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|About us
Steering Committee
Fields of Activities
|Calendar of Activities
|Higher Education ForA
|European Higher Education Area
The Bologna Process
Council of Europe Contribution
Bilateral and regional activities
|Recognition of Qualifications
The Council
of Europe/UNESCO Convention
The ENIC/NARIC Network
|Results of prior activities
Public Responsibility
Sites of Citizenship
Legislative Reform Programmes
More topics
|Resources / Documents
|Higher Education Series
The work of the Council of Europe in the field of higher education and research focuses on issues related to the recognition of qualifications, public responsibility for higher education and research, higher education governance and other fields relevant for the establishment of the European Higher Education Area by 2010. The Council of Europe also supports reform of higher education in the so-called priority regions, mainly the South East Europe, South Caucasus and CIS countries.
European Wergeland Centre
The European Wergeland Centre is a European resource centre on education for intercultural understanding, human rights and democratic citizenship. It is established in cooperation between Norway and the Council of Europe. The centre was inaugurated in Oslo on 29 May 2009.
The Council of Europe Higher Education Series
The Council of Europe Higher Education Series, launched in 2004, aims to explore higher education issues of concern to policy makers in Ministries, higher education institutions and non-governmental organizations, and student representatives. Beyond that, the books will be of interest to all those interested in the development and future of higher education in Europe.
The topics covered by the Higher Education Series reflect the commitment of the Council of Europe to the basic values of democracy, human rights and the rule of law and its belief that education and higher education play a key role in developing the democratic culture without which democratic societies cannot thrive as well as in developing the skills, knowledge and values that modern, complex societies require.
The volumes in the Council of Europe Higher Education Series reflect the lively debate on higher education policy currently underway in Europe as well as the Council of Europe's contributions to that debate. Authors are invited to put forward their own views on the topics selected, and the Series seeks to provide a forum for debate rather than outline a set of official positions. Through the topics covered and the views presented, higher education policy makers at all levels will hopefully find inspiration and ideas for their own work.
You can download our brochure (.pdf document) here.
The Council of Europe does not recognize Higher Education Institutions
In light of the increasing number of higher education providers that claim to be recognized by the Council of Europe or other international organizations, we wish to make it clear that the Council of Europe does not recognize or in any other way bestow legitimacy on any higher education institution, programme or provision. Institutional recognition is normally within the competence of national authorities and is normally conditional on the institution or programme undergoing quality assessment.
Lisbon Convention: How to Check Ratifications and Signatures
Volume 19 of the Council of Europe Higher Education Series has now been published. The Lisbon Recognition Convention at 15, edited by Sjur Bergan and Carita Blomqvist, examines some of the challenges to the international recognition of qualifications. The Lisbon Recognition Convention is an essential legal text, but it needs to be put into better practice. How can learners use their degrees and qualifications in a new country, without losing the real value of those qualifications? The authors, who come from a variety of backgrounds, review the policies and practice of recognition, link recognition to the broader higher education policy debate and consider the role of recognition in enabling individuals to move freely across borders.
The Council of Europe supports the initiative taken by HE President Jorge Sampaio, former President of Portugal, called Global Platform 4 Syrian Students. The initiative aims at offering places of study for Syrian students abroad. A call for further offers has now been issued and we encourage all higher education institutions to consider offering support.
During its sixth meeting held in Split on the 19 June, the Lisbon recognition convention Committee adopted a new subsidiarity text on "The use of Qualifications Framework in the recognition of foreign qualifications". The development of national qualifications frameworks provides a new tool for transparency and comparability for the recognition of qualifications. This new text takes notes of this situation and indicates general guidelines for their use.
This meeting gathered delegations from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, the Republic of Moldova, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. The meeting focused on the issues of particular relevance to ministries of education of the countries concerned, with specific focus on the implementation of national qualifications frameworks and its link to quality assurance.
A declaration was adopted at the end of the meeting. [more]
On June 20, the Committee of Ministers adopted Recommendation CM/Rec(2012)7 on the Public Responsibility on Academic Freedom and Institutional Autonomy. While several international texts address issues of academic freedom and institutional autonomy, this recommendation is – to our knowledge – the first to do so explicitly with a view to the role of public authorities. The provisions of the recommendation are also considered in an Explanatory memorandum.
Ministers of the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) – also known as the Bologna Process – met in Bucharest on 26 – 27 April. The Bologna Policy Forum, gathering EHEA ministers and high ranking representatives of countries from other parts of the world, was held end on with the EHEA Ministerial conference.
The Council of Europe contributed very actively to both events, in the Ministerial conference as a participant in a panel debate and as a contributor to the general debate and in the Bologna Policy Forum by organizing sessions on qualifications frameworks and on the public responsibility for higher education, the latter jointly with the International Association of Universities.
The EHEA Ministers adopted the Bucharest Communiqué and a Mobility Strategy, whereas the Bologna Policy Forum adopted a statement.
