text: Home Travel Information Station Information Littlehampton Littlehampton Station Live times and facilities information for Littlehampton Station AT A GLANCE Ticket Office Car Park Step Free Access Ticket Machine Bus Services Toilets Prepurchase Collection Taxi Rank Cycle Storage Availability WiFi Show Live Trains Close STATION DETAILS Accessibility and mobility access Accessible Ticket Machines Impaired Mobility Set Down Designated area Is Terminus Road Induction Loop Ramp For Train Access Staff Help Available Monday to Friday – 04:57 to 00:15 Saturday – 04:57 to 00:15 Sunday – 06:13 to 23:46 Staffing hours are shown in the 'Staffing and General services' section, however staff may be involved in other activities during these hours so please do book assistance where possible. Step Free Access Step-free access to platforms. Wheelchairs Available This station does not offer Accessible Booking Office Counter, Accessible Public Telephones, Accessible Taxis, Customer Help Points, National Key Toilets Buying / collecting tickets Penalty Fares Applicable Operators: Southern Prepurchase Collection Staffing Level Fulltime Ticket Machine Ticket Office Monday to Friday – 05:50 to 19:15 Saturday – 06:30 to 19:55 Sunday – 08:10 to 19:45 Getting to / from the station Bus Services Information to plan your onward journey is available in a printable format . Car Park Monday to Sunday – 24 hours Cycle Storage Availability Storage location: In Car Park Rail Replacement Services Rail replacement bus stop locations are shown in the 'Getting to and from the station' section under 'onward travel'. Taxi Rank YES This station does not offer Cycle Storage Sheltered Station Facilities Lost Property Toilets This station does not offer Customer Service, Left Luggage, WiFi LIVE DEPARTURES AND ARRIVALS Live departures Live arrivals Hull Trains All Train Operations Live departures Live arrivals Hull Trains All Train Operations View earlier trains Time Platform Operator Cancelled - Last updated: View later trains There are no trains running to your destination at the time you selected. Please try searching for a different time or day. SEARCH FOR ANOTHER STATION SEE STATION INFORMATION


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It's like the Sons of Anarchy and Evel Knievel conceived a kinky lovechild while jumping over the Grand Canyon aboard rocket sleds.
Based on off a 1929 Harley Board Track design, this custom motorcycle forgoes the normal engine bits for something with a bit more oomph. And a top speed of 200 miles per hour. And the ability to rattle windows from roughly five blocks away. Your neighbors will utterly despise you, but who cares? You just dropped $25,000 on a flippin' ROCKET-CYCLE.
Now, who wants to go jump a few dozen school buses? *Raises hand* [Ebay via Born Rich via Neatorama]
You can keep up with Andrew Tarantola, the author of this post, on Twitter or Google+.

subset: commoncrawl


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The march to integration continues, with TD Ameritrade Institutional announcing on Thursday that seven customer relationship management (CRM) systems are now available on its Veo open access system.
The Pareto Platform, Tamarac's Advisor CRM, Junxure CRM and Advisors Assistant technology platforms join Salesforce, Ebix and Redtail already on the platform.
"Technology that helps an advisor manage a better client experience is becoming increasingly important," Jon Patullo, managing director of technology product management with TD Ameritrade Institutional, said in a statement. "By integrating data between Veo and CRM systems, advisors are now armed with a more robust CRM system that can help boost productivity, improve client service, and streamline numerous tasks so advisors can spend their time on what matters most: their clients."
The Veo open access network claims 60 third-party technology providers "working to improve integration of the applications advisors use in their back offices. Real-time account and client data flows seamlessly between Veo and select CRM systems, saving advisors time and providing a comprehensive view of their client relationships."
Tamarac, Redtail, Advisors Assistant and Junxure are all members of Your Silver Bullet, a consortium of software providers "committed to ensuring the compatibility of their applications." Junxure claims it "offers more integration with custodians and practice management applications than any other CRM for advisors."
"By integrating an advisor's CRM system through TD Ameritrade Institutional's Veo open access effort, client data flows seamlessly between the custodian and our CRM application," added Greg Friedman, president of Junxure. "Before, advisors were forced to toggle between applications and deal with inefficient workflows. Now, advisors have access to a tremendous amount of incorporated client data, which can save them time and improve the quality of their client service and response."
In addition to easier access to client data, the latest CRM integrations also give advisors access to workflows designed to "streamline everyday tasks including new account opening, client onboarding and data management functions."


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Russia Stands With Syria ... But Why?
Russia has declined to back military action against Syria and has offered the country weapons support. Will Mauldin, WSJ's former deputy bureau chief in Moscow, explains the connection between the two nations.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
I ... Russia and Syria have a relationship going back decades ... most recently in Soviet times the two had accounted tepid relationship ... after Soviet times Russia managed to keep a military base in fact enable insulation and Chartres on the Mediterranean ... There is also some forgiveness by Moscow awesome Soviet era debt ... and Russia has stayed pretty close with Syria ... similar to the way Iran has stayed close to Syria ... as one of its few remaining allies in the region ... after the fall of Gadhafi Libya ... Syria is one of the few places ... where the Kremlin has close ties in the area ... so with regular connections between Moscow in Damascus that support has ratcheted up a level in Syria began civil war ... Moscow has refused to back any UN sanctions or ... resolutions that would involve a conflict in Syria ... and has since become closely attached to Syria as a supporter ... condition of an arms shipments to Syria ... relatively advanced weapons that can be used to shoot incoming planes ... and they are ... becoming closer since the start of the soul war ... now things are looking a bit more difficult hour for the relationship ... because it appears that the US and possibly other countries could strike Syrian in retaliation ... for chemical weapons attacks that occurred in Syria ... Russia may be running out of cars to play ... and may have trouble going on a limb to protect its ally ... the regime of the side ... in the next few days or weeks or months the Syria rush relationship might change inevitably ... tied to something completely different ... for The Wall Street Journal this is Will malt and Washington ...


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This is apparently India's first science fiction film: Trip to Moon, in which a crew of super-tough spacemen in wide belts fight robots, cyclops and supervillains. The excitement really starts around two hours, 15 minutes in, when the awesome fight scene begins. And then they blast off from Earth and nuke the surface on their way out.
This is one of the funniest, weirdest things we've seen in ages. [via Candlelight Stories]


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If you were going to choose a day for a work party you wouldn't choose the hottest day of the year would you? But that's not the way we roll.
The late start sounded like a good idea, relaxing even, but 'roasting evenly' would be a better description. By eleven the sun was high in the sky and the mercury was high in the vial, hitting 30C. The Bambi Basher and yours truly rocked up and drove across the estate to an overgrown Pheasant pen. The pen's position is a game of two halves, good its very sheltered from the winds that howl off the south downs, bad its effectively a drainage for the field, right next to a stream, and heavily overgrown with Willow. It was cool and damp on the hottest day so far, so in the winter it must be pretty parky and very wet.
The estate is massive and owned by a retired Colonel who with our new friend Keeper Du Bois runs a small informal shoot for family and a few friends. I first met The Col. and KDB helping out on a fox drive a few months ago. TBB is a member of the shoot and as KDB seemed to have his hands full I'd offered to help out as one of his under keepers. Time and tide had kept us from catching up but as the poults will be arriving soon we have a few jobs to do around the estate.
TBB and I set-to with the enthusiasm of un-caged dogs and had cleared a way around the pen when a cheery shout announced KDB's arrival. In one of those 'Youtube gold' moments his greeting and the position of the truck led him to slightly miss the landbridge crossing the stream and he disappeared into a gully; quad bike, trailer and all.
Much hilarity later, with the other fellas from the work party having arrived, we divided up the tools and began clearing some pathways for the beating team to push birds onto the drives. KDB issued me with a Jungle-Buster (basically a more robust weed-whacker or Strimmer). A tool that had led a hard hard life. I was wearing it hanging from a harness with the motor behind me, and swinging the pole from side to side letting the tool do the work. I was suddenly aware of something else behind me and looked over my shoulder. The fuel tank had leaked, the housing had shaken itself loose, and touching the exhaust had ignited. I was on effing FIRE!
I made a few nerve-wracking attempts to un-hook the now blazing machine from the harness, but soon saw sense and wriggled out of the harness and dumped the whole kit into the stream. Which having had a bit of fuel spilled into it from the trailer's earlier baptism promptly burst into flames.
The rest of the day was thankfully a little less dramatic.
Big Shouts to the people who have sent me useful stuff for testing:
3M Ultrathon for their slow release insect repellant - DEET incapsulated to provide slow release protection against flying biters - good gear I've used it a few times and it works well, and being Tick Season much appreciated. If you are going afield please read this primmer on Ticks by longterm reader Pablo from Woodlife
Trucker's Friend who sent this hammer, pry bar, nail puller, zombie-whacker, thingy which we used to take some fencing down.
More soon
your pal


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Energy Arts ~ ~ Emerging
From a quickly sketched sprial, a new Energy Arts website is taking root.
Today, you'll find a preview of the constellation of my energy balancing art, services and products for humans and other animals.
During this Energy Arts site growing season, please contact me directly for additional information, a current newsletter, to schedule a consultation or to place an order:


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Due to the impact of COVID-19, our ability to fulfill your order may be affected. Know that we will work to complete your order as soon as possible. We thank you for your patience and look forward to continuing to serve you.
Designed for teen boys and men to explain this condition, causes, treatments and address frequently asked questions. more
Uma descrição concisa da DE, incluindo opções médicas e cirúrgicas para o problema. more
Download this fact sheet. more
Download this fact sheet. more
ਇਸ ਸਥਿਤੀ ਲਈ ਮੈਡੀਕਲ ਅਤੇ ਸਰਜੀਕਲ ਵਿਕਲਪਾਂ ਸਮੇਤ ਈ.ਡੀ. ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਸµਖੇਪ ਵੇਰਵਾ। (Choosing Wisely - Treatment for Erection Problems Fact Sheet) more


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Effects of intraspecific and community density on the lifetime fecundity of long-lived shrubs
Nottebrock, H.
Esler, K.J.
Schurr, F.M.
Format Extent2212899 bytes
MetadataShow full item record
Intra- and interspecific density dependence has profound consequences for plant population and community dynamics. In long-lived plants, however, lifetime patterns and mechanisms of density dependence are difficult to study. Here, we examine effects of intraspecific and community density on the lifetime fecundity of two long-lived shrub species from South African Fynbos: Protea repens (animal-pollinated, hermaphroditic) and Leucadendron rubrum (wind-pollinated, dioecious). Both species are serotinous, retaining seeds in cones until fire kills the mother plant. We measured lifetime fecundity as the product of cone number, proportion of cones that are not damaged by predation and seed set (fertile seeds per intact cone). Intraspecific and community densities were quantified by counting individuals of target species and all Proteaceae in small- and large-scale neighbourhoods (10 m and 50 m radius) around each focal individual. Additionally, we determined the age and size of focal individuals. We found that lifetime fecundity of the wind-pollinated L. rubrum is density independent. In contrast, the lifetime fecundity of the animal-pollinated P. repens increases with large-scale intraspecific density and shows a hump-shaped relationship to large-scale community density. Community density has a hump-shaped effect on seed set (probably through partial absence of generalized pollinators at low and competition for pollinators at high densities) and negatively affects cone number per individual. For both species, plant age decreases seedset while increasing lifetime fecundity. The qualitative differences in the density dependence of lifetime fecundity may arise from differences between animal and wind pollination. In particular, interactions with generalized animal pollinators may cause community-level Allee effects with profound consequences for the future dynamics of long-lived plant populations and communities.
- RESEARCH: Esler K [139]


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A craft brewery is moving into the Village of the Arts, with plans for a small taproom and outdoor patio this spring and a round-the-clock brewery by fall.
Motorworks Brewing owners Frank and Denise Tschida are thinking big: a brewery that could produce up to 65,000 barrels of beer a year and seat 100 people indoors, a tasting room and an outdoor beer garden and stage.
As he pitched city leaders on his plans Wednesday, Frank Tschida also talked about the promise of beer and liquor distributors visiting by the busload every month.
But first, the Tschidas must get the doors open at 1014 9th St. W., in a 23,000-square foot building that was once home to a Hudson car dealership and Consolidated Electric Lighting.
And to make that possible, the City Council on Wednesday granted a zoning change to light manufacturing.
Citing the new Bradenton Riverwalk, renovated McKechnie Field a few blocks away and nearby parking garage, Denise Tschida told council members that the 1928 building is ideal for their business.
Director of Planning and Community Development Timothy Polk recommended the council approve the project with stipulations, such as noise levels, specific hours of service and deliveries, and easement and maintenance considerations at the 10th Avenue West and 10th Street intersection.
There was no opposition. Several people at the meeting referred to the brewery as a new anchor for the northeast corner of Village of the Arts.
"It is welcome to the community; there are nothing but positives," said Bryan Morris, a landscape designer whose property adjoins the planned brewery.
"I see potential for growth," said Jack Sullivan, president of Blues Revue Magazine, which has headquarters in Village of the Arts.
Manatee County economic development officials said that the brewery would add 30 new jobs and generate a $1.8 million economic impact during the next five years.
The only concerns raised were about traffic, and Councilman Patrick Roff said the state Department of Transportation is addressing concerns about pedestrians crossing busy roads.
Craft brewery gets go-ahead in Bradenton
A craft brewery is moving into the Village of the Arts, with plans for a small taproom and outdoor patio this spring and a round-the-clock brewery by fall.


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In 1981 Rothmans and the privateer David Sutton Ford team launched an all out assault on the world rally championship. It was to be boom or bust for Vatanen with a season of highs and lows, but he scored well and going into the 1981 RAC Rally he was in second place in the drivers championship behind Guy Frequelins's Talbot Sunbeam Lotus. Winning the rally outright was to be a tall order for a 2 wheel drive car that was now showing its age, Audi were there with the new Quattro and Mikkola was firm favourite from the start. From the beginning of the rally Ari was in front of Frequelin, but couldn't match the pace of Mikkola's Quattro. Frequelin crashed out of the event in Dovey forest leaving Ari and David Richards to finish the event in second place, behind Hannu Mikkola, and clinch the World Rally Championship title.
Vatanen was to win the event again in 1984 at the wheel of a Group B Peugeot 205 T16.
Our design takes classic elements from this great car brought together to make a truly unique T-shirt. Slightly quirky, this will appeal to escort fans and rally enthusiasts alike, whilst leaving others simply wondering!
Build Specification for your Rothmans Escort T includes:-
A white body and blue or orange sleeves made out of the finest cotton.
Authentic "VLE 756X" number plate on the front, with Rothmans striped colour scheme.
Authentic "Lombard RAC" rally door square with number "2" printed on the back.
And the caption:-
1981 RAC Rally
Ari Vatanen & David Richards
2nd overall (World Rally Champions)
MkII Escort RS 1800
A celebration of a true legend this is your chance to own, and wear a legend and rally winner!
Available Options:
Colour:White / RoyalWhite / Orange
Copyright ©
2020 Tartan Red.com


text:
Electrical Quick Guide eBook PDF Free Download Residential Wiring Diagrams, Codes and Symbols This Book encloses all the diagrammatic information necessary for electrical wiring. It is necessary for immediate verification before wiring. The codes and symbols necessary for electrical wiring are enclosed in this book. This book provides shortcuts for electrical wiring
Tag: top electical engineering pdf for btech mtech students and engineers free collection
Operation and Control in Power Systems
Operation and Control in Power Systems eBook PDF Free Download Edited by P S R Murthy In power system engineering, practically all results of modern control theory can be applied. Such an application will result in a more economical, more convenient and higher service quality operation and in less inconvenience in the


