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I promised some people I was going to "make a long post"... this is it and not finished (or edited). But, I thought I'd post it just to get some thoughts going, plus to keep that promise for people who wanted to know what I was thinking for so long. I'm coming back to edit this later. Have mercy on the grammar/rhetoric but feel free to critique on the content.
ASSUMPTIONS: Seriously. Play big maps first because doctrine reworks will NOT solve balance problems without being on bigger maps. If you want to know fucking why check my other posts on big maps. I have a LOT more to say about big maps too... but I'll save that essay for another day.
Problem: The structure of doctrines of specialized vs well-rounded will always cause balance issues.
Short Summary:
-A lack in consistent doctrine structure will always create balance problems despite player skill level
-A consistent doctrine structure makes for better (and easier) balance.
There's a lot of things that seem out of place within doctrines, stemming from years of balance bitching. Warhawks wrote a bit on it here: viewtopic.php?f=30&t=2184
While Warhawks and I disagree on how things should be changed, I think we both agree that some doctrine fundamentals SHOULD be changed. The concept of specialized allies doctrines versus well rounded axis doctrines will ALWAYS leave escape for balance problems as much so as playing on small maps. This is why players will always complain why some docs have _____ but others don't, and how some docs are pure counters to other docs but have no counter of their own. A consistent doctrine structure makes for better (and easier) balance.
It's been a while since this topic was hard discussed, only softly mentioned and alluded to all over the forum. But I think if we bring it up in a consolidated place, we can voice to the devs to stick to one idea: either specialized doctrines across all factions or well rounded doctrines across all factions.
How does specialization vs well-rounded affect balance?
Assume games where every player is the best player possible, plays optimally, and coordinates harmoniously as if it were one brain. A specialized doctrine by design is only supposed to excel at handling certain situations meanwhile, a well-rounded doctrine is made to handle all situations. What this means is that there needs to be an exact amount players on the specialized team to match all possible situations in the game, else the well-rounded team will be able to exploit the "doctrine hole". At the same time, there cannot be more than that amount else the balance shifts the other way. What is the "doctrine hole"?
The game is MUCH more complex than rock paper scissors, but I want to take it as an analogy (like say paper means arty, rock means tanks, scissors means infantry). A well rounded doctrine (which i will now call axis) encompasses all rock, paper, and scissors. A specialized doctrine (which i will now call allies) would only have one. In a simple game of "team rock paper scissors" a 2v2 will always be imbalanced because while one team has all tools available, the other team will only have 2 of the 3 tools available to play with. So say the allied team is composed of rock and scissors, this means that the axis team can always play rock as a safety and exploit against the scissor player. This exploit I call the "doctrine hole". If we play the same game but a 4v4 scenario, then the allied team will double up on a tool and push that advantage. For example, if the allied team is composed of rock, paper, and 2 scissors then that team can exploit the paper within the axis team's composition. This means that the ONLY fair game would be a 3v3, so devs can't just say "don't play 1v1s" but they must say "only play # vs #" which is not how BK was intended. This grows in huge complexity in a game like BK where it's not just 3 tools available but the concept stays the same. Let's say I up the complexity one notch...
Let's say a allied doctrines are not just 1 specialty but 2... so a doctrine can be rock/scissors meaning its weakness is rock. Combine multiple doctrines together you can get a well rounded overall team right? Not quite.
Say you have a 2v2 where the allied team is rock/scissors + rock/paper combo... this team comp becomes a super scissors killer with the doubling on rock. The only way to "balance" this is to buff every axis doctrine's scissors to match. But, what if the team is different? What if the players decided to do rock/scissors + scissors/paper? Then the allied team becomes a paper killer. Buff the paper for axis? If you go through all the doctrine iterations one by one balancing along the way, you'll end up buffing every aspect of axis doctrines until axis becomes so powerful that you'd need to start buffing allied doctrines. It's a vicious circle of never ending balancing! Imagine the complexity of this with all the aspects of BK...
Beyond being impossible to actually balance, having conversations about balance is frustrating as well because there is a mismatch in decision making between doctrines. A specialized doctrine by design is only supposed to excel at handling certain situations. Therefore, the balancing method and decision making should rest on the question "does the doctrine over or under perform on handling the situation designed?"
Meanwhile, a well-rounded doctrine is made to handle all situations which changes the granularity of balance decision making. The question is "can this doctrine handle these situations" and become more of a per unit focus question.
This mismatch makes really shitty balance threads on the forum where people are just talking in all directions... This will become more apparent in the cases I will talk about next
In this next section I will go through actual examples of how doctrines have been attempted to balance and failed despite the most honest best intentions. The examples I use are not the only ones, I just would rather go into detail in one area to make my point.
I gotta go, I'm going to stop here and make an edit later to continue. Here's a preview of what I will talk about:
Case #1: How RAF was given rock+paper+scissors (and by next patch will be cut again but it won't help)
In the past few patches, I would say there were two major CW changes that really shook the meta of the game:
1. The earlier build of AT BOYS
2. The inclusion of the 95mm Cromwell for RAF
1) When the AT BOYS were moved as a unit before the LT, it changed the early game meta greatly. Prior to the AT BOYS change, every faction had multiple openings including: an infantry based opening (like US opening with rifles), a vehicle based opening (like WM opening with a schwimm), an AT based opening (like PE opening with a pak38). This created a rock paper scissors like gameplay in the beginning where every faction had an approximately equal chance to gain and lose advantage in the beginning... all except CW that is... CW lacked the vehicle opening. Back to my rock-paper-scissor "hole" explanation I gave above about doctrines, CW could not pull vehicles meaning an infantry opening was the safety opening for all axis factions. Additionally, AT BOYS came later after an LT was created essentially allowing an axis vehicle opening an extra punishing opening for the first 2 minutes of the game. This forced CW players to ALWAYS play defensively and ALWAYS rush AT BOYS after the LT, delaying any other stronger opening to make it to the 5th minute of the game without losing too much advantage. It because a choice of: lose a great amount of advantage on the small chance that the axis did play the most efficient tactic available (meta), or lose a smaller advantage in case the axis played the meta. By moving AT BOYS earlier, it allowed CW to stand a stronger chance against vehicle based openings and an receive a chance to actually GAIN advantage in an opening like all other factions were able to do. At this micro level, this was a good move in bringing balance because it made for a more fair rock-paper-scissor game (and honestly... the amount complaining of AT BOYS is so unwarranted right now because of how easily it's countered by an assault pio or MG42 opening... players are just not adapting or playing on bigger maps. One unit locking down an entire map within the first 5 minutes? Hm... I wonder how familiar that sounds to old allied players... seriously play bigger maps and learn new openings).
2) When the 95mm Cromwell was introduced to RAF, RAF became one of the best META doctrines for allies because it had EVERYTHING (rock, paper, and scissors) and that's why it was used SOOoo much to the point that the strategies around RAF grew and matured faster than other docs. This made it hard for the typical non-adapting BK players to react to and figure out how to properly face. It became nearly the only doctrine CW players would play kind of like how luft with their updated infantry became the only doctrine PE players would play (same problem but that's not what this case is about). RAF had everything to operate alone as a rock-paper-scissor machine with both efficient direct and indirect fire weapons. I've seen even the best RAF players become completely addicted to using just the cromwell instead of finding any other solution to tackle problems, essentially making other units and options within the doctrine obsolete (who has seen the allegedly once OP field gun anymore? who has seen the incendiary off map plane bombs anymore?). While the changelog for 4.9.9 says that the 95mm cromwell will be removed for the doctrine... is RAF going to return to be a 2-tooled doctrine or will it still be 3-tooled well balanced doctrine? I still don't think it will in its current state. The Firefly has been a pivotal unit within every CW doctrine which (with the exception of few players such as my beloved shadow) was a secret unit that most didn't use until recently because of the excess in manpower generated by the efficiency of the 95mm cromwell (quick breakdown: the extra arty eliminated the manpower spend needed on commandos to take on axis strongholds allowing players to invest and test in newer units such as the firefly). RAF still has MULTIPLE capabiltiies including anti tank: typhoon fighters AND fireflies. This makes it an extremely capable doctrine not just in unit assortment but capability which from a game design perspective more important than unit assortment.
Is it okay for the RAF doc to be so "addicted" to a tank? I don't know. That's a game design decision left to the modders and their vision. Let me know if you want a PvP opinion.
Case #2: How WM Grenadiers balance is all fucking over the place from patch to patch (price raise, price drop, hp buff, hp nerf, weapon changes, omg it's hilarious to just go change log to change log, grenadiers have gone through everything)
Here is a log of DIRECT changes to grenadiers:
- Lowered build time of Grenadiers to 40 seconds (from 45)
- Lowered the cost of LMG42 upgrade to 85 ammo (from 100)
- Incendiary grenade cost increased by 5 ammo and cooldown increased by 10 seconds
- Added a cooldown of 90 seconds to the "For the Fatherland" ability
- Grenadiers now cost 410 MP
- Terror grenadiers can no longer buy additional MP44 after upgrade which gives them 3 for free (those who upgraded it before will keep it)
- Changed incendiery grenade cost to 25 Munnition
- Terror grenadiers Special Combat Training CP needed increased to 3
- Slightly tuned K98 values
- WH Fixed fragmentation sleeve grenade could have been thrown without cover
- WH Grenadiers MP44 upgrade gives 2 MP44s instead of 3, reduced munnition price by 15
- WH Reduced grenadiers cost to 400 MP (33 MP Reinforce)
- WH Grenadiers fragmentation sleeve upgrade is now free for defensive doctrine
- WH Grenadiers can now have 3x MP44 upgrade, that means Terror doctrine can have 6x MP44 on grenadiers.