On 1-2 December, the Free International University of Moldova hosted a seminar on the implementation of the European Higher Education Area in the Republic of Moldova. The event was organised by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Moldova and the Council of Europe in co-operation with the Bologna Secretariat. The participants – representatives of higher education institutions from the Republic of Moldova and abroad, of public authorities and international institutions – reviewed the higher education reform in the Republic of Moldova in order to ensure convergence with the principles of EHEA. A biennial Forum for the Modernisation of Higher Education will be organised in order to analyse the achievements, challenges, reform actions and policies needed to move forward, and public discussion of the National Qualifications Framework with external expertise and certification of compliance to the European Qualifications Framework shall be promoted.
Link to the documents and presentations from the seminar
GUNI (the Global University Network for Innovation) recently published an interview with the Head of the Council of Europe's Education Department, Sjur Bergan. The text is in English, the interview itself in Spanish with English subtitles.
On 27 – 29 July, the Council of Europe, the US Steering Committee of the International Consortium for Higher Education, Civic Responsibility and Democracy, the European Wergeland Centre, the University of Oslo and the International Association of Universities (IAU) organized a conference on "Reimagining Democratic Societies: a New Era of personal and Social Responsibility?" with the support of the Norwegian Ministries of Education and Foreign Affairs. The conference was held at the University of Oslo as a part of its 200th anniversary celebrations and the Norwegian Minister of Higher Education and Research, Tora Aasland, the Rector of the University of Oslo, Ole Petter Ottersen, and the coordinator for Council of Europe issues in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ambassador Carola Bjørklund, were among the speakers at the opening session.
Material from the conference will be published as it is made available; here is a first summary.
The international conference organized by various European, US and Norwegian institutions1 takes place in the framework of the 200th anniversary of the University of Oslo. The aim is to promote democracy, human rights and the rule of law as well as social cohesion, intercultural dialogue and the role of education to reach these goals.
The focus is on the role of higher education in relation to the reimagination of democratic societies and democratic citizenship. Thereby, workshops with ca. 150 representatives from higher education institutions, administrations, student unions and local communities develop further strategies to strengthen this role.
For more information, visit the conference website.
The European Access Network celebrated its 20th anniversary with a conference at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam on 20 – 22 June. The topic of this year's conference was "Student Diversity in Higher Education: Conflicting Realities" and the Council of Europe was invited to give one of two keynote speeches at the opening session.
Volume 17 of the Council of Europe Higher Education Series has just been published. Entitled Not by Bread Alone, the book brings together a series of essays by Sjur Bergan, Head of the Council of Europe's higher education programme, covering the missions of higher education, reflections on public responsibility for higher education and issues concerning qualifications and recognition.
All titles in the Council of Europe Higher Education Series may be ordered through the Council of Europe bookshop.
On 15 June, the Turkish authorities and higher education community marked the 10th anniversary of Turkey's accession to the European Higher Education Area with a conference on "Bologna Implementations in Turkey after 10 Years". The conference was organized jointly by the Turkish Council of Higher Education, Galatasaray University and Turkish National Agency. The Conference focused on the most important dimensions on the implementations of the Bologna Process and brought together the Rectors of all higher education institutions in Turkey, together with representatives from the National Student Union, the Vocational Qualifications Authority and other relevant stakeholders as well as international speakers. The Council of Europe provided a presentation on the achievements and challenges of qualifications frameworks.
The 2011 conference of the Academic Cooperation Association was held in Vienna on 23 – 24 May on the theme of "The Excellence Imperative: World Class Aspirations and Real World Needs". The conference provided a good overview of the main topics related to excellence and drew on presentations from international organizations as well as higher education institutions, public authorities and individual experts, such as Professor Ellen Hazelkorn, Dublin Institute of Technology. It took a broad view of the excellence debate, including topics such as the role of liberal arts in Europe and "the responsible university", for which the Council of Europe provided the plenary presentation.
A new website will help people wanting to work or study abroad to have their qualifications recognised.
The website – http://www.enic-naric.net – provides comprehensive information explaining how to have qualifications recognised in 55 countries, covering Europe, North America, Australia and New Zealand. It also provides information for employers and higher education institutions.
A joint initiative of the Council of Europe, European Commission and UNESCO; developed by the Italian information centre, the site will facilitate the mobility of students and graduates of all ages. It was launched at the 21st annual meeting of the ENIC NARIC* networks last week in Rome.
The Council of Europe/UNESCO Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education in the European Region, known as the 'Lisbon Convention', aims to ensure qualifications gained in one signatory country are recognised by the others. It prohibits discrimination in the recognition of qualifications and requires national information centres to be established and maintained.
*The European Network of Information Centres in the European Region and the National Academic Recognition Information Centres in the European Union.
The meeting will focus on different parts of the Bologna structural higher education reform process, with a particular focus on the self-certification and implementation of national qualifications frameworks and student participation in the higher education governance.
On December 12, the Committee of Ministers adopted Recommendation Rec(2012)13 on ensuring quality education. The Recommendation and its Explanatory Memorandum outline the Council of Europe's understanding of quality education, link the concept to the multiple purposes of education and consider the roles and responsibilities of public authorities for ensuring quality education at various levels of education. The texts were prepared by the Steering Committee for Educational Policy and Practice (CDPPE).
