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Ancient Egyptian farmer ploughing a field
Recently several weblogs have pointed to a new working paper on the role of plough-based agriculture vs. hoe-based agriculture in shaping cultural expectations about male and female labor force participation specifically, and the differentiation of gender roles more generally. My first reaction was: "doesn't everyone know this already?" I am a cursory reader of the anthropological literature and the assumption that a shift from relatively extensive hoe-based agriculture (e.g., slash & burn, gardening, etc.) to a more intensive plough-based mode of production seems to suffuse the literature. Before touching on the major points in the paper itself I did a quick literature search, on the order of five minutes, and found something from 1928 which already assumed the major parameters which are now being mooted today, The Division of Work According to Sex in African Hoe Culture. I read the whole paper, and it remains surprisingly relevant (though some of the terminology and frameworks are a bit dated naturally). Here's a selection:
Eduard Han, to whom the ethnological study of economics owes a considerable number of important discoveries which have been published repeatedly and in varying forms, seems to have paid scarcely enough attention to the good work of the scholars who preceded him in the fight for the recognition of the outstanding position of women in the lower forms of soil cultivation. Steinmetz and quite recently Koppers,' have pointed out that Buckland already attributed to the female sex the invention of the most ancient method of soil cultivation, or hoe culture…Here we find, in particular,a clearer statement of the arguments of Grosse, Bachofen, and others about the connexion of matriarchal society and lower forms of soil cultivation. Matriarchy and hoe culture are assigned to definite chronologically determined stages of civilization (older forms of the so-called 'two class culture', and later ones of 'bow culture'). Koppers, of the Austrian branch associates matriarchy and hoe culture with these two civilizations….
It is not our business here to study in detail the researcheson the zones of culture,which may be regardedas successfulup to a certain point, though we shall have to refer to them incidentally. It suffices to state that a connexion between woman and hoe culture, nay more, between that social system where the woman rules, matriarchal society, and primitive soil cultivation is universally acknowledged to exist.
Ignore some of the terms and concepts which might seem loaded or outmoded today. Rather, observe that in 1928 a distinction between hoe-based and plough-based agriculture was widely accepted in terms of the cultural consequences. Why? Just take a look at an old-fashioned plough vs. hoe (at least old-fashioned compared to the sort of mechanized devices you can find in catalogs today):
Manual plough & hoe, credit Jonathunder
Both the plough and the hoe serve the same general purpose, to prepare and maintain fields for the purpose of agriculture. The plough has more up-front fixed costs, because of its greater size and complexity, as well as a greater maintenance cost in terms of usage, because it requires more effort. But it is far more effectual than the hoe in its task of preparing and maintaining soil integrity for a host of crops. In particular, the two staffs of life in Eurasia which are associated with intensive agriculture: wheat and rice. Additionally, the physical demands of the plough, as well as its coupling with work animals, means that in general men have an advantage in generating productivity from the tool in relation to women. This is just a function of biology, as men tend to be larger and have more upper body strength. In societies where the plough reigns supreme the men dominate the public cultivated fields (I've been to rural Bangladesh, and the men perform most of the back-breaking labor in the paddies, while the women often engage in processing at home as well as handicrafts). In contrast it turns out be a truism that in societies where agriculture is "women's work" the implement of choice tends to be the hoe, where they are not at great disadvantage to men in terms of marginal product (though even in these societies men may clear forests and do other extremely physically demanding tasks to prepare the ground for the women, who will follow in their wake).
As implied above, the plough tends to be associated with farming in more populous societies at the heart of the Old World Ecumene, while the hoe is generally found in more "small-scale" societies. Presumably all plough cultures went through though a hoe phase, just as intensive agriculture which is squeezed up against the Malthusian margin generally is preceded by a period of extensive agriculture where land is in surplus to labor. But a key point is that cultures do not emerge and evolve purely through endogenous social forces, but are constrained by exogenous parameters. Not only are some regions more suitable to particular modes of production (e.g., farming, animal husbandry, transhumance, etc.), but the details of production can vary a great deal. Even in a nation as ethnically homogenized by centuries of top-down fiat such as China the divide between the north and south of the country is a structural constant due to different climatic regimes and geological conditions.
So what does the new paper add? I am not familiar with the economic literature in this area, so I do not know if the methods are novel in terms of their application to this subject, but the authors use a formal statistical framework to confirm the correlation between mode of agriculture and gender roles. They do not smoke out novel or new correlations, rather, they place a specific number so as to render the broad-brush observation precise. In this way ironically the economists who bandy about fancy regression models actually make a mental picture of social phenomena more accessible to those without specific "thick" local knowledge.
The Origins of Gender Roles: Women and the Plough:
This paper studies the historic origins of current differences in norms and beliefs about the role of women in society. We show that, consistent with anthropological hypotheses, societies with a tradition of plough agriculture tend to have the belief that the natural place for women is inside the home and the natural place for men is outside the home. Looking across countries, subnational districts, ethnic groups and individuals, we identify a link between historic plough-use and a number of outcomes today, including female labor force participation, female participation in politics, female ownership of firms, the sex ratio and self-expressed attitudes about the role of women in society. Our identification exploits variation in the historic suitability of the environment of ancestors for growing crops that differentially benefited from the adoption of the plough. We examine culture as a mechanism by looking at first and second generation immigrants with different cultural backgrounds living within the US.
In the paper they cite a 1970 book, Womans Role in Economic Development, for the hypothesis they're testing. I just want to emphasize again that all the pieces of the model were already widely circulating in anthropological circles implicity, as is made clear by the 1928 paper I mentioned above. It is important to remember that we come to the new paper with a strong expectation in the direction of the conclusions which they found.
Below are two maps which show the distributions of plough vs. hoe societies:
[nggallery id=22]
The first map illustrates usage by ethnic group in their database. It is obvious that there are many more hoe farming populations than plough farmings. But, many more as individuals are from plough farming cultures. Why the difference? In the latter case the analogy can be made between the replacement of hunting & gathering and farming; plough farmers simply had greater per unit productivity and so could support much higher population levels than hoe farmers in regions where crops amenable to their intensive techniques could flourish. In their sample "86% of the ethnicities did not introduce the plough, in 12.18% of the societies, the plough was used, and in 1.5% of the plough was not initially used, but it was adopted after European contact." In Brazil today the vast majority of ethnic groups were not plough farmers in 1500, but the majority of Brazilians are descended from plough farmers (even counting Africans as hoe farmers it seems likely that there is a preponderance of European ancestral contribution to Brazil in relation to African). Remember that even if you count the dozens of Portuguese speaking ethno-racial constructs among Brazilians as ethnic groups they're still outnumbered by the small-scale societies of the Amazon!
Though the real yield of the paper is its general quantitative finding, which I will get to, it has to be framed in the broader area-specific patterns. For example, Northern India and Southern India traditionally exhibit very different gender relations patterns, as well as agricultural traditions. From the paper:
Boserup reports data for regional differences in women's activities in different regions of India. She finds that in the South, where the plough was not present, there is a high fraction of women in the labor force compared to the North (36% versus 26%). This difference is present not only in agriculture (40% versus 29%), but also in other sectors such as construction (17% versus 6%), trade (17% versus 6%), transport and services (27% versus 13%) and other industries more generally (17% versus 6%). The author also notes that "in India the connection between the work of women and the direction of marriage payment is close and unmistakable. . . In region where women do most of the agricultural work it is the bridegroom who pay bride wealth, but where women are less actively engaged in agriculture, marriage payments come usually from the girl's family" also "In some of the farming communities in Northern India, where women do little work in agriculture and the parents know that a daughter will in due course cost them the payment of a dowry, it was customary in earlier time to limit the number of surviving daughters by infanticide. This practice has disappeared but nevertheless the ratio of female to male population in these districts continues to be abnormal compared to other regions of India and to tribes with working women living in the same region".
In the 20th century India has exhibited a relative trend toward cultural homogenization. But ethnology and anthropology were well developed enough early in the 20th century that practices which would decline or disappear were attested for many mainstream groups in south India. The Nairs and Bunts for example practiced (and some continue to pactice) matrilineal inheritance (Aishwarya Rai is a Bunt). Interestingly, there are groups in northeast India of Tibeto-Burma or Austro-Asiatic origin which practice both matrilineality and matrilocality. Not only is inheritance defined through the maternal line, but men move to the villages of their wives. This is in sharp contrast to the patriarchal bias evident in the Indo-Aryan speaking societies of North India. The "evil mother in law" who torments a young woman who marries into the family, who eventually becomes the "evil mother in law" in her own right after she gives birth to a son who will inherit, seems almost a cultural trope in these societies. Women are "strangers" who are coopted into the patrilineages through their sons, and ultimately become some of the most egregious enforcers of the norms which perpetuate the hyper-patriarchy of North India.
A quick inspection of the map above will show that it is the regions where hoe agriculture is also practiced which are less patriarchal. The highlands of Meghalaya, the the states of Nagaland, Manipur, Tripura and Mizoram, are really extensions of the broader Southeast Asian zone of slash & burn extensive agriculture, so the trend exists outside of Southeast Asia. The "hill people" in Burma, Thailand, Laos, and Thailand, occupy culturally marginalized positions, and probably are a snapshot of a dynamic which was common across much of the Old World.
In any case, speaking of maps, look at this one which compares sex ratio and literacy rates in India:
South India has higher literacy rates, and more normal sex ratios, indicative of relatively equitable gender relations. But, there are more developed regions of North India, like Punjab, which have massive sex ratio skews, while the tribal dominated regions of Central India combine low levels of development along with relatively equitable sex relations. What you tend to see is that cultures which are the most developed and least developed have the most equitable relations between the genders, while those in the middle are generally more conventionally male-dominated.
That's where the statistical framework presented in the paper is so useful: one can control for confounding variables. Basically what they seem to have done is integrated modern geodata with older ethnographic information. Not only that, but they weighted the geographical variation by population density. So what the paper is popping out are spatial correlations of the variables of interest. To the left you see the output from an OLS regression. The dependent variable is the extent of female labor force participation as the dependent variable (as six categories). The first row shows the effect of the introduction of the plough, with the second two columns introducing controls. Remember that more plough societies have become developed than hoe societies, and developed societies tend to have more formal female labor force participation. The data set is broken down by ethnicity here. Note that the R-squared is capturing the proportion of the variance of Y explainable by X(s).
Obviously ethnic group level analysis is going to be somewhat problematic, because the data sets aren't as well attested on this scale (e.g., labor force participation of Naga women as a percentage value?). On the other hand, they had better measures on the country and district and individual level, because the World Values Survey, and a host of statistical organizations, track numbers internationally which can be related together.
[nggallery id=23]
The pre-print is freely available, so I'll point you to that to make sense of the numbers in the above tables if they mystify you. Basically they're supporting the general anthropological hunch that plough farming societies tend to be more patriarchal, all things equal. The final results section shows that immigrants to the United States impart to their descendants the same values. I do not find this surprising, though again it is useful to peg the exact magnitude of the correlations as they do. The majority of the world's population are no longer primary producers, but most are recent descendants of primary producers. (around 50% of Americans lived on family farms just before 1900).
Ultimately this goes back to the foragers & farmers debate. I have argued for years that the "traditional" and "conservative" values which emerged after the rise of agriculture, and crystallized during the Axial Age, are actually cultural adaptations to existence in the Malthusian mass societies which arose as the farmers pushed up against the production frontier. As the world "filled up" there was a necessary switch from extensive to intensive agriculture, and social controls needed to be more powerful so as to keep the masses of humanity in some sort of meta-stable equilibrium. The rise of institutional religions, conscript armies, and national identities, all bubbled up as adaptations to a world where a few controlled the many, and the many persisted on the barest margin of subsistence.
But this is not to say that the world before the ploughman was a paradise. I believe it too was Malthusian. Humans are animals, and naturally hit a "carrying capacity." But there's Malthusian, and then there's Malthusian. There were differences between the lives of hunter-gatherers on the margin, and farmers on the margin. Some scholars hypothesize that interpersonal violence was more common, not less, among hunter-gatherers, because there was no central authority regulating conflicts. More frequent unexpected deaths by hunter-gatherers may have constantly relieved pressures on small bands (as well as the fact that there was a check on births due to the problems of moving more than one infant at a time in a roving band). In contrast, it may be that famine and plague were the means by which nature re-calibrated the populations of farmers, who culled themselves off in the course of their lives through violence far less often. This is not because farmers necessarily were pacific angels, rather, the powerful men who rose with the mass societies valued individuals as sources of tax. Too much conflict which reduced population would naturally leave less aggregate rent, so there was a strong incentive for the thugs in charge keep their sheep alive and producing.
The above is a rather materialist economic reading of power relations. One could create a narrative of moral evolution over time, and the expansion of the arc of humanity with the spread of universal religions. I think the two variables are related, and in any case the description of what happened remains the same. But now we're in a third age. We're not trapped by Malthusian parameters, because gains in economic productivity haven't been swamped by population growth. Rather, on the contrary a demographic transition has occurred across much of the world, producing mass affluence.
With mass affluence has come liberalism, post-materialism, and all sorts of ideas and movements predicated on self-actualization. The converse is that the traditional values and social controls necessary for the proper maintenance of human civilization during the millennia of the ploughman have come under attack, and those who defend them style themselves conservatives and reactionaries. Ironically the flowering of the individualist ethos has resulted in a reversion to the relative lack of mass conformity, which replicates the diversity across small-scale societies. I say mass conformity because individuals still conform within their own subcultures, it is just that the mass culture has shattered into many smaller constituent pieces (e.g., the rise of "urban tribes").
We should not proliferate categories beyond what is needed. But the story of hoe vs. plough agriculturalists shows that a simple hunter-gatherer vs. farmer narrative does not suffice. In some ways the hoe agriculturalist remains more like the hunter-gatherer, and in some ways more like his or her fellow agriculturalist. The most polygynous societies for example are arguably those of hoe based agriculturalists, as well as nomads. In contrast, hunter-gatherers and ploughman tend to be more monogamous, at least in a genetic sense.
We need to evaluate human nature and society at its true joints. That may require more complexity than is pithy, but so be it.
Note: I used the British spelling "plough" because it looked right to me.
Image credits: Nomadtales, Georges Biard, kris krüg