- WH Grenadiers in Terror doc now have Nebelwerfer fire ability
- WH Removed Grenadiers flamethrower upgrade and HHL3 from Terror doc
This does not include INDIRECT changes that would have likely changed the net impact of grenadiers to the entire game. An example of an INDIRECT impact would be the upcoming change where volks and pios will not have the same buff from defense doc bonuses as the grenadiers. This change is meant to encourage the use of grenadiers which can alter strategies involving def doc as well as counters to def doc.
Notice how much grenadiers were directly change, getting major buffs in 4.8.5, nerfed in 4.8.6, buffed again in 4.8.8, nerfed from 9.3 to 9.6, soon to be buffed in 9.9. Some people might argue "oh but that's because KCH changed and grenadiers needed to fill that huge gaping power void". That is true and a major reason for the 4.8.5 changes. But it has been nearly 3 years since KCH have left the mod and grenadiers are still getting jerked around without finding a nice balanced home. This is because of how much the mod moves around the unit and how sensitive it is to ANY other changes... how sensitive Axis "balance" is to any change...
If you notice the difference on how Axis doctrines are balanced compared to Allied doctrines where Allied doctrines get makeovers and entirely new additions/removals of capabilities. Meanwhile, Axis gets this roller coaster of efficiency buff/nerfs. This goes in line with my "specialized vs well-rounded balance cycle" where we are trapped in a loop of forever balancing a circular referential system.
I'm not saying Axis are overly strong or overly weak right now, but the faction is constantly swaying *cough*andpeoplearenotadapting*cough*. This will never end unless some fundamentals change.


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subset: commoncrawl


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The King County agency that issues building permits has raised several questions about the scale of Vashon Allied Arts' proposed performing arts center, suggesting the building may be taller than code allows and the amount of parking VAA has proposed is inadequate.
The Department of Development and Environmental Services (DDES), in a letter sent to VAA on May 22, called on the arts organization to revise its plans and reduce the building's height and to find a way to add 70 spaces to its plan for 100 parking spots. The letter also notes that planners in the county's historic preservation office have raised concerns about the project.
"It may be that significant site issues will affect your site layout and development, causing a redesign of the Vashon Allied Arts' project," according to the letter, signed by Dave Sandstrom, a program manager at DDES.
But Kirk Robinson, VAA's Seattle-based project manager and a veteran of the permit application process, said the questions raised by DDES are typical of a large project at this stage in the process. He feels confident, he added, that he and the architects will be able to address DDES's concerns.
"We're moving through this," he said. "We'll take care of all of their questions. This all relates to … technical items under the building permit application process."
The four-page letter sent to VAA comes in the midst of a public review process. Under the state's environmental policy law, residents have a period of 21 days to comment on a project undergoing an environmental review. DDES extended the comment period until June 20 — all told, 35 days — because of the difficulty Islanders faced in getting to Renton to review the weighty files.
Already, several have weighed in on the project, a 20,000-square-foot structure proposed for Center — the intersection of Cemetery Road and Vashon Highway. Both Sen. Sharon Nelson (D-Maury Island) and Councilman Joe McDermott, who represents Vashon on the King County Council, have voiced support for the project. So have several Islanders, including Vashon Park District Commissioner David Hackett, Peter Mantle and the Vashon Island Chorale.
"I like the public nature it brings to Center and feel that it revives a fading corner, offering the possibility of restoring the vitality, particularly the economic and community vitality, it has had in the past," Nelson wrote in her one-page letter.
Charlie Sundberg, meanwhile, a planner for the county's historic preservation program, wrote a seven-page letter outlining his concerns about the project, saying he believes the size and scale of the project are too much for the corner, one of the county's most historically intact intersections.
"In its current form, it would destroy historic buildings, be out of scale with those that remain and overall have a detrimental impact on the historic character of Center," Sundberg wrote.
Several Islanders have also noted concerns, including former School Board Member Donna Klemka, who wrote an eight-page letter to DDES, artist Saphire Blue, Michael Tracy and John Jex.
DDES officials, meanwhile, say VAA has two months to respond to the issues they raised in the May 22 letter. Of particular note is the height of the building, which DDES says is 45 to 47 feet from finished grade to rooftop — or 10 to 12 feet above what the zoning laws allow for a rural area.
Robinson said DDES is incorrect. The code allows for an additional foot of vertical height for each foot that the building is set back from the property line, and Robinson said the project is set back far enough from the road to give it several additional feet in height.
"We've shown them and will show them again that we're allowed to build to the height that we've proposed," Robinson said.
But James Chan, assistant director of permitting for DDES, said VAA has yet to prove to his department that the project is within the bounds of the zoning laws. "Their setback doesn't balance with the height of the building," he said.
Asked if it was unusual for a project to come in out of compliance with zoning laws, Chan said it's been known to happen. "But considering who they're using as their architect, they should have known this," he said.
The building's designer, LMN Architects in Seattle, is a nationally known firm that has designed several performance centers, including Benaroya Hall in Seattle.
As for parking, DDES said VAA's plans for 100 parking spots is the minimum number the project requires. Because of the size of the performance center, which includes a 300-seat theater, the project needs to provide 170 parking spots, the DDES letter says.
Robinson said the project's traffic engineers disagree that 170 spots are needed. On those nights when the theater is at capacity, patrons will park on the street, as they often do now for VAA performances, Robinson said — a parking plan he believes is allowable under county rules.
"That's our interpretation of the code," he said. "We're currently parking people on the street right now."
But Chan disagreed, saying, "I haven't seen anyone allowed to use shoulder parking as part of their parking plan." Rather, he said, he believes VAA will either have to find additional parking "or change the occupancy of their structure."
Meanwhile, documents VAA submitted to DDES show the organization expects to have far more at-capacity performances than it suggested when it applied for a certificate of water availability from Water District 19 a year ago.
At the time, VAA said it expected 10 sold-out events a year at the new center and a total of 79 events annually. In a traffic analysis submitted by Heffron Transportation, Inc., the organization estimates 26 sold-out events and a total of 121 events a year.
But Jeff Lakin, manager at District 19, said he's not concerned about the difference in the two numbers. The new building has two water shares, plus a third one for the Blue Heron Arts Center, the existing structure that will remain a part of VAA's new campus.
"As far as the numbers stand now, they've got plenty of water," Lakin said. "It's not a concern."
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Richard A. Falk
Quick Facts
|Law professor
|Activist Human rights activist Educator
|United States of America
|Academia Activism
|13 November 1930, New York City, New York, U.S.A.
|90 years
Richard Anderson Falk (born November 13, 1930) is an American professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University. He is the author or co-author of 20 books and the editor or co-editor of another 20 volumes, In 2008, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a United Nations Special Rapporteur on "the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967."
Early life and education
Falk was born into an assimilationist New York Jewish family which all but repudiated the ethnic side of Jewishness. Defining himself as "an American Jew", he says that having an outsider status, with a sense of not belonging, may have influenced his later role as a critic of American foreign policy. His being Jewish signifies above all for Falk, "to be preoccupied with overcoming injustice and thirsting for justice in the world, and that means being respectful toward other peoples regardless of their nationality or religion, and empathetic in the face of human suffering whoever and wherever victimization is encountered."
Falk obtained a Bachelor of Science in Economics from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania in 1952 before completing a Bachelor of Laws degree at Yale University. He obtained his Doctorate in Law (SJD) from Harvard University in 1962. His early thinking was influenced by readings of Karl Marx, Herbert Marcuse, and C. Wright Mills, and he developed an overriding concern with projects to abolish war and aggression as social institutions.
Professional career
Falk began his teaching career at Ohio State University and Harvard expressing his communistic beliefs in the late 1950s. He moved to Princeton University in 1961, which became his academic home for over thirty years. He was appointed Albert G. Milbank Professor of International Law and Practice in 1965, a position he currently retains as Emeritus professor. In 1985 he was made a Guggenheim Fellow. He retired from teaching in 2001. Since 2002 he has been a research professor at the Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at University of California, Santa Barbara. He currently directs "Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy" project.
Falk is a critic of the Westphalian system of nation states, which he argues must be transcended by a more international institution to control the resort to force by nations, as the world moves towards a global ethos in which states renounce their boundary-obsessed territorialism in exchange for a regime of consensually negotiated aims, in which national leaders must be subject to accountability. With regard to specific geopolitical situations, he has published a number of books and essays analyzing the ideological aspects of the American Human Rights Debate, the legality of the Vietnam War and other military operations. With regard to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he wrote that it is "inescapable that an objective observer would reach the conclusion that this Iraq War is a war of aggression, and as such, that it amounts to a Crime against Peace of the sort for which surviving German leaders were indicted, prosecuted and punished at the Nuremberg trials conducted shortly after the Second World War."
