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A hundred bucks doesn't buy you much in New Jersey, according to a recent study by the Tax Foundation.In fact, it only buys you $87.64 worth of goods. That means, when you consider the prices of goods, housing and income taxes compared with consumers' buying power, New Jersey rates fourth-worst among the 50 states and the District of Columbia, the study found.
Contrast that with Mississippi, where $100 will buy you $115.74 worth of goods, or Arkansas, where it would buy you $114.16 worth. They were the top two states for purchasing power, followed by Missouri and Alabama, tied for No. 3 at $113.51.
On the other hand, Washington, D.C., fared the worst, with $100 buying only $84.60 worth of goods. Hawaii was next-worst, at $85.32, and then came New York, at $86.66.
At least New Jersey trumped its northern neighbor, right?
Part of the reason New Jersey fared so poorly was its high tax rate. The Tax Foundation reported that New Jersey's income tax rate of 8.97 percent was fifth-highest in the nation.
Retirement survey has some gloomy results
Developer plans $85M apartment community for Harrison
Nary a woman in sight: The engineering dilemma (Women in Business blog)


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Use your lexicon to collect terms that you find interesting and define them the way you think they are correct.
a bat-and-ball team sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries30 facts
a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG)18 facts
is a free and open source web browser21 facts
Travelspan- Specializing in Airline Tickets and Vacation Packages
City Surveys & Monitoring – first for GPR Surveys, land surveying in the UK. One of the most trusted names in the industry. Working across the nation, our offices are based in Liverpool
A device that exhibits an acoustic pickup pattern that, when graphed resembles a cardioid, the cardioid is shaped like an apple centred on the microphone which is the "stalk" of the apple
Also, check out the longer list of new terms.
Look at what our users have created already.
On Factolex you can add facts and terms that you believe are missing.
To be sure that the term hasn't already been entered, please use the search function before doing so.
Please tell us what you think about our project

subset: commoncrawl


text:
A collection of scholarly works about individual liberty and free markets. A project of Liberty Fund, Inc.
1552 - 1634
Historical Period:
The Early Modern Period
Sir Edward Coke (pronounced cook) (1552-1634) was a lawyer, Member of Parliament, and judge of great renown. He is considered one of the premier champions of the common law, which he defended against the attempted encroachments of the courts of equity and the royal prerogative of the Stuarts—James I (r. 1603-1625) in particular.


text:
Immortal horror fan
Last Activity: 10-27-2020 05:53 PM
About Me
- About ImmortalSlasher
- Biography
- I became a horror fan when I watched one of these movies when I wasn't supposed to and was underage. Which is probably the best time to watch them as they have more impact.
- Location
- In a dark moonlit forest.
- Interests
- Watching scary horror movies and TV shows.
- Occupation
- Something secret.
- Favorite Horror Movie
- Halloween (original). But I'm waiting on the perfect Friday the 13th movie.
Showing Friends 1 to 3 of 3
- davidemmanuelt
- Primetime Bitch
- horcrux2007
- Evil Dead
- Weapon X
- Maverick, the Hellspawn


text:
Team Members
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At crypto-builder we help you with direct funding for your financial needs. With our step by step
model you can reach financial freedom.
Register and Donate to start your journey. You can now invite others to donate to you.
Invite your friends to also donate and receive monthly donations. Together we achieve more.
You find only 2 people. Duplicate the process. And your success is easily achievable.
Here at The Crypto-Builder, our mission is really simple - to empower you with a truly life-changing opportunity to create generational wealth for you and your family, which we accomplish by deliberate and calculated steps, that are designed to achieve significant financial growth with minimal capital outlay.
We are able to consistently achieve this goal for ourselves and all of our partners by leveraging on unique technological opportunities. And also using the power of community and mentoring to help you accomplish and maintain levels of financial security that were quite honestly only available for a selected few.
The Crypto-Builder is housed in an extremely secure cloud based hosting platform, to ensure peace of mind, security and the overall system integrity for our members, which enables us to focus on delivering the best content, service and community that allow us to help you achieve your goal of financial freedom.


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The Setup Wizard is independant of the Wacom Desktop Center and started automatically evrytime when a new tablet is plugged in and even without tablet driver installed - as far as I know that is done by some part of tablet firmware.
This isn't how peripheral hardware should work. Are you suggesting the tablet can execute code on the host machine without having drivers installed? That sounds pretty un-kosher to me.
If another tablet is attached, it does not fit to the installed information
Are you suggesting this behaviour is normal? The software seems to be designed to accommodate multiple devices, so this would surprise me.
try to attach both tablets together once and go through the process.
I can't do that, since they live in different towns, and I travel by motorbike. Furthermore I don't think that's a reasonable debugging measure to be undertaken by an end-user.
Can you please suggest to your developers that they reproduce this problem by alternating devices as I do, so that a fix can be released.
Thank you!


text:
Quote:UptonroverWas a disgraceful challenge to be honest. If that was an outfield player on a keeper would have been a straight red and all sorts of hell to pay.
Who is online?
Total users online:
Most users online:
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Contact SportNetwork.net
Run your own site
Advertise on SportNetwork.net
SportNetwork.net is part of the Durham Associates Group of companies


text:
Products Details
Product Name:
Room interior metallic design easy installation metallic wallpaper wave LCJH02420032
PVC wallpaper
Roll Size:
Please contact us for the Best Price
48 roll/color
Delivery Lead time:
10-25 days after received deposit.
16 rolls/ carton, the DIM of CTN is 31cm*31cm*55cm
Capacity of 20' GP:
Around 8,000 rolls
HS Code:
Payment Terms:
30% deposit paid in advance, 70% balance will be paid before shipment.
Payment Way:
T/T, Paypal, Money Gram, Western Union and L/C
Why US
*One of Largest Wallpaper Factories In East China, ShanDong -- Very Competitive Price!
* Have more than 300 Vinyl wallpaper collections and 100 Non woven wallpaper catalogs -- More Choices
* More than 50 PVC wallpaper books under $3.99usd -- Help you expand the market !
* Develop more than 5 new books monthly -- Always give you the latest Designs!
* 8 years export experience -- Professional
* One Stop Shop, Lanca also supply Mural, Achieve power, glue and primer -- Do Business with Lanca is Simple, Easy and Safe.
* Make customer OEM wallpaper book. --- Help you sell easily and protect your market!
* Office and showroom in Yiwu. --- Near Ningbo and Shanghai, Good logistics service!
Our Products:
Lanca now is offering over 5000 wallpapers Designs and wall murals design, material including:
* PVC Wallpaper or Vinyl wallpaper
* Deeply Embossed Wallpaper
* Non-woven wallpaper
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* Rotary screen printing wallpaper
* Metallic wallpaper
* Custom Wall murals
* Pure paper
Who We Serve:
Lanca mainly exported wallpapers and OEM murals to Milddle East, South Asia, South America, Europe , Iran, Russia and America. Our clients include agent or distributor globally, hotel project or government project, public entertainment decoration etc.
Our Sales Team:
Lanca overseas team has full experience on exporting wallpapers to global customers. We always give customers the best advice to save cost and expand their local market.
Our Value: Customer first,Create value for customers!
Our Factory:
Lanca factory was set up in 2008, now it has 4 production lines and 70 skilled workers, 5-million-rolls annual production capacity.


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This week on #Twitterati, Nina Garcia is clearly confused about how much money the average American makes, Alexa Chung brings her fashionable ways to Gossip Girl, and CoverGirl goes bold with its latest face. Want more? Including which rapper might be headed back to Paris Fashion Week? Then keep reading this week's most happening fashion moments, events, and quotes, according to Twitter's fashion elite.
Kanye West to Show Collection During Paris Fashion Week 2013?
Guess what, fashion tweeps? "Kanye West is Giving His Womenswear Line Yet Another Shot This Season." (StyleCaster). Surprised? I didn't really think so. West, who is as known for his Twitter rants and fashion extravaganza just as much as he is for his music and his relationship with Kim Kardashian, has had quite the tumultuous relationship with the fashion industry since the debut of his line. While several fashion critics have panned his talent as a designer, several celebs have more than embraced Kanye's fashion prowess.
Image via Lala Instagram
Reality TV star La La Anthony recently took to Instagram to show off a Kanye West orignal. La La tweeted, "Filming today in London rocking my @kanyewest sweater from his collection! I LOVE!" Any guesses as to who else loves Kanye's fashion sense? His #Kimye better half immediately retweeted LaLa's tweet while replying, "LOVE!!! RT." Now that's what you call love.
Nina Garcia Thinks Everyone Can Afford a Birkin After Working a Few Weeks
"So how much of an investment does Nina Garcia consider a $74,000 Birkin bag to be? Oh, just a few weeks' salary." (Fashionista.com). The Project Runway judge and Marie Claire editor recently took to Twitter to express her skewed views on budgeting. Garcia who tweeted, "This is the bag you can spend a few weeks' salary on and not feel guilty," (The Cut) was quickly blasted by her legions of followers and fellow fashion bloggers who reminded Garcia that the average American salary is merely below $25K while the average Hermes Birkin "ranges between $14,500 and $74,500." (StyleCaster). Now that's what you call a major Twitter faux pas.
Image via Andres Otero/ WENN.com
Fashion "It" Girl Alexa Chung is Headed to the Upper East Side
"Hey, Upper East Siders, Alexa Chung will appear on Gossip Girl in season six!" (Fashionologie). While last season's storylines have ventured into total soap-opera mode (Blair Waldorf turning to Jesus to resuscitate Chuck Bass? Anyone?), the show's ability to nab fashion's biggest names as guest stars shows no signs of waning any time soon. For the show's 6th and final season, The Fashion Spot tweeted, "Alexa Chung to cameo on
#GossipGirl." Excited much? Fashionista.com added, "It's like a dream come true: Alexa Chung is going to be on Gossip Girl!!" While it has been speculated that Chung is set to have a fashion storyline with Blair Waldorf (total stretch right?), I was kind of hoping to see her get it on with the show's anti-fashionista, "Lonely Boy" Dan Humphrey. Now that's a hipster couple you can route for.
Cover Girl Targets Edgier Market with Pink
From country bumpkin Taylor Swift to the sometimes bad ass/rock star/pop tart Pink, CoverGirl made a complete 180 in choosing the latest face for its campaign. The colorful singer tweeted a sneak peek of her shoot exclaiming, "Guess who's the new COVERGIRL!!!!!!!!!!!" CoverGirl funny woman, Ellen DeGeneres, welcomed the singer by tweeting, "Welcome to the fold,
@Pink! Being a Covergirl isn't just easy. It's also breezy, and beautiful." The makeup label tweeted the major announcement exclaiming, "Fearless, fun makeup looks + risk-taking rockstar = new COVERGIRL @Pink. #perfection."
So what do you think about CoverGirl's bolder direction? Excited? Inspired? Underwhelmed? Or don't really care? Either way, make sure to tweet away your responses.


