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|Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG)
Never assigned an official crest or patch, SOG personnel accepted this unofficial self-designed insignia
|24 January 1964 – 1 May 1972
|United States
|Joint Unconventional Warfare Task Force
|Strategic reconnaissance, covert action, psychological warfare
|Brigade +
Saigon (HQ)
Detachments: Command & Control North (CCN) Da Nang
Command & Control Central (CCC) Kontum
Command & Control South (CCS) Ban Me Thuot
|"Old Blue"
Vietnam War
* Gulf of Tonkin Incident
* Operation Steel Tiger
* Operation Tiger Hound
* Tet Offensive
* Operation Commando Hunt
* Cambodian Incursion
* Operation Lam Son 719
* Operation Tailwind
* Easter Offensive
|Presidential Unit Citation
Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group (MACV-SOG) was a highly classified, multi-service United States special operations unit which conducted covert unconventional warfare operations prior to and during the Vietnam War.
Established on 24 January 1964, the unit conducted strategic reconnaissance missions in Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), Laos, and Cambodia; carried out the capture of enemy prisoners, rescued downed pilots, and conducted rescue operations to retrieve prisoners of war throughout Southeast Asia; and conducted clandestine agent team activities and psychological operations.
The unit participated in most of the significant campaigns of the Vietnam War, including the Gulf of Tonkin incident which precipitated increased American involvement, Operation Steel Tiger, Operation Tiger Hound, the Tet Offensive, Operation Commando Hunt, the Cambodian Campaign, Operation Lam Son 719, and the Easter Offensive. The unit was formally disbanded and replaced by the Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team 158 on 1 May 1972.
Foundation[edit | edit source]
The Studies and Observations Group (aka SOG, MACSOG, and MACV-SOG) was a joint unconventional warfare task force created on 24 January 1964 by the Joint Chiefs of Staff as a subsidiary command of the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV). The unit would eventually consist primarily of personnel from the United States Army Special Forces, the United States Navy SEALs, the United States Air Force, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and elements of the United States Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance units.
The Special Operations Group (as the unit was initially titled) was in fact controlled by the Special Assistant for Counterinsurgency and Special Activities (SACSA) and his staff at the Pentagon.a This arrangement was necessary since SOG needed some listing in the MACV table of organization and the fact that MACV's commander, General William Westmoreland, had no authority to conduct operations outside territorial South Vietnam. This command arrangement through SACSA also allowed tight control (up to the presidential level) of the scope and scale of the organization's operations.[1] The mission of the organization was
"to execute an intensified program of harassment, diversion, political pressure, capture of prisoners, physical destruction, acquisition of intelligence, generation of propaganda, and diversion of resources, against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam."[2]
These operations (OPLAN 34-Alpha) were conducted in an effort to convince North Vietnam to cease its sponsorship of the communist insurgency in South Vietnam. Similar operations had originally been under the purview of the CIA, which had carried out the emplacement of agent teams in North Vietnam using air drops and over-the-beach insertions. Under pressure from Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara, the program, along with all other agency para-military operations, was turned over to the military in the wake of the disastrous Bay of Pigs Invasion operation in Cuba.[3]
Colonel Clyde Russell (SOG's first commander) had difficulty in creating an organization with which to fulfill his mission since, at the time, United States Special Forces were unprepared either doctrinally or organizationally to carry it out.[4]b At this point the mission of the Special Forces was the conduct of guerrilla operations behind enemy lines in the event of an invasion by conventional forces, not in the conduct of agent, maritime, or psychological operations. Russell expected to take over a fully functional organization and assumed that the CIA (which would maintain a representative on SOG's staff and contribute personnel to the organization) would see the military through any teething troubles. His expectations and assumptions were incorrect.[5] The contribution of the South Vietnamese came in the form of SOG's counterpart organization (which used a plethora of titles, finally ending with the Strategic Technical Directorate [STD]).
After a slow and shaky start, the unit got its operations underway. Originally, these consisted of a continuation of the CIA's agent infiltrations. Teams of South Vietnamese volunteers were parachuted into the north, but the majority were captured soon after their insertions. Maritime operations against the coast of North Vietnam picked up after the delivery of Norwegian-built "Nasty" Class torpedo boats to the unit, but these operations also fell short of expectations.
Gulf of Tonkin incident[edit | edit source]
On the night of 30/31 July 1964, four SOG vessels shelled two islands, Hon Me and Hon Ngu, off the coast of North Vietnam. This was the first time SOG vessels had attacked North Vietnamese shore facilities by shelling them from the sea. The following afternoon, the destroyer USS Maddox (DD-731) began an electronic intelligence-gathering mission along the coast of North Vietnam, in the Gulf of Tonkin. On the afternoon of 2 August, three P 4-class torpedo boats of the North Vietnamese Navy came out from Hon Me and attacked the Maddox. The American vessel was undamaged and the U.S. claimed that one of the attacking vessels had been sunk and that the others were damaged by U.S. carrier-based aircraft. On the night of 3/4 August, three SOG vessels shelled targets on the mainland of North Vietnam. On the night of 4 August, after being joined by the destroyer USS Turner Joy (DD-951), Maddox reported to Washington that both ships were under attack by unknown vessels (assumed to be North Vietnamese).[6]
This second reported attack led President Lyndon B. Johnson to launch Operation Pierce Arrow, an aerial attack against North Vietnamese targets on 5 August. Johnson also went to the United States Congress that same day and requested the passage of the Southeast Asia Resolution (better known as the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution) asking for the unprecedented authority to conduct military actions in Southeast Asia without a declaration of war.
Johnson's announcement of the incidents involving the destroyers did not mention that SOG vessels had been conducting operations within the same geographic area as the Maddox immediately before, and during, that cruise. Neither did he mention that on 1 and 2 August Laotian aircraft, flown by Thai pilots, had carried out bombing raids within North Vietnam itself or that a SOG agent team had been inserted into the same relative area and had been detected by the North Vietnamese.[7] Hanoi, which may have assumed that all of these actions signaled an increased level of U.S. aggression, decided to respond (in what it claimed as its territorial waters).c Thus, the three P-4s were ordered to attack the Maddox. The second incident, in which Maddox and Turner Joy were claimed to be attacked, never took place.[8] Although some confusion reigned at the time of the second attack, the facts were clear to the administration by the time it went to Congress to obtain the resolution. When confronted by Senator Wayne Morse (who had discovered the existence of SOG's 34-Alpha raids), McNamara lied to him, stating "Our Navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, and was not aware of any South Vietnamese actions." Yet both Commander in Chief, Pacific Command (CINCPAC) and he were well aware of the possible connections, at least insofar as they might have existed in the minds of the Hanoi leadership.[9] These events were not disclosed until the publication of the Pentagon Papers in 1970.
The last aspect of SOG's original missions consisted of psychological operations conducted against North Vietnam. The unit's naval arm picked up northern fishermen during searches of coastal vessels and detained them on Cu Lao Cham Island off Da Nang, South Vietnam (the fishermen were told that they were, in fact, still within their homeland).[10]
The South Vietnamese crews and personnel on the island posed as members of a dissident northern communist group known as the Sacred Sword of the Patriot League (SSPL), which opposed the takeover of the Hanoi regime by politicians who supported the People's Republic of China (PRC). The kidnapped fishermen were well fed and treated, but they were also subtly interrogated and indoctrinated in the message of the SSPL. After a two-week stay, the fishermen were returned to northern waters.
This fiction was supported by the radio broadcasts of SOG's "Voice of the SSPL", leaflet drops, and gift kits containing pre-tuned radios which could only receive broadcasts from the unit's transmitters. SOG also broadcast "Radio Red Flag," programming purportedly directed by a group of dissident communist military officers also within the north. Both stations were equally adamant in their condemnations of the PRC, the South and North Vietnamese regimes, and the U.S. and called for a return to traditional Vietnamese values. Straight news, without propaganda embellishment, was broadcast from South Vietnam via the Voice of Freedom, another SOG creation.[11]
These agent operations and propaganda efforts were supported by SOG's air arm, the First Flight Detachment. The unit consisted of four heavily modified C-123 Provider aircraft flown by Nationalist Chinese aircrews in SOG's employ. The aircraft flew agent insertions and resupply, leaflet and gift kit drops, and carried out routine logistics missions for SOG.
Shining Brass[edit | edit source]
On 21 September 1965 the Pentagon authorized MACSOG to begin cross-border operations within Laos in areas contiguous to the South Vietnam's western border.[12] MACV had sought authority for the launching of such missions (Operation Shining Brass) since 1964 in an attempt to put boots on the ground in a reconnaissance role to observe, first hand, the enemy logistical system known as the Ho Chi Minh Trail (the Truong Son Road to the North Vietnamese).d MACV, through the Seventh Air Force, had begun carrying out strategic bombardment of the logistical system in southern Laos in April (Operation Steel Tiger) and had received authorization to launch an all-Vietnamese recon effort (Operation Leaping Lena) that had proven to be a disaster.[13] U.S. troops were necessary and SOG was given the green light. In November the first American-led insertion was launched against target Alpha-1, a suspected truck terminus on Laotian Route 165, 15 miles inside Laos.[14] The mission was deemed a success, but the operations in Laos were fraught with peril, and not just from the enemy. William H. Sullivan, U.S. ambassador to Laos, was determined that he would remain in control over decisions and operations that took place within the supposedly neutral kingdom.
The civil war that raged intermittently between the Communist Pathet Lao (supported by North Vietnamese troops) and the Royal Lao armed forces (supported by the CIA-backed Hmong army of General Vang Pao and the aircraft of the U.S. Air Force) compelled both sides to maintain as low a profile as possible.e Hanoi was interested in Laos due only to the necessity of keeping its supply corridor to the south open. The U.S. was involved for the opposite reason. Both routinely operated inside Laos, but both also managed to keep their operations out of the limelight due to Lao's apparent neutrality.f
Ambassador Sullivan had the unenviable task of juggling the bolstering of the inept Lao government and military, the CIA and its clandestine army, the U.S. Air Force and its bombing campaign, and now the incursions of the American-led reconnaissance teams of SOG.[15] His limitations on SOG's operations (depth of penetration, choice of targets, length of operations, etc.) led to immediate and continuous enmity between the embassy in Vientiane and the commander and troops of SOG, who promptly labelled Sullivan the "Field Marshal."[16] The ambassador responded in kind.
Regardless, MACSOG began a series of operations that would continue to grow in size and scope over the next eight years. The Laotian operations were originally run by a Command and Control (C&C) headquarters located at Da Nang. The teams, usually three Americans and three to 12 indigenous mercenaries, were launched from Forward Operating Bases (FOBs) located in the border areas (originally at Kham Duc, Kontum, and Khe Sanh).[17] After in-depth planning and training, a team was helilifted over the border by aircraft provided by the U.S. Marine Corps (who operated in the I Corps area) or by dedicated South Vietnamese H-34 Kingbee helicopters of the 219th Squadron, which would remain affiliated with MACSOG for its entire history.[18] The team's mission was to penetrate the target area, gather intelligence, and remain undetected as long as possible. Communication was maintained with a Forward Air Control (FAC) aircraft, which would provide liaison with Air Force fighter-bombers if the necessity, or the opportunity to strike lucrative targets, arose. The FAC was also the lifeline through which the team would communicate with its FOB and through which it could call for extraction if it became compromised.
