text:
Our good friends at Google run a daily puzzle challenge and asked us to help get them out to the geeky masses. Each day's puzzle will task your googling skills a little more, leading you to Google mastery. Each morning at 12:01 a.m. Eastern time you'll see a new puzzle posted here.
This article has been reproduced in a new format and may be missing content or contain faulty links. Contact firstname.lastname@example.com to report an issue.
We leave the comments on so people can work together to find the answer. As such, if you want to figure it out all by yourself, DON'T READ THE COMMENTS!
Also, with the knowledge that because others may publish their answers before you do, if you want to be able to search for information without accidentally seeing the answer somewhere, you can use the Google-a-Day site's search tool, which will automatically filter out published answers, to give you a spoiler-free experience.
And now, without further ado, we give you…
Note: Ad-blocking software may prevent display of the puzzle widget.Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article.


text:
Dreams Punta Cana Resort & Spa is certified by NEPCon Sustainable Tourism Certification ‐ Rainforest Alliance Certified™.
The hotel has achieved a global score of 98.63% on its latest audit process.
To be eligible to obtain NEPCon Sustainable Tourism Certification ‐ Rainforest Alliance Certified™, an accommodation must meet at least 70% compliance of the overall NEPCon Sustainable Tourism Certification Standard for Accommodations and 100% compliance of its 32 Critical Indicators. The standard includes 19 high impact topics relevant to sustainable tourism related to the economic, sociocultural and environmental performance of the certified companies. For more information on NEPCon Sustainable Tourism Certification, please visit their website: https://www.nepcon.org/certification/tourism/nepcon-sustainable-tourism-certification-services.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Putrajaya Lake is located at the centre of Putrajaya city, Malaysia. This 650ha man-made lake is designed to act as a natural cooling system for the city and also for recreation, fishing, water sports and water transport.
On September 26, 2004 the F1 Powerboat Championship was held on this lake for the first time (third time hosted by Malaysia).
In 2005 Putrajaya hosted the Asian Canoeing Championships.
The Lake View is used to be the venue of pre-wedding photography by most of the wedding photographers.
It also had been a venue that held Monsoon Cup.