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- Fuel Economy
- 22.0/28.0 mpg City/Hwy
- Exterior Color
- Daytona Gray Pearl
- Interior Color
- Black
- Body/Seating
- SUV/5 seats
- Transmission
- 7 speed automatic with auto-shift
- Drivetrain
- quattro ultra all-wheel
- Engine
- 2.0L I-4 cyl
Highlighted Features
- Navigation system
- Leather upholstery
- Automatic temperature control
- Emergency communication system
- Power moonroof
- Wireless phone connectivity
- Parking sensors
- Exterior parking camera rear
Detailed Specifications
- 1-touch down
- 1-touch up
- Air conditioning
- Auto-dimming rearview mirror
- Automatic temperature control
- Driver door bin
- Driver vanity mirror
- Emergency communication system
- Front beverage holders
- Front dual zone A/C
- Garage door transmitter: HomeLink
- Heated steering wheel
- Illuminated entry
- Memory seat
- Navigation system: MMI Navigation plus
- Overhead console
- Passenger door bin
- Passenger vanity mirror
- Power moonroof
- Power windows
- Proximity key: push button start only
- Rear air conditioning
- Rear beverage holders
- Rear door bins
- Remote keyless entry
- Speed control
- Telescoping steering wheel
- Tilt steering wheel
- Trunk/hatch auto-latch
- Alloy wheels
- Four wheel independent suspension
- Front anti-roll bar
- Front tires: 255/45HR20.0
- Power steering
- Rear anti-roll bar
- Rear tires: 255/45HR20.0
- Speed-sensing steering
- Sport suspension
- Wheel size: 20"
- 1st row LCD monitors: 2
- AM/FM radio: SiriusXM
- Diversity antenna
- Primary LCD size: 8.3"
- Radio data system
- Satellite radio trial duration with new vehicle purchase (months): 3
- Smart device integration: Audi smartphone interface (Apple CarPlay/Android Auto)
- Speakers: 10
- Steering wheel mounted audio controls
- Wireless phone connectivity: Bluetooth
- Basic warranty: 48 months/50,000miles
- Corrosion perforation warranty: 144 months/ unlimited distance
- Powertrain warranty: 48 months/50,000miles
- Roadside assistance coverage: 48 months/ unlimited distance
- Front center armrest
- Front seats: bucket
- Heated front seats
- Leather shift knob
- Leather steering wheel
- Leather upholstery
- Max seating capacity: 5
- Power 4-way driver lumbar support
- Power 4-way passenger lumbar support
- Power driver seat
- Power passenger seat
- Rear seat center armrest
- Rear seats: split-bench
- Rear seats Folding position: fold forward seatback
- Split folding rear seat
- Compressor: intercooled turbo
- Cylinder configuration: I-4
- Drive type: quattro ultra all-wheel
- Engine liters: 2.0
- Engine location: front
- Fuel economy city: 22mpg
- Fuel economy combined: 24mpg
- Fuel economy highway: 28mpg
- Fuel tank capacity: 18.5gal.
- Horsepower: 248hp @ 5,000RPM
- Manual-shift auto: S tronic
- Mode select transmission
- Number of valves: 16
- Recommended fuel: Premium Unleaded
- Torque: 273 lb.-ft. @ 1,600RPM
- Transmission: 7 speed automatic with auto-shift
- Variable valve control
- Ground clearance (max): 208mm (8.2")
- Auto-dimming door mirrors
- Bumpers: body-color
- Door mirrors: body-color
- Heated door mirrors
- Power door mirrors
- Power liftgate
- Rear cargo: power liftgate
- Roof rack
- Spoiler
- Turn signal indicator mirrors
- Compression ratio: 9.60 to 1
- Curb weight: 1,830kg (4,034lbs)
- Engine bore x stroke: 82.5mm x 92.8mm (3.25" x 3.65")
- Engine displacement: 2.0 L
- Engine horsepower: 248hp @ 5,000RPM
- Engine torque: 273 lb.-ft. @ 1,600RPM
- Exterior body width: 1,892mm (74.5")
- Exterior height: 1,659mm (65.3")
- Exterior length: 4,663mm (183.6")
- Front headroom: 1,059mm (41.7")
- Front legroom: 1,041mm (41.0")
- Front shoulder room: 1,466mm (57.7")
- GVWR: 2,475kg (5,456lbs)
- Interior cargo volume: 711 L (25 cu.ft.)
- Interior maximum cargo volume: 1,504 L (53 cu.ft.)
- Rear headroom: 998mm (39.3")
- Rear legroom: 960mm (37.8")
- Rear shoulder room: 1,435mm (56.5")
- Towing capacity: 1,996kg (4,400lbs)
- Turning radius: 5.9m (19.2')
- Wheelbase: 2,819mm (111.0")
- Auto high-beam headlights
- Blind spot: Audi side assist warning
- Compass
- Configurable
- Delay-off headlights
- Display: digital/analog
- Exterior parking camera rear
- Forward collision: Audi pre sense front mitigation
- Front fog lights
- Front reading lights
- High intensity discharge headlights: Xenon plus
- Low tire pressure warning
- Outside temperature display
- Parking sensors: front and rear
- Rain sensing wipers
- Rear collision: Audi pre sense rear warning
- Rear fog lights
- Rear reading lights
- Rear window defroster
- Rear window wiper
- Speed sensitive wipers
- Tachometer
- Trip computer
- Variably intermittent wipers
- 4 wheel disc brakes
- ABS brakes
- Adjustable head restraints: driver and passenger w/tilt
- Brake assist
- Dual front impact airbags
- Dual front side impact airbags
- Electronic stability
- Ignition disable
- Occupant sensing airbag
- Overhead airbag
- Panic alarm
- Perimeter/approach lights
- Security system
- Tracker system
- Traction control
Dealer Notes
Luxury redefined! The engine breathes better thanks to a turbocharger, improving both performance and economy. Audi prioritized comfort and style by including: speed sensitive wipers, high intensity discharge headlights, and leather upholstery. Smooth gearshifts are achieved thanks to the 2 liter 4 cylinder engine, and for added security, dynamic Stability Control supplements the drivetrain.
Our experienced sales staff is eager to share its knowledge and enthusiasm with you. We'd be happy to answer any questions that you may have. We are here to help you.
KBB.com Consumer Reviews
- 5.0
Most comfortable flamethrower ever
By ABQ Wanderer on Wednesday, July 31, 2019Q5 Prestige with Warm Weather package (Sport Seat both front seats identical with cool ventilation). Riding on air. There is no other way to put it. The sport seats difference other than cooling is "wings" that hold your butt and back in place, a 24 position electric adjustment on BOTH identical front seats with thigh support extenders, excellent for a couple with very bad backs. Power: watch out for fishtailing as you can feel G forces when accelerating, if you want. When researching a replacement for our sloppy 2017 Pilot I noticed most owners of other new vehicles in the south were complaining about AC unable to keep up with the Florida, Texas and desert heats. No problem here, the Q5 has more cool air than needed here at 5200' in the sunny July southwest desert. Instrumentation is terrific with heads up display, maps and routing directly in front of the driver. (What is more ridiculous than the cars that put the map in the center stack and aim it straight to the rear of the car? Who is sitting on the shift to look forward at the map?) Moving on, the interior materials scream quality. Plenty of rear legroom for a knee replacement patient and headroom not a problem anywhere. Rear seats recline a couple inches. Owners manual very well written with detail. You can spend an evening laughing hysterically at the index though. Looking to program the garage door opener? Look in a subcategory under "O", "Open and Close"! It goes on, and kept us looking up things just to laugh at where they are. Summarizing: most comfortable luxurious road rocket I've ever owned.
- 5.0
My previous car was 2009 Q5. Lovethis 2018.
By arnieb on Wednesday, February 21, 2018The technology improvements over my 2009 Q5 are outstanding. My old one had a 6 cyl engine. This has more pick up with a 4 cyl. Drives great and wonderfully quiet.
- 5.0
Dream to drive, sporty and FASSTTT, great car!!!
By Ferd on Saturday, December 01, 2018First Audi, car is a dream come true, my wife and I are always talking about how much we like it. We researched mid-sized SUV's, drove several including Alfa-Romero, VW, Honda, and GM. Audi Q5 got great rating and was beautiful inside. Like the handling, speed, interior of Audi better than all others. Audi is friendly, consistent, safe. Roomy and flexible. Best car I have ever owned.
We make every effort to present information that is accurate. However, it is based on data provided by the manufacturer & other sources and exact configuration, color, specifications, payment & accessories should be used as a guide only and are not guaranteed. Picture may not represent actual vehicle. Price varies based on Trim Levels and Options. See Dealer for in-stock inventory & actual selling price. Prices do not include tax, title, registration or documentation fees. Dealer documentation fee of $506 is additional. All inventory is subject to prior sale and prices are subject to change without notice. Under no circumstances will we be liable for any inaccuracies, claims or losses of any nature. To ensure your complete satisfaction, please verify accuracy prior to purchase. Fuel economy figures shown are provided from EPA mileage estimates and may not be comparable across different model years. Your actual mileage will vary, depending on specific options selected, how you maintain the vehicle and your personal driving habits. Certain offers may not be combined with others. Please verify any information in question with the Bernardi Auto Group.
New Arrivals
2021 Audi SQ5 3.0T Premium SUV
- $65,890
Quick Specs
- Black Exterior
- 3.0L V-6 cyl Engine
2021 Audi Q5 45 Premium Plus S…
- $50,045
Quick Specs
- White Exterior
- 2.0L I-4 cyl Engine
2021 Audi Q3 Premium S Line SU…
- $40,645
Quick Specs
- Gray Exterior
- 2.0L I-4 cyl Engine


text: Sure, you may need to shop around to find a replacement for that 11-inch number Dell pulled off the shelves, but that doesn't mean you need to miss out on a free Ivy Bridge upgrade. Origin PC tells us that it's offering the very same silicon swap as Dell to folks who pulled the trigger on any of its laptop and desktop PCs before Intel's big launch. If your order hasn't shipped yet, you're looking at an upgrade. Now if only we could find a manufacturer willing to hand out free GPU upgrades.