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The Taiwanese news animators at NMA take on the newest Elder Scrolls game with a news report that covers Skyrim's blockbuster launch and pesky bugs. It's ironic to see NMA shining a spotlight on a title's bugs when their own lo-fi, CGI oeuvre seems to be drawn from Will Wright's nightmares. This clip isn't as bloodthirsty as the Tanooki Mario one, but has a voyeuristic Grim Reaper and a baby with a glowing forehead tattoo. Just keep the crazy coming, NMA.
Skyrim drums up sales; bugs plague users [Next Media Animation]
You can contact Evan Narcisse, the author of this post, at firstname.lastname@example.com. You can also find him on Twitter, Facebook, and lurking around our #tips page.

subset: commoncrawl


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Tijuana site may contain up to 100 dissolved bodies
TIJUANA — Authorities searching a vacant property in eastern Tijuana may have found the remains of dozens of drug-war victims gone missing after their corpses were dissolved in lye by a man known as El Pozolero — the stew maker.
"We believe that there could be more than 100 bodies dissolved there," said Abel Galván Gallardo, head of Baja California's organized-crime unit. "There is the total possibility of being able to tell families that their loved one is here."
The search began Tuesday and is likely to last at least into next week, Galván said Thursday.
By Friday afternoon, federal investigators had discovered 80 human bones and 25 teeth, said Fernando Ocegueda, leader of the group United for the Disappeared of Baja California, which has been collaborating closely with authorities in the excavation effort. The organization represents family members of 280 people, many of whom disappeared at the height of drug violence in Baja California — from 2007 to 2010.
Human-rights activist say thousands across Mexico have gone missing over the past six years during the country's U.S.-backed fight against organized crime. Mexico's National Commission for Human Rights has said more than 18,000 Mexicans were reported missing between 2006 and mid-2011. The Washington Post, citing unpublished government documents, reported Friday that the number is closer to 25,000.
In eastern Tijuana, investigators are combing through what Galván and Ocegueda described as "organic mass" found in a pit dug four feet underground. Their goal is to unearth as many bones and teeth as possible, then match the DNA from that evidence with DNA samples provided by victims' family members.
Ocegueda said a second pit was discovered on the property Friday, but that investigators were still combing through the first one. He said the first pit connected by a duct to a small room "where they would cook the bodies." A spigot would be opened after the corpses were dissolved, allowing the remains to fall by gravity into the pit, Ocegueda said.
The bodies were likely dissolved by Santiago Meza López, nicknamed El Pozolero, who confessed to liquefying the corpses of about 300 organized-crime victims by the time Mexican troops captured him outside Ensenada in January 2009. Meza reported to Teodoro García Simental, a member of the Arellano Félix cartel who broke from that organization and formed an alliance with the Sinaloa cartel. Known for his brutality, García was arrested in February 2010.
Ocegueda said his group led investigators to the eastern Tijuana site in the struggling neighborhood of Maclovio Rojas, located off the free road to Tecate. He was able to locate it after being leaked a report of Meza's confession, which said he had disposed of bodies in a cockfighting ranch.
"There's something like 80 cockfighting ranches in that area," Ocegueda said, and it took two years to pinpoint the correct spot.
The site is one of five where Meza said he had disposed the corpses of García's victims, according to Ocequeda. United for the Disappeared of Baja California said it has looked at nearly three dozen sites in the past two years, prompting 13 visits to the region by federal investigators.
Two of those sites yielded remains, Ocegueda said, but this week's excavation seems the most promising to date. Remains at the previous loations were too decomposed to make any positive identifications, Ocegueda said.
"This shows that when you set a goal, you can reach it," Ocegueda said. "We had to put a lot of pressure on the authorities."
He plans to continue searching for the two other locations where Meza reportedly dissolved bodies. "For me, it is a great satisfaction having found this — and perhaps bring peace to some families," said Ocegueda, whose own son has been missing since he was seized from the family's residence in 2006.


