text:
Presented by Charles I. Plosser, President and Chief Executive Officer
Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia
Forecasters Club
New York, New York
February 29, 2012
PDF version (144 KB, 10 pages)
I am pleased to be here today, and I will do my best to avoid all the hackneyed forecaster jokes. I am sure you have heard them all anyway. I will simply note that I have often said that forecasting can be a humbling experience in the best of times but I have learned some lessons along the way. For example, one Thursday morning not long ago, a reporter asked me what I thought the monthly employment numbers would show when they were released the next day. I responded that I had been around long enough to learn never to predict anything about which I can be proven right or wrong within a week and certainly not within 24 hours. It simply doesn't pay.
So, in lieu of a typical forecasting speech today, I would like to discuss the recent steps taken by the Federal Reserve to improve the transparency of monetary policy. These important initiatives are intended to increase the effectiveness of monetary policy as well as the accountability of our central bank.
Over the last few years, I have spoken frequently about the need to improve transparency and to bring our monetary policy framework into the 21st century.1 In my view, there are four interrelated dimensions to a stronger monetary policy framework. The first is to ensure that the central bank commits to a set of clearly articulated objectives that can be feasibly achieved by monetary policy. The second element requires the central bank to be transparent and clear in its communications. The third element, related to the second, is for the central bank to conduct monetary policy in a systematic or rule-like manner.2 The fourth element, and arguably the most important, is for the central bank to set monetary policy independently from the fiscal authorities.
As many of you know, last year Chairman Bernanke asked Governor Yellen, Governor Raskin, Chicago Fed President Evans, and me to serve on a subcommittee whose task was to develop recommendations to improve the Federal Open Market Committee's communications. In January, the FOMC adopted two initiatives brought forward by the subcommittee.
I want to review these initiatives today and how they relate to my broader views on a stronger monetary policy framework. Of course, improving policy transparency will always be a work in progress. So, I will also talk about additional steps I believe we could take to further improve our framework for conducting policy.
The first communications initiative adopted by the FOMC was to issue a consensus statement of principles about its long-run policy goals and objectives. The statement makes four very significant points in clarifying our policy objectives.
First, the statement reaffirms the Committee's commitment to its congressional mandate to promote "maximum employment, stable prices and moderate long-term interest rates."
More important, the statement gives texture to those objectives in a way never before articulated. In particular, the statement's second significant point stresses that inflation over the longer run is mainly determined by monetary policy. In this sense, the FOMC acknowledges what every economist has known for over two centuries: inflation is a monetary phenomenon. Therefore, it is both appropriate and feasible for the monetary authority to set an inflation goal and be held accountable for achieving it. The Committee, therefore, adopted a long-term inflation goal of 2 percent, as measured by the annual change in the price index for personal consumption expenditures. By establishing an explicit inflation target, the Federal Reserve is adopting a practice used by most major central banks around the world and one that is acknowledged as a best practice by academics and central bankers.
A third important point made in the statement is that it is not appropriate for the central bank to set an explicit numerical goal for the maximum employment part of our mandate. Maximum employment is mainly determined by nonmonetary factors, such as demographics, technological change and productivity, the structure of the labor market, and governmental policies — for example, minimum wage laws, unemployment benefits, retirement incentives, and taxes. Since these factors change over time, the concept of maximum employment can also change over time. While policymakers consider a wide range of indicators to assess employment, the value of such indicators is subject to considerable uncertainty. Economists, for example, can, and often do, have very different assessments of what the level of maximum employment is at any point in time. This arises because different models suggest different conceptual definitions, most of which are not directly observable. So, monetary policy should not seek to achieve an explicit objective for something it does not directly control and cannot accurately measure.
Fourth, the statement notes that, in general, price stability and maximum employment are complementary. Price stability promotes economic efficiency by giving individuals and businesses more confidence that the purchasing power of the dollar will not erode. Conversely, the failure to maintain price stability can often lead to greater instability in employment and output. When inflation rises to unacceptable levels, as it did in the 1970s, monetary policy will be forced to react to restore price stability. This, in turn, could lead to increased instability in employment and output, as it did in the recession in the early 1980s. But the FOMC's consensus statement of principles also acknowledges that in the short run, the maximum employment and price stability parts of the Fed's mandate could be in conflict. In such circumstances, monetary policy will seek to follow a balanced approach in promoting its statutory mandate.
The consensus statement does not provide answers for all the hard policy choices. How best to implement this balanced approach requires judgment and may well differ across policymakers who may have different models of the economy even as they work to promote the same long-term goals for monetary policy.
The second important step the Committee took in January toward increased transparency involved the economic projections that the FOMC releases four times a year. The Summary of Economic Projections, or SEP for short, summarizes the individual FOMC policymakers' views on the economy as reflected in several key economic variables, including output, inflation, and unemployment. Yet, these projections are not forecasts in the usual sense. Each policymaker's projections are conditioned on the policymaker's assessment of "appropriate policy," that is, the policy path that he or she views as the most likely to yield the best outcomes for the economy in the absence of further shocks.
This policy path isn't necessarily the most likely path; instead, it is the path viewed as being the best policy. Thus, the projections should not be compared with the forecasts of private-sector forecasters who try to predict what the Fed's next move might be. Instead, each policymaker makes economic projections based on an assessment of the best policy path to achieve the most desirable outcomes.
Until January, the SEP did not reveal any information about the appropriate paths assumed by the participants. This lack of information about the underlying policy assumptions made it difficult to know what the SEP represented. For example, two participants may be projecting the same long-run inflation rate, but they may believe it will take very different policy paths to achieve that outcome.
Other central banks, such as those of Norway, Sweden, and New Zealand, have provided information about the assumed path of policy. In January, the Fed joined them and began releasing information on the underlying policy paths assumed by the participants in their economic projections. These policy paths are summarized in two charts. The most important chart displays the level of the federal funds rate assumed by each participant at the end of each calendar year for three years out and for the longer run. This information provides a useful picture of the range of views of future policy assumed by policymakers. Note once again that these are assumptions, not forecasts in the usual sense. For example, I might submit a very different projection of inflation rates if I were asked to use someone else's policy path or even the policy path implicitly assumed in the fed funds futures market.
It is also important to emphasize that these policy assessments do not constitute a commitment to follow a particular path but will evolve as economic conditions evolve. In fact, I believe that changes in this chart over time will prove to be a far better way to provide information about the path of policy than using calendar dates, as we are currently doing in our FOMC statements. Policy should be conditioned on the state of the economy, not the calendar. Observers watching how these policy paths evolve as the economy improves are likely to learn more about the timing and magnitude of future policy actions. This then will reveal more about the policymakers' reaction function, on which I will have more to say in a moment.
From my perspective, our actions in January were important steps forward. We clarified our goals and objectives, and we became more transparent about our views of future policy.
Of course, as I mentioned at the outset, improving the transparency of our communications and strengthening our policy framework is a work in progress. More can be done.
First, as a way to increase transparency, I believe the SEP should include more information about the linkages among the economic variables and the associated policy paths. Even with the recent improvements, the public cannot link a policy path to a particular set of projections for output, inflation, and unemployment in the SEP. That is only possible when individual policymakers choose to reveal such information in their speeches and other public communications. A natural next step would be to include a matrix of output, inflation, and unemployment, and the associated policy path assumptions that each policymaker submitted. This would make the information in the SEP easier to interpret and give a better sense of the linkage between changes in economic conditions and policy.
Second, I believe the Federal Reserve should do a more comprehensive monetary policy report four times a year. Currently, the Chairman testifies before Congress twice a year — in fact, he is doing so today — and that testimony is accompanied by a written report. In addition, the Chairman holds press briefings four times a year to summarize the SEP. I think there is an opportunity to combine these efforts in a more comprehensive report on monetary policy. Most central banks that have adopted an inflation target have also sought to improve communication and transparency through the publication of a regular policy report. In the U.K., for example, the Bank of England issues a quarterly Inflation Report. Other countries produce a Monetary Policy Report that discusses the central bank's forecasts and the longer-term context of policy. These reports offer an opportunity to reinforce the underlying framework the central bank has adopted for the conduct of policy. I think the Fed should consider producing a similar report to elaborate and reinforce its policy framework and how it relates to economic conditions. These reports will help improve the public's understanding of policy, which will help make policy more effective and the central bank more accountable.
Third, I believe the FOMC should adopt clearer guidelines on how policy evolves with economic conditions. The better the public and the markets understand how policy is likely to be adjusted as the economy changes, the more predictable policy becomes, which promotes price stability and better economic outcomes.
The history of U.S. monetary policy is filled with stops and starts and changes in direction, yet the Fed has communicated little about what drives those decisions. Indeed, historically, central bankers have tended not to reveal such information, since they preferred discretionary policy over systematic policy.
Of course, policymakers do not know with any degree of certainty how economic conditions will evolve. So they cannot and should not say with any certainty what policy will be in the future. But policymakers can provide information about the factors that will influence their policy decisions. Some call this a policy rule. Milton Friedman advocated a rule in the form of a k-percent growth rate of the money supply. John Taylor devised a rule that depends on a measure of inflation relative to a target and some measure of resource utilization. Other versions of the Taylor rule involve a degree of smoothing to minimize sharp swings in the policy rate. A policy rule is also called a reaction function or response function because it describes how policy will evolve as key economic conditions evolve.
I believe that the Fed should provide more information about its reaction function. The practice of using systematic rules as guides to monetary policy imposes an important discipline on policymaking and improves communication and transparency. This is because systematic rules make policy more predictable and therefore helps the public and markets make better decisions. Moreover, if policymakers choose to deviate from the guidelines, they are forced to explain why and how they anticipate returning to normal operating practices. Systematic policy also reduces the temptation to engage in discretionary policies.
I believe the Committee is still some way from agreeing on one systematic policy rule or reaction function. Such choices will involve elaborate discussions and agreement on the appropriate class of models and an agreed-upon loss function. One way to move toward more systematic policy would be to describe the variables that are important for our response function. The academic literature suggests using rules that respond aggressively to deviations of inflation from the central bank's target and less aggressively to deviations of output from some concept of "potential output." Research has found that such rules perform fairly well in a variety of models and frameworks.3
Thus, it is reasonable and feasible for the Fed to describe policy in terms of the variables in a rule that is robust across models. We would not have to articulate a precise mathematical rule but would provide the key variables and then communicate policy decisions in terms of changes in these key variables. If policy were changed, then we would explain that change based on how the variables in our response function have changed. If we choose a consistent set of variables and systematically use them to describe our policy choices, the public will have a greater ability to form judgments about the likely course of policy. This would reduce uncertainty about policy and promote stability.
There is one more item on my list of things to do. At the beginning of my remarks, I stressed the importance of maintaining the independence of the central bank. That independence is now under attack. Last week, I gave a speech on the fraying boundaries between monetary and fiscal policy.4 I noted that while monetary policy and fiscal policy are intertwined through the government's budget constraint, there are good reasons to maintain clear boundaries between the two. Specifically, in a world where fiscal discipline is lacking, governments without the institutional or constitutional guarantees of an independent central bank often resort to money creation as a solution to fiscal problems. This, of course, is a recipe for high rates of inflation and, in the extreme, hyperinflation. For this reason, countries throughout the world have moved over the last 60 years to strengthen the independence of their central banks. It is simply good governance to keep a healthy degree of separation between those responsible for tax and spending policies and those responsible for monetary creation.
The pressure on independence stems, in part, from fiscal imbalances and the inability of governments to develop credible and sustainable plans to finance public expenditures. In turn, the pressure can manifest itself in calls for higher inflation or for central banks to act as lenders of last resort for failing governments. Yet central banks have also contributed to the breakdown of the boundaries by engaging in credit allocations to particular sectors, such as housing, and bailouts to particular firms, such as Bear Sterns. Thus, the fiscal authorities and supposedly independent central banks have acted in ways that undermine central bank independence. I believe this is a dangerous path and one that needs to be changed. We need to restore the boundaries.
To summarize, the FOMC has taken significant actions toward greater transparency, most recently with the historic steps adopted in January. These steps in turn help to promote better public understanding of the rationale behind the FOMC's decisions. First, we released a statement clarifying the long-run goals of monetary policy and our policymaking strategy. Second, we began releasing information about the policy paths that underlie our economic projections.
Yet, I believe there is more that can be done. We can and should provide more details about the interplay between economic conditions and policy. We can also better define our reaction function, to enable the public to better understand and anticipate future policy actions. Economic research has shown that increased transparency can improve the effectiveness of monetary policy, as well as the Fed's accountability with the public. These benefits underscore the importance of our continued pursuit of finding better ways to communicate our framework for monetary policy decisions.
Dotsey, Michael, and Charles I. Plosser. "Designing Monetary Rules in an Uncertain Economic Environment," Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Business Review (First Quarter 2012).
Orphanides, Athanasios, and John C. Williams, "Robust Monetary Policy Rules with Unknown Natural Rates," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity (2002), pp. 63-118.
Plosser, Charles. "The Benefits of Systematic Monetary Policy," speech to the National Association for Business Economics, Washington Economic Policy Conference, March 3, 2008.
Plosser, Charles. "Credible Commitments and Monetary Policy After the Crisis," speech to Swiss National Bank Monetary Policy Conference, Zurich, Switzerland, September 24, 2010.
Plosser, Charles. "Strengthening Our Monetary Policy Framework Through Commitment, Credibility, and Communication," speech to Global Interdependence Center's 2011 Global Citizen Award Luncheon, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November 8, 2011.
Plosser, Charles. "Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy: Restoring the Boundaries," speech to U.S. Monetary Policy Forum, University of Chicago Booth School of Business, New York, New York, February 24, 2012.


