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'The Heat' Rated R: 117 minutes
"Beverly Hills Cop." "Lethal Weapon." "48 Hours." "Tango & Cash." The buddy cop movie is a reliable mainstay of our popular culture. And the cops are pretty much always guys.
So the fact that BOTH the cops in "The Heat" are women would be reason enough to welcome it to the genre. Beyond that, though, the movie is undeniably entertaining - if quite uneven, and sometimes truly over-the-top.
The good stuff comes from the obvious chemistry between Sandra Bullock and Melissa McCarthy. The actresses sure look like they're having a blast. And if they're faking it, well, they're doing an even more impressive job than we thought.
Of course, there's a formulaic element to "The Heat," which is directed by Paul Feig of "Bridesmaids" fame - buddy cop movies ARE based on a formula, and this film is content to stay within it.
The cops are always terrifically mismatched, usually one straight-laced, the other wild and unpredictable. They're brought together to solve a case that no one else can. They hate each other at first, but gradually, dontcha know, they learn to ... OK, we're getting ahead of ourselves.
Bullock is Sarah Ashburn, an FBI agent so compulsively dedicated to her job that she has no outside life - unless you count a cat which isn't even hers.
She has an uncanny knack for finding the drugs and guns others have missed. But then she arrogantly lords it over her less gifted colleagues - even those poor, untalented drug-sniffing dogs.
Then there's Shannon Mullins (McCarthy), who's way more anti-social than Ashburn. In fact, she's a holy terror - a crude, profane, angry creature who has no problem reducing her boss to an emasculated, quivering mass.
When we first meet her, we wonder if she's just gonna be too much to take for two hours. But once McCarthy hits her stride in an awesome bit of boss-shaming back at the precinct, she's off and running.
The two women are trying to take down a vicious drug lord in Boston, and that's all you need to know about the generic plot. The supporting cast is good but kept far from the spotlight. It would have been nice to see more of Jane Curtin, especially. The mere thought of her playing a foul-mouthed mother to McCarthy is enough to make you laugh.
And laugh you will, even if you're surprised at yourself sometimes. The funniest moments are when McCarthy's Mullins assesses her uptight partner as if she were some strange and rare animal she encountered at the zoo. Watch her react to the incomprehensible sight of Ashburn in Spanx, something she's never seen. (Does Bullock really need Spanx, though? We digress.)
At another point, Mullins visits Ashburn at home, where the FBI agent is dressed in perfectly pressed pajamas. Mullins thinks she's wearing a tux. Alas, we can't quote this or really any dialogue by screenwriter Katie Dippold - the expletives flow fast and furiously.
Then there's the dive-bar scene, where the women bond over drinking and yes, dancing. As throughout the film, both actresses are uninhibited physical comediennes here. And they do seem to be improvising much of the time.
Some moments go too far, and last too long. A diner scene where Ashburn tries to save a choking patron is agonizing, but even with mouth agape, you'll probably still laugh, and kudos to the actor playing the paramedic: Talk about making the most of a few lines.
Many buddy cop films are corny by the end. There are syrupy scenes here too, but as elsewhere in this uneven movie, the actresses are committed enough to make it work.
And Jerry Lewis, are you listening? Despite what you say, female comedy is funny. Especially with McCarthy on the screen. (Jocelyn Noveck/The Associated Press)


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From Erights
A powerbox is a component which mediates between the user and a program, interpreting the user's instructions to grant authorities to the program, and allowing the program to request authorities to be granted. It goes beyond a capability shell in that the program may request additional authorities after its initialization, via the powerbox.
CapDesk was the first program to contain a powerbox referred to as such.

subset: commoncrawl


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iPhone 5S full review
Welcome to our iPhone 5 vs iPhone 5S article, where we'll be putting two generations of Apple's flagship iPhone head-to-head. The iPhone 5s has some impressive new features, including a Touch ID fingerprint sensor, an A7 chip and an improved camera. But is it worth the upgrade? We've compared the iPhone 5's features with the new features found in the iPhone 5S, to help you decide.
Apple unveiled its iPhone 5S on 10 September, but also announced that it would be ditching the iPhone 5 in favour of a new iPhone 5C. While you can no longer buy the iPhone 5 from Apple, those of you who own the iPhone 5 might be trying to decide whether it's worth upgrading to the new iPhone 5S.
If you do decide to buy an iPhone 5s, though, you might have some difficulty getting your hands on one right away. Apple sold out of iPhone 5s units very quickly on launch day, and says that "demand for iPhone 5s has exceeded initial supply."
For advice on how to get a gold iPhone in the UK, read this article: How to get iPhone 5s in UK: 5 ways to beat the gold iPhone 5s shortage.
It seems that the iPhone 5s, and Apple's new iPhone 5c, have proved to be popular Apple launches. Opening sales smashed the iPhone 5's record of 5 million sales within the first three days, with a total of 9 million sales reported.
Read on to find out what's new in the iPhone 5S compared to the iPhone 5. Plus, you can check out our iPhone 5s review for more details.
[Read about how Apple's iPhone compares to the other phones launched at Mobile World Congress]
iPhone 5 vs iPhone 5S: design
In terms of design, the iPhone 5 and iPhone 5S look very similar. As with previous iPhone 'S' model launches, the iPhone 5S has an almost identical chassis to the iPhone 5, but there is now a new Gold colour option, and the black model is now called 'Space Grey' and is a little lighter than the Black & Slate version of the iPhone 5.
One noticable difference between the iPhone 5S and the iPhone 5 is the Home button. Thanks to the new Touch ID fingerprint sensor (more on that below) the iPhone 5S now has a metallic ring around the Home button, and doesn't have the square shape in the middle.
The dimensions and weight are identical: both the iPhone 5S and iPhone 5 are 59 x 124mm, 7.6mm thick and weigh 112g according to Apple.
In fact, the same external design means that you'll be able to use the same cases that fit the iPhone 5.
iPhone 5 vs iPhone 5S: specifications
The display
Both the iPhone 5 and iPhone 5S have the same 4in Retina display, at a resolution of 640 x 1136 and a pixel density of 326ppi. We find the display on the iPhone 5s to be sometimes fractionally less responsive to our fingertip touch, but we feel that this could be down to changes in the software code of iOS 7.
The processor
The iPhone 5 has an A6 chip, but the new iPhone 5S has a 64-bit A7 chip that's apparently double the speed. Apple has said that the CPU performance from the first iPhone to iPhone 5S has increased by 40 times.
Version 2 of the popular benchmark application Geekbench rated our iPhone 5 with around 1660 points. The same app puts the iPhone 5s at an average of around 2240 points - so that's about a 35 percent increase in point score at least.
Version 3 of Geekbench includes separate single- and multi-core processor measurements. We saw 724 points from the iPhone 5 in single mode, and 1409 points for the 5s - nearly double, actually a 95 percent increase.
In the Geekbench 3 multi-core test, the point scores rose from 1298 to 2556, similarly almost two-fold; a 97 percent score boost.
The iPhone 5s's Geekbench score is more than twice that of the iPhone 5c. Last year's iPhone 5, however, was about 10 percent faster than the new 5c in this test.
In addition to the A7 chip, the iPhone 5S has a brand new part called M7. It's a motion co-processor, which takes advantage of all of the sensors and continuously measures the data coming from the accelerometer, gyroscope and compass without having to wake up the A7. This will open up lots of new opportunities for fitness apps, so expect to see an abundance of new fitness apps and updates soon.
The M7 is one of Apple's strategies to prolong battery life. To offload some of the low-level background duties, which nonetheless would keep the main CPU busy enough to deny it power nap moments the M7 chip's role is to process incoming sensor data from the accelerometer, compass and gyroscope, some of the components that give the phone its orientation.
Touch ID fingerprint sensor
The iPhone 5S's new fingerprint sensor, called the Touch ID, is built in to the device's Home button. It's a brand new feature that the iPhone 5 doesn't have, so could help you make your decision between the two phones. It can be used to unlock the device and authenticate your Apple ID for iTunes Store, App Store and iBookstore payments.
We found that the Touch ID works surprisingly well. It's easy to set up, and after just an hour of using the iPhone 5s with the fingerprint sensor technology, we naturally tried to do the same on our iPhone 5, only to realise that we couldn't! It's time saving, and feels really cool, too.