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In 1905, Marshall Field, Jr. was found shot to death in the bedroom of his home on Chicago's Prairie Avenue, reportedly the result of a self-inflicted gun shot. Field's family told police the death had been an accident: Marshall had been cleaning a hunting weapon when it accidentally discharged. Others weren't so sure, however, and soon there were rumors of Field's dealings in the old Levee vice district. Had Field taken his own life to bow out of some untoward matter at Chicago's most prestigious brothel, the Everleigh Club?
Everleigh Club found here
In November 1913, the New York Times ran this story
LOS ANGELES, California: Vera Scott, who says she is the wife of a Kansas City musician, and who is in jail here on a charge of vagrancy, in connection with an alleged attempt to work the badger game, told the police today that she shot and killed Marshal Field, Jr., in a Chicago clubhouse in 1905.
Not this Vera Scott
The Scott woman asserted that after the shooting, Marshall Field Snr gave her a large sum of money to leave the country. The woman asserted further that it was she who shot and killed Reese Prosser on a train in Montana in June 1910. (Prosser was killed by his divorced wife who was acquitted on the grounds of self defence)
1910 Train wreck Allard, Montana found here
The woman laughed heartily and often during the reciting of her story, at the ease with which she has been able to "handle" men. She told how she arrived in Los Angeles 8 months ago with only $3.00 and since then had made $60,000 by wheedling wealthy men.
some wealthy Los Angeleans found here
"I am the daughter of a wealthy French-born stockbroker" she said. "I went to New York and married Louis Clarkson, poor fellow he's dead now. Then came Reese Prosser. We got along well until he turned savage. Besides, I wanted liberties, so I took them. In Chicago I was introduced as Vera Leroy to Marshall Field Jr. who took a fancy to me and we went to the Everleigh Club brothel together.
Princess Caroline weds her French stockbroker
He said something that offended me and I was so inflamed with wine I took his revolver off him and said I would teach him a lesson. The trigger must have been finely set, it just went off before I intended it. Marshall fell mortally wounded but was still able to say "Get me a cab out of here and don't say anything"
some interesting old taxis to be found here
The next thing I knew we were in two separate cabs, he returning to his wife and children and me heading towards a hotel on the North Side. Next day, his father Marshall Field Snr, visited me and handed over $10,000. I was promised another $10,000 if I set sail for the Orient so I took that too.
Marshall Field Snr found here
Later I returned quietly and went to Cleveland where my husband Reese Prosser was glad to have me back. Then in 1910 I met Leroy Scott and told Reese I wanted a divorce. I got one against his wishes and when he followed me on a train I had to shoot him in self defence.
find out how to defend yourself in Bahrain
The story of Field Jr.'s death at the age of 38 continues to stir controversy today. Although officially ruled accidental, rumors have long circulated that he was in fact shot by a prostitute in the infamous Everleigh Club, or was despondent and was trying to commit suicide. The true story of his death may never be known.


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The Ifta' Law number (60) of the year 2006, and the modifying Law number (4) of the year 2009 state that a Board is to be established in the Kingdom and called "Board of Iftaa', Islamic Studies and Research," and that the General Mufti (who is now Shaikh Abdel Kareem El-Khasawneh) is the Head of the Board. The following are members:
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What is the ruling on paying Zakah upon money in a form of food supplies and the like?
A woman started buying gold liras on the 10nth of March 2011. By the end of September of the same year, the total number of liras became 41. When is Zakah due on them?
Is a woman`s jewelry liable for Zakah although she sometimes wears it?


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from Tim Challies Apr 29, 2011 Category: Tabletalk MagazineIn his column in the April edition of Tabletalk, John Piper writes this: "In marriage, anger rivals lust as a killer. My guess is that anger is a worse enemy than lust. It also destroys other kinds of camaraderie. Some people have more anger than they think, because it has disguises. When willpower hinders rage, anger smolders beneath the surface, and the teeth of the soul grind with frustration. It can come out in tears that look more like hurt. But the heart has learned that this may be the only way to hurt back." Keep Reading
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from Tim Challies Apr 14, 2011 Category: Tabletalk Magazine"The default sin of the human heart is to put ourselves first. 'It really is all about me!' was once a funny t-shirt slogan; it has now become a way of life. Unless preachers and Bible teachers are careful, the way we handle Scripture can actually feed this beast. We rush to application, consumed by the question, 'How is this relevant to me?'" Keep Reading
The Christ of the Old and New
from Tim Challies Apr 05, 2011 Category: Tabletalk Magazine"We have all heard the ancient maxim about the relationship between the Old and New Testaments: 'The new is in the old concealed, and the old is in the new revealed.' While the words concealed and revealed do not entirely accurately describe the relationship between the testaments, they do help us grasp the fundamental truth that the New Testament is found in seed form throughout the pages of the Old Testament and that the Old Testament blossoms forth as a flower in the New Testament." Keep Reading
Links We Liked (4/2/11)
from Tim Challies Apr 02, 2011 Category: ArticlesHere is a round-up of some of the notable blogs and articles our team read this week. Keep Reading
Columns from Tabletalk Magazine, April 2011
from Tim Challies Apr 01, 2011 Category: Tabletalk MagazineThe April edition of Tabletalk is out. This month's issue looks at how a humiliated and exalted Messiah is revealed in the Old Testament, as well as how Jesus of Nazareth fulfilled those expectations.. Contributors include R.C. Sproul, John Piper, John Sittema, Albert Mohler, Elyse Fitzpatrick and R.C. Sproul Jr. Keep Reading


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Warriors for the Lord
1. A mighty pow'r is growing to spread across the land,
To gather all the saints of God, the final hour at hand.
As servants we'll prepare
For when He calls us forth.
We're sons and daughters of a king and warriors for the Lord.
2. Our courage is believing in truths we have been taught,
And in each challenge prove our worth and glory give to God.
We cannot fail the test,
Salvation our reward.
We're sons and daughters of a king and warriors for the Lord.
Text: Juliet Gamero
Music: Juliet Gamero
Artist: Gamero
Album: Music Published in the Church Magazines: New Era
Composition Date: 1989-08-01
More Info: New Era


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No brown recluses here
I was very pleased with the response by Dan Foster regarding spiders [Gimme Shelter: "Spider man: Beasts in the basement," June 30, 2005] However, his response requires a bit of clarification.
The brown recluse spider does not live in Virginia. This is a western species that is very, very rarely found in furniture that has been moved here from out west where such spiders exist. (There are only three known sightings of brown recluse spiders in Virginia, none of which were in Albemarle County.)
People are always telling me they have killed brown recluse spiders. Spiders are extremely beneficial around homes, and it's a shame for people to be killing misidentified spiders needlessly.
Please correct this misinformation.
Marlene A. Condon
White Hall


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Drop by Drop
Seminary Music: Doctrine and Covenants
A drop for an act of kindness.
A drop for a righteous deed.
Another drop is given for helping those in need.
A drop of oil is added for ev'ry time we care
For ev'ry hour of selfless service.
For ev'ry pray'r.
And when we wake at midnight to go and meet the Lord.
Lamps lit by righteousness lead us to our reward.
Who greets his coming with hope in their eyes?
Who will be ready when the great day arrives?
They with their lamps full
They that are wise.
At his second coming those who will abide
Have let His Holy spirit be their constant guide.
A drop for an act of mercy,
A drop for a gift of love.
And so each drop is added from a loving source above.
A drop of oil is given for ev'ry time we share
For ev'ry thought of heaven for ev'ry humble prayer.
And when we wake at midnight to go and meet the Lord
Lamps lit by righteous lead us to our reward.
Lamps lit by righteous
Lead us to our reward.
Text: Steven K. Jones
Music: Kurt Bestor
Arranged By: Jason W. Johnson
Artist: Jenny Frogley and Ron Williams
kindness, service, prayer, preparation, second coming, testimony


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Universal Drivshafts Pr (Blackout MT)
Dostępność produktu w sklepach
MV24119 universal driveshafts now come as standard in the latest Blackout MT kits. Older cars can be upgraded wih these parts easily. Available for the Blackout MT are high efficiency Universal Driveshafts for extra speed and power: #MV24119 Universal Drivshafts Pr (Blackout MT) #MV24130 Centre UJ Driveshaft Fr 172mm (Blackout MT) You can also improve the durability of your Blackout MT while adding some extra style with extra-tough Maverick aluminium parts! Stylish and effective, these are a fantastic way to add some style and toughness to your Blackout MT.
#MV24120 Aluminium Servo Mounts (Blackout MT) #MV24121 Aluminium Servo Saver Set (Blackout MT) #MV24122 Aluminium Body Post (Blackout MT) #MV24123 Aluminium Front Sus.Arm Holder (Blackout MT) #MV24124 Aluminium Rear Sus.Arm Holder (Blackout MT) #MV24125 Aluminium Servo Horns (Blackout MT) #MV24126 Shock Absorber Protective Caps 4 Pcs (Blackout MT)


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Patrol info for U-181
Date lookup for 8 Jun 1943
|Arrival / Fate
|23 Mar 1943
|14 Oct 1943
|206 days
Officers *
Kptlt. Wolfgang Lüth
Ltn. Gottfried König
U-181's position on 8 Jun 1943
Wolfpack operations during this patrol
U-181 operated with the following Wolfpacks during this patrol
Without name (27 Mar 1943 - 30 Mar 1943)
Ships hit by U-181 on this date
General Events during this patrol
We have no events listed for this date.
Add more events! If you know of an interesting event either missing from this date or an upcoming event that you'd like to share please contact us. We continuously update these databases.
Attacks on U-181 during this patrol
We have no recorded attacks on U-181 on this date.
If you believe we have omitted an attack on U-181 please let us know.
Men lost from U-boats
11 Apr 1943
Return to see the full info on this patrol
See all patrols for U-181
* These are officers that later became commanders themselves.


text:
Gawker's New York City headquarters is on fire in this week's episode of GameTrailers TV, as host Geoff Keighley shows the world how good three Kotaku editors look standing on a rooftop with the wind rustling their shirts.
Aside from miss earthquakes, not working out of Gawker's New York City office means I also don't get to appear on Spike TV this Thursday at 1:05AM Eastern time alongside Joel Johnson, Stephen Totilo, and the thoughtful Brian Crecente. They'll be on the show discussing the biggest games of the year, along with a few hidden gems that only loyal Kotaku readers know about.
So stay up late or set your favorite television recording device; this one features three people I've had dinner with.