text:
FERPA Online Library
|MS Word (60 KB)
November 29, 2004
Ms. Melanie P. Baise
Associate University Counsel
The University of New Mexico
Scholes Hall 152
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0056
Dear Ms. Baise:
This responds to your letters of February 4 and July 9, 2003, in which you asked about a potential conflict between the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), 20 U.S.C. § 1232g, and State laws that impose mandatory reporting requirements on university health care providers and other school officials. This Office administers FERPA and is responsible for providing technical assistance to ensure that educational agencies and institutions comply with the statute and regulations codified at 34 CFR Part 99. An educational agency or institution that determines that it cannot comply with FERPA due to a conflict with State or local law is required to notify this Office within 45 days, providing the text and citation of the conflicting law. 34 CFR § 99.61.
The first letter concerns operation of the University of New Mexico's Student Health Center, which provides medical services to students. You explained that New Mexico Health Department regulations provide for mandatory reporting to the State Department of Health of "a range of diseases and injuries, including sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, AIDS, communicable diseases, infectious diseases, health conditions related to environmental exposures and certain injuries and cancer." 7 NMAC 4.3. Communicable diseases must be reported "immediately" to the State Office of Epidemiology. 7 NMAC 4.3.12(A). You noted that reports must include personal information about the student-patient, including name; date of birth/age; sex; race/ethnicity; address; and telephone number, and that all reports are confidential. 7 NMAC 4.3.12(C), 4.3.9(I), 4.3.10(F). Your concern is that if students refuse to provide written consent, or do not provide it in a timely manner, these mandatory reporting requirements may conflict with FERPA if the disclosures do not fall within the exception for disclosure of education records "in connection with a health or safety emergency."
Your second letter identified two additional State mandatory reporting requirements that may conflict with FERPA. The first is the Abuse and Neglect Act, NMSA 1978 Sec. 32A-4-1 et seq., (1999 Repl. Pamp.) codified in the New Mexico Children's Code. According to your letter, this law requires "every person" who "knows or has a reasonable suspicion that a child is an abused or a neglected child [to] report the matter immediately to "local law enforcement, the Department of Children, Youth and Family, or tribal law enforcement or social services agencies for any Indian child residing in Indian country. The second law is the Adult Protective Services Act, which provides that "any person having reasonable cause to believe that an incapacitated adult is being abused, neglected or exploited shall immediately report that information to the [Department of Children, Youth and Families]." NMSA 1978 Sec. 27-7-30(A)(1999 Repl. Pamp.) The report must include the name, age, and address of the incapacitated adult, any person responsible for the adult's care, and other relevant information. In both cases, failure to report abuse as required may be punished as a misdemeanor. Your concern is that university health care providers who submit reports about students under these statutes might violate FERPA.
Applicable FERPA Provisions
FERPA protects the privacy interests of parents and students in a student's "education records." Educational agencies and institutions subject to FERPA may not have a policy or practice of disclosing "education records, or personally identifiable information contained therein other than directory information ... without the written consent of their parents..." except as provided by statute. 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1); 34 CFR 99.30. All FERPA rights transfer from parents to students when the student reaches 18 years of age or attends a postsecondary institution. 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(d); 34 CFR § 99.3 ("Eligible student").
Under FERPA, "education records" are defined as
those records, files, documents, and other materials which -
(i) contain information directly related to a student; and
(ii) are maintained by an educational agency or institution or by a person acting for such agency or institution.
20 U.S.C. § 1232g(a)(4)(A); 34 CFR § 99.3 ("Education records"). The term "student"
includes any person with respect to whom an educational agency or institution maintains education records or personally identifiable information, but does not include a person who has not been in attendance at such agency or institution.
20 U.S.C. § 1232g(a)(6); 34 CFR § 99.3 ("Student").
FERPA excludes four categories of information from the term "education records" including
(iv) records on a student who is eighteen years of age or older, or is attending an institution of postsecondary education, which are made or maintained by a physician, psychiatrist, psychologist, or other recognized professional or paraprofessional acting in his professional or paraprofessional capacity, or assisting in that capacity, and which are made, maintained, or used only in connection with the provision of treatment to the student, and are not available to anyone other than persons providing such treatment, except that such records can be personally reviewed by a physician or other appropriate professional of the student's choice.
20 U.S.C. § 1232g(a)(4)(B); 34 CFR § 99.3 ("Education records"). These are commonly known as "treatment records" of eligible students.
FERPA applies to an educational agency or institution that receives funds under programs administered by the U.S. Secretary of Education. 34 CFR § 99.1(a). If an agency or institution receives funds under one or more of these programs, FERPA applies to the recipient as a whole, including each of its components, such as a department within a university. 34 CFR § 99.1(d).
Records maintained on students at a campus health center are "education records" subject to FERPA because they are directly related to a student and maintained by the institution or by a party acting for the institution. The records of a campus-based student health center would not be subject to FERPA if the center is funded, administered and operated by or on behalf of a public or private health, social services, or other non-educational agency or individual. (We note that final regulations promulgated under the 1996 Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA), codified at 45 CFR Parts 160 and 164, provide that health care information that is maintained as an "education record" under FERPA is not subject to the HIPAA Privacy Rule precisely because it is protected under FERPA. See 45 CFR § 164.501, Protected health information. A campus health care provider that is not subject to FERPA may be subject to the HIPAA Privacy Rule instead.) As explained further below, based on the information provided in your letters, we agree with your conclusion that student health records maintained by the University's Student Health Center are "education records" subject to FERPA.
Under the provisions cited above, records maintained by the University's Student Health Center on student-patients are excluded from the definition of "education records" under FERPA only if they are made, maintained, and used only in connection with the student's treatment and not disclosed to anyone other than individuals providing treatment to the student. If these records are disclosed in personally identifiable form to the State Department of Health or other agencies for reasons other than the student's "treatment," then the records are no longer excluded from the statutory definition of "education records" and may only be disclosed in accordance with FERPA requirements. That is, the student must provide a signed and dated written consent in accordance with section 99.30 of the FERPA regulations or the disclosure must fall within one of the exceptions to that requirement as set forth in section 99.31(a).
State Law Reporting Requirements
1. Reporting of Notifiable Conditions and Cancer.
Regulations issued by the New Mexico Department of Health for "Control of Disease and Conditions of Public Health Significance" impose mandatory reporting requirements for "notifiable conditions," which include both "communicable diseases" and "conditions of public health significance." 7 NMAC 4.3.7 J. "Communicable disease" means "an illness caused by infectious agents or their toxic products which may be transmitted to a susceptible host." "Condition of public health significance" means "a condition dangerous to public health or safety." 7 NMAC 4.3.7 D & E.
Certain communicable diseases require immediate reporting on an "emergency basis." These include vaccine preventable diseases, such as measles, mumps, haemophilus influenzae, invasive infections, rubella, tetanus, etc., and other diseases such as anthrax, botulism, cholera, E.coli infections, Hantavirus, rabies, smallpox, tuberculosis, yellow fever, as well as suspected food and waterborne illnesses and those suspected to be caused by release of biologic or chemical agents. 7 NMAC 4.3.12 A. "Routine" (i.e., non-emergency) reporting is required for various infectious diseases, including but not limited to Colorado tick fever, encephalitis, hepatitis, Legionnaires' disease, Lyme disease, malaria, Reye syndrome, toxic shock syndrome, etc.; sexually transmitted diseases, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, HIV, and AIDS; birth defects; and health conditions related to environmental exposures and certain injuries, such as asbestosis, firearm injuries, lead blood levels, pesticide-related illness, silicosis, spinal cord injuries, traumatic brain injuries, and other environmentally-induced health conditions. 7 NMAC 4.3.12 B.
State health regulations provide that health care professionals, laboratories, and "any other person ... having knowledge of any person having or suspected of having a notifiable condition, shall immediately report the instance to the Office [of Epidemiology of the Department of Health]." 7 NMAC 4.3.8. "Other person" includes but is not limited to an official in charge of any health facility, the principal or person in charge of any private or public school or child care center, teachers and school nurses. 7 NMAC 4.3.7 L. All reports must include the patient's name, date of birth/age, sex, race/ethnicity and telephone number, along with the problem reported. 7 NMAC 4.3.12 C. In addition, the Department of Health may have access to all medical records of persons with, or suspected of having notifiable diseases or conditions of public health significance. 7 NMAC 4.3.9 H. (The Department of Health may also require exclusion of infected and non-immune persons, including students, patients, employees, or other persons, and order closure and discontinuance of operations in specified circumstances, where any case of communicable disease occurs or is like to occur in public, private, or parochial school or health care facility. 7 NMAC 4.3.9 D.)
State health regulations also designate the New Mexico Tumor Registry as the agency responsible for operating a statewide cancer registry. 7 NMAC 4.3.10 A. Hospitals and other facilities providing screening, diagnostic or therapeutic services to patients must report cancer cases to the cancer registry. 7 NMAC 4.3.10 B. Health care professionals (such as a school nurse) diagnosing or providing treatment for cancer patients, except for cases directly referred to or previously admitted to a hospital or other facility, must also report cancer cases to the registry. 7 NMAC 4.3.10 C. The cancer registry is authorized to access all records of physicians and surgeons, hospitals, outpatient clinics, nursing homes, and all other facilities, individuals or agencies providing cancer related services. 7 NMAC 4.3.10 D.
All reports of notifiable conditions and cancer case data are confidential. Disclosure to any person of reported information that identifies or could lead to the identification of an individual is prohibited except for purposes of prevention, control, or research or, in the case of cancer reporting, for reporting to other state cancer registries and local and state health officers. 7 NMAC 4.3.9 I and 4.3.10 F.
2. Reporting of Abuse and Neglect
You also asked about two other State laws. The first is the Abuse and Neglect Act, part of the New Mexico Children's Code, which requires every person, including a nurse, schoolteacher, or school official, who "knows or has a reasonable suspicion that a child is an abused or a neglected child [to] report the matter immediately" to local law enforcement, the county department of children, youth and family, or tribal law enforcement or social services agencies (for Indian children residing in Indian country). NMSA 1978 § 32A-4-3 A. This section also provides that these agencies are entitled to have access to "any of the records pertaining to a child abuse or neglect case maintained by any of the persons [required to report abuse or neglect under this statute]" except as otherwise provided. NMSA 1978 § 32A-4-3 E. You pointed out that the law does not enumerate what items of information must be reported, but undoubtedly the institutional official making the report would be asked to provide the name of the student. Failure to report abuse as required is a misdemeanor under § 32A-4-3 F.
The second State law is the Adult Protective Services Act, which provides that "any person having a reasonable cause to believe that an incapacitated adult is being abused, neglected or exploited shall immediately report that information to the department [of children, youth and families]." NMSA 1978 § 27-7-30 A. The report must contain the name, age and address of the adult, the name and address of any other person responsible for the adult's care, the extent of the adult's condition, the basis of the reporter's knowledge, and other relevant information. NMSA 1978 § 27-7-30 B. Failure to report abuse as required is a misdemeanor under § 27-2-30 C.
In both cases, these reports may require the disclosure of personally identifiable, non-directory information from education records. You indicated that University health care providers may obtain information about students that would require them to submit a report under these State laws.
As noted above, health or medical "treatment records" of postsecondary students are excluded from the FERPA definition of education records provided they are disclosed only to individuals providing treatment. Our review of the mandatory State reporting requirements described above indicates that any "treatment records" maintained by the University would lose that status if they were disclosed pursuant to any of these State laws. In particular, the mandatory reporting of notifiable conditions and cancer cases addresses general concerns of public health and safety and not treatment for the individual who is the subject of the disclosure. Similarly, while the reporting requirements established under the State's abuse and neglect laws are intended to protect the subject individuals, the disclosure of information to law enforcement, social services, legal assistance, and other agencies cannot be considered "treatment" under this FERPA exception to the definition of "education records" in FERPA. Accordingly, we find that personally identifiable information from education records that is disclosed pursuant to any of these State laws may not be considered "treatment records" and is subject to all FERPA requirements.
FERPA provides that prior written consent is not required to disclose properly designated "directory information" from education records. 34 CFR §§ 99.31(a)(11) and 99.37. "Directory information" means information that would not generally be considered harmful or an invasion of privacy if disclosed, including the student's name, address, telephone number, date of birth, and so forth. See 34 CFR § 99.3 ("Directory information"). Communicable diseases and other notifiable conditions about an individual student may not be designated and disclosed as directory information under FERPA because this is the type of information that would generally be considered an invasion of privacy if disclosed. This is consistent with the confidentiality requirements imposed under State law for the mandatory reporting of this information, as noted above.
Another FERPA provision allows an educational agency or institution to disclose personally identifiable information from education records, without prior written consent,
in connection with an emergency [to] appropriate persons if the knowledge of such information is necessary to protect the health or safety of the student or other persons.
20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(1)(I); 34 CFR §§ 99.31(a)(10) 99.36.
Congress added this exception to the written consent requirement when FERPA was first amended, on December 13, 1974. The legislative history demonstrates Congress' intent to limit application of the "health or safety" exception to exceptional circumstances --
Finally, under certain emergency situations it may become necessary for an educational agency or institution to release personal information to protect the health or safety of the student or other students. In the case of the outbreak of an epidemic, it is unrealistic to expect an educational official to seek consent from every parent before a health warning can be issued. On the other hand, a blanket exception for "health or safety" could lead to unnecessary dissemination of personal information. Therefore, in order to assure that there are adequate safeguards on this exception, the amendments provided that the Secretary shall promulgate regulations to implement this subsection. It is expected that he will strictly limit the applicability of this exception.
Joint Statement in Explanation of Buckley/Pell Amendment, 120 Cong. Rec. S21489, Dec. 13, 1974. (These amendments were made retroactive to November 19, 1974, the date on which FERPA became effective.)
Section 99.31(a)(10) of the regulations provides that the disclosure must be "in connection with a health or safety emergency" under the following additional conditions:
An educational agency or institution may disclose personally identifiable information from an education record to appropriate parties in connection with an emergency if knowledge of the information is necessary to protect the health or safety of the student or other individuals.
34 CFR § 99.36(a)(emphases added.) In accordance with Congressional direction, the regulations provide further that these requirements will be strictly construed. 34 CFR § 99.36(c).
The Department has consistently interpreted this provision narrowly by limiting its application to a specific situation that presents imminent danger to students or other members of the community, or that requires an immediate need for information in order to avert or diffuse serious threats to the safety or health of a student or other individuals. While the exception is not limited to emergencies caused by terrorist attacks, the Department's Guidance on "Recent Amendments to [FERPA] Relating to Anti-Terrorism Activities," issued by this Office on April 12, 2002, provides a useful and relevant summary of our interpretation (emphasis added):
[T]he health or safety exception would apply to nonconsensual disclosures to appropriate persons in the case of a smallpox, anthrax or other bioterrorism attack. This exception also would apply to nonconsensual disclosures to appropriate persons in the case of another terrorist attach such as the September 11 attack. However, any release must be narrowly tailored considering the immediacy, magnitude, and specificity of information concerning the emergency. As the legislative history indicates, this exception is temporally limited to the period of the emergency and generally will not allow for a blanket release of personally identifiable information from a student's education records.
Under the health and safety exception school officials may share relevant information with "appropriate parties," that is, those parties whose knowledge of the information is necessary to provide immediate protection of the health and safety of the student or other individuals. (Citations omitted.) Typically, law enforcement officials, public health officials, and trained medical personnel are the types of parties to whom information may be disclosed under this FERPA exception...
The educational agency or institution has the responsibility to make the initial determination of whether a disclosure is necessary to protect the health or safety of the student or other individuals....
By way of example, in accordance with these principles we concluded in a 1994 letter that a student's suicidal statements, coupled with unsafe conduct and threats against another student, constitute a "health or safety emergency" under FERPA. However, we also noted that this exception does not support a general or blanket exception in every case in which a student utters a threat. More recently, in 2002 we advised that a school district could disclose information from education records to the Pennsylvania Department of Health, without written consent, where six students had died of unknown causes within the previous five months. These facts indicated that the district faced a specific and grave emergency situation that required immediate intervention by the Department of Health to protect the health and safety of students and others in the school district.
With regard to reports required under state law, in 2000 we advised a state senator about a potential conflict between FERPA and a state law that requires a school to notify the appropriate law enforcement agency immediately if it receives a request for the records of a child who has been reported missing, and then notify the requesting school that the child has been reported missing and is the subject of an ongoing law enforcement investigation. Once again noting that the "health and safety emergency" exception generally does not allow a blanket release of personally identifiable, non-directory information from education records, we concluded that FERPA would allow school personnel to comply with this law
only if the school has made a case-by-case determination that there is a present and imminent threat or danger to the student or that information from education records is needed to avert or diffuse serious threats to the safety or health of a student...In the case of a missing child, we agree that law enforcement officials would constitute an appropriate party for the disclosure assuming that the school has first determined that a threat or imminent danger to the child exists.
May 8, 2000, letter to Pennsylvania State Senator Stewart J. Greenleaf (emphases added.)
In summary, the University may disclose personally identifiable, non-directory information from education records under the "health or safety emergency" exception only if it has determined, on a case-by-case basis, that a specific situation presents imminent danger or threat to students or other members of the community, or requires an immediate need for information in order to avert or diffuse serious threats to the safety or health of a student or other individuals. Any release must be narrowly tailored considering the immediacy and magnitude of the emergency and must be made only to parties who can address the specific emergency in question. This exception is temporally limited to the period of the emergency and generally does not allow a blanket release of personally identifiable information from a student's education records to comply with general requirements under State law.
The New Mexico Department of Health has made a reasonable determination, by regulation, which specific, communicable diseases require immediate reporting on an "emergency" basis. 7 NMAC 4.3.12(A). This Office will not substitute its judgment for what constitutes a true threat or emergency unless the determination appears manifestly unreasonable or irrational. We find that the State reporting requirement for communicable diseases satisfies the FERPA requirement for a case-by-case determination that a specific situation, i.e., an identified communicable disease, presents an imminent danger or threat to students or other members of the community, that the release is narrowly tailored to meet the emergency, and that reports are made to appropriate authorities within the health department. Therefore, the University may disclose personally identifiable information from education records, without written consent, to meet these State health reporting requirements.
We cannot come to the same conclusion with respect to the "routine" or non-emergency reporting that is required by regulation for other notifiable conditions, including the infectious diseases, injuries, environmental exposures, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV/AIDS, cancer, and birth defects specified in 7NMAC 4.3.12 B, as well as reports to the New Mexico Tumor Registry required under 7 NMAC 4.3.10. Indeed, in these cases, the State Department of Health has determined that the specified disease or condition does not constitute an imminent danger or threat or that emergency reporting or other action is necessary to address the concern. Consequently, the University may not disclose information from a student's education records to meet these "routine" health reporting requirements unless it has made a specific, case-by-case determination that a health or safety emergency exists, as described above, or the student provides prior written consent for the disclosure in accordance with section 99.30 of the FERPA regulations.
In regard to the reporting required under New Mexico's Abuse and Neglect Act, in 1997 this Office reviewed State laws in Maine and Texas that require schools to report known or suspected cases of child abuse or neglect to designated officials. While we first determined that the "health and safety emergency" exception in FERPA would not permit a blanket release of personally identifiable information from a student's education records in every case where a teacher "knows or has reasonable cause to suspect that a child has been or is likely to be abused or neglected," we also concluded that these state laws actually presented a conflict between FERPA and another, later-enacted Federal law that superseded FERPA and allowed these disclosures without consent.
In particular, the Federal Child Abuse Prevention, Adoption and Family Services Act of 1988 amended the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) by providing that a State must enact laws that require reporting of known and suspected instances of child abuse and neglect in order to receive grants for abuse prevention and treatment programs. See 42 U.S.C. § 5106a(b)(1)(A) and 45 CFR 1340.14(c). (States must also ensure that the disclosure and redisclosure of information concerning child abuse and neglect is made only to persons or entities determined by the State to have a need for the information. 42 U.S.C. § 5106a(b)(4)(A).) It is clear that in some instances the mandatory reporting may require the release of personally identifiable information from education records protected under FERPA. Congress enacted the basic privacy protections of FERPA in 1974. Following well-established standards of statutory construction, we were unable to interpret these two laws (CAPTA and FERPA) so that they did not conflict and concluded that Congress intended to supersede FERPA in this instance and allow reports of child abuse to take place, including disclosure of personally identifiable information from education records, without parental consent.
Under this analysis, University personnel may comply with the specific reporting requirements in New Mexico's Abuse and Neglect Act and regulations to the extent that these State requirements comply with CAPTA (including regulations promulgated pursuant to CAPTA) and conflict with specific provisions in FERPA. We would be pleased to answer any more detailed questions you may have in this regard about reporting requirements under this State law.
New Mexico's Adult Protective Services Act requires "[a]ny person having reasonable cause to believe that an incapacitated adult is being abused, neglected or exploited" to "immediately report that information to the [department of children, youth and families]." Records created or maintained pursuant to investigations under this law are "confidential" and may not be disclosed directly or indirectly to the public. However, these records are open to inspection by numerous agencies and individuals other than the Department of Children, Youth and Families and the alleged victim, including court personnel; personnel of any State agency with a legitimate interest in the records; law enforcement officials; any State government social services agency in any other State; health care or mental health professionals involved with the alleged victim; parties and their counsel in all legal proceedings brought pursuant to the Adult Protective Service Act; persons who have been or will in the immediate future provide care or services to the adult (except the alleged abuser); persons appointed by the court to serve as guardian, visitor, or qualified health care professional; any other person or entity, by order of the court, having a legitimate interest in the case or the work of the court; and protection and advocacy representatives pursuant to the Federal Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act and Protection and Advocacy for Mentally Ill Individuals Act. Records of substantiated cases are also provided to the State Department of Health, the District Attorney's Office, the Medicaid Fraud Control Unit, and the Office of the Long-Term Care Ombudsman for "appropriate additional action." N.M. Stat. Ann. § 17-7-29.
We are not aware of any Federal law comparable to CAPTA that applies to the reporting required under the Adult Protective Services Act. In regard to disclosing information from education records without prior written consent, there may well be many instances in which a University official who has a legal responsibility to make a report about an incapacitated adult under State law, particularly one who appears "abused," could also conclude that a "health or safety emergency" exists under the FERPA exception as explained above. However, given the inclusion in the State reporting requirement of the standards of "neglect" and "exploitation," which may not present immediate risk to an incapacitated adult, or may not implicate the adult's "health or safety," we cannot conclude that the State has made a case-by-case determination that a "health or safety emergency" exists in these circumstances. In addition, the wide variety of parties who may obtain access to information disclosed initially to the Department of Children, Youth and Families may not meet the FERPA requirement that the information be redisclosed only in accordance with the requirements of 20 U.S.C. § 1232g(b)(4)(B) and 34 CFR § 99.33(a). Therefore, the University may not disclose personally identifiable information from education records to comply with the Adult Protective Services Act without the student's prior written consent unless it has made a specific, case-by-case determination that a "health or safety emergency" exists, as described above, or some other exception to the prior written consent requirement applies. Further, if such a determination is made, the University must also advise the Department of Children, Youth and Families that it may not redisclose any personally identifiable information from education records to any other party except in accordance with the requirements of 20 U.S.C. § 1232(b)(4)(B) and § 99.33 of the FERPA regulations. See also 34 CFR § 99.33(e), which provides a penalty for third-party redisclosure of education records in violation of FERPA requirements.
Finally, we note that under State law the Department of Health has authority to prescribe the duties of public health nurses and school nurses, and that all school health personnel (except physical education staff), "are under the direct supervision and control of the district health officer in their district. They shall make such reports relating to public health as the district health officer in their district requires." Public Health Act §§ 24-1-3 G and 24-1-4 D. These State laws do not remove records maintained by the University's Student Health Center from coverage under FERPA because it appears that health services are provided to students by, on behalf of, and under the control of the University, and not a separate health agency or health care provider. We would be pleased to evaluate any additional facts you wish to share on this point.
I trust that this is helpful in explaining the scope and limitations of FERPA as it pertains to your inquiry. Should you have any additional questions, please do not hesitate to contact this Office again.
LeRoy S. Rooker
Family Policy Compliance Office