text:
We're changing the world. Here's how to help.
Become a donor
For over 50 years, we've been hard at work leading the fight against poverty and making real and lasting change in the 170 countries and territories where we work. When we started the fight five decades ago, more than half of the world lived in extreme poverty.
Today? Just one in eight.
Now, we're on a mission to finish the job. But we need your help.
Fundraise for us
Join our team and fight poverty. When you fundraise for UNDP, you make a difference today and inspire better tomorrows. Let's do this!
Shop UNDP
Think globally, shop virtually. Wear your support on your sleeve with a new t-shirt, grocery bag or other UNDP-themed gear.
In 2015, the nations of the world agreed on a plan to end extreme poverty by the year 2030. The plan is called the Sustainable Development Goals. UNDP is leading the charge, but we can't do it alone.
Be a part of this historic effort.
Connect with UNDP
Enter your email address to get inspiring stories straight to your inbox.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
I hope you enjoy my Blog which includes family recipes and favorite foods: tested, tweaked, or created!
Search Recipes:
Click on link for photos & more:
Tag Archives: oreo crust
NO-BAKE STRAWBERRY/BERRY CREAM OREO CHEESECAKE with STRAWBERRY COULIS
This is one of those simple recipes that looks extraordinary! Your guest will rave! It's also great for the last days of summer and is cool and light. There is no baking and it is best to leave in the … Continue reading