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Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) belongs to a group of diseases known as non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, which are related malignancies (cancers) that affect the lymphatic system (lymphomas). Functioning as part of the immune system, the lymphatic system helps to protect the body against infection and disease. It consists of a network of tubular channels (lymph vessels) that drain a thin watery fluid known as lymph from different areas of the body into the bloodstream. Lymph accumulates in the tiny spaces between tissue cells and contains proteins, fats, and certain white blood cells known as lymphocytes.
As lymph moves through the lymphatic system, it is filtered by a network of small structures known as lymph nodes that help to remove microorganisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, etc.) and other foreign bodies. Groups of lymph nodes are located throughout the body, including in the neck, under the arms (axillae), at the elbows, and in the chest, abdomen, and groin. Lymphocytes are stored within lymph nodes and may also be found in other lymphatic tissues. In addition to the lymph nodes, the lymphatic system includes the spleen, which filters worn-out red blood cells and produces lymphocytes, and the tonsils, which are masses of lymphoid tissue in the throat region that help to fight infection. Lymphatic tissues also include the thymus, a relatively small organ behind the breastbone that is thought to play an important role in the immune system until puberty, as well as the bone marrow, which is the spongy tissue inside the cavities of bones that manufactures blood cells. Lymphatic tissue or circulating lymphocytes may also be located in other regions of the body, such as the skin, small intestine, liver, and other organs. There are two main types of lymphocytes: B-lymphocytes, which may produce specific antibodies to "neutralize" certain invading microorganisms, and T-lymphocytes, which may directly destroy microorganisms or assist in the activities of other lymphocytes.
Mantle cell lymphoma and other cancers of the lymphatic system (lymphomas) result from errors in the production of a lymphocyte or transformation of a lymphocyte into a malignant cell. Abnormal, uncontrolled growth and multiplication (proliferation) of malignant lymphocytes may lead to enlargement of a specific lymph node region or regions; involvement of other lymphatic tissues, such as the spleen and bone marrow; and spread to other bodily tissues and organs, potentially resulting in life-threatening complications. The specific symptoms and physical findings may vary from case to case, depending upon the extent and region(s) of involvement and other factors.
Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) may be broadly classified into lymphomas that arise from abnormal B-lymphocytes (B-cell lymphomas) and those derived from abnormal T-lymphocytes (T-cell lymphomas). Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a B-cell lymphoma that develops from malignant B-lymphocytes within a region of the lymph node known as the mantle zone. NHLs may also be categorized based upon certain characteristics of the cancer cells as seen under a microscope and how quickly they may tend to grow and spread. For example, NHLs may be characterized as "low-grade" (or indolent) lymphomas, which tend to grow slowly and result in few associated symptoms, or "intermediate-" or "high-grade" (aggressive) lymphomas, which typically grow rapidly, requiring prompt treatment. There is some debate concerning whether MCL should be categorized as a slow-growing (indolent) or rapidly-growing (aggressive) lymphoma. Although experts have classified MCL as an aggressive lymphoma, it has been shown to have certain characteristics of indolent lymphoma.
According to various estimates, MCL represents approximately 2 to 7 percent of adult NHLs in the United States and Europe. It primarily affects men over the age of 50 years. Many affected individuals have widespread disease at diagnosis, with involved regions often including multiple lymph nodes, the spleen, and, potentially, the bone marrow, the liver, and/or regions of the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract.
Many individuals with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) may not appear to have symptoms (asymptomatic) during early stages of the disease. (For further information on stages, please see the section entitled "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Staging"] below.) However, affected individuals may eventually seek medical attention due to persistent, usually painless, swelling of certain lymph nodes, particularly nodes within the neck and throat region (e.g., Waldeyer's ring). Waldeyer's ring consists of the protective ring of lymphoid tissues near the base of the tongue (lingual tonsils); on either side of the throat (palantine tonsils); and near the back opening of the nasal cavity (pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids). Individuals with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs), including MCL, may also have enlargement of other lymph nodes, such as nodes at the elbows or shoulders; under the arms (axillae); in the chest, abdominal, and/or pelvic regions; and/or in other areas. Lymph node enlargement may be confined to a single region or be present in various areas of the body.
Some affected individuals may develop additional symptoms and signs that are "non-specific" in nature, meaning that they may be associated with any number of underlying disorders, including other forms of lymphoma (other non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and Hodgkin's disease) as well as certain other disorders. For example, some individuals may have lack of appetite (anorexia), nausea, vomiting, and indigestion. Additional symptoms may include a sense of "fullness" (satiety), abdominal swelling (distension) or bloating, and abdominal pain or discomfort. Such findings may be due to enlargement of abdominal lymph nodes and/or of the spleen (splenomegaly) or liver (hepatomegaly).
Some individuals with MCL may also develop certain generalized (systemic) symptoms known as "B symptoms." (For further information, please see the section entitled "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Stages"] below.) Such symptoms include persistent or repeated fever, unexplained weight loss (i.e., loss of at least 10 percent of normal body weight), and/or sweating, particularly at night (known as "night sweats"). Reports suggest that up to one third of individuals with MCL may develop such "B symptoms." However, such findings more commonly occur in individuals with Hodgkin's disease as compared to those with different forms of NHL. (For further information on Hodgkin's disease, please see the "Related Disorders" section below.)
Depending upon the extent and region(s) of involvement, some individuals with MCL may develop other or additional symptoms and findings due to infiltration by proliferating lymphoma cells within and impaired functioning or failure of certain organs and tissues. If MCL has spread to involve the bone marrow, for example, malignant lymphocytes may essentially crowd the bone marrow, resulting in decreased manufacture of certain blood cells. (As mentioned earlier, the bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue located within the cavities of bones that produces blood cells. More specifically, immature cells known as stem cells within the bone marrow develop into the three cellular components of the blood: i.e., red blood cells, which contain the oxygen-carrying pigment hemoglobin; white blood cells, which help to fight infection; and platelets, which play an essential role in blood clotting [coagulation].) Some individuals with bone marrow involvement may develop anemia or abnormally low levels of the oxygen-transporting component of red blood cells. Associated symptoms may include fatigue, listlessness and lack of energy (lethargy), paleness of the skin (pallor), headaches, and/or other symptoms. Affected individuals may also become susceptible to certain infections, easy bruising and excessive bleeding, and/or other findings.
In some individuals with MCL, there may be involvement of the digestive (gastrointestinal [GI]) tract. In some of these cases, GI involvement may be associated with the development of multiple polyps within the intestines (lymphomatous polyposis). Intestinal polyps are growths of tissue that project, often on a stalk, from the intestinal wall. In addition, in some rare cases, MCL may also spread to involve the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system [CNS]), potentially resulting in certain neurologic signs. Although such symptoms may be variable, they may include lethargy, headaches, weakness, confusion, personality changes, sudden episodes of uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain (seizures), and/or other findings.
Depending on MCL subtype (i.e., histologic subtype), sites and extent of involvement, disease management, and other factors, disease progression may eventually lead to life-threatening complications. (For further information on subtypes, disease staging, treatment options, etc., please see the "Standard Therapies" section of this report below.)
The exact underlying cause of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is unknown. Researchers speculate that genetic and immunologic abnormalities, environmental factors (e.g., exposure to ultraviolet rays, certain chemicals, ionizing radiation [carcinogens]; certain viral infections; etc.), diet, stress, and/or other factors may play varying contributing roles in causing specific types of cancer. Investigators at the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/National Cancer Institute, across the United States, and around the world are conducting ongoing basic research to learn more about the many factors that may result in cancer. (The National Cancer Institute is listed in the "Resources" section of this report below.)
In individuals with cancer, including MCL, malignancies may develop due to abnormal changes in the structure and orientation of certain cells (e.g., lymphocytes). As mentioned above, the specific cause of such changes is unknown. However, current research suggests that abnormalities of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), which is the carrier of the body's genetic code, are the underlying basis of cellular malignant transformation. Depending upon the form of cancer present and several other factors, these abnormal genetic changes may occur spontaneously for unknown reasons (sporadically), such as due to exposure to certain environmental factors, or, more rarely, may be inherited.
Evidence suggests that many individuals with MCL have a specific, acquired genetic change in which there was an exchange of chromosomal material (translocation) between certain regions of the long arms of chromosomes 11 and 14 (11q13 and 14q32). Chromosomes, which are present in the nucleus of human cells, carry the genetic characteristics of each individual. Pairs of human chromosomes are numbered from 1 through 22, with an unequal 23rd pair of X and Y chromosomes for males and two X chromosomes for females. Each chromosome has a short arm designated as "p" and a long arm identified by the letter "q." Chromosomes are further subdivided into bands that are numbered. For example, "chromosome 11q13" refers to band 13 on the long arm of chromosome 11.
This specific chromosomal translocation–t(11;14)(q13;q32)–has been shown to lead to impaired functioning (i.e., deregulation) of a gene (BCL-1) that regulates production of a protein known as cyclin D1. According to researchers, the BCL-1 gene, located at chromosome 11q13, may function as an oncogene. In other words, when functioning normally, the gene is thought to have some role in controlling cellular growth and multiplication; however, if it is altered in some way (e.g., by exposure to certain environmental factors), it may cause the cell to be converted to a malignant state (malignant transformation). For example, although the specific function of the cyclin D1 protein remains unknown, it belongs to a family of proteins involved in regulating the cell growth cycle. Evidence suggests that deregulation of the BCL-1 gene leads to increased production of the cyclin D1 protein, possibly contributing to malignant transformation of cells and excessive growth of malignant B-lymphocytes. Investigators also indicate that abnormalities in the expression of other genes (e.g., the p53 gene, which normally functions as a tumor suppressor gene) may play some role in leading to MCL.
In cells that have undergone malignant transformation, there is typically reversion to a less specialized, more primitive form (i.e., loss of "differentiation" or anaplasia), meaning that the cells do not perform their "intended," specialized functions within the tissue in question. Malignant cells pass their abnormal changes on to all their "daughter" cells and typically grow and divide at an unusually rapid, uncontrolled rate that cannot be contained by the body's natural immune defenses. Eventually, such proliferation of abnormal cells may result in formation of a mass known as a tumor (neoplasm).
In individuals with MCL, lymphocytic malignant transformation and uncontrolled cellular growth may lead to abnormal expansion of a region of the lymph node known as the mantle zone; eventual destruction of the region with loss of the mantle zone boundaries; and potentially widespread growth of malignant lymphocytes throughout the node (i.e., diffuse lymphoma). Disease progression may be characterized by involvement of additional lymph node regions and/or other lymphatic tissues and spread of the malignancy to other bodily tissues and organs. The rate of malignant cell growth, resulting symptoms and findings, and overall disease course may vary, depending upon various factors. (For further information, please see the section entitled "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Classification/Grading" and "Staging"].)
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is an uncommon form of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), comprising about 2 to 7 percent of adult NHLs in the United States and Europe. The disease primarily affects older adults, with males representing approximately three-quarters of those with MCL. Many affected individuals are diagnosed in their late 50s or early to mid 60s. Reports suggest that most individuals with MCL have advanced (i.e., stage III or stage IV) disease at diagnosis. (For further information on stages, please see the "Standard Therapies: Diagnosis" ["Stages"] section of this report below.)
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is diagnosed based upon a thorough clinical evaluation, detection of certain symptoms and physical findings, a detailed patient history, and a variety of specialized tests. Such testing is necessary to confirm the specific type (and subtype) of NHL present, to assess the nature and extent of the disease, and to determine the most appropriate treatments.
During a complete physical examination, physicians may feel (i.e., palpate) the lymph nodes in certain regions to detect any swelling, including in the neck, tonsil, and adenoidal region; under the arms; and in the groin. They may also examine other regions to help determine whether there is enlargement of certain internal organs, particularly the spleen and liver, and to detect swelling and abnormal fluid accumulation that may be associated with disease of the lymphatic system.
For those with suspected lymphoma as suggested by thorough patient history and clinical examination, various diagnostic tests may be recommended. These may include blood tests, biopsies, specialized imaging tests, bone marrow examination, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis, and/or other tests.
For example, blood tests may include studies to evaluate the number and appearance of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets; liver enzyme studies; tests to measure levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH); and/or other studies. (High elevations of LDH may suggest that the lymphoma may have rapid progression, potentially requiring more intensive therapies.)
Biopsies typically involve the removal and microscopic (i.e., histologic) examination of small samples of tissue cells from a lymph node–or, in some instances, removal of an entire, enlarged lymph node–that is suspected of being cancerous. Depending upon the specific type of biopsy performed, the procedure may be conducted under local or whole body (general) anesthesia. In addition, in some cases, such as when involvement appears to be restricted to the abdominal or pelvic region, laparoscopy or laparotomy may be necessary to obtain biopsy samples. Laparoscopy involves examination of the abdominal cavity with an illuminated viewing tube (laparoscope) inserted through incisions in the abdominal wall. Laparotomy is a surgical procedure in which the abdomen is opened, organs are carefully examined to detect signs of disease, and samples of tissue are removed for microscopic examination. (Biopsy samples are examined by physicians who specialize in analyzing cells and tissues to help obtain accurate diagnosis [pathologists].)
Various specialized imaging procedures may also be recommended, such as standard x-ray imaging; computed tomography (CT) scanning; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); gallium scans; lymphangiograms; and/or other studies. During CT scanning, a computer and x-rays are used to create a film showing cross-sectional images of internal structures. For those with suspected or diagnosed NHL, CT scans may be taken of the neck, chest, abdominal, and/or pelvic regions to help detect enlargement of certain lymph nodes or spread of the malignancy to certain organs. MRI uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed cross-sectional images of certain organs and tissues. This procedure may be particularly valuable in helping to detect involvement of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system [CNS]).
Gallium scanning may be used to help assess the extent (stage) of the disease and as a follow-up after treatment. During this procedure, a small dose of radioactive chemical known as gallium is injected. The body is then scanned from various angles and a image is produced, showing where the gallium has collected within the malignancy. Lymphangiography is a procedure in which a substance opaque to x-rays (contrast medium) is injected into lymph vessels, usually through the feet, followed by an x-ray that produces an image of lymph vessels and lymph nodes, particularly within the abdominal and pelvic regions. However, this diagnostic technique is now used less frequently than in the past, since it has been largely replaced by CT scanning of the pelvic and abdominal regions.
A procedure known as a bone marrow biopsy may also be recommended to help determine whether the malignancy involves the bone marrow. During this procedure, a sample of bone marrow is obtained, usually from the hipbone (iliac crest). Skin and tissue over the bone is first numbed with local anesthetic, and a needle is inserted into the bone through which a bone marrow sample is withdrawn. The sample is then examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Because a bone marrow biopsy may be painful, a mild, calming (sedative) medication may be offered before the procedure is conducted.
As mentioned earlier, NHL, including MCL, may sometimes spread to the brain and spinal cord. In such cases, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may reveal certain abnormalities of chemical content as well as the presence of cancerous cells. CSF is a watery fluid that flows through and protects the cavities (ventricles) of the brain; the space (i.e., subarachnoid space) between the brain and spinal cord and their protective membranes (meninges); and the cavity within the spinal column that contains the spinal cord (spinal canal). CSF is obtained for analysis by a procedure known as a lumbar puncture. During the procedure, skin and overlying tissue at the base of the spine is numbed with local anesthetic; a needle is then inserted between certain bones in the lower back and a sample of CSF is removed.
In some cases, physicians may recommend other testing procedures to help assess the extent of disease and to follow treatment. In addition, tests may be required to help evaluate the health and functioning of certain organs that may potentially be adversely affected due to certain treatments (e.g., particular anticancer [chemotherapeutic] drugs]). For example, such tests may include certain procedures to evaluate functioning of the heart and lungs.
As mentioned above, the diagnosis of different forms of NHL requires the removal (biopsy) and microscopic (histologic) examination of tissue cells from lymph nodes or other tissues suspected of being cancerous. Such evaluation is necessary to help differentiate MCL from other malignancies, including different forms of NHL and Hodgkin's disease, as well as other diseases that may affect the lymph nodes. (For further information, please see the "Related Disorders" section of this report above.)