Falk's engagement with politics began at Ohio State University, where in the 1960s as a member of the faculty of law he was a witness to racism targeted at black students. His move to Princeton University, where the teaching of law was linked to politics, international relations and other social sciences allowed Falk to integrate his professional expertise in international law with his ethical and political values. Falk aimed to combine his academic work with political activism in a role he described as a 'citizen-pilgrim'. .
The essential inquiry of a citizen-pilgrim is to discover how to make desirable, yet unlikely, social movements succeed. The movements against slavery, colonialism, racial discrimination, and patriarchy are some instances. My overriding concern is to foster an abolitionist movement against war and aggression as social institutions, which implies the gradual construction of a new world order that assures basic human needs of all people, that safeguards the environment, that protects the fundamental human rights of all individuals and groups without encroaching upon the precarious resources of cultural diversity, and that works toward the non-violent resolution of intersocietal conflicts.
In media
Falk has written for various publications including The Nation, The Huffington Post, Al Jazeera, CounterPunch and the Palestine Chronicle. He is a member of the Editorial Boards of The Nation and The Progressive. He has spoken on college campuses and for organizations.
In human rights groups
- Chair of the Board of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation.
- Advisory board of Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA (FFIPP-USA), a group that describes itself as "working for an end of the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories and just peace"; it calls for "international sanctions" against Israel while saying "academics should think carefully before developing research links and exchanges with Israelis [by] ascertaining whether they are part of the military machine or work to sustain the occupation".
- Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor.
Former activities
Falk is a former advisory board member of the World Federalist Institute and the American Movement for World Government, as well as a former fellow at the Transnational Institute. During 1999–2000, Falk worked on the Independent International Commission on Kosovo, an initiative of the Prime Minister of Sweden Göran Persson. For several years Falk served on the board of Human Rights Watch Santa Barbara, California, until he was asked to resign.
Appointments at the United Nations
United Nations Human Rights Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories
In 2001, Falk served on a United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories with John Dugard, a South African based in Leiden University in the Netherlands, and Kamal Hussein, former foreign minister of Bangladesh. Falk stated the two main issues were: "One is evaluating whether the conditions of occupation are such as to give the Palestinians some kind of right of resistance. And if they have that right, then what are the limits to that right?" and "The other issue at stake in this current inquiry is to evaluate how Israel as the occupying power is carrying out its responsibility to protect the society that is subject to its control." After its investigation the commission issued a report entitled "Question of the violation of human rights in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine".
United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights
On March 26, 2008, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a United Nations Special Rapporteur on "the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967." Falk replaced South African professor John Dugard who left his post in June 2008 after seven years. Falk's appointment expired in May 2014.
Response to appointment
The appointment of Falk was reached through a consensus decision by the 47 members of the UN's Human Rights Council. Despite attempts from Jewish groups to persuade the EU and Canada to publicly oppose the appointment, the EU remained silent, while Canada chose not to oppose the consensus, instead issuing a statement distancing itself from the choice.
According to a UN press release, then Israeli Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon strongly criticized the appointment stating that Falk had written in an article that it was not "an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with the criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity," arguing that "someone who had publicly and repeatedly stated such views could not possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective". According to The Jewish Daily Forward Falk actually said: "Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not." Levanon further stated, "He has taken part in a UN fact-finding mission which determined that suicide bombings were a valid method of 'struggle'. He has disturbingly charged Israel with 'genocidal tendencies,' and accused it of trying to achieve security through 'state terrorism'. Someone who has publicly and repeatedly stated such views cannot possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective." The Israeli government announced it would deny Falk a visa to Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, at least until the September 2008 meeting of the Human Rights Council.
The UN press release reported that the Palestinian representative, Mohammad Abu-Koash, said that it was "ironic that Israel which claimed to be representing Jews everywhere was campaigning against a Jewish professor who had been nominated to the post of Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.'" The Palestinian statement went on to refer to Falk as the "author of 54 books on international law," concluding that his appointment was "a victory for good sense and human rights, as he was a highly qualified rapporteur."
Former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, John Bolton, criticized Falk's appointment to the United Nations Human Rights Council, stating that "This is exactly why we voted against the new human rights council," and that "He was picked for a reason, and the reason is not to have an objective assessment — the objective is to find more ammunition to go after Israel."
UN Investigations and reports
In May 2008 Israel refused to admit Falk to gather information for a report. The National Lawyers Guild urged Israel to permit Falk entry, stating "Falk made no claims any different from those made by John Dugard, the man he was to replace, in several reports on conditions in the Occupied Territories." Human Rights Watch issued a statement asking Israel to reverse its expulsion of Falk from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In a July 2008 interview Falk stated the constraints would "limit my exposure to the direct realities. But I think it's quite possible to perform this role without that exposure. Barring my entry complicates my task but doesn't make it undoable."
In June 2008, Falk proposed to the Human Rights Council that his mandate to investigate violations of international humanitarian law in the Palestinian territories be extended to include possible Palestinian infringements. He stated his goal was to "insulate" the Council, which is dominated by Islamic and African states, usually supported by China, Cuba and Russia, "from those who contend that its work is tainted by partisan politics".
On December 9, 2008, the United Nations released a statement by Falk in his official capacity as "Special Rapporteur" noting that United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, General Assembly President Miguel D'Escoto and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay, among other top officials, have expressed concern for the "desperate plight" of civilians in Gaza. Falk said: "And still Israel maintains its Gaza siege in its full fury, allowing only barely enough food and fuel to enter to stave off mass famine and disease." He outlined steps that must be taken to avoid a "humanitarian catastrophe". These included implementing the "responsibility to protect" a civilian population from collective punishment and a determination of "whether the Israeli civilian leaders and military commanders responsible for the Gaza siege should be indicted and prosecuted for violations of international criminal law", which The Jerusalem Post wrote would go before the International Court of Justice at The Hague.
On December 14, Falk arrived at Ben Gurion Airport with staff members from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on an official visit, planning to travel to the West Bank and Gaza to prepare a report on Israel's compliance with human rights standards and international humanitarian law. In an interview Falk stated the Israeli government distorts his real views and that he saw the expulsion as an "insidious pattern of trying to shift the attention from their objections to the person." Pillay called Israel's detention and expulsion of Falk as "unprecedented and deeply regrettable". As of March 2011, Falk was still denied entry into and effectively banned from Israel.
On December 27, 2008, Falk issued a statement condemning the December 2008 Israel strikes on Gaza as "war crimes" because he claims they included collective punishment, targeting of civilians and a disproportionate military response to Hamas rocket attacks on Israel, which also targeted civilians. He stated that Israel had ignored Hamas' diplomatic initiatives to re-establish the ceasefire which expired December 26 and condemned nations which provided Israel military support and participated in the siege of Gaza. In an article for the Houston Chronicle, Falk reaffirmed that he had "called on the International Criminal Court" to investigate Israeli leaders responsible for possible violations of international criminal law.
In March 2009, Falk stated that Israel's offensive in Gaza constituted a war crime of the "greatest magnitude". He called for an independent group to be set up to investigate the war crimes committed on both sides. The British government responded to Falk's report by stating that "the report of the UN Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur is unbalanced and contributes little." In October 2009 Falk endorsed the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict (also known as the "Goldstone Report") as "an historic contribution to the Palestinian struggle for justice, an impeccable documentation of a crucial chapter in their victimization under occupation".
In his August 10, 2010 UN Special Rapporteur report Falk detailed the accusation that Israel was practicing a policy of apartheid in the Palestinian territories:
"Among the salient apartheid features of the Israeli occupation are the following: preferential citizenship, visitation and residence laws and practices that prevent Palestinians who reside in the West Bank or Gaza from reclaiming their property or from acquiring Israeli citizenship, as contrasted to a Jewish right of return that entitles Jews anywhere in the world with no prior tie to Israel to visit, reside and become Israeli citizens; differential laws in the West Bank and East Jerusalem favouring Jewish settlers who are subject to Israeli civilian law and constitutional protection, as opposed to Palestinian residents, who are governed by military administration; dual and discriminatory arrangements for movement in the West Bank and to and from Jerusalem; discriminatory policies on land ownership, tenure and use; extensive burdening of Palestinian movement, including checkpoints applying differential limitations on Palestinians and on Israeli settlers, and onerous permit and identification requirements imposed only on Palestinians; punitive house demolitions, expulsions and restrictions on entry and exit from all three parts of the Occupied Palestinian Territories."
In 2011, Falk spoke to the UN Human Rights Council and stated that Israeli policies in Jerusalem amounted to "ethnic cleansing" against the Palestinian population. He urged the Council to ask the International Court of Justice to investigate Israel for acts of "colonialism, apartheid, and ethnic cleansing inconsistent with international humanitarian law" committed during its occupation of the Palestinian territories.
