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Four fraternity brothers at the University of South Florida died in the fiery accident. The driver of the vehicle that caused the crash has not been identified.
A sport utility vehicle traveling the wrong way on a Florida interstate collided head-on with a sedan early Sunday, killing five people, including four fraternity brothers at the University of South Florida, authorities said.
The accident happened on Interstate 275 in Tampa around 2 a.m. Sunday. The SUV was going the wrong way and hit a Hyundai Sonata, which was carrying four members of the fraternity Sigma Beta Rho. The SUV driver was also killed.
Authorities identified the fraternity brothers as: Jobin Joy Kuriakose, 21, Ankeet Harshad Patel, 22, Imtiyaz "Jim" Ilias, 20, and Dammie Yesudhas, 21. Florida Highway Patrol officials said they were struggling to identify the male SUV driver late Sunday because of extensive injuries from the fire.
University president Judy Genshaft said in a statement the counseling center will be available to help students' struggling with the loss.
"Mere words cannot convey the depth of shock and sadness this terrible event brings to all who knew and cherished these wonderful young men," Genshaft said. "Our hearts are heavy at the loss of such bright, energetic and optimistic young people who had promising futures ahead of them; to have their lives cut tragically short betrays our sense of fairness and security."
Sigma Beta Rho is planning an on-campus memorial service later in the week.
Authorities said they are investigating the crash.
The highway was closed for several hours following the crash.
EARLIER: Five people were killed in a fiery crash overnight on Interstate 275 in north Tampa after an SUV going the wrong way on the highway plowed into another car, according to the Florida Highway Patrol.
The driver of a 2001 Ford Expedition was killed, and the four people in the Hyundai Sonata it hit were killed.
The crash occurred at 2:12 a.m. just north of the Busch Boulevard exit, the FHP said. Authorities said the driver of the Expedition was headed southbound in the northbound lanes of I-275 when it hit the Hyundai head on in the center lane. Four men in the car, ages 20-21 died at the scene. The Expedition caught fire and the driver was also killed. No identities have been released pending notification of next of kin.
The accident resulted in the closing of northbound I-275 for several hours, but the interstate was reopened about 7 a.m., according to the FHP.
The I-275 accident was not the only deadly crash overnight.
Two people were killed in an accident at Bloomingdale and Kings avenues in Brandon. About 4:30 a.m., a car was speeding east on Bloomingdale, according to Hillsborough sheriff's officials. The car left the road to the south and struck a power pole, breaking the pole and the car in half. The car continued east in two pieces. Both the driver and passenger died. No names have been released in that crash yet, pending notification of next of kin.
Dali Drive to Bloomingdale Avenue and Kings Avenue to Bloomingdale were expected to be shut down until at least mid-morning Sunday while TECO replaces the power pole.
Meanwhile the FHP was investigating another fatal crash in Carrollwood, which occurred at 3:13 a.m. Joel Baxter Cooper, 24, was speeding south in a Yamaha motorcycle on Dale Mabry Highway in the center lane, the FHP said. A Hyundai Sonata driven by 21-year-old Michele Lopez was traveling west on Fletcher Avenue in the inside lane. A third vehicle, a Chevrolet Equinox, was stopped at a red light traveling east on S Village Drive. When the light turned red on Dale Mabry Cooper ran the red light, the FHP said. The motorcycle hit the Hyundai. It then crashed into a concrete wall and a tree. The Hyundai kept moving west and hit the Chevy. Cooper died at the scene. He was wearing a helmet.
An accident with serious injuries occurred in Pasco County. The FHP said that a BMW driven by Hilbrand Buurma of Bradenton was headed south on Saddlebrook Way approaching Ainsworth Lane about 2:30 a.m. A Chevrolet Equinox driven by Linda Lewis of Wesley Chapel was traveling south on Saddlebrook Way. Buurma attempted to pass another car and crashed head-on into Lewis' car. A passenger in the BMW, Amanda Stetler, sustained serious injuries and was taken to St. Joseph's Hospital in Tampa.
All the investigations are continuing.


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A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
1967 - ?
Historical Period:
The 20th Century and Beyond
Christine Dunn Henderson is a Senior Fellow at Liberty Fund, Inc. She received her Ph.D. from Boston College and has taught at Merrimack College and Marshall University. She edited Seers and Judges, a volume of essays on politics and American literature.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Joy Hakim, a former teacher, editor, and writer won the prestigious James Michener Prize for her series, A History of US, which has sold over 4 million copies nationwide. A graduate of Smith College and Goucher College she spent years teaching students from elementary school up to the college level. She also served as an Associate Editor at Norfolk's Virginian-Pilot, and was an Assistant Editor at McGraw-Hill's World News.
"[An] exciting series... Ms. Hakim braids multiple narratives together to bring alive material long dead to children's imaginations."--The New York Times Book Review
"Joy Hakim didn't rewrite history. But she did make it a whole lot more fun to read."--Education Week
"Readers young and old will find themselves amused, amazed, and engrossed by this searching, opinionated survey. In every sense a fresh look at our history." --Kirkus Reviews
"Merits every accolade, starting with the most personal: I couldn't put it down."--Washington Post Book World
"The liveliest, most realistic, most well-received American history series ever written for children."--Los Angeles Times
"A thorough and accurate narrative of our nation's history."--The Philadelphia Inquirer
"I think this is the best American history written for young people that I have ever seen."--David Herbert Donald, Harvard University; Pulitzer prize-winning author of Lincoln
"When master storyteller Joy Hakim wields her pen, you're in for a breathtaking adventure."--Teaching K-8
"An attention to detail and drama alike make these recommended choices for not only readers ages 8-13 but for entire families."--Children's Bookwatch
"Absorbing, real and even fun to read."--Voice of Youth Advocates
"Books of real substance that speak directly to kids."--Jean Fritz, author of Shhh, We're Writing the Constitution
"One of the best nonfiction series of the decade. Impossible to put down."--School Library Journal


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Frans Tuohimaa
Helsinki Finland
Eligible for draft:
7th round (182nd overall), 2011
178 lbs.
Prospect Talent Score
Probability of Success
2007-08: Frans Tuohimaa made his debut for HIFK U20 playing in just one game and posting a .750 save percentage and a 10.71 GAA.
2008-09: Tuohimaa played 18 games for HIFK U20, put up a .885 save percentage and a 3.97 GAA.
2009-10: Tuohimaa played the full season with HIFK U20 appearing in 20 regular season games ending the season with a 2.89 GAA and a .911 save percentage. He also played 12 games in the postseason, with a 2.67 GAA and .909 save percentage.
2010-11: Tuohimaa played in 37 games as the starter for Jokerit's U20 club. Led the league with a .931 save percentage to go along with a paltry 2.14 GAA. In 7 playoff games, he posted a .930 save percentage and a 2.97 GAA.
2011-12: Tuohimaa appeared in 18 games for SM-Liiga club Jokerit as a back-up to veteran Eero Kilpelainen in his first pro season and was loaned to Kiekko-Vantaa in Mestis (Finnish second league). He returned to the Jokerit U20 team at the end of the year – back-stopping the club to the SM-Liiga U20 finals for the second straight year. Playing in the SM-Liiga he was 6-11 with five losses coming in overtime and posted a 2.65 goals against and .898 save percentage. Tuohimaa was 6-10 with 2 shutouts and had a 2.82 goals against and .928 save percentage in 16 games with Kiekko-Vantaa. He started all four playoff games and had a 4.56 goals against .882 save percentage as Kiekko-Vantaa was swept by Jukurit. Tuohimaa was 4-4 with 1 shutout in eight playoff games with Jokerit U20 and had a 1.68 goals against and .933 save percentage.