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New Photos Of DWTS Tristan MacManus And Anna Trebunskaya In Ballroom With A Twist
We can't stress this enough! Head straight over to Ballroom With A Twist's Official Facebook to see the most amazing new photos of the cast some of which include our beautiful Anna Trebunskaya and our hunky Irishman Tristan MacManus! As most of you know, the two dancing pros from Dancing With The Stars recently performed at the Cape Playhouse at Cape Cod. This photo is my favorite. So beautiful!!
Please please TPTB, hire these two for the next season of Dancing With The Stars!
UPDATE: Also, here is some news from Wolf Trap Facebook about Peta Murgatroyd and Derek Hough joining the cast in August. There will also be a meet and greet. Thanks to @Elmari and Miss Heidi for this news:
Are you a Dancing with the Stars fan? Now is your chance to meet Derek Hough, Peta Murgatroyd, Anna Trebunskaya & Tristan MacManus at a special meet and greet following the Ballroom with a Twist show on Aug. 7! Tickets are $100 and space is limited. To register or for more information, email firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
With rivers, mountain peaks, deserts and fertile valleys, Riverside County offers diversity that few locations can match. More than two million people live in Riverside County, taking advantage of affordable housing, nearby beaches, mountains, hiking and bike trails, the Wine Country near Temecula and resorts that offer oases in the desert.
The county is working to diversify beyond the housing industry that has driven the region's economy for years. Transportation corridors – highways, airports and rail lines – support Southern California's shipping connection to Asia, a vital link for California and the rest of the nation.
California's fourth largest county by population is expanding its economy, working to make Riverside County as business-friendly as possible and using health and recreations strategies to make the county a healthier place for residents. Each year, millions visit the county to take advantage of the glorious desert winter, attend the Riverside County Fair and National Date Festival, the Balloon and Wine Festival, the Palm Springs International Film Festival, the Coachella and Stagecoach mega-concerts, the Paribas Open at the Indian Wells Tennis Center and the Humana Challenge, the golf tournament formerly known as the Bob Hope Classic. All those, combined with a rich cultural heritage and frontier history, make Riverside County a great place live, work or visit.
Board of Supervisors
Your source of information for County of Riverside elected officials.
Cities and Neighboring Communities
A community is only as strong as the bonds that link neighbors together. Learn about cities within Riverside County, and about the adjoining counties with strong ties to our community.
County Agencies and Departments
A list of the County departments and links to their websites is provided here.
County Boards and Commissions
Learn about some of the Boards and Commissions available in Riverside County.
County Organizational Chart
An organizational chart listing the heads of County of Riverside departments and agencies.
County Budget and Financial Information
Downloadable versions of the County Budget, financial reports, and other finance information are available here.
County Holidays
A list of observed holidays by the County of Riverside.
County Ordinances
This link will take you to the Clerk of Board collection of County codes.
County Progress Report
Demographic, trends, and highlights of cities in the County of Riverside
County Roster
Find contact information for elected officials and county departments.
County's Strategic Plan
A comprehensive statement of what the County will be pursuing to carry out its mission of public service.
Elected Officials
Links to Riverside County Elected Officials
Voting and Elections
Do you need an absentee ballot? Do you know where to find your local polling station? Access the Registrar of Voters website.
Working with the County of Riverside
Find information to work with the County of Riverside
County Administration Center
4080 Lemon St. Riverside, CA 92501
Phone: (951) 955-1000
TTY Users: 711


text:
BROWNSVILLE, Ore. — A brew with a hint of salty carmel popcorn may pay dividends for a family in the southern Willamette Valley.
The outcome rests on how a barley variety aptly named Full Pint fares with the craft brewing industry's interest in unique flavors.
"We started with a hundred pounds of seed," says Scott Sayer, who manages the 1,500-acre family farm. "My interest in Full Pint was diverse. I need rotational crops, and I wanted one that would sell in any economy."
The family raises several other crops, including ryegrass, vetch, spring oats and spring radishes, on what was primarily a grass seed farm.
Sayer planted Full Pint on an acre in the spring of 2011 and has increased acreage since then. He plans to plant it on 160 acres this year.
Sayer was interested in a malting variety when he planted Full Pint and began checking with malting companies. In December, Oskar Blues Brewery in Longmont, Colo., brewed a 30-barrel batch of Full Pint strong ale, which is expected to be available soon in pubs throughout the country, says Tim Matthews, head brewer for Oskar Blues.
Full Pint has changed the barley world because it was the first variety cultivated "for reasons of flavor," Matthews says. "I know it can become a mainstay in the craft brew industry."
Matthews says Oskar Blues has also used Full Pint to brew barrel-aged barleywine and plans to collaborate with the Sierra Nevada Brewing Co. in developing a bock lager.
The 100 pounds of seed that Sayer acquired from an OSU test plot in 2009 originally was called BCD47, which was being developed for use in making beer and feed and was resistant to stripe rust, says Pat Hayes, who directs OSU's barley program.
"We were going to call it Half Pint because it was so short," Hayes says in describing a variety that grows knee-high and doesn't fall over. He says Full Pint is being used as a parent in OSU's breeding of winter and spring varieties while retaining Full Pint's unique flavor, which Matthews describes as salty carmel popcorn and agape nectar.
Sayer says he sold 8 tons of Full Pint grain for malting in 2012 and 20 tons for feed. In 2013 he raised about 300 tons, of which 6 tons were sold to Oskar Blues. Early this year he expects to sell more than 100 tons to another malting company.
Meanwhile, OSU fermentation science personnel plan to brew a batch of the Full Pint malt, which will be subjected to a "sensory assessment." Hayes anticipates that will occur when members of the Sayer family and other guests gather in Corvallis to taste "OSU's first all-Oregon beer."
Sayer & Son Farm
Frmers: John "Jack" and Sandra Sayer, Scott Sayer and Rebecca Huston
Time farming: Five generations
Crops: Row and seed crops
Acres: 1,500


text:
Welcome to FamilyHart's
Mid-Atlantic Roots Network...
This site is dedicated to the genealogy, history and culture of the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. By our definition this region is made up of the states of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North Carolina and the District of Columbia.
State Sites
If you have any questions about this site, contact FamilyHart . We do not however perform research for others. Twitter us @FamilyHart
You are visitor since 5 November 1999. This page last updated on Friday, 17-Feb-2017 18:20:27 MST