text:
I couldn't eat enough of these growing up. Our Aunt Mary (RIP) used to lived in Schenectady NY, where her sisterinlaw had a corner Italian bakery, she was most popular for her powdered sugared wands. Hand made, and amazingly delicious.
Powdered Sugar Wands (Galani) from Veneto
2 eggs
juice of 2 oranges squeezed and seeded
3 cups flour more for rolling
1/2 cup melted butter
pinch of kosher salt
powdered sugar to sprinkle them with
oil for frying I used canola, however the recipe called for olive oil
Heat oil to a low to medium heat, adjust if they get too brown, try one strip first.
Mix all ingredients together into a smooth dough, roll very thin and cut into strips. I roll this on parchment paper and cut with a fluted edged pastry cutter, (see photo) then deep fry in hot oil, till golden brown.
Sprinkle with powdered sugar when cool.
For the Calabria family version click here we called them ribbons or bows and use wine in our recipe. We actually twisted ours into a bow. Very similar. You will love how easy they are to make. The orange was a wonderful change, this ones a keeper!


text:
Facebook has no friends: Stock slides below $20August 2, 2012: 2:52 PM ET
Facebook is not very popular among investors these days. Shares of the social media giant hit a new low of just $19.82 Thursday, nearly 50% below their initial offering price.
The stock has been under pressure since last week, when Facebook (FB) reported its first earnings as a public company, and failed to relieve investor worries about slowing sales growth and its plan for mobile advertising.
As Facebook's stock continues to bleed, institutional investors are beginning to unload their stakes. Fidelity Investments, which owns both public and private shares of Facebook, sold more than 1.9 million public shares in June across 21 different mutual funds, according to Morningstar data.
Of those 21 funds, 16 dumped more than 25% of their Facebook stakes, including the Fidelity Puritan fund (FPURX), which still owns 1.9 million shares. The Fidelity Disciplined Equity fund (FDEQX) sold almost 50% of its Facebook stock.
Of course, more than a dozen Fidelity funds also added shares of Facebook in June -- about 2.2 million shares combined -- including the Fidelity Contradfund (FCNTX), which boosted its stake by 264,000 shares, or almost 2%.
While Fidelity declined to comment on Facebook specifically, the firm's spokesman Stephen Austin said "portfolio managers make investment decisions every day for what they believe is in the best long-term interests of their funds' shareholders."
Meanwhile, a number of JPMorgan (JPM) mutual funds and a handful of funds managed by Turner Investment Partners sold significant parts of their stake in Facebook in June, according to Morningstar.
Facebook's stint as a public company has been rocky since day one, when a trading glitch at the Nasdaq (NDAQ) turned its public debut into a public fiasco.
Related: UBS lost $356 million on Facebook, suing Nasdaq
Even prior to that botched first impression, investors and analysts alike have been questioning how the company will bring in more revenue from its 955 million users, particularly through its mobile platform which is becoming increasingly popular but lacks a strong advertising strategy.