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Amid another nauseating incident on board a cruise ship, many Americans are wondering: just how clean are cruise ships?
Princess Cruises said Wednesday that 83 people aboard its Crown Princess ship, which was sailing to California ports, came down with a gastrointestinal illness. The illness may have been caused by the dreaded norovirus, which makes the intestines inflamed and leads to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and in rare cases death. This comes on the heels of a stomach-churning outbreak of norovirus on a Royal Caribbean
To its credit, Princess Cruises has implemented sanitation procedures in coordination with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the sickened passengers have been isolated in their rooms. What's more, if the cause of this outbreak was in fact the norovirus, it's important to note that the virus, which sickens roughly 20 million Americans each year, might have been brought on the cruise ship from elsewhere. Furthermore, contracting norovirus on a cruise ship is rare: Though millions took a cruise last year, only about 1,300 cruise passengers and crew were sickened by norovirus, according to the CDC, which examines 100-plus passenger ships that travel to foreign countries and the U.S. Passengers can examine which cruise lines have documented outbreaks of norovirus , though, of course, this offers little indication of where the next outbreak will occur.
But despite Princess Cruise's sanitation efforts — and the fact that the spread of the illness probably didn't have anything to do with the cleanliness of that ship or crew — many Americans are worried about how clean cruise ships really are. The good news: Many are quite clean, according to government reports. Indeed, since 2010, cruise ships have only failed the Center for Disease Control's cruise ship sanitation inspection 30 times (a score of 85 out of 100 or lower is considered failing), while the ships passed more than 900 inspections. And, according to maritime lawyer Andrew Waks, who has sued multiple cruise lines, the CDC inspections seem to be effective and cruise ships, for the most part, are clean. "I make claims against cruise lines every day of the week — mostly for personal injuries — but I don't take most of these norovirus cases," because typically the cruise line is not at fault, he says.
In fact, some cruise lines' ships have never failed a cruise ship inspection. MarketWatch analyzed CDC cruise ship inspection data for 14 major cruise lines — Carnival, Celebrity, Disney, Royal Caribbean, Holland, Norwegian, Oceania, Princess, Cunard, Crystal, Costa, Regent Seven Seas, Seabourn, Silversea — for the past 10 years to determine which cruise lines had never failed the sanitation inspection.
Most hygienic cruise lines
These cruise lines haven't failed a CDC sanitation inspection in the past 10 years.
|Cruise line
|Total number of inspections
|Inspections with perfect score
That said, most of the major carriers — including ships by some of the largest cruise lines, like Holland America, Silversea, Regent, Cunard, Carnival, Royal Caribbean, Princess and Celebrity — have failed the sanitation inspection. And just in the past three years, some cruise companies have failed multiple times: V. Ship Leisure U.S.A.'s MV Yorktown ship failed five times in the past three years, and Blount Small Ship Adventures (its Grande Caribe ship twice and its Grande Mariner once) has failed three times. Multiple lines have failed twice, including Celebrity Cruises, Phoenix Reissen and America Cruise Ferries.
The worst score in the past three years was a 63 out of 100, obtained by Phoenix Reissen's Amadea ship, which among its many violations were that "the drain for the dish-wash machine was clogged and water was overflowing onto the deck," "there were at least two dozen small black flies around the beige slush on the underside of the pulper," and areas near grills were "heavily soiled with black debris." And even ships that pass often have some violations (only 30 ships in the past three years have gotten a perfect score, including six Carnival Cruise ships — five of those were after the poop cruise — and four Royal Caribbean and Holland America ships).
The CDC's sanitation inspection examines nearly every part of the ship for sanitation concerns. Its inspectors make sure that the medical facilities keep logs of and tabs on gastrointestinal illness; the potable water systems are disinfected and protected; the pools and spas have proper filtration and disinfection procedures in place; the galleys and dining rooms have proper equipment and sanitary dishwashers and that food is protected; and more.
More must-reads from MarketWatch:
10 things cruise lines won't tell you
Cruise industry's plan to win over the haters
10 oddest cruise ship innovations
This story was updated from an earlier version.


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Oven Bags
Reynolds Kitchens® Oven Bags are perfect for cooking moist and tender meat and vegetables.
Oven Bags are ideal for making every day one-pan meals.
Clean up is easy because there is no messy pan to scrub.
Product Details
Reynolds Kitchens® Oven Bags are the easy way to make great tasting meals for your family. Whether it's your family's Thanksgiving turkey or a flavorful prime rib roast, using an oven bag is the easy way to enjoy great tasting meats and vegetables.
To use your oven bag, just place it in a pan and fill it with your favorite meat and/or vegetables and refer to any additional information on the package as needed. Close it using the nylon tie provided and place it in the oven for an easy meal prepared with only one pan. The cooking bag traps in moisture and natural juices to keep food from drying out so it comes out juicy and tender every time.
Another benefit of cooking with an oven bag is that clean-up is easy since there's no messy pan to scrub. From beginning to end, oven bags are a perfect way to free up time and enjoy family dinner without the fuss. Use our roasting bags to make the perfect turkey or get creative with these easy, care-free oven bag meals.
Reynolds Kitchens® Oven Bags are available in two sizes:
- Large size for meats up to 8 lbs. or for recipes with 4 to 6 servings
- Turkey size for meats and poultry up to 24lbs
Cooking temperatures depend on what is being cooked inside of the bag. See our Oven Bags Cooking Guides for optimal cooking times and temperatures when using your oven bags.
Product Faqs
What are oven bags made of?
A heat resistant nylon that is FDA-compliant for cooking.
Why do you add flour to oven bags?
Always shake one tablespoon of flour in an oven bag before cooking. This flour should remain in the bag during cooking to blend the fat and juices and to protect against bursting. More than one tablespoon of flour may be added to the bag for recipes with thickened sauces or gravy.
Will my turkey brown in a Reynolds Kitchens® Oven Bag?
Yes, turkeys will brown in an oven bag. Smaller turkeys will brown lightly. Larger turkeys will become golden brown because they cook longer. To improve browning, brush your turkey with vegetable oil or melted butter before placing in the oven bag. You may also sprinkle lightly with paprika.
What are the cooking times when using Oven Bags?
Cooking temperatures depend on what is being cooked inside of the bag. See our cooking charts above for Large Oven Bags and Turkey Oven Bags for optimal cooking times and temperatures for your meal.
What can I substitute for flour in Reynolds Kitchens® Oven Bags?
You can use cornstarch or any other kind of flour such as rice flour or potato flour. Matzo meal may also be used. You should always include flour or a flour substitute because it blends the fat and juices in the oven bag to prevent the oven bag from bursting.
Which oven bag sizes are for which job?
Oven bags are available in Large size in addition to the popular Turkey size. Use Large size (16"" x 17 1/2"") for easy, everyday meals or for recipes serving up to 6. This size is recommended for foods up to 8 pounds such as chicken pieces, pork chips, beef strips, medium size roasts, and turkey breasts. Use Turkey size (19" x 23 1/2"") for roasting whole turkey, ham, leg of lamb and large meats 8 to 24 pounds.
Is it ok to cook a turkey in a convection oven with an oven bag?
Yes, if it is a full-size convection oven. Countertop size convection ovens (like the size of a microwave oven) are too small and the bag may touch the sides or the heating element and melt. When using a convection oven, reduce the recommended oven temperature by 25 degrees and roast for the same amount of time. Always preheat the oven before using an oven bag and never exceed 400 degrees.
Can you use the oven bags in an electric roaster oven such as a Nesco, Hamilton Beach or Rival?
No, The possibility of exposing the bag to the heating elements or to heat extremes makes this cooking method unacceptable for bags. For the same reason, do not use oven bags in toaster ovens or any type of grill.
Can you use oven bags in a slow cooker?
We do not recommend it. Try Reynolds Kitchens® Slow Cooker Liners. They were specifically developed and sized for use in slow cookers, while Reynolds Kitchens® Oven Bags were designed and sized to hold large cuts of meat for pan-roasting in the oven. There is enough size and shape differential between the products that we recommend using each product for its intended use.
What is the minimum temperature to cook turkey in an oven bag?
For food safety reasons, turkey should not be cooked at an oven temperature lower than 325 degrees. Therefore, cooking overnight or all day is not recommended. Also, for food safety reasons, never partially cook a turkey and finish cooking it later.
Can I open the oven bag toward the end of the cooking time to brown the turkey? What would happen if I do?
No, never open the oven bag and return it to the oven. Drippings from the edges of the bag may fall outside the roasting pan onto the oven floor, which could cause smoking or burning.
Can you transport turkey in an oven to another location?
No. For food safety reasons you should cut all meat from the bone so that it cools properly. Then, wrap it in foil or place in a foil-lined pan and cover tightly. Transport your sliced turkey on ice so that it does not set at room temperature for more than 2 hours
Can I cook two small turkeys at one time?
Yes, you can cook two small turkeys or two turkey breasts at the same time if your oven is large enough for heat to circulate between the pieces of meat for the bag(s) to expand without touching the oven racks or walls. You can use one turkey size oven bag or two large size oven bags. Cook for 15 minutes longer than the cooking time of the largest piece of meat. Then, check both pieces of meat for doneness with a meat thermometer.
Will there be enough juices for gravy in an oven bag?
The oven bag holds in juices so you will have plenty for gravy. The larger the bird, the larger the amount of juices.


