/Example.bad
This option produces a system dump when a
NullPointerExceptionis caught by the
-Xdump:system:events=catch, filter=java/lang/NullPointerException#com/ibm/example/Example.catch
In addition to filtering on the events, you can also specify a range of events on which you want dumps to be generated. For example, this option produces a dump only on the fifth occurrence of a
-Xdump:system:events=throw, filter=java/lang/NullPointerException,range=5
This option uses a range to produce a dump only on the second, third, and fourth occurrences of a
-Xdump:system:events=throw, filter=java/lang/NullPointerException,range=2..4
Table 2 summarizes the most useful events and filters:
Table 2. Available dump events
Event Description Available filtering Example
General protection fault (crash)
User generated signal (
SIGQUITor Ctrl+Break)
VM shutdown, including call to
exit code
Generate a system dump on VM shutdown with an exit code between
Class load Class name
Generate a system dump when the
com.ibm.example.Exampleclass is loaded.
Class unload Class name
Generate a system dump when the
com.ibm.example.Exampleclass is unloaded.
An exception being thrown Exception class name
Generate a system dump when a
ConnectExceptionis generated.
An exception being caught Exception class name
Generate a system dump when a
ConnectExceptionis caught.
A Java exception is about to be thrown by the JVM. (This is different from the
throwevent because it is only triggered for error conditions detected internally in the JVM.)
Exception class name
Generate a system dump when an
OutOfMemoryErroris generated.
A Java object is allocated Size of object being allocated
Generate a system dump when an object larger than 5MB is allocated.
- Using the IBM trace engine:
The trace engine allows PHD and system dumps to be triggered on method entry or exit for any Java method running in the application. You accomplish this by using the
triggerkeyword to the
-Xtracecommand-line options that control the IBM trace engine. The syntax for the trigger option is:
Adding the following command-line option to the application produces a system dump when the
Example.trigger()method is called:
This command-line option produces a PHD dump when the
Example.trigger()method is called:
It is recommended, though, that you set a range so that you don't create dumps every time the method is called. This example ignores the first five calls to
Example.trigger()and then triggers one dump:
Note that an empty term is used for the
exitActionin this example because we're triggering the dumps on method entry only.
- Programmatic methods:
The IBM runtimes also provide a
com.ibm.jvm.Dumpclass with
heapDump(), and
systemDump()methods. They generate thread dumps, PHD dumps, and system dumps, respectively.
Acquiring a dump using Memory Analyzer
As well as the methods for obtaining dumps that are provided by the runtimes themselves, Memory Analyzer also provides an Acquire Heap Dump option, shown in Figure 1, that allows you to trigger and load a snapshot dump from a Java process running on the same machine as Memory Analyzer:
Figure 1. Using the Acquire Heap Dump function in Memory Analyzer
On HotSpot-based runtimes, Memory Analyzer generates the dump using
jmap. For the IBM runtimes, the dump is generated using the Java "late attach" functionality and programmatic API. Java 6 SR6 is required for the function to work, because earlier releases do not contain the "late attach" function.
Postprocessing requirements
For IBM system dumps, the dump must be postprocessed using the
jextract tool shipped with the JDK:
jextract core
jextract is run on the same physical machine that
produced the dump, using
jextract from the same JDK installation that produced the dump, and with read access to the same libraries that
java process was running with. Given that
jextract can consume significant CPU cycles processing the dump, this may be unacceptable in some production systems. In this case, the dump should be processed on the closest matching system, such as a preproduction test system. The Service Refresh (SR) and Fix Pack (FP) versions of the Java runtimes should match.
jextract produces a ZIP file that includes the original core dump, a processed representation of the dump, the Java executable, and the libraries used by the
java process. You can delete the original (unzipped) core dump after running
jextract. The ZIP file is what you should load into Memory Analyzer.
You can extract a PHD dump from a
jextracted system dump by loading the ZIP into
jdmpview and executing the
heapdump command (see Related topics).
Using Memory Analyzer to analyse problems
Memory Analyzer can diagnose
OutOfMemoryErrors by looking for areas of the application that are either leaking memory or have a footprint requirement that's too large for the available memory. Memory Analyzer does automatic leak detection and generates a Leak Suspects report (see Related topics).
The additional data that's available in the HPROF and IBM system dumps, particularly the field names and field values — along with the capabilities of the Inspector view and Object Query Language (OQL) — also make it possible to diagnose a wider range of problem types than "What's using all of the memory?". For example, you can ascertain the occupancy and load factor of collections to see if they are efficiently sized, or look at the hostname and port associated with a
ConnectException to see what connection the application was trying to create.
Looking at fields in an object with the Inspector
When any object is selected in Memory Analyzer, the Inspector view shows the available information relating to that object, including the class hierarchy, attributes, and statics. The Attributes panel shows the instance fields and values associated with the object, and the Statics panel shows the static fields and values associated with the class.
The Inspector view shown in Figure 2 for a simple
java.net.URL object lets you see details about that object, including the type of protocol the URL is for and the destination:
Figure 2. The Statics, Attributes, and Class Hierarchy panels in the Inspector view
In Figure 2, you can see in the Attributes panel that the URL object refers to a JAR file (the protocol field) located on the local file system (in the location specified by the path and file fields).
Running queries against the objects using OQL
OQL can be used to query a dump using custom, SQL-like queries. This topic could be an article in itself, so we'll just highlight a few examples. For more details, consult the Help contents on OQL available from within Memory Analyzer.
OQL is particularly useful for following a path down the outgoing references and fields of a set of objects to a particular field. For example, if class
A has a field
foo of type
B, and class
B has a field
bar that is a
String, then a simple query to find all of those
Strings would be:
SELECT aliasA.foo.bar.toString() FROM A aliasA
We give class
A an alias,
aliasA, which we then reference in the
SELECT clause. This query strictly selects only from instances of class
A. If we wanted to select from all instances of class
A as well as any subclasses, we'd use:
SELECT aliasA.foo.bar.toString() FROM INSTANCEOF A aliasA
Here is a more complicated example with
SELECT k, k.capacity FROM java.nio.DirectByteBuffer k WHERE ((k.viewedBuffer=null)and(inbounds(k).length>1))
In this case, we want to get the capacity field of any
DirectByteBuffer, which gives the native memory held by that object. We also want to filter out any
DirectByteBuffers that have a null
viewedBuffer field (because those are just views into other
DirectByteBuffers) and more than one inbound reference (so that we don't look at those pending clean-up with their phantom reference — that is, we want only "live"
Running comparisons between views or dumps
With Memory Analyzer, you can compare tables generated by queries. The tables can either be from the same dump, letting you see whether
String objects from one view are present in a collection object seen in another view, or across separate dumps, letting you look for changes in data, for example growth of object collections.
To run a comparison, you add the relevant tables to the Compare Basket and then request that the entries in the basket be compared. First find and select the entry for the table in the Navigation History, then select Add to Compare Basket from the context menu, as shown in Figure 3:
Figure 3. Adding tables from the Navigation History view to the Compare Basket
Once you have two entries in the Compare Basket, you can run the comparison using the Compare-the-results button (the red exclamation mark) in the top right-hand corner of the panel, as shown in Figure 4:
Figure 4. Comparing the results of the entries in the Compare Basket
Footprint and memory efficiency
Another important use of Memory Analyzer is to find which components are using most of the heap, even in situations without a memory leak. If memory usage can be reduced, then the system's capacity or performance can be improved, allowing more sessions or less time spent garbage collecting.
The Top Components report is the first step. It splits memory usage by component in the system, analyzes the usage in each component, and looks for wasteful practices. Objects dominated (retained by) another object can be said to be owned by that dominator. The Top Components report lists all the objects that are not owned by another object. These are the top dominators of the heap. The top dominators are then divided by classloader using the class of the objects, and all those top dominators and objects owned by them are allocated to appropriate classloaders. You analyse further by selecting one of the classloaders in the report to open a new classloader-specific component report.
For each component, the Collections objects are analyzed. The Collections classes, as
shown by
java.util.*, are a great time-saver for programmers, providing well-tested implementations of lists, sets, and maps. The average application can have millions of collections, so wasted space in collections can be significant.
Empty collections are one common cause of wasted memory.
HashMaps, and
HashSets are created with a default-size backing array of perhaps 10 entries, ready to hold entries. It's surprisingly common in applications for a collection to be created but no objects stored in it. This can rapidly consume memory. For example, with 100,000 empty collections, the backing arrays alone could consume 100,000 * (24+10*4) bytes = 6MB.
The Empty Collection report looks at the standard collection classes and extensions thereof and analyzes them by size of collection. It then produces a table for each collection sorted by size of collection, with the most frequent size first. If a large proportion of instances of a type of a collection are empty, then the report flags this as a possible memory waste.
One solution is to delay allocating the collection until an entry is needed to be inserted. Another is to allocate a collection with a default size of 0 or 1, letting it grow if required at some runtime cost. A third is to trim the collection to size after the initialization phase is complete.
A related area is collections with only a few entries and a lot of wasted space. The Collection Fill Ratio section shows, for each collection type, the number of instances of that collection with a particular fill ratio. This reveals collections with a large proportion of empty space.
Duplicate strings
Strings and character arrays occupy a large amount of space in a typical business
application, so they are another area worthy of analysis. This section of the component report analyses strings for common content. Strings are immutable. Strings constants with the same value are guaranteed by the VM specification to use the same instance. Dynamically built strings have no such guarantee, and two
Strings built by, for example, reading data from a database or disk that have the same value will have separate instances and separate backing character arrays. If these strings are kept, then this can be significant.
You can solve this problem by using
String.intern() or maintaining a user hash set or hash map.
char arrays
String.substring() is implemented in the Java language by building a new
String sharing the original character array. This is efficient if the original string is still needed. If only a small substring is needed, then — because the whole character array is retained — some space is wasted. The Waste In Char Arrays query shows the amount of wasted space in character arrays that are only referenced by strings.
Eclipse bundles and classloader hierarchy
Modern applications are divided into components, often based on classloaders, to provide some degree of isolation between parts of the application. Components can be updated by stopping the usage of one component classloader and loading a new version of the component using a new classloader. In time, the old version is freed by garbage collection, assuming the application contains no external references to classes or objects or the classloader.
The Class Loader Explorer query shows all the classloaders in the system, and so works for all applications. It shows the classes loaded by a classloader and also the parent chain of the classloader so that classloading problems can be understood. By inspection, you can see if multiple copies of a classloader exist. If next to no instances of classes are defined by a classloader, then it is likely that the classloader is idle.
The duplicate-classes query shows class names that have been loaded by multiple classloaders. This could be an indication of a classloader memory leak. It takes just one reference to an object held elsewhere in the system, such as in a registry, for a classloader leak to occur. The object holds a reference to its class, and the class to the classloader, and the classloader to all the defined classes.