Your fingerprint can also be used to buy stuff from the App Store - music, apps and videos. How long before it becomes secure and trusted enough to even part-authenticate real cash payments with other merchants is another question. You can still type in your actual password if you'd prefer.
See: Apple's Touch ID may not be bullet proof, but it's still useful
Battery life
As for battery life, Apple claims that the iPhone 5S has an "equal or better" battery life than the iPhone 5. That means 10 hours of talk time on 3G networks, up to 10 hours of web browsing on WiFi and LTE network or up to 8 hours on 3G networks, up to 10 hours of video playback or 40 hours of audio playback.
In some of our tests, the iPhone 5s actually performed quite significantly better than the iPhone 5. Our battery life looping video test showed that the iPhone 5s can last almost 90 minutes longer than the iPhone 5, at 11.03 hours.
However, in other tests, the iPhone 5 lasted for something close to 48 hours between charges, after a routine that typically comprises 4 hours of web surfing combined with playing music through earphones; a few dozen text messages per day; ditto Mail message writing, sending and reading; some GPS sensor use from Apple Maps; and various other minor app usage, including two overnight stretches of 7 hours phone sleep.
With the iPhone 5s and effectively the same usage pattern, the phone would last a little less than 36 hours, including two overnight dormant spells. Fewer hours of battery runtime is a shame.
As was the case with the iPhone 5, there are still three capacities of the iPhone 5S available: 16GB, 32GB and 64GB.
For keen iPhone photographers, the iPhone 5S has had a significant camera boost. While still featuring an 8-megapixel iSight camera like the iPhone 5's, the iPhone 5S has a new five-element Apple-designed lens with a larger f/2.2 aperture.
The camera's new sensor has a 15 per cent larger active area, and the pixels on this sensor are 1.5 microns in size, larger than the iPhone 5 and larger than other smartphones. This should mean better sensitivity and improved low-light performance.
The iPhone 5's single LED flash has been replaced by a dual-LED flash on the iPhone 5S. This new 'True Tone Flash' features one cool LED and one warmer one, which aims to give you the right colour flash for the situation you're in. Apple says that the flash has over 1,000 colour combinations, which should mean a more natural appearance when the flash is used.
That's not all, either. Apple has also designed iOS 7's camera app to take advantage of the new iPhone 5S's improved hardware and imaging capabilities. Apple promises up to two-times faster auto-focus, faster photo capture, automatic image and video stabilisation and better dynamic range, too.
Apple has also designed the Camera app in iOS 7 to take advantage of the new camera and the A7 chip's imaging capabilities. For example, before you take a picture, the iPhone 5s will perform auto white balance and auto exposure, and will create a dynamic local tone map around the image to get better highlights and shadows. The camera actually takes multiple images and analyses them in real time to see which is the sharpest.
New modes include Burst Mode and Slo-Mo video, and there's also a new FaceTime HD camera that Apple says provides better low-light performace. While the Burst Mode is available on the iPhone 5 it cannot take the 10 photos per second of the iPhone 5s.
On the video side, faster processing allows the camera in the iPhone 5s to capture more frames every second when filming. Switch to Slo Mo in the camera app and it shoots at 120 frames per second - then replays at a more familiar 30 fps, giving the illusion of slow-motion. Where normal video is shot in full-HD, Slo Mo captures 1280 x 720-pixel video.
iPhone 5 vs iPhone 5S: iOS 7
The iPhone 5 and iPhone 5S are both able to run iOS 7, but there are some features that won't work on the older models.
Find out everything you need to know about iOS 7 in our iOS 7 review.
Plus, master iOS 7 using our 40 iOS 7 tips.
iPhone 5 vs iPhone 5S: price
iPhone 5s tariffs and pricing: Best Apple's iPhone 5s contract
The iPhone 5 would set you back £529 for the 16GB model, £599.99 for the 32GB model and £699 for the 64GB model. The iPhone 5S costs a little more, at £549 for the 16GB model, £629 for the 32GB model and £709 for the 64GB model.
As well as the iPhone 5S, Apple also unveiled the iPhone 5C at its 10 September event, which is priced a little cheaper. Find out more about the iPhone 5C in our review.
Read our comparison reviews of the various iPhones below:
iPhone 5S vs iPhone 5C comparison review
iPhone 5c v iPhone 5 comparison review
Complete Guide to the iPhone 5s & 5c, on sale now for just £2.99


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Wondering what the most popular male dog names are? Take a look at the top cute boy dog and puppy names on our list over 5,000 names! Search the list by breed and AKC group to find some of the best names suited to your new best friend, and click on the heart beside the names to vote for your favorites.
As much as we love them, dogs have some puzzling - and disgusting - behaviors. Test your wits on the reason for some of the weirdest and most common rituals.


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Dissatisfied with your existing website? Need a new one? Let us build it for you.
The preferred tool for building and editing websites at Brookhaven. It's free!
Need to access a website to make updates? There are a few simple steps to obtaining it.
Do you need to provide self-service registration to your conference or workshop attendees? Will you want them to pay registration fees online using credit cards? We offer a complete solution.
Indico is a conference organization tool that allows you to schedule and manage events and documents online. We'll show you how to get started.
Using a product called NoviSurvey we can quickly create online surveys tailored to your specific needs.
If you need to conduct secure transactions on your website, you'll need a valid SSL certificate installed on the web server hosting your site. We can provide them.
Other services: User Experience (UX) support | Email newsletters | News, video and calendar feeds | Analytics
We work closely with the Lab's Media & Communications Office to design websites that communicate the Lab's mission, its research and achievements. We administer the Lab's top-tier public web presence and are responsible for its design and overall content strategy.
We work closely with the Lab's Internal Communications Group to to develop online products that keep Lab staff informed such as Monday Memo, the Safety Resources website, Brookhaven This Week, and the Lab's intranet home page, @brookhaven Today.
We support all Lab departments in the design of their individual websites, helping them to refine their content for online delivery. We offer solutions for a variety of special projects including conference registration and customized content management systems.


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From 2008 to 2010, the Arab States Parties to the World Heritage Convention undertook the Periodic Reporting exercise, consisting in assessing the implementation of the Convention in their countries and in each of their sites inscribed on the World Heritage List. The Periodic Report was presented to the 34th session of the World Heritage Committee in Brasilia, in July 2010, and was warmly welcomed. The next step is now to elaborate a Regional Programme, on the basis of the results of the exercise, aiming at improving the protection and conservation of World Heritage sites in the Arab States.
To this end, a Regional Meeting took place in Rabat, Morocco, from 7-9 March 2011, in the presence of the Chairperson of the World Heritage Committee, 12 national focal points, experts in natural heritage from 7 countries, and the Advisory Bodies to the Convention. The Programme defined during the meeting will further be presented to the Committee at its 35th session in Bahrain in June 2011 and applied in the coming years.


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Join Team Maxing out on their global adventures. Their favorite expeditionary vehicle is a Land Rover Defender, and that is why they have owned six of them in Australia, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, and North America. Their driving adventures have taken them through Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, New Zealand, and Australia.Team Maxing Out has Land Rover Addiction Disorder, and we hope that there is no cure. Team Maxing Out also suffers from Sailing Addiction Disorder, and you can follow their sailing adventures on SailingUNI.com. Join them as they sail around the world on their Privilege 39 catamaran, Exit Only. Team Maxing Out chronicles their exploits during an eleven year circumnavigation. Experience their adventures as they sail through Pirate Alley and up the Red Sea. Find out what it's like to sail through a global tsunami in Thailand. Dodge floating debris with them as they carefully navigate through tsunami debris crossing the Indian Ocean. Sail up the Kumai River in Borneo and visit the endangered Orangutans of Kalimantan. Explore the crystal clear waters of southern Turkey and sail through the Corinth Canal of Greece. Ride out a storm at sea as Exit Only sails from Gibraltar to the Canary Islands. Discover what it's like to sail on the ocean of your dreams.
If you don't have a space shuttle, if you can't afford a yacht, if you don't like to fly, you can still make a trip around the world. You simply climb into your truck, start driving, and don't stop until you complete the trip. You'll need a couple of years and some Freedom Chips to finance the adventure, but you can make it happen. Travel with us around planet earth on Overland UNI, and before long you might decide to make your own trip. Our favorite vehicle for expeditionary travel is the Land Rover Defender. It truly is an Expeditionary Dream Machine.