By the end of 1965, MACSOG had shaken itself out into Operational Groups commanded from its Saigon headquarters.[19] These included Maritime Operations, which continued harassment raids and support for psychological operations (via kidnapped fishermen); Airborne Operations, which continued to insert agent teams and supplies into the north; Psychological Operations, which continued its "black" radio broadcasts, leaflet and gift kit drops, and running the operation at Cu Lao Cham; the new Shining Brass program; and Air Operations, which supported the others and provided logistical airlift. Training for SOG's South Vietnamese agents, naval action teams, and indigenous mercenaries (usually Nung or Montagnards of various tribes) was conducted at the ARVN airborne training center (Camp Quyet Thang) located at Long Thanh, southeast of Saigon. Training for the U.S. personnel assigned to recon teams (RTs) was conducted at Kham Duc.
Daniel Boone[edit | edit source]
During 1966 and 1967 it became obvious to MACV that the North Vietnamese were using neutral Cambodia as a part of their logistical system, funneling men and supplies to the southernmost seat of battle. The unknown factor was the how much use the enemy was making of Cambodia. The answer shocked even the most hardened intelligence analysts. The mercurial Prince Norodom Sihanouk, desperately trying to balance the threats facing his nation, had allowed Hanoi to set up a presence in Cambodia. Although the extension of Laotian Highway 110 into Cambodia in the tri-border region was an improvement to its logistical system, North Vietnam was now unloading communist-flagged transports in the port of Sihanoukville and simply trucking its supplies to its Base Areas on the eastern border.g
In April 1967 MACSOG was ordered to commence Operation Daniel Boone, a cross-border recon effort in Cambodia. Both SOG and the 5th Special Forces Group had been preparing for just such an eventuality. The 5th had gone so far as to create Projects Sigma and Omega, units based on SOG's Shining Brass organization, which had been conducting in-country recon efforts on behalf of the Field Forces, awaiting authorization to begin the Cambodian operations. A turf war now raged between the 5th and SOG over missions and manpower.[20] The Joint Chiefs decided in favor of MACSOG, since it already successfully conducted covert cross-border operations. Operational control of Sigma and Omega was handed over to SOG.[20]
The first mission was launched in September and construction was begun on a new C&C to be located at Ban Me Thuot, in the Central Highlands. The RTs inserted into Cambodia faced even more restrictions than those in Laos. Initially, they had to cross the border on foot, had no tactical air support (either helicopters or aircraft), and were not to be provided with FAC coverage. The teams were, therefore, to rely on stealth and were usually smaller in size than those that operated in Laos.[21]
Daniel Boone was not the only addition to SOG's size and missions. During 1966 the Joint Personnel Recovery Center (JPRC) was initiated. The mission of the JPRC was to collect and coordinate information on POWs, escapees and evadees, to launch missions to free U.S. and allied prisoners, and to conduct post-search and rescue (SAR) operations when all other efforts had failed. SOG provided the capability to launch Brightlight rescue missions anywhere in Southeast Asia at a moments notice.h
The Air Operations Group had been augmented in September 1966 by the addition of four specially-modified MC-130E Combat Talon (deployed under Combat Spear) aircraft, officially the 15th Air Commando Squadron, which supplemented the C-123s (Heavy Hook) of the First Flight Detachment already assigned to SOG. Another source of aerial support came from the CH-3 Jolly Green Giant helos of D-Flight, 20th Special Operations Squadron (callsign Pony Express), which had arrived at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base during the year. These helicopters had been assigned to conduct operations in support of the CIA's clandestine operations in Laos and were a natural for assisting SOG in the Shining Brass area. When helicopter operations were finally authorized for Daniel Boone, they were provided by the dedicated support of the Huey gunships and transports of the U.S. Air Force's 20th SOS (callsign Green Hornets).
MACSOG reconnaissance teams were also bolstered by the creation of exploitation forces, which could either support the teams in time of need, or launch their own raids against the trail. They consisted of two (later three) Haymaker battalions (which were never used) divided into company-sized Hatchet forces which were, in turn, sub-divided into Hornet platoons. The commanders and non-commissioned officers of these forces were American personnel, usually assigned on a temporary duty basis in "Snakebite" teams from the 1st Special Forces Group on Okinawa.
By 1967 MACSOG had also been given the mission of supporting the new Muscle Shoals portion of the electronic and physical barrier system under construction along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in I Corps. SOG recon teams were tasked with reconnaissance and the hand emplacement of electronic sensors both in the western DMZ (Nickel Steel) and in southeastern Laos.[22]
Due to the disclosure of the cover name Shining Brass in an American newspaper article, SOG decided that new cover designations were necessary for all of its operational elements. The Laotian cross-border effort was renamed Prairie Fire and it was combined with Daniel Boone in the newly created Ground Studies Group. All operations conducted against North Vietnam were now designated Footboy. These included Plowman maritime missions, Humidor psychological operations, Timberwork agent operations, and Midriff air missions.
Never happy with its long-term agent operations in North Vietnam, SOG decided to initiate a new program whose missions would be shorter in duration, conducted closer to South Vietnam, and carried out by smaller teams. Every effort would also be expended to retrieve the teams when their missions were accomplished. This was the origin of STRATA, the all-Vietnamese Short Term Roadwatch and Target Acquisition teams. After a slow initial start, the first agent team was recovered from the north. Following missions were plagued with difficulties, but, after additional training, the team's performance improved dramatically.[23]
Black year – 1968[edit | edit source]
1968 was a black year, not only for MACV but for MACSOG as well. The year saw not only the launching of the largest North Vietnamese/Viet Cong offensive thus far in the conflict, but the utter collapse of SOG's northern operations. Although the Tet Offensive was contained and rolled back, and although significant casualties were inflicted upon the enemy, the mood of the American people and government had turned irrevocably against an open-ended commitment by the United States. For most of the year MACSOG's operations centered around in-country missions in support of the Field Forces. Since the enemy had come out from his cover and launched conventional operations, the U.S. and South Vietnam lost no opportunity in engaging them. General Westmoreland, encouraged by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, requested 200,000 more troops, under the stipulation that they would be used to conduct cross-border operations to pursue his reeling foe.[24] This was the logical military move at this point in the conflict, but it was already too late.
Instead, President Johnson sought a way out of the commitment that he had originally escalated. Politically, this was a little late in coming, but Washington had finally woken to the dire predicament it found itself embroiled in. Johnson attempted to get Hanoi to reopen serious peace negotiations and the carrot in this attempt was the cessation of all U.S. operations against North Vietnam north of the 20th parallel.[25] Hanoi had only sought an end to the air campaign against the north (Operation Rolling Thunder), but Johnson went one further by calling a halt to all northern operations, both overt and covert. This order effectively ended MACSOG's agent team, propaganda, and aerial operations.[26]
In reality, for MACSOG, the point was moot. Suspicions abounded within the organization that Operation Timberwork had been penetrated by communist dich van agents.[27][Clarification needed]
The intelligence returns from the northern agent teams had been strangely lax and more than three-quarters of the agents inserted had been captured either during or not long after their arrival. The fact that SOG had slavishly followed the CIA's failed formula for three years was not considered a contributing factor. The unit was more concerned over Washington's continuous rejection of one of the original goals of the operation, the formation of a resistance movement by possible dissident elements within North Vietnam.[28] Washington's stated goal in the conflict was a free and viable South Vietnam, not the overthrow of the Hanoi regime. The conundrum was what would happen if the program had succeeded. The best possible outcome would have been a repeat of the ill-fated Hungarian uprising of 1956, brutally crushed by the Soviet Union, and about which the U.S. could do nothing.
Some American writers on the subject (including many ex-SOG personnel) blamed the failure of the operations on the penetration of the unit by enemy spies – a claim not entirely unsupported by fact.i Others, however, laid more of the blame on the operational ineptitude of SOG, which simply continued to repeat a failed formula.j Changes to the infiltration program (in the form of the diversionary Operation Forae), spurred by suspicions at headquarters, had come only as late as 1967.[29]
The security apparatus of North Vietnam had decades in which to learn to cope with not only the CIA's program, but with the unconventional and covert operations of its French predecessors. The CIA had been loath to conduct such operations in the north, since similar operations in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, and the PRC had been abject failures and North Vietnam was considered an even tougher target to penetrate.[30][31]
North Vietnamese security forces simply captured a team, turned its radio operator, and continued to broadcast as though nothing had happened. Supplies and reinforcements were requested, parachuted in to the requesting team's location, and were likewise captured. During the period 1960–1968 both the CIA and MACSOG dispatched 456 South Vietnamese agents to either their deaths or long incarcerations in northern prisons.[32] Hanoi continued this process year after year, learning SOG's operational methods and bending them to its purpose. In the end, it was running one of the most successful counterintelligence operations of the post-Second World War period.
Commando Hunt[edit | edit source]
With the deflation of its northern operations (although the JCS demanded that SOG retain the capability of reinitiating them), SOG concentrated its efforts on supporting Commando Hunt, the Seventh/Thirteenth Air Force's anti-infiltration campaign in Laos. By 1969 the Ground Studies Group was running its operations from C&Cs at Da Nang for operations in southeastern Laos and at Ban Me Thuot for its Cambodian operations. That year they were joined by a new C&C at Kontum, for operations launched into the triborder region of the Prairie Fire and the northern area of Daniel Boone, which was renamed Salem House that year. Each of the C&Cs was now fielding battalion-size forces, and the number of missions rose proportionately.