text:
- Timothy J. Healy
- Director, Terrorist Screening Center
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Statement Before the House Judiciary Committee
- Washington, D.C.
- March 24, 2010
Good morning Chairman Conyers, Ranking Member Smith, and members of the Committee. Thank you for the opportunity to discuss the Terrorist Screening Center (TSC) and its role in the interagency watchlisting process.
The attempted terrorist attack on Northwest Flight 253 on December 25, 2009, highlights the ever-present terrorist threat to our homeland. Over the past seven years, the TSC has played a vital role in the fight against terrorism by integrating terrorist information from the law enforcement and intelligence communities into a single database known as the Terrorist Screening Database (TSDB), which populates the various terrorist screening systems used by the Government. Following the Christmas Day attempted attack, intense scrutiny has been placed on the requirements to nominate individuals to the watchlist and particularly to the No Fly and Selectee lists, which are subsets of the TSDB. These requirements, or standards, have evolved over time based on the experience of the watchlisting community and the issuance of additional Presidential Directives.
Throughout this process, the TSC has remained committed to protecting the American public from terrorist threats while simultaneously protecting privacy and safeguarding civil liberties. As our efforts continue to evolve in response to new threats and intelligence, your support provides us with the tools necessary to continue our mission. Let me begin by telling you about the Terrorist Watchlisting process and how this process related to Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab.
Terrorist Nomination Process
The TSDB, commonly referred to as the Terrorist Watchlist, contains both international and domestic terrorist information. The procedure for submitting information on individuals for inclusion on the Terrorist Watchlist is referred to as the nomination process. The nomination process is the most fundamental and singularly important step in the watchlisting process. It is through this process that individuals are added to the Terrorist Watchlist. Nominations originate from credible information developed by our intelligence and law enforcement partners. These intelligence and law enforcement agencies are referred to as Originators in the watchlisting community because it is through their work that nominations are developed. Federal departments and agencies submit nominations of known or suspected international terrorists to the NCTC for inclusion in NCTC's Terrorist Identities Datamart Environment (TIDE) database, which is the source of all international terrorist identifier information in the TSDB. NCTC reviews TIDE entries and nominates entries to TSC that include sufficient biographical or biometric identifiers and supporting derogatory information that meet the watchlisting standard described below. Similarly, the FBI collects, stores, and forwards to the TSC information relating to domestic terrorists that may not have connections to international terrorism.
When submitting a nomination to NCTC, an Originator may, but is under no obligation to, submit recommendations regarding specific screening systems the nomination should be exported to (e.g., inclusion on either No Fly or Selectee list). If an Originator submits a nomination without a recommendation, NCTC may make an appropriate recommendation based on the totality of associated information. Recommendations made by NCTC will be passed to the TSC for final disposition.
TSC accepts nominations when they satisfy two requirements. First, the biographic information associated with a nomination must contain sufficient identifying data so that a person being screened can be matched to or disassociated from a watchlisted terrorist. Second, the facts and circumstances pertaining to the nomination must meet the reasonable suspicion standard of review established by terrorist screening Presidential Directives. Reasonable suspicion requires articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences, reasonably warrant the determination that an individual "is known or suspected to be or has been engaged in conduct constituting, in preparation for, in aid of or related to terrorism and terrorist activities." The reasonable suspicion standard is based on the totality of the circumstances in order to account for the sometimes fragmentary nature of terrorist information. Due weight must be given to the reasonable inferences that a person can draw from the available facts. Mere guesses or inarticulate "hunches" are not enough to constitute reasonable suspicion. A TSC interagency group composed of members from the intelligence and law enforcement communities issued clarifying guidance to the watchlisting community in February 2009.
TSC makes the final decision on whether a person meets the minimum requirements for inclusion into TSDB as a known or suspected terrorist and which screening systems will receive the information about that known or suspected terrorist. It is not uncommon for a nomination to have multiple recommendations throughout the watchlisting process. In the end, however, TSC works with NCTC and the Originators to ensure a nomination is exported to as many screening systems as the nomination information supports.
The watchlisting and nomination process can best be described as a watchlisting enterprise because it requires constant collaboration between the Originators, NCTC, and TSC. NCTC relies upon the information provided by the intelligence and law enforcement community, TSC relies upon NCTC to analyze and provide accurate and credible information, and the screening community relies upon TSC to manage that information and to efficiently export it to their screening systems.
Export to Supported Systems
Once a known or suspected terrorist is identified and included in the TSDB, TSC ensures the timely dissemination of the terrorist identity data to our screening partners. The utility of the watchlisting process is greatest when the information is efficiently disseminated to those who need it the most. The TSC's subject matter experts, who are composed of experienced analysts and designated agency representatives, review nominations to determine whether they meet the criteria for inclusion in the screening systems supported by the TSDB. The four major U.S. Government systems supported by the TSDB are: Department of State's Consular Lookout and Support System (CLASS) for passport and visa screening; Department of Homeland Security's TECS system for border and port of entry screening; the No Fly and Selectee lists used by the Transportation Security Administration for air passenger screening; and the FBI's National Crime and Information Center's Known or Suspected Terrorist File (formerly known as the Violent Gang/Terrorist Organization File (VGTOF)) for domestic law enforcement screening. The criteria for inclusion in each of these systems are tailored to the mission, legal authorities, and information technology requirements of the department or agency that maintains the system. Accordingly, each of these systems contains a different subset of data from TSDB.
The TSDB exports most pertinent to Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab–LASS, TECS, and the No Fly and Selectee lists–are discussed below.
CLASS is a database administered by the Department of State's Bureau of Consular Affairs and is used by consular officers abroad to screen visa applicants for travel to the United States. CLASS accepts nearly all records from the TSDB because minimal biographic information is necessary for visa screening. In other words, given where (overseas) and when (well in advance of travel to the U.S.), the Government has time to work through what can sometimes be less than complete biographical information–time that might not otherwise be feasible in other screening situations like a routine traffic stop or a busy overseas airport where the presence of U.S. officials is often minimal. The Department of State also uses a screening system known as CLASS-PASSPORT to screen applications for U.S. passports.
The TSC aids the Department of State in identifying known or suspected terrorists through two different processes. The first is the Security Advisory Opinion (SAO) process, whereby individuals that are watchlisted could be identified at the time of their visa application to visit the United States. When consular officers process visa applications, checks are run in CLASS to determine whether any derogatory information exists to warrant a visa denial. If it is determined that the visa applicant is a possible match to an individual on the Terrorist Watchlist, the consular officer requests an SAO. The SAO request is forwarded to the TSC, where the Department of State's subject matter experts at the TSC review the associated TSDB and TIDE records to determine whether the visa applicant is in fact the same watchlisted individual. The TSC's only role in this process is to determine if the individual applying for the visa is the same individual on the Terrorist Watchlist. In the case of a positive match, the TSC forwards the information to the Department of State's Visa Office, in the Bureau of Consular Affairs, to prepare an SAO in response to the request. The SAO is then forwarded to the consular officer adjudicating the visa, who has the authority to issue or deny visa applications. Individuals that are watchlisted at the time of their visa application could be identified through this process.
The second State Department process supported by the TSC is the Visa Revocation Program. The Visa Revocation Program was initiated after 9/11 and is designed to identify individuals who may have received visas prior to that person being identified as a known or suspected terrorist. Every day, the Department of State automatically generates a report that identifies all individuals with a valid visa that could potentially match a person in the TSDB. State officers compare information in CLASS (exported from TSDB), to existing records of visa holders in the Department of State's Consular Consolidated Database (CCD). This report is then evaluated by the State Department experts at the TSC who determine whether there is a positive match to a watchlisted individual. If there is a positive match, then the TIDE record and related derogatory information is made available to the Department of State for review. The Secretary of State holds broad discretionary authority to revoke a visa. Therefore, TSC forwards the information to the Department of State's Visa Office to determine whether to revoke the visa. Individuals that are watchlisted in TSDB after receiving their visas can be identified through this process.
TECS serves as the Department of Homeland Security's primary lookout system and receives daily exports of TSDB records from the TSC. Additionally, TECS receives non-terrorist related subject records from more than twenty federal agencies, including a wide spectrum of data, and provides alerts for a variety of law enforcement needs. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the principal owner and primary user of TECS and uses the system to screen individuals at air ports, land, and sea ports of entry. Through TECS, CBP screens against the Terrorist Watchlist at all 327 ports of entry and by all of the 15 pre-clearance offices located in Canada, the Caribbean, and Ireland. They also use the Terrorist Watchlist to conduct screening operations at international mail and cargo facilities. Similar to CLASS, TECS accepts nearly all records from the TSDB. For subjects in TSDB, CBP is alerted to their travel when a commercial airline forwards the passenger manifest to CBP using the Advanced Passenger Information System (APIS). APIS enhances border security by providing officers with pre-arrival and departure manifest data on all passengers and crew members
No Fly and Selectee List
The No Fly and Selectee lists are unique among TSDB subsets in that they are the only subsets within the Terrorist Watchlist that have their own substantive minimum derogatory criteria requirements, which are considerably more stringent than the reasonable suspicion standard required for inclusion in TSDB itself. Following the creation of the TSC in 2003, the Homeland Security Council Deputies Committee established the initial terrorist screening nomination criteria for the No Fly and Selectee lists in October 2004. At that time, the No Fly list consisted of substantive derogatory criteria that focused attention on individuals intending to commit acts of terrorism against civil aviation or the domestic homeland. Over time, that initial criteria proved to be too restrictive. Consequently, in February 2008, the Homeland Security Council Deputies Committee approved additional criteria that served to broaden the scope of terrorists eligible for the No Fly list. In other words, the criteria to place individuals on the No Fly list has broadened to make the No Fly list more inclusive to respond to additional terrorism threats. The Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector General recognized the significance of the additional criteria when, in a May 2009 report, it stated, "Major security gaps have been addressed by adding No Fly criteria."
For international terrorists, the process to be included on the No Fly list begins, as it does with every nomination, with a federal agency nominating an individual to NCTC for inclusion in TIDE. NCTC analysts review the nomination to ensure it meets nomination criteria and then forward the nomination to the TSC. Analysts at the TSC perform a comprehensive review of the nomination, which includes a review of the derogatory information contained in TIDE and the FBI's Automated Case System. During this process, if there is a reasonable suspicion that the individual is engaging in terrorism or terrorist activity, the terrorist would be added to the TSDB. Placement on the No Fly list requires two components, sufficient biographical information and sufficient derogatory information. If additional information existed to satisfy any of the substantive derogatory criteria and the minimum biographic criteria for the No Fly list, the terrorist's name would be exported to the No Fly list as well. If the analyst reviewing the No Fly nomination determines that there is insufficient information to warrant inclusion on the No Fly list, the nomination is forwarded to the TSA (Office of Intelligence and/or the Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS)) subject matter experts at the TSC for further analysis and a final recommendation. The TSA subject matter expert will review the nomination and all accessible derogatory information associated with the individual and apply the No Fly and Selectee list criteria to that information. Based upon that review and analysis, the TSA/FAMS subject matter expert will then decide based upon that criteria whether the individual will be included on either the No Fly or Selectee list.
Inclusion on the No Fly list prohibits a potential terrorist from boarding a commercial aircraft that departs or arrives in the United States. It also prohibits an airplane carrying an individual on the No Fly list from transiting United States airspace. The Selectee list is used to provide the individual with a secondary screening. Currently, TSA provides the No Fly and Selectee list to commercial air carriers who are then responsible for passenger prescreening against the No Fly and Selectee lists. With the implementation of the Department of Homeland Security's Secure Flight Program, the U.S. Government will assume the responsibility of passenger prescreening against the No Fly and Selectee lists, which will improve the overall effectiveness of this process.
Actions Since December 25, 2009
Before December 25, 2009, TSC did not receive a nomination to watchlist Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab and, as a result, he was not watchlisted in TSDB. Following the attempted terrorist attack, the President of the United States initiated a review of the facts that permitted Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab to board Northwest Airlines Flight 253. In his January 7, 2010 memorandum, the President concluded that immediate actions must be taken to enhance the security of the American people. These corrective actions were also required to ensure that the standards, practices, and business processes that have been in place since the aftermath of 9/11 are appropriately robust to address the evolving terrorist threat facing our Nation in the coming years. As a result, the TSC was given two instructions. The first was to conduct a thorough review of the TSDB and ascertain the current visa status of all known and suspected terrorists, beginning with the No Fly list. That process has now been completed. The second was to develop recommendations on whether adjustments are needed to the watchlisting Nominations Guidance, including biographic and derogatory criteria for inclusion in TIDE and TSDB, as well as the No Fly and Selectee lists. To do so, TSC convened its Policy Board Working Group with representation from NCTC, DHS, CIA, NSA, DOD, DOJ, DOS, and NSC to achieve interagency consensus. That process is underway and TSC is working with its interagency partners to develop appropriate recommendations for consideration by the President.
As of yet, however, there have been no formal changes to watchlisting criteria, including the criteria for inclusion on the No Fly list, since February 2008 when those criteria were last expanded. At the direction of the White House and in conjunction with NCTC, the TSC has made some temporary and limited additions to the watchlist to counter the specific terrorist threat observed on December 25, 2009. As a result, a threat-related target group was identified and individuals from specific high-threat countries already residing in TIDE or TSDB were added to the No Fly and Selectee lists, or upgraded to TSDB if necessary, to prevent future attacks.
As the investigation into the events that allowed Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab to board Flight 253 continues, the TSC remains focused on fulfilling its Presidential and interagency mandates to share terrorist screening information with our domestic and foreign partners. We have a standing commitment to improve our operational processes, to enhance our human capital and technological capabilities, and to continue to protect Americans from terrorist threats while protecting privacy and safeguarding their civil liberties. Terrorist Watchlisting has been a vital tool in the counterterrorism efforts of the United States Government and will continue to be so in the future. Chairman Conyers, Ranking Member Smith and members of the Committee, thank you for the opportunity to address this Committee. I look forward to answering your questions.