text:
NEW YORK (AP) - "I chose a very strange profession for someone who had such body issues," says actor Corey Stoll, who, at 38, not only has a thriving career but also a ripped physique that could shame a couch potato into hitting the gym.
NEW YORK (AP) � "I chose a very strange profession for someone who had such body issues," says actor Corey Stoll, who, at 38, not only has a thriving career but also a ripped physique that could shame a couch potato into hitting the gym.
Still, he can't dismiss his past. As a teen he was fat � very fat � he reports, with his 6-foot-2 frame then carrying some 100 pounds more than his current 210.
Starring in the new FX thriller, "The Strain" (premiering Sunday at 10 p.m. EDT), Stoll has leading-man charisma as a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention hero pitted against a viral outbreak threatening the planet.
Meanwhile, viewers of the Netflix drama "House of Cards" can get a head-to-toe look at him in the buff in the series premiere's bedroom scene. And in episode 5, a tour de force interlude with star Kevin Spacey leads to Stoll, undressed, planted in a bathtub.
In those sequences, filmed a few years ago, he's clearly in terrific condition.
"I'm not quite in that shape right now," he says with a self-effacing laugh. "But I'm OK."
Even so, he still sees a fat kid in the mirror, he says, an admission that should comfort everyone who sees only flaws in their own reflection.
"I chose a profession where everybody looks at me!" he marvels. "But I guess you go toward what's hard for you. I used to think I had to fight to get over it. But at this point, I'm at peace with the fact that I have a certain degree of dysmorphia," that chronic concern over a perceived defect in one's physical appearance.
In a weird way, that remains a useful tool for him to draw on as an actor.
"No matter how successful I get," he says, "I'll always have easy access to what it feels like to be that outcast, to feel separate, with that level of self-loathing. It's not who I am now, but it's there. And it's never gonna go away."
EDITOR'S NOTE � Frazier Moore is a national television columnist for The Associated Press. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.com and at http://www.twitter.com/tvfrazier. Past stories are available at http://bigstory.ap.org/content/frazier-moore


text:
Alongside Vatel for many years, a number of hsopitality companies rely on the training provided by the Vatel schools worldwide.
Members of national and international hotel groups, voluntary chains or independent restaurants and hotels, they welcome Vatéliens for internships and also for managerial positions.
Post your jobs on the website www.vatelalumni.com
Fill this form out to send your internship to our Internships' Offices


text:
Rising sea levels will put Seattle neighborhoods under water
By the year 2050, expect parts of Seattle neighborhoods to be under water, said James Rufo Hill, a climatologist with Seattle Public Utilities.
Rufo Hill displayed a map of the city showing parts of West Seattle, Georgetown, South Park, Harbor Island, Interbay and Golden Gardens inundated by rising sea levels caused by climate change. (You can listen to his explanation of the map in one of the videos above.)
The map and a call for public input on a set of recommendations for a new Climate Action Plan for the city were unveiled at a City Council news conference at the north beach of Myrtle Edwards Park on Monday.
"2012 was the hottest year on record for our planet and one month ago, the highest tide ever recorded in the city of Seattle happened," Councilman Mike O'Brien said. (You can see a video of the high tide above.)
"You can look over my shoulders and see the cranes that represent the economic activity of this maritime and industrial sector that create so many family wage jobs, when you look at the map and you see that most of Harbor Island can be under water in these events, it really causes us concern about future looks like and how we adapt to that."
"By 2050 this king tide will not be out of the ordinary but will be the norm," Councilwoman Jean Godden pitched in.
She added that the map shows Seattle still has work to do to ensure its utility infrastructure is prepared for climate change and rising sea levels.
The city's Green Ribbon Commission report has created a list of "Quick Start Actions" the city needs to start on. Here's a partial list:
- Conduct a citywide assessment of the impacts of temperature, precipitation, and sea level rise.
- Keep on pace to restore all 2500 acres of forested parkland by 2025 through the Green Seattle Partnership.
- Implement projects in several urban creeks that connect floodplains, increase stormwater storage capacity and improve culverts to minimize flooding and improve habitat.
- Use applied research and modeling to evaluate climate change impacts on Seattle City Light's electricity resources and future energy demands beyond the 20-year planning horizon.
- Implement Advanced Metering to begin the transition to a "smart grid."
- Continue to invest in water conservation programs reducing regional per capita water use.
- Adopt a green stormwater infrastructure policy and develop an implementation plan.
- Assess climate change impacts on transportation infrastructure and operations.
- Pilot an advanced green building standard, such as the Living Building Challenge, on a City facility.
- Review development codes and incentives, and identify barriers and potential opportunities, to encourage private development to become more resilient.
- Assess the public health impacts of climate change.
- Consider the impacts of climate change on access to healthy, affordable food.