Command and Control North (CCN), commanded by a lieutenant colonel, used 60 recon teams and two exploitation battalions (four companies of three platoons). Command and Control Central (CCC), also commanded by a lieutenant colonel, used 30 teams and one exploitation battalion. During 1969 404 recon missions and 48 exploitation force operations were conducted in Laos.[33] To give an example of the cost of such operations, during the year 20 Americans were killed, 199 wounded, and nine went missing in the Prairie Fire area. Casualties among the Special Commando Units (SCUs – pronounced Sues), as the indigenous mercenaries were titled, were: 57 killed, 270 wounded, and 31 missing.[34] Command and Control South (CCS), also commanded by a lieutenant colonel, consisted of 30 teams and an exploitation battalion. Since the use of exploitation forces was forbidden in Cambodia, these troops were utilized in securing launch sites, providing installation security, and conducting in-country missions. During the year, 454 reconnaissance operations were conducted in Cambodia.[35]
The teams were ferried into action by the H-34 Kingbees of the South Vietnamese 219th Helicopter Squadron and assorted U.S. Army aviation units in the Prairie Fire area, and by the U.S. Air Force helos of the 20th Special Operations Squadron in the Salem House area. By the end of 1969, SOG was authorized 394 U.S. personnel, but it is useful to compare those numbers to the actual strengths of the operational elements. There were 1,041 Army, 476 Air Force, 17 Marine Corps, and seven CIA personnel assigned to those units. They were supported by 3,068 SCUs, and 5,402 South Vietnamese and third-country civilian employees, leading to a total of 10,210 military personnel and civilians either assigned to or working for MACSOG.[36]
The mission of the Ground Studies Group was to support the sensor-driven Operation Commando Hunt, which saw the rapid expansion of the bombing of the Ho Chi Minh trail. This was made possible by the close-out of Rolling Thunder, which freed up hundreds of aircraft for interdiction missions. Intelligence for the campaign was supplied by both the recon teams of MACSOG and by the strings of air-dropped electronic sensors of Operation Igloo White (formerly Muscle Shoals), controlled from Nakhon Phanom.k 1969 saw the apogee of the bombing campaign, when 433,000 tons of bombs were dropped on Laos.[37] SOG supported the effort with ground reconnaissance, sensor emplacement, wiretap, and bomb damage assessment missions. The cessation of the bombing of the north also freed the North Vietnamese to reinforce their anti-aircraft defenses of the trail system and aircraft losses rose proportionately.
By 1969, the North Vietnamese had also worked out their doctrine and techniques for dealing with the recon teams. Originally, the communists had been caught unprepared and had been forced to respond in whatever haphazard manner local commanders could organize. Soon, however, an early warning system was created by placing radio-equipped air watch units within the flight paths between the launch sites and Base Areas. Within the Base Areas, lookouts were placed in trees and platforms to watch likely landing zones while the roads and trails were routinely swept by security forces. The communists also began to organize and develop specialized units that would both drive and then fix the teams so that they could be destroyed. By 1970, they had created a layered and effective system, and SOG recon teams found their time on the ground both shortened and more dangerous. The mauling or wiping out of entire teams began to become a less uncommon occurrence.[38]
Laos and Cambodia[edit | edit source]
Since his election in 1968, President Richard M. Nixon had been seeking a negotiated settlement to the Vietnam War. In 1970, he saw an opportunity to buy time for the Saigon government during the phased withdrawal of U.S. troops that began in the previous year. He also sought to convince Hanoi that he meant business. That opportunity was provided by the overthrow of Cambodia's Prince Sihanouk by the pro-American General Lon Nol.[39]
Nixon had escalated U.S. involvement Cambodia by authorizing the secret Operation Menu bombings and by the time of Sihanouk's ouster, the program had been in operation for 14 months.[40] Lon Nol promptly ordered North Vietnamese personnel out of the country. North Vietnam responded with an invasion of the country launched at the explicit request of the Khmer Rouge following negotiations with Nuon Chea. Nixon then authorized Operation Rockcrusher, a series of incursions by U.S. and South Vietnamese forces that began on 30 April.[41] With intelligence on communist Base Areas in eastern Cambodia gleaned from MACSOG, huge stockpiles of North Vietnamese arms, ammunition, and supplies were overrun and captured. In May, Operation Freedom Deal, a continuous aerial campaign against the North Vietnamese/Viet Cong and the Khmer Rouge was initiated.[42] SOG recon teams in Cambodia now had all the air support that they needed.
As a result of U.S. political reaction, on 29 December the Cooper-Church Amendment was passed by Congress, prohibiting participation by U.S. ground forces in any future operations in either Cambodia or Laos. U.S. participation in Cambodian operations (which were already being turned over to all-Vietnamese teams) ended on 1 July 1970 and the same stipulation was to apply in Laos no later than 8 February 1971 (the only qualifications to the restrictions, in both operational areas, were in case of either POW rescue missions or aircraft crash site inspections).[43] Although unknown to the U.S. public, many MACSOG veterans participated in Operation Kingpin, the Son Tay POW camp raid carried out in North Vietnam on 21 November 1970.[44] The deputy commander of the joint rescue force was Colonel Arthur "Bull" Simons, who had created SOG's cross-border effort in 1965.
By 1971 the U.S. was steadily withdrawing from Southeast Asia. As a test of Vietnamization, Washington decided to allow the South Vietnamese to launch Operation Lam Son 719, the long-sought incursion into Laos whose aim would be the cutting the Ho Chi Minh Trail. MACV and the South Vietnamese had been planning just such an operation as far back as August 1964, but the concept was continuously turned down due to the fallout that would have been incurred by the invasion of supposedly "neutral" Laos. The Laotian government (supported by Ambassador Sullivan and the State Department) was adamantly opposed to such an operation.[citation needed] On 8 February, 16,000 (later 20,000) South Vietnamese troops, backed by U.S. helicopter and air support, rolled into Laos along Route 9 and headed for the communist logistical hub at Tchepone.[45] Unlike the Cambodian incursion, however, the North Vietnamese stood and fought, gradually mustering 60,000 troops. By 25 March, the South Vietnamese forces retreated. Ironically, MACSOG's role in the operation was only peripheral. Recon teams conducted diversionary operations prior to the invasion and helped cover the South Vietnamese withdrawal, but they were otherwise forbidden from participation in the very operation that both MACSOG and MACV had come to consider its raison d'etre.[46][Clarification needed]
In Laos, the North Vietnamese cleared their logistical corridor to the west for security reasons and increased their aid and support for the Pathet Lao. Fighting that once was seasonal became continuous and conventional.[47] The Cambodian Civil War would escalate with the PRC backed Khmer Rouge (also backed by the exiled Sihanouk), fighting Lon Nol's central government.[48] Following US withdrawal from Indochina, its allies in Laos and Cambodia would collapse to the North Vietnamese backed forces.
Withdrawal[edit | edit source]
The American withdrawal from South Vietnam began to directly affect MACSOG only in 1972. Although U.S. personnel were forbidden to conduct operations in either Laos or Cambodia, its teams of mercenary SCUs continued those operations (in the newly renamed Phu Dung/Prairie Fire and Thot Not/Salem House areas). The organization did, however, maintain its strength in U.S. personnel, who continued to conduct in-country missions. It was also continuously tasked by the JCS with maintaining forces in readiness to once again take up northern operations if called upon to do so.
The Nguyen Hue Offensive, launched by North Vietnamese forces on 30 March 1972 (called the Easter Offensive in the West), made cross-border operations irrelevant.l As with Tet, all of MACSOG/STD's efforts were concentrated on in-country missions to support the Field Forces.
In late March 1971, when the 5th Special Force Group was redeployed to the U.S., the Command and Control elements were renamed Task Force Advisory Elements (TF1AE, TF2AE and TF3AE). They originally consisted of 244 U.S. and 780 indigenous personnel each, but they were quickly drawn down by the elimination of the exploitation forces.[49][Clarification needed]
For SOG, Vietnamization was finally nigh. On 1 May 1972, the unit was reduced in strength and renamed the Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team 158 (STDAT-158).[50] The Ground Studies Group was disestablished and replaced by the Liaison Service Advisory Detachments. SOG's air elements stood down for redeployment, the JPRC was turned over to MACV and redesignated the Joint Casualty Resolution Center, while the psychological operations personnel and installations were turned over to either the STD or JUSPAO.[51]
The function of STDAT-158 was to assist the STD in a complete takeover of SOG's operations.[52] The operational elements had already been absorbed and were expanded by the inclusion of troops from the now-disbanded South Vietnamese Special Forces. The task of the American personnel was to provide technical support (in logistics, communications, etc.) and advice to the STD.[53] This the unit did until its disbandment on 12 March 1973.[54] The South Vietnamese General Staff, strapped for cash and equipment in the final stand-down period, never used the STD in a strategic reconnaissance role. Instead, the STD's units were launched on in-country missions until the dissolution of their parent organization in March 1973.
In January 1973, President Nixon ordered a halt to all U.S. combat operations in South Vietnam and, on the 27th of that month, a peace accord was signed by the belligerent powers in Paris. On 21 February, a similar accord was signed on Laos, ending the bombing of that country and instituting a cease fire. On the 29th, MACV was disestablished and remaining U.S. troops began leaving the south. On 14 August the U.S. Air Force ceased its bombing of Cambodia, bringing all military actions by the U.S. in Southeast Asia to an end.
Recognition[edit | edit source]
The U.S. military (and MACSOG personnel) kept tight security over knowledge of the unit's operations and existence until the early 1980s. Although there had been some small leaks by the media during the conflict, they were usually erroneous and easily dismissed.[55] More specific was the release of documents dealing with the early days of the operation in the Pentagon Papers and by the testimony of ex-SOG personnel during congressional investigations into the bombing campaigns in Laos and Cambodia in the early 1970s.[56] Historians interested in the unit's activities had to wait until the early 1990s, when MACSOG's Annexes to the annual MACV Command Histories and a Pentagon documentation study of the organization were declassified for the Senate Select Committee on POW/MIA Affairs' hearings on the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue.[57][Clarification needed]
One early source of information (if one read between the lines) were the citations issued for the award of the Medal of Honor to MACSOG personnel (although they were never recognized as such).[58] One USAF helicopter pilot, two U.S. Navy SEALs, and nine Green Berets earned the nation's highest award on SOG operations:
- Staff Sergeant Roy P. Benavidez (who had to wait until he received his award from President Ronald Reagan)
- Staff Sergeant Jon Cavaiani
- First Lieutenant James P. Fleming (USAF 20th Special Operations Squadron)
- First Lieutenant Loren Hagen (posthumous), CCN/TF1AE
- Sergeant First Class Robert L. Howard (awarded on his third separate recommendation)
- Specialist 5 John J. Kedenburg (posthumous)
- Staff Sergeant Franklin D. Miller (5th Special Forces Group)
- Lieutenant Thomas R. Norris (Navy SEAL)
- First Lieutenant George K. Sisler (posthumous)
- Engineman Second Class Michael E. Thornton (Navy SEAL), STDAT-158
- Sergeant First Class Fred W. Zabitosky
23 other members of the unit received the Distinguished Service Cross, the nation's second highest award for valor. On 4 April 2001, the U.S. Army officially recognized the bravery, integrity, and devotion to duty of its covert warriors by awarding the unit a Presidential Unit Citation during a ceremony at Fort Bragg, North Carolina, the home of U.S. Army Special Forces.
Footnotes[edit | edit source]
- ^a These officers included Major Generals Victor H. Krulak, USMC (1962–1964), Rollen H. Anthis, USAF (1964–1966), William R. Peers, USA (1966–1967), William E. DePuy, USA (1967–1969), John F. Freund, USA (1969–1970), and Brigadier Generals Donald D. Blackburn, USA (1970–1971), and Leroy J. Manor, USAF (1971–1973).