text:
(archive photo)
"We had a football match together with our friends, just two days before he was killed...he was such a peaceful and talented man...and then, in one moment, done - no more Bashir...'' related Wael Samir, cousin of Bashir Sami Hananin who was shot and killed last week by Israeli soldiers. ''I was with him the day before he was shot,'' remembers Salim Sameh another cousin, ''he was laughing, living a normal life...''
According to Ma'an News Agency, Israeli soldiers claim Bashir started shooting fireworks towards a bus station at the Zaatara checkpoint outside of Nablus late Thursday evening, 7 November. Soldiers at the checkpoint returned fire, killing Hananin instantly.
Yet when talking with his family on Wednesday 13 November, they repeatedly claimed that everything is confused and the whole truth of what happened is not known. They say the video from the surveillance camera streamed online and on Israeli news is undated, unclear and due to its bad quality, one cannot make out whether the man lighting up fireworks is actually Bashir himself.
''The video is not clear...we do not know what really happened. What did he do against Israel...nothing. We keep asking ourselves - why did this happen?'' explained Salim. ''There are so many questions...we want the truth,'' he said.
''That same day we saw the video on online news and said to each other, 'whoever he is... may God give him peace now' - we had no idea yet that it was our cousin...'' said Wael, explaining that he was shocked when he found out, and still is.
The family explained how they received a phone call around 3am last Friday morning from a friend working with the Palestinian police. He recognized the dead man's family name from his identification and immediately contacted them. ''We could not believe it. We could not believe that he had been killed. We went to see the body at the hospital in Jenin... then we knew for sure that it was him.''
"Israeli soldiers came to our house and searched his room... they searched through all his papers and books, looking for something to accuse him of... but they found nothing. Even them, they said 'It seems he was an intelligent man,'" said Bashir's brother, Mohammad Sami as he shook his head in disbelief. He brought out his brother's University certificates and art design portfolio, showing humbly and lovingly his brother's achievements and capabilities. After studying art in Egypt Bashir had returned to teach in Tulkarem and was also planning to further his studies in Germany. "Look at all his work, he was an artist... He was greatly loved by his students, his colleagues - ask any one of them, they will tell you what a good and harmless man he was. He loved life," said Mohammad.
Friends, family, students, colleagues and neighbors are all visiting Bashir Sami's family to mourn with them all, especially Bashir's mother and father who are barely able to talk, a vacant look of sorrow in their eyes. They hold on to their subha beads and pray. ''He never caused any trouble. I saw him leaving for work in the morning, I know nothing else. The next time I saw him he was dead...and now I still imagine him walking in the house...my son,'' she starts to recount but tears stop her. ''What can I do, what can I feel, my heart is burnt...'' she said.
Just within 12 hours of Bashir's death, another young Palestinian from Hebron had been shot, this time at a checkpoint near Bethlehem, after he allegedly threatened Israeli police with a knife, Ma'an News Agency reported. 23-year-old Anas Fouad al-Atrash's family refuses to meet or talk with anyone and, just like Bashir's family, believes him to be completely innocent and want to investigate the case properly.
Hundreds of Palestinians have attended the funerals of both young men, putting up banners, photographs, flowers and words of hope all over the village and upon their respective graves. Three similar deaths occurred last month, adding up to a total of nine killings by Israeli armed forces of Palestinians since the renewal of peace talks earlier this year.
During last week's killings, US Secretary of State John Kerry was in the region to encourage and push forward the negotiations; however, such incidents of violence will clearly hinder them.
''At this point we are all going to work not knowing whether we will come back home...this has become our life,'' said another member of Bashir's family.
As they walked to the grave and prayed there, cousin Wael gently poured water over the flowers planted over his grave. Life keeps on amidst death. "I will keep alive each moment I had with him, each moment he lived,'' said his brother, with a mix of anger, remorse and love in his voice and expression. Bashir's memory and energy will definitely live on through his vibrant, inspiring works of art, now spread all over the house, and most of all through his family.
With the reality still fresh and too shocking to digest, the atmosphere in their house is silent, sorrowful, and yet full of color and love. "We hope he is in peace now,'' they said, "we have to support each other in moments like this, that is the only thing we can do."
Back to Top


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Surf's up for East Coast as Hurricane Bill approaches
MIAMI -- Hurricane Bill weakened slightly early today, but still threatened to flood Bermuda's coastlines and generate dangerous waves and riptides along the eastern U.S. coast.
The Category 3 storm's maximum sustained winds lost a little strength to near 115 mph, from 125 mph late yesteday. Forecasters said the hurricane was becoming less organized, but could still regain some strength.
The storm is forecast to start gradually weakening tomorrow.
Bill is expected to cause significant flooding along the Bermuda coastlines today and tomorrow, and Bermuda issued a tropical storm warning.
Along the eastern U.S. coast, waves of 20 feet and more offshore and rip currents at the beach are expected over one of the summer's last weekends. Forecasters warned boaters and swimmers from northeastern Florida to New England because of incoming swells as Bill passes far out to sea on a northward track for Canada's Maritime provinces.
Emergency managers in New England warned boaters, swimmers and surfers to take added precautions this weekend, when waves are expected to swell to 35 feet off the coast.
The National Weather Service said seas will get increasingly dangerous tomorrow into Sunday. Waves of up to 20 feet are possible south of Martha's Vineyard and Block Island and east of Cape Cod, and up to 35 feet on portions of the prime fishing area of Georges Bank, the weather service said.
President Obama and his family plan to travel to Martha's Vineyard on Sunday for vacation.
Mariners from Rhode Island up to Maine were told to stay close to port because of the high seas and what could be tropical storm-force winds. Steve Kass of the Rhode Island Emergency Management Agency said anybody offshore south of New England will face "absolutely dangerous conditions."
"If you own a boat and you like to go out any distance, this is not the weekend to do it," he said.
Bermuda's storm warning means winds of 40 mph or more were expected to arrive within a day, and the island remained under a hurricane watch that indicated even stronger winds were possible within 36 hours.
Yesterday's warning came a day after former U.S. President Bill Clinton and his wife, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, arrived in Bermuda on Wednesday for a 3- or 4-day getaway.
The government urged islanders to secure boats and finish other storm preparations. Officials put up warning signs at beaches along the south shore because of large swells and rip currents ahead of the storm.
The storm's center is expected to pass between Bermuda and the U.S. eastern coast on Saturday. Forecasters said large swells from the storm were affecting Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, the Bahamas and Bermuda.
The center's five-day track showed Bill staying well out to sea off the U.S. coast and inching closer to land off Canada's Maritime provinces before veering back out into the North Atlantic.
Just before 8 a.m. today, the storm was centered about 385 miles south of Bermuda, or about 820 miles southeast of Cape Hatteras, N.C., and was moving northwest around 17 mph.
Bill is the first Atlantic hurricane this year after a quiet start to the season that runs from June through November. The Miami center lowered its Atlantic hurricane outlook on Aug. 6 after no named tropical storms developed in the first two months.
The revised prediction was for three to six hurricanes, with one or two becoming major storms with winds over 110 mph. Researchers at Colorado State University have also lowered their Atlantic season forecast to four hurricanes, two of them major.


text:
Volume 7, no. 2 Summer 1992
The Beethoven Newsletter
Volume 7, no. 2 (Summer 1992):
Stephen A. Bergquist. "Beethoven's Diabelli Variations: Early Performance History." (pp. 38-41)
Virginia Beahrs. "'Artists are Made of Fire': An Exploration of the Role of Fire in the Music of Beethoven." (pp. 42-45)
Book Review: Kevin Bazzana on Carl Dahlhaus's Ludwig van Beethoven: Approaches to His Music. (pp. 46-49)
Ira Brilliant. "Music Auction Market (Stargardt, Mar. 26, 27, 1992; Sotheby's, May 29, 1992)." (p. 50-51)
Kevin Bazzana. "The Beethoven-Album: Supplement to the Beethoven Festival at Bonn, August, 1845." (pp. 52-53)
Book Review: Roger Kamien on Martha Frohlich's Beethoven's "Appasionata" Sonata. (pp. 54-56)
"Miscellanea." (pp. 57-59)


text:
Politicians and Election, Vote in Freedom, Actively Participate in Democracy, Vote for Change, Online referendum
Rajnath Singh
> India > Politicians > Bharatiya Janata Party > Rajnath Singh
Rajnath Singh is ready for your opinion, support and vote. Vote online NOW!
Rajnath Singh - for
Óż░ÓżŠÓż£Óż©ÓżŠÓżź ÓżĖÓż┐ÓżéÓż╣ | An Indian right wing politician. The current president of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).
Rajnath Singh - against
Click, if you do not support Rajnath Singh. Say why.
rajnath singh ÕŹ░Õ║", rajnath singh biography and more...
Related polls > Sonia Gandhi, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Narendra Modi, Manmohan Singh, Jawaharlal Nehru, Rajiv Gandhi, Pratibha Patil, Sharad Pawar, Indira Gandhi, Anna Hazare, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, Jayalalithaa Jayaram, Abhishek Singhvi, Aruna Roy, Lalu Prasad Yadav, Nara Chandrababu Naidu, Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy, Mayawati Kumari, Mamata Banerjee, Rajendra Prasad, (Rajnath Singh) and more...