text:
PORT BLAIR, India (Reuters) - Indian aircraft on Friday combed Andaman and Nicobar, made up of more than 500 mostly uninhabited islands, for signs of a missing Malaysia Airlines jetliner that evidence suggests was last headed towards the heavily forested archipelago.
Popular with tourists and anthropologists alike, the islands form India's most isolated state. They are best known for dense rainforests, coral reefs and hunter-gatherer tribes who have long resisted contact with outsiders.
The search for lost Flight MH370 has expanded dramatically in the past week but failed to locate the plane or any wreckage, making it one of the most baffling mysteries in aviation history.
Initially focused northeast of Malaysia, search operations took a new turn after Malaysia's air force chief said military radar had spotted an unidentified aircraft, suspected to be the lost Boeing 777, to the west of Malaysia early on March 8.
On Thursday, two sources told Reuters the unidentified aircraft appeared to be following a commonly used navigational route that would take it over the Andaman and Nicobar islands.
The Indian Navy has deployed two Dornier planes to fly across the island chain, a total area of 720 km (447 miles) by 52 km (32 miles), Indian military spokesman Harmeet Singh said in the state capital, Port Blair. So far the planes, and a helicopter searching the coast, had found nothing.
"This operation is like finding a needle in a haystack," said Singh, who is the spokesman for joint air force, navy and army command in the islands.
The Defence Ministry said the Eastern Naval Command would also search across a new area measuring 15 km by 600 km along the Chennai coast in the Bay of Bengal.
The shape of this area, located 900 km west of Port Blair, suggested the search was focusing on a narrow flight corridor.
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Hong Lei said China appreciated India's search efforts. Most of the passengers on Flight MH370 are Chinese.
A fire spotted on an island inhabited by the Sentinelese tribe was unconnected to the missing flight, Rear Admiral Sudhir Pillai, Chief of Staff of the joint command, told Reuters
"I can confirm we've been watching the smoke on the island by air and by boats along the coast for some time," Pillai said.
"But we believe it has nothing to do with the missing Malaysia Airlines plane," he added, saying that it was possible that the fire was lit by the tribe, who are known to burn thick grassland.
He added that he believed the smoke on North Sentinel island started before the aircraft disappeared seven days ago.
On standby is India's most advanced maritime air surveillance plane, the P-8I Poseidon, a long range anti-submarine variant of the U.S. Navy's P-8A. India, the first overseas customer for the aircraft, has ordered eight P-8Is.
Indian ships are also helping in the search by more than a dozen nations for the missing plane, by looking in an area north of Sumatra, in the south Andaman Sea.
The 2004 Asian tsunami devastated much of Andaman and Nicobar. In the wake of that disaster, a member of the reclusive Sentinelese was photographed shooting arrows at an Indian coastguard helicopter.
Another nomadic tribe, the Jarawa, are increasingly in contact with outsiders. Tribal rights group Survival accuses travel agencies of organising "human safari" tours to view the Jarawa, who are fish and turtle hunters and number about 400.
Andaman and Nicobar is of strategic importance for India, because of its location near the busy Malacca Straits shipping route. Over the past decade, India has built up its military presence on the islands.
Additional reporting by Nita Bhalla in PORT BLAIR and Sruthi Gottipati in NEW DELHI; Writing by Frank Jack Daniel; Editing by Mark Trevelyan
Our Standards: The Thomson Reuters Trust Principles.


text:
"Simply put... SecureUninstaller™ just gets the job done!"
Frustrated with Programs You Can't Remove?
Securely and Completely Uninstall
Unused, Damaged and Unwanted Programs
Instantly With SecureUninstaller™!
The Frustrating Problem...
A program has deeply embedded itself into your system, refusing to be uninstalled.
Did you know that when you install an application, numerous files and entries are created and distributed all over your PC? Before you know it, your computer is one massively heavy, bloated system filled with completely unnecessary – and potentially unsafe – files.
So the next time you think it's OK to allow unused programs to use your computer as their 'permanent home'... consider the following problems.
- Your PC will slow down.
Because unneeded software is occupying valuable disk space.
- Your PC will be prone to errors.
When you install a program, numerous entries are created all over the Windows® registry. If any of these entries get damaged or corrupted, other applications will be harmed and PC error messages will pop up all over the place.
- You will not be able to upgrade software easily.
When you update to a new version of a program, it first tries to uninstall the version currently installed on your PC. If this un-installation is unsuccessful, you will not be able to upgrade to newer versions of that product.
- Your PC is being drained of important resources.
Even though you may not think you are using certain programs, they may be working in the background and hogging important system resources such as memory resources, network resources, and others.
- Your system will be open to security threats.
Some applications – especially the ones that are hard to uninstall! – embed malicious codes that serve to open your system to hack attacks. Others put codes that tend to spy on what you're doing, making you vulnerable to identity theft.
To prevent all the above problems, you should be sure to clean your PC and get rid of every piece of software that you do not use.
Uninstall Unused, Damaged and Unwanted Programs Instantly!
Completely Remove Any Software with SecureUninstaller™
The Perfect Solution...
Get Rid of Damaged, Unused, and Unwanted Programs Instantly with Award-Winning SecureUninstaller™
SecureUninstaller™ is an uninstall utility that gets rid of any program on your computer, including those hard-to-get-rid of applications that the standard Windows® Add/Remove Program feature cannot handle.
SecureUninstaller™ can remove programs on three different levels.
- Standard Uninstall.
This level uninstalls programs using the Add/Remove Programs function of Windows®.
Recommended for: simple, straight-forward applications; however, unlike the Windows® feature, backups will be made for any application removed (great for programs that you are not using now but may want to use at a later time).
- Complete Uninstall.
This level will uninstall software by scanning the most common locations where application traces and left-over data usually reside.
Recommended for: advanced software, i.e., programs that perform numerous tasks or has plenty of features; ANY program that Windows® Add/Remove cannot remove.
- Thorough Uninstall.
This level follows a deep-level, heuristic uninstall procedure. It will thoroughly search your complete hard disk for any program traces.
Recommended for: advanced software; ANY program that Windows® Add/Remove cannot handle; ANY program that is damaged or corrupted.
Uninstall Unused, Damaged and Unwanted Programs Instantly!
Completely Remove Any Software with SecureUninstaller™
How to Completely Remove Unwanted Software from Your PC with SecureUninstaller™
SecureUninstaller™ Key Benefits
- Saves you from hassle and frustrations. Easily, securely and thoroughly get rid of all types of unwanted applications on your system.
- Saves you time. Simple, ONE-CLICK system backs up programs and uninstalls them in minutes.
- Saves you from ID THEFT. Hey, some of these programs make themselves deliberately un-installable because they want to stay on your PC and spy on you. Get rid of these programs hiding in your system.
- Frees up badly needed hard disk space. Why allow your PC to be the 'warehouse' of unneeded programs? Get rid of unwanted software and free up valuable disk space on your computer, enabling other applications – those that you do want to keep – to run better and faster.
- Protects your PC from broken and corrupt registry entries, improving your PC's performance and speed.
- Cleans your PC of unwanted software components and associated drivers.


text:
The Wild Hunt is exclusively supported by readers like you. No advertising. No corporate sponsors. Your support helps us pay our writers and editors, as well as cover the bills the keep the lights on. We cover the community because of your generosity. Consider making a one-time donation – or become a monthly sustainer. Every amount helps. Thank you for reading The Wild Hunt!
There are lots of articles and essays of interest to modern Pagans out there, sometimes more than I can write about in-depth in any given week. So The Wild Hunt must unleash the hounds in order to round them all up.
- Beliefnet News runs a story on an upcoming Washington DC Pagan event, "a protest to the New Apostolic Reformation's 51-day prayer campaign targeting Pagans, Wiccans, Witches, Druids, Heathens, and other Goddess-worshipers nationwide." The press release from event organizer Caroline Kenner probably got picked up thanks to a pull-quote provided by the Reverend Barry Lynn of Americans United. You can read more about the nation-wide Hail Columbia campaign, here. More on this specific event, here, and here. I plan to have a guest post from one of the Hail Columbia coordinators very soon, so stay tuned!
- Theater professor and local witch-trial reenactor Kristina Stevick makes peace with Salem being the "Witch City". Quote: "We recruit audiences from Salem's modern streets and, in the process, get an interesting view of our City of Peace. We've seen shouting matches and fistfights between business owners and their mascots. We've been "hexed" by competitors, and we (along with other businesses) have been the recipients of a literal door "prize" of dead animals."
- The Associated Press reports on the spread of the Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos) in the United States. Quote: "In the last decade or so, this traditional Latin American holiday with indigenous roots has spread throughout the U.S. along with migration from Mexico and other countries where it is observed. Not only are U.S.-born Latinos adopting the Day of the Dead, but various underground and artistic non-Latino groups have begun to mark the Nov. 1-2 holidays through colorful celebrations, parades, exhibits and even bike rides and mixed martial arts fights." Some examples of how the United States has adopted the Day of the Dead: here, here, and here.
- The Atlanta Journal Constitution has run an obituary of Wiccan elder David White (aka Lord Merlin). Star Foster, a member of White's tradition, previously noted his passing. White was an elder high priest of the Ravenwood tradition for almost three decades. Lord Merlin was the longtime consort and companion of Lady Sintana, who passed away a year ago.
- The BBC has a report on the growing popularity of Maria Lionza's cult in Venezuela. Here's an audio slideshow from last year of the goddess' worshipers. The toppling of a Maria Lionza statues in 2004 was one of the first things I every blogged about here at The Wild Hunt.
- More 'War on Halloween' nonsense from Linda Harvey. Harvey is founder of Mission:America, and author of "Not My Child: Contemporary Paganism & the New Spirituality". So she's not really down with dialog and interfaith communication. More on the this trend from Jason Mankey.
- The growing veneration of Guanyin in South Alabama. The growing veneration of Maria Lionza in Venezuela. The exploding veneration of Mary in Wisconsin. Do you sense a theme here? I sure do.
- Native journalist Tim Giago ponders: Why did Native American people convert to a foreign religion? Quote: "I am still left with the question that has bothered me all of my life: Why did so many indigenous people convert to the religions that came from a foreign land with a Bible in which not one indigenous tribe in the Western Hemisphere is ever mentioned?"
- T. Thorn Coyle's recently announced subscription video teaching series entitled Fiat LVX now has an introductory video you can watch. Check it out!
- The Infamous Brad shares the secret origin of the Occupy Wall Street movement.
- Did you listen to the first episode of the re-launched, live, episode of the Modern Witch Podcast? If not, you should! Featuring an interview with the ever-erudite Jonathan Korman.
- Heathen Steven Abell discusses Mormonism, politics, Christianity, and the veracity of religious teachings.
That's it for now! Feel free to discuss any of these links in the comments, some of these I may expand into longer posts as needed.