- ^b The commanders of SOG were Colonels Clyde Russell (1964–1965), Donald Blackburn (1965–1966), John Singlaub (1966–1968), Stephen Cavanaugh (1968–1970), and John Sadler (1970–1972), all of whom were U.S. Army Special Forces officers.
- ^c The North Vietnamese claimed a 12-mile reach for its territorial waters. Maddox was instructed not to approach closer than eight miles from the coast and four miles from offshore islands. It is instructive that similar patrols off the coast of the PRC were not allowed to approach within 15 miles of the coast or 12 miles from offshore islands.[59]
- ^d The only book-length history of the trail system remains John Prados' The Blood Road. Information can also be gleaned from Victory in Vietnam, the official Vietnamese military history of the conflict.
- ^e Vang Pao and his troops kept up the fight against the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) in northeastern Laos. In the south, Lao irregular forces were supported by CIA-trained Thai Police Aerial Reconnaissance Unit (PARU) forces, which would number about 18,000 by the conflicts end.
- ^f Two fine histories of the rather bizarre events in Laos are Roger Warner's Shooting at the Moon and Conboy & Morrison's Shadow War.
- ^g The high wire act maintained by Sihanouk and his relationship with the North Vietnamese is well described in William Shawcross' classic Sideshow,[60]
- ^h A thorough description of the history of the JPRC is found in George Veith's Code-Name BRIGHTLIGHT.
- ^i This view is supported by Sedgwick Tourison in his Secret Army, Secret War and by MACSOG veteran John Plaster.
- ^j These authors include Kenneth Conboy and Dale Andrade in their Spies and Commandos and Dr. Richard Shultz.
- ^k Commando Hunt and SOG's role in it are described in detail in Bernard Nalty's War Against Trucks, the official Air Force history of the campaign.
- ^l The Easter Offensive is well-described in Dale Andrade's Trial By Fire.
Technology[edit | edit source]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ MACSOG Documentation Study, Appendix B, pp. 354–355
- ↑ Annex A to MACV Command History, 1964, p. A–1
- ↑ Colby 1978
- ↑ Shultz 1999, pp. 42–48
- ↑ MACSOG Documentation Study, Annex N to Appendix B, B–n–4–10
- ↑ Moïse 1996, pp. 73–93A
- ↑ Moïse 1996, pp. 67–68
- ↑ Moïse 1996, pp. 106–142
- ↑ McNamara & VanDeMark 1995, p. 137
- ↑ MACSOG Documentation Study, Annex A to Appendix C, pp. 21–81
- ↑ Shultz 1999, pp. 148–154.
- ↑ MACV Command History 1965, Annex N, N–VIII–4
- ↑ MACSOG Documentation Study, Appendix D, p. 11–15
- ↑ Maitland & McInerney 1983, pp. 123–128
- ↑ Shultz 1999, pp. 214–215, 226–228
- ↑ Singlaub & McConnell 1991, p. 311
- ↑ MACV Command History 1965, Annex N, N–VIII–8
- ↑ MACV Command History 1966, Annex M, M–III–2–2
- ↑ MACV Command History 1966, Annex M, M-I–A–1
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 MACSOG Documentation Study, Annex H to Appendix C, p. 11
- ↑ Annex G to MACV Command History, 1967, G–IV–4
- ↑ Van Staaveren 1993, pp. 255–283
- ↑ Conboy & Andrade 2000, pp. 187–196
- ↑ Karnow 1983, pp. 549–551
- ↑ Dougan & Weiss 1983, pp. 136–141
- ↑ MACSOG Documentation Study, Appendix C, pp. 99–100B
- ↑ Plaster, John L. (1997). SOG. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 221–222.
- ↑ Shultz 1999, pp. 95–99
- ↑ MACSOG Documentation Study, Appendix C, p. 79
- ↑ Conboy & Andrade 2000, pp. 80–84
- ↑ Tourison 1995, pp. 100–101
- ↑ Tourison 1995, pp. 331–340
- ↑ MACSOG Documentation Study, Appendix D, p. 96
- ↑ Annex F to MACV Command History, 1969, p. 77
- ↑ MACSOG Documentation Study, Appendix E, p. 50
- ↑ MACV Command History, 1970, Annex B, p. 20
- ↑ Nalty 2005, p. 138
- ↑ Plaster 2000, pp. 187–191
- ↑ Shawcross 1979, pp. 112–127
- ↑ Isaacs, Hardy & Brown 1987, p. 89
- ↑ Shaw 2005, pp. 36–37, 61, 166
- ↑ MACV Command History 1970, Annex B, p. 24–27
- ↑ Annex B to MACV Command History, 1970, pp. 230, 236
- ↑ Schlemmer 1976
- ↑ Nolan 1986
- ↑ Plaster, SOG, p. 317–324.
- ↑ Warner 1996, pp. 198–302, 306–314
- ↑ Isaacs, Hardy & Brown 1987, pp. 87–88
- ↑ Cowley, p. 337.
- ↑ MACV Command History 1971–72, Annex B, p. 11
- ↑ MACV Command History 1971–72, Annex B, pp. 216, 300, & 383
- ↑ USMACV Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team – 158 Command History, 1 May 1972 – March 1973, pp. 15–17
- ↑ USMACV Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team – 158 Command History, 1 May 1972 – March 1973, pp. 15–19
- ↑ USMACV Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team – 158 Command History, 1 May 1972 – March 1973, p. 18
- ↑ MACV Command History 1970, Annex B, pp. 127–137
- ↑ U.S. Senate, 91st Congress, First Session 1970; U.S. Senate, 93rd Congress, First Session 1973
- ↑ U.S. Senate, Records of Senate Subcommittee on POW/MIA Affairs. Working Papers of Sedgwick Tourison, last revision, 15 March 1993. Charles E. Schamel Center for Legislative Archives, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, DC.
- ↑ U.S. Senate, Committee on Veteran's Affairs 1979
- ↑ Moïse 1996, p. 51
- ↑ Shawcross 1979, pp. 63–66
Notes[edit | edit source]
- ^A Dr. Moïse's account should be compared to the official Navy version, which was essentially the one given to Congress. See Edward Marolda and Oscar Fitzgerald, The United States Navy and the Vietnam Conflict, Vol. 2: From Military Assistance to Combat, 1959–1965. Washington DC: U.S. Naval Historical Center, 1986
- ^B See also interview of John Singlaub by Richard Shultz in Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group CD ROM compiled by Steve Sherman, Houston TX: Radix Press, 2002, pp. 16–19, 50–51.
Sources[edit | edit source]
Unpublished government documents
- Joint Chiefs of Staff (1970). Military Assistance Command Studies and Observations Group, Documentation Study (July 1970).
- US Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, Strategic Technical Directorate Assistance Team 158 (1973). Command History 1 May 1972 – March 1973. Saigon: STDAT-158.
- US Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group (1965). Annex A, Command History 1964. Saigon: MACVSOG.
Published government documents
- Military History Institute of Vietnam; Pribbenow, Merle L. (Translator) (2002). Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954–1975. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press. ISBN 978-0-7006-1175-1.
- Nalty, Bernard C. (2005). The War Against Trucks: Aerial Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1968–1972. Washington DC: Air Force History and Museums Program.
- US House of Representatives (1972). United States-Vietnam Relations 1945–1967: A Study Prepared for the Department of Defense. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Senate, 91st Congress, First Session (1970). Hearings before the Committee on United States Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Security Agreements and Commitments Abroad, Kingdom of Laos. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Senate, 93rd Congress, First Session (1973). Hearings before the Senate Armed Services Committee. Bombing in Cambodia. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- U.S. Senate, Committee on Veteran's Affairs (February 1979). Medal of Honor Recipients, 1863–1978. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
- Van Staaveren, Jacob (1993). Interdiction in Southern Laos, 1964–1968. Washington DC: Center for Air Force History.
Memoirs and autobiographies
- Colby, William (1978). Honorable Men: My Life in the CIA. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-22875-7.
- Plaster, John L. (1974). Secret Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines with the Elite Warriors of SOG. New York: Simon and Schuster.
- Singlaub, John K.; McConnell, Malcolm (1991). Hazardous Duty: An American Soldier in the Twentieth Century. New York: Summit Books.
Secondary sources
- Andrade, Dale (1995). Trial By Fire. New York: Hippocrene Books.
- Conboy, Kenneth; Andrade, Dale (2000). Spies and Commandos. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press.
- Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press.
- Dougan, Clark; Weiss, Stephen (1983). Nineteen Sixty-Eight. Boston: Boston Publishing Company.
- Greco, Frank (2004). Running Recon: A Photo Journey with SOG Special Ops Along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press.
- Isaacs, Arnold R.; Hardy, Gordon; Brown, McAlister (1987). Pawns of War. Boston: Boston Publishing Company.
- Karnow, Stanley (1983). Vietnam, A History. New York: Viking Press.
- Maitland, Terrence; McInerney, Peter (1983). A Contagion of War. Boston: Boston Publishing Company.
- McNamara, Robert S.; VanDeMark, Brian (1995). In Retrospect. New York: New York Times Books.
- Moïse, Edwin (1996). Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2300-7.
- Nolan, Keith W. (1986). Into Laos. Dell.
- Parnar, Joe; Dumont, Robert (2007). SOG Medic: Stories from Vietnam and Over the Fence. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press.
- Plaster, John L. (2000). SOG: A Photo History of the Secret Wars. Boulder, Colorado: Paladin Press. ISBN 1-58160-597-8.
- Prados, John (1998). The Blood Road: The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
- Saal, Harve (1990). SOG – MACV Studies and Observations Group (Behind Enemy Lines) (Four vols. Vol I. Historical Evolution; Vol. II Locations; Vol. III Legends; Vol. IV Appendices.). Ann Arbour, Michigan: Edwards Brothers.
- Schlemmer, Benjamin (1976). The Raid. Harper & Row.
- Shaw, John (2005). The Cambodian Campaign: The 1970 Offensive and America's Vietnam War. Lawrence, Kansas: University of Kansas Press.
- Shawcross, William (1979). Sideshow: Kissinger, Nixon, and the Destruction of Cambodia. New York: Washington Square Press.
- Shultz, Richard H. (1999). The Secret War Against Hanoi. New York: Harper Collins. ISBN 0-06-019454-5.
- Tourison, Sedgewick (1995). Secret Army, Secret War: Washington's Tragic Spy Operation in North Vietnam. Annapolis Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
- Veith, George J. (1998). Code-Name BRIGHTLIGHT. New York: Dell.
- Warner, Roger (1996). Shooting at the Moon: The Story of America's Clandestine War in Laos. South Royalton VT: Steerforth Press.