Falk's report to the UN Human Rights Council focused on Israel's treatment of Palestinian prisoners and recommended that The International Court of Justice at the Hague should be asked to issue an advisory opinion on Israel's treatment of prisoners, an opinion which might also cover Israel's "prolonged occupation" of Palestinian territory. His report also asked the Human Rights Council to censure Israel because of its use of administrative detention, take "emergency notice" of Israeli legislative attempts to legalize West Bank settlements, and to increase attention on Israel's refusal to cooperate with his work. He stated that Israeli military retaliation for rocket fire from Gaza was not justified. The US Ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council said the US "continues to be deeply troubled by this council's biased and disproportionate focus on Israel."
In Falk's report to the U.N. General Assembly he recommended that "businesses highlighted in the report – as well as the many other businesses that are profiting from the Israeli settlement enterprise – should be boycotted until they bring their operations into line with international human rights and humanitarian law and standards." He specifically named the United States' Caterpillar Inc., Hewlett-Packard and Motorola; Israel's Ahava, Elbit Systems and Mehadrin; Sweden's Volvo Group and Assa Abloy ; France's Veolia Environment; United Kingdom's G4S, Belgium's Dexia Group, Netherlands' Riwal Holding Group and Mexico's Cemex. At a news conference Falk said: "The focus on business activities is partly an expression of frustration about the inability to obtain compliance with these fundamental legal obligations of Israel and the ineffectiveness of the U.N. efforts to condemn settlement expansion." He also stated "The whole issue of Palestinian self-determination is at risk here."
The report drew criticism from the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Susan Rice, who called it "irresponsible and unacceptable", and the Canadian foreign ministry which called it "biased and disgraceful" and called on Falk to withdraw his "offensive" report or resign from his UN post. The Israeli Mission to the UN stated that "while he [Falk] spends pages and pages attacking Israel, Falk fails to mention even once the horrific human rights violations and ongoing terrorist attacks by Hamas." Caterpillar Inc. called the report inaccurate and misleading, reflecting his "personal and negative opinions toward Israel". Hewlett Packard said that Falk was "far from an independent and unbiased expert in this matter." Several countries, including Egypt and Iran, called the report fair and balanced.
In December, Falk visited the region and the Gaza Strip with the "initial purpose assessing the overall impact of Israel's prolonged occupation and blockade" against Gaza. However, after Israel's November seven-day "Operation Pillar of Defense" military actions against Hamas, Falk claimed "there arose an urgent need to investigate Israel's seemingly deliberate attacks against civilian targets." After visiting Palestinian survivors of military attacks, Falk stated that "some attacks killed and harmed civilians in a grossly disproportionate manner and thus appear to violate international law." He called today on Israel "to abide by and fully implement the cease fire agreement" and called on the international agreement to make sure it did so.
Richard Falk's annual report, delivered to the UN Human Rights council on June 9, 2013, called for an international investigation into Israeli treatment of Palestinian prisoners. The report criticised the use of arbitrary detention, torture and coerced confessions stating that, "The treatment of thousands of Palestinians detained or imprisoned by Israel continues to be extremely worrisome". Falk said that Israel currently holds 5,000 Palestinians in custody and has imprisoned 750,000 since the start of the occupation. Falk also criticized and called for an end to Israel's blockade of Gaza, saying that it amounted to the "collective punishment of 1.75 million Palestinians." He argued that viability of Gaza was at stake, "With 70 percent of the population dependent on international aid for survival and 90 percent of the water unfit for human consumption, drastic and urgent changes are urgently required if Palestinians in Gaza are to have their most basic rights protected."
Falk also called for the Red Cross or a commission of international law experts to establish a convention to address the specific issues related to situations of prolonged occupation. He said that "Forty-six years ago today Israel's occupation of Palestine began. Six days of war has turned into 46 years of occupation", concluding, "Forty-six years of denying Palestinians their most basic rights has not achieved peace, Israel's continuous annexation of Palestinian resources and territory." Additionally, Falk wrote that the commission to investigation UN Watch which he accused of conducting "a smear campaign" by issuing "a series of defamatory attacks demeaning his character, repeatedly distorting his views on potentially inflammatory issues."
Many countries speaking at the session thanked Falk for his work and challenged Israel for refusing to cooperate with his human rights mission in the Palestinian territories. The Palestinian delegation praised the report and called for its speedy implementation. The European Union agreed that Israel's settlements and separation barrier were "illegal under international law and constitute an obstacle to peace," but also criticised parts of the report. The European representative said "The EU continues to regret the unbalanced mandate of the Special Rapporteur and is also concerned that parts of the report include political considerations. In the past, the EU emphasized that future reports should be based on a more factual and legal analysis, and we regret to see no genuine progress in that direction. The council needs to be provided with accurate, factual information and solid allegations to fulfill its role and address the human rights situation in occupied Palestinian territory." The United States Ambassador to the UNHRC, Eileen Donahoe, called for Falk's resignation, saying "Falk's attack on UN Watch threatens the independent voice of civil society at the UN. NGO work is particularly important in the field of human rights. Mr. Falk's most recent statement – which he dramatically and recklessly included in an official UN document – is characteristic of previous reprehensible comments and actions he has made during his tenure as a special rapporteur. His views and behavior, both official and unofficial, are offensive and provocative and do nothing to advance peace in the Middle East or to further the protection and promotion of human rights. We again call for his resignation."
Notable opinions
Nuremberg Defense of violent protesters
In October, 1973, Falk defended Karleton Armstrong, who pleaded guilty to bombing the University of Wisconsin Army Mathematics Research Center, which killed a researcher working there and injured another four people. The New York Times reported that Falk "appealed for full amnesty for all resistors, including those who use violent tactics to oppose the war in Vietnam." The Times further reported that Falk, "cited the Nuremberg Trials as precedent for defense assertions that private American citizens had 'a right, and perhaps a duty' to actively oppose the war by any means". According to Ronald Christenson, political science professor at Gustavus Adolphus College, Falk "invoked the Nuremberg precedent to argue that there is a right of individuals to stop crime 'even by creating a lesser crime'".
Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979
In early 1979, when Falk was a professor of International Law at Princeton, he visited Iranian Revolution leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini at his home in exile in France. In a February 1979 New York Times op-ed, after Khomeini had returned to Iran, Falk wrote, "The depiction of him as fanatical, reactionary and the bearer of crude prejudices seems certainly and happily false." Falk wrote that Khomeini's "entourage was uniformly composed of moderate, progressive individuals," and that "having created a new model of popular revolution based, for the most part, on nonviolent tactics, Iran may yet provide us with a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third-world country." By the end of 1979 Khomeini had become Supreme Leader of Iran and began removing moderates from his circles, arresting and even killing political opponents, and supporting students who took over the U.S. embassy in Tehran, holding American hostages for 444 days. Falk was criticized for having supported Khomeini. Falk later changed his opinion of Khomeini's regime, calling it "the most terroristic since Hitler."
9/11 and the Bush administration
In 2004, Falk wrote the preface to David Ray Griffin's book The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11 which maintains that the George W. Bush administration was complicit in the September 11 attacks. In that preface he argued: "There have been questions raised here and there and allegations of official complicity made almost from the day of the attacks, especially in Europe, but no one until Griffin has had the patience, the fortitude, the courage, and the intelligence to put the pieces together in a single coherent account." Falk also wrote a chapter for Griffin's 2006 book, 9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out.
In November 2008, Falk wrote in The Journal, a student publication in Edinburgh, Scotland: "It is not paranoid under such circumstances to assume that the established elites of the American governmental structure have something to hide and much to explain... The persisting inability to resolve this fundamental controversy about 9/11 subtly taints the legitimacy of the American government. It can only be removed by a willingness, however belated, to reconstruct the truth of that day, and to reveal the story behind its prolonged suppression."
In 2004, Falk signed a statement released by the organization 9/11 Truth that calls for a new investigation into the September 11 attacks. Falk confirmed his support for the statement in 2009. In 2008, Falk called for an official commission to further study these issues, including the role neoconservatives may have played in the attacks, saying "It is possibly true that especially the neoconservatives thought there was a situation in the country and in the world where something had to happen to wake up the American people. Whether they are innocent about the contention that they made that something happen or not, I don't think we can answer definitively at this point."
In January 2011, Susan Rice, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, suggested that Falk should be removed from his U.N. posts after he wrote on his blog about the "eerie silence of the mainstream media, unwilling to acknowledge the well-evidenced doubts about the official version of the events: an al Qaeda operation with no foreknowledge by government officials." United Nations secretary-general Ban Ki-moon likewise condemned Falk's blog posting, calling it "inflammatory rhetoric" which was "preposterous" and "an affront to the memory of the more than 3,000 people who died in that tragic terrorist attack." Ban stated that only the U.N. Human Rights Council could remove its appointees from office.
Israeli-Palestinian conflict
In a 2002 op-ed in The Nation, Falk was highly critical of Operation Defensive Shield, describing it as "state-sponsored terrorism". He wrote that the view of an "overwhelming majority" of the UN Security Council, and a UN Human Rights Commission inquiry he was a part of, was that suicide bombings took place only after the Palestinians "ran out of military options", and suicide attacks appeared as the only way to inflict sufficient harm on Israel so that "the struggle could go on". The UN inquiries found that Israel was responsible for the escalation of violence, and that their military response against the Palestinians constituted a violation of international law. Falk referred to the Passover massacre as "horrifying", stating that Israel's response was "equally horrifying".