text:
The jury still seems to be out on whether running is really good for you, but I'm here to make the case that it is. With a well-balanced workout plan, running can provide tremendous health and emotional benefits for years (and years) to come.
Improve Cardio Health
Running is a fantastic way to improve your heart strength. As you run, your need for oxygen and blood flow increases, therefore making your heart pump harder and more frequently to supply the muscles with the energy they need to keep you moving. As you continue a running program, your heart, much like your other muscles, get stronger and more efficient. Also, running improves your immunity, which means less sick days.
Improve Muscle Tone
It's a misconception among non-runners and beginners that running only works your legs and your heart. In reality, a proper running form engages a variety of muscles, helping you create tone and definition. Endurance running is great for achieving a lean look overall, but if you want to focus on different areas, you should try different workouts. Shorter intervals and sprint workouts can really help target more fast-twitch muscles, which are different from the slow-twitch muscles used in slow and steady long runs. Incorporating hill sprints will also target additional muscles you might otherwise miss. By its very nature, running also helps engage your core – how else would you stay upright? Pumping your arms triggers your back and shoulder muscles. So, focus on using everything you've got with every stride you take.
Lose Weight and Increase Bone Mass
Common sense tells you that in order to lose weight your calorie intake has to be less than your calories burned. If you naturally burn 2,000 calories per day, you have a lot more leeway than someone who only burns 1,200. Running is a powerhouse when it comes to calorie expenditure, even when walking the same distance.
"When you walk, you keep your legs mostly straight, and your center of gravity rides along fairly smoothly on top of your legs. In running, we actually jump from one foot to the other. Each jump raises our center of gravity when we take off, and lowers it when we land, since we bend the knee to absorb the shock. This continual rise and fall of our weight requires a tremendous amount of Newtonian force (fighting gravity) on both takeoff and landing," says Runner's World Editor Amby Burfoot.
It's also worth mentioning that running, a weight bearing activity, is also great for increasing bone density, helping to decrease your risk of osteoporosis. As you run, your muscles pull on your bones to withstand the stress of the activity, thereby also making your bones stronger.
Improve Your Emotional Health
Being part of a social group may help decrease risk for depression. There is an enormous community centered on those who enjoy running. You may benefit from seeking out a run buddy, but even if you choose to run solo, you can be active socially with online and in-person running groups. Share your triumphs and tribulations with those who can relate.
Another positive aspect of running is the fund-raising sector. Train for and run in a community race that raises money for a cause you support. Running for a charitable event is a great way to feel a sense of worth and accomplishment. Plus, you may meet some new friends.
Running is also great for helping you sleep better at night, therefore giving you more energy during the day. It also increases endorphins, which are what prompts the runner's high you may have heard of.
How to Prevent Injury
Running is an incredibly healthy sport, but as with all activities, there is always a risk for injury. Mitigate that risk with a few quick tips.
Follow a diet filled with lean protein and complex carbohydrates. Of course running is a great way to lose weight, but incorporating a healthy diet can also help get you to a manageable weight, reducing strain on your back, knees, hips and ankles.
Stay relaxed. While you run, try to focus on any tense areas, in your shoulders for example, and work on letting it go. Drop your shoulders, unclench your hands and relax your facial muscles.
Strengthen your running muscles. If you find you have achy knees, it may be an issue of hip strength. Try squeezing in a few sets of walking lunges, wall sits and planks into your non-running days. Increase foot stability and strength by spending some time barefoot and including some balance work. Also, try cross-training, like biking, which is a fantastic way to get stronger and faster.
Stretch and recover. What you do after and in between runs is just as important as your running and strength workouts. Warm up for a run with a fast walk, not by stretching cold muscles. You increase your risk for injury. Instead, save your static and dynamic stretching for after your run, when you're warm and your muscles have loosened.
Also, use a foam roller – every day if you can – it will help you recover faster by getting at those really tight spots and reducing inflammation. Make no mistake; it will be painful – at first. But if you continue rolling every day, you'll find the trouble areas will begin to melt a bit, and you will start to look forward to self-myofascial release.
If you feel a nagging pain, take time off from your workout. As always, prior to starting a new training program, check with your health care professional to make sure you are in good enough health.
So there you have it. If you have always wanted to try running, but have been afraid of the hype, fear not. Follow these tips for a healthy, happy running habit.


text:
Actor Martin Clunes has been dropped from a car insurance campaign after being banned from driving.
The Men Behaving Badly and Doc Martin star had featured in Churchill Insurance's television adverts alongside the "Oh Yes" nodding dog for almost a year.
But it is understood the 50-year-old, from Dorset, was deemed no longer compatible with car insurance advertising.
The decision was taken after he informed the company he had reached 12 points on his licence for speeding offences and was banned by magistrates under totting up rules.
A spokesman for Churchill said: "We have worked with Martin Clunes in a brand advertising campaign since December 2011.
"Martin Clunes recently informed Churchill Insurance that his driving licence has been suspended after he accumulated penalty points for four speeding offences.
"Churchill Insurance currently has no adverts with Martin Clunes on air and will be moving forward with new advertising in the New Year."
It is not clear where the offences happened or how fast Clunes was travelling.
His agent, Independent Talent Group, has so far not responded to requests for comment.
During a 2004 appearance on the Star In A Reasonably Priced Car feature on the BBC's Top Gear programme, Clunes was described as an "incredibly brave" driver with "no experience of track driving".
At the time he said he was driving a BMW 6 Series but that his real love was for campervans.
According to Marketing Magazine, the ads were part of a marketing exercise thought to cost in the region of £50million.


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Tag Archives: nobuhiro tajima
Monster Tajima's Suzuki SX4 Breaks 10-Minute Barrier at 2011 Pikes Peak Hill Climb
We don't often get to write about Suzukis, but this past Sunday, one made history. Nobuhiro "Monster" Tajima has smashed the storied 10-minute barrier at the Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. The long-time Suzuki rally racer clocked a time of … Continue reading


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Cheese and mushroom casserole with chicken
This casserole is simple and delicious, and makes a perfect snack during a picnic (bento anyone?)—you should use it as a basic idea for a casserole, since the pasta sauce is the stable and the most important piece of the meal. It's also a very tweak-able recipe! :-)
When you make your own pasta, you will always end up with some scraps, even more if you make ravioli. You can easily recycle this leftover pasta to make maltagliati, meaning "poorly cut" in Italian, which was traditionally meant as food for the poor. We are way past that, and today you can enjoy rich texture and amazing flavor of your pasta without the social stigma ;-)
Fancy tamagoyaki bento
Oh my, this one is both a looker and tastes amazingly! :-) This bento idea is based on the basic tamagoyaki recipe, so feel free to use your favorite ingredients: champignons or chanterelle mushroom, herbs, different kinds of onion, bacon bits, ham shavings etc. Go crazy! :-) It's also a very good side dish!
Tamagoyaki bento
Tamagoyaki is a great and easy to make bento ingredient. It's savory taste goes well with vegetables and diary ingredients, it packs a reasonable amount of protein and will satisfy your hunger for a long time. It's good served warm, as well as cold.
Marinated beef and pasta bento
Bento is not only rice, but also other ingredients, like... pasta. This recipe came to life when I had some uncooked beef left-overs and just wondered what to do with them. Cooking them as a part of bento was a great idea!


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What is circumcision?
Circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the skin covering the end of the penis, called the foreskin. In many cultures, circumcision is a religious rite or a ceremonial tradition. It is most common in Jewish and Islamic faiths. In the United States, newborn circumcision is an elective procedure.
Do pediatricians support circumcision?
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recognizes the following information from studies of both circumcised and uncircumcised males:
Problems with the penis, such as irritation, can occur with or without circumcision.
There is no difference in hygiene, as long as proper care is followed.
There may or may not be any difference in sexual sensation or practices in adult men.
There is an increased risk of urinary tract infection in uncircumcised males, especially in babies younger than 1 year of age. However, the risk for urinary tract infections in all boys is less than 1%.
Newborn circumcision does provide some protection from cancer of the penis. However, the overall risk of penis cancer is very low in developed countries, such as the United States.
There is a decreased risk of certain sexually transmitted diseases (including HIV) in circumcised males.
The most current AAP report found that the health benefits to circumcision outweigh the risks. However, these benefits are not significant enough to recommend that all newborn baby boys be circumcised. The AAP recommends that parents should be given information on the benefits and risks of newborn circumcision and that parents should decide what is best for their baby.
How is circumcision done?
Circumcision is usually done by the obstetrician or pediatrician in the hospital. When it is done for religious reasons, other persons may do the surgery as part of a ceremony after the baby is discharged from the hospital.
Circumcision is done only on healthy babies. Because the procedure is painful, the AAP recommends using some type of local anesthesia for newborn circumcision. Several types of anesthesia are available, including a numbing cream or injecting small amounts of anesthetic around the penis. Although there are risks with any anesthesia, these are generally considered very safe.
There are several ways to do a circumcision. Some methods use a temporary clamp device while others use a plastic bell that stays on the penis for a certain length of time. Each method requires separating the foreskin from the head of the penis, cutting a small slit in the foreskin, and placing the clamp on the foreskin. The clamp is left in place for a few minutes to stop the bleeding. The foreskin can then be cut and removed.
What care is needed after a circumcision?
Circumcisions rarely have complications. Problems that occur are usually not serious. The most common complications are bleeding and infection. Proper care after circumcision helps reduce the chances of problems.
Your baby's health care provider will give you specific instructions on the care of the circumcision. It is important that you keep the area clean. After the procedure:
There may be a gauze dressing with petroleum jelly or an antibiotic cream. This may be removed at the first diaper change. Your baby's health care provider may recommend applying a new dressing.
The head of the penis may be very raw and red looking.
There may be a small amount of blood at first or yellow-colored drainage later. These are part of normal healing.
Your baby may have some discomfort with diaper changes the first few days.
Circumcisions usually heal within 1 to 2 weeks.
Your baby may be fussy after circumcision. Cuddling him close and breastfeeding can help comfort him. Most boys do not require special care of the penis after the circumcision is healed.