External links[edit | edit source]
- Presidential Unit Citation article
- MACV SOG Homepage
- MACV-SOG KIA Lists by year (e.g. 1971)
- Viet Nam Bibliography: SOG
- MACV-SOG "Over the Fence" Uniform Article
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Daily Trojan, Vol. 29, No. 26, October 22, 1937
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Editorial Offices Night - PR ■ 4776 RI - 4111 Sta. 227 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Urwted Pres« World Wide News Service Z-42 Volume XXIX Los Angeles, California, Friday, Oclober 22, 1937 Number 26 Franco Takes Key City Fall oi Gijon Marks Loyalist Collapse In Northwest Spain 1 right, 1937. by United Press. With the Nationalists in Gijon, Spain, Oct. 21—<U.P>—'The ancient Jiscay seaport of Gijon and virtu- J illy all Asturias province surrendered to Generalissimo Francisco j ■ranco today alter weeks of starva- I tion and anarchist terror. The nationalist high command j innoun ced that the collapse of the [last stronghold of loyalist resist- i lance in northwest Spain marked j r'the beginning of the end." ■EXPECT DEATH BLOW The victory, they explained, will Irelsase 43.000 of Franco's crack (troops, 120 fighting planes, and j fleets of tanks for a "death blow" j lacrnif- Madrid. As soon as guerilla bands of As-llunan marxists are cleared out of ! the Cantabrian mountains south of [ Gijon—probably with two weeks— the bulk of the nationalist forces will be rushed across Spain to the > Aragon front for a giganti cdrive : to thc Mediterranean coast, aimed ; at cutting off Madrid from Valencia and Barcelona and starving the capital into submission. GIJON LOOTED Gijon, one-time cradle of SATISFIED ime Minister Neville Chamberlin told house of commons last night he was satisfied with Mussolini's pledge that Italy has "no strategic or economic designs on Spain." Athena To Offer Prizes Shorl Slories, Prizes, Essays To Be Judged In Literary Contest Britain Defends Reprisals Colonial Minister Supports Methods Used To Suppress Rebels BULLETIN LONDON. Oct. 21—fU.R)—Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, answering a torrent of laborite attacks, told the house of commons tonight that he was satisfied with Premier Benito Mussolini's pledge that Italy has "no strategic or economic designs on Spain'' LONDON, Oct 21—(HE)—Minister of Colonies William Ormsby-Gore created a sensation in the house of commons late today by defending British "terrorist" reprisals in dealing with Arab uprisings in Palestine. Asked by Aneurin Bevan, laborite member, whether there was any truth in reports of the burning and destruction of Arab homes, Ormsby-Gore answered quickly: "Certainly. The military authorities and police in Palestine have the government's full support in dealing with murder and outrage." j FEAR UNFOUNDED During the long debate, which swerved from China to the Holy EYE-WITNESS Troy Gives Team Send-off/ U.S.C. To Fight for Upset Dr. William G. Campbell, U. S. C. professor who saw the Cathay hotel bombed in Shanghai this summer, will address associated graduate students today. Graduates To Hear of War Dr. Campbell Will Tell Experiences in China During Summer Tour The thrills and the horrors of war will be described to the associated Inviting the submission of origi- Land and then to Spain. Prime Min- j graduate students when Dr William nal and unpublished manuscripts in ! ister Neville Chamberlain said: the J three fields of creative writing. Ath-' "Regarding the suggestion that Sp. nirh monarchy which withstood ena. national honorary literary so- | the end of the war in Spain will long sieges by Romans and Moorish I ciety, will sponsor its second annual find the Italians in possession of invaders, fell in an orgy of burning. I writer's contest Monday for four points useful for military purposes, sacking and looting by the marxist ! weeks. As urirns who were determined to ! leave only charred ruins to the invaders. The nationalist "fifth column'' of; fascist sympathizers wthin the town 1 came out of hiding and seized con- '■ trol of the city at noon today. The j led and gold flags of the monarchy J were hoisted everywhere, replacing J the communist hammer and sickle. I All students are eligible Fl-ee.ng Loyalists Face Wholesale Slaughter 11 believe the fear is unfounded. "As recently as the fifteenth of I this month Count Ciano (Italian | foreign minister) assured the Brit-j ish ambassador in Rome that Italy j has no strategic or economic de-I signs on Spain, or the Balearic is- true name should be attached in an lancl of MaJorca-envelope. , ACCEPTS ASSURANCE WORD LENGTHS SET 1 accePt this assurance given in good faith. It relieves the govern-sitories must ^be les^""thain | ment of the necessity of considering the rwvdt.mn *vhich would arise The compositions entered in the divisions of the familiar essay, the short story, and poetry must be typed on one side of standard sized paper, and a psuedonvm used. Athena stated yesterday. The writer's C. Campbell, professor of education. addresses them at the organization's first luncheon in Elisabeth von KleinSmid hall at 12:20 p.m today. Dr. Campbell, with other members of his party, was an eye-witness of the Cathay hotel bombing in Shang- Thousand Fans Join in Grid Rally By Carl Starkey i Amid the din of horns, whistles, bells, drums, and nearly a thousand lusty pairs of vocal cords, Trojan football fans bid a noisy farewell to the University of Southern California football team last night at the Southern Pacific station as they began their trek to Berkeley in quest of the Golden Bear's hide. Showing fine disregard for traffic signals, unwary pedestrians, and bewildered motorists a cardinal and gold decorated motorcade consisting of nearly 200 cars full of shrieking : undergrads proceeded from University avenue up Flower street to I Washington, over Washington to Central, and up Central to the depot- There they were greeted by Troy's yell-king, Bob Myer, and his two assistants, Ron Cooley and Ed Davis, who directed the enthusiasm into yells and songs. JONES SPEAKS Accompanied by tumultous ovations from the Trojan rooters, luminaries of Troy's mighty Thundering Herd were brought before the microphone to inform listeners of their chances tomorrow. Headman Howard Jones, U.S.C. football mentor, aired his views on the outcome of the game over the loudspeakers. Between speeches and yells the Trojan hai. The group, which had been . bancj performed nobly in presenting making its headquarters at this ho- renditions of "Fight On." "March On," "Alma Mater," and other tel, went to the French settlement for the night. They left Shanghai the following midnight. ANNOUNCE TICKET SALE Tickets for the luncheon are 45 favorites. TRAIN LEAVES At 9:05 p.m. the train pulled out of the station to the accompani- cents and may be purchased from ment of a spirited "Fight On" song any student officer or counselor. G. by the combined forces of the band and hoarse weary laryxes of the HENDAYE. Franco-Spanish Frontier, Friday, Oct. 22—(l'.P>—Insurgent columns were reported early today lo have captured the Biscay seaport of Aviles and. to be driving 70,000 Asturian loyalists into a bot-. tle-neck trap wnere they face APPollad mav submit their work, wholesale slaughter. The Asturians,' stumbling across 1.000 words, essays from 500 to iilg I/XIC 2"* .« n V/U1U Cl 1 iOV- I w 1,000, and poems of any length. 1 ^ serj0us military change were ! Byron Done, president of the associ- 1 The winners will be announced effected." ated graduate students, announced. Chamberlain curtly rejected agitation for sanctions against Japan, if necessary, to halt the Chinese-Japanese war. the day of the annual Hi-Jinks. There is a prize of $10 in each field. Active members of the literary society are barred from participation, but members of Clionian, the Quill club, and past contestants in the JUDGES ARE NAMED Faculty members of the English Dr. Campbell has conducted former tours to the Orient and to Mexico. This year's party stopped at Hongkong, Foochow, Nanking, Can "It would be a mistake to go to ton. Hangchow, Swatow. and Amoy the nine-power conference in Brus- in china Of special interest was sels talking economic sanctions and force," he said. 1he Cantabrian mountains toward department who will rate the manu-the sea, are all that remains of scripts are Dr. Lynn Clark, short loyalist resistance in northwest stories; Prof. Harry B. Reed, essavs; Spain and their entrapment will end ; and Dr A Lionel Stevenson, poetry. the war along the Biscay coast. S-jdden Squalls Blamed For Plane Crash SALT LAKE CITY. Oct 21—(l'.P* —United airlines tonight blamed a sudden unexpected squall which rtached the velocity of a gale for thc crash of a huge transport plane i;i ih° northeastern Utah mountains Sunday night, resulting in the death of 19 persons. Carol Tiegs and Kathleen Schneider. short stories; Madelyn Miller and Constance Kelly, essays; and Au- Parking Lot Workers Named Names of parking lot workers for tomorrow's U.C.L.A. - Washington the famous Sun Yat Sen Memorial university at Canton. VISIT MANILA CAMPUS Other places visited by the group were Honolulu, Tokio, Kyoto, Nikko, Narva, Osaki, Yokohama, and Mi-yanoshita. The campus of the University of Philippines at Manila was also included in the tour. Under the title of "The Sino-Japanese drey Adams, chairman, and Marge state game were released yesterday j Conflict," Dr. Campbell will discuss Chaloupke, poems, form a student i by Leo Adams, assistant general committee of Athena members who manager of associated students. also will read the contributions. Cast Announced For Mantilla', Workshop Play Those chosen and the times they are i to report are as follows: The following men report to Eddie Oram behind Mudd hall at 9:30 a.m.: K. Watson, D. Olson The following men report at 1 11:30 a.m.: R. Dale. K. Olson, C. An-j derson, A. Ronander, J. Reynolds, j J. Bogue, C. Dolde. F. Burke, R. Robinson. M. Ruckenbrod. B. Kirm-se, G. Cutler, R. Moore, J. Hanson, J. Garrett, E. Shuey. some of the experiences. A number of students now at U-S.C., including the dean of Fukien college, are graduates of Foochowj, in South China. FRANCE AGREES TO PLAN PARIS. Oct 21—(l'.P)—The French government tonight agreed to Premier Benito Mussolini's conciliatory Members of the cast for "The Black Mantilla," a one-act histori- In a formal statement by Major cal PlaJ' of earJy California, dealing R W. Schroeder. manager of oper- with the Spanish and Russians, atiens. the company said that oc- were announced by the Drama currence and intensity aloft of the Workshop yesterday following a squall could not be predicted from i general meeting in Touchstone the-thc grcund. The wind was estimat- ater. ed to have been blowing at 70 miies j Ben Marshall will play the lead ' Plan for a token withdrawal of p?r hcur where the storm crossed as Francisco Jorcia Diego. Marshall! foreign volunteers in equal numbers the course of the ill-fated plane. I is a graduate and manager of stage- ; froru Spanish insurgent and loy- rraft thi* war alist fighting ranks. Schroeder said that a recording 1 cralt tms 5 ear' barograph found in the wreckage | Joyce Aliringer. a junior in speech of the giant transport showed that major from Northwestern, plays the Pilot Earl D. Woodgerd climbed to! Part of Concha. John Brunner, an I 10.000 feet upon his takeoff from , English major from Kansas State,' Cheyenne and maintained that alti- ! will play Rezanov. Eton McCallister tude. i appears as Arellaga. He emphasized that 10.000 feet is Emily Pryor, speecn transfer j thc normal flying altitude for the ! from Chicago, will be Dona Ignacia. | __ ' _) Paul Moeller will play Arguello; j Italy Will Participate In Nine-Power Session BRUSSELS, Oct. 21—(U.E)—Italy today agreed to participate in the conference of nine-power signatories here beginning October 30 to consider the Far East conflict, leaving Japan alone to reply to the Belgian invitation. It was understood that Italy con- team supporters. The team will stop over at San Jose at 8:30 a.m. for a workout at Castlewood country club near Pleasanton. Coach Howard Jones has scheduled a light kicking and dummy drill. From here the players will be taken directly to Berkeley and will remain in seclusion until game time. Three thousand fans are expected to follow the team this atfernoon and evening. Broadcasts To Be Given By History Department "Little Moments in History." a program presenting incidents from American history, will be broadcast for the first time over KRKD from 3:30 o'clock to 3:45 this afternoon, Richard Huddleston, of the radio division announced yesterday. This program, to be given by Frank Freidel, a student in the history department, which is sponsoring the program, will originate in University College studios in the Transportation building and will be broadcast every Friday at the same time for six weeks. JAPANESE ENCACE IN SHOWDOWN' BATTLE SHANGHAI, Friday, Oct. 22—<i;.P>—More than a half million men were locked in furious combat along a 20-mile front today in what both Japanese and Chinese military leaders predicted would be a "showdown battle for Shanghai." The Japanese high command, informed by diplomatic -- -------Pleaders that it must win a major victory before the meeting of the nine-power treaty nations in Brussels next week, ordered every resource thrown into the battle to