For individuals with MCL, microscopic evaluation of biopsy samples may reveal abnormalities of the normal structure (architecture) of the lymph nodes, such as expansion of the region of the lymph node known as the mantle zone. More specifically, there may be abnormal infiltration and expansion of the mantle zone around germinal centers* of the lymph node, eventual loss of mantle zone boundaries, and potentially widespread growth of malignant lymphocytes throughout the node. (*Lymph nodes are comprised of a fibrous outer capsule and an inner mass of lymphatic tissue. The outer region or cortex includes groups of lymphocytes known as follicles; regions known as germinal centers are at the center of the follicles. Germinal cells are primarily B-lymphocytes.)
Microscopic analysis also enables pathologists to determine additional histologic features that may be important in the malignancy's classification, such as size of malignant lymphocytes, appearance of the nucleus within a lymphoma cell, distribution or pattern of the abnormal cells, etc. (For further information, please see "Classification/Grading" below.. In addition, specialized studies are conducted to help determine the malignancy's specific cell type of origin. For example, MCL cells–and the normal cells from which the malignancy develops–produce distinctive proteins (antigens) that may promote an antibody response (e.g., antigens known as CD5, CD19, CD20, and CD22). They also may express certain antibodies on their outer surfaces (e.g., immunoglobulin D and M [IgD, IgM]). Thus, testing to identify such markers assists in determining the normal cells from which the malignancy derived, helping to distinguish MCL from other B-cell lymphomas and aiding in diagnosis and disease management decisions.
Additional specialized tests may also be conducted on biopsy samples to assist in a diagnosis of MCL. These may include studies to detect the presence of the chromosome 11;14 translocation in malignant lymphocytes and the cyclin D1 protein. (For further information, please see the "Causes" section of this report above.)
As discussed above, non-Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) may be broadly classified into B-cell and T-cell lymphomas based upon the cell type of origin. In addition, the NHLs may be categorized according to how quickly the malignancy is growing; the growth pattern and appearance of malignant cells; genetic findings; and/or a combination of such factors. Several systems of identification have been proposed based upon certain or all of these elements. These include the commonly used National Cancer Institute's (NCI's) International Working Formulation (IWF), which consolidates terms from past systems of classification; the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) Classification, a new system that is increasing in popularity (and that includes MCL as a distinct entity); and a new World Health Organization (WHO) classification that is similar to the REAL Classification.
For example, NHLs may be divided into two major categories based upon growth pattern of a malignancy within a lymph node. In so-called follicular (or "nodular") lymphomas, cells appear clustered together within the lymph node into distinctive nodules or follicles. In diffuse lymphomas, there is widespread infiltration of the malignancy throughout the lymph node in an unorganized pattern.
NHLs may also be categorized based upon malignant cell size as well as the appearance of a malignant cell's nucleus. (The nucleus is the round, membrane-bound structure of the center of the cell containing the chromosomes.. For example, in some lymphomas, there may an abnormal indentation in a malignant cell's nucleus; such cells are called "cleaved cells.". Thus, according to certain classifications, certain follicular or diffuse lymphomas may be further characterized as small or large cleaved or "noncleaved" lymphomas.
In addition, NHL is commonly classified according to a "grading" system (e.g., within the NCI's widely used International Working Formulation). It is based upon how quickly the malignancy may tend to grow and spread as determined by certain characteristics of the malignancy upon microscopic examination and natural history of the specific disease. The grading of NHLs is important in determining potential disease course and appropriate treatment approaches.
Generally, malignancies comprised of small cells are classified as low grade (slow growing). Those consisting of larger cells are generally categorized as intermediate grade or high grade (i.e., rapidly or extremely rapidly growing).
Low-grade lymphomas are often called "indolent" lymphomas, since they typically grow relatively slowly and may have few apparent symptoms. Such lymphomas may tend to be widespread at diagnosis. In addition, in some instances, indolent lymphomas may gradually transform into a combination of indolent and aggressive lymphoma, requiring more aggressive treatment approaches. Evidence indicates that, although indolent lymphomas are rarely completely "cured," affected individuals may have the disease over long periods with a relatively good quality of life.
Intermediate- or high-grade lymphomas are generally categorized as "aggressive lymphomas" since they typically grow quickly and require prompt treatment. With immediate, aggressive treatment, such as intensive combination chemotherapy and other therapies (e.g., stem cell/bone marrow transplantation), certain aggressive lymphomas may sometimes be cured or go into remission. (In this context, remission indicates the complete or partial disappearance of symptoms and physical signs of cancer or the period during which this occurs. Remissions may be temporary or permanent. Relapse indicates the return of the disease following apparent recovery.)
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has been called by various terms according to different classifications, including diffuse small-cleaved cell lymphoma, centrocytic lymphoma, and lymphocytic lymphoma of intermediate differentiation. However, in 1992, an international consensus conference of experts proposed the name mantle cell lymphoma to help distinguish it more appropriately from other NHLs.
In individuals with MCL, microscopic evaluation of biopsy samples usually reveals small- to medium-sized lymphocytes that may have slightly irregular or irregular (i.e., cleaved) nuclei. Such analysis may also reveal different patterns of malignant cell distribution. Thus, MCL may be further subdivided based upon these distinct growth patterns (or "histologic subtypes"), including a so-called mantle-zone pattern, in which malignant cells grow in expanding nodules around germinal centers; a relatively nodular pattern or diffuse pattern of growth throughout the node characterized by small malignant cells with somewhat irregular or "cleaved" nuclei; or a distinctive variant (i.e., blastic [blastic transformation]) in which medium- and large-sized lymphocytes are apparent with round or irregular nuclei. It has been suggested that the mantle-zone subtype may tend to have features of a low-grade (indolent) lymphoma, whereas the other subtypes may be more aggressive and are appropriately classified as intermediate-grade lymphomas. In addition, evidence suggests that the blastic variant may be most resistant to treatment.
Accordingly, experts disagree whether mantle cell lymphoma as a whole is more appropriately classified as indolent or aggressive. Although the National Cancer Institute (NCI) has categorized MCL as an aggressive lymphoma, the malignancy is known to have certain features associated with indolent lymphomas in some cases.
When an individual is diagnosed with a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) such as mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), assessment is also required to determine the extent or "stage" of the disease. As is the case with NHL grading, staging is important to help characterize the potential disease course and determine appropriate treatment approaches. Certain of the same diagnostic tests described above may be used in staging NHL (e.g., blood tests, CT scanning, gallium scanning, bone marrow biopsy). In addition, in some cases, additional biopsies may be obtained to assist in lymphoma staging.
The specific stage of NHL may be based upon the number of lymph node regions involved; whether such lymph nodes are located above, below, or on both sides of the diaphragm*; and/or whether the malignancy has infiltrated other lymphatic tissues, such as the spleen or bone marrow, or spread to involve other organs outside the lymphatic system, such as the liver. (*The diaphragm is the dome-shaped muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen and plays an essential role in breathing.)
Although various staging systems have been described, a system commonly used for adult NHLs (i.e., the Ann Arbor staging system) includes the following stages:
Stage I indicates early, localized disease in which the malignancy is limited to a single lymph node region or in a single organ or region outside the lymph node (extralymphatic organ or site).
Stage II refers to locally advanced disease in which the malignancy involves more than one lymph node region on one side of the diaphragm or is found within one extralymphatic organ or site and its regional lymph node region (with or without involvement of other lymph nodes on the same side of the diaphragm).
In those with Stage III or advanced disease, the lymphoma involves lymph node regions on both sides of (i.e., above and below) the diaphragm and may involve the spleen. There may also be localized involvement of an extralymphatic organ or site.
In Stage IV or widespread (disseminated) disease, the malignancy is diffusely spread throughout one or more extralymphatic organs or sites with or without associated lymph node involvement.
Each stage of NHL may be further divided into categories A or B, based upon whether or not affected individuals have symptoms. More specifically:
A indicates that no generalized (systemic) symptoms are present upon diagnosis.
B indicates that an affected individual has experienced drenching night sweats, unexplained fever (above 38 degrees Celsius), and/or unexplained weight loss (i.e., loss of at least 10 percent of total body weight in the six months prior to diagnosis). Thus, individuals with such features may be said to have "B symptoms."
In addition, category E may indicate that the malignancy affects a single organ outside the lymphatic system or has spread from a lymph node to an organ.
Various additional elements may be considered as physicians determine the stage of NHL, potential disease course, and appropriate treatment options. Such factors may include patient age and general health, tumor size, levels of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase, extranodal site involvement, and other factors.
As discussed above, many individuals with MCL may not appear to have symptoms during the early stages of the disease. As a result, the disease is most often diagnosed in later, advanced stages (i.e., Stage III or Stage IV). Accordingly, at diagnosis, the malignancy may have spread beyond lymph nodes and may often affect the spleen, the bone marrow, and organs outside the lymphatic system, such as the liver or regions of the digestive (gastrointestinal [GI]) tract.
The diagnosis and therapeutic management of MCL may require the coordinated efforts of a team of medical professionals, such as physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer (medical oncologists), disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues (hematologists), or the use of radiation to treat cancers (radiation oncologists); oncology nurses; surgeons; dietitians; and/or other professionals.
Specific therapeutic procedures and interventions may vary, depending upon numerous factors, such as disease stage (see "Stages" above); tumor size; subtype of MCL (histologic subtype, e.g., mantle-zone, nodular, diffuse, or blastic); the presence or absence of certain symptoms; individual's age and general health; and/or other elements. Decisions concerning the use of particular drug regimens and/or other treatments should be made by physicians and other members of the health care team in careful consultation with the patient based upon the specifics of his or her case; a thorough discussion of the potential benefits and risks, including possible side effects and long-term effects; patient preference; and other appropriate factors.
In selected individuals with low-grade (indolent) NHL without apparent symptoms, physicians may recommend waiting before implementing treatment until the disease leads to certain symptoms. In such cases, thorough, frequent checkups are required to ensure that appropriate therapies are begun when the disease course accelerates. This approach to disease management is often called "watchful waiting."
However, as discussed above, MCL is typically considered intermediate-grade (aggressive) NHL. Therefore, for individuals with MCL, physicians may recommend combination therapy with multiple anticancer (chemotherapeutic) drugs that have different modes of action in destroying tumor cells and/or preventing them from multiplying. For example, recommended treatment may include three medications, such as Cytoxan (cyclophosphamide), Oncovin (vincristine), and Deltasone (prednisone), which is known as "CVP," or addition of a fourth medication–i.e., cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin (doxorubicin) or Rubex (hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine, and prednisone, known as "CHOP." In other cases, other drugs and drug combinations may be recommended. Although most chemotherapeutic medications are provided via a vein (intravenously [IV]), some may be administered by mouth (orally). Chemotherapy is typically provided at regular intervals or "cycles" on an outpatient basis, such as at a physician's office, at the hospital, and/or at home.
However, it may sometimes be necessary to receive such therapy on an inpatient basis. The number of treatment cycles may depend upon several factors, including the specific drug regimen(s), response to treatment, patient's overall health, etc.
The standard treatment provided is often the CHOP regimen, possibly in association with other therapies. These may include localized radiation (radiotherapy) for selected individuals with early stage (stage I or II) lymphoma or various treatments for selected patients with advanced stage (stage III or IV) lymphoma. During radiotherapy, radiation (via x-rays or other sources of radioactivity) is passed through selected regions of the body to destroy cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiotherapy is provided in carefully determined dosages to help minimize damage to normal body cells. The total amount of radiation is typically provided on an outpatient basis over several weeks.
For affected individuals with involvement of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system [CNS]), certain chemotherapeutic drugs may be administered directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the spinal canal (intrathecally), such as via lumbar puncture. Such administration directly into the spinal canal may be necessary since many drugs are unable to effectively penetrate the so-called "blood-brain barrier." (This barrier prevents or slows the passage of certain foreign agents, including harmful chemicals, microorganisms, particular medications, etc., from the bloodstream into the CNS. In addition, in some individuals with aggressive NHL who have disease involvement of certain body regions, such therapy may also be recommended in an effort to help prevent proliferation of the malignancy within the CNS (CNS prophylaxis). Such treatment may include intrathecal chemotherapy as described above and/or, in some cases, high-dose intravenous treatment with certain chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., methotrexate) that may effectively cross the blood-brain barrier.
Because certain therapies directed against destroying cancer cells may also damage healthy cells, many of these therapies may be associated with various side effects. Therefore, patients should ask their physicians about the specific effects that may be associated with certain treatments. In addition, physicians and other members of the health care team may be able to take certain steps during and following treatment and may advise patients to take particular precautions during therapy that may help to alleviate or prevent certain side effects.
Although response to such treatments may vary widely, many individuals with MCL may have insufficient response to standard chemotherapeutic regimens or may experience relapses, and the disease often becomes resistant (refractory) to treatment, potentially leading to life-threatening complications. Therefore, researchers are exploring the potential effectiveness of differing combinations of various chemotherapeutic drugs, high-dose chemotherapy regimens followed by stem cell/bone marrow transplantation, and/or other investigational therapies that may be warranted for selected individuals, possibly at the time of diagnosis, following certain standard therapies, and/or for those with refractory disease or relapse. They are also investigating appropriate ways in which to combine various therapies and to reduce potential side effects.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Calquence (acalabrutinib) and Brukinsa (zanubrutinib) for treatment of adults with MCL who have received at least one prior therapy in 2017 and 2019 respectively. In 2020, the FDA approved Tecartus (brexucabtagene autoleucel), a cell-based gene therapy, for the treatment of adult patients with MCL who have not responded to or who have relapsed following other kinds of treatment. This is the first cell-based gene therapy approved for the treatment of MCL.
Other standard therapies for individuals with MCL include symptomatic and supportive measures as required.
Information on current clinical trials is posted on the Internet at www.clinicaltrials.gov All studies receiving U.S. government funding, and some supported by private industry, are posted on this government web site.
For information about clinical trials being conducted at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, MD, contact the NIH Patient Recruitment Office:
Tollfree: (800) 411-1222
Email: [email protected]
Some current clinical trials also are posted on the following page on the NORD website:
For information about clinical trials sponsored by private sources, contact:
For information about clinical trials conducted in Europe, contact:
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Pileri SA, et al. From the R.E.A.L. Classification to the upcoming WHO scheme: a step toward universal categorization of lymphoma entities? Ann Oncol. 1998;9:607-612.
Shivdasani RA, et al. Intermediate lymphocytic lymphoma: clinical and pathologic features of a recently characterized subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. 1993;11:802-811.
Stewart DA, et al. The role of high-dose therapy and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for mantle cell lymphoma. Ann Oncol. 1995;6:263-266.
Teodorovic I, et al. Efficacy of four different regimens in 64 mantle-cell lymphoma cases: clinicopathologic comparison with 498 other non-Hodgkin's lymphoma subtypes. European Organization for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Lymphoma Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol. 1995;13:2819-2826.
Velders GA, et al. Mantle-cell lymphoma: a population-based clinical study. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:1269-1274.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM (TM). John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. MIM Number 168461; 7/8/99. Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Omim/dispmim?168461.
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Azalea Fold Over Folding Elastic 15mm
Reversable Fold Over Elastics!
These fold over elastics are shiny on one side and matte on the other.
All Elastics and Strapping are sold by the metre. Bulk prices are listed and may incur a 4-6 week wait time.
Please note: These products come from the supplier with joins throughout the rolls. On occasion, we are unable to avoid these joins when sending orders.
- Buy 45 for $0.85 each and save 26%
- Buy 91 for $0.70 each and save 39%
- Buy 457 for $0.60 each and save 48%
Folding Elastic
15mm wide
Great for binding slips, shirts and skirts. Used for underarms in bra making. Makes great childrens headbands.
An all round fabulous haberdashery product!
Many colours avaiable.
|Width in mm
Moulded Cup Conversion Chart
This chart is to be used as a guide only as fit is dependant on the product you are making and the individual. Boost cups may require a 1 size increase
Bra Conversion Chart
Size Conversion Chart