In 2002 Falk wrote on Princeton Divestment's website that "to divest from companies profiting from business with Israel at this time is to express solidarity with victims of massive crimes against humanity and to call upon Israel to respect U.N. authority and the elemental rules of international law by withdrawing from occupied Palestinian territory."
In a June 2007 article, "Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust", Falk compared some Israeli policies with regard to the Palestinians to the Nazi record of collective punishment, warning that Israel may be planning a Holocaust in the same way Nazi Germany did. Identifying himself as a Jewish American, Falk stated that his use of the term 'Holocaust' "represents a rather desperate appeal to the governments of the world and to international public opinion to act urgently to prevent these current [Israeli] genocidal tendencies from culminating in a collective tragedy [for the Palestinians]". Falk also stated that "the comparison should not be viewed as literal, but... that a pattern of criminality associated with Israeli policies in Gaza has actually been supported by the leading democracies of the 21st century." Falk argued that Western and Arab states were associated in a "pattern of criminality" akin to states which let Hitler oppress German Jews in the 1930s. He also denied that Hamas was a terrorist organization and that it was always ready to work with other Palestinian groups towards "acceptance of Israel's existence", called Israel's disengagement from Gaza a "sham" in which 300 Gazans were killed since Israel's "supposed physical departure", and stated that Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip had brought Gaza to "the brink of collective starvation, imposing a "sub-human existence on a people" through "collective punishment, and that Israeli policies were "indeed genocidal". In late December 2009, Falk again criticized Israel's blockade, and called for Israel to be threatened with economic sanctions if the blockade was not lifted.
In April 2008 Falk compared Israeli actions in Gaza to those of the Nazis and responded to criticism of his statements saying, "If this kind of situation had existed for instance in the manner in which China was dealing with Tibet or the Sudanese government was dealing with Darfur, I think there would be no reluctance to make that comparison." He attributed the reluctance to criticise Israel's policies to the sensitive history of the Jewish people, as well as the state's ability to "avoid having (its) policies held up to international law and morality".
In December 2012, when asked explicitly about the "neutrality" of groups like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, Falk said in an interview "there is no doubt that the private-funding base of these leading human rights NGOs leads to some biasing of their agendas". However, he commented that "in reaction to criticism there has been more self-criticism directed at American patterns of abuse, and a greater willingness to report critically on Israel" by such NGOs.
2011 intervention in Libya
During the 2011 Libyan civil war, Falk published an op-ed in Al Jazeera against the proposals for military intervention. Falk wrote that military intervention was illegal under international law, and that "the Gaddafi government, however distasteful on humanitarian grounds, remains the lawful diplomatic representative of a sovereign state". Falk also wrote that any intervention would be pro-insurgency rather than counter-insurgency, and criticized politicians who supported intervention, arguing that "it seems that many of the Republicans focused on the deficit although cutting public expenditures punishes the poor at a time of widespread unemployment and home foreclosures would not mind ponying up countless billions to finance acts of war in Libya".
In a Falk blog entry published in Today's Zaman, Falk argued that unlike protests in other countries, the Libyan opposition was reliant on military force "almost from the start", and that violent political reaction from within to Gaddafi's regime was fully justified as an "expression of Libyan self-determination". He also wrote that the intervention was not to protect civilians from attack, but to ensure a rebel victory and the defeat of Gaddafi.
Boston Marathon bombings
In a posting on his personal blog called "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders", reprinted in Al-Jazeera, Falk wrote regarding the Boston Marathon bombings, which he called "horrific". He also wrote that "the American global domination project is bound to generate all kinds of resistance in the post-colonial world" and that "the United States has been fortunate not to experience worse blowbacks". He contrasted the critical response to the bombings from callers to a PBS program with that of US politicians and the mainstream media among whom he said self-scrutiny remained "taboo" and that American politicians did not "have the courage to connect some of these dots." He also criticized American policy towards Iran's nuclear program and friendship with Israel, writing more attacks are likely "if there is no disposition to rethink US relations to others in the world, starting with the Middle East."
Falk continued and mounted a critique of US foreign policy describing the Iraq War and Afghanistan War as "unlawful wars" which had "devastated two countries, seemingly beyond foreseeable recovery, while adding nothing to American security". He said that while the failure and expense of these wars meant that this kind of intervention was no longer the centerpiece of American policy, "[t]he war drums are beating at this moment in relation to both North Korea and Iran, and as long as Tel Aviv has the compliant ear of the American political establishment, those who wish for peace and justice in the world should not rest easy."
Canadian Foreign Minister John Baird sharply criticized Falk, stating that "Once again, United Nations official Richard Falk has spewed more mean-spirited, anti-Semitic rhetoric, this time blaming the attacks in Boston on President Obama and the State of Israel. The United Nations should be ashamed to even be associated with such an individual." The United Kingdom, in a statement by its UN mission, noted that this was "the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk's anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable." United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon rejected Falk's statements, saying that they undermined the credibility and work of the UN. United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice wrote that she was "Outraged by Richard Falk's highly offensive Boston comments", that "Someone who spews such vitriol has no place at the UN", and that it was "Past time for him to go.".
Falk's statements were also criticized by numerous publications and advocacy groups, including the New York Daily News, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), The Jerusalem Post, Sohrab Ahmari of the Wall Street Journal, UN Watch, the Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee. Scott McConnell responded to the criticism in The American Conservative: "Amazing for its viciousness and rank dishonesty is the campaign waged against UN special rapporteur for human rights in occupied Palestine Richard Falk for making some pretty straightforward "blowback" points in the aftermath of the Boston terrorist attack." He went on to describe how, in his view, "a well-funded neocon group called UN Watch and its various media allies had ginned up an intense public relations campaign, based on falsifying the meaning of his piece, using ellipses to distort its sentences, to claim that Falk had said that the Boston victims somehow deserved their fate."
West Chester University historian Lawrence Davidson argued in defence of Falk's statement that:-
looked at from outside of the self-justifying perspective of the United States government, everything Richard Falk says is accurate. However, from the inside of the official government worldview, Falk is a heretic and his message dangerous verbal poison. Therefore, the reaction of those dedicated to customary policies and alliances has been shrill.
Accusations of antisemitism
On June 29, 2011 Richard Falk posted on his blog an entry regarding the International Criminal Court's indictment of Muammar Gaddafi for crimes against humanity which included a cartoon image of a dog with a Jewish head-covering and a sweater with the letters "USA"; it was urinating on Lady Justice while devouring bloody human bones. UN Watch, which is a Geneva-based NGO contacted UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay regarding the cartoon. Falk acknowledged on July 6 that the cartoon was antisemitic and apologized for posting it, explaining that he had thought the small markings on the dog's head represented a military helmet, not a yarmulka. He added that "we must also make peace with nature, and treat animals with as much respect as possible."
Despite Falk's explanation of his error, Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League called on Falk to resign as U.N. Rapporteur for the Palestinian territories saying that "This cartoon is blatantly anti-Semitic and conveys the message that Jews and Americans care little about what is just and moral" and that "the message of hatred in this cartoon nonetheless directly contravenes the principles of the Human Rights Council and of the United Nations itself." United States envoy to the UN Joseph M. Torsella said the posting of the cartoon was "shameful and outrageous" and "an embarrassment to the United Nations", and called on him to resign. US Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, chairwoman of the US House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs also called on Falk to resign. British Prime Minister, David Cameron, instructed the UK's concerns Permanent Representative to express concerns regarding the cartoon and said that he would "continue to closely watch any further actions or comments Mr Falk may make."
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay "acknowledged the cartoon was antisemitic and objectionable." She did not call for Falk's resignation because of his public apologies, his explanation that he had misinterpreted the cartoon, and the fact he had swiftly removed the image from his website.
In July 2012, in discussing why he was drawn to the "Palestinian struggle", Falk wrote on his blog, "I formed a well-evidence belief that the U.S. Government and the organized Jewish community were responsible for the massive and enduring confiscation of Palestinian land and rights." UN Watch, accused Falk of "promoting racist remarks," as well as anti-Semitism, "by attempting to blame Jewish communities everywhere for alleged crimes against Palestinians." Falk later responded, writing "I have often opposed policies including those of the US and Israel but to conflate such stands with racism is [part of] a wide-ranging and frequently repeated denunciation of my views and activities."
In December 2012, UN Watch published an open letter to Human Rights Watch critical of Falk. Falk was asked to resign from the Santa Monica group's board and his name was removed from their website, because his working for the United Nations was contrary to HRW policy. Later that month, in response to a UN Watch press release criticizing Falk, 40 representatives of major international human rights organisations worldwide signed a letter to Human Rights Watch urging the group to "clarify that he was not 'expelled' as an enemy of human rights' as UN Watch claimed". Phyllis Bennis, a signer of the letter, wrote that Human Rights Watch replied on January 1, 2013, stating that the UN Watch letter was filled with "inaccuracies and falsehoods" and repeating Human Rights Watch's statement it was complying with its longstanding policy.