drive the Chinese off the Yangtze delta Gen. Iwane Matsui,.supreme commander of Japanese military forces on the Shanghai front, took personal charge of the new offensive, in which nearly 200.000 Japanese were engaged. Four alumni and two student -p^g Chinese, with nearly twice as trains, carrying approximately 1600 ' many men> replied with a general Trojan rooters, will steam out of the ; counter-offensive along the entire Southern Pacific depot tonight! shanghai front, headed for Berkeley- All rooters' tickets have been sold, composing one of the largest delegations of rooters ever to make the trip north. At 9:15 p.m.. the first student "special" is scheduled to leave, followed by the second one at 9:20. Beginning at 9:30 p.m., alumni trains will depart at five-minute intervals. until all the "specials" are on their way. The student trains will leave Berkeley at 2 a.m. Sunday, with alumni scheduled to leave at 6:30 p.m and 8:05 Sunday. According to the ticket salesman, all students Trojan Trains Sold Out Six Trains Chartered By Students, Alumni For Northward Trek alumni and two student CHINESE HOLD OWN As dawn broke over a fire-reddened city, after a night of some of the fiercest fighting of the war, the Chinese appeared to be holding their own. Military experts estimated 7.000 casualties on both sides, about equally divided. Irf the wake of the artillery bar rage, Japanese detachments plung ed through a flaming inferno, set by their own shells, in a desperate effort to take the station. The Chinese, entrenched in shell craters and the wreckage of buildings that ._ .. ... have been pounded incessantly since must secure permission if they wish ^ war started drQve them back to return home on any of the alum- j ni trains JAPANESE CLOSE IN Bob Myer. yell king, has demand- ; The Japanese, in the meantime, ed men rooters to wear their car- j had begun the key operation in dinal and gold caps with white j their new offensive northwest of shirts, while girls are requested to I the city, smashing at the Chinese wear the customary white blouses, j rear lines at Tazang, which has "For those driving, I cannot stress ; been under constant attack for three too much the importance of allow- days. The reinforced assault was ing yourself sufficient time to make 1 with tanks, machine guns, and mo-the trip, thereby not taking the risk bile artillery. of accidents by driving fast," Gardiner Pollich, ASUSC president, urged last night. Third Party Seen in Lewis' Labor League The Japanese were attempting a "strangling encirclement" of the Chinese forces in Chapei. A Japanese embassy spokesman admitted the Japanese were badly in need of a conclusive result in the long-drawn Shanghai fighting "Many Japanese share tiie feeling the Japanese army must win a decisive victory at Shanghai before peace negotiations are entered into," he said. The ' peace negotiations" will be considered at the nine-power meet- WOMEN DEBATERS TO MEET The women's debate squad will gather in the men's debate office at 1:30 p.m. today for a short meet-ferred with Germany and Portugal I ing Plans for the Bakersfield before dispatching her reply. I tournament will be discussed. Copyright, 1937, by United Press. WASHINGTON, Oct. 21—0)— John L. Lewis tonight placed his j ing at Brussels on Oct. 30. labor's non-partisan league on what j- -- appeared to approach a third par- j ty basis and pointed it toward the A I, imni Dsll\/ 1938 congressional elections. AlUmni IO K3liy The CIO chieftain who is chair-) \n Uf jn man of the league, has drafted ! ■ VJ111 y 11 San Francisco Game Victor May Play in Rose Bowl By Clark H. Jone* "The march is on. no brain « brawn can stop the charge of fighting men." Hoping to prove that growling Bears of the Berkeley variety have no bite and that Stub Allison's mighty "wonder team'' is iust a figment created by several disillusioned sports writers, an embittered U.S.C. football squad will face the University of California at 2 o'clock tomorrow afternoon in Berkeley's Memorial stadium. A preliminary game between Coach Julie Bescos' Trobabes and the California freshmen will start at 11:30 a m. ODDS FAVOR CAL The iitantic varsity struggle which at present finds California's supposedly great eleven favored on the long end of 10-6 odds is expected to have an important bearing on the outcome of this year's Pacific coast conference football race, and will probably determine the Western representative in the Rose Bowl, January 1. If the Trojans can muster enough power to whip the Bears tomorrow, then Howard Jones' Thundering Herd stands an excellent chance of stamping its wav into the Pasadena classic, but if Stub Allison's boys triumph is expected, then an undefeated season and a probable national championship is in the offing for the Californians. BEAR« POWERFUL Crushing St. Marys, 30-7; Oregon state, 24-7; Washington state. 27-0; California Aggies. 14-0; and College of Pacific, 21-0; the Bears have displayed terrific power on the ground and versatidity through the air. They play alert football and. when the breaks come, Allison's men know how to take advantage ot the situation. Backing up the line on defense, Quarterback John Meek and Center Bob Herwig are deadly poison to opposing ball carriers paralyzing their foes with slashing tackles that don't miss. There Is on2y one fly » the ointment and that is that California has had the breaks in Uie schedule so far. Whereas U.S.C. and Washington were forced to play each other early in the season, the Bears, supposedly, hav» not yet engaged a major opponent, and may not be as toughened to hard knocks as are the scrappy Trojans Hov rd Jones1 team is still a mystery ^iieven. because nobody yet knows how good the Trojans pealiy are. A 40-0 victory over meek College of Pacific proved nothing, and the 7-0 setback received at the Continued on Pace Three Scenarist charters which soon will be issued | to local NPL units and the latter] are expected to operate on a dues j paying plan. The league claims an "inactive • membership" of 3.500.000 and an m additional 32.000 now engaged in drive | rally banquet. pT«"^w»r(r..rmplrrlm1: The event is sponsored * thel Writing Contest to elect its own congressional and | northern Trojan club. The program state candidates in areas where it feels strong and to join liberal forces in weaker sectors to back suit- Trojan students, alumni, and I friends wiil meet Conight at 7 p.m. the banquet room of the Sir workers who are j Francis Drake hotel in San Fran- an organization | cisc0 f0r the annual Trojan alumni Will Sponsor + + U.S.C. Organizations + + Wampus Sales Reach New Peak Achieving a complete sell-out lor Alhena Tryouts, in the form of a three-minute speech on any topic select-Michael Portanova. Father Abello; ! ed by the rushee, will be continued Jackie Binning. Ana Paula; Edward Dunk. Santiago; Margaret Roth. Rosa; Roland Dishington. Langs-dorf. The role of Davidov will be done by Martin Goldfield. a pre-law stu- by Athena, national honorary literary society, Tuesday, in Elisabeth von KleinSmid hall at 7 p.m. Following the speeches, active members will have a short business meeting. Wesley be George Simpson. the first time this year, sorority j dent. Louis will be played by Mich- j n girls sold more copies of the Oc- ael Kosturick. and Bons Soso is to! Cosmopolitan tober Wampus during their recent drive than have been sold in any single month since last year. Marjorie Herren. of Alpha Gam- 1 ma Delta, and Mildred Harmon.! of Zeta Tau Alpha, were the indi- j Assembling at the University Methodist church at 7 p.m., where transportation will be provided, members of the Wesley group will have a moonlight hike and weinie bake this evening in the La Habra hills. A charge of 10 cents will be made for refreshments- La Tertulia Members of La Tertulia. Spanish club, will meet in Elisabeth von Newman Newman club, the Catholic student organization, initiated 20 new members Tuesday evening. Those admitted were Ellen Robinson. Mary Inez Kirk. Adelena Cia-barri, Paul Reichert, Mary Alice Haime, Joanna Collins, Mary Mc-Masters, Salvador Hihojosa, Vic Barry, Gene Jantzen, Robert Hin- able nominees of the other parties. Although Lewis declined comment on the touchy question of the league's future, sources close to him indicated the league will support a program of "independent political action." Proof sheets of the new charters, first of which Will be distributed | within a few days, pledge the league ; will be introduced following the to "actively support the organized banquet are Gardiner Pollich, John farmers of the country." __ .. , Members of the class in screen Will include speeches by Hobbs j wrUing are to be given the chance Adams and Gaius Shaver, a fight I to turn professional, according to talk by the first Trojan quarter- j cinematography officials Up to the back Tully Knoles. a transcription present time amateur writers have , ~ ^ i . | had no opportunity to break into of Dr. R B. von KleinSmids ad-I, writing " the audios used dress. "Fifteen Years of Progress. I onjy stories that had been published, slow-motion, technicolor pictures of j Under the auspices of Frances the current football season, and mu- Marion, well-known screen writer, t i I however, the 10 best stories in the sic furnished by the hotel manage- • I U.S.C. class will be chosen. Miss ment- j Marion will assist in evaluating-the Among the student leaders who i stories from the point of view of studio demand. From the 10 stories selected several will be given to the story editors of M.G.M. for a Baptist To Speak At Religion Forum Ralph Walker, pastor of the Tem-1 *ame are invlted » a,tend th,s a!' pie Baptist church, will be intro- | Golay, and Bob Myer. Administrative, alumni, and football officials | reading. will also be presented, and im- ! The English and cinematography promptu speeches will be in order. | departments are cooperating to find everything intended to create an writers with talent atmosphere of enthusiasm.--— All men and women who go to the fair. Music Transfers To Take Special Exams dinger. William Bolstad. Bonnie j duced to the U.S.C. campus as All university students are invited KleinSmid^ hall Monday "Tt" 12*-30 Gragnon. Jane Richmond. Kay ! speaker at the weekly religious for- j to attend a luncheon sponsored by ' -------*"i"~ ' Deans Select Cal Chaperones Chaperones for the Berkeley trip have been announced by Dr. Fran- hall. announced Eugene Choy. president of the organization yesterday. Transfer students in the School Homer Hays is in charge of the vidual winners who tied in this of Music who wish io receive credit ! program, month's race. i for music courses taken in other! Orto| p"'athT ZZ" luncheon, j Warner. Betty Jo Lansber,. Edward | » — ^ ~ Lancer Pin* her 2?"° Ehs'aZmvonK'elnSmid 1 ^ *££ ^2^ Sieger, i ' This will be th, fourth meeting May Be Obtained Today cis M Bacon, counselor o, men. and dent, requests that all membe.s | semesta. of students and f>cul. ' j Dr. Mary Sinclair Crawlord. coun- Theta Sigma Phi L members, and others, who are! Trojan Lan(*rs who have oideredj selor of women. I interested in the religious influence ; pins will be able to get them today j Men's chaperones are Dr Francs Women in the School of Journa- jn the world today. The general at the Lancer desk in the corridor 1 M. Baldwin .^Prof. Harold JI. Borers tend. Pi Kappa Sigma Of the 13 sororities working for r0*10015 of universities are asked by ^ "T . . v . Director Max van Lewen Swarthout the Wampus cup, wmch will be pre- j to uke specia] examinations in sented at the end of this year, five j those subjects before November l. sororities aie outstanding. They Appointments for the examina- are Zeta Tau Alpha, Kappa Alpha tions should be made in the office i, Alpha Gamma Delta, Kappa of the School of Jfcusic immediately, and Delta Gamma. I aoeoecftng no FroSfeeor Swarthout. Clionian tional professional education sorority selected this semester are Al-Mary Alice Foe*er. president, re- thea. Baker, Marge Bettannier, quests that women wishing to try Beths! Braun, Maxine Chisholm. out for Clionian, honorary literary society, fill out petitions in the office of the dean of women before noon todav. Pledges of Pi Kappa Sigma, na- lism will meet at the second luncheon sponsored by Theta Sigma Phi. national honorary and professional fraternity for women in journalism. Monday at 12:15 p.m. in Elisabeth von KleinSmid hall. Reservations may be made in the women's office of the Daily Trojan The luncheon will cost 40 cents. Edith Halleck, Jean Haygood, Jean House, Pat Getty, Margaret Leonard, Kstfrrjm Knud son, Henrietta Martin. theme for discussion will be ' Organized Religion Building a Better World." Sponsored by the School of Religion under the direction of Eh-. Carl Sumner Knopf, this series of discussions will present leaders in religious fields every Monday dw-ing the semester. A " . T u r. i Prof John F. Griffiths. Dr. Neil D. of the Student Union. John Rose. wullam Keller Jame, board member, said yesterday. The ; Lynch, Jave Brower, and John Ol-pin committee, under the direction' of Aileen Dallwig, wiH have charge of the distribution. Pins may stiH be obtained by ordering {rom the cotmrwttee at the desk. hasso. Women will be chaperoned by Prof. Della T. Early. Dr Alta B. Hall, Dr. Irene McCullough, Prof. Leonore C. Smith, Ellen Holt, Eugenia Rowland, and Katherine Alls.