2012-13: Tuohimaa appeared in 15 SM-Liiga games, including two playoff contests, in his second season with Jokerit and skated for Kiekko-Vantaa in Mestis. Backing up veteran Eero Kilpelainen, he was 5-2-6 in 13 regular season games with a 2.29 goals against and .912 save percentage. Tuohimaa made two relief appearances in the playoffs. He stopped all eight shots he faced in Game 4 of the series with Lukko replaced Kilpelainen in the first period of the decisive Game 6 – allowing 1 goal on 17 shots. Tuohimaa had a 2.47 goals against and .915 save percentage in 16 games with Kiekko-Vantaa. He signed a two-year entry-level contract with Edmonton in April 2013 and signed a contract to play for HPK in Finland in 2013-14.
2013-14: Tuohimaa had a successful pro debut in North America after joining Edmonton AHL affiliate Oklahoma City in April following his season in Finland. He stopped 38 of 40 shots in a 3-2 overtime win over Iowa in his only game with the Barons. Loaned to HPK Hameenlinna in Finland's Liiga at the start of the year, he appeared in 19 games as a backup to Liiga's top rookie Juuse Saros (Nashville). Tuohimaa was 4-10-3 with one shutout and had a 3.12 goals against and .889 save percentage. He played 12 games, including seven playoff games for Vaasa Sport in Mestis and had a .926 save percentage. Sport finished second in the regular season before falling in the playoff quarterfinals.
Talent Analysis
Tuohimaa is a big bodied butterfly goalie. He is smart and technically sound. He is not the most athletically gifted player but makes the most of his ability and has a strong work ethic.
Tuohimaa attended training camp with the Oilers and is in his first pro season in North America in 2014-15. With veteran Richard Bachman and second-year pro Laurent Brossoit having success with AHL affiliate Oklahoma City there have been limited opportunities for Tuohimaa with that club and he has spent most of the year with the ECHL's Bakersfield Condors. Bakersfield has struggled to reach the .500 mark and Tuohimaa's numbers reflect that inconsistency. Long-term, his physical attributes and work ethic suggest he can be a serviceable backup at the NHL level one day. Expecting anything more than that is overly optimistic.


text: text here March 18, 2015 by Stitch&Unwind Leave a Comment Author Recent Posts Stitch&UnwindEditor at Stitch&UnwindStitch and Unwind is the official blog for AllFreeKnitting.com, AllFreeCrochet.com, and AllFreeCrochetAfghanPatterns.com. You'll see post from all three being contributed regularly. Once in a while you might see a post from our friends at FaveCrafts.com as well! Latest posts by Stitch&Unwind (see all) One-Piece Stripes Throw - October 21, 2020 Dandelion Lace Shawl - October 20, 2020 Layered Leaves Wreath - October 17, 2020 Share and Enjoy !0Shares0 0


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Check out these updated savings strategies for school books and supplies to give your child a rich curriculum on a modest budget.
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Premium levels on certain universal life with secondary guarantee and term universal life products may be rising. An approach adopted by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners' joint working group would require insurance companies to adjust asset reserve levels associated with these universal life insurance products, and any increases in the requisite reserves would likely result in a corresponding rise in premium levels. Increased premium levels may make these life insurance products much less appealing to your clients.
At issue is the methodology used by insurance companies for applying Actuarial Guideline 38 (AG 38) to these products. When looser guidelines are adopted, reserve levels may be lower than those actually required. The approach designed by the NAIC is widely supported by insurance companies for the certainty it can provide in determining reserve levels, despite the potential increase in premium levels.
A Bifurcated Approach
The NAIC's initial framework adopts a bifurcated approach, so that policies written before a certain date would be evaluated differently than those policies written after that date. So-called "old business" policies would be evaluated on a stand-alone basis using asset adequacy analysis that would incorporate "moderately adverse scenarios." If the policy reserves are determined to be adequate based on this evaluation, no adjustment to the reserve levels would be required. However, it is likely that some adjustments will be required.
Prospective business policies–those written after the effective date of Principle Based Reserving–would be evaluated according to PBR methodologies designed to take into account those modern financial products that have been developed recently, or that may be developed in the future. PBR is meant to represent a less formulaic approach to determining required reserve levels and, as such, is supported by many insurance companies. PBR would also provide more detailed guidance on the application of methods for calculating reserves associated with newly developed life insurance products so that insurance companies can more accurately determine required reserve levels.
Because PBR is not yet effective, and is not expected to be implemented until 2015, there is time for insurance providers to develop methods for increasing reserve levels where necessary.
Leveling the Playing Field
The controversy concerning the issue of reserve level requirements came about due to the belief by some companies that their competitors were underwriting these universal life products using actuarial guidelines that are looser than those required. A universal approach to determining reserve levels would create a measure of equality among these companies to ensure they are on the same playing field. It was claimed that some companies were using higher premiums to produce reserves, which often resulted in under-reserving for universal life products.
The initial framework will be sent to the Life Insurance and Annuities Committee and the Financial Condition committees for further review next month.
While the new approach to applying AG 38 to certain life insurance products may cause an increase in premiums, it may make evaluating these products significantly easier. The new methodologies would clarify what is required of life insurance companies that sell these products, and would apply a universal standard that could make comparisons between products much more relevant. Even so, it is unlikely that many clients will welcome the increases in premiums that could accompany this benefit.


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Greetings HSG Readers!
As I type this we're still in June. Of course the post will be live the end of July, maybe by then I'll be a bit perkier.
In childhood, summertime is filled with the month's each kid dreams about. From lounging around the house, sleeping in, library reading programs, vacation bible school, summer camp, and also those outdoor activities I can't remember a summer I wasn't ready to dive in to.
At least until adulthood came. I don't get three months off work any more. In retrospect, this makes me wonder if I should have been a teacher.
Now the summers are filled with being stuck indoors, slaving in front of the computer, and I'll admit the whole thing has turned me a little blue.
To perk things up, I'm creating the ultimate summer playlist. This is a list of the oldies, the newbies, and those unforgettable songs you grew up jamming out to during the summer.
So far, I've come up with a few that get me excited. Like, John Fogerty's Centerfield, it's the perfect summer anthem to the All-American sport, baseball.
Bryan Adam's has his own summer ballad, Summer of '69, that reminds me of youthful exploits.
And of course, the musical lover that I am, can never ever leave out Grease. Summer Lovin' is the epitome of the high school experience. Those meet ups with someone new over the summer only to cut things short and return to regular life come the fall.
What am I missing? I know there's some new stuff, like Will Smith's Miami or LFO's Summer Girls. Tell me your favorite summer-themed music and help me cure these blues.
About Landra Graf
Landra Graf consumes at least one book a day and has always been a sucker for stories where true love conquers all. She believes in the power of the written word, and the joy such words can bring. In between spending time with her family and having book adventures, she writes romance with the goal of giving everyone, fictional or not, their own happily ever after.


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Cloud Formation In Space Dynamic Theme
Dynamic Theme
Cloud Formation In Space Dynamic Theme
Customize your PS4™ system with this cool theme. This theme allows you to change up the look of your background and PlayStation® Dynamic Menu. Download today!
To apply the downloaded theme:
1. Select Settings from the function screen.
2. Select the Theme Settings option to display a list of themes.
3. Scroll to the desired theme, and then press the X button once to select and again to apply.
Software subject to license (us.playstation.com/softwarelicense). Online features require an account and are subject to terms of service and applicable privacy policy (playstationnetwork.com/terms-of-service & playstationnetwork.com/privacy-policy). One-time license fee for play on account's designated primary PS4™ system and other PS4™ systems when signed in with that account.