A common classloading framework is the OSGi framework. One implementation is Eclipse Equinox, used for Eclipse-based applications to separate the plug-ins, and also used for WebSphere® Application Server 6.1 and later versions. When trying to understand the state of an application, it is useful to know the state of all the bundles. The Eclipse Equinox Bundle Explorer query, shown in Figure 5, does just that:
Figure 5. Eclipse Bundle Explorer
A system or HPROF dump has all the objects and fields. The Bundle Explorer shows all the bundles in the system, together with their states and dependencies, dependents, and services. It can show bundles that are unexpectedly active and so using more resources.
Thread data usage
As indicated in Table 1, a dump can include thread details that can provide unique insights into what was happening at the time of the dump. This can include all active threads stacks, all of the frames for each thread, and most important, some or all of the active Java locals on those frames.
Thread Overview view
The Thread Overview view, shown in Figure 6, shows every thread in the JVM as well as various attributes of that thread, such as its retained heap size, context classloader, priority, state, and native ID:
Figure 6. Thread Overview
The retained heap size is particularly useful in cases in which no Java heap problem per se occurs during an
OutOfMemoryError, but rather the sum of the retained heaps of the threads is "too much." In this case, the JVM may be undersized, the thread pool sizes may be too large, or the average or maximum Java heap "load" of a thread is too high.
Thread Stacks view
The Thread Stacks view, shown in Figure 7, shows every thread, its stack, stack frames, and Java locals on those stack frames:
Figure 7. Thread Stacks view
In the example in Figure 7, a thread of the type
java.lang.Thread and with the name
main — the main thread in a simple command-line program — is expanded. Each stack frame of the thread is displayed, and those with available Java locals are expandable. In this case, a
String has been passed as an argument from
Play.method1 to
Play.method2, and the contents of the string,
user1, is highlighted in the red circle. You can imagine the power of being able to reconstruct or reverse-engineer what was happening at the time of the dump based on what was happening in each thread stack frame and on which objects.
Note that because of runtime optimization, not all related objects such as method parameters or object instances will be available (although those objects will be in the dump), but those objects that are actively being "worked on" usually will be.
Exception analysis
When exceptions are generated in the application, additional complications can make it more difficult to analyse the exception's cause. Two examples of this dilemma are:
- The use of logging mechanisms means that the exception is lost or the exception message is removed.
- The exception is producing a message that contains insufficient information.
In the first case, either the exception message or the entire exception is completely lost, making it difficult to know that the problem exists or to gain basic information about it. In the second case, the exception has been logged and the exception message and stack trace is available, but it doesn't contain the necessary information to resolve the exception's cause.
Because Memory Analyzer has access to the fields inside the objects, it's possible to find the exception message from the exception object. In some cases, it's also possible to extract additional data that's not in the original exception.
Locating exceptions in the snapshot dump
One way to locate the exceptions present in the snapshot dump is to use the OQL capability in Memory Analyzer to locate objects of interest in the dump. For example, this query finds all of the exception objects:
SELECT * FROM INSTANCEOF java.lang.Exception exceptions
This next query produces a list of all of the exceptions, from which you can use the Inspector view to look at the fields inside each exception. Knowing that the field that contains the exception message is the
detailMessage field, you can also modify the query to extract the exception messages directly and display them immediately as part of the results table:
SELECT exceptions.@displayName, exceptions.detailMessage.toString() FROM INSTANCEOF java.lang.Exception exceptions
The preceding query produces the output shown in Figure 8:
Figure 8. Output of the OQL query for exceptions, including exception messages
Figure 8 shows every exception that is still present in the application, and the message that would have been shown when the exception was thrown.
Extracting additional information relating to exceptions
Although finding the exception object from the dump allows you to recover the exception message, sometimes the exception message is too generic or vague to enable you to understand the problem's cause. A good example is the
java.net.ConnectException. When trying to make a socket connection to a host that is not accepting connections, you get the following message:
java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect(Native Method) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.doConnect(PlainSocketImpl.java:352) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connectToAddress(PlainSocketImpl.java:214) at java.net.PlainSocketImpl.connect(PlainSocketImpl.java:201) at java.net.SocksSocketImpl.connect(SocksSocketImpl.java:377) at java.net.Socket.connect(Socket.java:530) at java.net.Socket.connect(Socket.java:480) at java.net.Socket.(Socket.java:377) at java.net.Socket.(Socket.java:220)
This message is sufficient if you have access to the code that's creating the socket and can see from the code which hostname and port are being used. In the case of more-complex code in which the hostname and port values are subject to change because they are obtained from external sources (user input values, databases, and the like), the message doesn't help you to understand why the connection is being refused.
The stack trace should include a socket object that contains the useful data, and if we can find the socket object in the snapshot dump using Memory Analyzer, then we can find out which hostname and port refused the connection.
The easiest way to do this is to generate a dump when the exception is thrown. This can be done on the IBM runtimes using the following
-Xdump option set:
-Xdump:system:events=throw,range=1..1, filter=java/net/ConnectException#java/net/PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect
This option generates an IBM system dump on the first occurrence of a
ConnectException generated by the
PlainSocketImpl.socketConnect() method.
After loading the generated snapshot dump into Memory Analyzer, we can use the Open Query Browser > Java Basics > Thread Stacks option to list the threads and the objects associated with each method in the stack trace of the threads.
By expanding the current thread and the method frames in the thread, you can look at the objects associated with those methods. In the case of a
java.net.ConnectException, the most interesting method is
java.net.Socket.connect(). Expanding this method frame shows a reference to a
java.net.Socket object in memory. This is the socket connection we were trying to make.
When the
Socket object is selected, the fields are shown in the Inspector view, as you can see in Figure 9:
Figure 9. Inspector view for the
Socket object
The information in Figure 9 isn't too useful, because the real implementation of the
Socket is in the
impl field. You can inspect the contents of the
impl object by either expanding the
Socket object and selecting the
impl java.net.SocksSocketImpl line in the main panel, or by right-clicking on the
impl field in the Inspector view and selecting Go Into. Now the fields for
SocksSocketImpl are visible in the Inspector view, as shown in Figure 10:
Figure 10. Inspector view for the
SocksSocketImpl object
The view shown in Figure 10 gives access to the
address and
port fields. In this case, the port is
100, but the address field points to a
java.net.Inet4Address object. Following the same process to look into the fields of the
Inet4Address objects shows the results displayed in Figure 11:
Figure 11. Inspector view for the
Inet4Address object
You can see that the
hostName is set to
Tips and tricks
Here are a few tips and tricks that may be useful:
- Don't forget that Memory Analyzer itself may run out of memory. For the Eclipse MAT, edit
-Xmxin the MemoryAnalyzer.ini file. For the ISA version, edit the ISA Install/rcp/eclipse/plugins/com.ibm.rcp.j2se.../jvm.properties file.
- If you're still running out of memory on a 32-bit version of Memory Analyzer, use the 64-bit version of Eclipse MAT or try the headless mode (see Related topics). (The ISA tool currently does not currently support 64-bit.)
- Memory Analyzer writes "swap" files in the directory of the dump, which lessens the dump's reload time. These files can be zipped, sent to another machine, and placed in the same directory as the dump, making a complete reload of the dump unnecessary.
- If a dump's size does not correlate with the garbage collector at the time of the dump, consult the Unreachable Objects Histogram link in the Overview tab. The Java heap may have had a lot of garbage (for example, if a tenured collection hadn't run for some time) that Memory Analyzer removed.
- If two objects
Bdo not have direct references to each other, but both have outgoing references to some set of objects
C, then the Retained Heap of the set
Cwill not be included in either of the retained sets of
B, but rather in the retained set of the dominator of both
B. In some situations,
Bmay be temporarily observing the set
C, which is actually the progeny of
A. In this case, you can right-click on
Aand select Java Basics > Customized Retained Set and use the address of
Bas the exclude (
-x) parameter.
- You can load multiple dumps at once and compare them. Open the Histogram of the more recent dump, click the Compare button at the top, and choose the baseline dump.
- When you are exploring a reference tree, be aware that references can refer, directly or indirectly, back to a "parent" reference, so that you could enter an exploration loop or cycle (for example, in a linked list). Be aware of the object addresses. Also, be aware that if the class name of an object is preceded by the word
class, that you are exploring the static instance of that class.
- The
Stringvalue displayed in most views is limited to 1,024 characters. If you need the whole
String, right-click on the object and select Copy > Save value to file.
- Most views have an export option, and most HTML results are created on the file system, so that data can be exported for sharing or further transformation. Relatedly, you can press Ctrl+C on any selection of rows in a grid to copy a textual representation of those rows to your clipboard.
Memory Analyzer was originally developed as "a fast and feature-rich Java heap analyzer that helps you find memory leaks and reduce memory consumption," as it's described on Eclipse.org. But its capabilities clearly stretch far beyond that description. In addition to their role in diagnosing "normal" memory problems, snapshot dumps can be used as an alternative to, or in addition to, other types of problem-determination techniques such as tracing and patching. Particularly with HPROF dumps and IBM system dumps, Memory Analyzer gives you memory contents such as primitives and the field names from the original source code. Using the various views covered in this article, you can explore or reverse-engineer the problem at hand, including overall footprint and memory efficiency, Eclipse bundles and classloader relationships, thread data usage and stack frame locals, exceptions, and more. OQL and the Memory Analyzer plug-in model also allow you to inspect the dump more easily using a query language and programmatic methods that can help in automating common analysis.
Downloadable resources
Related topics
- Webcast: Debugging Java Applications with Memory Analyzer and the IBM Extensions for Memory Analyzer: Chris Bailey and Kevin Grigorenko lead this session on how to generate dumps and use them to examine your application: find memory leaks, inspect threads, and look at the IBM product structures using the IBM Extensions for Memory Analyzer.
- Memory Analyzer blog and Memory Analyzer wiki: Check out these resources on Eclipse.org.
- Using the -Xdump option: See this section of the IBM Java Diagnostics Guide 6 for information on
-Xdumpcommand-line options.
- Java HotSpot VM Options: Here you'll find the syntax for changing the location of a dump file generated with the HotSpot JVM.
- How to obtain system dumps for:
jmap: Read the official
- Using dump agents: Learn more about configuring the IBM dump engine to generate system dumps and heap dumps.
- Using system dumps and the dump viewer: Read about the IBM
- Automated Heap Dump Analysis: Finding Memory Leaks with One Click: Learn more about automatic leak detection with Memory Analyzer.
- How to run on 64bit VM while the native SWT are 32bit: See how to run the Eclipse Memory Analyzer Tool in 64-bit headless mode.
- IBM Monitoring and Diagnostics Tools for Java - Memory Analyzer: Get Memory Analyzer as part of the IBM Support Assistant.
- Eclipse Memory Analyzer Tool and the IBM DTFJ Plug-in: Download the Eclipse MAT and install the DTFJ plug-in to use MAT with IBM PHD and system dumps.
- IBM Monitoring and Diagnostics Tools for Java - Health Center: You can use Health Center to request either a PHD or system dump from a running Java process.
- IBM Extensions for Memory Analyzer: The IBM Extensions for Memory Analyzer offer both additional capabilities for debugging generic Java applications, and capabilities for debugging specific IBM software products.