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" No Volvere ! " La Historia De John Sala
By Joanne Jacquart
From the age of 14, John's world consisted of drugs, alcohol and crime. His family, characterized by dysfunction, emotional & physical abuse, and drug & alcohol abuse, produced a wounded young man who turned to drugs and alcohol to medicate his pain.
He spent years wandering in and out of drug dens, jails, prisons, and treatment centers until the age of 40. After 22 arrests, John heard and accepted the Good News that turned his life around.
I'm Not Coming Back, the John Sala Story tells this tremendous story. You can order this page-turner now! There are currently more than half of a million copies in circulation.


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Land, loot and outwit your opponents to become the last player left standing in a thrilling game experience full of unexpected, adrenaline-pumping moments.
The full game requires PlayStation®Plus subscription. In-game purchases optional.
For more information, please visit www.pubg.com.
Includes the PUBG Public Test Server.
1 Player, Network Features, 50GB Minimum Space Required, DUALSHOCK®4 Vibration Function, HD Video Output: 720p/1080p.
Software subject to license (us.playstation.com/softwarelicense). Online features require an account and are subject to terms of service and applicable privacy policy (playstationnetwork.com/terms-of-service & playstationnetwork.com/privacy-policy). One-time license fee for play on account's designated primary PS4™ system and other PS4™ systems when signed in with that account.
©2018 PUBG Corporation. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. PLAYERUNKNOWN'S BATTLEGROUNDS is a registered trademark, trademark or service mark of PUBG Corporation and its affiliates.