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THE SQL Server Blog Spot on the Web
There I was, just a couple weeks back, whining that I wasn't getting
tagged by friends when a new meme comes out. Sure enough, when my
friend, Paul Randal (blog | twitter),
starts a new meme with me as one of the first handful of people tagged,
it's taken me a full ten days to get a response out the door. Yes - I
deserve a wedgie.
In Paul's initial post, I saw that he'd asked for three events that
were pivotal in why I'm where I am today. To be honest, I've been
noodling over my response ever since Paul first tagged me. So, in a
sense, I've been writing this blog post for about twelve days now. Not
that I'm off the hook or anything.
Still, I have to admit it's taken me some time to get to a point where I could
write about the events that have brought me where I am today. Because,
when I give a truly honest accounting of some of these major life
changing events and pivotal decisions in my life, I'm not always proud
of what I see. Like item #4 on my list of life-changing decisions.
Don't you DARE ask about #4. I mean it. If you do, there will be
blood (see picture below)...
There are also a couple other non-events that also had a huge impact
on my life's direction. By non-event, I mean these things didn't have a
specific date and time. But they were enormously influential about how
I handled opportunities or even helped make opportunities happen.
First, I'd be remiss not to mention the impact that my personal faith has had on my life. Countless
decisions were steered by that faith. Second, my upbringing naturally
had a huge impact on shaping my personality, preferences, fears, and
joys. (My mother is Italian, so I can honestly say that Parmesan cheese
is one of life's greatest joys.) Finally, my immediate family
-marrying very young and having a rather large family- also meant I
made a lot of decisions in certain ways, such as opting not to move for
a better job so that the kids could have greater stability. Things
would be very different if I'd put my own desire and ambitions ahead of
them. With that said, let's hit that top 3 list.
Pivotal, life-changing events shouldn't come knocking on your door
every day. In my case, one of the first and most pivotal events for me
happened about 3/4 of the way through my senior year in high school,
just a few months before graduation. Like my brother from another
mother, Buck Woody (blog | twitter), money was a huge issue in my household. (I'll save you the sob story. But trust me, there were many tears.)
So whatever college and career I chose had to provide the most upward
mobility as quickly as was humanly possible within the boundaries of
the law (that meant no drug dealing). This is where my analytical side
kicked in. Looking over my college scholarships, I examined the
undergraduate catalogs at the various universities in one hand and the
salary survey about their respective careers in the other.
I came up with a two-column list. The first column contained
college majors that I would really enjoy career-wise, though not
necessarily big money careers. Column #1 contained entries like
teaching, writing, farming, and being a stoner. Notice how entries in
column #1 were all among the most noble of professions and yet
virtually guaranteed a life of penury? Yeah, I noticed that too. The
second column contained college majors that I could tolerate, but had
much better money prospects. Column #2 contained entries for
engineering, medicine, law, becoming Hugh Hefner's protege, and ...
I'd lived with computer since before I could read or write. My
father was an analog computer engineer and, I still remember with great
clarity, the desk-sized analog computer we had in our house in the
1970's. It had 4K of memory, used punch cards, created a flurry of
discarded chads when it would write data out to a punch card. My dad
taught me about binary, octal, and hexadecimal, and the joys of vacuum
tube computing. Unfortunately, he did not teach me how to throw or
catch any sort of ball, which had dramatic repercussions throughout my
school year (refer to wedgie picture above) - but I digress. Suffice
it to say that by the time college rolled around, I was already well
versed in 8-bit computing (I used Kaypro's for you Osbourne and Sinclair snobs out there) and could envision that being a good career.
Right about the same time I was choosing a future career, just before I graduated from high school, IBM launched an exciting new business computer called the IBM PC. It was a hugely successful product with the ultimate killer application - a spreadsheet.
(The spreadsheet was an amazing innovation in its day. VisiCalc was
the one I remembered being all the rage at the time.) These personal
computers were also hugely expensive - a nicely loaded IBM PC or XT
could routinely cost $5,000 and that's in 1983 dollars, friends. So
that's when I started a part-time business, which I maintained all
through college and a short while after, building and selling IBM PC
clones. I learned a lot from that experience - how to pay taxes like a
responsible business owner, a lot about salesmanship, quite a bit about
business accounting, business law, and the goodness of being an
entrepreneur. One surprisingly good outcome from all of this was that
I didn't have to sell out my love of writing and teaching. That's
probably 40% of what I do today, just with computers.
Another major turning point in my professional
life occurred in the early 1990's. By that time, I'd held a couple
professional jobs of the programmer/analyst variety working with Unix-based CAD/CAM tools, dBase, Fortran, and very early versions of Oracle.
While my skill in these technologies was growing by leaps and bounds,
this particular event isn't about technology. You see, my first three
professional jobs (outside of my own little business) all held in
common the fact that I worked for terrible bosses. (I wonder
if it's any coincidence that these bosses, all male, were from the John
Wayne school of management?) I then had the opportunity to move from
those smaller businesses to a fairly large company called Nichols
Research Corporation, now a part of Computer Sciences Corporation.
I gleefully clapped my hands because my title was "Research Scientist"
and, get this, I was actually working on NASA and US Army missile
projects. I was literally a rocket scientist! However, the
thing that truly amazed me about this new work environment was that my
bosses were women. Great women. Women (like Liz Kennedy, Pat Burns,
and Bev Meeler) who were collaborative, consensus-driven, and
encouraging. They made me wonder why my male bosses never figured out
that cussing an employee for 15 minutes at a time might not be the best
way to motivate staff. These excellent business leaders taught me my
first real world lessons in the difference between the autocratic style
of management versus the coaching style of management. It was a lesson
that I carried with me the rest of my life and try to instill in others
whenever I get the chance. (Blatant Plug - Attend my top-rated professional development sessions at the next PASS Summit and read my professional development column in the PASS Community Connector e-newsletter!)
Let me be honest with you. I really enjoyed this meme. And it's
one of the things that I've really enjoyed seeing happen with the SQL
Server community in the last year or so - people opening up and
sharing. This is what community is all about. One hundred years ago,
I would've been thrilled to live in a town with as many supportive and
encouraging friends who were just down the street from me. But thanks
to the technology we work with and the willingness of all of these
people, it's almost like a small, friendly (Southern!) town all over
again. I intend to read more in the meme thread, but here are just a
few others that I've already read and enjoyed:
There are so very many other good ones that I could go on for
several more paragraphs. The reason I mention them, though, is that I
somehow feel closer to all of these people. And at the end of the day,
our lives are really and truly about the people we have touched and the friendships we have made. Everything else stands for naught.
So on the off chance that others have not yet been tagged, I'd like to loop in these folks from far-afield: Simon Sabin (UK), Henk Van Der Valk (Netherlands), Edwin Sarmiento (Philippines), and Charlie Hanania (Switzerland).
If you would like to receive an email when updates are made to this post, please register here
Subscribe to this post's comments using
Entertaining - thanks for sharing!
I really enjoyed reading this article Kevin - I did a similar thing on a comedy forum a short while back and loved reading peoples stories.
Trevor, did you post the URL here? I'd like to read your comedy oriented post. =^)