© Warlock


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World War II
Sintesi dell'editore
World War II redrew the map of the world. No longer would Europe be the center of power. As the continent exhausted itself in yet another war, two new nations with conflicting ideologies were rising to prominence: the United States of America and the Soviet Union. Both nations would eventually fight on the same side in World War II, but they would not emerge as partners.
What was the ultimate cost of World War II? For the Axis nations, it was defeat, humiliation, and economic ruin; for the Allies, the price was more subtle. They had instituted economic and social policies to pursue the war, many of which struck to the very heart of liberty. And soon, hostility between two of the Allied powers, America and the Soviet Union, would blossom into the Cold War.
The United States at War series is a collection of presentations that review the political, economic, and social tensions that have erupted in military conflict and examine how the conflict resolved, or failed to resolve, those tensions.
Altri titoli dello stesso
Cosa pensano gli ascoltatori di World War II
- Alan
- 21/06/2014
Very disappointed
There are so many bad points, where to begin ....
This is a five hour audiobook but way too much time is spent on WWI (over 1 hour)
Generals like Omar Bradley, Douglas MacArthur, and Sir Bernard Law Montgomery are hardly even mentioned
Many instances of historically incorrect information.
Many battles ( Market Garden, Kursk, Monte Casino and alot more ) aren't mentioned
Need I saw more?
I bought this audiobook mostly because of George C. Scott however, the performance was dry and fast paced making the audiobook very boring to listen to.
There are many books out there on WWII far better then this one.
Do yourself a favor and check them out before buying this one
2 people found this helpful


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Applying for your first ever craft show? We've got some important tips to help make your experience fun and successful, plus advice from seasoned craft show vendors and a free printable checklist of must-have items you should have with you.
Choose your show:
When I first started my business, Camp Smartypants, I applied to as many craft shows as possible. Some shows I was busy with customers and other shows I sat in an empty room with no one but other vendors. I recommend doing a bit of research about the event before applying for any show. Find out how many years the event has been running and what ways they promote the show. How many shoppers do they expect to attend? Is it indoor or outdoor? If they don't seem to have much of a promotion plan, I'd say look for a better show. Without proper promotion, potential shoppers won't know about the event and you'll be sitting in your booth by yourself, bored all day. If you are looking for way to promote your products you may want to visit somewhere like Promotion Choice to find ways to build awareness for your business.
It's also a good idea to find out who the show's past vendors are. Take a look at the event website and browse through their photo galleries (if they have them). Would your products fit in with the other types of vendors? It's also great to see how people have set-up their booth displays for that particular show as well.
Once you have chosen a craft show, now is the time to start working on your online presence. For example, if you do not already have a website in place, then building one can be an asset to your business. If you already have a website, you might also want to consider giving your site an update to make sure that any craft show attendees can discover more about you and your products before, during, and after the event. One bonus tip, when designing your website, make sure that you use a reputable website hosting provider. Not sure where to begin? The makeawebsitehub review website is a useful resource. Above all, a reliable web host can make sure that your website stays live and loads quickly. Competition online can be fierce and no one wants to be held back by a faulty website.
Applying for your first craft show:
Depending on what type of event you are applying too, you'll need to fill out a detailed application. Make sure you follow their application instructions exactly and provide clear photographs to your work and a link to your website or Etsy shop. Some shows may even ask for a photograph of what your booth will look like so if this is your first craft fair, don't wait until the last minute to apply as you may have to set up a mock booth to photograph for your application. Also be sure to read the F.A.Q. page on the event's website. They will often explain further how to submit a good application.
Note: Some shows, like Crafty Wonderland here in Portland or Urban Craft Uprising in Seattle, are fairly competitive to get into, so don't get discouraged if you aren't accepted the first time you apply. Instead review your application and look at how you can improve it for the next time you apply and yes, you should definitely apply again!
Our first craft show was in Missoula, MT called the Missoula MADE fair. We were living in Spokane at the time, so it was the closest one to us. It was summer and held in an outdoor park downtown and it was very memorable! The day started out sunny and beautiful, but they're known for quick sudden thunder storms to roll in. The wind picked up and it started hailing and raining for about the last hour of the show. People were packing up and leaving. We had lots of prints, cards, some tea towels and pillows, but were lucky enough to be towards the center area of the covered canopy they had, so our things didn't get too wet, but still, it was pretty crazy. – Year Round Co.
How Much Product Should I Make?
As much as you possibly can. Bring everything you have, even if you don't think you'll sell all of it. You want your booth to look nice and full. You don't want a big table with only a few items on it. I've always gone by the rule, the more you make, the more you'll sell.
Designing Your Booth:
I always set up my entire booth at home before the show. That way I know exactly how things will be set up and I can take my time figuring out the best display for my products. Use a tape measure to mark off the exact dimensions of your booth space in your living room and start setting things up. Experiment with different arrangements of your products to find the most appealing setup. It's good to display product at different levels so that the customer's eye has multiple places to look when visiting your booth.
Our current display is made up of pallet wood that Scott put together and painted. Our display has to be durable enough to be taken apart multiple times a year while also fitting into our car and, of coarse, look good and able to hold all the product we carry, so a lot of thought went into the design and how it would break down. We seem to constantly be evolving how it looks or how our new products fit into it too. –Year Round Co.
• Table. Consider the size of your allotted booth space. Your booth display should fill your entire space. You don't want a table that's too big or too small.
• Tablecloth. When choosing a tablecloth (I like using a twin size flat sheet), consider the color and look of your products. You want a tablecloth color that will compliment your handmade goods and make them stand out. Usually neutral colors work best (unless your products are the same color). Avoid using patterned fabric for your tablecloth as this can potentially distract the viewer and make your booth look too busy.
• Banner. Make some sort of sign or banner with your shop name on it. I made my sign by hand-painting my shop logo onto canvas and sewing it into a banner I can hang in front of my table. You might want to get a roller banner for your business today as a professional solution to advertising your operation wherever you want to promote yourself.
• Signage. All your products need to be clearly marked with a price. Consider making small signs or tags to attach to each item.
• Display Items. This is where you really have to be creative. Choose display items that are lightweight and easy to set up. You don't have to break the bank; great places to find baskets, frames, containers, etc. are local thrift and vintage stores. Don't be afraid to give an old crate or shelf a DIY facelift with a little cleaning or new paint job. You can also look at IKEA or a display fixture store in your area (like Portland Store Fixtures here in Portland, Oregon.) Lastly, when designing your booth, you can't depend on having a wall behind you. Everything in your display needs to be free-standing.
I use wood crates, old tackle boxes and vintage glass collected from thrift stores to display my handmade jewelry and art. Some things I make sure to have with me at every craft show are: a lint roller, paper towels, coffee, and a mirror for customers to use when trying on my jewelry. –A Tea Leaf
The Day of the Show:
I like to arrive to any craft show 1-2 hours before the doors open. I don't want to feel stressed or rushed about setting up plus I like to give myself time to run to the bathroom, grab a cup of coffee/tea, and get settled into my booth before the doors open.
It's also a good idea to ask a friend or family member to help you load in and out for your event. Remember that you have to load your entire booth into the show space and you may have to carry things quite a distance. (If you have a hand truck or rolling cart, bring it).
In addition to bringing my entire booth display and all my products, I always bring the following items to any craft fair. It's better to 'be prepared' than be freaking out about forgetting something or something going wrong. This checklist will help you have a stress-free, successful show! You can download it here and use it for your first show!
CRAFT SHOW CHECKLIST: (Free Printable)
– A chair. If it can fit behind your booth, you're going to want it.