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This installment of Eric's Blog takes us to Rosemead. To vote for another Los Angeles neighborhood, vote here. To vote for a Los Angeles County Community, vote here. To vote for Orange County neighborhoods, vote here.
Pendersleigh & Sons' Official Map of Rosemead
First, a bit of background on the City of Rosemead. As is proving to be true of everywhere I go in Southern California, the area which now makes up Rosemead was formerly inhabited by the Tongva for thousands of years before the Spanish came. I'm considering just saying in regards to my posts about Southern California, "Unless I say otherwise, this area was inhabited by the Tongva for thousands of years before the Spanish came." Anyway, the Spanish did come and built a mission there in what's now Whittier Narrows. Due to flooding, they relocated the mission to its current home over in San Gabriel in 1775.
After the land moved from Mexico to the U.S.A.'s hands, pioneers began moving to the area like John and Harriet Guess in 1852. Around that time, Leonard and Amanda Rose bought a tract of land where they bred horses and they named their ranch "Rosemeade."
In 1959 Rosemead became a city in name, although it was still pretty undeveloped compared to its neighbors. There were lots of vacant patches and even today there's not really a downtown or town center unless you count the Diamond Square Shopping Center on Garvey.
Also of note is the Bánh Mì District with the popular chain Lee's, Bánh Mì (&) Che Cali and, my personal favorite, Baguette Express. There's also Paris Sandwich, Ba Le and Saigon Sandwich Tip Top's Sandwhiches, a Lee's (part of a Bánh Mì chain) and -- down on Garvey – Banh Mi Saigon.
Bánh Mì, for those who don't know (If it weren't for Ngoc cung, I would've gone on for God knows how long ignorant of the joys of Bánh Mì and so much else) are the culinary silver lining in the cloud of French imperialism of Vietnam -- sandwiches made on wheat & rice flour baguettes with pickled carrots, daikon, gluten, roasted rice, meat (or mock meats), cilantro, chilis, pate, mayonnaise and other stuff. They're delicious and, best of all, nearly always about two dollars for a decent-sized one. There was a short lived Bánh Mì place in Silver Lake where they charged upwards of 6.50 a sandwich! In the world of sandwiches and Silver Lake, I suppose it was quite reasonable. In the competitive world of Bánh Mì it was suicidal and I felt guilty and lazy for eating there even once. For that price I could've gotten about seven sandwiches at Che Cali!
Pendersleigh & Sons' Official Map of the Far East Side
Today Rosemead is a mostly Asian (61%) city, largely comprised of immigrants from mainland China and Vietnam as well as a sizable Burmese population. 34% of the population is Latino (mostly Mexican) of any race.
Rosemead businesses naturall largely reflect the nature of the populace, and Rosemead is therefore home the headquarters of Panda Express and Huy Fong Foods, the makers of Huy Fong's Rooster Sauce -- an American version of Thai Sriracha, a condiment found in all the best households.
As with most of the San Gabriel Valley (especially the Far Eastside), Rosemead is a real hot spot of cuisine -- especially of cuisine from around East Asia. Cuisines represented by restaurants in Rosemead include American, Cajun, Cantonese, Chinese, Cuban, Dim Sum, Ecuadorian, French, Hawaiian, Hunan, Indian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mexican, Salvadoran, Taiwanese, Thai, and the aforementioned Vietnamese. On the rare occasions on which I've eaten non-Viet food whilst in Rosemead, DiPilla's or Lublae Thai have been the usual go-to spots because both are quite good and as the saying goes, "man cannot survive on bánh mì alone."
Rosemead restaurants include A&J Hot Point Hot Pot, All-In Crab Cajun, Angel Thai House, Angelopoulos Jas Jim's Burgers, Bachan's Take Out, Baja Seafood Market & Trading, Bhodi, Big E's Teriyaki & Burgers, Bun Boy, Bun Rieu Quan, Bánh Xèo Quán, Café Cau Vong, Cando's, Casa Latina, Chameli, Charley Brown's Steakhouse, China Bistro, China Way, Chocho's Ramen, Com Tam Ninh Kieu, Dalian Small Stone Restaurant, Denmark Gefion,
Dong Phuong, East Dumpling King, East Gourmet Seafood Restaurant, 888 Seafood Restaurant, El Novillo, El Sisal, Fogata Mexicana, Gafuc Bakery, Golden Bull Noodle, Gumi, HP Pho Ga Bac Ninh, Hakata Ramen Shin-Sen, Harlam's Kitchen, Hilario's, Holly's Drinking Water Store, Hot Pot, Huan Mao, Hunan Seafood, Hunan Seafood, JK Beijing Tasty House, JTYH, Jade Seafood & BBQ Restaurant, Jake's Corner Café, Ji Rong, Jim's Burgers, Jim's Famous Quarter Pound Burger,
Karina's Taqueria, Kim Bao Noodle House, The King Palace, La Casa de Abuelita, La Victoria, Le Arbre Tea House, Ledo Café, Lien Phat, Long An Water & Eggs, Lunar Feast Veggie Cuisine, Manna, Mayumba, Mexican Express, Mien Nghia Noodle Express, Mr. Steve's Donuts, My Dung, Nem Nuong Ninh Hoa, New Capital, New Happy Family, New Kim Bao, Nha Hang Tai Siu, Noodle Boy, Northern Chinese Restaurant, Ono Hawaiian BBQ,
Pho 54, Pho 89, Pho Icon, Pho Nha Trang, Pho Pasteur, Pho Saigon, Pho Saigon, Pho Thanh, Pho Valley, Phong Dinh, Pizza Kitchen, Pizza Kitchen & Deli, Pork Village, Pupusas y Mas, Quan Mien Trung, Rancho Los Magelles No 2, Red Restaurant, Rick's Burgers, Rolling Rice, Rose City Pizza, Saigon 22, Saigon's Bakery & Sandwiches, Sea Harbour, Seaworld Seafood Restaurant, Shaanxi Gourmet, Sukkho Thai, Sun City Seafood,
Sunday Café, TNG Seafood, Tabemono, Tacos al Carbon, Tai Sui, Tais Seafood, Tan Khai Hoan, Tan My Le Hoa, Tantawan Thai Kitchen, Taqueria 4 Amigos, Tasty Food, Tasty Snacks, Tech Hall Cafeteria, Thien An, Tin Tin, Tin Tin, Tofu Town, Trung Nguyen, V&L Restaurant, VK Food Products, Valley Super Burger, Wahoo Chaya, Xi Quan Noodle House, and Xin Bao.
Other supposedly notable residents include Taboo of the inedible Black Eyed Peas, Gerald Ford's "favorite Mexican dish" Vicki Carr, "Sultan of Sequins" Bob Mackie, and Rosemead natives Prima J.
NB: DO NOT watch the Prima J video unless you're a nine-year-old girl or into Bratz and Myscene and you think unwarranted self-worship and obnoxiousness are charming.
Follow Eric's Blog and check out more episodes of California Fool's Gold