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Common Q&As
|Can I purchase papers off the internet or hire someone else to write papers for me?
|If you turn in work that someone else has done, regardless of whether or not you paid for it, it is plagiarism.
|My girlfriend is a better writer than I am. Can't she write the paper for me, as long as I do the research and the ideas are mine?
|No, she can't. The same goes for a boyfriend/spouse/best friend/parent/child. If you turn in work that someone else wrote, you're guilty of academic dishonesty at least, and probably plagiarism as well.
|Can I get any help with writing my paper?
|Yes, you may, but there are limits to the amount of help you may honestly receive. For example, others may read your paper and point out weaknesses, but they may not rewrite the paper for you. Here's a rule of thumb: if you were asked to write the paper in a classroom, with no one else helping, would you be able to do it?


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I am thinking of creating a Bricklink Store to sell set #7749 (because I haven't got any offers yet) and to sell some of my custom castle accessories, but I was wondering if it cost anything to start one. Any startup fees?
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Early Years
In peacetime Henry Lee steadily lost money and reputation because of unwise land speculation. He was sent to debtor's prison while Robert was still an infant. In 1813, badly beaten by a political mob, and dodging his creditors, he skipped bail to sail for the West Indies. Robert never saw his father again.
Now dependent on the generosity of their kin, the family moved to Alexandria. Robert attended a relative's plantation school and the Alexandria Academy, where he was given a classical education. His boyhood was enriched by a supportive and engaging extended family and academic success, but pinched by poverty and his mother's failing health.
Misfortune again touched Robert's life in 1821 with a scandal involving his half brother. Henry Lee IV shocked Virginians by seducing his young ward—her name was Elizabeth "Betsy" McCarty and she was Henry IV's sister-in-law—embezzling her inheritance, and possibly murdering their child. Believing this disgrace would lead to social isolation, Robert convinced his mother to let him join the army.
Family and Military Life
Lee entered the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, in 1825, where he excelled both scholastically and militarily. Admired for his geniality and fine presence, he was appointed cadet adjutant. However, he was unable to best Charles Mason, a talented New Yorker who took top honors academically, and who, like Lee, boasted a demerit-free record. (Mason went on to become chief justice of the Iowa Supreme Court.) Lee graduated second in the class of 1829 and joined the Corps of Engineers.
For seventeen years, Lee worked to strengthen the nation's frontier defenses. Assigned throughout the country, he redirected rivers, designed coastal fortifications, and surveyed newly acquired territory. In the army Lee was known for his sociability and attention to detail, but called himself "an indifferent engineer." Opportunities for advancement were meager and the work required extended absences from his family. Lee considered leaving the service virtually every year. "I would advise no young man to enter the army," he regretfully admitted in a letter to his wife.
In March 1855, Lee eagerly accepted a lieutenant colonelship in the newly established 2nd U.S. Cavalry. Assigned to Texas, his unit was responsible for subduing the Comanche and chasing Mexican banditos. It proved a difficult posting. Lee found the work frustrating, and the isolation and harsh landscape oppressive. His beloved mother-in-law and favorite sister died early in the 1850s, causing him to embrace a somber brand of evangelical Protestantism, which left him dejected and self-critical. When his father-in-law, George Washington Parke Custis, died in 1857, Lee willingly returned to Arlington to settle the estate.
The Politics of Slavery
Lee was again exposed to the volatile politics of slavery when ordered in October 1859 to suppress an attempted slave insurrection led by the radical abolitionist John Brown at Harpers Ferry. Commanding a small detachment of marines, Lee led a model operation in which none of Brown's hostages was injured, and Brown was taken alive. The ramifications of the disturbing incident were reinforced when Lee witnessed Brown's ominous predictions of the bloodshed to come, and stood guard at his execution.
The Union Divides
Mary Lee later called the moment "the severest struggle" of her husband's life. Faced with a divided family and the collapse of his career, Lee spent two days consulting scripture and quietly considering his future. On April 20, 1861, he resigned from the U.S. Army, telling friends that he could not participate in an invasion of the South. A few days later he accepted command of Virginia's forces.
As general, Lee was first assigned a desk job, where he undertook a methodical organization of Virginia's forces. Finally given a field command in western Virginia, he was "mortified" when Union general William S. Rosecrans defeated him at Cheat Mountain in September 1861. Jefferson Davis relieved Lee and sent him to oversee the construction of fortifications along the Carolina and Georgia coasts, then returned him to an advisory position. Although frustrated, Lee later benefited from the connections he built with political leaders in the Confederate capital at Richmond.
On June 1, 1862, Lee began his celebrated relationship with the Army of Northern Virginia when Davis ordered him to temporarily replace Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston, wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines during the Peninsula Campaign. Lee's immediate task was to check the advance of Union general George B. McClellan, whose Army of the Potomac was threatening Richmond. Devising a strategy that combined bold field maneuvers and defensive earthworks—the latter led to some calling him the "King of Spades"—Lee confronted McClellan from June 25 until July 1 in the Seven Days' Battles. His men decisively won only one of the contests—Gaines's Mill—and the plan suffered from overly complicated movements as well as poor communications. Nonetheless, by relentless fighting and skillful use of terrain, Lee was able to frighten McClellan away from the Confederate capital.
The Seven Days' Battles previewed much of Lee's battlefield style. They allowed horrific casualties—at Malvern Hill, the Army of Northern Virginia lost 5,300 men killed, wounded, or captured in a fight that included a massive assault that gained nothing—but showcased Lee's expert use of entrenchments, and how he exploited opportunities through improvisation and sheer brio. The victory also inspired his men, who rallied to their new commander with an esprit that would last throughout the war.
The Golden Year for the Confederacy
In this spirit Lee undertook an invasion of Union territory, a move that was popular with the public and the troops. Lee wanted to spare Virginians the ravages of two armies and he was anxious for his men to live off Maryland's greener pastures. He and Davis hoped that if the war directly threatened Northerners it would create a political crisis that could topple the U.S. government and attract foreign assistance to the South. They also thought that slaveholding Maryland might be "liberated" and brought to their side.
Three days later they met again near the town of Sharpsburg, Maryland. McClellan, who had accidentally intercepted Lee's campaign plans, also had an advantage in artillery and men. But the Union effort on September 17 was badly executed and its numerical superiority never fully exploited. Lee was able to thwart disaster by adroitly shifting forces to meet each of the violent contests that raged along Antietam Creek. At the end of the bloody day, however, the Union held the advantage.
Lee's army reestablished its formidable reputation at the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862. This time the Confederates faced a Union contingent a third again its size, under General Ambrose E. Burnside. Concentrating his forces, and establishing positions that took full advantage of the weaponry of the day, Lee allowed the Northern men to fruitlessly attack his defensive strongholds on Marye's Heights, slaughtering thousands. The Union army survived by escaping across the Rappahannock River, but the defeat badly strained Northern morale.
Early in 1863, Lincoln again changed generals, placing the Army of the Potomac's military machine under Joseph Hooker. Hooker believed he could trap Lee by attacking him simultaneously from several directions. Facing a Union force double his size at a crossroads called Chancellorsville, west of Fredericksburg, Lee again precariously divided his army. Over the course of the fighting, which lasted from May 1 until May 6 and included another Union charge up Marye's Heights, Lee was able to squeeze the Union forces from two directions and then reunite his troops. The Confederates captured the most favorable artillery positions, launched a devastating barrage, then pressed the attack until Hooker had to pull back. Through surprise and daring, Lee had turned a vulnerable defensive position into a brilliant tactical offense.
Even the Union prisoners cheered when Lee rode in front of his troops in this moment of triumph. Yet in many ways it was an empty victory. More than 20 percent of his soldiers lay on the gory fields, or were maimed or missing. Stonewall Jackson, wounded accidentally by his own men, died on May 10. Lee himself complained that "our loss was severe, and again we had gained not an inch of ground and the enemy could not be pursued."
Gettysburg to the End of the War
Lee's reputation had now grown to the point that he and his army had become a major source of national unity in the Confederacy. Civilians as well as soldiers looked to him for leadership and inspiration, rather than to Davis's problematic government. With his authority at its height, Lee convinced Confederate officials to approve another northward excursion. Always reluctant to fight on fronts not directly related to Virginia's defense, he argued against sending his men to reinforce besieged Vicksburg, Mississippi. In June 1863, after reorganizing his army, he moved up the Shenandoah Valley (where he fought and won the Second Battle of Winchester), through Maryland, and into Pennsylvania. Lee welcomed the fresh foraging, and again hoped to cripple Union morale by delivering a knockout punch that would win peace on Confederate terms.
The battle that resulted was fought at Gettysburg for three days from July 1 until July 3, 1863. The first day's contest began as an incidental cavalry encounter and escalated as both sides augmented their forces. By evening, Lee's men—including forces under Confederate generals A. P. Hill, Richard S. Ewell, and Jubal A. Early—had driven their opponents outside Gettysburg, but the Union troops made a prescient decision to retreat to high ground south of town. Lee also recognized the value of these heights and ordered Ewell to take a critical rise called Culp's Hill, but he failed to provide Ewell with either the precise instructions or the reinforcements needed to gain a success.
Lee hoped to recoup the Army of Northern Virginia's pride that autumn during the Bristoe Campaign, but Meade refused to be enticed into another major engagement, and the Confederates had little success. Still determined to "strike them a blow" Lee eagerly awaited the spring season, undaunted by the appointment of Ulysses S. Grant as general-in-chief of Union armies. Grant, the victor at Vicksburg, came east to lead the Army of the Potomac personally.