Expeditionary dream machines.
Endless persistence gets the job done
Live as if you are great
Stop Digging
I am willing to do whatever it takes
Appearances are deceiving
My first trip into the Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia taught me the most important lesson of desert exploration that I ever learned: DON'T DO STUPID THINGS! The desert is unforgiving and doesn't treat fools lightly.The Expeditionary Sandbook summarizes everything you need to know in order to drive in sand. The Expeditionary Sandbook points you in the right direction and gives you the tools you need to make the trip. All you need is a truck and some deep desert sand to get started.
Don't do stupid things.
I'll never be rich and famous!
Getting stuck is good!
Living my life on purpose.
Rocking my world!
Listen to the sound of your dreams.
Not all expeditionary navigational problems are created equal, and your approach to navigation varies with terrain, capability of the vehicle, and degree of access to the land. Limited access makes navigation more challenging, and unlimited access gives you hundreds of options when you plan your expedition. Situational awareness forms the foundation of successful expeditionary travel. If you are ready to learn how to do deep desert navigation, the The Expeditionary Handbook is for you.
Offroad Navigation.
Guilty of living my dreams.
Make your own list.
Great thoughts.
The Silence Challenge.
Now is the right time.
Travel with Team Maxing Out to the Hadida Meteor crater in the middle of the Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia. More than 400 years ago, a massive meteor struck and buried itself in the sand dunes creating large craters, vaporizing and melting sand. We decided to make an expedition to the Wabar meteor crater in our Land Rover Defenders. An expedition to Hadida is an awesome excercise in desert navigation as well as a test of your ability to drive in soft sand.
Wabar Meteor Crater - Arabia.
Winning the lottery of life.
Hunkered down.
Finke River Gorge in Oz.
Always keep the faith.
Sand dreams some true.
When people think of Saudi Arabia, they usually think about endless expanses of sand and giant sand dunes. But there are other treasures in the Arabian Outback that are worth exploring. Until I went to Arabia, I thought that all volcanoes were black. That is not the case in Arabia.We decided to visit the white volcanoes of the Arabian shield just north of Medina. The volcanoes are in a no man's land with lava fields stretching for hundreds of miles. We would be foolish to make a solo trip to this area in the heat of summer. But if it's the cold month of December, if we have two spare tires and enough water to survive for a couple of weeks, and if we are willing to burn one of our spare tires to make a smoke signal in an emergency, then a solo trip is not crazy. Check out our solo trip to the White Volcanoes of the Arabia Shield.
White Volcanoes of Arabia
Commit after a good look.
Defender dreams come true.
Turn off your TV set.
Give yourself permission.
What Would Steve Do?
Central Arabia has a suprise in store for for those who dare to venture into the Arabian Outback. That surprise is granite outcrops that rise out of the desert floor like a whale breeching the surface of the ocean. Granite batholiths the size of a ten story building and bigger than a city block appear out of nowhere in the desert sands. Their other worldly appearance creates an Alien Wonderland for exploration in our Land Rover Defender.
Granite batholiths and bedouin wells.
Land Rover Addiction Disorder
My plans are firmly set in jello.
Will I have said more than I have done?
A temporary inconvenience
Only Limiting Beliefs.
Each expedition into the Arabian desert is special for different reasons. Some trips are simply to get away from it all to experience the solitude and stark beauty of the Arabian shield. Other trips have a specific destination in mind, and the destination defines the adventure. The U.S. Geological Survey worked with the Saudi government to create a set of maps of the geology of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. My favorite survey map is the Southern Nejd Quadrangle. A smorgasbord of sand dunes, wadis, granite fields, metamorphic mountain ranges, and archeological mysteries abound in this quadrangle. When I think of this area, the word "awesome" comes to mind. Take a trip with Team Maxing Out to the Tombs of Bir Zeen.
Tombs of the southern Nejd quadrangle.
Daring greatly.
Life without borders.
The power of a single idea.
Shed Limting Beliefs.
If I'm not back in ten years, call 911.
Travel with Team Maxing Out on the Darb Zubaidah from Iraq to Mecca. More than a thousand years ago, Queen Zubaidah from Iraq built an eighteen meter wide pilgrim road from Baghdad to Mecca. The road was called the Darb Zubaidah, and millions of pilgrims walked this road on their journey to perform Haj. We calculated the distance and felt we could complete the trip in a week in our Land Rover Defender 110 expeditionary vehicles. We carried enough fuel and water for the entire trip. Our Defender carried 430 liters of fuel in long range fuel tanks and thirteen jerry cans. We had two hundred liters of water and enough food to last for weeks. Climb into our times machines and drive the Darb Zubaidah.
Exploring the pilgrim road to Mecca.
How would I act if I could not fail?
How many lives do you get?
Call 911 if not back in ten years.
The many faces of freedom.
eBooks without borders.
Team Maxing Out conquers a sand ramp in the Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia and then studies the petroglyphs of the Rock Wall Journal. The ancient people who created the Rock Wall Journal were not simple-minded cavemen waiting to evolve into real human beings. These highly intelligent people had an appreciation for the natural world in which they were immersed. They displayed their focus on the natural world with stylized drawings that are still pleasing to modern eyes. Although they had a limited palate and only a few tools with which to work, they created unforgettable panels of rock art. Visit the Rock Wall Journal.
Petroglyphs of the Arabian Shield.
Good-bye Depression.
No fear no limits Zone.
I am willing to do whatever it takes.
My bucket list of great ideas.
Defeat depression.
I like people in the outback. They are more than good mates; they are real people. What you see is what you get without apologies. Political correctness hasn't made it's way to the outback, and I hope it doesn't make a beachhead anytime soon. I would rather have a robust outback adventure any day of the week than tip toe through the tulips of the politically correct in large cities. The outback is what it is, and I hope it stays rough around the edges. It is one of last vestiges of freedom in the down under world called Oz. Check out our Ozzie Outback Murals.
G'day mate!
What would you do?
Nothing else will do!
When plans don't work out.
A speck of faith moves mountains.
Be careful what you think.
For the past six decades, I have been an Unstoppable, Consistently Positive, Endlessly Persistent, Doer of Dreams. Everything that I do, I do on purpose, and when things don't work out, I keep on keeping on. I don't know if I will ever be rich and famous, but I know that I will live my dreams. And given the choice between riches, fame, and dreams, I will take my dreams without hesitation.
Single-minded purpose.
Making positive reframes.
The laboratory of life.
Dave Abbott - Captain Dave sailed around the world with his family on his Privilege 39 catamaran, Exit Only. Captain Dave has owned six Land Rover Defender expeditionary vehicles and one FJ 40 that he has driven through Arabia, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, New Zealand, and Australia. He is planning a driving trip around the world in a Defender 110 Land Rover.
Donna Abbott - First Mate - Donna earned her stripes the old fashioned way by enduring the rigors of passage making for the thrill of exploring exotic ports across the globe. If Donna could travel full time, she would. There's no place on planet earth that she does not want to visit. She has explored more countries than two people could count on all their fingers and toes. Air travel is her least favorite method of travel. But if you put her on board Exit Only or behind the wheel of a Defender 110, she will go anywhere.
Wendy Abbott - Mate - Wendy is a veteran of dozens of adventures around the world. She sailed halfway around the world on board Exit Only from Florida to New Zealand. She drives Defender 110 Land Rovers like a professional and has tens of thousand of miles under her belt on her adventures on land and sea. When not adventuring, she works as a doctor.
David Abbott - Mate - David shot over 170 hours of footage on the voyage from Australia to Florida. He then produced the Red Sea Chronicles. In addition to the narrating the film, David scored, performed, and recorded the soundtrack for the project. David sails catamarans like a mad man, and drives Defender 110 Land Rovers until the wheels fall off or he is out of gas. He is a good mate on land and sea.
Sarah Abbott - Mate - Sarah is an adventurer and offshore sailor with a trip from Australia to the Med under her belt. She sailed through Pirate Alley, up the Red Sea, and into cinematic glory in the Red Sea Chronicles. She loves life on the high seas, and is ready for another sailing voyage with Team Maxing Out. Her fresh and enthusiastic perspective on cruising helped make the Red Sea Chronicles so special. Sarah grew up in France and is fluent in French. When not adventuring, she works as a physician's assistant.