As mentioned above regarding Falk's commentary on the Boston Marathon bombings, the British mission to the United Nations stated that "[this is] the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk's anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable."
Personal life
Falk is married to Hilal Elver who holds an SJD from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, a PhD from the University of Ankara School of Law, is a Research Professor and co-director of the Project on Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy housed at the Orfalea Center of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and an editor at the Middle East Research and Information Project.
Published works
- Essays on Espionage and International Law with Quincy Wright, Julius Stone, Roland J. Stanger; Ohio State University Press, 1962
- Security in Disarmament, Editor with Richard J. Barnet, Princeton University Press, 1965
- Toward a Theory of War Prevention, with Saul H. Mendlovitz, Transaction Publishers, 1966
- Strategy of World Order (Volumes I to IV), edited with Saul H. Mendlovitz, World Law Fund, 1966–67
- Legal Order In A Violent World, Princeton University Press, 1968
- International Law And Organization, Editor with Wolfram F. Hanrieder, Lippincott, 1968.
- The Six Legal Dimensions of the Vietnam War, Princeton University Press, 1968
- In the Name of America-The Conduct of the War in Vietnam by the Armed Forces of the U.S., editor with Seymour Melman, E.P. Dutton, 1968
- The Vietnam war and international law, edited by Richard A. Falk with Wolfram F. Hanrieder; J. B. Lippincott, 1968.
- A Global Approach to National Policy, Harvard University Press, 1975.
- Crimes of War: A Legal, Political-Documentary, and Psychological Inquiry into the Responsibility of Leaders, Citizens, and Soldiers for Criminal Acts in Wars with Gabriel Kolko, Robert Jay Lifton; Random House, 1971
- The United Nations and a Just World Order with Samuel S. Kim, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1991
- This Endangered Planet, Random House, 1971
- Regional Politics and World Order with Saul H. Mendlovitz, W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd, 1973.
- A Study of Future Worlds, Free Press, 1975
- The Vietnam War and International Law, Editor, Princeton University Press, 1976
- Human Rights and State Sovereignty, Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1981
- International Law: A Contemporary Perspective (Studies on a Just World Order, No 2) with Friedrich Kratochwil, Saul H. Mendlovitz; Westview Press, 1985
- Revolutionaries and Functionaries, Dutton Adult, 1988
- The Promise of World Order: Essays in Normative International Relations, Temple University Press, 1988
- Explorations at the Edge of Time: The Prospects for World Order, Temple University Press, 1993.
- On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics – The World Order Models Project Report of the Global Civilization Initiative, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995
- Indefensible Weapons: The Political and Psychological Case Against Nuclearism with Robert Jay Lifton, House of Anansi Press, 1998
- Predatory Globalization: A Critique, Polity, 1999
- Human Rights Horizons: The Pursuit of Justice in a Globalizing World, Routledge, 2001
- Reframing the International: Law, Culture, Politics, Routledge, 2002
- Unlocking the Middle East: The Writings of Richard Falk, Jean Allain, Editor; Olive Branch Press, 2002.
- In Pursuit of the Right to Self-Determination Collected Papers of the First International, Editor with D. Kly, Clarity Press, 2001
- Religion and Humane Global Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, 2001
- The Great Terror War, Interlink Publishing Group, 2002
- The Declining World Order: America's Imperial Geopolitics, Routledge, 2004
- The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9-11 by David Ray Griffin, (Foreword), Interlink Books, 2004
- The Record of the Paper: How the New York Times Misreports US Foreign Policy with Howard Friel, Verso, 2004
- Crimes of War: Iraq with Irene Gendzier, Robert Jay Lifton; Nation Books, 2006
- Foundations of Restoration Ecology: The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration (The Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration Series) with Richard J. Hobbs, Donald A. Falk, Margaret Palmer, and Joy Zedler; Island Press, 2006
- The Costs of War: International Law, the UN, and World Order after Iraq, Routledge, 2007
- Israel-Palestine on Record: How the New York Times Misreports Conflict in the Middle East with Howard Friel, Verso, 2007
- Achieving Human Rights, Routledge, 2008
- International Law and the Third World: Reshaping Justice (Routledge-Cavendish Research in International Law), Editor, Routledge, July 29, 2008
- Can Humanitarian Intervention be Humanitarian? International Policy Digest, Author, August 5, 2011
- Syria: Geopolitical Mentoring versus Rehab for Addicted Geopolitical Leaders International Policy Digest, Author, August 19, 2011
- Rethinking Afghanistan After a Decade International Policy Digest, Author, September 19, 2011
- Opening the Other Eye: Charles Taylor and Selective Criminal Accountability International Policy Digest, Author, April 27, 2012
- How to Save a Stumbling 'Economic Europe' International Policy Digest, Author, June 11, 2012
- The Path to Zero: Dialogues on Nuclear Dangers, with David A. Krieger, Paradigm Publishers 2012
- Reflections on Teju Cole's Open City International Policy Digest, Author, February 21, 2013
- Palestine: The Legitimacy of Hope, Just World Books, 2014 [1]
- (Re)imagining Humane Global Governance, Routledge, 2014
- Chaos and Counterrevolution: After the Arab Spring, Zed Books, 2015
- Humanitarian Intervention and Legitimacy Wars: Seeking Peace and Justice in the 21st Century, Routledge, 2015
- Power Shift: on the New Global Order, Zed Books, 2016
- Palestine's Horizon: Toward a Just Peace, Pluto Press, 2017


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Columbia Daily Spectator, Volume CIX, Number 72, 19 February 1965 — Negroes Are Willing to Use Terrorism, Says Malcolm [ARTICLE+ILLUSTRATION]
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a new holocaust could be right around the corner. I'm sorry, but that's ridiculous, and it needs to stop.
Wow...Should we go down this rabbit hole?
people who have democratic values like us
People who hate Israel are anti-semitic and would likely (not 100%) be Nazis if we were in 1935.
please don't say Hitler was a right-wing guy, there is not a single element in his politics supporting that lie
It's not ridiculous at all, it's true. Put a H-Bomb/WMD in the hands of Syria/Hamas and wave Israel goodbye.They have sworn this a thousand times.
- Authoritarianism (Stalin? Pol Pot? Fidel Castro?)- Imperialism (the Soviets did none of that of course...)- Legitimacy through religion (Atheism is a form of religion in the way the soviets preached it)- Militarism (Soviets?!!!)- Eugenics (SOVIETS! Oh my good the Olympics back in the days)- Racism, Homophobia, etc. (Pol Pot)- Racial segregation (Pol Pot)- Social Darwinism (Pol Pot, Soviets)- Anti-Egalitarianism (''Everyone is equal but some are more equal than others'' soviet type thing)- Corporatism (All corporations in Nazi Germany were puppets and/or completely dependant of the central state. All White Germany industrialists went broke if they didn't side with the State)- Anti-Intellectualism (Hitler loved intellectuals and was arguably one himself)
Yes, I'm sure Hamas wants to detonate a nuclear weapon in their own backyard, in the country they want to inhabit. That makes sense. Have you looked at what Hamas actually said at their most extreme? "We will not betray promises we made to God to continue the path of Jihad and resistance until the liberation of Palestine, all of Palestine." Liberation does not mean "blow the whole thing up." It means take the country for Palestine. Crazy? Yes. Holocaust? No. Hamas and other groups are certainly political or military enemies of Israel. (Israel, making enemies? But how?) However, the connecting line between this and holocaust just doesn't exist. The most important point here is that, again, you're trying to turn a political matter into a specifically racial one. Do you really think Palestinians are upset with Jews because of, what, how they look, or any number of stereotypes? Do Palestinians believe they are the Master Race? Does the Palestinian agenda involve seeking out Jews in other countries, just to kill them because they are racially Jewish?
But what you write is also full of holes... I added examples beside each of your points to show it's left wing as much as right wing
- Corporatism (All corporations in Nazi Germany were puppets and/or completely dependant of the central state. All White Germany industrialists went broke if they didn't side with the State)
To separate themselves from Hitler, they stopped calling Jews Jews and now call them Zionists. That is such a wonderful play on their part, bravo.
Basically I can't defend any country/nation/culture that promotes SHARIA law
Their LAUGHABLE claim to that territory is also stupid. The territory was given to Israel, but before the first world war that territory was Ottoman Empire. If any side has any legitimate ancestral claim to that land it's the Jews, both I could agree that none of them have.