subset: commoncrawl


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Courtney Barnes at Style Court has just added a post inspired by the 1992 Sally Potter film based on Virginia Woolf's 1928 novel Orlando (and she even quoted me, which is flattering). So I thought I would show a few images of the house in Rodmell, East Sussex, that Virginia Woolf shared with her husband Leonard.
Virginia and Leonard bought Monk's House in 1919 for £700. It was 'an unpretending house' as Virginia called it, and she liked it that way.
Life was fairly spartan at Monk's House. When the Woolfs' friend E.M. Forster visited he burnt his trousers trying to get warm beside the little stove in his room.
As Virginia made more money from her books, however, various improvements and extensions were added. In 1929 the house was 'luxurious to the point of electric fires in the bedrooms'.
When the Woolfs had no visitors, Virginia would write for three hours every morning in her writing lodge in the garden.
Monks House was acquired by the National Trust in 1980 with grants from the University of Sussex, the Department of the Environment and the Royal Oak Foundation.


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If you are a journalist or work in the field of communication, you can request your accreditation by e-mail at this address: [email protected]. You can then collect it from the press room (on the balcony above Hall nº 1) as from the first day of the event. At that time you will need to provide ID proving that you are professional journalist.
+34 944 040 106
+34 944 040 105
[email protected]


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Silver Lake Contributed $1.4 Billion to Dell Buyout Offer, Filings Show
A huge trove of filings with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission containing new details about yesterday's $24.4 billion leveraged buyout of Dell have just come out. While there's still a lot we don't know about the deal, there are some interesting new details.
Here's one: Silver Lake's contribution, which as far as I know had only been guessed at, turns out to have been $1.4 billion.
I'm no expert in all the nuances of how these things work, but the way I read this 8K, Silver Lake and Dell pooled that plus $750 million in cash plus 273 million shares of Dell stock worth about $3.7 billion as of today's closing price for a combined $5.8 billion to fund and capitalize a holding company called Denali.
The name Denali is interesting, because it was said to be used as a code word — specifically the name "Mr. Denali" — while the deal's terms were being hashed out in a six-month negotiation process that began last August, according to Bloomberg News.
It seems that Denali Holdings is the vehicle through which Dell the company will be acquired. Denali will then presumably take the name Dell.
Anyway, combine all that with about $13.75 billion in loans from Bank of America, Barclays, Credit Suisse and RBC, additional cash taken from Dell's balance sheet, and a $2 billion loan from Microsoft, and there you are.
- Is the Dell Buyout Really a Good Idea?
- Microsoft's Loan to Dell Further Complicates Relationship with PC Makers
- Dell Confirms Plan to Go Private in $24.4 Billion Buyout Deal
- With Dell Buyout Poised to Be Announced Today, the Bromance Between Microsoft and Silver Lake Gets Serious
- Michael Dell's Path: PC King to Apple Envy
- Dell Could Announce Deal to Go Private as Soon as Monday