Captain Dave and his family spent eleven years sailing around the world on their Privilege 39 catamaran, Exit Only. During the trip, the crew shot 200 hours of video with professional cameras to show people what it's like to sail on a small boat around the world.
The Red Sea Chronicles is a one hour and twenty-two minute feature film showing their adventures as Exit Only sails through Pirate Alley in the Gulf of Aden and up the Red Sea. The professional footage documents their experiences in Oman, Yemen, Eritrea, Sudan, Egypt, and the Suez Canal. It chronicles the rigors of traveling in a remote section of the world rarely visited by cruisers. Exit Only dodges Yemeni pirates, fights a gale and sand storms in the Bab al Mandeb at the southern entrance to the Red Sea. The crew explores deserted islands on the western shores of the Red Sea, and learns to check the cruising guides for land mines before venturing ashore.
The Red Sea Chronicles also has outstanding Special Features including an Instructional Video on Storm Management that tells sailors how to deal with storms at sea.
And don't forget the two Music Videos: "The Red Sea Blues", and "Captain - Save Our Souls".
The Red Sea Chronicles is a first class adventure that stokes the sailing dreams of both experienced and wannabe sailors alike.
Join Team Maxingout as they sail through Pirate Alley and up the Red Sea
See what it's like to cruise on a catamaran before you spend a bazillion dollars purchasing one
After watching the Red Sea Chronicles you will be able to see yourself sailing on the ocean of your dreams
Although I like the feel of a paper book in my hand, I love trees even more. When people purchase an eBook, they actually save trees and save money as well. Ebooks are less expensive and have no negative impact on the environment. All of Dr. Dave's books are available at Save A Tree Bookstore. Visit the bookstore today and start putting good things into your mind. It's easy to fill your mind with positive things using eBooks. No matter where you are or what you are doing, you can pull out your smart phone or tablet and start reading. You can even use electronic highlighters and make annotations in your eBooks just like paper books.


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Frequent Links
Computer virus
A computer virus is a malware program that, when executed, replicates by inserting copies of itself (possibly modified) into other computer programs, data files, or the boot sector of the hard drive; when this replication succeeds, the affected areas are then said to be "infected".[1][2][3][4] Viruses often perform some type of harmful activity on infected hosts, such as stealing hard disk space or CPU time, accessing private information, corrupting data, displaying political or humorous messages on the user's screen, spamming their contacts, logging their keystrokes, or even rendering the computer useless. However, not all viruses carry a destructive payload or attempt to hide themselves—the defining characteristic of viruses is that they are self-replicating computer programs which install themselves without user consent.
Virus writers use social engineering and exploit detailed knowledge of security vulnerabilities to gain access to their hosts' computing resources. The vast majority of viruses target systems running Microsoft Windows,[5][6][7] employing a variety of mechanisms to infect new hosts,[8] and often using complex anti-detection/stealth strategies to evade antivirus software.[9][10][11][12] Motives for creating viruses can include seeking profit, desire to send a political message, personal amusement, to demonstrate that a vulnerability exists in software, for sabotage and denial of service, or simply because they wish to explore artificial life and evolutionary algorithms.[13]
Computer viruses currently cause billions of dollars' worth of economic damage each year,[14] due to causing systems failure, wasting computer resources, corrupting data, increasing maintenance costs, etc. In response, free, open-source antivirus tools have been developed, and a multi-billion dollar industry of antivirus software vendors has cropped up, selling virus protection to users of various operating systems of which Windows is often the most victimized, partially due to its extreme popularity.[citation needed] No currently existing antivirus software is able to catch all computer viruses (especially new ones); computer security researchers are actively searching for new ways to enable antivirus solutions to more effectively detect emerging viruses, before they have already become widely distributed.[15]
- 1 Vulnerabilities and infection vectors
- 2 Infection targets and replication techniques
- 3 Stealth strategies
- 4 Countermeasures
- 5 Historical development
- 6 See also
- 7 References
- 8 Further reading
- 9 External links
Vulnerabilities and infection vectors
Software bugs
Because software is often designed with security features to prevent unauthorized use of system resources, many viruses must exploit and manipulate security bugs (security defects) in system or application software to spread and infect. Software development strategies that produce large numbers of bugs will generally also produce potential exploits.
Social engineering and poor security practices
In order to replicate itself, a virus must be permitted to execute code and write to memory. For this reason, many viruses attach themselves to executable files that may be part of legitimate programs (see code injection). If a user attempts to launch an infected program, the virus' code may be executed simultaneously.[16]
In operating systems that use file extensions to determine program associations (such as Microsoft Windows), the extensions may be hidden from the user by default. This makes it possible to create a file that is of a different type than it appears to the user. For example, an executable may be created named "picture.png.exe", in which the user sees only "picture.png" and therefore assumes that this file is an image and most likely is safe, yet when opened runs the executable on the client machine.[17]
Vulnerability of different operating systems to viruses
The vast majority of viruses target systems running Microsoft Windows. This is due to Microsoft's large market share of desktop users.[18] The diversity of software systems on a network limits the destructive potential of viruses and malware.[19] Open-source operating systems such as Linux allow users to choose from a variety of desktop environments, packaging tools, etc. which means that malicious code targeting any one of these systems will only affect a subset of all users. Many Windows users are running the same set of applications, enabling viruses to rapidly spread amongst Windows systems by targeting the same exploits on large numbers of hosts.[5][6][7][20]
Only a few major viruses have hit Macs in the last years.[21][22] The difference in virus vulnerability between Macs and Windows is a chief selling point, one that Apple uses in their Get a Mac advertising.[23]
While Linux (and Unix in general) has always natively prevented normal users from making changes to the operating system environment without permission, Windows users are generally not prevented from making these changes, meaning that viruses can easily gain control of the entire system on Windows hosts. This difference has continued partly due to the widespread use of administrator accounts in contemporary versions like XP. In 1997, researchers created and released a virus for Linux—known as "Bliss".[24] Bliss, however, requires that the user run it explicitly, and it can only infect programs that the user has the access to modify. Unlike Windows users, most Unix users do not log in as an administrator, or root user, except to install or configure software; as a result, even if a user ran the virus, it could not harm their operating system. The Bliss virus never became widespread, and remains chiefly a research curiosity. Its creator later posted the source code to Usenet, allowing researchers to see how it worked.[25]
Infection targets and replication techniques
Computer viruses infect a variety of different subsystems on their hosts.[26] One manner of classifying viruses is to analyze whether they reside in binary executables (such as .EXE or .COM files), data files (such as Microsoft Word documents or PDF files), or in the boot sector of the host's hard drive (or some combination of all of these).[27][28]
Resident vs. non-resident viruses
A memory-resident virus (or simply "resident virus") installs itself as part of the operating system when executed, after which it remains in RAM from the time the computer is booted up to when it is shut down. Resident viruses overwrite interrupt handling code or other functions, and when the operating system attempts to access the target file or disk sector, the virus code intercepts the request and redirects the control flow to the replication module, infecting the target. In contrast, a non-memory-resident virus (or "non-resident virus"), when executed, scans the disk for targets, infects them, and then exits (i.e. it does not remain in memory after it is done executing).[29][30][31]
Macro viruses
Many common applications, such as Microsoft Outlook and Microsoft Word, allow macro programs to be embedded in documents or emails, so that the programs may be run automatically when the document is opened. A macro virus (or "document virus") is a virus that is written in a macro language, and embedded into these documents so that when users open the file, the virus code is executed, and can infect the user's computer. This is one of the reasons that it is dangerous to open unexpected attachments in e-mails.[32][33]
Boot sector viruses
Boot sector viruses specifically target the boot sector/Master Boot Record (MBR) of the host's hard drive or removable storage media (flash drives, floppy disks, etc.).[27][34][35]
Stealth strategies
In order to avoid detection by users, some viruses employ different kinds of deception. Some old viruses, especially on the MS-DOS platform, make sure that the "last modified" date of a host file stays the same when the file is infected by the virus. This approach does not fool antivirus software, however, especially those which maintain and date cyclic redundancy checks on file changes.[citation needed]
Some viruses can infect files without increasing their sizes or damaging the files. They accomplish this by overwriting unused areas of executable files. These are called cavity viruses. For example, the CIH virus, or Chernobyl Virus, infects Portable Executable files. Because those files have many empty gaps, the virus, which was 1 KB in length, did not add to the size of the file.[36]
Some viruses try to avoid detection by killing the tasks associated with antivirus software before it can detect them (for example, Conficker).