text:
August 30, 2012 — (Bronx, NY) — Researchers at Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University have discovered a new "first response" mechanism that the immune system uses to respond to infection. The findings challenge the current understanding of immunity and could lead to new strategies for boosting effectiveness of all vaccines. The study, conducted in mice, published online today in the journal Immunity.
Grégoire Lauvau, Ph.D.One way the immune system protects the body against microbes like bacteria and viruses is with memory CD8+ T cells, so named because they can "remember" the invading organisms. If someone is later infected by that same microbe, memory CD8+ T cells recognize the invaders and multiply rapidly, forming an army of cytotoxic T cells to hunt down and destroy the microbes and the cells they've infected. This highly specific immune response forms the basis for most vaccines—but it can take several weeks for them to prime the immune system to respond to "real" infections.
This new study shows that the immune system has another, faster method for responding to infections that could be exploited to produce faster-acting vaccines.
"Our research has revealed that pathogen-specific memory CD8+ T cells are reactivated even before they recognize the antigen they previously encountered," said study leader Grégoire Lauvau, Ph.D., associate professor of microbiology and immunology at Einstein. (Antigens are protein fragments of microbes that trigger an immune response.)
Dr. Lauvau and his colleagues found that this fast-acting immune response is orchestrated by a type of white cell called inflammatory monocytes. After the immune system detects an infection, it recruits monocytes to the affected tissues, where they release inflammatory signals called cytokines. Those inflammatory signals not only activate every memory CD8+ T cell that has previously encountered a pathogen but also stimulate the activation of natural killer cells, another type of white blood cell.
"The important concept to take from this study is that it may be possible to improve vaccines by making this early, generalized immune response persist for a longer time until the later, targeted immune response kicks in."
– Grégoire Lauvau, Ph.D.
The result is a protective immunologic environment capable of defending against microbes of any kind—viruses, bacteria or parasites. Only later do memory CD8+ T cells specific for that microbe's antigen begin to multiply, enabling the immune system to launch its focused attack on that particular microbe.
"We're not saying that recognizing the antigen is unimportant in the immune response," says Dr. Lauvau. "You do need the antigen later on, to cause memory CD8+ T cells to multiply and to get full pathogen-specific protection. But it doesn't seem to be needed during the days immediately following re-infection, when this early form of immunity is operating."
"It's too early to apply these findings clinically," said Dr. Lauvau. "For example, we still need to identify all of the cells and signaling molecules that are involved, and learn how and when the immune system switches from the first phase of protection to the second phase, where you have the antigen. But the important concept to take from this study is that it may be possible to improve vaccines by making this early, generalized immune response persist for a longer time until the later, targeted immune response kicks in."
The lead author of the paper, titled "Inflammatory monocytes activate memory CD8+ T and innate NK lymphocytes independent of cognate antigen during microbial pathogen invasion" is Saïdi M'Homa Soudja, Ph.D., a postdoc in Dr. Lauvau's lab. Other contributors are Anne Ruiz, M.Sc., and Julien Marie, Ph.D., at INSERM and Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
The study was largely supported by grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI095835), part of the National Institutes of Health, and Einstein funds.
9/11 World Trade Center Exposure Linked to Heart Disease Among NYC Firefighters
On Becoming a Physician: New Einstein Students Receive White Coats and Stethoscopes
Novel Therapy for Acute Migraine Shows Promise in Phase 3 Clinical Trial
First Complete Wiring Diagram of an Animal's Nervous System
World-Renowned Researcher and Clinician to Lead Nationally-Ranked Children�s Hospital at Montefiore and Pediatrics at Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Multimillion Dollar NIH Grant to Help Reduce Opioid Use & Get Care to People Who Need It
NIH Grant Funds $23 Million Study of Diseases Affecting People Living with HIV
New TAILORx Data Guides Adjuvant Therapy in Younger Breast Cancer Patients
Einstein Celebrates Its 61st Commencement
Bolstering Biopsies: Testing Patients' Individual Cells to Guide Treatment