– Water bottle and food. You most likely will not be able to leave your booth during the event. Depending on how long the event lasts bring plenty of snacks or lunch so you don't get hungry/cranky.
– Emergency tool kit: Pens, pencils, tape, hammer, pliers, box cutter, scissors, safety pins, tacks, twine, zip ties, extra price tags/stickers, band-aids, tampons, Ibuprofen, hand wipes, napkins.
– Change, cash box and calculator. make sure you have plenty of change (mainly $1 and $5). I usually get $100 in change for a show and that's been plenty for me. I keep all my change in a metal cash box behind my booth. You could also wear an apron or fanny pack to keep all your change in.
– Square App. an essential tool for any craft show. The Square App allows you to take credit cards on your smartphone or tablet. You can order the Square Reader for free here. Before the show starts, set up your free account and do a test transaction (I usually charge $1) to make sure it's ready and working. Make sure your device is fully charged and don't use up your battery power on facebook or instagram during the event. Or, if you've made it an essential part of your business by managing to get instagram followers interested in the days you're out at fairs like this, make sure to bring some portable battery packs to help in case your battery runs low. Also- ask the event coordinator if they have wifi access for vendors.
– A notebook and pen to track sales. It's good practice to write down every sale. That way you can review what items sold the best and how much money you made at the end of the day.
– Business cards. Business cards a SUPER important to have at a craft show. I order mine from Got Print. You can also look for local printers in your area. Make sure your business card includes your name, your shop name, your email and website/etsy shop. This way customers who aren't looking to buy something the day of the show can find you again.
– Mailing list sign up sheet. So you can stay in touch with your customers.
– Tools of your craft. Especially good for last minute repairs. If show traffic is slowing down, I'll usually get out my supplies for making my products and get to work. Customers love seeing you in action! It could spark conversation and questions about you and your work. Just make sure it's something you can put down easily so you can continue to interact with customers and make sales.
– Packaging materials. You'll need to bag or box up your product when someone makes a purchase. Make sure you have enough bags, tissue, etc. to properly package sold goods for customers.
– Wear comfortable shoes and layers. Keep in mind that you'll most likely be on your feet most of the time so comfortable shoes are important. Also, you never know what the temperature of the room will be (or what the weather will be if you're event is outdoors) so it's best to have a few layers of clothing you can take on/off.
We keep a small box that holds all the nuts/bolts/screws we need, plus a screw driver, extra hooks, and tape. We always keep pens, lots of business cards, and sometimes even our wholesale info on hand too, you never know if a potential store owner will be stopping by. Snacks and water are never forgotten either! – Year Round Co.
• Show Etiquette. Tearing down your booth and/or loading out before the show ends is extremely bad show etiquette and disrupts the flow of any show. Even if you sold out of all your products, don't tear down your booth (unless you have special permission from the event coordinator). If you tear down early, a lot of shows will put you on their 'naughty' list and won't invite you back to do the show again. Also, be sure to leave your space as you found it and throw away any garbage.
• Exposure and feedback. Don't be too upset if you don't sell out or make a ton of money at your first show. Many of the shows I first attended I didn't make much more than the cost of the booth fee. Exposure of you and your work and customer feedback are the best things you can gain at your first show. This is your chance to test out your products, interact with customers and receive instant feedback on your work. As a rule, if I at least make my booth fee back, I consider it a success.
• Outdoor shows. If you are planning to attend an outdoor show, I recommend using a pop-up canopy. They are quite an investment to buy, so ask the show coordinator of there's someone you can borrow or share a canopy with. Also remember to prepare you booth for inclimate weather. You don't want anything to fall or collapse due to a gust of wind and you don't want your product to be ruined by rain or fade in the sunshine. Also- sunscreen and bug repellent are important.
• Network! A craft show is the perfect opportunity for you to meet other like-minded people! Talk to the other vendors. Tell them it's your first show and don't be afraid to ask them questions. I've made many new friends this way and it's great to offer each other advice and support.
• Opportunities. Local shop owners might be attending the event on the look out for new handmade products for their shop! I've received many consignment opportunities with stores that first saw my work at a craft show.
ADDITIONAL RESOURCE: The Ultimate Craft Show Preparation Link List by Handmadeology


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Luann Pendy, Ph.D., is Senior Vice President, Chief Quality and Regulatory Affairs Officer at Medtronic. In this role, Luann oversees all global quality and regulatory affairs operations for the company and is a member of the Medtronic executive committee.
She partners with the business groups and global regions to assure end-to-end quality, reliability and regulatory compliance, from development through manufacturing, distribution and end-customer use. She is responsible for driving the strategic direction for the quality and regulatory affairs programs through the implementation of policy and standards across Medtronic. She joined Medtronic in 2008 as the vice president of Corporate Quality.
In 2015, she was named by the National Diversity Council as one of the Top 50 Most Powerful Women in Technology, which is a definitive list of female executives, influencers and achievers impacting the technology industry.
Prior to Medtronic, Luann served as corporate vice president of Global Quality and Regulatory Affairs at Hospira. In that role, she led worldwide quality and regulatory affairs for the design and manufacturing of medical devices and pharmaceuticals. Previously, Luann spent 17 years at Abbott Laboratories, where she held several leadership roles in technical product development and quality for the diagnostics, devices and pharmaceutical business divisions.
Luann is the executive sponsor of the Medtronic Women's Network hub in Minnesota. She is a member of the Leadership Council on Advancing Women, The Conference Board. She also serves on the Science Museum of Minnesota's Board of Trustees.
Luann received her Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Michigan and her Doctorate of Philosophy in Immunology from Rush University in Chicago.
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|Philosophy & Goals
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U.S. drone strike policies undermine the nation's foreign policy objectives and have resulted in the loss of hundreds of innocent civilian lives, according to a report by CFR Douglas Dillon Fellow Micah Zenko from the Center for Preventive Action. Zenko calls for greater oversight of U.S. drone strikes from the Obama administration, Congress, and the international community.
Zenko asserts that despite the United States' deep reliance on drones—they are responsible for over 95 percent of the more than four hundred nonbattlefield targeted killings—U.S. drone policies may be creating a "blowback" effect by radicalizing local populations and increasing the number of terrorists. Zenko notes that al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula's (AQAP) following in Yemen grew from "several hundred al-Qaeda members" in 2010 to "a few thousand members" by July 2012, according to the Obama administration. While it is always difficult to determine motivations for insurgencies and terrorist organizations, Zenko notes that "there appears to be a strong correlation in Yemen between increased targeted killings since December 2009 and heightened anger toward the United States and sympathy with or allegiance to AQAP."
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He adds that U.S. drone policies also undermine the nation's core interests by spurring proliferation. "At least a dozen other states and nonstate actors could possess armed drones within the next ten years and leverage the technology in unforeseen and harmful ways."
Zenko also asserts that U.S. drone policies run the risk of sharing the "fate of Bush-era enhanced interrogation techniques and warrantless wiretapping. . . . Between February and June 2012, [American popular] support for drone strikes against suspected terrorists fell from 83 percent to 62 percent—which represents less support than enhanced interrogation techniques maintained in the mid-2000s."
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- End so-called signature strikes, which target unidentified militants based on their behavior patterns and personal networks.
- Improve its oversight of drone strikes and to continue restrictions on armed drone sales.
- Work internationally to establish rules and norms governing the use of drones.
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Wednesday, December 27, 2006
Where MY Wild Things Are
3 comments:
- Denise said...
I received your email about the code/graphic for crazy hip blog mamas. I tried to respond, but my emails are returned. Do you have an alternate email?
- Thu Dec 28, 03:11:00 PM
- wendy boucher said...
My daughter would risk jail time to steal that SpongeBob lamp.