Later Years
Privately, he was far from content. Although Lee was granted parole at Appomattox, his personal fate was uncertain until his citizenship was returned with the amnesty of 1868. After this time, though still maintaining a low public profile, he worked to establish a conservative state government, wrote angry private diatribes against the principle of majority rule, and advocated disenfranchising the newly liberated African Americans. Racial conflicts also plagued Washington College, to which he responded ambivalently. He considered writing his memoirs but decided they could become provocative and edited his father's reminiscences instead. Saddened and embittered, Lee told a friend that the "great mistake" of his life had been "taking a military education." Lee died of a probable stroke on October 12, 1870.
Time Line
January 19, 1807 - Robert E. Lee is born at Stratford Hall, Westmoreland County.
1811 - The Lee family—including Henry Lee III, his wife Ann Hill Carter Lee, and their son Robert—moves to Alexandria.
1813 - Badly beaten by a political mob and dodging his creditors, Henry Lee III skips bail to sail for the West Indies, abandoning his family. His son Robert never sees him again.
1821 - Henry Lee IV shocks Virginians by seducing his young ward, Elizabeth "Betsy" McCarty, embezzling her inheritance, and possibly murdering their child. His disgrace in part motivates his half brother Robert to join the army.
June 1825 - Robert E. Lee enters the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York.
June 1829 - Robert E. Lee graduates second in his class at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, behind only Charles Mason. He enters the Army Corps of Engineers as a brevet 2nd lieutenant.
November 1, 1829 - Robert E. Lee reports to his first military assignment at Cockspur Island, Georgia, near Savannah.
May 7, 1831 - Robert E. Lee reports to Fort Monroe.
June 30, 1831 - Robert E. Lee marries Mary Anna Randolph Custis, Martha Washington's great-granddaughter, at Arlington, the Custis family seat.
July 19, 1832 - Robert E. Lee is promoted to 2nd lieutenant, shedding his brevet, or honorary, designation.
September 16, 1832 - George Washington Custis Lee, son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Randolph Custis Lee, is born.
November 1834 - Robert E. Lee reports to the Chief Engineer's Office in Washington, D.C.
May 1835: - Along with his superior officer Andrew Talcott, Robert E. Lee surveys the boundary between the Ohio and Michigan territories to resolve a border dispute.
July 12, 1835 - Mary Custis Lee, the daughter of Mary Randolph Custis Lee and Robert E. Lee, is born. Mary Lee suffers serious illness at the birth.
September 21, 1836 - Robert E. Lee is promoted to 1st lieutenant.
May 31, 1837 - William Henry Fitzhugh "Rooney" Lee, the son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Randolph Custis Lee, is born.
August 5, 1837 - Robert E. Lee arrives in Saint Louis, Missouri, where he heads a project to unblock the city's silted port and develop a navigable route through the rapids on the Mississippi River at Keokuk, Iowa, and Rock Island, Illinois.
August 7, 1838 - Robert E. Lee is promoted to captain.
June 18, 1839 - Anne Carter Lee, the daughter of Robert E. Lee and Mary Randolph Custis Lee, is born.
Autumn 1840 - Robert E. Lee travels south to inspect coastal fortifications.
February 27, 1841 - Eleanor "Agnes" Lee, the daughter of Robert E. Lee and Mary Randolph Custis Lee, is born.
April 10, 1841 - Robert E. Lee reports to Fort Hamilton, New York.
October 27, 1843 - Robert Edward Lee Jr., the son of Robert E. Lee and Mary Randolph Custis Lee, is born.
February 10, 1846 - Mildred Childe Lee, the daughter of Robert E. Lee and Mary Randolph Custis Lee, is born.
August 11, 1846 - Robert E. Lee is on a boat from New Orleans, Louisiana, to Texas, on his way to serve in the Mexican War.
January 16, 1847–June 29, 1848 - Robert E. Lee serves on Winfield Scott's staff during the Mexican War. He earns brevet promotions to major and lieutenant colonel.
November 5, 1848 - Robert E. Lee is assigned to work on harbor fortifications in Baltimore, Maryland, but winter weather prevents work from beginning until the spring of 1849.
September 1, 1852 - Robert E. Lee reports to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, where U.S. secretary of war Jefferson Davis has assigned him to serve as superintendent.
March 3, 1855 - Robert E. Lee is promoted to lieutenant colonel and is assigned to the 2nd Cavalry then stationed in Texas. He is responsible for subduing the Comanche and chasing Mexican banditos, but actually spends much of his time serving on courts-martial.
November 11, 1857 - Robert E. Lee, on leave from army duty in Texas, arrives at Arlington in Virginia to administer the estate of his father-in-law.
1858 - As executor of his father-in-law's estate, Robert E. Lee files an appeal with the Supreme Court of Virginia to keep slaves in bondage "indefinitely" that were to be freed within five years. Slaves at Arlington rebel, accosting Lee and running away in large numbers.
October 17, 1859 - A contingent of ninety U.S. Marines, under the command of Colonel Robert E. Lee, arrives in Harpers Ferry at 11 p.m. to put an end to John Brown's raid.
Winter 1860 - Robert E. Lee serves as the acting head of the U.S. Army's Department of Texas and refuses to cede U.S. property to local secessionists.
March 1, 1861 - Recalled from Texas, Robert E. Lee arrives in Washington, D.C., where President Abraham Lincoln promotes him to full colonel.
April 17, 1861 - Delegates at the Virginia Convention in Richmond pass an Ordinance of Secession by a vote of 88 to 55. Thirty-two of the "no" votes come from trans-Allegheny delegates, who are more firmly Unionist than representatives from other parts of the state.
April 20, 1861 - Following Virginia's secession, Robert E. Lee resigns from the U.S. Army.
April 23, 1861 - Robert E. Lee accepts command of Virginia forces.
September 12–15, 1861 - Union general William S. Rosecrans defeats Confederates under Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Cheat Mountain in western Virginia.
November 1861–March 1862 - Robert E. Lee, who is "mortified" by his defeat at the Battle of Cheat Mountain, is relieved of his command and sent to oversee the construction of fortifications along the Carolina and Georgia coasts.
March–June 1862 - Confederate general Robert E. Lee serves as an advisor to Confederate president Jefferson Davis.
June 1, 1862, 2 p.m. - Confederate president Jefferson Davis assigns Confederate general Robert E. Lee to command the Army of Northern Virginia after Confederate general Joseph E. Johnston is wounded at the Battle of Seven Pines–Fair Oaks.
June 25–July 1, 1862 - In the Seven Days' Battles near Richmond, Robert E. Lee defeats George B. McClellan in a series of fierce engagements. In contrast to the Shenandoah Valley campaign, Confederate general Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's movements are slow, sparking controversy among contemporaries and subsequent historians over the reasons for Jackson's performance.
August 28–30, 1862 - At the Second Battle of Manassas, Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia defeats Union forces under John Pope.
September 17, 1862 - In the bloodiest single day of the war, George B. McClellan attacks Confederates under Robert E. Lee at Antietam Creek in Maryland. The battle ends in a stalemate, but Lee is forced to retreat south to Virginia.
September 20, 1862 - The Battle of Shepherdstown ends in a tactical stalemate, but Confederate general Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia is saved from destruction as it retreats from Maryland.
December 13, 1862 - Confederate general Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia crush Union general Ambrose E. Burnside and the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Fredericksburg in one of the most lopsided defeats of the war.
May 1–6, 1863 - Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia defeat Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Chancellorsville. The brilliant victory comes at great cost when Confederate general Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson is mortally wounded by friendly fire.
July 1–3, 1863 - Union general George G. Meade defeats Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg, forcing the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to retreat toward Virginia.
Autumn 1863 - Following his defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg, Confederate general Robert E. Lee fails to maneuver Union general George G. Meade into another major engagement during the Bristoe Station Campaign.
May 5–7, 1864 - Confederate general Robert E. Lee clashes for the first time with the new Union general-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant at the Battle of the Wilderness during the Overland Campaign. Casualties are heavy for both armies, but unlike his predecessors, Grant refuses to retreat.
May 8–26, 1864 - At the battles of Spotsylvania Court House and North Anna River during the Overland Campaign, Confederate general Robert E. Lee again clashes with Union general Ulysses S. Grant and the Army of the Potomac. Grant continues to maneuver south.
May 31–June 12, 1864 - Confederate general Robert E. Lee stalls Union general-in-chief Ulysses S. Grant's drive southward during the Overland Campaign at the Battle of Cold Harbor, where the Union suffers 7,000 casualties on the morning of June 3 alone.
June 16, 1864–March 25, 1865 - The Union Army of the Potomac lays siege to Petersburg. The siege is characterized by 30 miles of trenches stretching Confederate defenses thin, and occasional pitched battles, including the Battle of the Crater on July 30, 1864, and the more-decisive Battle of Five Forks on April 1, 1865.
February 6, 1865 - Confederate president Jefferson Davis appoints Robert E. Lee general-in-chief of all Confederate forces.
April 2, 1865 - After Union forces break through Confederate lines around Petersburg at the Battle of Five Forks a day earlier, Richmond is evacuated.
April 9, 1865 - Confederate general Robert E. Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia surrender to Union general Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House.
September 1865 - Robert E. Lee becomes the president of Washington College in Lexington. During his tenure, he expands the school's scope and size.
August 1868 - Robert E. Lee signs a petition recommending denial of political power to African Americans.
December 25, 1868 - Former Confederate general Robert E. Lee regains his United States citizenship through the Christmas amnesty proclaimed by President Andrew Johnson.
October 12, 1870 - Robert E. Lee dies of a probable stroke at Lexington.
Further Reading
Cite This Entry
- APA Citation:
Pryor, E. B. Robert E. Lee (1807–1870). (2019, February 13). In Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved from http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Lee_Robert_Edward_1807-1870.
- MLA Citation:
Pryor, Elizabeth Brown. "Robert E. Lee (1807–1870)." Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities, 13 Feb. 2019. Web. READ_DATE.
First published: November 19, 2009 | Last modified: February 13, 2019
Contributed by Elizabeth Brown Pryor, author of Reading the Man: A Portrait of Robert E. Lee through His Private Letters, which has won numerous awards including the 2008 Lincoln Prize and the 2007 Jefferson Davis Award. She died in 2015.