text:
We can remember the days when a 454 big-block was considered, well, big. But today you can hit that displacement number with a small-block and save a ton of weight. So, if you're going to go with a big-block you might as well start thinking, well, big. Of course, using a factory GM block stifles dreams of huge displacement, but luckily for us the aftermarket offers blocks capable of cubic inches once only available to the pros. And, in the world of stroker engines, it's not much more expensive to build a block big rather than err on the small side. Besides, more displacement equates to more torque, and more torque is always a good time.
When we formulated this big-block build we decided on a few parameters. First, it needed to be geared to the street. This meant it had to have a decent idle, make some vacuum for power brakes, and live on the 91-octane swill that passes as premium here in sunny California. Second, it had to have a flat as Kansas torque curve, especially in the low to midrange area most street engines spend their time. Third, it had to have a standard deck height so that we could find off-the-shelf headers and an intake manifold. After pondering a bit, it seemed like a big-displacement roller engine was in order.
Going really big meant turning to an aftermarket block and Dart makes some of the best stuff out there. Their line of Big-M blocks can be built into many tasty combinations from a diminutive 454 up to a 582 and beyond. With that in mind the formula gelled into a bore of 4.600 inches and a stroke of 4.375 inches. Do the math and it rounds up to 582 cubes of power and torque, making goodness.
After ordering up our block, we contacted JR Twedt, of JR Competition Engines, to help us with the machine work and assembly. As Twedt says, "The Dart Big-M block is hands down the best choice for big-inch engines. The main lines on these blocks are always spot on from Dart, which is really nice considering the labor intensiveness that goes into having to line-bore the mains. Another great thing about the Dart Big-M is its strength and versatility. You can take these blocks out to 4.600 with ease and not have to worry about thin cylinder walls because of the extra-thick siamese cylinder walls." We also decided to stick with our "street-friendly" philosophy and run a hydraulic roller camshaft. Now having a big stack of spendy parts should theoretically yield a killer engine, but only if the parts are fitted together correctly; that's why we turned to Twedt for the build. Follow along as we carefully assemble the short block of our 582 big-block. Next issue we'll finish it up and then wind it out on Westech's SuperFlow engine dyno.
As shipped, the Dart blocks are pretty clean, but they do require some TLC. JR Twedt, owner of JR Competition Engines, explained, "We deburred all the casting flash, which can eventually chip away causing heat and stress risers. Even with the big stroke, no clearancing was needed to account for rod swing."
Our Dart Big-M block is like a stock GM block, but better. Since Dart started the design on a clean sheet of paper, they were able to address some the issues found with the OEM block. Extra-thick siamesed cylinder walls resist cracking and have improved ring seal, scalloped outer water jacket walls help improve coolant flow, stronger steel caps incorporate splayed outer bolts, and improved lifter valley head bosses are just a few of the refinements. Other items like true "priority main" oiling and a crank tunnel pre-clearanced for big strokes just makes life easier. JR punched the cylinder bores out to 4.600 inches, and we were ready to rock.
Prepping the block and taking lots of measurements is key when the goal is a solid and trouble-free engine. Twedt then explained how he prepped the block, "First we calculated our assembly height. This was done by checking our connecting rod length, adding half the stroke, and then adding our pistons compression height. This gave us our assembly height. We don't trial assemble or mock-up engine assemblies since we were using quality parts. We simply square decked the surface of the block 90 degrees off the crankshaft centerline and 45 degrees off the cam centerline. Using torque plates, we bored the block to within 0.0055 inch of our finish size before honing. We then honed each cylinder in five stages."
If you're going to make big (and reliable) power then skimping on the crank isn't the best idea. To make sure our 582 would hold up to abuse we picked up this Scat 4.375-inch stroke forged 4340 steel crank. This crank was precision-ground, heat-treated, shot-peened, and micro polished at Scat to ensure tight tolerances. It's also nitride-hardened to resist wear and has straight-shot and chamfered oil holes. Lastly, it features large radius on all journals for improved wear resistance and strength.
With the crank in place we went ahead and torqued down the steel billet main caps using the bolts supplied by Dart. If you want to save a few hundred bucks you can order the Sportsman version of this block, which has ductile iron mains. No matter which material you go with, the outer bolts are splayed for extra strength.
Twedt then checked the thrust on the crank. "We want to make sure that the thrust bearing isn't too tight and doesn't wipe out the crankshaft," he says. Some builders do this by hand, but the right way is with some precision measuring equipment.
Now if all we cared about was wowing you with big dyno numbers, we could have tossed in an insanely rowdy camshaft that would be cumbersome to live with on the street. But we live in the real world where idle characteristics are nearly as important as how much peak power an engine puts out. To that end, we selected a hydraulic roller camshaft from COMP that's a good mix between power and manner. Duration numbers (at 0.050) came in at 275/279 with lift of 0.680 inch on a 112 LSA.
Connecting rods take a ton of abuse so we went with these Scat H-beam pieces. These are the strongest rods Scat makes, and if they can stand up to blower and nitrous abuse then they should have no problems living in our big-block. These 6.535-inch forged 4340 rods incorporate special doweled caps for specific cap-to-rod alignment and are profiled for extra stroker clearance. Each rod came fitted with ARP 8740 chromoly rod bolts rated to 200,000 psi.
When building a 582 there's no way we were going to find off-the-shelf slugs that would work, so we ordered up some custom pistons from Mahle. They came ready to rock in our 4.600-inch bore big-block and were fully phosphate dry film lubricated and the skirts had Mahle's Grafal coating to reduce frictional drag. Our target compression ratio was 10.8:1 so they had an 8cc dome and a compression height of 1.070 inches.
After file fitting the rings, and mating the Mahle pistons to the Scat rods, we slid the assemblies into their new homes using our handy Summit guide sleeve.
After torquing down the Scat rods, Twedt checked how much play there was between the rods. "I do this for a couple of reasons. First being that side clearance plays a critical role in maintaining correct oil flow to each rod journal. Typically, I'm looking for a minimum of four times the actual bearing clearance on a street engine. Also I do this to check the consistency of the rod journal radius," JR says.
Degreeing the camshaft is critical if you want to make optimum power with any engine you might be building. As Twedt explained, "Roller lifters walk the crankshaft back and forth so you need a button with a little bit of clearance so that the cam doesn't walk out the front of the timing cover."
When building an engine from a new block it's easy to overlook small, but needed, items like a fuel pump block-off plate or this Mr. Gasket oil filter adapter. Luckily, we remembered before getting to the dyno and trying to screw on a filter.
A broken timing chain can wreak havoc on an engine's valvetrain, so we bought this double-roller COMP chain and gearset. It features billet steel sprockets and a nine-keyway crank sprocket for 2-degree incremental adjustability. It's pre-stretched, heat-treated, and included the Torrington roller thrust bearing; what's not to love?
Billet front covers look great, but there's more to them than just looks. Even with a thrust button, a stock stamped-steel front cover can flex under pressure, causing erratic ignition timing. This COMP two-piece billet aluminum cover is super rigid and will hold our cam in place where it belongs. It also made endplay adjustment a snap due to its handy access hole. For racers the two-piece design makes cam swaps that much easier.
If you're going to spin a big-stroke engine hard then you need a good damper to keep all the internals spinning happily. For this engine we called up Summit and ordered an ATI Super Damper. Their elastomer is designed and tuned to eliminate harmful crank harmonics, reduce wear, and stop horsepower loss. They also exceed SFI 18.1 specs.
A sketchy oiling system can quickly kill even the best build engine. To keep the Texas Tea flowing we picked up this high-volume pump from Moroso. This pump is designed for an 8-inch-deep pan, and the pickup is fully welded in place.
The other big player in our rock-solid oiling system was this fully baffled 6-quart pan from Moroso. It features a kicked out sump for improved oil control and an integrated windage tray. We bolted it in place using a Fel-Pro gasket set and stainless fasteners from our ARP accessory bolt kit.
And with that, our 582 short-block is done and ready for a top end capable of feeding the necessary atmosphere to the eight hungry cylinders. Once together we'll strap it down to Westech's SuperFlow 902 dyno and let it feed.
|The Goods
|Dart Big-M block
|Scat 4.375-inch stroke forged crank
|COMP hydraulic camshaft
|Scat H-beam rods
|Mahle forged custom pistons
|Mr. Gasket oil filter adapter
|COMP double-roller chain and gearset
|COMP billet aluminum cover
|ATI Super Damper
|Moroso high-volume pump
|Moroso 6-quart pan
|Fel-Pro gasket set
|ARP accessory bolt kit


text:
"Brave," ''Wreck-It Ralph" and "Rise of the Guardians" are among the animated features angling for an Oscar nomination.
The motion picture academy said Friday that 21 films have been submitted for consideration in the Academy Awards' animated feature category.
"Dr. Seuss' The Lorax," ''Frankenweenie," ''Ice Age Continental Drift" and "ParaNorman" are among the high-profile movies vying for one of five nominations. Other contenders include France's "The Rabbi's Cat" and Japan's "From Up on Poppy Hill."
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences says several of the films listed have not yet had their required Los Angeles qualifying runs.
"Rango" won the prize earlier this year after 18 films were in nomination contention.
The 85th annual Academy Awards are set for February 24, 2013, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood.