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Displaying Channels 1 - 20 of 410
Newcastle, Australia, Oldies. 64kbps Oldies Radio Station, Unforgettable 1629 Memories From The 30s Through To The 80s. Easy Listening, Adult Standards. Newcastle Australia NSW
20 votes
Warwick, Australia, Community. 40kbps AAC Stream, Southern Downs. Was Rainbow FM
28 votes
Gold Coast, Australia, Adult Contemporary/Top 40. 128kbps Yesterday's Favourites And Today's Hits
Perth, Australia, Easy Listening. 64kbps Perth West Australia Music Memories. Music Fun Facts And Information
4 votes
Adelaide, Australia, News. 64kbps News, Talk, Information, 5RPH Vision Radio For Print Handicapped
760 votes
Mandurah, Australia, Oldies. 128kbps Always Great Music, Classic Hits
Sydney, Australia, Regional. Broadcasting From The World Famous Beach This Is Bondi Radio
33 votes
Mandurah, Australia, Top 40. 128kbps West Coast Radio, Peel Region, Perth Area
Perth, Australia, Community. 64kbps Twin Cities Local Community Radio Broadcasting From ECU Edith Cowan University For Joondalup And Wanneroo, Twin Cities FM
10 votes
Wollongong, Australia, Regional. Variety
4 votes
Sydney, Australia, Community. 48kbps Community Radio Station In Chatswood, Sydney For The North Shore. Asian Music, Cultural Programming
15 votes
Adelaide, Australia, Talk. 48kbps AAC Stream, News Talk For Adelaide Area
621 votes
Gold Coast, Australia, Community. 24kbps Easy Listening Broadcast Area From Beenleigh To Byron Bay.
Sydney, Australia, Rock. 64kbps Smooth Rock Variety, Zoo Super Digi
Tamborine, Australia, Metal Rock. 128kbps Heavy Metal, Metal Rock
4 votes
Tamworth, Australia, Country. 128kbps All Australian Country
8 votes
Sydney, Australia, Bangla. 24-7 Bangla HD Radio From Sydney, Pop
4 votes
Melbourne, Australia, Oldies. 128kbps The Best Songs Of All Time
42 votes
Geelong, Australia, Jazz. 128kbps Indie International Network In Geelong, Victoria, Plays Smooth Jazz, Jazz, RnB
Sydney, Australia, Easy Listening. 128kbps Smooth Jazz, Nu Jazz, Easy Listening, Digital Radio


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Free shipping over $98 in Australia
10% discount when you add another Tee / Accessory with code 'MULTI10'
Save $10 on your first Tee → Try Magic Fit®
COVID-19 UPDATE: Our shop is open again! → Read more
Magic Fit® replaces the measuring tape.
Faster and more accurate than a human tailor, Magic Fit® uses technology to make custom easy.
Get $10 right now.
Join our pack and save a blue swimmer (aka ten bucks) on your first made-to-measure Tee.
Made just for you.
Say hello to your Magic Fit® Tee! Please use the notes field below to tell us what makes your body unique and we'll adjust the measures accordingly.
✔ FREE alterations
✔ FREE repairs
Know what you want?
Tell us straight and we'll make it happen.
Short Crew
Pay for your order in equal fortnightly payments
Your order will be shipped now, just like a normal order
No interest, no additional fees if you pay on time*
You can use Afterpay for orders up to $1000
100% Certified Organic Cotton 'Light' 110 GSM
Our lightweight organic cotton is grown and spun in India before being knitted in Melbourne at 110 gsm. Perfect for the Aussie summer it's ultra soft and naturally breathable with a luxurious drape as well as being Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) certified.
Please note we only offer dark colours in this fabric which are guaranteed opaque, because on lighter colours (inc. white) it can become semi-sheer.
Free shipping on all swatches
100% Certified Organic Cotton 'Everyday' 145 GSM
Our 'everyday' organic cotton is grown and spun in India before being knitted in Melbourne at 145 gsm for the ultimate year-round weight.
It's incredibly soft, naturally breathable and washes like a dream as well as being Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) certified.
Free shipping on all swatches
100% Certified Organic Cotton 'Heavy' 180 GSM
Our heavier organic cotton is grown and spun in India before being knitted in Melbourne at 180 gsm, perfect for winter layering.
With an amazingly soft handle and just as breathable as the 145 gsm, the extra weight provides more stability and durability as well as being Global Organic Textile Standard (GOTS) certified.
Free shipping on all swatches
55% Hemp / 45% Organic Cotton
Hemp is the planet-friendly miracle fibre produced from the stem of the cannabis plant. Biodegradable and naturally organic requiring zero pesticides or herbicides, hemp also uses 50 percent less water than cotton.
With a visible texture similar to pure linen our 210 gsm weight is blended with organic cotton for softness to achieve the perfect balance between opacity, breathability and UV resistance making it ideal for the long hot Aussie summers.
Free shipping on all swatches
100% Superfine Non-Mulesed Merino Wool
Our 17.5 micron 'superfine' pure merino wool is single-origin sourced from happy sheep 300km west of Sydney before being knitted in Melbourne. How do we know they're happy? Because we exclusively buy certified cruelty-free 'non-mulesed' wool.
The extra-long staple ewe's fleece makes a 150 gsm cloth that is softer, smoother and more resistant to pilling than regular merino and feels like true luxury against the skin.
Free shipping on all swatches
Magic Fit® technology.
Custom-fit to your body.
Free alterations.
Guaranteed perfect fit.
Carbon negative.
5x offset for every Tee.
Made in Australia.
Ethically certified.
Keep calm and upgrade winter.
From the alps to the streets, the mock neck is versatile and elegant whilst remaining relaxed. Designed for the shoulder seasons or as the ultimate base layer, our long sleeve mock neck Tee pairs best with your favourite jeans and Chelsea boots.
- 4 cm Mock neck
- Long sleeves
- Flat hem
- Custom-made to fit your body
- Ethically made in Sydney
- Sustainably carbon negative
48% less CO2.
5x Carbon negative.
Because we make everything on-demand and only use natural fabrics we're way ahead of the sustainability curve producing only 2.9 kg CO2 per Tee compared to fast fashion's 5.6 kg. Plus we 5x our carbon offsets to become carbon negative by rewilding the forests of Tasmania.
Magic Fit® replaces the measuring tape.
Every Citizen Wolf Tee is custom made to fit your body via Magic Fit®. Simply tell us your height + weight + age + bra for women, and our algorithm builds a 94% accurate mathe-magical model of your body. We've done it thousands and thousands of time and it really works!
How does it work?
Watch the video to see how every Citizen Wolf Tee is custom made in Sydney around three core principles: local production is best, ethical sourcing is mandatory and sustainable is non-negotiable.
Free alterations.
Magic Fit is more accurate than a human tailor but occasionally adjustments are necessary. We guarantee to alter any garment free of charge within 30 days to make it perfect.
Free repairs. Forever.
Yes, you read that correctly! Why? Because for every additional 9 months we wear the clothes we already own, we reduce their footprint (carbon / water / waste) by up to 30% according to WRAP UK. So we'll repair your Tees for free for as long as possible and all you ever pay is shipping.
Award winning innovation.
The Good Design Awards are Australia's most prestigious awards for design and innovation, so we're incredibly proud to have won Gold in the fashion impact category for our sustainable, on-demand model where nothing goes to landfill.
Handcut by laser.
Meet Cyndi, the hardest working cutter in the biz. She's a touch OCD but that works when millimetre accuracy is the game. Book a tour to see her in action, weekdays at our state of the art Sydney factory.
No Landfill.
Rather than landfill our offcut fabric scraps as most factories do, we upcycle them into the Zero Waste Tote. Hand crafted from jersey scraps left over from our T-shirt production, each bag is a unique patchwork and statement on your values.


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Here's a little sneak peak of my part:
Here's a little sneak peak of my part:
Love those colors. That green is my favorite. I used to have a kitchen that color. Yummy!
That blue and orange paper is making me giddy! Te he he. Sorry. I get excited about patterns.
Thanks, Marisa!
Very nice. I'm excited about this blog hop and really looking forward to it. I REALLY love this palette, Marisa. I've enjoyed working with it. There's something about the blue/greens (soothing,) alongside the yellow/orange (energetic) that is indicative of this time of year...
@Mollie....OMGoodness. What happened? Is there anything we can do to help?
Those are some awesome kits ladies,this is my first ever blog train and i am excited about it.My kit is almost done,can't wait to show you ladies.
I kept mine small this time...July has been busy!
I am loving what I'm seeing here. I actually haven't even had a chance to work on mine yet. I have so many ideas, but I think I'll have to keep it small and simple this time around...
Here's my preview.
@Samantha: wow, this may be your first time joining us, but it can't be your first time designing right?! Your part looks great! Word of advice though; add your Terms of use on your preview (PU-personal use, CU-commercial use, and everything in between) so visitors can see what your terms are in one glance. Have fun!
I finished my part (and my preview) so I have the full preview to share with you now, for those of you who were curious after seeing the sneak peak . I have it set to go on my blog for July 31st at midnight.
omg Melouise! it's so dang cute! and the girls are just adorable!! I'm SO excited for this kit
Melouise, I just want to reach through my monitor and SQUEEZE everything! Absolutely adorable!!!!!!!!!! What a fantastic job you've done!!! Hurry up Blog Train!!!! (and thank you for your generosity of time and talent--I can guess how much time you put into this--LOTS and LOTS!
Everything looks wonderful! So many lovely things. How talented and generous you all are!
Melouise everything in your kit is so CUTE! and unique. Can hardly wait to get my hands on it. Thanks for sharing so generously.
Here is the preview of my part.
I am SOOO excited to see everyone's work together! AMAZING job ladies!!