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Tech Advantage
This story appears in the April 1998 issue of Entrepreneur. Subscribe »
As a rule, guerrillas are not slaves to technology but masters of it. They recognize that computers do not make sales but are best used for customer interaction and information. And they know that the real benefits of computers are controlled by the people using them-not by hardware or software.
Guerrillas don't skimp on printers because they know the importance of presentation. They also admit hardware and software don't last long before becoming obsolete and hurting the company. They realize most software does more than they'll ever need, so they learn only what's crucial and just familiarize themselves with the rest.
Here are 17 ways you can market better using technology:
1. Fax or e-mail discount offers to existing customers.
2. Analyze your competitors' Web sites.
3. Hang out in the chat rooms where your competition will be.
4. Unleash a personalized electronic publicity campaign.
5. Host a newsgroup, online forum or chat session.
6. Use your computer to create fliers, newsletters and more. (See "Guerrilla Marketing," November 1997.)
7. Distribute interactive presentations on CD-ROM.
8. Invest in an autoresponder program.
9. Create a customer fax-request system.
10. Consider videoconferencing for long-distance clients.
11. Hire a digital secretary.
12. Subscribe to a voice-mail service from your phone company.
13. Use pagers, software and cellular phones to send and receive e-mail and voice mail.
14. Place classified ads in cyberspace at sites your prospects visit.
15. Tout your business on free message boards.
16. Make surfing the Web second nature.
17. Maintain customer databases that teem with client data.
Jay Conrad Levinson is author of the internationally acclaimed Guerrilla Marketing series of books and co-founder of Guerrilla Marketing International. For information on the Guerrilla Marketing Newsletter and other products and services, write to P.O. Box 1336, Mill Valley, CA 94942; call (800) 748-6444; or visit the Web site at www.gmarketing.com
Cyber Surfing
Where do guerrillas go when cruising the Net? Check out these sites for information to help you market your business:
- Internet Publicity Services Inc.'s Resources page is a great place to go for self-promotion tips. The "Self Promotion Resources" and "Media Contacts and People Finders" links are especially helpful.
- DM World library: /library/library.html. This library contains how-to marketing articles. The direct marketing trade magazine DM News has a site at www.dmnews.com
- For quick tips on how-and how not-to market your products or services on the Web, visit net. acceptable at www.tenagra.com/net-acceptable.html
- Advertising Age interactive: www.adage.com/interactive/index.html
- MediaFinder: www.mediafinder.com. Oxbridge Communications has online versions of directories containing more than 90,000 U.S. and international magazines and other publications.
Ready, Action!
To help entrepreneurs get up to speed with guerrilla tools, Guerrilla Marketing Associates and Michelson-Carlson Productions recently released "Guerrilla Marketing in Action," the first in a series of videos that show how guerrilla techniques can improve your business. To order a copy of the 55-minute video ($79), write to P.O. Box 1336, Mill Valley, CA 94942, or call (800) 748-6444.


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- 3 tablespoons olive oil
- 1 medium onion, finely chopped
- 6 garlic cloves, minced
- 1 teaspoon dried oregano
- 3/4 teaspoon dried basil
- 3/4 teaspoon dried marjoram
- 3/4 teaspoon dried crushed red pepper
- 2 28-ounce cans Italian-style tomatoes
- 1 cup canned crushed tomatoes with added purée
- 1/2 cup dry red wine
Recipe Preparation
Heat oil in heavy large saucepan over medium heat. Add onion, garlic, oregano, basil, marjoram and crushed red pepper. Cover and cook until onion is translucent, stirring occasionally, about 10 minutes. Add remaining ingredients; simmer gently, uncovered, until sauce thickens and measures 8 cups total, breaking up tomatoes with spoon and stirring occasionally, about 1 hour 15 minutes. Season sauce to taste with salt and pepper. DO AHEAD Can be prepared 2 days ahead. Cool slightly. Cover and refrigerate.


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Game Boost can be activated instantly with a single click on the Gaming Center dashboard, and it supports many popular consoles, including PS3™, PS4™, PS4™ Pro, PlayStation® Vita , Wii U™, Nintendo 3DS™ and Xbox One®. level 2 Gamers Private Network® ROG Rapture GT-AC5300 includes built-in support for the Gamers Private Network®, powered by WTFast®, which provides private, optimized internet connections to game servers¹, minimizing ping and latency to ensure smooth, lag-free gaming. level 3 Device GT-AC5300 Game Server Fortified Frontline Network Security To defend your network, ROG Rapture GT-AC5300 features Game IPS(Intrusion Prevention System), a state-of-the-art intrusion prevention system powered by Trend Micro™ technology. It protects your gaming network from external attacks and threats, neutralizing them before they can reach your network or devices. Even if your PC's security software isn't turned on — to get around blocked games, for example — Game IPS still protects your network from attacks and intrusions, giving you added peace of mind. Learn more No Subscription Fee Some routers only offer 3 years of protection, ASUS AiProtection has you covered for the life of your product Block Access to Malicious WebsitesAiProtection uses Trend Micro's official database to identify and block known malicious sites, preventing infection even before you click. Protection Against AttacksIntrusion Prevention System (IPS) blocks all common internet-based attacks. Infection Detection and BlockingEven if an already-infected device is connected to ROG Rapture GT-AC5300, AiProtection prevents any personal data on the device from being compromised. Simultaneous Gaming and VPN If you're fed up with virtual private networks dragging down game performance, ROG has the answer. ROG Rapture GT-AC5300 has a killer feature called VPN Fusion, which lets you run a VPN and an ordinary internet connection — simultaneously! So even if other network users need to use a VPN, you can still enjoy maximum gaming speeds. without VPN Fusion with VPN Fusion Game Server VPN Destination Your Own Gaming Wi-Fi Band! Have you ever dreamed of having a Wi-Fi router just for gaming? Dream no longer: With the tri-band ROG Rapture GT-AC5300 you can easily allocate one of the two 5GHz bands to gaming devices, while other devices use the second 5GHz band or the 2.4GHz band. And for playing VR games and streaming 4K UHD videos, its WAN-to-LAN speeds of up to 1900Mbps make GT-AC5300 the winning choice for everyone! 5 GHz-1 GAMING 5 GHz-2 2.4 GHz Battle-Ready Hardware ROG knows exactly what top gamers need: ROG Rapture GT-AC5300 is built for full-on gaming action with hardware that's ready to meet the toughest challenges. Eight gigabit LAN ports provide the connections you need for all of your gaming devices, and two USB 3.0 ports give you high-speed access to files on USB storage. Hardcore NAS enthusiasts will appreciate the Link Aggregation feature that lets you team two LAN ports together into a single blisteringly fast 2Gbps connection*. *Link aggregation requires a client with 802.3ad support. Power on/off button USB 3.0 port x2 Gaming port x2 Reset to default button DC jack WAN port Gigabit LAN 1-8 1Power on/off button 2USB 3.0 port x2 3Gaming port x2 4Reset to default button 5DC jack 6WAN port 7Gigabit LAN 1-8 Extreme 1.8GHz Quad-Core Power The ultimate router needs the ultimate processing power, so ROG Rapture GT-AC5300 is powered by a top-of-the-line 1.8GHz 64bit quad-core CPU that puts many desktop processors to shame. It offers more than enough power to handle anything you can throw at it, without skipping a beat — whether it's maximizing the WAN/LAN throughput for online gaming, supercharging USB data transfers, or powering your team's LAN party. Built for Wi-Fi Freedom! Wi-Fi is great, but not if it dies or slows down before it reaches your favorite gaming spot. To achieve the freedom you deserve, ROG Rapture GT-AC5300 features RangeBoost, a powerful range-enhancing combination of hardware and software that increases coverage while also significantly improving long-range throughput! At last, you decide where to play — instead of your router! Powerful Whole-home Wi-Fi System.The Way You Want. In most cases, your ROG Rapture GT-AC5300 can deliver smooth, reliable Wi-Fi to every part of your home. But Wi-Fi coverage can be affected by many factors — room layout, construction materials, and even furnishings. ASUS AiMesh is an innovative new router feature that fixes these problems: it creates a whole-home Wi-Fi network using multiple ASUS routers. AiMesh is powerful, flexible and you can use a mix of ASUS router models — protecting your investment! AiMesh gives you time-saving central control, and seamless roaming capability. AiMesh is Wi-Fi you can rely on — for all your devices, all the time! Learn More Turn your ASUS routers into whole-home Wi-Fi system with a simple firmware update Mix and match preferred models from selected ASUS routers Create a Wi-Fi network with either a single SSID or multiple SSIDs All router features works across the entire Wi-Fi system Disclaimers: 1. WTFast® compatibility for games on consoles and mobile devices is now under development. The schedule of availability depends on actual situation. Please check supported game list for the latest information. The free router edition supports one selectable device on your network at a time with GPN traffic limits, and includes WTFast® technical support. Users can pay to upgrade to the advanced version for simultaneous acceleration of multiple devices with more GPN traffic and advanced features. 2. The actual performance may vary as a result of network conditions and environmental factors.