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On Top Of The World
This story appears in the April 1998 issue of HomeOfficeMag.com. Subscribe »
Armed with little more than a modem and access to the Internet, today's homebased entrepreneur can become an instant contender in the international marketplace. But it takes more than a modem and a Web site to become an instant success in that marketplace.
Pitching your products to the international community involves the same marketing issues you're concerned with domestically: What concepts, images or slogans will attract customers? What strategies will work best in this market? Unless you're at once a linguist, an anthropologist and a diplomat, you may find these questions difficult to answer. Successful international marketing demands an understanding of language as well as cultural issues, sensitivities and symbolism. Something as simple as the colors of your Web site can mean the difference between a sale and a cultural faux pas.
One solution: "Localize" your Web site and any other materials you intend to distribute to the international marketplace (including brochures, sales literature and product documentation). Localization means more than acquiring a word-for-word translation of your materials; it means developing a marketing approach that is both internationally effective and culturally correct.
Moira Allen is an author and former technical writer who lives in Olympia, Washington.
Start At The Beginning
Though localization agents are often listed in the Yellow Pages under "Translation Services," the key difference between localizers and translators is the point at which they begin. Typically, traditional translation can take place only after you've developed such materials as product documentation, sales brochures or a Web site. The problem with this approach is that it can only "make over" materials that were designed primarily for U.S. or other English-speaking markets.
What is appropriate for U.S. customers, however, may be ineffective or even offensive in other countries. Many American phrases, concepts and images make no sense at all abroad. For example, Sol Squire, president and CEO of Twin Dragons Software Inc. in Gloucester, Massachusetts, cites KFC's disastrous attempt to translate "finger-lickin' good" into Chinese: "It's good enough that you'll eat your fingers off." At best, a word-for-word translation can sound stiff and unnatural; at worst, it can create costly blunders.
The solution is to address cultural issues before you engineer an international marketing strategy. Cultural awareness, say most localizers, should be addressed early in the planning process. In addition, it should be addressed by someone who understands not only your target market but the product or service you're trying to sell. "We require any translator to have a minimum of 10 years' experience with the subject matter," says Gerry Carson, senior vice president of Pan-American Access Inc., a full-service translation and localization company in Atlanta.
Squire agrees: "You wouldn't hire someone off the street to write marketing materials just because the person spoke English. So why hire someone to develop or translate your technical and sales documents just because of [his or her] language ability?"
The Right Stuff
An effective localizer, says Squire, should ask marketing questions at every stage of the process: "What are the `hot buttons' of your target market? Who is your competition? How does your product differ from the competition's?" Different countries have different expectations, and many localizers offer specialized testing to determine whether the product meets those expectations.
Localizing your approach from the beginning also enhances consistency. "Every industry has its own terminology," Carson points out. "That terminology needs to be consistent in all your materials." Carson's firm employs an "active terminology recognition" database that stores a lexicon of phrases and terms used in documents, so that every piece of literature will be translated consistently.
Avoiding Pitfalls
The perils of poor translation are obvious, even ludicrous. Who can forget Chevrolet's failure to realize that, in Spanish, "no va" means "does not go"? Other issues, however, are more subtle.
For example, it's not enough to simply decide you want your materials or Web site translated into Spanish. Which part of the Spanish-speaking world do you want to target? The terms and idioms used in South America are very different from those used in Spain or Mexico. Similarly, according to Carson, the French-speaking Québecois do not respond well to marketing materials written in "Parisian" French.
George Hallak, president of AramediA Group, an Arabic software firm in Boston, points out that there are at least 22 Arabic nations and dialects; an experienced localizer should know that the accepted business standard for the region is "Modern Standard Arabic." To further confuse matters, some languages also have formal and informal versions. Make sure the localizer you choose understands cultural idioms and regional variations of the language.
Your problems compound when you seek to tap markets that use non-English, Roman alphabetic languages (e.g., western European); non-Roman alphabetic languages (e.g., Arabic, Greek or Russian); or nonalphabetic languages (e.g., Asian). To use any non-English language on your Web site, you must ensure your browser supports language fonts containing accents, diacritical marks and special characters. Putting an Arabic or Hebrew translation on your Web site is even more complicated because these languages are read from right to left.
The complications involved in using Asian languages on your Web site exceed the capabilities of most homebased offices. The fonts needed for these languages contain more than 7,000 characters. A standard PC doesn't have the screen resolution to display such fonts, and most standard servers can't handle the system requirements of such languages; a double-byte operating system is needed.
One solution to this problem, according to Carson, is to incorporate your translated material as an image rather than as text. Too many complex graphics, however, can increase the download time required to access your site. If you want to post a lot of material, another alternative is to have your Web site hosted by the localization agency's server or by an ISP.
Nor is language the only issue you must address. If you're setting up a Web site, you'll also need to make culturally sensitive decisions regarding graphics, icons, interfaces and even the colors you use. Squire relates the tale of Euro-Disney, whose designer loved purple and used it lavishly throughout the theme park. Unfortunately, to the French, purple suggests funerals and funeral parlors. Similarly, while red is considered stimulating in the United States, it is regarded as restful in China. White symbolizes death in most Asian countries, while "yellow should be avoided pretty much altogether," Squire says, as it often has negative connotations.
Combining colors in a graphic can also be a problem, says Carson--if those colors represent the hues of a rival country's flag. While such concerns might seem trivial to a U.S. audience, it's important to remember many countries are embroiled in intense rivalries. "If you're marketing a product to Chile," Carson cautions, "you don't want your Web site colors to represent the flag of Brazil."
What Price Correctness?
Besides looking in the Yellow Pages, you can search on the Internet for localization agents under "localization" or "translation." Be sure to inquire about the agency's knowledge of your target country's culture, its familiarity with regional dialects or language variations, its understanding of your business, and its expertise in developing international marketing strategies.
Costs vary widely from agency to agency and depend on the project. Translation is generally billed at a rate of 18 cents to 25 cents per word, says Carson, and is based either on the original word count or the translation word count. More extensive services--such as Web site consultation or development--are generally billed by the hour.
The cost of localization may seem high, but you must ask whether that cost is balanced by the potential for sales in an international market. "Ignoring cultural details will keep U.S. products from competing in the international marketplace," says Squire. Overseas customers won't tolerate badly translated materials or repackaged English-language products. The key to an effective marketing strategy is the same in any language: Know your market.
A Site Of Many Colors
As you develop a multilingual Web site, remember that not all countries use the same equipment or standards. In many countries, time is billed by the minute, which means a site that is slow to download or difficult to navigate will cost your clients money. To avoid problems--and to increase your site's international accessibility--try the following:
*Keep images to a minimum. They increase download time--and images that are effective in the U.S. marketplace may be misunderstood or considered offensive in other countries. Also, offer a link to a text-only version of your site.
*Make sure your site can be navigated easily. "Don't try to dazzle the user with your cleverness," warns Gerry Carson, senior vice president of Pan-American Access Inc., a full-service translation and localization company in Atlanta. Provide clear instructions, and don't bury those instructions within images; provide text guidelines as well.
*Use international formats for dates, times and currencies. In most European countries, for example, "3:30 p.m." would be written as 15:30, while "July 4, 1776," would be written as 4.7.76.
*Develop an e-mail response form that includes automated options (such as radio buttons, where users can click on their choices from a list of options), thus minimizing the amount of translation required.
*Instead of displaying all your material on your Web site, make it easy for customers to request information via e---mail.
Contact Sources
AramediA Group, 761 Adam St., Boston, MA 02122-1919, http://members.aol.com/gnhbos/aramedia.htm
Pan-American Access Inc., (404) 239-0595, fax: (404) 239-1858
Twin Dragons Software Inc., (800) 453-2277, email@example.com


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Phone: (919) 549-8411
The International Society of Automation is a non-profit professional association
founded in 1945 to create a better world through automation. ISA advances technical competence by connecting the automation community to achieve operational excellence. The organization develops widely-used global standards; certifies industry professionals; provides education and training; publishes books and technical articles; hosts conferences and exhibits; and provides networking and career development programs for its 40,000 members and 400,000 customers around the world.
ISA created the ISA Global Cybersecurity Alliance (isa.org/ISAGCA) to advance cybersecurity readiness and awareness in manufacturing and critical infrastructure facilities and processes. The Alliance brings end-user companies, automation and control systems providers, IT infrastructure providers, services providers, system integrators, and other cybersecurity stakeholder organizations together to proactively address growing threats.
ISA owns Automation.com, a leading online publisher of automation-related content, and is the founding sponsor of The Automation Federation (automationfederation.org), an association of non-profit organizations serving as "The Voice of
Automation." Through a wholly owned subsidiary, ISA bridges the gap between standards and their implementation with the ISA Security Compliance Institute (isasecure.org) and the ISA Wireless Compliance Institute (isa100wci.org).
Membership Resource Center
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ISA members have access to dozens of unique benefits. Update your member profile, set your communications preferences, find products and services that are right for you, and more – all from the convenience of your ISA website.
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ISA to develop a new certification program as part of a $23 million grant to fund degree programs and prepare workers for careers in "Mission Critical Operations"
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New Guidelines for Optimizing HMI Usability and Performance Published by ISA
ISA Announces First Founding Members of Global Cybersecurity Alliance
ISA and Beamex to co-host July webinar on loop calibration
New ISA Global Cybersecurity Alliance Accelerates Education, Readiness, and Knowledge Sharing
New ISA book introduces an inexpensive, easy-to-understand way to protect against industrial cyberattack
Beamex partners with the ISA New Orleans Section and donates $25,000 to a scholarship fund
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ISA has the resources and expert networks that you need – no matter what position you hold in our industries. Browse the products and services designed to meet the needs of these common industry roles:
ISA awarded me a 2013-2014 scholarship to help fund my education. I would not have been able to keep going to school if I had not received it. So, I want to give thanks to the many people of the ISA who work on securing the future of the organization just as the original founders had. ISA was and is forged and founded from true honesty and integrity that you will not find in to many other professions.
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ISA's products and services are organized by technical topic – a selection of technologies, trends, and areas of focus that are relevant to your on-the-job performance:
Student Sections meet regularly on campuses throughout the world. Section involvement offers an opportunity to participate in a variety of useful programs and activities and to develop leadership skills. If a student section is not located on your campus and you are interested in learning more on how to start a student section at your college or university click here.
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text:
|Step 8: Treatment overview
The goal of treatment is to lower your high blood pressure. This will help prevent stroke and damage to organs and blood vessels throughout the body.
First, your doctor will recommend that you make changes to your lifestyle. The severity of your high blood pressure will determine whether or not you need to take medication in addition to making lifestyle changes.
Based on the results of your medical examination, lab tests, and the severity of your high blood pressure, your doctor can determine the best treatment plan for you.
Lifestyle change is the first step
Lifestyle changes may be enough to lower your blood pressure if carried out with commitment and determination. This includes eating healthier foods, exercising, and controlling your weight.
If lifestyle changes alone do not bring your blood pressure down low enough, your doctor will then add medication. If you have any of the following risk factors, your doctor will likely start you on medication sooner:
Finally, if you have any of the following medical conditions, your doctor will probably start you on medication right away:
Again, lifestyle changes continue to be necessary even if you are taking blood pressure medication.
If you are like most people with high blood pressure, you will need medication to bring your blood pressure under control. In fact, two or more drugs are often needed. It is important to remember, however, that medications do not work well if you don't make the necessary lifestyle changes to your diet, weight, and exercise routine. In addition, medications are only effective if they are taken at the prescribed amount and frequency. Compliance with medication is critical in the long-term management of high blood pressure.
Patients with diabetes
If you have diabetes, the goal for your blood pressure is less than 130/80. The goal is lower because diabetes and hypertension are a very dangerous combination that can quickly lead to organ damage and early death. Like anyone with high blood pressure, you will be followed closely and treated with lifestyle changes initially. However, drug treatment is generally started earlier than for someone without diabetes if diet and exercise alone don't bring your blood pressure down.
Review Date:
Reviewed By: Steven Kang, MD, Division of Cardiac Pacing and Electrophysiology, East Bay Arrhythmia, Cardiovascular Consultants Medical Group, Oakland, CA. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.