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Editorial: Petraeus held to a higher standard — his own
The back page of the current issue of Newsweek lists 12 lessons on leadership by retired general David Petraeus, as compiled by his biographer, Paula Broadwell. Rule No. 1: "Lead by example from the front of the formation."
That, more than anything, explains why Petraeus could not remain as director of the CIA following discovery of his affair with Broadwell. He recognized he had violated his personal code of conduct. And how could he credibly warn subordinates of the security risks from "honey trap" spies when he had put himself in a compromising position?
By now, of course, most Americans are sick of sex scandals involving powerful men, and few are shocked by them. The rogues' gallery of government officials embroiled in extramarital affairs includes former president Bill Clinton, former senator and vice presidential candidate John Edwards, former New York governor Eliot Spitzer and former California governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
Petraeus seemed an unlikely name to be added to that list. The retired four-star general is one of the most admired men in America. His counterinsurgency strategy turned around the faltering Iraq War. His wife of 38 years, Holly, has been an eloquent advocate for military families. And given his extraordinary record of accomplishment, the temptation might be to give him a pass. If every leader who had an affair were disqualified, historians argue, America would have been deprived of the talents of people such as Franklin D. Roosevelt and Gen. Dwight Eisenhower.
But the problem with affairs is they tend to get messy. They can lead to jealousy, deceit, blackmail, indiscretion, psychological turmoil and emotional distractions. Petraeus' affair came to light apparently after Broadwell started sending anonymous threatening e-mails to another woman, identified Sunday as a 37-year-old social liaison at the Air Force base in Tampa. An FBI investigation of the e-mails led to Broadwell and, ultimately, Petraeus.
If Petraeus had been in a less sensitive post or one with a lower profile, he might have survived the scandal, much as executives in the private sector do. Absent a direct workplace conflict, infidelity is commonly seen as a private matter. The issue with Petraeus is that he occupied positions where he had access to the nation's highest military and intelligence secrets. Given the potential security breach, he had to go.
Despite the abrupt departure, questions remain: What was his relationship, if any, with the State Department liaison? Should the FBI have notified the White House or Congress sooner about its probe? Was there an effort to suppress the scandal until after Election Day? And did the timing have anything to do with the investigation of the killing of U.S. diplomatic personnel in Libya?
The latter appears far-fetched, though there's no reason Petraeus shouldn't tell congressional investigators what he knows about the Benghazi attack in hearings this week.
In the Newsweek piece, Petraeus' lesson No. 5 is: "We all will make mistakes. The key is to recognize them and admit them, to learn from them, and to take off the rear-view mirrors — drive on and avoid making them again."
David Petreaus made a doozy of a mistake, one that cost him his job and tarnished his sterling reputation. But if the frenzy passes without further surprises, he can drive on to new pathways and continue to be of service to his country.


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Wilbur-Duck mile not just for runners
ONEIDA >> Running isn't everyone's cup of tea, that's no secret. While some love to use the annual Wilbur-Duck Mile as a chance to either compete against other runners or against the clock, it's not the only reason people come out to partake in one of Oneida's favorite community events.
"This is our first time, but we're walking," said 17-year-old Ashley Williams. "We were kind of scared to run."
Williams was joined by her mom Starr, 35, and aunt Noel Coe, 34, of Munnsville and Coe's daughter Shirley, 8.
The group has all been out to watch the race in year's past but this year thought walking would be a good first step to participating.
"I can't run I'm wearing heels," said Shirley, showing off white semi-heeled sandals.
Their group wasn't the only group of participants looking forward to the walk. For some the weather on the spring night was too good to pass up.
"I was going to go for a walk anyway," said Katey Longenville. "So I just signed up tonight, it's gorgeous out."
And whether the more than 400 people who showed up outside the Wilbur-Duck dealership were running, walking or cheering on members they both knew and didn't know, one thing was for sure according to Williams: "It's a lot of fun."


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Jimmy Cricket
Wallpaper Woodlands Charcoal
Whimsical and charming describe the myriad of animals in our Fleur Harris collaborative wallpaper. Digitally hand painted 'Woodlands' is a unique work of art featuring bunnies, deer, foxes and birds woven amongst an array of greenery that you would find on a forest floor.
Single roll : 4 x 300cm lengths each 45cm wide.
Wall coverage : 5.4m per roll
Lead time : 10/15 days
This wallpaper is printed digitally on a non-woven paper of the highest quality. This means it is made of a special blend of natural and synthetic fibres making it EASY to install. To achieve the best results, we recommend using a non-woven wallpaper paste and applying directly to the walls. Please refer to the installation guide printed on the outside of the roll prior to hanging your wallpaper.
Quick & easy 'Paste the Wall' application (no decorating table or pre-cutting required).
Washable (dirt and some domestic water based stains may be cleaned off the wallcovering with a damp cloth and soapy water).
For advice on how to use this product please ask our wallpaper installation guide
Delivery & Returns
UK Mainland
Shipping cost varies based on weight.
Estimated delivery times are approximately 2-3 working days for UK mainland and approximately 1-2 workings days for London areas.
Small furniture are sent boxed via courier. Large furniture are sent palletized. Couriers will deliver up to your doorstep but not inside your house.
UK Mainland
- 0 - 1kg £2.50
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- 0 - 1kg £2.90
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Furniture delivery and fitting Greater London
- Up to 1000Kg £185
Delivery and fitting is available to locations near to Greater London. Please enquire to quote it.
- 0 - 1kg £7.30
- 1 - 5kg £19
- 5 - 9kg £25
- 10 - 50kg £90
- 51 - 200kg £195
- Up to 700kg £295
- 1kg £29
- 1 - 9kg £90
- 10 - 40kg £220
- 41 - 80kg £290
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- Up to 300kg £550
We do not accept return of all items on order.
We want all our customers to receive goods of the highest quality so if your product is faulty or damaged on arrival please contact us and we will organize a replacement of a damaged part or of the whole if necessary.
For all items on stock if you wish to cancel your order upon receiving it simply contact us on email@example.com and we will refund you the original cost of the item without the delivery charge once you have returned the item to us.
Returned items must be in their original packaging in a fully resalable condition. We recommend that you use a registered postal service and retain a proof of service. Please ensure the product is well packaged to avoid any damage
If your item was faulty or damaged on arrival please contact us and we will arrange to collect and/or organize a replacement where possible.
While we hope that you will be delighted with the quality and design of the items you have ordered, we appreciate that sometimes you may want to return some items. Under the United Kingdom's Distance Selling Regulations, you have the right to cancel your order for a full refund for any item purchased from Bobo Kids Ltd.
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- This is a made to order item.
- This item will be made specifically for you, this means that we are unable to offer refunds, exchanges and returns once you have placed your order. Please do be very sure it is exactly what you require to see samples please contact us.
- We appreciate you can change your mind and want to cancel the order altogether. For items on order you have 24 hours from the moment you have placed the order on our website to cancel it. To cancel it please send us an email to firstname.lastname@example.com with your order confirmation number . Beyond 24 hours your order is confirmed and no cancellation available.
We want all our customers to receive goods of the highest quality so if your product is faulty or damaged on arrival please contact us and we will organize a replacement of a damaged part or of the whole if necessary
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- As a customer, you have a duty of care towards the item you have purchased.
- Order cancellation must be made in writing by email, quoting your order number, within 7 working days of the day after you receive the goods at firstname.lastname@example.com
- Items must be returned to us within 14 working days. Items should be mailed to Bobo Kids Ltd, 71 Townmead roads, London SW6 2ST
- Good must be unused, unopened, in perfect condition (including original packaging) and remain in re-sellable condition. Bobo Kids Ltd. Reserves the right to deduct 20% of the original value of any items returned for a refund that we received scratched or dismantled.
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We cannot accept liability for goods lost or damaged in transit, therefore we strongly recommend that you obtain a FREE" Certificate of posting" from the Post Office. For extra peace of mind, you may want to return the goods to us by Recorded delivery.
Unfortunately, we are unable to refund the return postage. On your first exchange, Bobo Kids Ltd will cover the cost of standard postage to send the exchanged good to you. Subsequent exchanges will be charged at our standard delivery rate.
Refunds will be processed within 28 working days of receiving the goods back from you. The payment will be made via your original method of payment. When returning goods on which you have received a discount/special offer that offer/discount will no longer apply and will be deducted from the original price.