- Thu Dec 28, 03:21:00 PM
- Gidge said...
I had this cute as can be John Lennon Nursery lamp with all the little animals (which went with the dresser) on it that the little beasts promptly BROKE when we moved them into their own room.
So now, Spongebob Lamp.
14.99 - or thereabouts.
- Thu Dec 28, 03:25:00 PM


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NCR Computers of the 20th Century
Operating Systems
One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
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Topic: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind. (Read 29793 times)
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
June 25, 2011, 02:59:18 pm »
Hi! All,
I am going to remember the story of the TOX development project as follows:
1. The B1 executive had begun to emerge through the list edited by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1969;
1.1 A base world under the boundary address '0E00Hex'.
1.2 Another extended world above the software overlay area 'PSOA, SSOA, TSOA and QSOA'.
1.3 Studying volume documents of the Century software functional specification.
2. Case studies of the overhead of the task switching by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1970;
2.1 The B2 executive performance estimation through the object procedure in a base world.
2.2 The heavy load to save and restore the contents of 63 index registers to the task table.
2.3 Former prototyping to eliminate too many save & restore operations on the NCR 315 RMC during mid-1960s.
3. RSX-200 executive programmed by Mr. Hiromichi Ishikawa to implement an idea of Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1970;
3.1 Eliminating the necessity to copy 63 index registers by applying special registers that are BAR/LAR.
3.2 Allocating the partitioned individual memory to each task like the B3 executive handling.
3.3 Communicating between the different thread.
3.4 Dispatching without the task management under different transactions through ordering prioritized queue.
4. RSX-300 executive designed by Mr. Hiromichi Ishikawa and Mr. Kazunobu Nezaki and the theory of Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1971;
4.1 The interface architecture between tasks.
4.2 The B1 executive interface emulation for the batch type application programs.
4.3 Extending the function of RSX-300 to the RSX-350 executive.
4.4 Rename RSX-350 to TOX executive.
I will be back soon,
Best regards,
Last Edit: July 16, 2011, 03:03:38 pm by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilcy
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #1 on:
June 27, 2011, 05:17:10 pm »
1. The B1 executive had begun to emerge through the list edited by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1969;
1.1 A base world under the boundary address '0E00Hex'.
It was very busy days in 1969.
I had started my job at NCR Japan in April 1st, 1969. All fresh persons tried to check whether their understanding was right or not,
through compiling their programs on the NCR Century 100 computer with dual spindles of C-655 Disk unit and an integrated printer
of C-640-102. As all programs written by the NEAT/3 level-1 language were allocated from the address '0E00Hex', I had a curiosity
what software was resident there. One day, a hand-made paper that described the machine command binaries and the level-2
mnemonic instructions line by line was distributed to all of staffs in the division of Sales Support. This paper was prepared by
Mr. Ikuo Akiyama. The paper introduced and analyzed miracle algorisms of the B1 executive. It's a right paper for us to ensure the
successful big-burn installations of the NCR Century computer for customers in 1970. Because we the system analyst had to support
the trouble shooting at the site of installation. There was no time need for his paper to be recognized as our bible. The B1 executive
configured many valuable functionalities made by the table-driven architecture to issue versatile handling for the application program.
I had studied the concept of the architecture engineering. I appreciate the project member of the B-series executive development.
Some day, I would like to meet them in Dayton OH for sharing our NCR software era.
I heard that NCR Japan put the requirement that has kept the availability for user programs to use 32 index registers of NCR 315.
Thus the NCR Century computer had been designed to give us 31 index registers for the table-driven operating software and provide
32 index registers for user application programs, even though almost computers of other venders like IBM and mosquitoes provided
less numbers of index registers. Generally, the more index registers for programs used to be the less performance to handle the task
management in the real-time systems computer, although the application programmer can implement the efficient procedure of programs.
Concerning the above merits and demerits of index registers, the TOX idea had been incubated by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama, I suppose.
Best regards,
Last Edit: July 04, 2011, 04:11:41 pm by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilcy
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #2 on:
June 29, 2011, 05:18:31 pm »
1. The B1 executive had begun to emerge through the list edited by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1969;
1.2 Another extended world above the software overlay area 'PSOA, SSOA, TSOA and QSOA'.
There were so many software overlay subroutines that provided us, fresh persons, challenging similar to the adventure by
Huckleberry Finn written by Mark Twain. Firstly, I remember the COT boot to initiate to load the DISK boot from the system disk.
The COT boot was edited by machine commands into the hollerith card with 80 columns, as follows:
1) Branch to $01
2)$01 Initialize the control word of the system disk unit with pointing an appropriate buffer address, like 2200Hex to 2400Hex.
3)$02 Issue the INOUT command.
4)$03 Checking the S2 status reply from the common trunk.
5)$04 If the replied status indicates 'Ready to I/O, 40Hex', branch to $05 to wait for any S3 replies.
If the replied status indicates 'Busy to I/O, 80Hex' or else, issue the WAITI command with displaying
the status to the system console and branch to $02 for retry through pressing the COMPUTE button.
6)$05 Checking the arrival of any S3/S4 status from the disk controller.
7) If the S3 status indicates 'Complete I/O, 00Hex', branch to the entry address of the DISK boot.
Else, branch to $04.
The DISK boot was programmed for initialization of the B1 executive after checking any memory failure of the main memory.
Continuously, the DISK boot used to read a next card or tape for getting the DATE $spec command. If the command is read,
the DISK boot calls the software overlay into the PSOA (Primary Software Overlay Area) in order to check the DATE specification
and initialize the computing date, and so on. Thus, the person who understood the operating mechanism of the software overlay
could predominate the NCR Century operating procedure. Yes, Mr. Kazunobu Nezaki, one of our fresh members had approached
to analyze the functional procedure of the software overlays by making a program to describe the NEAT/3 level-II mnemonic
instructions of the software overlay through the reverse-engineering method. I heard that he had found the calendar generator in
the specific software overlay he told us the originated year to calculate and the '2000 years' problem in the end of 1999.
He had contributed to advance our skills to analyze the trouble of the NCR Century computer. Then, he had enhanced this program
to describe the flowchart of the software overlay similar to the NCR Flow-Write function. These trials by himself caused him to be
invited to the team to develop the TOX, I suppose.
Through these research experiences to analyze the software overlay mechanism, he had designed almost system tasks of the TOX
in 1971, to build up the base line to feature the B4-like JCL based flexible operation in future around 1974. The key words of his
success were 'Compatibility' and 'Emulation', I suppose.
Best regards,
Last Edit: July 03, 2011, 02:47:51 pm by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilcy
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #3 on:
July 01, 2011, 02:50:03 pm »
1. The B1 executive had begun to emerge through the list edited by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1969;
1.3 Studying volume documents of the Century software functional specification.
I had gotten the culture shock to operate the NCR Century computer comparing with the Fujitsu FACOM computer
that was the second generation architecture in mid 1960s. The 1st reason why I was surprised was to operate the
versatile operating functionality on the NCR third generation computer, the Century. The 2nd reason was the volume
documents of the software functional specification comparing with the NEAT/3 reference manual. The 3rd reason was
that almost system engineers were very quiet in the office, although they were very good speaker for the customer.
Because they had to read the volume documents of the just released B-series software to be installed or updated.
As the fresh software analyst, firstly I had a curiosity of the file handling of the NCR Century operating systems.
Through the compiling list, I found the IOSET '20Hex' command which specified the file as the NEAT/3 level-2 instruction
in the inline coding of the OPEN instruction. After tracing the B1 executive through the software interrupt, I noticed that
the IOSET command routine allocated the appropriate index register (might be X615F ?) to the memory address of the file.