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hmail server mailer 9.3
Promote your business online free and fast through AB Bulk Mailer Christmas Edition ..
most popular email marketing software, bulk mailing and email scheduling software that sends emails every day FREE using multiple gmail, yahoo, msn , godaddy,gmx, etc or your web site/VPS or any smtp server like verizon, amazon etc. Allows to send/schedule personalized/bulk mails in text/HTML format.Allows import/export of contacts from text files/excel/gmail/facebook/craigslist/kijiji.The software has an advanced lead generation,lead management and targeted marketing features. Allows to send mails base on day and hour limit. Contains free email verifier that allows to verify 500 email addresses at a time. It contains free email extractor through which you can grab email addresses from any web site. facebook, youtube and craigslist etc and by using google search .You can also surf internet and grab contacts automatically. Designed for higher inbox delivery and no mail ID blocking .Automatic unsubscription.It allows you to send mails yourself. No need to hire people for bulk mailing agencies.Has a very powerful email scheduler. Allows you to check bounced mails, inboxes, health of smtp servers. You can also add any smtp server to it and send 30,000 per hour. Allows you to send unique mails.100% inbox delivery.It has a powerful email scheduler through which you can schedule mail sending to contact groups Has a world class contact grouping. Contains free gmail checker that prevents accounts from getting blocked .Allows you to track what mails were sent. Sends mails with full intelligence. The software allows extracting mails from craigslist, twitter, youtube, facebook and has built in automatic tweet poster that posts tweets to twitter and promote your business online. The software allows you to promote your business by posting to facebook and twitter. AB Bulk mailer is top downloaded sales and marketing software in the world.


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Irritating, extremely flammable
PIAGGIO used to make their paints available in practical spray cans. Regrettably the choice of colour was very limited. The most common and well known colours were never available from PIAGGIO and now their limited range of spray cans is also history.
To ease this deficit we have decided to produce these paint sprays ourselves in all the common original PIAGGIO paint colours and codes. The colour code (e.g. 544 ) of your scooters paintwork can be found on its VIN plate or vehicle documents.
These 400ml cans are equipped with 'fat-cap' spray head caps. This enables a fine, perfect spray of the paint particles and an improved distribution and amount applied. The can has all relevant propellants included and as it is a 1K-product has no need of an extra hardener component. This also means that after only partial use the can be inverted and its delivery tube freed of excess paint for future use.
Depending on your type of paint, sometimes a layer of clear-lacquer must be applied once the original layer of paint has dried properly. Metallic paintwork requires a special type of clear lacquer paint: (#14997805), matt paintwork another: (#14997806). Normal types of paint do not require this extra layer of clear lacquer. According to component to be painted we recommend the use of 2K clear lacquer over your paintwork, whatever the colour. This makes your scooters paint resistant to otherwise corrosive substances such as petrol and oil etc.
Please note: Before use instructions can be viewed and downloaded at "your options -> article info download"
SIP-TIP: To completely realise the brightness of these colours, they should be applied over a white base coat of paint (#14997804). Matt and metallic paints require separate types of clear lacquer in a protective layer (Matt: #14997806, Metallic: #14997809). Without clear lacquer the colours remain matt and the pigmentation is not clearly visible. The spray pistol accessory (part no 14075000) makes spray jobs so much simpler!


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Hi everyone Sassy Raggedy here and I am your Hostess for this Monday. First I would like to wish all of you a very "Happy Thanksgiving" this week from all of us here at "Digital Delights."
I have been designing for "Digital Delights" now for a little over two years and have loved every minute of it. I especially love when "Hostess Monday" comes around and I get to be the hostess.
I am always honored to get to showcase the images of Wendy Hall. And when I saw this new image I knew I wanted to see what I could do with it. How perfect this image is to me during this Holiday week.We here in the United States will be celebrating 'Thanksgiving" on Thursday and giving thanks for all our wonderful blessings.
I need to apologize for the blurring of my sentiment. I have bought three camera's this year and looks like I will have to get another. However I may not be making my Sentiments large enough. My card is a three layer step card. As for my technique the main thing I would like to tell you is how I did the snow and glitter. On a few of the trees I used some "Snow-Tex" then added a sprinkling of "Poly Flake" glitter. This glitter is a polyester glitter and I love it. The greenish trees and the snow on the church itself was done using some "Wink of Stella" in clear. Then while still wet I again sprinkled the Poly Flake on top. It is really hard to see just how pretty it is.
I hope I have inspired some of you. Thank you for stopping by today and be sure to stop by the store at Digital Delights to check out all the sales on these cute images.


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Jacob's voice: UVA MFA grad channels teen angst in debut
Gender-bending in literature is more than a common convention; some of fiction's greatest works are written in a voice of the author's opposite sex. UVA MFA graduate (2003) and Charlottesville resident Emma Rathbone joined the ranks of the likes of James Joyce, Michael Faber, and J.K. Rowling with her debut novel, The Patterns of Paper Monsters. Her protagonist, the teenaged Jacob, narrates his way through a stint in a juvenile detention center– a far cry from Rathbone's own life experience.
"The novel just sort of started as Jacob's voice," explains Rathbone. "He's very angry and has this energy and sarcasm, and writing in that voice was fun– fun in a way that my other writing was not. I'm not sure where his voice came from, but it was one of those out-of-nowhere ideas that took off."
Rathbone discovered her affinity for Jacob's wry dialogue before she entered UVA's MFA program in the early 2000s. Initially just a distraction from her other pieces, it eventually began sustaining longer and longer scenes. When the young writer decided to take the plunge and use Jacob as the basis for her first novel, she wanted to put him in one of the most confined and controlled settings she could imagine.
"The setting was this bolt of inspiration– I saw this young man in a detention center, and it was fun to think about it as this very specific environment," she says. "As a reader, I love it when you can really feel an environment, and it was satisfying to create that as a writer."
She wrote the first draft without doing much research as to the rules and restrictions most detention centers have, but was later granted an opportunity to go to a center in Northern Virginia and ensure that the details of Jacob's daily life were realistic. But for Rathbone– and for the critics from the Daily Beast and Style Weekly, among others, who praised the book as a "must-read"– the book is essentially a modern bildungsroman, as Jacob's interior development is the novel's sole concern.
"It took awhile before Jacob felt like a real person, with all the layers a real person has, hangups and memories, insecurities, and day-to-day triumphs," Rathbone says. "It was a process where I had to tell myself to go deeper and rewrite scenes so they feel like something that a real person wrote."
Despite all the praise for Rathbone's witty dialogue and detailed setting, the acclaim that delights her the most speaks to the authenticity of Jacob's voice. And while her next project goes in a vastly different direction, narrative-wise, she's pleased that her premiere attempt at subjectivity took a risk– and paid off.
Emma Rathbone is reading from her first novel, The Patterns of Paper Monsters, at the UVA MFA Graduates Reading, Friday, March 18, at the UVA Bookstore. The event starts at noon.


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- About The Event
- Why We Ride
- Get Involved
- Sponsors
- Contact
- Register
- Donate
Thank you for visiting our team's fundraising page for Tour de Summer Camps! We're riding to send more kids to Jewish summer camps, helping them build a lifelong connection to Jewish identity and values. Please help support our efforts by sponsoring or joining our team today!


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The City of Vancouver's "thin streets" proposal to add more housing to laneways and underutilized streets has been dropped by council as a top priority following a major public outcry.
Dozens of residents came to a public meeting this week to voice opposition to the proposal, part of a plan to increase affordable housing and density throughout the city.
"(Council) made it very clear to us that it is not a high priority for them," deputy city manager David McLellan said in an interview Friday.
"This is going to require a lot more neighbourhood discussion and consent for anything to go ahead," he said.
The proposal is contained in the report from the mayor's task force on housing affordability, which was approved by council on Wednesday. City staff listed the "thin streets" proposal as a "priority action" and had hoped to break ground on some projects within 18 months.
However, many residents who spoke at Wednesday's meeting felt there had been insufficient consultation with communities before council approved the report.
The "thin streets" proposal was to be piloted in three neighbourhoods — the West End, Marpole and Grandview Woodlands — that are now in the process of developing new community plans.
The concept involves splitting a standard 66-foot road allowance and building houses along one half. City staff were hopeful that if suitable spaces for thin streets could be found, projects could get underway in the three selected areas within 18 months.
But concerns included whether owners of corner lots would have any recourse if additional housing was added to the end of a block or lane and how people's concerns about losing natural light or green space would be dealt with.
The report identified thin streets as one of four "priority actions for immediate implementation.
"These actions have the potential to make a significant contribution to housing affordability and can be initiated quickly," the report stated.
Thin streets has now been downgraded by council to a concept to be considered by the three communities as part of their planning process.
"It's not anywhere near a done deal. It requires a lot more review and consent," McLellan said Friday.
City staff will consult with communities throughout Vancouver, including the three targeted for the thin streets concept, and report back to council on the level of community support late next year, according to a news release issued by Mayor Gregor Robertson's office after Wednesday's meeting.
In the meantime, the city will focus on other priorities identified in the report, including the establishment of an affordable housing authority and increasing density along major transit routes, McLellan said.
Kitsilano resident David Grigg, who shares his corner lot property with three other households, was concerned the thin streets concept could mean he would lose the green space and treescape that are essential parts of his living space.
While happy to see that concept deprioritized until the city does more community consultations, Grigg's main concern is that any proposed changes to zoning are codified as policy — after meaningful consultation with communities — so that potential buyers "know what they're getting before they're buying their house."