text:
This write-up will go through the process of displaying your Twitter tweets on a web page using a little bit of PHP. Learn how to read your Twitter RSS Feed, Cache it and then display it.
Sure, you can probably use a widget, but, maybe you want to do something custom or maybe build your own widget.
Getting Your Twitter RSS Feed
First you will want to find your Twitter RSS feed link, copy the link location as you will use this in the code below. My RSS link looks like this:
The Solution
Here is the code, I'll explain the different parts below: [+ show code]
Taking it Step By Step
When using the code above, there are four key variables which you can adjust:
$url is your twitter feed url,
$cache_expire is the amount of time (in seconds) that the twitter feed will be remembered,
$info_file and
$cache_file are the data files used by the script to remmeber the Twitter feed, you probably will not need to change the location of these files.
$url = 'http://twitter.com/statuses/user_timeline/18060713.rss'; $cache_expire = 3600; // in seconds $ts = time(); $info_file = 'tmp-info.txt'; $cache_file = 'tmp-'.$ts.'.xml';
Lets go through how the script does its thing: first it trys to open the "info" file and get some information about the "cache" file.
// current info $info = unserialize(@file_get_contents($info_file));
Then the script checks if the cache files have expired. The
if statement basically reads like this: "if there is no info or the current time is greater than when the cache was set to expire" …
if (empty($info) OR $ts > ($info['cache_ts']+$cache_expire))
Lets first explore if the statement is
FALSE: this means that the cache has not expired yet. This is the simplest scenario, the script simply reads the cache file and gets the content.
$content = file_get_contents($info['cache_file']);
However, if the statement is
TRUE, the script will get your latest tweets from Twitter (it uses CURL to request the feed as most servers have it enabled).
$ch = curl_init(); curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_URL, $url); curl_setopt ($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1); $content = curl_exec($ch); curl_close($ch);
The script confirms the content with a simple check, basically looking for the presence of a specific XML element. If it finds it, it assumes that all is OK and writes the contents to a file. Additionally, the old cache file is removed.
// if a description tag is present we're OK if (preg_match('/<description>/iS',$content)) { file_put_contents($cache_file,$content); @unlink($info['cache_file']); }
If the check fails, the script assumes that some sort of error has occured. Instead of writing any new data, the script gets the old data and resets the "info" file to be checked again at a new expire time (giving any errors time to resolve itself).
// known error strings: "over capacity", "rate limit exceeded" // else if a description tag is not present something is wrong else { // use current cache until errors resolve itself $cache_file = $info['cache_file']; $content = file_get_contents($info['cache_file']); } // update next cache time and cache file name file_put_contents($info_file,serialize(array('cache_ts'=>$ts,'cache_file'=>$cache_file)));
Once the script has the RSS content it needs and all the cache files have been updated, it then loops the XML content and creates an array to be used somewhere on the page.
$feed = array(); $doc = new DOMDocument(); $doc->loadXML($content); foreach ($doc->getElementsByTagName('item') as $node) { array_push($feed, array ( 'title' => $node->getElementsByTagName('title')->item(0)->nodeValue, 'desc' => preg_replace('/^\w+:/i','',$node->getElementsByTagName('description')->item(0)->nodeValue), 'link' => $node->getElementsByTagName('link')->item(0)->nodeValue, 'date' => $node->getElementsByTagName('pubDate')->item(0)->nodeValue )); }
Outputting The Twitter Feed
With the
array that was created, looping the feed content is straight forward, here is an example of outputting the feed to the page (in this example we output only the most recent 5 tweets):
<?php if (is_array($feed)): ?>
 <?php array_splice($feed,5); ?> <?php foreach ($feed as $item): ?>
<?php echo linkify_tweet($item['desc']); ?>
 <?php endforeach; ?>
 <?php endif; ?>
You may have also noticed that the
linkify_tweet function being used in this example, it basically makes URLs, usernames and hashtags into clickable links.
function linkify_tweet($v) { $v = ' ' . $v; $v = preg_replace('/(^|\s)@(\w+)/', '\1@\2', $v); $v = preg_replace('/(^|\s)#(\w+)/', '\1#\2', $v); $v = preg_replace("#(^|[\n ])([\w]+?://[\w]+[^ \"\n\r\t<]*)#ise", "'\\1\\2'", $v); $v = preg_replace("#(^|[\n ])((www|ftp)\.[^ \"\t\n\r<]*)#ise", "'\\1\\2'", $v); $v = preg_replace("#(^|[\n ])([a-z0-9&\-_\.]+?)@([\w\-]+\.([\w\-\.]+\.)*[\w]+)#i", "\\1\\2@\\3", $v); return trim($v); }


text:
The stalled talks between the NHL and the players' association finally got a jumpstart. After watching 34 days pass without a new proposal being offered by either side in negotiations for a new collective bargaining agreement, Commissioner Gary Bettman made a new offer to the NHLPA that proposes a 50-50 split of hockey-related revenue and a full 82-game season starting Nov. 2.
The stalled talks between the NHL and the players' association finally got a jumpstart.
After watching 34 days pass without a new proposal being offered by either side in negotiations for a new collective bargaining agreement, Commissioner Gary Bettman made a new offer to the NHLPA that proposes a 50-50 split of hockey-related revenue and a full 82-game season starting Nov. 2.
As talks resumed for the first time since last week, Bettman proudly announced the offer, which is crafted for — if nothing else — a quick response from the head of the players' association, Donald Fehr, followed by some serious negotiations in Toronto or in New York.
"It was done," Bettman said, "in the spirit of getting a deal done."
Fehr told reporters that the proposal is for six years. Bettman did not confirm that number.
"Our hope," he said, "after we review this, is that there will be a feeling on the players' side that this will be a proposal from which we can negotiate and try and reach a conclusion."
When asked if the new proposal was an improvement over previous offers made by the NHL, Fehr said: "In some respects I think it is. In other respects, I'm not sure. We have to look at it."
The NHL locked out its players on Sept. 15, and the regular season was scheduled to begin on Oct. 11. A Nov. 2 start date would extend the season well into June, but would preserve some of the marquee events, such as the Jan. 1 Winter Classic in Michigan.
"I don't want to get into the substance other than to say we believe that this was a fair offer for a long-term deal, and it's one that we hope gets a positive reaction," Bettman said. "We have about nine or 10 days to get this all put to bed, signed, sealed and delivered, in order for this offer to be effective and for us to move forward."
Bettman said the long-term deal takes steps to guarantee the players will get full value from their existing deals. And, in order to pull off the logistics of the schedule, each team would have one additional game every five weeks in order to get a full season in.
"Gary indicated to me and I assume he indicated to you that they would like to get a full 82-game season in," Fehr said. "We, of course, share that view and would like to get a full 82-game season in. But we are not in a position to make any comments about it beyond that at this point."
All teams would also hold a makeshift training camp, lasting approximately one week.
Veteran players who signed contracts overseas would need to scramble back to their team headquarters, as will the younger players who are working in the minor leagues, like the AHL, this month.
It is clearly the best offer — or counteroffer, for that matter — that has been made in the months of negotiations since last season ended in June. And the proposal is now in the hands of Fehr and his team of executives, who acknowledged that the proposal was stronger than the previous ones the union had received.
"We're going to be on-call to them. They have some work to do internally. Obviously, we didn't put this proposal, this offer, together overnight, and they're going to need a little time to review it," Bettman said. "I'm hoping that review will get us to a positive and constructive place."
To that end, the union has formally requested time to look the proposal over.
"We're focused on getting the puck dropped on Nov. 2 and playing a full 82-game regular season and full playoffs," Bettman said. "That's what this offer is all about."
This is the third lockout under Bettman's watch, but unlike the previous two, dialogue has remained steady. The two sides last met last week in New York.
"We've given it," Bettman said, "our best shot."
And at the least, Fehr is encouraged.
"I would like to believe that it will be an excellent starting point," he said. "And we can go forward and see if there is a deal to be made."


text:
How Printer Apps Transform MFPs and Digitise Your Business
Multifunction printers (MFPs) have been radically reimagined to help small and medium-sized businesses streamline and improve workflows, increase productivity and reduce costs.
Behind this transformation is an innovative range of smart workflow printer apps that reside on an MFP – technology familiar to any smartphone or tablet user.
Our quick guide will get you up to speed on how smart printer apps and advanced hardware work together to empower your employees and improve the bottom line.
Start your digital business now.


text:
Invictus is shipping worldwide currently via DHL only. Please select DHL options only when checking out and read the information carefully regarding tracking info. DHL Paket does not come with tracking.
I am on vacation from Friday July 31st until Monday August 10th. During this time the web store and Bandcamp will remain open for orders but no orders will ship until Monday August 10th! Please be aware of this when ordering. Thank you for your continued support!


text:
Prof. Necmettin Erbakan: ICNA Offers Condolences
JAMAICA, New York (February 28, 2011) – In a press release issued today, the Islamic Circle of North America (ICNA) extended its deepest condolences to the family of former Turkish Prime Minister and founder of the Developing Eight (D-8), Prof. Necmettin Erbakan, who passed away Sunday at the age of 84.
"We are deeply saddened by the news of Mr. Erbakan's passing," said Dr. Zahid Bukhari, President of ICNA. "I can still remember the inspiring speech he gave at the ICNA Headquarters in NY in 1996, which was translated for the audience by Turkey's current president Abdullah Gul. Mr. Erbakan was a visionary and brilliant leader of Turkey's Islamist movement who devoted his entire life to creating a more peaceful and just world. His work towards the unity of the Muslim world was unparalleled."
"He will be remembered with much respect for his contribution to Turkey and the Muslim world. May Allah (SWT) forgive him and bless him with the highest Reward in Paradise. Our thoughts and prayers are with his family, and we pray that Allah (SWT) grants them patience during this difficult time."
The Islamic Circle of North America is a leading American Muslim organization dedicated to the betterment of society through the application of Islamic values. Since 1968, ICNA has worked to build relations between communities by devoting itself to education, outreach, social services and relief efforts.
Islamic Circle of North America
Office: (718) 658-1199


text:
Lawn, Garden and Turf Tools & Equipment
We offer a wide selection of lawn and garden tools and equipment including turf tools, garden hand tools, rakes, seeding & planting tools, weeding tools, fencing & edging tools, and more for all of your landscaping needs. This high-quality lawn equipment is built for long-lasting performance, making it perfect for both everyday residential use or heavy commercial use.
At Rittenhouse, we have the essential lawn and garden equipment you need to make even the biggest lawn maintenance jobs easier. The selection of durable, professional-grade products combines performance and ease so you know you can rely on them to get the job done. Shop our selection of lawn and garden tools and start creating your perfect yard today.