Then, as I found the existence of the file table around the B1 executive resident algorism, I had started to check the
volume documents of the Century software functional specification. Yes, there were many keywords and figures regarding
to the file management subsystem, like the file table, the buffer table, the extremity table, the verify-1 routine and the
verify-2 routine, etc. Again, I tracked the ISR of the B1 executive to the class-1 subroutine through the verify-1 entry of
the file table and follow the verify-1 processing into the verify-2 entry. Finally the verify-2 processing called the software
overlay algorism. I had gotten the help by the structure chart to describe the relation between software overlay modules.
The structure chart description had been very convenient and helpful to trace the linkage. Recently I heard that the
structure chart technology had been imported into the software design when the software development team in the IBM
System/360 wished to resolve the trouble of the complex software modularity.
And also the NCR microfiche filing and scanning system was very useful for me to read the software volume documents
in the microfiche rapidly like the internet exploring tools. We the fresh persons in the division of Sales Support, NCR Japan,
were trying to select the gear position with stepping on the accelerator like car racing, in order to satisfy our curious target
of the NCR Century operating system in 1969-1970.
Best regards,
Last Edit: July 03, 2011, 02:56:31 pm by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilcy
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
Herb Fish
Posts: 32
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #4 on:
July 01, 2011, 10:34:49 pm »
Your memory is outstanding Katsuhiko. Reading your history narative brings back a flood of memories for me.
I was hired in 1964 and spent the '60s as a hardware serviceman for the 315. Then, in February of 1970 I accepted a position in Systems Services in Dayton to support the B3 Executive. At that time I had NO Century training whatsoever, not in hardware or software. So like you, I was "fresh." I spent the first few months reading the same documentation that you described, spent a whole LOT of time in the computer room observing first hand what I was reading, and spent many, many hours in question and answer sessions with my peers.
I look forward to reading the rest of your narative.
Warm regards,
Herb Fish
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #5 on:
July 02, 2011, 04:26:30 am »
Hi! Herb and All,
Good evening and good morning from Ikoma city, Nara, Japan.
I am very happy to have shared our spiritual energies to work for the NCR total systems during 1970s mainly.
Yes, we could not have a specific teacher. Because all of members in the devision had been trainees over the year old.
Only the machine and functional documents replyed to our desires and misunderstanding.
Every things of programming artifacts, troubled computers and peers' reviewing were supportable for us.
It looks like the story, 'Stand-by-Me' and the music.
Have a nice weekend,
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #6 on:
July 02, 2011, 03:05:02 pm »
2. Case studies of the overhead of the task switching by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1970;
2.1 The B2 executive performance estimation through the object procedure in a base world.
Why the B2 executive was not helpful for the transaction processing? This asking was my first theme to get the customer satisfaction.
The real problem was originated by the number of index registers and the frequent interrupt of communication texts for the terminal.
1) The number of index registers:
The NCR Century computer had 63 index registers which supported 32 index registers for the application programming and
manipulated 31 index registers for the operating software handling. If we focus to the example in other venders' computers,
the IBM System/360 had 16 index registers and the UNIVAC 1107 had only 15 index registers. I suppose that the architecture
analysts of NCR computer R&D would make the marketing strategy into the small computer business with 63 index registers.
Because the more index registers would reduce heavy push/ pop handlings to access the main memory, if the computer worked
for a single job under the B1 executive. Really, the NCR Century 100 computer had performed higher cost/ performance advantage
in the small computing market. On the other hand, the multi-programming processing of the NCR Century 200 computer looked
so power-less machine against the other vender computer around 1970.
Yes, you know that the B2 executive on the NCR Century 200 had to work 63 index register save/restore operation when the task
switching procedure had be done and the memory read/ write load might be increased in 4 times against the IBM System 360.
I suspect that all of top level management of NCR might had known this fact and of course they wished to approach the different way
from the IBM elephant strategy to the total serviceability business marketing into the small office customers. However, this decision
making caused us to be in difficult sales approaches to the larger customer office.
2) The frequent interrupt for communicating with terminals:
I remember the terminal devices strategy of NCR during late 1960s. It was completely based on the machinery unit itself, although
the control line interface was the electronics circuits, like the Tellers machine C-42 with C-428 terminal interface unit and C-438
controller. These are similar architectures to the console unit of the NCR Century 100/200 that was the ASR-33-like terminal imported
from the Teletype Corp. As these terminal used to have a small sized buffer for communicating with the host computer, the host computer
had to accept the frequent interrupt that caused the host to handle the heavy load of processing with terminals. However, NCR R&D
had released several vocational terminals during 1970-1972. For example, the NCR C-280 was for the retail market and the NCR C-270
was for the financial market. In April 1972, I had gotten a nice chance to use the early production model of C-270 instead of C-42 tellers
machine. The C-270 tellers terminal was an intelligent micro-computer based unit that included the programmable firmware. As this early
production model has been very sensitive to heat in the running condition, I assume that the micro-computer would be Intel 4004 micro
controller. Because the Intel had just released the 4004 chip in late 1971 and it was very difficult to manage the heat-sink on the PCB.
The strong reason is that, through NCR E&M Oiso, NCR Dayton had contracted with the Busi-Com Japan that had invented and developed
the micro computer 4004 family with the Intel during late 1960s. To tell the truth, I am not sure which organization has supplied for
C-270, the Intel or the NCR micro-electronics division in Miamisburg.
Well, on the view of the designer of the OCD (Online Communication Driver) software, the frequent interrupt for the OCD used to make
heavy load to save / unsave the associated index registers, approximately 40 % CPU utilizing during the peak time in the online job of
NCR Century 200 computer. Because the OCD verify routine was located as one of the verify-1 software.
Thus, the B2 executive based system would not be convenient for the transaction processing that needs to configure multi-data segments in
the both texts of incoming and outgoing, you could imagine so easily.
Best regards,
Last Edit: July 12, 2011, 02:47:38 pm by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilcy
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
Herb Fish
Posts: 32
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #7 on:
July 06, 2011, 05:35:24 am »
Good evening and good morning to you Katsuhiko from the wine country of northern California.
How right you are! In 1972 I was sent to the United Bank of Denver to perform a Dynaprobe study of their large B2 on-line partition running under B3 on a Century 200. The processor seemed to be maxed out and the customer demanded answers as to why. The objective was to determine the efficiency of their big teller application, the B2 executive, and the B3 operating system while under a heavy transaction load.
I connected the Dynaprobe to the L (memory address) registers and recorded their addresses over several days. And guess what, the heaviest usage of computer time by far was the B2 OCD! Needless to say Dayton R&D was shocked upon reading my analysis report. There was no denying the hard evidence that I presented, and the B2 developers instigated a major tuning effort for the OCD.
Keep up the good work,
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #8 on:
July 06, 2011, 09:51:24 am »
Dear sir, Herb,
Good evening to you.
Let me take a short break into the OCD concerning.
As you had done through the Dynaprobe tester, we the software architects and sytem analysts had mesured the performance of
the NCR Century 200, 300 and 350 in Japan, too. It was the best method to analyze the procedure timing between each software,
like the logic analyzer for the digital circuit or the spectrum analyzer for the analog cirduit.
In mid 1970, I had started to modify the original OCD by Hilcy (I am not sure whether his name is correct or not, I am very sorry.