Object Description
|Daily Trojan, Vol. 29, No. 26, October 22, 1937
|Format (imt)
|Full text
Editorial Offices
Night - PR ■ 4776
RI - 4111 Sta. 227
Urwted Pres«
World Wide
News Service Z-42
Volume XXIX
Los Angeles, California, Friday, Oclober 22, 1937
Number 26
Franco Takes Key City
Fall oi Gijon Marks Loyalist Collapse In Northwest Spain
1 right, 1937. by United Press.
With the Nationalists in Gijon, Spain, Oct. 21—
|Archival file

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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The Cyber FX Team
Risk Warning: CFDs are leveraged products. Trading in CFDs related to foreign exchange, commodities,indices and other underlying variables, carries a high level of risk and can result in the loss of all of your investment. As such, CFDs may not be suitable for all investors. You should not invest money that you cannot afford to lose. Before deciding to trade, you should become aware of all the risks associated with CFD trading, and seek advice from an independent and suitably licensed financial advisor. Under no circumstances shall we have any liability to any person or entity for (a) any loss or damage in whole or part caused by, resulting from, or relating to any transactions related to CFDs or (b) any direct, indirect, special, consequential or incidental damages whatsoever. Trading with Cyber FX by following and/or copying or replicating the trades of other traders involves a high level of risks, even when following and/or copying or replicating the top-performing traders. Such risks includes the risk that you may be following/copying the trading decisions of possibly inexperienced/unprofessional traders and the overall risk associated in CFD trading or traders whose ultimate purpose or intention, or financial status may differ from yours. Past performance of Cyber FX Community Member is not a reliable indicator of his future performance. Content on Cyber FX's social trading platform is generated by members of its community and does not contain advice or recommendations by or on behalf of Cyber FX.
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text:
Satin Touch 20 Tights
€ 23,00
Beautiful shimmer: These sheer tights feel as soft as satin and give the skin a pure and elegant shimmer. The soft waistband features the Wolford logo and the toes are almost invisibly reinforced.
- Cotton gusset
- An enhancement to stylish looks.
Order Today: Estimated Delivery Date 23/10/2020
- main material 88% polyamide, 12% elastane


text:
HI-Performance Fits Dodge 2006-10 Challenger SRT8 Hemi 5.7/6.1 (Set of 8)(24lbs)
Flow Rate: 24lbs
Quantity: 8
Manufacturer Part Number: R-782
Brand: TLF Performance Parts
Core Part Brand: Bosch
Product Details
High Performance Fuel Injectors by TLF Performance Parts Fits Dodge 2006-10 Charger RT & SRT8 Hemi 5.7 & 6.1 (Set of (8) Re-Manufactured Fuel Injectors)(Flow Rate = 24lbs). This is for (8#) Re-Manufactured Fuel Injectors. New filter baskets, O-rings, grommets, and lower seals have been placed to give these injectors a new life. These injectors have been cleaned and pulsed to guaranteed smooth flow rates. They have also been flow matched for peak performance. High Impedance Fuel Injector Specifications Condition: Remanufactured Comes with Flow Sheet Flow Rate in CC/LB per minute: 24lbs @ 43.5 PSI or 3 BAR Resistance: Voltage: Amperage: Pressure: O-rings Included: YES NOTICE TO BUYER - COLORS AND QUANTITY MAY VARY FROM THE PICTURES SHOWN. TLF FUEL INJECTORS WILL REQUIRE SOME SORT OF FUEL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TO WORK PROPERLY! One (1#) Year Warranty! TLF Performance Parts R-782 fuel injectors are available in the following Flow Rates: 30lbs, 36lbs, 40lbs, 42lbs, 46lbs, 48lbs, 54lbs, 60lbs, 72lbs, 70cc, 440cc, 550cc, 600cc, 660cc, and 720cc. TLF Performance Parts R-782 fuel injectors feature drop-in fitments for simple installation, and are designed to fit in the following vehicles: Dodge 2003-05 Neon SRT-4, Dodge 2006-10 Charger RT & SRT8 Hemi 5.7 & 6.1, Dodge 2008-10 Challenger RT & SRT8 Hemi 5.7L & 6.1L, Dodge 1998-03 Ram 2500 8.0L, Dodge 1998-03 Ram 3500 8.0L, Honda 2001-05 Civic D17, Honda 2006-08 Civic R18, Porsche 2001-06 911,996 , GT2, GT3, turbo, and S 3.6L Turbo Remanufactured in Harrisburg, Illinois, USA. Visit our Facebook Page https://www.facebook.com/tlfperformanceparts


text:
As the COVID-19 continues to spread, we are taking the necessary precautions to keep employees and society safe and well. We are working from home offices and remote locations as much as possible. Although you can reach us by phone, the preferred way of contact is email ( firstname.lastname@example.com ) or online contact form.
Stay safe and healthy!


text:
Last month was the hottest August on record for global average temperatures over land and ocean surfaces, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration said Thursday.
If the trend continues, 2014 could set records for planet-wide heat, raising fresh alarm at the pace of global warming and the burning of fossil fuels.
The month's temperature was 1.35 degrees Fahrenheit above the 20th century average, the agency said in its monthly climate report.
"It was the largest departure from average of any month on record," said Jake Crouch, a climate scientist at NOAA, noting that record-keeping began in 1880.
The month's average land and ocean surface temperature was 61.45 Fahrenheit (16.35 Celsius). The 20th century average for August is 60.1°F (15.6°C).
The period between January and August was also the third warmest on record, said the report.
"If we continue a consistent departure from average for the rest of 2014, we will edge out 2010 for the warmest year on record," Crouch told reporters.
"Another way to think of that, if the next four months—September through December—if each of those months rank among the five warmest on record, 2014 will be the warmest year on record for the globe," he added.
Most of the global oceans were much warmer than average last month, Crouch said.
On land, temperatures across the United States were near average, while parts of Europe, central Asia and Australia were near average or slightly cooler than average.
Even the arrival of El Nino, leading to warmer waters in the Equatorial Pacific and a wetter-than-normal season, is not likely to be enough to re-establish disappearing water reservoirs on the US west coast due to a devastating drought in recent years, experts said.
"This year's El Nino is probably not going to be the savior for ending the drought in California," said Alan Haynes, service coordination hydrologist at NOAA's weather service.
"We don't expect it to be in that drought-busting category."
Read more at: http://phys.org/news...august.html#jCp
World greenhouse emissions threaten warming goal
Emissions of greenhouse gases are rising so fast that within one generation the world will have used up its margin of safety for limiting global warming to 2°C (3.6°F), an international team of scientists warned Sunday.
A report by the Global Carbon Project (GCP), published two days ahead of the UN climate summit on Tuesday, found that carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil-fuel combustion and cement production grew by 2.3 percent in 2013, reaching a record 36 billion tonnes of CO2. It predicted a further 2.5-percent increase in 2014.
It means that the world's "carbon quota" is fast being used up, according to the GCP research. Like an allowance, the quota is the maximum of heat-trapping gas that can be emitted before warming breaches 2°C as compared to the start of the Industrial Revolution in 1750.
"With current emission rates. the remaining 'quota' to surpass 2°C of global warming will be used up in around 30 years—or one generation," its authors said. "Total future CO2 emissions cannot exceed 1,200 billion tonnes for a likely—66 percent—chance of keeping average global warming under 2°C since pre-industrial times."
"Globally emissions would need sustained and unprecedented reductions of around seven percent per year for a likely chance to stay within the quota," warned Glen Peters of Norway's Centre for International Climate and Environmental Research in Oslo (CICERO).
"If this were a bank statement it would say our credit is running out," Dave Reay, a professor at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland, said in a commentary. "We've already burned through two-thirds of our global carbon allowance and avoiding dangerous climate change now requires some very difficult choices."
Tuesday's summit in New York aims at giving a political push to meeting the UN target on climate change.