text:
|Find the best surf spots
This is an interactive map! Use controls to pan and zoom this map.
Datum: WGS84 [ Help ]
Latitude: 21° 9.908' S
User rating (46)
Wannasurf.com is not responsible for the accuracy of the information contained in this guide. You use this guide at your own risk.
Choose your format: please login first
You are free to use Wannasurf.com KML/GPS data files ONLY for your personal use. See Terms of use for more information.
KML file: please login first
Your favourites and future surf spot lists
DistanceIn the city
WalkInstant access (< 5min)
Easy to find?Easy to find
Public access?Public access
Special accessPaddle > 20mn or Boat
Wave qualityWorld Class
ExperienceExperienced surfers
FrequencyDon't know
BottomReef (coral, sharp rocks etc..)
PowerHollow, Fast
Normal lengthNormal (50 to 150m)
Good day lengthLong (150 to 300 m)
Good swell directionSouthWest
Good wind directionSouth, SouthEast
Swell sizeStarts working at 1.0m-1.5m / 3ft-5ft and holds up to 4m+ / 12ft
Best tide position
Best tide movement
Week crowdFew surfers
Week-end crowdCrowded
- Urchins
- Localism
- Sharks
It's Reunion best wave. The wave has 2 main sections. The second bowl is the most tubular. Start your ride here when the swell is small. The water is shallow especially at low tide. The wave is surfable all around the year at each big swell.
Whaouh !!
A link to a web-cam: the wave is not in the foreground, but just behind.
Author: Anonymous Contributors (2) They surfed this spot ! (48)
No video available
|No surf trip
By Anonymous , 09-10-2008
St. Leu - The wave is very good but you can get into real trouble with the locals. The wave must be ridden from the begining to get the feeling. Go early, 6am if you don't want to find the nasty locals.
By Anonymous , 12-08-2007
Go To Reunion! - This spot rocks! Yes there is localism. Do not let the put you off, when I surfed there, every morning at sun up, even weekends, there was just a handful of people out! Surf till 10 in the morning, have a ood breakfast and then head into the country side/ up the volcano. I have visited many islands and Reunion is one of the most amazing. If you do not want to sight see, just go surfing somewhere else the rest of the day...10/10!
By Anonymous , 08-08-2007
GPS is wrong??? - From what I can tell it appears the GPS image for this spot is wrong. The reef point shown on google here is another spot south of St Leu but I'd like to know what spot it IS showing. Looks sick but none of the sites I've visited seem to detail it... (it seems to be near but wrapping to the left [South] and around outside where sufline.com labels Etang-Sale-les-Bains).
You can edit this page to correct errors or add new information. If you have any problems regarding this page, Send us feedback.
Wannasurf.com on your mobile
RSS All the RSS feeds of Wannasurf.com
Newsletter All news by email