Because I respect his design theory), in order to expand the OCD availability to another OEM terminals in Japan, coached by
Mr. Naohisa Taga who had been a member of the COFS-I (Century On-line Financial System) project of Mr. David Chen in Dayton OH,
during late 1960s. I could include the Hilcy OCDWM42 source code by specifying the USEIF conditional SPUR instruction card for the
NEAT/3 compiler. This OCD had been designed by the Table-driven method with the linkage architecture like the menu of the C-270
operational windows. I suspect that this architecture would be very convenient for the tiny NCR Century 100 computer with 32 Kbytes
memory system controlled by the S2 executive, reduced version of the B2. Because the COFS-I project was to target for the user of
NCR Century 100 system with the C-621-101 multiplexer unit.
His design was based on the structure of configuring the state transferring table to store the terminal operational mode and managed
the inter-mode handling like transferring from the input accept mode to the acknowledge send mode, and so on. Each mode-based module
was independent of other modules. It was a nice way to be easy to maintain the modular software to expand the functionality of the OCD.
However, I suppose, as his design was prior to the higher commonality of modules with dividing into the primitive function, the rate to go
through the table handler module bacame to increase and the table handler mudule consumed the CPU power too much.
Thus, the enhanced version of the OCD had been released in early 1972, as the OCD for C-270 terminal which had not included any table-
driven mudules. I impressed to be easy to read and understand the OCD program procedure. I found this enhanced OCD at the NCR Dayton
sales branch office in April 1972, when I visited firstly Dayton with our leader, Mr. Jimmy Hagishima, in order to introduce the availability of
the C-270 tellers terminal to Japanese major city banking customer. I was very surprised of the Building 10 of NCR WHQ with the vintage
elevators and the mechanical production lines of the factory connected by the tunnels pipe between buildings of the WHQ. The scale of
the property of NCR WHQ was quite different from the small factory of E&M Oiso Japan, although every things had been gone.
Best regards,
Last Edit: July 06, 2011, 09:55:39 am by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilcy
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
Herb Fish
Posts: 32
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #9 on:
July 06, 2011, 11:40:17 pm »
Greetings Katsuhiko,
The tunnels between the buildings at the NCR factory complex were truly amazing. In the mid-sixties I received 340 printer training in the basement of building 26 at the corner of Patterson and K street. At the time I rented an apartment off Brown Street not far from the NCR Credit Union. It was winter and bitter cold outside. I would enter the building across the street from the Credit Union and take the tunnels all the way across the complex coming out at building 26, staying nice and warm for the whole trip. These two buildings were diagonally opposite from each other and as far as you could go and still be on NCR property. It was always an adventure to make that trip each morning and then return each evening. We would also take the tunnels to the auditorium of building 10 to watch 45 minutes of a movie during our lunch hour every day. A whistle would blow and the screen would go black telling us it was time to go back to work. Fond memories.
I also had the opportunity to work with David Chen. He was one very smart person and exciting to be around. While working at the Los Angeles Sales Office in 1976 we wrote a food accounting system for a restaurant chain called Hamburger Hamlets. It was written in IMOS Cobol and ran on an NCR-8200. David wrote an on-line program that ran on the 8200 to poll the Class 250 ECRs used at the restaurants. Our applications then processed the polled data telling the customer what was sold and what ingredients needed to be ordered for each restaurant. I remember the 250 data was encoded in what David called Ass Backwards Binary. The bits in each bite were reversed and we had to write a front-end decode routine to translate the ass backwards binary data into standard binary data. As I said, working with David was a pleasure that Ill never forget.
Best regards,
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #10 on:
July 08, 2011, 03:38:05 am »
Dear my elder engineer, Herb,
Good evening to you.
When I had been there in 1972, I remember your mentioned apartment house. It was the third floored building near the building 23 that was a factory for the financial terminal product lines, I suspect. Because the apartment was a modern house with a wall painted by very beautiful white color. My friend who was a representative of the liaison office for NCR Japan had been living there. I was very surprised of the light blue sky during our short dinner party at the rooftop of the apartment. Because the sunset time is around 7PM in April, Japan. we the project member were staying in the motel Capri (now, Budget Inn) near the Hills and Dales shopping store in which there had been the financial terminal project at the B1 floor. I used to walk along the South Dixie Drive and find rabbits there during my walk to the Dayton sales branch office (now, Humana) through the Kettering Boulevard. The problem was a shop of Kentucky fried chicken. Because I became not to be good at the smell after eating at noons and evenings during several weeks when I developed our demonstration program for Century 200 and C-270 transaction procedure, even though I had liked very much Kentucky fried chicken in Tokyo. Hi, hi!) Now, I like it again. During my walk, I found a number plate of car that was 'W8HHX', it means Ham Radio Call sign, as a scrap at the corner Used-car shop in the intersection of the Hills and Dales. I am keeping the plate now in my ham hobby room. It's my core memory in 1972.
I will be back soon to the TOX story again,
Best regards,
Last Edit: July 08, 2011, 11:48:52 am by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilcy
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #11 on:
July 12, 2011, 12:45:49 am »
2. Case studies of the overhead of the task switching by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1970;
2.2 The heavy load to save and restore the contents of 63 index registers to the task table.
In the NCR Century 200 computer, the data bus was 16 bits wide. Each interrupt would cause the verify-1 routine to save and restore the
32 index registers associated to the ISR routine basically for 2 x (31 x 2 x 760 nanoseconds) time consumption which is equal to the load of
95 microseconds. If the verify-1 routine executes 1 K steps for checking the result of I/O, the verify-1 routine would consume 300 x 2
microseconds for each interrupt which means the load of 600 microseconds approximately.
Well, through my NCR experience to plan, will you please lets try to estimate the load of the typical transaction processing in the NCR
Century 200 computer?
1) Premise
a. The application is a banking online system in which the NCR Century 200 computer serves the transaction processing for
the saving account services.
b. The host computer has several NCR Class 655 twin spindle disk units, several NCR Class 635 magnetic tape units and NCR
Class 621-103 communication multiplexer unit which includes many NCR Class 692-200 asynchronous communication adapters in
the auxiliary bays.
c. The branch offices are configured by NCR Class 42 teller machines through the NCR Class 428 terminal adapter and the NCR
Class 438 terminal controller which is connected by the asynchronous communication line with two wires of the 1200 bps
transfer rate by the polling and selecting communication protocol.
d. The incoming transaction includes two segments and each incoming segments are served by four interrupt service handlings
through the BCT (Between Command Testing) feature in the central processor unit.
e. The outgoing transaction includes four segments and each outgoing segments are served by five interrupt service handlings.
f. The system tasks are configured by three kinds of tasks which are the magnetic tape input task, the magnetic tape output task
and the disk I/O task.
g. The application tasks are configured by three kinds of tasks, like the normalizing task for incoming transactions, the common
application for deploying the transaction data and the account proper task for handling the requested transaction.
2) Estimation
a. The number of ISR for a transaction would be 36 issues which include 8 for incoming segments, 20 for outgoing segments,
2 for incoming logs to two magnetic tape reels, 2 for retrieving the customer information file (CIF) record, 2 for updating the
CIF record and 2 for outgoing logs to two magnetic tape reels.
b. The average ISR computing process would be 300 instruction steps in minimum with 2 microsecond execution of instruction
in average that means 600 microseconds. Each ISR procedure would call a system call macro of the B2 executive that needs
another 600 microseconds. Totally each ISR routine utilizes 1200 microseconds.
c. The load of ISR computing process for a transaction would consume 36 x 1200 microseconds in itself and needs another
36 x 95 microseconds in each handling for saving & restoring of 31 index registers. Totally the ISR computing process consumes
47 milliseconds per each transaction.
d. On the other hand, during a transaction process the number of dispatching tasks by the B2 executive would be 24 totally, like
1 for the normalizing task, 4 for the MT output tasks to log the incoming transaction, 3 for the common application task,
2 for the disk I/O task to retrieve the CIF record, 10 for the account proper task to update the CIF with logging the
completed transaction and 4 for the MT output tasks to log the outgoing transaction.
e. The task switching for a transaction process would configures the procedure to save and restore the index registers around
24 x {2 x (63 x 2 x 760)} nanoseconds and the B2 executive process with (24 x 150) instructions sequence of 2 microsecond
execution in average. Totally the load of the task switching process would be 12 milliseconds per transaction.
f. The average application computing process would be 20 K instruction steps per transaction in minimum with 2 microsecond
execution of instruction in average that means 40 milliseconds per transaction.
g. Each task would call 4 system call macros of the B2 executive that need 4 x 600 microseconds and 4 x 2 x 95 microseconds for
saving & restoring of 31 index registers. Totally the application task computing process consumes 24 x 3160 microseconds that
means 76 milliseconds per transaction.
h. Thus, the total computing process would consume (47 + 12 + 40 + 76) milliseconds that mean 175 milliseconds per transaction.
i. Then, the NCR Century 200 computer system can provide 4 transaction services per seconds under 70 percent utilizing of CPU
in maximum.