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REAL ESTATE- $old
Robert D. Holewinski to George P. and Richard B. Wright Jr. and Susan V. and Sophia S. Forschler, 0.128 acres at 566 Pebble Hill Court, Redfields, $318,500.
Max L. Bornstein and Tina B. Shifflett to Gina Montminy, 0.298 acres at 104 Dorset Court, Camelot, $188,900.
Jerry or Judith Kamis to Nancy A. Newell, trustee, 10.005 acres at 709 Burch's Creek Road, $575,000.
Isa M. Hussaini to Keys-Sato Investment LLC, 2545 Kendalwood Drive, Kendalwood, Forest Lakes, $550,000.
CACF Real Estate Holdings LLC to Wachovia Bank, parcel in Huntington Village, no price given.
Kimberly S. McCanna to Gregory B. and Meghan F. Streit, 0.454 acres at 1823 Honeysuckle Lane, Lake Reynovia, $280,000.
Sarah W. Hansell and Evelyn G. White to Michael L. and Kira Shifflett, 3.196 acres at 7659 Langhorne Road, Scottsville, $373,100.
Barclay Development Corp. to Waylands Grant Homeowners Association, community open space and easements, no price given.
Waterson Farm LLC to Michael S. and Ellen A. Geismar, 38.54 acres in Jack Jouett Magisterial District, $3,500,000.
Jean A. Wood to Lee Estes, trustee, 80.222 acres, gift.
NVR Inc. to Martin and Catherine Hudtloff, 0.050 acres at 2699 Aldersgate Way, Hollymead Town Center, $310,500.
Anthony D. Valente to Chiro LLC, 5.023 acres at 620 Woodbrook Drive, gift.
Marguerite W. Tatum to Karen T. Valente, lot 5 of Advance Mills Farm, gift.
Patricia H. and Richard B. Grant Jr. to Brenton L. and Deanne L. Browning, 0.338 acres at 2989 Magnolia Bend, Chimney Springs, Forest Lakes South, $399,000.
Woodlands Road LLC to Laurie V. Booker, 15.73 acres at 2400 Rivancrest Drive, $350,000.
William A. Snead to Sherri S. Johnson, 1.134 acres at 5624 Park Road, Crozet, $50,000.
Brian A. and Patricia R. Babin to Patricia H. and Richard B. Grant Jr., 0.344 acres at 2355 Ferndown Lane, Glenmore, Keswick, $643,000.
NVR Inc. to David D. Moore, 1803 Creekview Lane, Abington Place, $306,365.
John F. Mellott to I&J Home Builders LLC, 4.0 acres at 21708 James Madison Highway, Troy, $145,000.
Liquidation Properties Inc. to Robert D. Layne and Tamara C. Goolsby, 1.540 acres at 1032 Greenwood Road, Greenwood Village, Crozet, $133,800.
Southland Homes Inc. to Tyesha E. Lowery, 0.047 acres at 3563 Grand Forks Boulevard, Laurel Park, Hollymead Town Center, $250,000.
Arthur M. Feiner to Kenneth S. Stroupe Jr., 2.035 acres at 3505 Stockton Road, Rush Estates, $279,500.
Thomas W. and Phyllis H. Novotny to Renate Bruns, 1216 Clifden Greene, RiverRun, $188,000.
Barbara L. Mincer to F. Rene, T. Scott and Lisa C. Collins, 0.870 acres in Clover's Airport Acres, gift.
Southland Homes Inc. to Christopher B. and Amanda C. Browning, 0.064 acres at 1356 Timberwood Boulevard, Hollymead Town Center, $292,000.
Jeremy D. H. Roberts to Ricardo C. Valencia Jr., unit in Turtle Creek condominiums, 126 Turtle Creek Road, $144,700.
Sandal Inc. to Wallace C. and Donna H. Nunley, 2.010 acres at 1572 Beckoning Ridge Road, Beckoning Ridge, $1,254,550.
Robin Lee Meyer to John W. and Jessica E. Mauzy, 0.251 acres at 1010 Highlands Drive, Highlands at Mechum's River, $203,000.
Jeffrey A. Miller to Steven C. and Meredith M. Neill, 0.205 acres at 2012 Locke Lane, Healther Glen, Forest Lakes, $290,000.
Matthew R. Conway to Gwyne R. and James C. VanSlyke Jr., 4.8806 acres at 2041 Martin Kings Road, $281,000.
Sherrie Fahim to MSZ Properties LLC, 4.0 acres at 3000 Burnley Station Road, Barboursville, gift.
Sue P. Chapman to Robin C. Grimes, unit in Huntington Village, gift.
Milton S. and Julia C. Smith to Robert S. and Laurel S. Wilder, 2.390 acres at 400 Willwood Drive, Fairgrove, Earlysville, $305,000.
Thomas E. and Maria M. Thompson to Charles R. and Allyson M. Davies, 24.72 acres at 8048 Batesville Lane, Afton, $930,000.
Manderleigh LLC to Paul L. Gardner, two units in Glenwood Station, 1051 Glenwood Station Lane, gift.
MGR Development Corp. to Mario F. and Johannah M. Dottori, 0.206 acres at Ballard Field, Old Trail, Crozet, $150,000.
Judith A. Brandt to Erika T. Ford, 1540 Lake Forest Drive, Four Seasons patio house, $242,200.
Anne W. Wadlow to Victoria D. Smith, 5.10 acres at 862 Campbell Road, Keswick, $282,900.
Weather Hill Builders LLC to William H. Kimel, 0.039 acres at 1732 Painted Sky Terrace, Wickham Pond, $269,000.
Tiffany Roark to Leslie C. and James A. Wood IV, 0.179 acres at 368 Bayberry Way, Deerwood, $325,000.
Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. to Bertrand A. Page, unit in Turtle Creek condominiums, 109 Turtle Creek Road, $148,700.
David K. Cook to Cori A. Brodnik, 294 Tennis Drive, Four Seasons, $272,500.
Big Deal
Waterson Farm LLC to Michael S. and Ellen A. Geismar, 38.54, lot 3, in Jack Jouett Magisterial District, $3,500,000.


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text: Technology Transfer Download HRPP SOPs Order A Test Contact Us Transforming Our Discoveries Into Therapeutics The Technology Transfer Office embodies the spirit of the National Jewish Health brand promise, Breathing Science is Life®. We accelerate the development of basic scientific research toward clinical application by identifying and protecting the institution's intellectual property and facilitating business partnerships for technology development, licensing, and commercialization. National Jewish Health currently has in its portfolio: 196 active technologies developed from our research 85 active U.S. patents protecting these technologies 50 percent of those active US patents are licensed to biotechnology companies for the development of therapeutics Additionally, in the 23 years since the Technology Transfer Office was created, National Jewish Health has: executed 308 license agreements, of which 162 are still active; executed a total of 2,476 material transfer agreements; and helped create 11 start-up companies. Technologies from National Jewish Health To browse a list of the technologies ready for licensing or further development, select one of the following: Therapeutics Diagnostics Research Tools: Antibodies, Cell Lines, Animal Models & Transgenic Mice Biomedical Devices Start-Up Companies created with National Jewish Health technologies Featured Technology: Novel TLR Inhibitors Prevent Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection In Vivo Staff Contact Information Emmanuel Hilaire, PhD Director Phone: 303.398.1262 email@example.com Susana B. Cestino Read, DVM, MBA Licensing Associate Phone: 303.398.1933 email@example.com Stephanie Piersma, MLIS Program Administrator Phone: 303.398.1045 email@example.com National Jewish Health Technology Transfer Office 1400 Jackson St., M206 Denver, CO 80206 Fax: 303.270.2352


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Early and often: When voting machines need fixing
We voted in primaries on February 12. How can we be sure our votes were properly counted? We can trust and hope, but we cannot be certain.
Charlottesville uses DRE (directly recording electronic) voting machines. While the city brags that these are not touch-screen machines, because we turn a dial instead of touching a screen, the problems are the same. The machines we use have produced noticeable errors in some places around the country, such as on the final page for confirmation, displaying different selections from those the voter had made.
But the major danger lies in the unnoticeable.
Voters use the same machines in Houston, where a Rice University professor asked half his class to hack into one and leave no trace, and the other half to try to detect the hacking. About half the time, the changes to the software were able to shift the results without being detected. And there's no way for any precinct that uses these machines to know that they haven't been hacked.
The count at the end is what it is, and it may be right or wrong, but there's no way to check it.
Yes, election workers can be the best-intentioned and most diligent souls on the face of the earth (and most of them are), and they can keep the machines under constant surveillance, but– given the secret nature of the counting– how can they expect to persuade losing candidates that they lost and convince suspicious voters that their votes were counted?
The Virginia State Constitution bans secret vote counting, but Virginia's legislature allows the use of DREs. This is a problem that should be addressed in court. If there is a case under way, I haven't heard about it.
Instead, voting rights activists in Virginia can celebrate that the legislature has banned the purchase of any more DREs by localities. And advocacy groups are pushing new legislation that would permit and mandate recounts of paper ballots counted by optical scan machines.
Clearly, this is a step in the right direction. However, the notion that optical scan machines are the way to go is likely to lead many localities, including Albemarle and Charlottesville, to try to use their existing supply of DREs as long as possible, due to the financial cost of supplying optical scan machines. In any event, those machines have had as many problems as DREs, and they are not a real solution.
The real answer is hand-counted paper ballots. This answer is not cost-free. Workers need to be hired and trained to properly handle the paper ballots, to count them publicly and immediately on site, and to properly record and store them. Until then, here is where the city of Charlottesville's website asks us to place our faith:
Q: How do I know that my vote has been cast and counted?
A: Whenever a voter presses the CAST BALLOT button and the waving American flag appears, the vote is cast and counted.
Wouldn't it be nice if it were really that easy? In the past few elections and in recent primaries around the country, we've seen such problems as precincts turning out more voters than exist (is 110 percent voter turnout a positive achievement?), huge percentages of people voting in minor races but supposedly failing to vote at all in key contests, results that differ from unadjusted exit polls by unheard-of margins, people forced to wait 12 hours to vote, people turned away in the general election who voted in the same location in the primaries, flyers advising Democrats to vote the day after the election, and dozens of other problems– most of them based on electronic voting machines, and most– but definitely not all– swinging votes in favor of Republicans. How can we be sure Charlottesville is immune from fraud or error?
The new film Uncounted: The New Math of American Elections by David Earnhardt, tells the story of the 2004 and 2006 elections powerfully and convincingly. A free screening of the film with a discussion led by the filmmaker is planned locally.
Viewers will, I think, leave the screening with a very different view of recent history than the party line would have us believe. The film presents evidence suggesting that the Democratic Party landslide in 2006 fell far short of what voters actually voted for, that George Bush has never once been elected president, and that the solution to the 2000 Florida debacle (the solution of buying electronic voting machines) took a relatively small problem and made it enormous.
Uncounted is a nonpartisan take on the issue and presents evidence of Democratic fraud as well as Republican. It also suggests some solutions.
Full-time liberal activist David Swanson is pleased that more than one local publication has found this essay worthy of publication.
Uncounted: The New Math of American Elections screens tonight, February 21, at 7pm at Sojourner's Church in Charlottesville.Read more on: elections


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Download TuneKit to jump-start your iTunes LP creations.