text:
Iranian cuisine
|Persian arts
|Visual arts
|Decorative arts
|Performance arts
Iranian or Persian cuisine is the traditional and modern style of cooking of Iran. Situated in the Middle East and West Asia, the Iranian culinary style is unique to Iran, though has historically both influenced and has been influenced by Iran's neighbouring and conquered regions at various stages throughout its history. Specifically, these have been mutual culinary influences to and from Anatolian cuisine, Caucasian cuisine, Mesopotamian Cuisine, Levantine cuisine, Greek cuisine, Central Asian Cuisine, and minor aspects from Russian cuisine.[1][2][3][4] The cuisines of the Caucasus and Turkey are heavily influenced by that of Iran, due to geographical proximity, ethnic relations, shared empires, and conquerings by such as the Achaemenids, Sassanians, Seljuks, Safavids, Afsharids, Ottomans and Qajars.
Fresh green herbs are frequently used along with fruits such as plums, pomegranates, quince, prunes, apricots, and raisins. Typical Persian main dishes are combination of rice with meat, lamb, chicken, or fish and some onion, vegetables, nuts, and herbs. To achieve a balanced taste, characteristic Persian flavorings such as saffron, dried limes, cinnamon, and parsley are mixed delicately and used in some special dishes.
- 1 National cuisine
- 2 Regional cuisine
- 3 Traditional table settings and etiquette
- 4 Structure of meals
- 5 Fast food, imported and adapted foods
- 6 Historical Iranian cookbooks
- 7 Persian cuisine abroad
- 8 Photo gallery
- 9 See also
- 10 References
- 11 Further reading
National cuisine
Iranian cuisine includes a wide variety of foods ranging from chelow kabab (rice served with roasted meat: barg, koobideh, joojeh, shishleek, soltani, chenjeh), khoresh (stew that is served with white Iranian rice: ghormeh sabzi, gheimeh, fesenjān, and others), āsh (a thick soup: for example āsh-e anār), kuku (vegetable souffle), polo (white rice alone or with addition of meat and/or vegetables and herbs, including loobia polo, albaloo polo, sabzi polo, zereshk polo, baghali polo and others), and a diverse variety of salads, pastries, and drinks specific to different parts of Iran. The list of Persian recipes, appetizers and desserts is extensive.
It is unknown when rice (berenj in Persian) was brought to Iran from the Indian subcontinent. The use of it, at first a specialty of Safavid court cuisine, evolved by the end of the 16th century CE into a major branch of Iranian cookery.[5] Varieties of rice in Iran include champa, rasmi, anbarbu, mowlai, sadri, khanjari, shekari, doodi, and others. Traditionally, rice was most prevalent as a major staple item in the rice growing region of northern Iran, and the homes of the wealthy, while in the rest of the country bread was the dominant staple. The varieties of rice most valued in Persian cuisine are prized for their aroma, and grow in the north of Iran.
Cooking methods
There are three primary methods of cooking rice in Iran:
|Palao (pilaf)
Rice that is prepared by soaking in salted water then boiling it. The parboiled rice (called chelo) is drained and returned to the pot to be steamed. This method results in an exceptionally fluffy rice with the rice grains separated and not sticky. A golden rice crust is created at the bottom of the pot called Tah-deeg (literally "bottom of the pot"). Tah-deeg is served plain, with thin bread such as lavash or slices of potato. Meat, vegetables, nuts and fruits are sometimes added in layers or completely mixed with the chelo and then steamed, such as Baghali Polo, Lubia Polo, Zereshk Polo and Sabzi Polo. When chelo is in the pot the heat is reduced and a piece of thick cloth or towel is place on top of the pot to absorb excess steam.
Chelo is plain rice served as an accompaniment to a stew or kebab (chelo khoresh badenjan, chelo kabab), while Polo is rice mixed with something (such as Baghali Polo, Zereshk polo, Loubia Polo). They are otherwise cooked in the same way.
|Rice that is cooked until the water is absorbed completely. This is also the traditional dish of Gilan Province (described in detail below).
|Rice that is cooked almost the same as Kateh but at the start ingredients that can be cooked thoroughly with the rice are added such as grains and beans such as lentil in "Adass Polo". In making Kateh the heat is reduced to minimum when the rice and other ingredients are almost cooked. If kept long enough on the stove without burning and over-cooking Damy and Kateh can also produce Tah-deeg. Damy literally means "steaming". A special form of Damy is Tah-chin, that is a mixture of yogurt, lamb (or chicken) and rice plus saffron and egg yolks. However, chicken Tah-chin is more common than lamb Tah-chin.
Second only to rice is the production and use of wheat. There are said to be more than forty types of wheat breads from very dark to very light. Bread is called نان (nān) in Persian, which has been borrowed as Naan in English via Hindustani. There are four major Iranian flat breads:
|Nan-e barbari
|Thick and oval-shaped, also known as Tabrizi Bread or Nan-e Tabrizi, for its origins in and links to the city of Tabriz.
|Nan-e lavash
|Thin, flaky and round or oval, and is also the oldest known bread in the Middle East and Caucasus.
|Nan-e sangak
|Triangle-shaped bread that is stone-baked.
|Nan-e taftoon
|Thin, but thicker than lavash, soft and round.
From crisp to limp, at least one type of flat bread will be a part of every meal. Nan-e lavash is an example of the thin crisp bread with good keeping qualities, while nan-e sangak is a fresh yeast bread, baked on hot stones and eaten while still warm.
|Nan-e Shirmal
|Made like barbari, except with milk instead of water, in addition to a bit of sugar, and is eaten during breakfast or with tea.
|Nan-e Gandhi
|Sweet bread made like taftoon, and is eaten during breakfast or with tea.
|Nan-e gisu
|A sweet Armenian bread, and also is eaten in the morning or with tea later in the day.
|Nan-e dushabi
|Bread made with grape syrup
|Nan-e tiri
|Like lavash
|Nan-e tokhme-ru
|Breads with sweet-smelling seeds on them
|Nan-e khoshke-shirin
|Sweet brittle bread baked in gentle heat
|Nan-e khoshke-tanur
|Brittle bread baked in gentle heat
Fruits and vegetables
Iran's agriculture produces many fruits and vegetables, including what some other countries may consider "exotic". A bowl of fresh fruit is common on most Persian tables and dishes of vegetables and herbs are standard sides to most meals.
The climate of the Middle East is conducive to the growing of fruits. These are not only enjoyed fresh and ripe as desserts but are also combined with meats and form unusual accompaniments to main dishes. When fresh fruits are not available, a large variety of dried fruits such as dates, figs, apricots and peaches are used instead. The list of fresh fruits includes dates and figs, many citrus fruits, apricots, peaches, sweet and sour cherries, apples, plums, pears, pomegranates and many varieties of grapes and melons. A small sweet variety of cucumber is popularly served as a fruit. Iran is one of the top date producers in the world; some special date cultivars, such as Rotab, are grown in Iran.
While the eggplant (aubergine) is "the potato of Iran", Iranians are fond of fresh green salads dressed with olive oil, lemon juice, salt and pepper, and a little garlic. Vegetables such as pumpkins, spinach, green beans, broad beans, courgettes, varieties of squashes, onions, garlic and carrots are commonly used in rice and meat dishes. Tomatoes, cucumbers and scallions often accompany a meal.
The term dolma describes any vegetable or fruit stuffed with rice or a rice-and meat mixture: grape vine leaves, cabbage leaves, spinach, eggplant, sweet peppers, tomatoes, even apples and quince. The most popular dolmas in Iran today are stuffed grape leaves, which are prepared by lightly parboiling the fresh leaves in salted water, then stuffing them with a mixture of ground meat, rice, chopped fresh herbs such as parsley, split peas, and seasoning. The dolmas are then simmered in a sweet-and-sour mixture of vinegar or lemon juice, sugar, and water. Fillings vary, however, from region to region and even from family to family. Stuffed cabbage and grape leaves are the only dolmas that can be served hot or cold. When intended to be served cold they generally do not contain meat, however. Fruit dolmas are probably a specialty of Persian cuisine. The fruit is first cooked, then stuffed with meat, seasonings, and sometimes tomato sauce; the dolmas are then simmered in meat broth or a sweet-and-sour sauce. In recent decades new variations have been introduced, largely under Western influence: Potatoes, artichokes, green peppers, tomatoes, and other vegetables are also stuffed.[6]
A few examples of the main ingredients in Iranian specialties would include duck, pomegranates and walnuts; lamb, prunes and cinnamon; spinach, orange and garlic; and chicken and sliced peaches sautéed in onions and butter, seasoned with cinnamon and lemon juice. Khoresht Beh (quince stew) is an example of using fruits in Iranian cooking: chunks of lamb are stewed with slices or cubes of tart quince and yellow split peas; this dish is always served with rice.[7]
The above are only a few examples of the combination of meats and vegetables, or meats and fruits plus seasonings that may go into chelo khoresh, a favorite Iranian dish that is served at least once daily. This is a dish of crusty baked rice topped by one of the stews listed, or any one of dozens more, limited only by price and availability of ingredients.
Ab ghoreh, the juice of Ghoreh (unripe grapes) or Verjuice is used in various Iranian dishes. For example, it is an ingredient in Ash e sagh, a soup prepared with spinach, leeks, yellow split peas, and seasonings. Ab ghoreh is also used to simmer dolma-ye Kadu, stuffed summer squash. Ab ghoreh flavors several types of Khoresh like Khoresht-e Alu Esfenaj (stewed lamb with spinach and prunes), Khoresht-e Havij (stewed lamb with carrots), and Khoresht-e Chaghaleh badam (stewed lamb with fresh, unripe almonds). Unripe grapes are used whole in some dishes, such as Khoresht-e ghoreh (lamb stew with sour grapes). Ab ghoreh was frequently used until not too long ago also as a souring agent for a number of pickles, dried pickles, and spices. As a spice, Ghoreh powder (gard-e Ghoreh) was sometimes reinforced by Ab ghoreh and then dried.[8]
Drinks and desserts
The traditional drink accompanying Iranian dishes is doogh, a combination of yogurt, still or carbonated water, salt, and dried mint. Other drinks include sherbets known as Sharbat and "Khak shir". One favorite is Aab-e Havij, alternately called havij bastani, carrot juice made into an ice cream float and garnished with cinnamon, nutmeg or other spices. There are also drinks that are not served with meals. These include Sheer Moz (banana milk shake), Aab Talebi (cantaloupe juice), and Aab Hendevaneh (watermelon juice). These are commonly made in stands or kiosks in streets on summer days and on hiking trails. Aab Anaar (pomegranate juice) is also popular and has recently (2007) become popular in North America. Sekanjebin is a thick syrup made from vinegar, mint and sugar, served mixed with carbonated or plain water. It can be drunk mixed with a little rosewater or used as a dip for Romaine lettuce.
Dessert dishes range from Bastani-e Za'farāni (Persian ice cream, also called Bastani-e Akbar-Mashti or Gol-o Bolbol) to faludeh (a frozen sorbet made with thin starch noodles and rosewater). Persian ice cream is flavored with saffron, rosewater, and includes chunks of heavy cream. There are also many types of sweets, divided into two categories: Shirini Tar (lit. moist sweets) and Shirini Khoshk (lit. dry sweets). The first category consists of French-inspired pastries with heavy whole milk whipped cream, glazed fruit toppings, tarts, custard-filled éclairs, and a variety of cakes. Some have an Iranian twist, such as the addition of saffron, pistachios, and walnuts. The second category consists of more traditional Iranian sweets: Shirini-e Berenji (a type of rice cookie), Shirini-e Nokhodchi (clover-shaped chickpea flour cookies), Kolouche (a large cookie usually with a walnut or fig filling), Shirini-e Keshmeshi (raisin and saffron cookies), Shirini-e Yazdi (small cakes originating from the city of Yazd), Nan-e kulukhi (a kind of large thick cookie without any filling), and others.
Other popular sweets include Zulbia, Bamieh and Gush-e Fil. Bamieh is an oval-shaped piece of sweet dough, deep-fried, and then covered with a syrup traditionally made with honey. Bamieh is similar to tulumba, but much smaller, 2 or 3 centimeters wide at most. Zulbia is made of the same sort of batter, also deep-fried, but poured into the oil in swirls, then covered with the same syrup (or with honey).[9] Goosh-e Fil (lit. elephant's ear) is also made of deep-fried dough, in the shape of a flat elephant's ear, and then covered with powdered sugar. One of the classics, Halvardeh (Tehrani for halvā-arde, from halvā, an Arabic loan word meaning 'sweet', plus arde, the Persian word for tāhini). Halvā comes in various qualities and varieties, from mainly sugar to sesame seed paste (the aforementioned Persian arde), and pistachios.
Noghl, sugar-coated almonds, are often served at Iranian weddings.
Essential accompaniments
There are certain accompaniments (mokhalafat) that are essential to every Iranian lunch (nahar) and dinner (shaam), regardless of the region. These include a plate of fresh herbs, called sabzi khordan: basil, cilantro, Coriander, fenugreek, green onion, mint, radish (black, red, white), savory (marzeh, origany or sweet fennel), tarragon, Persian watercress or (shaahi), a variety of flat breads, called naan or noon (sangak, lavash, barbari), fresh white cheese (panir, somewhat similar to feta), walnut, sliced and peeled cucumbers, sliced tomatoes and onions, yogurt, and lemon juice. Persian gherkins (khiyarshur) and mixed pickles (Torshi) are also considered essential in most regions.
Tea (chai) is served at breakfast. It may be served at other times, based on the region, usually many times throughout the day. For example, in the province of Khorasan it is served immediately before and after lunch and dinner. The traditional methods of tea preparation and drinking differ between regions and peoples.
Regional cuisine
|Southern Iran
|Ghalieh Mahi
|"Fish Stew"
|Bushehr and Khuzestan and Hormozgan
|Koloocheh and Masgati
|"brittle biscuit" and "Rose water confection"
|Central Iran
|Cotton candy
|Jeweled rice
|Iranian Kurdistan
|Dande Kabab
|Khoresht-e Khalal
|Gheimeh Tarreh
|Ash-e Shalami
|Iranian Azerbaijan
|East Azerbaijan