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Whenever i put pen on to a paper or I type words I think of Osamu Dazai. The craft of his writing with the mixture of his character equals a major influence on me, and I suspect on contemporary Japanese literature as well. For instance, Mishima's major influence was Dazai. Well, sort of. He didn't want to be a Dazai, in fact, he hated his work. But the truth is hatred of Dazai's character and work was a sign of love and respect to the great decadent literary figure - and Dazai was extremely decadent in the Japanese context. Drinker, womanizer, cad, drug addict, and extremely handsome - and a writing talent that is extremely superb. Dazai is one unique writer, and a day doesn't go by where I don't think about him. Hmm, perhaps this is really an obsession on my part, but let's put that aside for the moment.
"Schoolgirl" is a snapshot of the day in the life of a young girl, with her inner thoughts, her 'childish' impressions mixed in with great awareness of her world. It reads like a narrative poem, with some quiet beautiful moments, but with a 'punk' attitude. Well, punk attitude in 1939 Tokyo! You can smell the coming disaster in these pages, and they a writer/poet can smell the culture as it happens - and Dazai is one of those writers who for sure knew how the wind was blowing at the time of his writings. This small book is under a 100 pages, but it hits hard like a heavyweight fighter. One of the great writers of the 20th Century, and "Schoolgirl" is small in size, but huge as a classic piece of literature.


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SQL Server 2005 Express Service Pack 2 w/Advanced Services
Windows 2003 R2
I recently migrated a database from MSDE 2000 to MSSQL 2005 that is used for a tourist website that can be displayed in one of three languages. A stored procedure is executed in ASP with a number that represents the language to use
Dim xml: xml = "<?xml version=""1.0"" encoding=""UTF-8""?>"
response.write "<root>"
set conn = server.createobject("ADODB.connection")
conn.open application("bd")
sqlTrad="EXEC psu_sitFicheTraduction @idLangue=1"
set rsTrad = Server.CreateObject("ADODB.Recordset")
rsTrad.Open sqlTrad, conn, 1,1
do while not rsTrad.eof
texte = rsTrad(0)
response.write texte
The stored procedure EXEC psu_sitFicheTraduction runs the following SELECT query:
SELECT 1 AS Tag, NULL AS Parent,
t.PK_txt AS [dicItem!1!ID],
t.libelle_long_FR AS [dicItem!1!value],
@idLangue as [dicItem!1!Langue]
FROM txt_traduction t
For some reason, on the new server, the XML is displayed incorrectly:
This page contains the following errors:
error on line 1 at column 51: PCDATA invalid Char value 1 Below is a rendering of the page up to the first error.
This is the source of the page:
When I run the stored procedure in SSMS, I don't get any errors although I have noticed that in Query Analyzer on the MSDE 2000 server I get 23 rows, where as in SQL Server 2005 SSMS I only get one big row.
This is the first time I've seen FOR XML EXPLICIT used so I don't have any experience with it.
- Why is MSDE sending back 23 rows and SSMS only 1 big one
- Any thing I need to configure in IIS to correctly display XML output coming from SQL Server ?
Any other suggestions or assistance would be appreciated.


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Tax reform will be a top priority for Congress in 2013, Bob Reynolds, CEO of Putnam Investments said Wednesday, but retirement planning officials and average Americans need to press lawmakers to put reforming Social Security on top of their list as well.
"It's up to us to change the politics" on the issues of Social Security and retirement security, Reynolds told attendees at a retirement security benefit forum in Washington, which was sponsored by the Financial Services Roundtable. "We should engage in a full debate [with lawmakers] on ways to make Social Security solvent."
Reynolds said President Obama, Mitt Romney and congressional candidates of both parties should support the bipartisan Sense of Congress Resolution that would ensure that current tax incentives for retirement savings be retained in any reform of the tax code, and that they should discuss retirement security in this year's campaign.
"Our political leaders should be asked specifically what they plan to do to sustain and expand personal savings incentives," Reynolds said. "They should also tell us what specifically they will do to restore Social Security solvency for the long term. This is a debate that America needs, and given the increasingly loud ticking of the clock, this is the year for it."
Added Reynolds: "There are serious, bipartisan compromises that could make Social Security solvent now. Delay would only make reform more painful."
Steve Bartlett, president and CEO of the Financial Services Roundtable, told AdvisorOne during the event that this year Congress has once again "ignored" providing a remedy for Social Security's solvency. Congress, he said, has mistakenly identified retirement savings as a "tax expenditure" when it's a "tax deferral."
Reynolds warned in his speech that there's a "very real risk" that policymakers "could severely undercut incentives for 401(k)s, IRA's and other savings vehicles in the course trying to reduce federal deficits."


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Political, popular obstacles block pension changes
Detroit's bankruptcy is casting a shadow over a long list of cities across the U.S. and giving mayors new urgency in the search for solutions to the greatest challenge to face America's cities in a generation.
While no other city is expected to join Detroit in bankruptcy court anytime soon, similar problems brought on by waning industries, crushing debt and surging pension costs plague city halls from Providence, R.I., to California, and in response mayors are proposing big changes to what was long the biggest perk of a government job: a good and reliable pension.
"It's the lesson of kicking the can down the road. You can put these things off. But at some point the bill comes due," Baltimore Mayor Stephanie Rawlings-Blake said in an interview. "People ask me sometimes what keeps me up at night. The prospect of being one of those cities is what keeps me up at night."
The total unfunded pension liability for all U.S. cities and counties is a whopping $574 billion, according to a 2010 study by economists at Northwestern University. That's a formidable burden to cities already struggling with revenue declines, debt and the ongoing cost of providing services.
Years of financial neglect left Detroit's finances in ruin, prompting its emergency manager to propose sweeping changes to the way the city doles out benefits by eliminating payment increases and creating a new 401(k)-style retirement system.
Rawlings-Blake has also proposed giving new employees a defined contribution plan, one that combines set contributions from workers and their employer, similar to the 401(k) accounts familiar to private-sector workers. The change would be just one part of an ambitious 10-year-financial plan that involves lower property taxes, a smaller city workforce and the goal of attracting 10,000 new families to Maryland's largest city.
New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg said the lesson from Detroit - burdened by $18 billion in debt, declining revenue and huge deficits - is that cities will ultimately pay a steep price for ignoring long-term challenges including diversification of industry, adequate funding of pension systems, population decline and debt.
Bloomberg pointed out that New York itself almost went bankrupt in 1975 - a tumultuous time when many cities were struggling to respond to urban decay, poverty, unemployment and the rise of suburbs.
"We would be foolish to ignore the factors that drove Detroit to bankruptcy," Bloomberg said in July, shortly after the Motor City took its landmark step. "I believe that the Detroit experience holds lessons for every American city."
More and more cities are proposing replacing traditional pensions for new employees with a defined contribution plan or a hybrid that combines a defined contribution plan with a smaller traditional pension. It's been proposed in Philadelphia, and it's already the law in Rhode Island, where the state pension system covers teachers and many local workers.
Efforts to cap existing pensions, however, are often seen as a betrayal to workers who took a city job in part because of a promised pension.
Marcia Ingram spent 33 years working for Detroit's health department before retiring nine years ago. She now receives about $2,000 per month. Her pension would be capped under the proposal in Detroit.
"I feel let down by the city," said Ingram, 60. "I expected to get an increase every year like I did while I was working. Not a big increase, but it still was something."
Other cities including Stockton and San Bernardino in California and Central Falls, R.I., have sought bankruptcy protection in recent years after running out of money. In Central Falls, some retiree pensions were cut by more than 50 percent.
Changing pensions can be politically and legally perilous. Politicians who propose big pension changes risk running afoul of powerful public sector unions - or losing in court if pension overhauls are challenged.
Some cities, like Detroit, are covered by state laws or constitutions guaranteeing pension benefits in full. In many others, mayors must plead with state lawmakers to overhaul pensions covering local teachers. And when cities operate their own pension systems, they're typically negotiated through collective bargaining, making them legally difficult to change.
Providence was on the verge of bankruptcy when Mayor Angel Taveras negotiated concessions from public-sector unions and retirees. It was part of a larger fiscal stability plan that involved raising taxes and negotiating voluntary contributions from tax-exempt institutions like Brown University.
Taveras said Providence shows that cities have an option besides bankruptcy or legal fights with unions.
"We were going to run out of money," Taveras said. "We were on the verge. We would have overcome bankruptcy, but it would have taken a decade. It would have been devastating. So we came together."
The deal suspended pension increases, shaving $178 million off the city's future pension obligations. While workers weren't happy with the deal, they appreciated the mayor's willingness to work together on a solution, according to Paul Doughty, president of the Providence Firefighter's Union.
"They opened up the books and said, 'Look at anything you want,'" he said. "There was no demonizing. When someone is sticking a stick in your eye at the same time, it's almost impossible to work with them."
Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel said problems with Illinois' teacher pension system were to blame when 2,100 school workers - including more than 1,000 teachers - were recently laid off.
The city's four pension funds were 36 percent funded as of Dec. 31, 2012, and had an unfunded liability of $19.5 billion. The city estimates that without pension reform, its required contribution to the funds will more than double in the next two years, from $479.5 million in 2013 to $1.087 billion in 2015.
Emanuel urged state lawmakers to adopt an overhaul that would suspend pension increases, raise employee retirement contributions and give workers the option of a 401(k)-like account. The proposal went nowhere.
"The pension crisis is no longer around the corner," Emanuel said in July. "It has arrived at our schools."
George Mason University researchers studied financial problems in Chicago, Detroit, Baltimore, Providence, San Bernardino and Pittsburgh and found that all were facing similar problems with pension costs. Frank Shafroth, the report's principal investigator, said there are no easy solutions.
"We're going through a transition," Shafroth said of America's cities. "We'll get there. But getting from here to there is going to be one of the hardest things you can conceive of."