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Course: Spanish 61 – Spanish Literature and Film: Filmic and Literary Modulations in Contemporary Spain
Instructor: Prof. Txetxu Aguado
I am sure my students will derive their project from the main topics covered in this course. These are: The Spanish Civil War (violence and its representation), tourism and emigration (travels, stereotypes about the other and their representations), Postmodernity (Pedro AlmodÛvar and his visual ideas about sexuality, homosexuality, traditional values, religion, etc.) and Identity and Terrorism (representation of the other/of difference) within a national culture.
I am also showing my students clips from other movies (classical movies besides the ones they are required to watch for this course) to make them aware and give them ideas about how to translate feelings, ideas, situations… into images. For example, one day we will watch the last scene from The Lady from Shanghai (Orson Wells 1948) with the purpose of showing them how the director portrayed the split personalities of the woman character in the movie.
Before having the iMovie workshop, I will give my students time to think about their projects so that hopefully the will have a draft-script by that time. I want them to take a scene from one of the movies or from one of the novels and to figure out how to make it into images of their own. Don't worry, I will tone and narrow down their projects and first ideas. Let me give an example. In one of the movies, there is a scene where the fascist police comes to arrest a republican fighter. He is able to escape before the police arrives. The whole movie, its ideas and notions, it position, the point it is trying to make, is contained in the dialogue and images of this approximately 2 minute sequence. I am expecting something similar from my students.
Their group project will not exceed 5 minutes.
The students really enjoyed the project and they only wrote positive comments about it in their evaluations. All of them remarked that it has been a wonderful experience. From my point of view, I am convinced that through this hands-on activity they have become more aware of the ways images construct meaning and more sophisticated in analyzing a film.


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It's My Park
McNair Park
Season 2, Summer 2006This new playground was built with a space theme to honor the memory of Dr. Ronal McNair, an astronaut whose family lived in the neighborhood.
This video contains closed captions. To activate them, please click the CC button in the player's control bar.


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- All
- God
- God's Holiness
- The Providence of God
- Knowing God
- The Holy Spirit
- Jesus Christ
- The Person of Christ
- The Work of Christ
- The Nature of the Atonement
- The Resurrection of Christ
- The Scriptures
- Creation
- Angels and Demons
- Sin
- Salvation
- Regeneration
- Faith and Repentance
- Justification
- Sanctification
- Last Things
- Heaven and Hell
- Reformed Theology
- Total Depravity
- Unconditional Election
- Limited Atonement
- Irresistible Grace
- Perseverance of the Saints
- Systematic Theology
- Covenant Theology
- Historical Theology
- Creeds and Confessions
- Heresies
- Theological Views
- Roman Catholicism
- Creationism
- Gender-Neutral Language
- Lordship Salvation
- The New Perspective on Paul
- Apologetics
- False Teaching
- Atheism
- The Arts
- Education
- Ethics
- Philosophy
- Science
- Christianity and Culture
- Fiction and Literature
- Children's Books
- Christian Classics
- Music
- Introduction to the Bible
- Biblical Interpretation
- Prophecy
- The Ten Commandments
- The Lord's Prayer
- Bible Figures
- The Covenants
- Law and Gospel
- General Reference Works
- Bibles
- The Old Testament
- The New Testament
- New Testament Books
- The Gospels
- The Ministry and Life of Christ
- The Teaching of Christ
- The Parables
- The Sermon on the Mount
- Practical Theology
- Christian Thought
- Discipleship
- Evangelism and Missions
- Vocation
- Spiritual Growth
- Assurance
- Fellowship
- Forgiveness
- Knowing God's Will
- Service
- Prayer
- Spiritual Fruit
- Conscience
- Godliness
- Humility
- Joy
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- Thankfulness
- Anxiety and Worry
- Apostasy
- Depression
- Doubt
- Grief and Death
- Guilt
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- Money and Stewardship
- Oaths and Vows
- Pride
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- Marriage and Family
- Divorce and Remarriage
- Parenting
- Pastoral Ministry
- Preaching
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- The Church
- Church Leadership
- Church Discipline
- The Sacraments
- Practical Controversies
- Alcohol
- Bible Translation
- Politics
- Race
- The Sabbath
- Spiritual Gifts
- Women in Ministry
- Biography
- The Ancient Church
- The Medieval Church
- The Reformation
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- The Enlightenment and Modernism
- The Seventeenth Century
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- American Church History
- The Byzantine East
Defining Our Terms
The phone conversation was going well until I asked a surprising question. I had been speaking to a missionary from an outreach organization who was soliciting a commitment of financial support from our church for his efforts, and I guess …Read More
Good News for the Poor: An Interview with Mez McConnell
Tabletalk: How did you become a Christian? How are you serving God in Scotland? Mez McConnell: I grew up in Ireland in the foster care system for most of my early life. In my teens, one of my friends died …Read More
Historical and Theological Foundations
According to some estimates, there are more than one hundred thousand distinct parachurch organizations in the United States alone. Parachurch organizations are typically defined as Christian organizations that exist alongside (para) the local church without being under the oversight of …Read More
Ordinary Christian Work
Of the many legacies of the Protestant Reformation, few have had greater and wider-reaching impact than the rediscovery of the biblical understanding of vocation. Before the Reformation, the only people with a vocation or calling were those who were engaged …Read More
Radically Ordinary
The ordinary Christian life is not the opposite of the radical Christian life. The ordinary Christian life is a radical life. The ordinary Christian life is a life of daily trusting Christ; daily repenting of our sins; daily abiding in …Read More
Pop Atheism and the Power of the Gospel
"Meanwhile, I am left with the Atheist on my hands," Dorothy Sayers once penned to C.S. Lewis in a letter in which she sought some practical advice from the popular Oxford apologist. She went on to write, "I do not …Read More
Not a Sales Pitch
As I was sitting alone in the cafeteria one afternoon, far from home, overwhelmed and lonely on a campus of twenty thousand coeds, an older student walked up, smiled, and asked if he could join me. He took a seat …Read More
All Authority in Heaven and on Earth
Who has the authority to command others? What gives someone the right to command someone else? This question can be raised with respect to every area of life: family life (parents), church life (pastors, elders), civil life (governors, rulers, and …Read More
"All Nations" and Church Planting
The Great Commission. Neither the words "great" nor "commission" are in the text, but the descriptor fits. This "authoritative order, charge, or direction" is "unusually large, extreme, and notable" (borrowing phrases from textbook definitions of both words). But why? The …Read More
How Then Shall We "Go"?
It seems like such a simple command. "Go therefore and make disciples of all nations" (Matt. 28:19). But who exactly is supposed to go? Some have claimed that Jesus' command to go and make disciples was only for the original …Read More