text:
'So You Think You Can Dance': Wha?
I feel like I've been a little shortchanged over the last three Thursdays. Well, that's not entirely true: "SYTYCD" results shows have been delivering some wonderful dance performances (and some OK musical performances), but are we ever going to get a regular elimination, one where the solos actually mean something?
The episode kicked off with a great group number to "All That Jazz" with guest choreographer Kelley Abbey. I liked the Fosse-esque moves combined with the rather grubby, old-fashioned styling and set design of the piece, along with the toned-down version of the song. The dancers reminded me a bit of scrappy street performers, in a good way, of course.
In terms of showcasing American dance at its finest, it was a good episode, first paying tribute to former Ailey School director Denise Jefferson. I confess I wasn't familiar with her or her passing prior to tonight but I'm grateful to the show for bringing it to my attention -- if it wasn't for "SYTYCD," I don't think I would be familiar with the Ailey dancers either. After that, we saw an exquisite pas de deux from members of the American Ballet Theatre. I was captivated by Yuriko Kajiya, who was what I think of when I imagine the perfect ballerina, especially as she twirled en pointe, making it look like the simplest thing in the world. She looked like one of those little jewelry-box ballerina dolls, only, you know, happy and alive.
In a break from the performances, we learned that Robert and Jose made up the bottom three with Billy. Billy sat in the audience and didn't participate in the group number, so part of me figured he must be going home, but then another part of me thought, "No, they'll never let that happen for a third week in a row. Maybe Jose will be eliminated and I'll look really smart because I predicted that Wednesday night."
DJ Smart, a dancer who has auditioned on the show but never made it to the point of the competition episodes, was given some time to perform, which was a treat: He performed to "Say You Will" by Kanye West while wearing shackles on his wrists. It was a gorgeous dance, but I have to admit I especially admired the sheer physicality of the performance, the way he repeatedly used only his legs to get up from a splits position, the point of his toes, the definition of his huge thigh muscles.
Whoever has been selecting the All-Star dance performances for the results shows has good taste, because I was happy to see once again Lauren and Neil's "Night of the Dancing Flame" routine as she embodied goodness and light and he the dark side, out to corrupt her. Neil does creepy and seductive well, and I love that Lauren, all in one character, combined an innocent girl, a broken-down doll and a strong woman.
Before the solos, Nigel announced which All-Stars will be going on tour with this season's dancers, so if you're a fan of Allison, Dominic, Courtney, Ade, Russell or Kathryn, get ready to snap up tickets.
As for the solos, I thought Robert's was fine, but didn't exactly demonstrate why he deserved to be there above Billy or Jose, while, as Nigel put it, Jose just seems to get better and better with his breaking.
Before we got to the results, Enrique Iglesias (who apparently just goes by "Enrique" now?) performed the song "I Like It," with a brief cameo by Pitbull. Between Enrique, his wallet chain and the auto-tune, and I felt like we were being treated to a review of everything that is not new in music, but I have to admit the song was kind of catchy, and the younger Iglesias is not aging so poorly.
As for the results, Nigel announced that he and the judges "haven't made up our minds, but we came to a conclusion," which you could argue means the same thing. He told Robert that some of the judges didn't think he was growing, and Jose that he wasn't improving enough in dance genres other than breaking. Then Nigel told Billy that he set a precedent on the show for opting not to dance even when the doctors said he could. Here I expected Nigel to tell Billy, "And since you decided not to dance when you could while the others had to perform, out of fairness we have to send you home." But that's not what happened.
"American Idol"-style, NO ONE was sent home. Got that? Next week two dancers will be eliminated, however. I guess I'm supposed to be excited about this, because hooray, no bad news tonight, but I don't understand the point of postponing the inevitable. I think the show just didn't want to have another elimination like the last two weeks, but I don't feel any less shortchanged. I know I'm not in Billy's shoes and can't understand the potential pain or discomfort he's feeling, but I can't help but feel that it would have been fair for him to go home tonight. If he had been ordered not to dance but could still perform next week, then tonight's results would make more sense, but since he could dance but didn't, I'm not so sure.
As if to provide one more example that the whole competition aspect of the show was a bit of a mess Thursday night, the episode apparently ran a little short, and so at the end the camera lingered extra long on the judges joking around and the dancers frolicking onstage.
So you tell me: Do you agree with the judges' decision? Am I a horrible person for thinking Billy should have been eliminated? And have you learned the Nappytabs routine yet for National Dance Day?
-- Claire Zulkey


text:
Norton Commons -- Prospect KY Real Estate
Listed below are homes for sale in Norton Commons, a neighborhood located in the Anchorage / Lyndon / Prospect / Upper River Rd area of Prospect, KY. These Norton Commons properties are updated daily from the Louisville KY MLS.
If you have questions or need more specific information on any of these Norton Commons real estate listings, simply click the "Request More Info" button located on the detail page of each property in your search results. Upon request, we will quickly provide you with the property disclosures and past sales history and supply the dates and prices of homes recently sold in the proximity of these Prospect, KY homes, and more.
And for your convenience, please make sure to register for a free account which will enable you to save your favorite listings for quick and easy access and receive email listing alerts to let you know when new homes for sale in Norton Commons hit the market.