@Melouise: it is my first time joining but not my first time designing, i'm glad you liked my portion, i had lots of fun working with the colors, just beautiful, thank you so much for the advice Melouise, i will keep them in mind!!
have a wonderful day.. oh and by the way.. you girls are amazing, so many talented ladies..
seriously?!?! A-MAAAAZ-ING!!!!
Here is a sneak peak of mine.
My preview:
This is my kit for the blog train,i am sooooo excited as this is my first blog train ever,not all elements are shown.I will link it to my blog when the time comes to do so.
What do you all think?
I am in love with your crabs paper Mesija! It´s super cute! Also love all the ellies!
@Cat: I´m with you: Some ideas, NOTHING designed. Will I join in this time? Who knows...
@Lorien.......Thank you sweetie!!
Just posted the sign up thread. Remember, your part doesn't have to be live on your blog until Aug 1.
Everyone has done such a wonderful job-I can hardly wait!
I am getting so excited for all the textured papers!! Guess I need to head to the beach again soon so I have pictures to scrap!!


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WHITEHOUSE STATION, N.J. (AP) — Drugmaker Merck & Co. is recalling a combination cholesterol drug, wiping out the entire U.S. stock, due to packaging defects that could reduce effectiveness.
Merck says the recall covers all four dose strengths and every batch distributed since Liptruzet was launched last May.
Merck, the world's third-biggest drugmaker, says some of the foil pouches holding the pills may allow air and moisture inside. Merck says there's a remote chance that could decrease the drug's effectiveness or otherwise change its properties, but that the recall is not due to any reports of patients being harmed.
The Whitehouse Station, N.J., company says patients can continue taking any Liptruzet they have and should consult a doctor before stopping therapy. Merck plans to get Liptruzet back on the market as soon as possible.
(© Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.)


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If you're looking for a recent film to watch with the family, this is not your week--unless your kids are into meditative art-house fare or gratuitous violence.
13 Assassins
A band of unemployed samurai come together at the end of Japan's feudal era to bring down a war-crazed lord who hopes to take the throne and plunge the nation into chaos. Now available on Blu-ray and DVD, read our review and watch the trailer
Hobo With a Shotgun
Rutger Hauer stars, per the title, as a hobo with a shotgun who meets out a double-barrel dose vigilante justice and crooked cops and bad guys in the grindhouse homage. Now available on Blu-ray and DVD, watch the trailer
The 2005 Oscar winner for Best Foreign Film, tells the story of a Johannesburg street gang leader who winds up caring for a baby accidentally kidnapped during a carjacking. Now available on Blu-ray, watch the trailer
Das Boot
Wolfgang Peterson's classic 1981 film about a young crew on a German submarine comes to Blu-ray in a new 2009-minute director's cut. Now available on Blu-ray and DVD, watch the trailer
Of Gods and Men
A film based on the true story of a group of monks living in the hills of Algeria in the '90s who finds themselves forced to choose between leaving the community they have cared for or facing Islamic extremists intent on getting rid of them one way or another. Now available on Blu-ray and DVD, watch the trailer
Ratatouille, Wall-E & Up
Three classic Pixar films are each now available in Blu-ray, DVD combo packs.
The Sacrifice
The final film from Andrei Tarkovsky, released in 1986, tells the story of a man struggling with e lack of spirituality in the world upon the start of WW III. Now available on Blu-ray, watch the trailer
Tim & Eric Awesome Show Great Job!: Seasons 1 - 5
The Cartoon Network's Adult Swim classic presents a "the nightmare version of television," according to creators Tim Heidecker and Eric Wareheim. Now available on DVD


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To use my new setup with the VFX service, the asterisk config settings need to be modified from those discussed in:
I couldn't find anything around discussing the issues I had so I thought I'd post here in case it helps others.
The GUI puts everything into users.conf. When the trunk is defined the following is required to be entered into the GUI
- make sure the username is your phone number with the leading zero from the area code removed
- fromdomain is as.wxcnz.net
- fromuser same as username just mentioned. Possibly this could be left blank
- insecure set to very in the drop down box
- password as given by xnet
- hostname is as.wxcnz.net
Remember to set as.wxcnz.net in your hosts file as per post referenced above.
Now what this all does is create a channel definition in your users.conf file with the name [username] and sets the registersip=yes so that registration will occur. You no longer need a separate register=> entry in the sip.conf file - indeed the entry shouldn't exist.
However registration will fail at this stage because the REGISTER messages and the INVITE messages will user the username (your phone number) as the authenticationuser in the authentication digest section. VFX has a separate authentication username that is different than your phone number (that other long number/alpha string supplied by support).
To get this to be used instead you need to add the following to the sip.conf file:
auth = authusername:firstname.lastname@example.com authusername and secret are those long numbers given by support when you signed up to asterisk. What this does is replace the authuser and secret defined in the channel definition if the realm matches xport.co.nz - which it will for the VFX service.


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This one is for those of you who save room for dessert.
"Jenny's Fave" stuffed apple pie – inspired by Chicago native and former "Singled Out" host Jenny McCarthy – will be available at Chicago-area Giordano's Pizza locations Saturday-December 31. A portion of the proceeds will support her autism charity, Generation Rescue.
McCarthy helped prepare a Giordano's deep dish pizza with sausage and onions (her favorite toppings) when she co-hosted ABC's "Windy City Live" in January. "I have Giordano's frozen pizza delivered to my house," said McCarthy, who was living in the Los Angeles area at the time.
Twitter @aboutluisgomez


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USCIS Electronic Immigration System (ELIS) Webinar
On May 22, 2012, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) launched the first phase of our new electronic immigration system, known as USCIS ELIS. This initial release brings the agency closer to realizing the web-based future of immigration services. Currently, USCIS ELIS is available for certain students and visitors who need to file a stand-alone Application to Extend/Change Nonimmigrant Status (Form I-539).
Future releases will add form types and functions to the system, gradually expanding to cover all USCIS immigration benefits. More information about USCIS ELIS is available on the www.uscis.gov/uscis-elis web page, including the Instruction Guide for USCIS ELIS (PDF)and the USCIS ELIS Frequently Asked Questions.
USCIS hosted a series of webinars in June 2012 to give interested individuals an opportunity to view the different features of USCIS ELIS and ask questions about the new system.
The schedule for the webinar series was as follows:
|Time (all times Eastern)
|Tuesday, June 5
|1:00 – 2:00 pm
|Thursday, June 21
|3:00 – 4:00 pm
|Thursday, June 28
|1:00 – 2:00 pm
|Thursday, July 12
|1:00 – 2:00 pm


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Check out JMCM's new website at www.jmcmpub.org
We wanted you to be aware that the FDA has granted accelerated approval of IBRANCE® (palbociclib) for the treatment of postmenopausal women with ER+/HER2- advanced breast cancer. Click here to see the press release!
Otezla® (apremilast) is approved for the treatment of patients with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis who are candidates for phototherapy or systemic therapy. Please click here for more information.
OAs part of APhA's longstanding and ongoing commitment to helping its members ensure optimal and safe patient use of prescription medications, nonprescription products, and dietary supplements, APhA convened national pharmacy and medicine leaders and other stakeholders on March 26.
Click here for more information


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Presley's been harassed
Although one would never know it from the Hook's coverage ["Quash game: How many subpoenas does a code violation need?" News, June 17], the prosecution of Shirley Presley for fencing her land is merely another episode in the long running campaign to steal her property rights.
The attack on Presley began when a group with no legal standing, but powerful political connections, designated and marked a portion of her property as a public trail without authority or permission. When Presley objected, the city of Charlottesville failed to make any effort to stop the continued trespass. When the trespassers destroyed her initial efforts to block passage through her property, the city ignored that, too, although the destruction and photographs of at least one destroyer were carried in the local press.
It was only when Presley undertook effectual protection of her property that the city intervened. The city chose to enforce an obscure ordinance against Presley while still ignoring the ongoing trespass.
One may reasonably assume that attorney Fred Payne's plethora of subpoenas is aimed at establishing complicity by the city of Charlottesville in the attack on Presley's property rights. I wish him well.
And, as for Presley, after years of persecution with the acquiescence if not collusion of city officials, I would not blame her for installing land mines rather than concertina wire.
Emmett Boaz


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What to Cook This Weekend | Feb. 10, 2013
Weekend Project: Roast Beets
We're always brainstorming ways to work smarter, not harder, in the kitchen, one of which is dedicating an hour or two to culinary projects over the weekend (when time is generally more plentiful) to set ourselves up for the days ahead. In that vein, stay tuned for our new series, Weekend Project, in which we'll highlight projects perfect for making the most of your precious downtime.
Do you love the sweet earthiness of roasted beets, but find yourself eschewing recipes that include them due to their lengthy roast time? Here's a simple solution: roast up a big batch of beets while flipping through a favorite book on a lazy Sunday. Once they're done roasting, slice them into the appropriate size for the recipe at hand and stash them in your fridge, already portioned and ready to add to soups, salads, or even pizza throughout the week.
Want more weekend project ideas? We've got you covered.