Member states have agreed to limit global warming to 2°C above pre-industrial levels, although they have not set a date by which this should be achieved.
The negotiations are supposed to climax in Paris at the end of 2015, providing a global pact that should come into force in 2020. But the talks are complex and bitterly-fought, with divisions over who should shoulder the burden of curbing the emissions.
Although the 2°C goal is aimed at preventing "dangerous" climate change, scientists are cautious about endorsing it, saying the figure is no guarantee of avoiding damage to weather systems, amplifying such problems as drought, floods and storms and loss of land from rising seas.
China key for change
The report said most of the world's largest carbon emitters last year continued their upward curve.
China, which has been the world's No. 1 emitter since 2006, increased its CO2 emissions by 4.2 percent in 2013, while those of the United States and India grew by 2.9 and 5.1 percent respectively.
Only one of the main emitters, the European Union (EU), managed to reduce its figures last year, achieving a reduction of 1.8 percent due mostly to a weak economy and despite a rise in coal consumption by Finland, Germany and Poland.
China is responsible for 28 percent of all CO2 emissions, followed by the United States (14 percent) and Europe (10 percent), according to the GCP analysis.
"China now emits more than the US and EU combined and has CO2 emissions per person 45 percent higher than the global average, exceeding even the EU average," said Robbie Andrew at CICERO.
"This is an interesting trend and shows the important role China will play in addressing the climate challenge," said Sybil Seitzinger, director of the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), based in Stockholm.
The research was published in two peer-reviewed journals, Nature Geoscience and Nature Climate Change.
Read more at: http://phys.org/news...n-goal.html#jCp
Edited by ohreally?, 21 September 2014 - 06:55 PM.


text:
Pleat Box Suspended Light, Small
Though this item is long gone, we've curated a few other products that you might also be interested in. Check them out!
People Who Looked At This Product Also Shopped For:
Pleat Box, Extra Small from Marset
designed by Xavier Manosa and Mashallah
The Pleat box's minimal design hides the sophistication behind its creation. The "pleat" of the Pleat Box is a digitally-designed shape that mimics the crease of a piece of cloth. This shape is then applied to the ceramic shade for a piece that is minimal yet sophisticated. The Pleat Box is the first from a collaboration between Barcelona based, master ceramicist Xavier Manos, the Mashallah design studio of Berlin and Marset. If the Plea Box Suspended Light is any indication, we have our fingers crossed that this is the first of many.
The Pleat Box features:
- Case: 9.25" w x 7.09" h x 9.25" d
- Hangs 6.6 ft from mount
- 5.1" diameter ceiling mount
- Ceramic diffuser and canopy
- Shape inspired by crease in a piece of cloth
Also In This Collection
Materials & Measurements
Ceramic diffuser with inner part in brilliant white enamel or gold, ceramic canopy
Light: 9.25" w x 7.09" h x 9.25" d
Hangs 6.6 ft from mount
Mount: 5.1" diameter
About The Manufacturer
More than your standard lamps and lighting, Marset aims to produce fixtures that improve people's quality of life. Working with some of today's most innovative designers, Marset produces clever, boundary-pushing fixtures that add beauty and lighting to your space. Combining technical precision and flawless execution with creativity and first-class designs, Marset seeks to discover new functions for its lighting designs. By constantly imagining new directions and designs Marset has redefined the concept of lighting in today's world. Focusing on elegant, decorative flair while holding true to principles of simplicity and function, Marset evolved over the second half of the 20th century to become a powerhouse in the 21st century lighting industry.
Your Recently Viewed Products
Shipping & Delivery
Free Standard Ground Shipping: Free
Marset lighting fixtures generally arrive 1-2 weeks after the date of purchase.
Marset Lighting fixtures come with a 2-year manufacturer's warranty that covers the repair or replacement of goods, excluding shades and light sources. All Marset fixtures come with a display code indicated the date of manufacture; if this code is removed the warranty is voided.


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Learning Foundations to Get You Your Next Opportunity
As the information technology economy starts to recover from its slump over the past few years it means a wave of IT professionals are going to be trying to land their next jobs - and a wave of job postings will emerge from the employment underground. Organizations are always looking for new talent but the pace quickens when the economy gets ready for it's lion's roar.
This whole awakening means the number of interviews that I do jumps through the roof. While there's still the process of weeding out resumes, which is designed to control the number of interviews you do, there are a number of interviews that you have to go through as an employer to find the right person. In technical roles such as: software developers, development leaders, infrastructure managers, etc., one of the keys to finding the right problem is often finding a problem solver. In this article, I'll help you understand how being a problem solver means learning how and why something works not just that it works. I'll also give you some insight into what is going on inside the heads of the people you're sitting across the table from when you're doing an interview.
There's one thing about problem solvers that gets them hired. They tend to know more about a broader set of things than their counter parts who've not developed their skill to solve problems. As a group problem solvers crave learning. They realize that the more they know about a problem or a situation the better able they will be to isolate the thing that's not working right. That's why problem solvers tend to have a wider experience set. They're naturally curious.
Unfortunately, most people instinctively think of a classroom environment, called instructor lead training, when someone mentions the word learning. This is a conditioned response from years and years of instructor lead training. From kindergarten to a graduate degree we're used to people standing before us spewing information all over the place. Instructor lead training is what most of us believe true learning is.
Problem solvers can learn well in an instructor lead training environment but they extend their quest for learning to other areas as well. They will read a book, search the Internet, talk to peers and do whatever is necessary to better understand the situation that they are faced with to try to isolate their problem. Whether the problem is something as simple as getting their next cellular phone or the conquest of space, finding the right information helps you better solve the problem.
Developing a quest to learn is the first step in trying to become a problem solver and being able to answer those tough interview questions about how you would solve a hypothetical problem. By the way, hypothetical problems for the interviewee to solve are one of my favorite types of interview questions. I don't have to talk much and it requires a great deal of thinking on the part of the candidate.
Seek to Understand
Another aspect that many look for in candidates is a desire to understand the problem that they are faced with. A key problem solving skill is the ability to thoroughly assess the situation so that aspects that are not problems can be eliminated as potential causes. Understanding a problem is about asking the right questions and making the right observations.
If you don't understand how something works questions related to how it does what it does can help you start the process. Imagine that you're faced with a car that doesn't start. If you know nothing about the internal workings of a car you may be at a complete loss as how to resolve the fact that it won't start. If on the other hand, you've built knowledge that the battery is connected to the starter, which turns the engine over until it has enough energy to maintain its own motion, you've got a framework for starting the problem solving process. Obviously, if the battery and starter are working and the engine is being "turned over" then more knowledge about how the car works will be necessary.
This is an essential part of problem solving. If I don't know how the car works past the starter turning over the engine I'll have to seek out the understanding of how the rest of the car's operation works. This might mean reading a book, speaking with a mechanic, or trying to observe a working car.
From an interviewing perspective, some of the best interviews I've ever done with individuals have been ones where they have asked intelligent questions about the problems I was describing. Instead of giving me some quick answer, they asked questions about potentially important details that I had left out. In most cases the details were left out unintentionally, but I have been known to leave out a detail to see if the interviewee identified that the information was missing.
Whether you're solving a problem in your day-to-day work or trying to survive the toughest interview of your life, a good question is worth more than a dozen stabs in the dark at solving the problem.
Why it Matters to Employers
Most people have the misfortune of only sitting on one side of an interview table. Because of this it's impossible to see what the person on the other side of the table sees. It's impossible to comprehend that just becoming the best person that you can be is the best way to connect with the needs of the employer. Every employer wants to succeed. Some want to succeed personally and others for the organization - or for both.
Success is often measured in the simplest terms of what has been accomplished. This perspective radically favors those who can get things done. These folks are often the people who know how to knock over the hurdles that get in their way. If you can take care of the big challenges that rise up in front of you then the little day-to-day challenges are trivial to get past.
Solving every problem involves the right information. The more problem solving aspects that you have in your personality the more likely it is that you have both a broad understanding and a deep understanding of how things work. The more you know the greater the chances that the employer will be able to leverage that existing knowledge. Leveraging existing knowledge is one of the best things possible for an employer since creating that knowledge may cost far more than they can pay and leveraging it can provide far more value than how they compensate you.
Employers are not looking for drones who can simply follow orders and who can do only as much as has been told to them, they need people who can make decisions and solve problems on their own without the need for a supervisor to spell out the solution in detail.
About the Author
Robert Bogue, MCSE (NT4/W2K), MCSA, A+, Network+, Server+, I-Net+, IT Project+, E-Biz+, CDIA+ has contributed to more than 100 book projects and numerous other publishing projects. He writes on topics from networking and certification to Microsoft applications and business needs. Robert is a strategic consultant for Crowe Chizek in Indianapolis. Some of Robert's more recent books are Mobilize Yourself!: The Microsoft Guide to Mobile Technology, Server+ Training Kit, and MCSA Training Guide (70-218): Managing a Windows 2000 Network. You can reach Robert at firstname.lastname@example.com.
This article was originally published on August 23, 2004


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Pinewood Inn
The rustic rooms at this South Lake Tahoe Motel all feature cable TV. A 24-hour front desk is available and air-conditioning is provided throughout the motel. Free Wi-Fi is available in all rooms at Pinewood Inn. A sitting area is included and most rooms offer a small fridge and coffee and tea-making facilities. Heavenly Mountain Ski Resort is a 15 minute walk from Inn Pinewood. Lake Tahoe is just a 5 minute walk away. Reno is an 80 minute drive from the property.Dogs are welcome at this hotel. Click through for more information or to book.


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THE SQL Server Blog Spot on the Web
After SQL Azure was introduced, I made a side by side view of SSMS when connected to SQL Server and also when connected to SQL Azure. Somebody asked me if I was going to do the same to compare SQL Server 2008 R2 to SQL Server 2012, so here it is. Where there is a gap on one side and not on the other, that's a feature unique to one of the two versions of SQL Server being compared. There are more differences than are shown here – these are the major differences. SQL Server has additional facets and more system views, among other things.
Figure 1. SQL Server 2008 R2 on the left and SQL Server 2012 on the right.
The SQL Writer Service works with the Volume Shadow Copy Service. Winmgmt works with WMI.
Database Mirroring is deprecated and is replaced by AlwaysOn Availability Groups. In the side by side comparison shown above, I abbreviated the 14 AlwaysOn system policies and 14 AlwaysOn system conditions into single line entries.
Notice that Data Transformation Services and SQL Mail, which were previously deprecated, do not appear in SQL Server 2012 at all. Did you know that SQL Server Profiler is deprecated in SQL Server 2012? A list of all deprecated features is found here. In the future, you will use Extended Events to collect and replay traces.
There are many changes to SSIS including new Integration Services Catalogs.
Figure 2. Integration Services Catalogs.
thank you John for such a nice post which gives differences between sql 2008 and 2012 in brief..