text:
Loki had come to Midgard, to spy on S.H.E.L.D. And...
The Battle for Forbbiden Love91101
- by Lele_chappy
- Rating:
- Published: 14 Mar 2014
- Updated: 14 Mar 2014
- Status: In Progress
Kate is a normal fifteen year old girl. Well so she looks. She lives in Sydney, Australia with her Uncle. Kate goes to Grey Stone Academy. One fateful day Kate meets Alex the Headmaster of Grey Stone Academy's adopted son. And through their intertwined fates the story begins.
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text:
NETHER PROVIDENCE -- It's been four games and almost three weeks since Kristen Miller last found the back of the net.
After another frustrating first half Saturday in which touches were few and far between, the Strath Haven striker was trying not to let thoughts of a drought creep into her mind.
"A little bit, but I try not to let it," said the junior striker, who had 16 goals to her name in the regular season. "It's more about helping my team in any way I can, whether that's winning 50-50 balls or scoring."
When the chance came for goal No. 17, though, she made no mistake.
A cross into the box pinballed off a couple of players before falling to Miller, who buried a shot into the corner in the 70th minute to seal the Panthers' 1-0 win over C.B. East in the District One Class AAA quarterfinals.
The victory for the No. 1 seeded Panthers (19-0) books them a return to trip to the PIAA Tournament.
For much of the stretch prior to Miller's opener, though, the Panthers didn't look like the squad more likely to break the deadlock. The Patriots managed to hem most of the play into the Panthers end, and while it didn't translate into many shots, the pressure was constant. Perhaps their best chance came in the 61st minute with a Holly Moyer spinner in front of goal that Haven goalkeeper Krissy Welsh bobbled but eventually secured.
It was Miller's partner in crime, Morgan Glassford, who finally tilted the scales back in Haven's favor.
Isolated up top for most of the night, Glassford finally got the ball in space about three minutes prior to Miller's tally. Though Glassford scuffed the shot, making an easy save for Central Bucks keeper Paige Marcinkowski, it seemed to spark the Panthers.
"In the beginning there, we kind of came out flat in the second half a little bit," Strath Haven coach Gino Miraglia said. "We kind of abandoned our style of play. We got a little lost, and a little bit into panic mode. We went to kick-and-run, and obviously it didn't work. Finally, halfway through that second half, we started to settle down."
Seconds later, Glassford was at it again, bombing down the left flank. She stung the hands of Marcinkoski with a low drive, which the Central Bucks keeper did well to react to and flex out of bounds for a corner. Miller sprung to life on the corner, the Panthers playing it short for her to curl just over the crossbar.
"Once we get momentum, we're going to keep getting shots," Miller said. "Off of one shot, we just get more confidence."
"It gave us a lot of confidence," Miraglia said of Glassford's wake-up call. "The keeper made a nice save on that breakaway that Morgan had. They were almost double-teaming her the entire game, and that breakaway that she had gave them some hope and confidence."
Less than two minutes later, the ball was in the back of the net.
Sophie Murphy tried to thread a pass into the box, and after it bounced around a bit, it fell to Miller. She made no mistake, firing a laser into the far corner past an outstretched Marcinkoswki.
"When I was playing right forward, I was screaming my head off the entire time but we couldn't get anything over the top," Miller said. "I think once we finally realized that we could get that switch through the middle by keeping it on the ground, it was there."
The rest was taken care of a backline anchored by Jenny Carey, Allie Wilson, Katherine Burk and Bri Irons and supported by Murphy and Kirsten Wilhelmsen in the midfield that played bend-but-don't-break defense. Carey and Wilson interchanged beautifully in the center, with Wilson often providing the key intervention to boot the ball to safety.
"We knew going into it that they were very good with the long balls and putting balls through," Carey said. "So our job was to make sure we always had someone on the target person so that she didn't have any time. We knew to not give up any throw-ins toward our end and no corner kicks, so I think we did our best to make sure that didn't happen."
Welsh was troubled four times -- the most saves she's had to make in a game since the second match of the season -- but the only shot after Miller's goal was a weak dribbler from Abby Emmert that she easily collected.
The win sends the Panthers back to states, but they've got a few things to attend to first.
"I'm so excited," Carey said. "Obviously making states is what every senior wants to do before she goes. But what Coach Miraglia has been saying is taking it one game at a time. We're not focused on states yet; we're focused on winning districts."


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How to hit your fairway woods
For many of you I know that fairway woods feel like the hardest clubs to hit consistently well. The key here is to find the ideal shallow angle of attack into the ball that delivers a 'sweeping' strike. By brushing the grass through impact you should be able to clip the ball off the top of the turf and find a flight that offers good power and distance. On the following pages there is some simple advice on how to do that.
One important point to make first is that your fairway woods must feature the right lofts for your game. It may be that a standard 3-wood bought straight off the shelf doesn't actually go any further than your 5-wood because of the flights you are able to produce with the different lofts. Finding a line-up of fairway woods to perform different tasks and hit different distances is crucial and I am always here to help you find that.
From the tee
One big mistake that I often see amateurs make is, when they are using their fairway woods from the tee, they peg the ball up too high. Remember these clubs are designed to be hit from the deck and if you strike the ball too high on the face you'll be missing the sweetspot. When teeing the ball up, ensure that it sits just above the grass to give yourself the best chance of a powerful strike.
Click here to book your lesson.


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MLB's Reynolds: PEDs, Playoffs, World Series
MLB Network analyst Harold Reynolds joins MoneyBeat to discuss the impact of drug investigations on baseball and his picks for the World Series. (Photo: Getty)
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... in mm mm ... while current ... it's going to be interesting ... but yet I at least I think you have to put this in perspective of ... all the bad publicity Strine play on steroids and informants in his address ... at and how badly does baseball need is to be an exciting interesting ... post eat and how much how badly did they mean what happens on the field to be kept to be bought in asking it's been the focus is on the film now I think ... what the what about Genesis gambling forty ended up haven't thirteen players get suspended ... of the big the big name T also been taught to us is been working nobody has a tougher policy than the maven baseball including ... HGH testing and so I think when you look at it as a whole ... that that is working and and it doesn't matter who you are you get caught in the beginning of fun so I think the message is great ... it's tough to see it happen it took a lot of the last of the second half away ... but it's an important time to make that clear ... I think baseball's movement for ... the blog of the Great playoffs and I think a lot of times when you get to this you get to this point now ... where turns attention back to the film ... is gonna be competitive in the great I think with the knockout wild card games coming ... bills are no plan to dwell MLB Network adds to gains were excited about it ... on this Friday we have a gambling divisions says game ... and then on Monday the the seventh with a game as well so ... we're sad about that with ... CBS and Fox and fall against enemy write them a competitive games at how to ask you to some reports out today ... that you are please to Tim McGraw ... saw all full and now it's a sports website oil not the euro awful announcing data at the name of the wind saying yes I threw in the AP reported that year and were pleased to move on to the fact that it meant to buy downside to a robot that that's in the works of you are anything I've not heard from Fox on that you know clearly in a button one have the opportunity the world says bosses and absolute love that opportunity to another in MLB Network ... will see whatever happens but right now ... others no negotiations it happened from Foxman ... up I'd be honored if that have been bigger I last question relate to roasters ... but the Tigers and the Dodgers the um I just feel good about the Tigers ... as a complete love and I like the judge that she was a difficult one ... both the can down the path to the Tigers' minor medical aren't there