3) Analysis
Although the above estimation might not be accurate because I have considered the best case of procedure, I used to analyze
the following overhead.
a. The overhead to save and restore index registers is 16 percent in the transaction processing.
b. The overhead to segmentalize a transaction message between the host and the terminal is 20 percent in the transaction processing.
4) Approach to enhance
NCR Japan had made decision to take the way into the following approach, through tough negotiation with NCR Dayton during early
a. Eliminating the overhead to save and restore index registers in the B2 executive by developing NCR TOX (Transaction Oriented
b. Eliminating the overhead to segmentalize a transaction message in the host computer by developing NCR Class 272 tellers
terminal with NCR Class 721.
Although I was a fresh person to study the software procedure, several elder engineers seemed to be very busy to study and test
the performance of the NCR Century 200 through the benchmark on the B1 executive and the B2 executive with multi-programming.
The resposible key person of Sales Support Division in NCR Japan had been very busy to make a focast of the performance by the
TOX development and the business proposal, I suppose. I appreciate the artifact of our super boss through his trial to get a win.
Best regards,
Last Edit: July 12, 2011, 01:32:25 am by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilcy
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Jr. Member
Posts: 60
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #12 on:
September 23, 2011, 05:56:38 pm »
2. Case studies of the overhead of the task switching by Mr. Ikuo Akiyama in 1970;
2.3 Former prototyping to eliminate too many save & restore operations on the NCR 315 RMC during late 1960s.
Although I believe that Mr. Ikuo Akiyama is a right person to write this section, will you please, however, let me study his idea because
I can not confirm his original document today. Thus, remembering his lecture and suggestion for us, I would like to deduce his trial to
inspect the feasibility of ideas for improving the operational efficiency of the transaction processing on the NCR315 RMC.
Mr. Ikuo Akiyama might have been focusing the reason why the task management makes the task switching so often. I suspect that
there are several reasons, as following examples:
i. The vacancy of resources for processing income transactions (request to be received, storage for transactions, or
time to be expired).
ii. The preemption for the higher priority task during the run of a lower priority task.
I assume that he would test two features that are (1) the bundling of queues for incoming transactions and (2) the sending of job
between tasks.
a. Bundling of queues for incoming transactions.
Mr. Ikuo Akiyama might focus to the benefit to manage the redundancy of the resource Queue for the incoming transaction, as the
operating system could not manage together independent resources like the DSA (Dynamic Storage Area) or the trigger of an expired
time through separated queues. But, the old computer architecture did not accept such an idea to implement the multiple incoming
queues structure for each task. Because such ideas used to require the manipulation of many index registers and consume much
computing power.
As you know well, the VRX operating system had released the feature of the Message Control System (MCS) to build the structure of
the multi-queues on the Criterion computer system in late 1970s. The prototype of the MCS feature had been already studied by Mr.
Ikuo Akiyama on the NCR 315 RMC originally during late 1960s. Although I have no exact information regarding the conceptual trigger for
the VRX implementing the MCS, the rapid ITB (Internal Transferring Bus subsystem) architecture of Criterion would have caused the VRX
design team easily to implement an idea to bundle queues for each task processing like the TOX development team had done in early
b. Sending of job between tasks.
Generally, the program has to be based on the scenario of the general processing purpose with initiating the extremity procedure for
files to access, initializing data structures in the data section before getting any records in an input file and setting up the appropriate
information into the proper data fields in each time getting a record. On the other hand, the transaction process has to be based on the
scenario of the object oriented program that manages the life cycle of the processing independently by itself and does not require any
premises like an input data structure that the receiving program can accept.
Mr. Ikuo Akiyama might focus to the benefit to reduce any processing overheads of initialization and setup for the program. He made an
idea to implement the task interface architecture like calling interface between subroutine modules that have their own index registers
and data resources in each module. That is, the task interface has to be based on the connection of the control sequence. This idea is
quite different from the data transfer interface or the event transfer interface between tasks. When I got his presentation of this idea in
July, 1970, I was very surprised. Because I had believed that the task had to be independent from another task processing with the
closed loop algorism internally. But his idea introduced the hopping procedure between tasks and the completed reentrant coding
technology. I felt something new in the software architecture. This idea caused me to become happy to study the necessity of break-
through as an engineer.
Best regards,
Last Edit: September 23, 2011, 06:02:54 pm by n8eyh with OCD-WM42 of Hilse
Katsuhiko Hirai
Fan of the Century architecture under 63 index registers.
Posts: 7
Re: One day in the TOX project, I have been and also still I'm in mind.
Reply #13 on:
October 31, 2016, 06:32:05 pm »
At NCR in Hawthorne CA, I was responsible for providing support for the 321 communications controller in the 315 On-Line Banking Executive. Then later I designed and built the B2 operating system for the NCR Century and was also involved in hardware designs for multi-processor systems. Because of that I had several chances to interact with the NCR Japan team regarding Sumitomo Bank and especially with Akiyama-san. In some ways we were friendly rivals with his focus being on Sumitomo Bank and mine on general purpose operating system capabilities.
There is no doubt that the numerous indexing registers provided a performance challenge for any multi-tasking system. The choices wer basically to 1. save and restore all of them, 2. save and restore only some and limit applications to those. or 3. to share the registers among all tasks and require programmers to use only certain registers in certain tasks. In providing a general purpose system I chose #1 (the least performance effective). Akiyama-san with his focus on Sumitomo Bank and with a known programming staff capable of managing their register use chose #2 (and I believe some use of #3 with the registers which were not saved and restored.
With the introduction of the Centurion computers and virtual memeory this problem could be resolved by the virtual memory system since the indexing "registers" were actually in the first 256 bytes of the program memory. That allowed register switches to be performed simply by changing the first virtual memory page.
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Kanye West Dedicates Song to Kim Kardashian at Vegas Concert -- Uh-Huh Honey [VIDEO]
Kanye West Dedicates Song to Kim at Vegas Concert Uh-Huh Honey
An engagement doesn't get more official than this -- Kanye West dedicated his last song to his new fiancee Kim Kardashian during his Vegas concert on Friday ... and it was romantic as hell.
Kanye was performing at MGM at the time when he launched into his love song "Bound 2" -- but not before calling out Kim in the crowd, saying, "To my fiancee in the building tonight!" FYI, it was Kim's b-day earlier in the week and the couple celebrated together later that night.
It's a great moment ... and to make it even more perfect, the song's got some heart-melting lyrics, like, "One good girl is worth a thousand bitches" and "Maybe we could still make it to the church steps." And "I want to f*** you hard on the sink."
Okay, maybe not that last one.
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