text:
Latest News
Wildlife Watchdog In Court This Week to Defend
'Woefully Inadequate' Protection of Special Sites.
The Government's wildlife watchdog, Natural England, is in the High Court this week defending the way in which it carries out its responsibilities to look after England's most precious natural places of interest and importance.
The case has been taken by Tom Langton a consulting ecologist with extensive experience in ecological processes. The case rests in part on detailed witness evidence by Dominic Woodfield an environmental assessment specialist. It concerns Natural England's decisions to grant licences to kill thousands of badgers across large parts of the West of England, as part of the Government's controversial programme to try to control bovine tuberculosis, a serious disease of cattle. It cites omissions in Natural England's assessments of 'collateral damage' to valuable areas and species.
The court will hear how it is claimed Natural England (who licence culling and determine the side effects) has failed in its duty to adequately consider the potential impacts of removing badgers from the landscape on the precise sites and species that it has a statutory duty towards and was set up to conserve. NE was found to have failed in its duty in 2018 by an action brought by the claimant in relation to European sites.
Of particular concern are the effects of culling operations such as driving vehicles, firing rifles and shotguns and the digging-in and daily inspection of cage traps, upon Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).
Further, studies have shown and Natural England now accept that removing a top predator can alter natural systems by changing relationships between species and this may add pressure to already declining species, struggling to recover numbers.
Natural England now accepts the need to consider ecological impacts of culling within and up to 20 km outside culling areas.
Disturbance from badger culling activity in out of the way places may harm sensitive wildlife, such as rare birds, mammals, reptiles and, insects that the UK has a responsibility to conserve. This can lead to changes in habitat structure. Prior assessment, study, precautions and monitoring may all require specialist commitments in order to properly manage the effects of badger culling. This is much more costly and time consuming than assuming few or no impacts, and with poor documentation of essential scrutiny.
The case shines the spotlight on a systemic problem of under-resourcing of Natural England by the government, a problem that creates real risks and consequences for wildlife conservation. Despite repeated and ongoing attempts by Natural England to withhold information, enough has been learned to suggest that past assessments have been woefully inadequate.
Part of Natural England's defence is to say that they only need to consider effects on one or two species or features of a protected site when assessing the potential for damage, not the site as a whole. This undermines the very basis of site protection in the UK. If that approach were to be found lawful, then it would open up a loophole that could threaten the future of all SSSIs in this country.
The case is to be heard in the Royal Courts of Justice over two days on 28th February and 1st March 2019. Natural England has also come under intense criticism for continued delay in releasing information. This is despite three sets of Judges ruling that NE's reasons for withholding information are unproven and misguided. Withheld information includes key information such as cull area boundaries. If known, the public, police and welfare experts could make better sense of the mass badger killings, including testing their value. In addition to checking whether wildlife protection is being upheld within the process by Natural England.
Further Information
The Badger Crowd is a support and fundraising coalition including Badger Groups and Trusts around the UK. Ecologist Tom Langton has fronted recent challenges with support from 'The Badger Crowd'. Dominic Woodfield of the ecological consultancy Bioscan UK working extensively on the case is a national authority on ecological impact assessment and has provided expert witness evidence on ecological assessment including impacts on SSSI's. The legal team is Richard Turney and Ben Fullbrook from Landmark Chambers (London) and solicitor Lisa Foster of Richard Buxton Environmental and Public Law (Cambridge).
The Badger Crowd believes that legal challenges are an important fight, not just for the badger but also for the future of our countryside and the farming industry. The badger cull policy is failing farmers, tax payers and our precious wildlife and will make the bTB epidemic worse.
Contact Point
For press enquiries and arrangements for interviews and further details, please contact ideally initially via text: The Badger Crowd: 07969 864641 The @badgercrowd twitter account operates on #justiceforbadgers
Who's Online
We have 11 guests and no members online


text:
Poems Invited for Dec. 2010 Issue of Taj Mahal Review (17th Issue)
Poems and stories may be submitted by all authors, whether first-time or published writers. The poems (maximum 35 lines), essays, short stories, literary articles and reviews (maximum 2500 words) must be in English. Poems with a special layout should be sent by email as an attachment using Microsoft Word.
Haikus may also be submitted. (Maximum 10)
Esperanto Essays and Poems with English translations may also be submitted.
The matter sent for publication must be an original creation of the author. The plagiarised work should not be submitted. Your submission declares that the work is original, and your own.
The contributors are also advised to give their full address, e-mail, and personal profile while submitting their work.
World copyright of each writing published will rest with the authors.
Proudly published by Cyberwit from the finest paper and composing including beautiful cover and design, Taj Mahal Review gives you the finest that the Publishing has to offer. A global feel with poets and writers around the world.
The Journal will be in the form Paperback.
Dr. Santosh Kumar (India)
Editorial Advisor
María Cristina Azcona (Argentina)
Ban'ya Natsuishi (Japan)
Managing Editor
Karunesh Kumar Agrawal (India)
How to submit:
A.) By email to
B.) By mailing it to :
Dr. Santosh Kumar (Chief Editor)
Cyberwit.net (www.cyberwit.net)
Govindpur Colony Allahabad - 211004 (U.P.)
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Visit the website at http://cyberwit.net/taj.htm


text:
VPhot is an online tool for photometric analysis. You can upload your own FITS images to VPhot or have images taken via the AAVSOnet robotic telescope network automatically sent to your VPhot account.
To use VPhot you must:
All VPhot processing is done via a web browser. All of the basic photometry tools exist (stacking, time series analysis, control of annulus', transformation, etc.) and the algorithms have been rigorously checked and confirmed to be of the highest quality. Results of the processing are automatically exported in AAVSO Extended Format, meaning you can directly load them into our database via WebObs without having to make any changes to the data file.
Please note that your images will be retained on the server for four months. After this time, they will be deleted automatically to save resources.
Members can download the VPhot Users Guide.
We also have an online VPhot Forum for your questions, comments and suggestions.
The following series of video tutorials have been produced by Ken Mogul. Some features may have changed since the tutorials were produced, but the core lessons are still applicable.
VPhot was originally published under another name. Click here to read why we ultimately chose the name VPhot.
VPhot is primarily the work of Geir Klingenberg (coding and design) and Arne Henden (photometry) with a cast of hundreds who have made suggestions, written tutorials and tested the software.
This page serves as a central location for the tools AAVSO voulnteers have developed and promulgated to help fellow photometrists transform their observations, making them compatible and more useful to the professional astronomy community.
These include:
The AAVSO is now offering you the opportunity to purchase streaming videos of the popular CCD school taught by former Director Arne Henden during the summer of 2014.
This page is a work in progress. Please help by suggesting more resources and reading material.
If you are a CCD observer the Universe is your oyster. Nearly all the AAVSO program stars can and should be observed with CCDs and science filters. The primary advantages of CCD detectors over visual observers are the potential for very high precision photometry, which facilitates detecting very minute light changes, and the ability to record much fainter stars.
Long Period Variables


text:
Cowden wrote:I've liked John Keats' poems ever since my Graduating year of High School. I had a really great english teacher that year who introduced us to John Keats.
Saturn wrote:We must institute a silly walk or funny handshake so we can recognise each other throughout the world...
Yes, Raphael, you "nailed" it: an awkward bow, for sure. Why, oh why can't we all just miraculously meet in Hampstead and give (re)birth to a new Keats Circle? What a joy it would be to meet you all -- just think, there ARE others just like us out there, somewhere, scattered the world over!
Does he know he has achieved his life's purpose? Is he aware that he is "among the English poets"?
Or, Goddess forbid, is he in a place where he does not give a shit any more??
Users browsing this forum: No registered users and 3 guests


text:
Your password has been also sent to the provided email address.
InstaForex offers its partners new type of affiliate collaboration — the Cost Per Action project. Our CPA partners receive a one-time commission for each new active trader referred. The commission level depends on the amount of the first-time deposit only. Trade volume and quantity simply do not matter as long as there is some trading activity going on.
The main advantage of CPA is its simplicity. There are no complicated calculations, requirements for an amount of trading lots, and points from a spread – only an initial deposit. This program perfectly suits webmasters, SEO experts, and specialists in online marketing, who do not have special knowledge about the forex industry. The conversion process is much easier now – open an account, make a deposit, and get an affiliate commission!
Below is the list of affiliate commission depending on the amount a client deposits:
Affiliate commission will be credited within at least one month. The maximum period is unlimited as there can be cases of no trading activity or deposit withdrawal.
Fill in the registration form to start cooperation with InstaForex within the Cost Per Action affiliate program.