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Retro: The Typing Of The Dead
Sometimes when my cat is licking herself clean, something I can't see or hear will distract her. A rustle. An insect. Someone belching 18 miles away. The ghost of Michael Jackson. Y'know, whatever it is that their tiny animal brains mysteriously fixate on without warning. So she'll stop cleaning herself, close her mouth and stare unblinkingly at whatever it is. Once a while, though, she'll close the mouth but forget to put her tongue away first. So she sits there with her little pink tongue sticking out, sometimes for ten or fifteen straight minutes, looking charmingly, ludicrously foolish. She doesn't seem even slightly aware that she's doing it, or of how ridiculous, how hilarious she looks. And that only makes this absurd image all the more delightful.
And that, right there, is The Typing Of The Dead.
I wasn't in any of the design meetings, of course. And I'm 100% sure someone, somewhere in the process knowingly introduced its absolute absurdity, that it's mean to be so apocalyptically silly. That doesn't matter. What matters is that the game itself just doesn't seem to know it's standing there with its tongue stuck out. It doesn't seem to realise it's about defeating zombies and hydra and 40-foot fish-demons with man-size spears by trying to type "I'm fine, thank you" or "ankle fetish" as quickly as possible. It's a port of The House of the Dead II, the arcade lightgun shooter, but almost nothing is changed. Your character and the monsters he fights seem convinced he's shooting them with guns.
In actual fact, he's running around in a business suit with a Dreamcast strapped to his back and a keyboard hanging around his waist. With these words, he kills the enemy. The pen is indeed mightier than the sword. It's just a straight graphical swap – nothing else in the game makes even the slightest reference to it. No explanation is offered as to how or why this would possibly stop an undead invasion. And that only makes this absurd game all the more delightful.
"Do the locomotion"
Where did the words, the sentences and phrases come from? Did someone write them manually? Was it some automated translation from the original Japanese text gone tremendously wrong? Were they obtained by randomly grabbing webpage or document extracts? Were they inserted into the game by a cable attached directly to the hindbrain of a dangerous, baby-eating psychotic? I don't know. I don't want to know. I just love that they're there, gloriously random, never predictable, but yet so often somehow related to or evocative of what's attacking you.
"The phantom of Samoa"
These monsters want to communicate something to you – some primal urge, some sadness weighing on their minds, a song lyric they can't quite place, a string of nonsense generated from the decaying pathways in their brain… They've got their tongues stuck out and they don't know it. They think they look like ultimate predators, but all you can do is laugh at them. And type. Type faster! Faster! FASTER!
"She sent me a card!"
And oh, the voice-acting. The inhuman intonations, the ritually misplaced emphasis, the gibberish-sentences… Even at the time, when production standards were regularly much lower than today, it was stunningly, jaw-droppingly awful. Replaying it now, I'm genuinely amazed it hasn't passed into online legend in the way All Your Base Are Belong To Us did. It's miraculously bad. It's so, so perfect for this ridiculous, insane, impossible game.
"Perfect sushi topping"
Why does it exist? Nominally, it's a typing tuition program. I'm not convinced it succeeds at that. Perfect touch-typing yields high scores, but to a great extent you can just bludgeon your way through, just enjoying the insanity but teaching your muscle memory very little. I don't think it teaches, really, but I do think it turns typing into tension. There's a wonderful desperation to it, especially in the boss fights – long, complicated, lunatic phrases you desperately try to hammer out before this massive thing smacks you right in the screen. Your fingers stumble, drift just one key to the left or the right, and it feels so much like a weapon jamming. You're sure you're doing it right, but something's resisting. On-screen, a gigantic demon is demanding "Touch my wattle" as it hurls mystical fireballs at you, and you're shaking with laughter – but you're also terrified. It's going to get you, unless you type faster, harder, faster, harder, faster, harder…
"Rub this on your skin to make it brown"
There isn't anything like The Typing of the Dead. It is one of gaming's most singular artifacts. It can never be equalled, it can never be beaten. It's gaming's equivalent of Van Gogh's ear-removal (at least as legend tells it). A moment of absolute insanity, absolute, reckless, unfathomable stupidity – yet one that's unforgettable, almost sublime. You type to kill zombies – zombies from a strange, terrible, wonderful universe in which everyone's afraid of words and no-one ever learned how to act. How did this happen? I don't ever want to know. I'm just infinitely glad it did.
There's still a demo available. You should totally try it.


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My Testimony
1.I know my Heav'nly Father lives. I've seen His works; I've felt His love
Each tree and flow'r, each rising sun – all testify; He reigns above.
So when my path seems lone and dark, There is a spark that lights my way.
A voice comes whisp'ring to my heart: "You're not alone; god lives today!"
I have a testimony.
2. I know the Savior died for me. He loved each child, the blind set free.
With bread and fish He fed the throng. With mighty words, He called the sea.
So when my heart is sick and sore In deepest night, I feel His hand.
My Hope, my life His words restore. I can repent and live again.
I have a testimony.
3. I know a prophet speaks today. I know God heard young Joseph pray,
Sent angels and a book to earth, Restored His truth to guide our way.
So when I hear our prophet's voice, God's love rings surely through my soul.
I'll gladly heed our prophet's words; They lift me up; the make me whole.
I have a testimony.
4. My testimony leads me on – one step today and then one more –
Now flick'ring in a cold, dark place, now burning brighter in a storm.
I treasure this small light of mine, for day by day I feel it's glow
And thank Him for such priceless gifts: The things I feel, the things I know –
My testimony – I have a testimony.
Text: Jan Pinborough
Music: Kenneth Plain
Artist: Pinborough/Plain
Album: Music Published in the Church Magazines: New Era
Composition Date: 2012-06-02
More Info: New Era
love, testimony, Holy Ghost, repentance, healing, prophet, Joseph Smith, Book of Mormon, light


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- Brown Chromexcel (USA)
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Horween's signature Chromexcel leather uses a proprietary recipe that was developed more than 100 years ago and has remained mostly unchanged to this day. Chromexcel is a full-grain, combination tanned leather with a distinct pull-up and full aniline, hand rubbed finish. It has a soft temper and waxy feel, making it perfectly suited for footwear. We have been using heavyweight Chromexcel leather at Viberg for over a decade and its unmatched versatility has made it a staple in our offerings.
Chromexcel should be regularly wiped down with a damp cloth and buffed with conditioner and a horsehair brush.
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Our most popular last. Based on a Canadian military boot with a low profile and almond shaped toe.View Last Guide


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GameBirdHunts.com is your online source for hunting & shooting news. All of our news is organized by US state to make it easy for you to quickly find the Pheasant Hunting News that is of interest to you! Click on the link below to browse your states upland hunting news or use the search box above! If you have a hunting story you would like to submit please use this link:
PIERRE, S.D. – The S.D. Game, Fish and Parks Department is offering residents the opportunity to review a five-year draft management plan for pheasants.
The Ring-necked Pheasant Management Plan for South Dakota 2009-2014 is an 84-page draft on how the department proposes to manage the state's prized game bird. The proposal is open for review during a 30-day public comment period.
"With the recent and future loss of habitat enrolled in the Conservation Reserve Program and other challenges that lie ahead, GFP is actively addressing future issues by having a comprehensive plan in place for implementation," said Chad Switzer, GFP terrestrial wildlife administrator. "This plan is comprised of measurable and time-bound strategies to successfully meet the identified goals, but it provides the flexibility to make adjustments if there is a need."
The draft management plan can be found on the GFP Web site at http://www.sdgfp.info/ under the "What's New" heading. There is also the opportunity to provide feedback on the plan through the Internet link.
"A planning process like this is always improved by public input," Switzer said. "If you have a love for pheasants and wildlife and their habitats in South Dakota, please look through the plan and share any thoughts or ideas you might have."
A printed copy of the draft can be obtained by writing: Pheasant Management Plan, Game, Fish and Parks Department, 523 East Capitol Ave., Pierre, SD 57501. Written comments on the plan may be mailed to the same address.
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- Description
Mens Casual Cotton Cargo Shorts
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Change the shadow of one card into another, and then change the card itself!
After a selected card is lost in the pack, the magician produces a "shadow" card with the pips cut out. This card, however, is not the selection. The spectators stare into the shadow (on the table or floor) that this card creates. As the magician waves his hand over the "shadow" card, both the card and the shadow change into the selection!
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text:
Online NOW - 2020 Catalogues: Visit the Catalogues download page here.
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Home > Acoustic Tonewoods > Bandings, purflings and rosettes
In stock, immediate despatch
Purfling P33 800 x 2.5 x 5.0mm
Photo is of a typical piece.
Purling P33 is a chequer pattern inlay made up of dyed black and white veneers totalling 5.0mm thickness.
Tel: +44 (0)1732 355626Fax: +44 (0)1732 358214Email us here.Opening hours:Monday to Friday 09.30 - 17.30


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Rights of the Indigent
Years ago, in the much heralded case of Gideon v. Wainwright, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the United States Constitution entitles every person accused of a serious crime to a lawyer. If the defendant can't afford his or her own counsel, the state must appoint an attorney to assist that defendant. The promise of Gideon-that the advocacy a defendant receives will not depend upon the defendant's wealth-routinely goes unfulfilled. Indigent, criminally accused persons typically are represented by public defenders burdened with crushing caseloads and lack essential resources for investigation and expert assistance. The Roderick and Solange MacArthur Justice Center is committed to pursuing litigation to address this injustice.