As computers and operating systems grow larger and more complex, old hiding techniques need to be updated or replaced. Defending a computer against viruses may demand that a file system migrate towards detailed and explicit permission for every kind of file access.[citation needed]
Read request intercepts
While some antivirus software employ various techniques to counter stealth mechanisms, once the infection occurs any recourse to clean the system is unreliable. In Microsoft Windows operating systems, the NTFS file system is proprietary. Direct access to files without using the Windows OS is undocumented. This leaves antivirus software little alternative but to send a read request to Windows OS files that handle such requests. Some viruses trick antivirus software by intercepting its requests to the OS. A virus can hide itself by intercepting the request to read the infected file, handling the request itself, and return an uninfected version of the file to the antivirus software. The interception can occur by code injection of the actual operating system files that would handle the read request. Thus, an antivirus software attempting to detect the virus will either not be given permission to read the infected file, or, the read request will be served with the uninfected version of the same file.[37]
The only reliable method to avoid stealth is to boot from a medium that is known to be clean. Security software can then be used to check the dormant operating system files. Most security software relies on virus signatures, or they employ heuristics.[citation needed]
Security software may also use a database of file hashes for Windows OS files, so the security software can identify altered files, and request Windows installation media to replace them with authentic versions. In older versions of Windows, file hashes of Windows OS files stored in Windows—to allow file integrity/authenticity to be checked—could be overwritten so that the System File Checker would report that altered system files are authentic, so using file hashes to scan for altered files would not always guarantee finding an infection.[citation needed]
Most modern antivirus programs try to find virus-patterns inside ordinary programs by scanning them for so-called virus signatures. Unfortunately, the term is misleading, in that viruses do not possess unique signatures in the way that human beings do. Such a virus signature is merely a sequence of bytes that an antivirus program looks for because it is known to be part of the virus. A better term would be "search strings". Different antivirus programs will employ different search strings, and indeed different search methods, when identifying viruses. If a virus scanner finds such a pattern in a file, it will perform other checks to make sure that it has found the virus, and not merely a coincidental sequence in an innocent file, before it notifies the user that the file is infected. The user can then delete, or (in some cases) "clean" or "heal" the infected file. Some viruses employ techniques that make detection by means of signatures difficult but probably not impossible. These viruses modify their code on each infection. That is, each infected file contains a different variant of the virus.
Encrypted viruses
One method of evading signature detection is to use simple encryption to encipher the body of the virus, leaving only the encryption module and a cryptographic key in cleartext.[38] In this case, the virus consists of a small decrypting module and an encrypted copy of the virus code. If the virus is encrypted with a different key for each infected file, the only part of the virus that remains constant is the decrypting module, which would (for example) be appended to the end. In this case, a virus scanner cannot directly detect the virus using signatures, but it can still detect the decrypting module, which still makes indirect detection of the virus possible. Since these would be symmetric keys, stored on the infected host, it is in fact entirely possible to decrypt the final virus, but this is probably not required, since self-modifying code is such a rarity that it may be reason for virus scanners to at least flag the file as suspicious.[citation needed]
An old, but compact, encryption involves XORing each byte in a virus with a constant, so that the exclusive-or operation had only to be repeated for decryption. It is suspicious for a code to modify itself, so the code to do the encryption/decryption may be part of the signature in many virus definitions.[citation needed]
Some viruses will employ a means of encryption inside an executable in which the virus is encrypted under certain events, such as the virus scanner being disabled for updates or the computer being rebooted. This is called Cryptovirology. At said times, the executable will decrypt the virus and execute its hidden runtimes infecting the computer and sometimes disabling the antivirus software.
Polymorphic code
Polymorphic code was the first technique that posed a serious threat to virus scanners. Just like regular encrypted viruses, a polymorphic virus infects files with an encrypted copy of itself, which is decoded by a decryption module. In the case of polymorphic viruses, however, this decryption module is also modified on each infection. A well-written polymorphic virus therefore has no parts which remain identical between infections, making it very difficult to detect directly using signatures.[39][40] Antivirus software can detect it by decrypting the viruses using an emulator, or by statistical pattern analysis of the encrypted virus body. To enable polymorphic code, the virus has to have a polymorphic engine (also called mutating engine or mutation engine) somewhere in its encrypted body. See polymorphic code for technical detail on how such engines operate.[41]
Some viruses employ polymorphic code in a way that constrains the mutation rate of the virus significantly. For example, a virus can be programmed to mutate only slightly over time, or it can be programmed to refrain from mutating when it infects a file on a computer that already contains copies of the virus. The advantage of using such slow polymorphic code is that it makes it more difficult for antivirus professionals to obtain representative samples of the virus, because bait files that are infected in one run will typically contain identical or similar samples of the virus. This will make it more likely that the detection by the virus scanner will be unreliable, and that some instances of the virus may be able to avoid detection.
There has also been virus called undetectable virus (proposed in Yongge Wang [42] ). Undetectable virus is one kind of polymorphic virus that is static signature-free and whose dynamic signatures are hard to determine unless some cryptographic assumption fails.
Metamorphic code
To avoid being detected by emulation, some viruses rewrite themselves completely each time they are to infect new executables. Viruses that utilize this technique are said to be metamorphic. To enable metamorphism, a metamorphic engine is needed. A metamorphic virus is usually very large and complex. For example, W32/Simile consisted of over 14,000 lines of assembly language code, 90% of which is part of the metamorphic engine.[43][44]
Antivirus software
Many users install antivirus software that can detect and eliminate known viruses when the computer attempts to download or run the executable (which may be distributed as an email attachment, or on USB flash drives, for example). Some antivirus software blocks known malicious web sites that attempt to install malware. Antivirus software does not change the underlying capability of hosts to transmit viruses. Users must update their software regularly to patch security vulnerabilities ("holes"). Antivirus software also needs to be regularly updated in order to recognize the latest threats. The German AV-TEST Institute publishes evaluations of antivirus software for Windows[45] and Android.[46]
Examples of Microsoft Windows anti virus and anti-malware software include the optional Microsoft Security Essentials[47] (for Windows XP, Vista and Windows 7) for real-time protection, the Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool[48] (now included with Windows (Security) Updates on "Patch Tuesday", the second Tuesday of each month), and Windows Defender (an optional download in the case of Windows XP).[49] Additionally, several capable antivirus software programs are available for free download from the Internet (usually restricted to non-commercial use).[50] Some such free programs are almost as good as commercial competitors.[51] Common security vulnerabilities are assigned CVE IDs and listed in the US National Vulnerability Database. Secunia PSI[52] is an example of software, free for personal use, that will check a PC for vulnerable out-of-date software, and attempt to update it. Ransomware and phishing scam alerts appear as press releases on the Internet Crime Complaint Center noticeboard.
Other commonly used preventative measures include timely operating system updates, software updates, careful Internet browsing, and installation of only trusted software.[53] Certain browsers flag sites that have been reported to Google and that have been confirmed as hosting malware by Google.[54][55]
There are two common methods that an antivirus software application uses to detect viruses, as described in the antivirus software article. The first, and by far the most common method of virus detection is using a list of virus signature definitions. This works by examining the content of the computer's memory (its RAM, and boot sectors) and the files stored on fixed or removable drives (hard drives, floppy drives, or USB flash drives), and comparing those files against a database of known virus "signatures". Virus signatures are just strings of code that are used to identify individual viruses; for each virus, the antivirus designer tries to choose a unique signature string that will not be found in a legitimate program. Different antivirus programs use different "signatures" to identify viruses. The disadvantage of this detection method is that users are only protected from viruses that are detected by signatures in their most recent virus definition update, and not protected from new viruses (see "zero-day attack").[56]
A second method to find viruses is to use a heuristic algorithm based on common virus behaviors. This method has the ability to detect new viruses for which antivirus security firms have yet to define a "signature", but it also gives rise to more false positives than using signatures. False positives can be disruptive, especially in a commercial environment.