|Rahatol holgum
|West Azerbaijan
|Girdakan Halvasi
|Boiled Kashk recipe
|North Khorasan
Northern Iran
Kateh is the traditional dish of North of Iran (provinces of Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan) and is simply Persian rice cooked in water, butter and salt until the water is fully absorbed. This method results in rice that is clumped together and is the predominant style of cooking rice in the Caspian region. In Gilan, Golestan and Mazandaran, kateh is also eaten as a breakfast meal, either heated with milk and jam, or cold with Persian cheese (panir) and garlic. Kateh is commonly eaten in other parts of Iran because of its short cooking time and easy preparation, and is prescribed widely as a natural remedy for those who are sick with the common cold or flu, and also for those suffering from stomach pains and ulcers. Some of the foods like Chegdermeh are only used in Turkmen region of Golestan Province, but many other dishes are used in all parts of Iran.
Iranian caviar and Caspian fish roes hails from that region, and is served with eggs, in frittatas (Kuku sabzi) or omelettes. The cuisine of this region has the most affinity with other cuisines of the wider Caucasus region. (see Caucasian cuisine)North of Iran is home to the most numerous list of recipes compared to other regions. The most favorite dishes of this region are:
Gilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces variety of rice is considered one of the best in Iran, where it has been in use since the fourth century BCE.
Eating fresh raw of Golestan and Mazandaran broad beans is common in Gilan, Mazanderan and Golestan provinces, either alone or with cooled Kateh, salted fish eggs (Ashpel ); but selling and enjoying (especially by people of the lower classes) of hot cooked broad beans (bāqelā-garmak) sprinkled with salt and powdered Persian marjoram (golpar) are not an uncommon street scene in cold weather almost everywhere in Iran. The Gilani dish Baqali Qatoq is cooked with dill, garlic, and turmeric, into which eggs are emptied at the end.[10]
Seafood is the most important part of Khuzestani cuisine, but many other dishes are also featured. The most popular Khuzestani dish is Ghalieh Mahi, a popular fish dish that is prepared with heavy spices, onions and cilantro. One of the fish used for grilled fish is locally known as mahi soboor (shad fish), a species of fish found in the Arvand river ( Arvand rood ) . Other provincial specialties include Ghalieh Meygu ("shrimp stew"), ashe-mohshala (a Khorramshahri breakfast stew), sær shir (a Dezfuli breakfast of heavy cream), hælim (a Shushtari breakfast of wheatmeal with shredded lamb), and kohbbeh (a deep-fried rice cake with ground beef filling and other spices of Arabic origin, a variant on Levantine kibbeh). Also see Iranian cuisine.
Esfahan in Central Iran is home to dishes and delicacies such as:
|English name
|well known and/or culturally significant
|a casserole with a thickly tart sauce containing the two base ingredients: pomegranate purée and ground walnut. It is cooked with either chicken, duck, lamb or beef and served with rice.
|the name given to Persian nougat using the sap collected from angebin, a plant from the Tamarisk family found only on the outskirts of Esfahan. It is mixed with various ingredients including rose water, pistachio and almond kernels and saffron.
|Honey Toffee
|A brittle toffee made from honey and butter, flavoured with cardamom and saffron, and coated with slivered almond and pistachio kernels.
|Yogurt Stew
|Unlike other stews it is not served as a main dish and with rice; since it is more of a sweet pudding it is usually served as a side dish or dessert. The dish is made with yogurt, lamb/mutton or chicken, saffron, sugar and orange peels. Iranians either soak the orange peels in water for one week or longer or boil them for few minutes so the orange peels become sweet and ready for use. This dish often accompanies celebrations and weddings. This dish differs from the Shirazi dish with the same name.
|This dish is made of mutton or lamb which is ground/minced and then cooked on one side in a special small pan over open fire. Berian is generally eaten with a certain type of bread, known as "nān-e-taftun".
- Ghormeh sabzi (Herb Stew) and Gheimeh (Split-pea Stew) are traditional stews of Azerbaijan.
- Ghabli
- This traditional dish in Azerbaijan is made of rice, lentil, meat, potato and groats.
- "the torn abdomen" in Azeri
- A kind of Kofteh that unusually large.
Tabriz is notable for its delicious cookies in Iran, some of which are
- Ghorabiye
- Eris
- Nogha ( نُوقا in Persian and Azeri) :That's a special kind of Gaz made mainly in the Azeri regions of Iran. Nogha is almost exclusively made with walnuts instead of pistachios and almonds which are usual for other types of Gaz. The making of Nogha is very much the same as any other Gaz. The difference is that Nogha is usually spread between two very thin layers of wafers and cut into 10x5x5cm sections which are larger than ordinary Gaz cubes.
- Āsh (Thick soup) is popular in Azerbaijan.The word Āsh had passed from Persian into the Central Asian Turkic languages.[11]
- Bozbash ( green vegetable stew ): That is a kind of Abgoosht, it is made with meat (usually lamb), red or white beans, green vegetables, herbs (e.g., parsley, fenugreek, mint), onions and leeks, dried limes (limo-ye ʿomani), and spices (mainly salt, pepper, and turmeric). These ingredients are simmered together in water over low heat for several hours. As with most Abgooshts, when the ingredients are thoroughly cooked, the solids are usually removed and mashed to a pulp, known as gusht-e kubideh. The broth and the pulp are then served separately with flat bread and a pickled green-vegetable relish.[12]
Varieties of Azerbaijani Āsh include:
|Kahskh Āsh
|Dried Whey Thick Soup
|Turshulu Āsh
|Sour Thick Soup
|Yogurtlu Āsh
|Yogurt Thick Soup
|Isfanaj Aashi
|Spinach Thick Soup
|Āsh Mast
|Yogurt-soup (in Ardabil)
Traditional table settings and etiquettePersian rug or table. Main dishes are concentrated in the center, surrounded by smaller dishes containing appetizers, condiments, side dishes, as well as bread, all of which are nearest to the diners. These latter dishes are called mokhalafat (accompaniments). When the food has been served, an invitation is made to all those seated at the sofreh to help themselves. Many Iranians continue to use bread or rice to eat their meals.
Structure of meals
Breakfast is called sobhāneh (Persian: صُبحانِه) or nāshtāyi (Persian: ناشتايى). The basic traditional Iranian breakfast consists of a variety of flat breads (nān-e sangak, nān-e lavāsh, "nan-e-pita", and others), butter, Tabrizi white cheese (panir), feta cheese, whipped heavy cream (Sarshir, often sweetened with Sabalan honey), or a variety of fruit jams and spreads.
Other popular traditional breakfasts (which require far more preparation) include haleem (wheatmeal served plain or more commonly with shredded lamb or turkey - similar to Western oatmeal in some respects), āsheh mohshālāh (thick soup). These latter breakfasts are typically regional specialities, and many cities and towns all across Iran feature their own distinct versions of these dishes. Both āsheh mohshālāh and haleem are typically prepared the night before, to be served the next morning, and haleem is usually only served at certain times of the year (haleem specialty restaurants are only open during those times), except in southern parts of Iran, where haleem is always present. Kaleh paacheh(lit. sheep's entire head and its hooves) is almost always only served from three in the morning until sometime after dawn, and specialty restaurants (serving only kaleh paacheh) are only open during those hours.
Lunch and dinner
Lunch and dinner (naahaar va shaam) are not distinguished in Persian. Traditional Persian cooking is done in stages, at times needing hours of preparation and attention. The outcome is a well-balanced mixture of herbs, meat, beans, dairy products, and vegetables. Major staples of Iranian food that are usually eaten with every meal include rice, various herbs (mint, basil, dill, parsley), cheese (feta or Persian panir, derived from goat or sheep's milk, and sometimes cow's milk), a variety of flat breads, and some type of meat (usually poultry, beef, lamb, or fish). Stew over rice is by far the most popular dish, and the constitution of these vary by region. Tea (chai) is the drink of choice on nearly every occasion, and is usually served with dried fruit, pastries, or sweets.
You can usually find tea brewing throughout the day in most Iranian homes. Doogh, a yogurt drink, is also quite popular. One of the oldest recipes, which can trace its existence back to the time of Persian empire, is khoresht-e-fesenjan, consisting of duck or sometimes chicken in a rich pomegranate-and-walnut sauce that yields a distinctive brown color, most often served with white rice.
Using dairy products in Iranian cuisine has an old historical background, as an example, Kashk (dried condensed whey) is used in dishes like Kallajush. It consists of fried onions, dried herbs, and boiled Kashk, eaten with bread (crumbled or in pieces). Foods containing kashk, including kallajush, have been common among tribal peoples and villagers for centuries, especially in wintertime, as it is both easily prepared and affordable for low-income families. Kashk is quite nutritious and contains protein and calcium. Kashk processing was one of the easiest and most effective ways of conserving dairy products in hot climates during pre-modern times.[13]
Fast food, imported and adapted foods
Popular fast food items in Iran include Chelow kabab (literally "rice and kabaab"), Jujeh kabab (the same, but substituting grilled or broiled chicken), nān o kabāb (literally "bread with kabab"), kabab sandwiches, and a number of different derivatives of traditional slow-cooked meals. An increasing preference for American style food amongst a younger generation of Iranians has resulted in the establishment of many pizza, steak, hamburger, and fried chicken establishments, but Western food is sometimes served alongside staples such as those mentioned above, and is often prepared differently (most notably with pizza). Chinese and Japanese cuisine has also become popular in recent years, primarily in Tehran, and Italian and Mediterranean restaurants are also featured. The noted influence of European and American culture before the Islamic Revolution has also imparted preparations such as bechamel, gigots, milanesas and others to Iran.
Historical Iranian cookbooks
Although the Arabic cookbooks written under the rule of the Abbasid Caliphate include some recipes with Persian names and clearly derived from Persian cuisine, the earliest classical cookbooks in Persian that have survived are two volumes from the Safavid period. The older one is the Kār-nāmeh dar bāb-e tabbākhī va sanat-e ān ("Manual on cooking and its craft") written in 927/1521 by Ḥājī Moḥammad-ʿAlī Bāvaṛčī Baḡdādī for an aristocratic patron at the end of the reign of Shah Esmail. The book originally contained 26 chapters, listed by the author in his introduction, but chapters 23 through 26 are missing from the surviving manuscript. The recipes include measurements for ingredients; often detailed directions for the preparation of dishes, including the types of utensils and pots to be used; and instructions for decorating and serving them. In general the ingredients and their combinations in various recipes do not differ significantly from those in use today. The large quantities specified, as well as the generous use of such luxury ingredients as saffron, suggest that these dishes were prepared for large aristocratic households, even though in his introduction, the author claimed to have written it "for the benefit of the nobility, as well as the public".
The second surviving Safavid cookbook, Māddat al-ḥayāt, resāla dar ʿelm-e ṭabbākhī ("The substance of life, a treatise on the art of cooking"), was written about 76 years after the Kār-nāmeh by Nūr-Allāh, a chef for Shah Abbās. The introduction of that book includes elaborate praise of God, the prophets, the imams, and the shah, as well as a definition of a master chef. It is followed by six chapters on the preparation of various dishes: four on rice dishes, one on qalya, and one on aash. The measurements and directions are not as detailed as in the Kār-nāmeh. The information provided is about dishes prepared at the royal court, including references to a few that had been created or improved by the shahs themselves; other contemporary cooks and their specialties are also mentioned.[14]
Persian cuisine abroad
Persian cuisine is not widely recognized and is sometimes confused with Middle Eastern cuisine, a much broader and more general term. Many Persian super-markets and restaurants are labelled as Middle Eastern, Mediterranean [sic], or "International" to broaden their appeal to the Western consumer.
Persian cuisine has similarity to Turkish and Greek cuisines in its kebabs and other dishes due to cultural contacts with Greeks and Turks. Persian cuisine is gaining popularity in multicultural cities like London, Los Angeles, Vancouver, Washington, D.C., and Toronto, which have significant Persian populations. Los Angeles and its environs, in particular, are well known for the number and quality of Persian restaurants which are usually centered around kebab, but almost always also serve various stews as well.
Photo gallery
See also
- ^ M. Price, [1], 2001, Persian Cuisine, a Brief History
- ^ B. Fragner, ĀŠPAZĪ, in Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1987, ret. August 2012 from the online edition
- ^ "Iranian Food". Retrieved 13 April 2014.
- ^ "Culture of IRAN". Retrieved 13 April 2014.
- ^ A.D.H. Bivar, "Hephthalites", in Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition.
- ^ Ghanoonparvar, M. R. "Dolma". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
- ^ Ramazani, Nesta. "Uses of the Fruit in Cooking". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
- ^ Ramazani, N. "ĀB-ḠŪRA". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2011-06-26.
- ^ Some Iranian Pastries with images
- ^ Aʿlam, H. "BĀQELĀ". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-04-07.
- ^ Fragner, B. "ĀŠPAZĪ". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-03-13.
- ^ Ghanoonparvar, Mohammad R. "BOZBĀŠ". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
- ^ Elahi & EIr, Etrat. "KALLAJUŠ". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2013-05-01.
- ^ Ghanoonparvar, Mohammad R. "Cookbooks". Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 2009-04-05.
Further reading