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Q: I am going to turn 70 in a few months and feel uneasy approaching my seventh decade. My concern is that others will begin to perceive me as "old." Fortunately I am healthy, continue to travel, volunteer, entertain and exercise. So if 60 is the new 40, is 70 the new 50? If so, how do I get the "new 50" into my "soon-to-become 70" head?
A: First, congratulations on your upcoming birthday. Given life expectancy in 1900 was 47 years, we are fortunate to have the extra time.
So how old is old? It depends whom you ask. AARP recently published a study titled "You're Old, I'm Not" as a result of a survey of 1,800 people ages 40 to 90. When asked, "At what age is a man old?" both men and women answered 70 years. (That's not very encouraging if you are 70.) When asked, "At what age is a woman old?" men and women respondents disagreed. Men said 68 years; women said 75 years.
The age of the respondent influenced the age they designated as "old." Those in their 40s said 63 was old while those in their 50s identified age 68 as old. Respondents in their 60s said 73 was old; individuals in their 70s said 75 was old. We don't know the basis of their answers. Was "old" equated with health, physical appearance, mobility, retirement, one's posture, a vision of a grandparent or just years alive?
Age is more complicated than just adding up years, writes Marcie Pitt-Catsouphes and colleagues at The Sloan Center on Aging and Work in their article "Through a Different Looking Glass: The Prism of Age." In writing about the workplace they suggest we can think about age according to categories such as chronological age, physical/cognitive age, career-stage age, organizational age and more.
Using "The Prism of Age" as a model, Phyllis Weiss Haserot, from PBS' digital platform Next Avenue, developed "Eight Facets of an Authentic Life" relevant to environments outside of work. Here are a few to consider.
Chronological age
This is the most obvious. For example, chronological age is wanted on medical forms, surveys and on online dating applications (often a younger age is given, but that's another column).
Physical age
These are normal physical changes that occur as part of the natural aging process. With exercise and a healthy lifestyle, our physical age may be younger than our chronological age. We like to hear our doctor say, "You have the heart rate of a 25-year-old. Keep up the exercise and healthy diet." We don't like hearing, "You have the heart rate of a 95-year-old and you are only 50. Do something about it."
Relative age
This is how we feel when we compare ourselves to others. Do we feel younger, older, the same … or does it matter? You might have experienced that dinner with longtime girlfriends your exact age and realize you are the only one at the table with character lines, aka wrinkles. Does this make a difference in how you feel about your own age?
Generational age
This describes the social, political and economic influences that have an impact on values and how we see the world. Baby boomers have influenced every stage of life since birth. They are doing the same with aging. Many do not connect with terms such as old, aging or even retirement.
Social age
That is simply how old society perceives you. Unfortunately, age stereotypes still exist that can lead to age discrimination decisions in employment, volunteer opportunities, political roles and even by a sales clerk in the cosmetics department.
Subjective age
This points to our own sense of age. Statesman Bernard Baruch gave his personal definition of "old." "To me, old age is always 15 years older than I am." (He lived to be 94.)
N.E., thank you for your important question. The norms of what older adults can do and want to do have changed. Our perceptions may be slow in catching up. So consider eliminating 70 as the new 50. What you are approaching is the "new 70." Embrace it, be well and walk tall.
Send email to Helen Dennis at firstname.lastname@example.com, or go to www.facebook.com/SuccessfulAgingCommunity.


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The purpose of the suction superheater in a cooling system is to protect the compressor from liquid drops, and to increase the evaporating section of the evaporator.
In a cooling plant with direct expansion, the evaporated refrigerant is returned to the compressor through the suction line. A suction superheater is often inserted in the suction line.
The purpose of the suction superheater is to protect the compressor from liquid drops, and to increase the evaporating section of the evaporator.
The top of an evaporator consists of wasteful surface, with the superheating of the gas in the final part of the evaporator causing evaporation. This does not contribute very much to the cooling process. By inserting a suction superheater, it is possible to reduce the wasteful area of the evaporator.
Modern refrigerants such as HFC R134a, R404A, R407C and R507A undergo rapid pressure increases during superheating. Since power consumption increases with pressure differences, the suction superheater is also rated as an energy-saving component in these applications.


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A Visit to Aitor Throup's Studio
Buenos Aires-born, England-based designer Aitor Throup recently opened up his studios for
Buenos Aires-born, England-based designer Aitor Throup recently opened up his studios for both a visit and an interview touching on the subject of creativity involving Style Salvage. A groundbreaking premiere collection in 2006 led Throup to critical acclaim following stints working for Stone Island and Umbro. Creating much of his direction outside the usual confines of most fashion designers, the creative refuses to adhere to seasonal releases or a one-dimensional perspective of design as he approaches his work on many different levels. Below is a selection of answers while the whole interview is available at Style Salvage.
I've always been intrigued by the play between art and design in your work and the launch of your design manifesto plays into that. I remember you reciting a quote you had read at your talk with Sarah Mower at the V&A a few years ago, 'artists create problems, designers solve them'…
When I graduated, even though it was from a design school, I wasn't a designer, I was actually more like an artist. I don't think that the things that got me noticed were about the design. I don't even feel as though I designed those things, that collection; it designed itself really. I ease my work into being but how could I design the jacket of a saxophone player which incorporates a deconstructed modular version of their saxophone case, for example? You can come up with the idea but all of those elements are already there, pre-determined. It's about not taking direct blame for the aesthetic components or results. I'm obsessed with the idea of justification. For example, with the New Orleans collection, it just had to be a double breasted peaked lapel jacket made from black wool suiting because that is what they wear, it is a contextual point of reference to make it relevant to my story. After that I'm just constructing it as the concept dictates. Everything is there, I'm just giving a skin to the idea and then it comes out and you're still left thinking 'wow, I didn't expect that'. That's the reward. The unexpected is the definition of true innovation.
Everything you've worked on feels so new. This cannot be an easy process…
To achieve newness, you have to go through a process that's validated and justified before you know what the item will look like. That's what interests me and excites me – that true newness. It can be beautiful or ugly, it just has to be. Everything has to have a reason – that's the fundamental thing that I've realised. You don't need a function or a purpose to validate; you need a reason. When I was doing these collections, my reasoning of the contextualisation of ideas were finished. They were perfect. That's why I was able to speak with confidence about newness and the process that I was going through. I wasn't designing products but rather designing processes, I already had my justified design philosophy and the idea of branding through construction and ideas of unique blocks that make an archetypal way of designing, but that was as close as I got to being a designer. All of that stuff was art – inventing new forms which were heavy with conceptual narrative – and then I felt that this could be important, if the same level of newness that I had achieved with the conceptual thinking and the creation of new forms could be accomplished through an equally new and unique methodology of product construction and manufacturing. At that point I shifted my focus away from Art, towards the mechanics and engineering behind true product design; in order for the overall 'artwork' to be about newness.
It has been six years since your acclaimed graduate collection, 'When Football Hooligans Become Hindu Gods' and it has been a process of evolution to now. Could you talk us through this period?
At that point, six years ago, I had my concept and art and had to do one of two things. Firstly, figure out a way around the seasonal limitations because I knew that I didn't want to create bullshit newness every six months i.e. thematic newness, as it just didn't interest me and I knew that the concepts I was generating were so close to my heart that I didn't want to let go of them ever, especially after 6 months. Secondly, I needed the impact of the product itself and how it is constructed to be equal to that of the art and the new forms. In the pursuit for newness and new forms the beautiful thing is that regardless how much conceptual depth there may be behind a product, it should also be able to be enjoyed purely through its aesthetic value, without explanation. I guess that having that option is what defines successful Art. To appreciate great art, you can be well versed in the artist and their artworks; which is possible with my work and the manifesto, but a lot of people just know that it is good or right without knowing anything about it. Great artwork is penetrable on many different levels. I knew that I didn't have that level of impact with the product. You can't invent this new way of thinking and new forms and then stitch it all together with a cheap overlocking machine; it just doesn't feel right.