Recovery strategies and methods
One can also reduce the damage done by viruses by making regular backups of data (and the operating systems) on different media, that are either kept unconnected to the system (most of the time), read-only or not accessible for other reasons, such as using different file systems. This way, if data is lost through a virus, one can start again using the backup (which will hopefully be recent).[citation needed]
If a backup session on optical media like CD and DVD is closed, it becomes read-only and can no longer be affected by a virus (so long as a virus or infected file was not copied onto the CD/DVD). Likewise, an operating system on a bootable CD can be used to start the computer if the installed operating systems become unusable. Backups on removable media must be carefully inspected before restoration. The Gammima virus, for example, propagates via removable flash drives.[57][58]
Virus removal
Many websites run by antivirus software companies provide free online virus scanning, with limited cleaning facilities (the purpose of the sites is to sell antivirus products). Some websites—like Google subsidiary VirusTotal.com—allow users to upload one or more suspicious files to be scanned and checked by one or more antivirus programs in one operation.[59][60] Additionally, several capable antivirus software programs are available for free download from the Internet (usually restricted to non-commercial use).[61] Microsoft offers an optional free antivirus utility called Microsoft Security Essentials, a Windows Malicious Software Removal Tool that is updated as part of the regular Windows update regime, and an older optional anti-malware (malware removal) tool Windows Defender that has been upgraded to an antivirus product in Windows 8.
Some viruses disable System Restore and other important Windows tools such as Task Manager and CMD. An example of a virus that does this is CiaDoor. Many such viruses can be removed by rebooting the computer, entering Windows safe mode with networking, and then using system tools or Microsoft Safety Scanner.[62] System Restore on Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7 can restore the registry and critical system files to a previous checkpoint. Often a virus will cause a system to hang, and a subsequent hard reboot will render a system restore point from the same day corrupt. Restore points from previous days should work provided the virus is not designed to corrupt the restore files and does not exist in previous restore points.[63][64]
Operating system reinstallation
Microsoft's System File Checker (improved in Windows 7 and later) can be used to check for, and repair, corrupted system files.[citation needed]
Restoring an earlier "clean" (virus-free) copy of the entire partition from a cloned disk, a disk image, or a backup copy is one solution—restoring an earlier backup disk image is relatively simple to do, usually removes any malware, and may be faster than disinfecting the computer—or reinstalling and reconfiguring the operating system and programs from scratch, as described below, then restoring user preferences.[citation needed]
Reinstalling the operating system is another approach to virus removal. It may be possible to recover copies of essential user data by booting from a live CD, or connecting the hard drive to another computer and booting from the second computer's operating system, taking great care not to infect that computer by executing any infected programs on the original drive. The original hard drive can then be reformatted and the OS and all programs installed from original media. Once the system has been restored, precautions must be taken to avoid reinfection from any restored executable files.[citation needed]
Historical development
Early academic work on self-replicating programs
The first academic work on the theory of self-replicating computer programs[65] was done in 1949 by John von Neumann who gave lectures at the University of Illinois about the "Theory and Organization of Complicated Automata". The work of von Neumann was later published as the "Theory of self-reproducing automata". In his essay von Neumann described how a computer program could be designed to reproduce itself.[66] Von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.[67]
In 1972 Veith Risak, directly building on von Neumann's work on self-replication, published his article "Selbstreproduzierende Automaten mit minimaler Informationsübertragung" (Self-reproducing automata with minimal information exchange).[68] The article describes a fully functional virus written in assembler language for a SIEMENS 4004/35 computer system.
In 1980 Jürgen Kraus wrote his diplom thesis "Selbstreproduktion bei Programmen" (Self-reproduction of programs) at the University of Dortmund.[69] In his work Kraus postulated that computer programs can behave in a way similar to biological viruses.
The first computer viruses
The Creeper virus was first detected on ARPANET, the forerunner of the Internet, in the early 1970s.[70] Creeper was an experimental self-replicating program written by Bob Thomas at BBN Technologies in 1971.[71] Creeper used the ARPANET to infect DEC PDP-10 computers running the TENEX operating system.[72] Creeper gained access via the ARPANET and copied itself to the remote system where the message, "I'm the creeper, catch me if you can!" was displayed. The Reaper program was created to delete Creeper.[73]
In 1982, a program called "Elk Cloner" was the first personal computer virus to appear "in the wild"—that is, outside the single computer or lab where it was created.[74] Written in 1981 by Richard Skrenta, it attached itself to the Apple DOS 3.3 operating system and spread via floppy disk.[74][75] This virus, created as a practical joke when Skrenta was still in high school, was injected in a game on a floppy disk. On its 50th use the Elk Cloner virus would be activated, infecting the personal computer and displaying a short poem beginning "Elk Cloner: The program with a personality."
In 1984 Fred Cohen from the University of Southern California wrote his paper "Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments".[76] It was the first paper to explicitly call a self-reproducing program a "virus", a term introduced by Cohen's mentor Leonard Adleman. In 1987, Fred Cohen published a demonstration that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible viruses.[77] Fred Cohen's theoretical compression virus[78] was an example of a virus which was not malware, but was putatively benevolent. However, antivirus professionals do not accept the concept of benevolent viruses, as any desired function can be implemented without involving a virus (automatic compression, for instance, is available under the Windows operating system at the choice of the user). Any virus will by definition make unauthorised changes to a computer, which is undesirable even if no damage is done or intended. On page one of Dr Solomon's Virus Encyclopaedia, the undesirability of viruses, even those that do nothing but reproduce, is thoroughly explained.[2]
An article that describes "useful virus functionalities" was published by J. B. Gunn under the title "Use of virus functions to provide a virtual APL interpreter under user control" in 1984.[79]
The first IBM PC virus in the wild was a boot sector virus dubbed (c)Brain,[80] created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvi Brothers in Lahore, Pakistan, reportedly to deter piracy of the software they had written.[81]
The first virus to specifically target Microsoft Windows, WinVir was discovered in April 1992, two years after the release of Windows 3.0. The virus did not contain any Windows API calls, instead relying on DOS interrupts. A few years later, in February 1996, Australian hackers from the virus-writing crew Boza created the VLAD virus, which was the first known virus to target Windows 95. In late 1997 the encrypted, memory-resident stealth virus Win32.Cabanas was released—the first known virus that targeted Windows NT (it was also able to infect Windows 3.0 and Windows 9x hosts).[82]
Even home computers were affected by viruses. The first one to appear on the Commodore Amiga was a boot sector virus called SCA virus, which was detected in November 1987.[83]
Viruses and the Internet
Before computer networks became widespread, most viruses spread on removable media, particularly floppy disks. In the early days of the personal computer, many users regularly exchanged information and programs on floppies. Some viruses spread by infecting programs stored on these disks, while others installed themselves into the disk boot sector, ensuring that they would be run when the user booted the computer from the disk, usually inadvertently. Personal computers of the era would attempt to boot first from a floppy if one had been left in the drive. Until floppy disks fell out of use, this was the most successful infection strategy and boot sector viruses were the most common in the wild for many years.
Traditional computer viruses emerged in the 1980s, driven by the spread of personal computers and the resultant increase in BBS, modem use, and software sharing. Bulletin board–driven software sharing contributed directly to the spread of Trojan horse programs, and viruses were written to infect popularly traded software. Shareware and bootleg software were equally common vectors for viruses on BBSs.[citation needed] Viruses can increase their chances of spreading to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by other computers.[84]
Macro viruses have become common since the mid-1990s. Most of these viruses are written in the scripting languages for Microsoft programs such as Word and Excel and spread throughout Microsoft Office by infecting documents and spreadsheets. Since Word and Excel were also available for Mac OS, most could also spread to Macintosh computers. Although most of these viruses did not have the ability to send infected email messages, those viruses which did take advantage of the Microsoft Outlook COM interface.[citation needed]
Some old versions of Microsoft Word allow macros to replicate themselves with additional blank lines. If two macro viruses simultaneously infect a document, the combination of the two, if also self-replicating, can appear as a "mating" of the two and would likely be detected as a virus unique from the "parents".[85]
A virus may also send a web address link as an instant message to all the contacts on an infected machine. If the recipient, thinking the link is from a friend (a trusted source) follows the link to the website, the virus hosted at the site may be able to infect this new computer and continue propagating.[86]
Viruses that spread using cross-site scripting were first reported in 2002,[87] and were academically demonstrated in 2005.[88] There have been multiple instances of the cross-site scripting viruses in the wild, exploiting websites such as MySpace and Yahoo!.