text:
This is Justin Masterson, the Cleveland Indians' opening day pitcher, being controlled by Richie Martinez, aka TeRRoRR of Major League Gaming, and the captain of Legacy, the pro Gears of War 2 team. Right now, he's trying his hand at the million dollar prize in 2K Sports' perfect game challenge for Major League Baseball 2K12, which got under way yesterday.
TeRRoRR has been quiet for the past couple of innings as he tries to throw a perfect game with Justin Masterson of the Cleveland Indians against the Toronto Blue Jays, but I'm told he's thrown some epic ragequits when a hitter breaks up his perfecto. He may also know he's being watched in huge numbers, because he isn't as chatty as he was earlier in the day, when I'd hear him call out scouting information on opposing batters. Clearly, TeRRoRR has done his homework.


text:
Downloadable pattern
The straight road section of knitted road with a T junction could form part of a larger road layout for toy cars. The finished size is approximately 37cm x 19cm (12 inches x 7.5 inches). It is knitted with green, grey and white wool.
Skill Level: Beginner / intermediate
Yarn Weight: DK
Needles Required: 4mm
Knitting patterns are delivered by download via your web browser in PDF format.
PDF reader software is required to view and print the patterns. Many devices come with PDF reader software already installed. It is also available free from the Adobe website.
Not sure if you have a PDF reader? Try a free pattern first.
Your knitting patterns will be available for you to download as soon as the payment service notifies us the funds have arrived in our account. We will send you an e-mail when that happens. You can check the progress of your order by signing in to your Road to Knitting account. If you don't have a Road to Knitting account this will be created during the order process.
The Road to Knitting, PO Box 795, St. Albans, AL2 2ZQ, United Kingdom.
Email: [email protected]
This site and all contents are copyright © 2019 - 2020 The Road to Knitting


text:
No products
Prices are tax included
Set up your porcelain pendant with Dark Blue Rayon textile cable RM20: Choose the length of the cable and if you prefer to receive it already mounted by our staff or in the DIY kit.
Our pendants are ideal to give a touch of style and color to your home. Depending on the length of the cable you can decide whether and how to invent special effects, rolling or tying the cord to give more evidence to the chosen color.
Warning! Lamp is NOT included, you can find a wide choice of light bulbs in the "accessories" board or in dedicated section.
Hanging Lamp consists of:
0.5, 1 or 2 mt of 3x0,75 cable of the select color,
1 Porcelain Rose with dowels,
1 E27 Porcelain Cup.


text:
Max Dudley 1922-2012
Max Dudley
September 13, 1922
November 15, 2012
Max Dudley was born on Sept. 13, 1922 at Panora. He graduated from Redfield, Ia high school in 1941 and entered Iowa State University in the fall of 1941, but left to enlist in the U.S. Air Force after Pearl Harbor in December 1942. He served as an engineer on the PFF lead crew of a B-24 Liberator bomber. He flew on the first bombing raid over Germany and his last mission was on D-Day over Normandy Beach.He received four Bronze Stars, a Distinguished Flying Cross and Air Medal for valor and distinguished service.
Following discharge Max returned to Iowa State University where he majored in Agriculture.
On Sept. 4, 1948 he married Lois Tolsdorf. Max farmed in the Redfield area until 1961 when the family moved to Cylinder, and farmed until he retired.
He was a 4-H leader, Boy Scout leader, involved in Farm Bureau activities and received an award for being a leader in "No Till Farming" practices.
Max retired in 1988 and moved to Pharr, TX. He enjoyed traveling, square dancing, wood working, tennis, birding, and volunteering at McAllen Medical Hospital and Santa Ana National Wildlife Refuge.
He is survived by his wife, Lois; and two children, Joyce and husband Richard Lamb of Grape-vine, TX, and son Cole and wife Tracy Dudley of Austin, TX. There are four grandchildren: Melinda and Lisa Lamb, and Dakota and Sierra Dudley.


text:
Weekend Sip: Sam Adams Goes From Beer to Cider
Charles Passy and Wendy Bounds have a taste of Angry Orchard Elderflower Hard Cider, as Samuel Adams makes a move into the cider business. Photo: Angry Orchard.
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate.
... the the ... some slept ... on an all American halts items made with French ... what's a blog that ... and with the Blues and the escalation is MarketWatch's Charles Passy and with unquenchable thus the slide and Wendy downs ... you know ... I'd I just I just want to go ... away now ... Chelsea ... twenty thank you very much for joining us ... the scientists to ... keep on walking one and even if the fund importantly it tells about it one day well Sam Adams in a company that makes ... them very nice beers ... has decided to go into this other is that it for about a year now what do made about twice a ... day well there she can have ... can I grow apple trees in one of only about twenty seven ... um this is their older wells ... we've just arrived he ... found a nice ... man in India ... some doesn't bought me the Americans has been putting some commitments I might try reading ... now that it will eat you up what are you one day ... this meant different Apple's ... as another standoff ... today because American apples or to their two sweet they'll have the bite ... right ... yet u ... basically we grow apples in America for work ... he ... added there is a very distinct type of cider apple which is not going to visit the cousins no market for it but in Europe who think you have a market for cider ... to grow these apples Sam Adams source the Apple's what he think what ... I like it I waterside and hard to see more and more Irish pub is an Irish pub scandal of the REIT else ... the new seniors in Saturday's is starting to enjoy a little bit of a bus no pun intended to ... scrap the years it has enjoyed a two story was seen on the market much more to some boutique makers in America ... obviously the fact that sometimes we choose to go into this huge arm and would like it that this sort of getting that some choices here on the elderflower gives cider a whole different take amid the huge now getting a century and it will close at twenty under the new fund will this week and I do find this what it's like ... this one and it is a steel appliances and when it is but I have that are not sweet talk at the block a lot more bite to its most everybody watches everybody we have every right at me with a plan to install Sonic in Taiwan to that so that's it ... that's the new supper this week and you can read mall Mac column on MarketWatch talk calm ... we hope you have a wonderful weekend