See also
|This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2013)
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- ^ "Virus list". Retrieved 2008-02-07.
- ^ Thomas Chen, Jean-Marc Robert (2004). "The Evolution of Viruses and Worms". Retrieved 2009-02-16.
- ^ Parikka, Jussi (2007). Digital Contagions: A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses. New York: Peter Lang. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8204-8837-0.
- ^ Russell, Deborah & Gangemi, G.T. (1991). Computer Security Basics. O'Reilly. p. 86. ISBN 0-937175-71-4.
- ^ a b Anick Jesdanun (1 September 2007). "School prank starts 25 years of security woes". CNBC. Retrieved April 12, 2013.
- ^ "The anniversary of a nuisance".[dead link]
- ^ Cohen, Fred (1984), Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments
- ^ Cohen, Fred, An Undetectable Computer Virus, 1987, IBM
- ^ Burger, Ralph, 1991. Computer Viruses and Data Protection, pp. 19–20
- ^ Gunn, J.B. (June 1984). "Use of virus functions to provide a virtual APL interpreter under user control". ACM SIGAPL APL Quote Quad archive (ACM New York, NY, USA) 14 (4): 163–168. ISSN 0163-6006.
- ^ "Boot sector virus repair". Antivirus.about.com. 2010-06-10. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ "Amjad Farooq Alvi Inventor of first PC Virus post by Zagham". YouTube. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Grimes, Roger (2001). Malicious Mobile Code: Virus Protection for Windows. O'Reilly. pp. 99–100. ISBN 9781565926820.
- ^ "SCA virus". Virus Test Center, University of Hamburg. 1990-06-05. Retrieved 2014-01-14.
- ^ "What is a Computer Virus?". Actlab.utexas.edu. 1996-03-31. Retrieved 2010-08-27.
- ^ Vesselin Bontchev. "Macro Virus Identification Problems". FRISK Software International.
- ^ "Facebook 'photo virus' spreads via email.". Retrieved 2014-04-28.
- ^ Berend-Jan Wever. "XSS bug in hotmail login page". Retrieved 2014-04-07.
- ^ Wade Alcorn. "The Cross-site Scripting Virus".
Further reading
- Burger, Ralf (16 February 2010) [1991]. Computer Viruses and Data Protection. Abacus. p. 353. ISBN 978-1-55755-123-8. Check date values in:
|year= / |date= mismatch(help)
- Granneman, Scott (6 October 2003). "Linux vs. Windows Viruses". The Register.
- Ludwig, Mark (1993). Computer Viruses, Artificial Life and Evolution. Tucson, Arizona 85717: American Eagle Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-929408-07-1.[dead link]
- Mark Russinovich (November 2006). Advanced Malware Cleaning video<span /> (Web (WMV / MP4)). Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved 24 July 2011.
- Parikka, Jussi (2007). Digital Contagions. A Media Archaeology of Computer Viruses. Digital Formations. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-0-8204-8837-0.
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Computer viruses.
- Viruses at DMOZ (DMOZ)
- Microsoft Security Portal
- US Govt CERT (Computer Emergency Readiness Team) site
- 'Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments' – The original paper by Fred Cohen, 1984
- Hacking Away at the Counterculture by Andrew Ross (On hacking, 1990)
- VX Heaven - the biggest library computer viruses


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Geometric Diamond Encaustic Cement Tile 8"x8"
Geometric Cement Tiles patterns are shown in our favorite colorway. Use our colors or customize with any color from the Heritage Color Palette. Geometric cement tiles are:
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Listen to "Ebonics (Freestyle)" by Tony Yayo
Following up his "Some Niggaz (Freestyle)" from last month, Tony Yayo is back with a freestyle over Big L's "Ebonics" instrumental.
by Steve Updated
Following up his "Some Niggaz (Freestyle)" from last month, Tony Yayo is back with a freestyle over Big L's "Ebonics" instrumental.
DJ Whoo Kid is working on a new mixtape with G-Unit. The project is being dubbed Power (The Mixtape) and will have songs from…
Tony Yayo – Tim Westwood Freestyle
Tony Yayo recently appeared in the UK with DJ Whoo Kid. While he was there he payed Tim Westwood a visit and sat down…
G-Unit – The Lost Flash Drive (Mixtape)
DJ Whoo Kid and G-Unit bring us a new collection of tracks on "The Lost Flash Drive". The mixtape doesn't have any songs from…
G-Unit members Lloyd Banks, Tony Yayo, Young Buck and Kidd Kidd have some fun in the studio in the new visual for "Set The…
DJ Whoo Kid Teases "The Lost Flash Drive" G-Unit Mixtape
Probably not, but DJ Whoo Kid has never before G-Unit material he plans to soon release. On his Twitter account, the legendary mixtape DJ…
Consequence – Ask Somebody (Feat. Tony Yayo & Ty Dolla Sign)
Consequence teams up with G-Unit's Tony Yayo and Ty Dolla Sign on the new single "Ask Somebody".
Tony Yayo – El Chapo 3: The Great Escape (Mixtape)
The Talk Of New York, Tony Yayo, returns with the third installment of his El Chapo mixtape series. The project contains 11 records with…
Tony Yayo – All In My Business
Tony Yayo prepares us for El Chapo 3: The Great Escape with a new record titled "Always In My Business."
The talk of New York Tony Yayo is back with a new single "Billionaire", which will land on his upcoming project El Chapo 3:…
New Kids On The Block Bring Out 50 Cent At Madison Square Garden
Last night at one of New Kids On The Block's sold out Madison Square Garden shows, 50 Cent joined the boy band on stage….
Hot 97 Summer Jam 2015 (Official Recap)
Hot 97 has released an official recap of the Summer Jam 2015 festivities. Watch what happened from the festival stage to the main stage…
Tony Yayo – Gravediggaz (Freestyle)
G-Unit rapper Tony Yayo pays tribute to Chinx and Stack Bundles over Gravediggaz' "Diary of A Madman" for his latest release.
Tony Yayo – Eye For An Eye (Feat. E Troubz & Deadeye)
From Southside To Far Rock. Tony Yayo connects with E Troubz and Deadeye on "Eye For An Eye" a freestyle over the Mobb Deep…
Tony Yayo – Some Niggaz (Freestyle)
Tony Yayo returns with a new freestyle over Half-A-Mill's "Some Niggaz" instrumental.
Tony Yayo – Sex Money Murder (Freestyle)
The Talk Of New York continues his series of freestyles by jumping on a Wu-Tang classic. El Chapo 3 coming soon.
Tony Yayo – Killin Every Nigga (Freestyle)
Following up his "Mad Izm (Freestyle)" from last week, Tony Yayo returns with a freestyle over Black Moon's "Reality".
Future "Perkies" (Produced by Metro Boomin)
Debonair Brown "Embrace It" (Official Music Video)
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Lil Peep "Everybody's Everything" (Album Stream)
Tory Lanez "Chixtape 5" (Album Stream)
Kanye West "Jesus Is King" (Album Stream)
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Lil X "New Kid on the Block" (Album Stream)


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If you are looking for a way to help fight against human trafficking on a global scale, the following are organizations that work around the world. Many accept financial donations, but also recommend other ways you can help them by donating time or spreading the word. (More: How to help)
Anti-Slavery International
Through Anti-Slavery International you can donate financially, become a campaign member, start up a student or local anti-slavery group, run for freedom, organize your own events, or become a volunteer or intern.
DNA – Demi and Ashton Foundation
You can donate to DNA or participate in the T-shirt challenge by designing an inspirational tee around the theme of freedom.
ECPAT International
ECPAT International accepts financial donations, but also urges you to join the campaign by spreading the word or by applying for an internship position.
End Human Trafficking Now
End Human Trafficking Now, based in Switzerland, is the first worldwide initiative to engage the private sector in anti-trafficking efforts – enforcing its vision of zero tolerance to human trafficking. The association accepts financial donations.
Equality Now
Equality Now is an international human rights organization that aims to end violence and discrimination against women and girls around the world.
Free the Slaves
With Free the Slaves, you can donate, host and event, become a member, or volunteer your time.
International Justice Mission
International Justice Mission accepts financial donations and provides great ideas as to how you can get involved.
Maiti Nepal
Maiti Nepal, run by Anuradha Koirala, 2010 CNN Hero, works on the border between Nepal and India to prevent the trafficking of young Nepalese girls. In addition, the group works to provide justice as well as a safe haven for these girls. You can help by donating or sponsoring a child.
Mekong Club
The Mekong Club is an organization working in the Mekong region of Asia. This group specializes in partnering with businesses to reduce the economic vulnerabilty of the people in this region. Check out their website to see what their current projects are.
Not For Sale
Not For Sale, based in California, accepts donations and has many suggestions as to how you can help, including ideas for students, artists, etc.
A children's development organization working in 50 developing countries across Africa, Asia and the Americas to promote child rights and lift millions of children out of poverty.
Polaris Project
You can donate to the Polaris project, organize fundraisers, attend their events, volunteer your time, or sign one of their petitions against human trafficking.
Ricky Martin Foundation
The Ricky Martin Foundation is based in San Juan, Puerto Rico and accepts financial donations as well as hosts events, like a golf tournament to be held in June of 2011.
Salvation Army
The Salvation Army works to prevent human trafficking and support its victims. You can donate to their cause or become an intern. They also provide manuals for teachers who want to include the subject of human trafficking in their classrooms and ideas for faith-based help.
Save the Children
With Save the Children, you can join the fight against human trafficking by donating financially or by sponsoring a child.
Shared Hope International
Shared Hope International accepts donations, hosts awareness events, and provides ideas as to how to host your own awareness evens. You can even request a speaker for your own event.
Somaly Mam
Somaly Mam's foundation works in Cambodia, providing shelter to victims of human trafficking. Somaly Mam's own experiences as a victim are documented in her book The Road of Lost Innocence. The Foundation accepts financial donations and provides ideas for fundraisers.
UNICEF accepts donations and provides training manuals on the subject of human trafficking.
World Hope International
World Hope International accepts donations and provides many ideas as to how you can get involved
World Vision
You can donate financially to World Vision, but make sure to look through their site to see all the other ways you can help keep a child safe and their family self-sufficient.
Related: How to help
– Global organizations
– Country-by-country list
– Learn signs of trafficking victims | List of hotlines
– Explore our parents and educators guide
– e-mail The CNN Freedom Project: email@example.com
– More ways to help
Which of these charities and groups tell you how to STOP unintentionally supporting human trafficking? How do I know my $200 department store dress was not made by an enslaved worker in Los Angeles? I'm happy to support aiding victims of trafficking, but I would like to stop industry driving the trafficking.
A couple websites can help you with that. http://www.free2work.com and http://www.productsofslavery.com are two websites that I like.
What about Traffic911 and also The Isaiah58 project ? Those are 2 awesome group.
Those websites mentioned in comment section weren't related to the topic of human slavery.
At least not the last two mentioned.
Hey, CNN! You're forgetting a really awesome NGO that has specific programs to combat child trafficking. It's PlanUSA, they focus on community development while focusing on children. Children don't live in isolation, so they're great indicator of how a community is doing, even here in the states. If children are happy and healthy, you know that everyone else is doing well. Plan does amazing work and has a program sponsorship that directly funds avenues to combat child trafficking.
Socialism is beggarism ဗုိေန၀င္း အေမြထားခဲ့တဲ့ သူေတာင္းစားတုိင္းျပည္ မွာ တခါ ဥပေဒမရွိတဲ့ လက္နက္အားကုိးနဲ့လူဆုိးဂုိဏ္းက ႏွစ္ေပါင္း၂၀-ေက်ာ္ အုပ္ခ်ဳပ္လုိက္ေတာ သာမန္ရုိးရုိးသားသားလုပ္ကုိင္ စားေသာက္ရတဲ့ျပည္သူေတြ အိမ္နီးခ်င္းႏုိင္ငံေတြမွာ ကြ်န္အျဖစ္ေရာင္းစားခံရတာ ဘာဆန္းတာမွတ္လုိ့။ တုိင္းျပည္မွာ ေခါင္းမုိးက မလံုရင္ ဒီအတုိင္းဆက္ျဖစ္ေနအံုးမွာပဲ။ ဒီအတုိင္း သာ ဆက္သြားေနရင္ ေနာက္ဆုိ မဗာျပည္ဟာ ကမၻာမွာ လုိလုိ ကြ်န္ထုတ္လုပ္တဲ့ႏုိင္ငံ အျဖစ္ နာမည္ႀကီးသြားႏုိင္တယ္၊
CNN Freedom Project needs to seriously look into the Japan, South Korean, China, Taiwan, and Thailand importation of the Philippine women into their club systems. The club systems recruit these women as singers and they end up working as soft prostitutes. The women have no days off or one day out of a month. Force to give up their passports. Terrible living conditions, were the women sleep three to five in a bed in one room. Force to dance on stages half naked for the clubs customers.
What is sad is a lot of these clubs are in and around American military installations, were rapes beatings occur, that are swept under the rug. CNN I hope you really look at this modern day slavery and you will see the truth of the Americans, and the above nations and other western countries let this practice flourish and say and do nothing.
we the old campion school pupils ,gushi atwal,jas brach,andy robbins,norman doughty,ami beng,bini thiara,gurdip randawa will assist.
sukhi panaiche,ravi gill,tyrone sheen,wally sangera, will help
you dont have to look or go far: human trafficking happens right before your eyes: take a
look into the scientology centers in LA or Clearwater (where, as I read FBI is
investigating). Concentration camps (RPFs – Rehabilitation Project Forces), where
unwanted people are held (internet search: mike rinder, marty rathbun etc.) these are
labour camps (similar to chinese laogais):18 hrs work, write ups of "crimes" as
"religious" procedures, rice and beans, 20 or more people in tiny places (I've been in
similar locations in scientology Copenhague), forced abortions (read st. petersburg
times article The Truth Rundown). so why no make this a theme, which is happening
right before your eyes, but nobody taking it up, because US government has a vested
interest in it (sind Clinton wrote an article in the scientology hate-pamphlet Freedom –
which is similar to Nazis Der Stuermer).
Scientology is not a religion, it is a cybernetic, military style operated, intelligence
gathering business venture, where the staff are gradually becoming the means (slaves)
which the management can use. all scientologists are deployable agents (roy wallis, The
Road to Total freedom, http://tinyurl.com/6x9e9rp), all scientologists become eventually
Kampfmenschen (fighting machines without brains).
thats enough info for now.
hey CNN. I thought i was alone in year 2009 when i founded an organisation to combact the mordern day slavery in Libya inside those Secrea because there was no help from outside world .... but today the world seem awakening by the CNNfreedom project how can i raise fund
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Hi, I'm new to MRA and I'm a noob in moped repair/upgrades.
I decided to upgrade to a larger cylinder after a hard seizure on my 2011 Tomos LX. I installed a new 70cc Airsal kit. Without a spark plug in, when I backpedal to turn the engine, it turns smoothly and pushes air out of the spark plug hole. However, when I screw a spark plug in, I cannot backpedal at all to start it and I don't understand why not. The flywheel only turns 3/4 of a turn from one very hard stop to another and the piston moves with it.
Here are some important factors to consider:
- The hard seizure that locked up the old top end was due to a busted needle bearing cage. One of the needles subsequently fused itself into my piston skirt. I can account for all but one or two needles. I couldn't detect any debris in the crank case and the small end of the con rod still looked super smooth. Of course I replaced the needle bearing as well as the wrist pin. Still, maybe there is debris in there somewhere or some other damage caused by the seizure could be causing this problem.
- As I mentioned, I am a total noob. It's possible I just did something wrong when installing the kit. It feels like something is out of place and simply blocking movement
-I was also kind of slow to diagnose the hard seizure, it's possible that I put too much pressure on the pedals attempting to kickstart it free after the seizure. Maybe I've damaged something in the kickstart assembly.
Any thoughts? Stuff to check?