This was the third seminar on confidence-building measures in higher education. Over 40 participants from public authorities in charge of education and eight higher education from both sides of the river Dniestr/Nistru gathered on 26-27 June 2012 in Vienna. The seminar focussed on the issue of student and staff mobility, on the main challenges and opportunities. The question of brain drain and how it can be avoided was also addressed. Academic representatives of higher education institutions debated these and other questions, expressing their views and opinions and exchanging ideas. [more]
On June 6 – 7, the Council of Europe spoke at a conference marking the 20th anniversary of the European Humanities University. The Head of the Education Department, Sjur Bergan, gave a keynote on "The European Higher Education Area between Training and Bildung". The European Humanities University was established in Minsk in 1992 and relocated to Vilnius in 2005 after it was forcibly closed down by the Belarusian authorities.
The Ministerial conference of the European Higher Education Area will be held in Bucharest on 26 – 27 April 2012. Most background documents are now available; including the report by the Working Group on Qualifications Frameworks, chaired by the Council of Europe.
On 8-9 December in Aghveran, Armenia, a Bologna Seminar on student participation in higher education governance was co-organised by the Ministry of Education and Science of Armenia, the European Students' Union and the Council of Europe. The objective of the seminar was to look into topical issues of student participation in higher education governance and quality assurance, from institutional to national and international levels, outlining the main problems and obstacles, looking for examples of good practice and proposing a way forward.
Link to the documents and presentations from the seminar
GUNI – the Global University Network for Innovation – is just launched its 4th report on the social commitment of universities, entitled Higher Education's Commitment to Sustainability: from Commitment to Action. The publication includes an article on "Goals and Purposes of Higher Education in Modern, Complex Societies" by the Head of the Council of Europe's Education Department, Sjur Bergan.
On 31 May - 01 June, the Ministry of Education and Science, Youth and Sport of Ukraine and the Council of Europe in cooperation with the European Training Foundation held a seminar in Kyiv on "Reforms in the higher education system in Ukraine in the context of the Bologna process, the NQF for LLL and legislative changes".
EURASHE – the European Association of Institutions in Higher Education – held its convention on "What has been the impact of the Bologna Process on professional higher education and its institutions?" in Budapest on 9 – 10 March. The convention allowed members to take stock of developments in the Europe Higher Education Area with particular reference to professional higher education. The Council of Europe was the main presenter at a forum aimed particularly at representatives of Central and Eastern Europe countries.
Council of Europe Higher Education Series
1 organized by the Council of Europe; the US Steering Committee of the International Consortium for Higher Education, Civic Responsibility and Democracy; the University of Oslo, the European Wergeland Centre and the International Association of Universities and supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research.


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Features and Benefits
- 2.5 V to 5.5 V supply operation
- 50 MHz serial interface
- 2.47 MSPS update rate
- INL of ±0.25 LSB
- 10 MHz multiplying bandwidth
- ±10 V reference input
- Low glitch energy: <2 nV-s
- Extended temperature range: −40°C to +125°C
- 10-lead MSOP package
- Guaranteed monotonic
- 4-quadrant multiplication
- Power-on reset with brownout detection
- LDAC function
- 0.4 µA typical power consumption
Product Details
The AD5425 is a CMOS, 8-bit current output digital-to-analog converter (DAC), which operates from a 2.5 V to 5.5 V power supply, making it suited to battery powered applications and many other applications.
This DAC utilizes a double buffered, 3-wire serial interface that is compatible with SPI®, QSPI™, MICROWIRE™ and most DSP interface standards. An LDAC pin is also provided, which allows simultaneous updates in a multi-DAC configuration. On power-up, the internal shift register and latches are filled with 0s and the DAC outputs are 0 V.
As a result of processing on a CMOS sub micron process, this DAC offers excellent 4-quadrant multiplication characteristics, with large signal multiplying bandwidths of 10 MHz.
The applied external reference input voltage (VREF) determines the full-scale output current. An integrated feedback resistor, RFB, provides temperature tracking and full-scale voltage output when combined with an external I to V precision amplifier.
The AD5425 is available in a small, 10-lead MSOP package.
- Portable battery-powered applications
- Waveform generators
- Analog processing
- Instrumentation applications
- Programmable amplifiers and attenuators
- Digitally controlled calibration
- Programmable filters and oscillators
- Composite video
- Ultrasound
- Gain, offset, and voltage trimming
Product Categories
Product Lifecycle Production
At least one model within this product family is in production and available for purchase. The product is appropriate for new designs but newer alternatives may exist.
Application Notes (4)
Software & Systems Requirements
Reference Materials
Solutions Bulletins & Brochures (2)
Design Resources
ADI has always placed the highest emphasis on delivering products that meet the maximum levels of quality and reliability. We achieve this by incorporating quality and reliability checks in every scope of product and process design, and in the manufacturing process as well. "Zero defects" for shipped products is always our goal.
PCN-PDN Information
Support & Discussions
Sample & Buy
The USA list pricing shown is for BUDGETARY USE ONLY, shown in United States dollars (FOB USA per unit for the stated volume), and is subject to change. International prices may differ due to local duties, taxes, fees and exchange rates. For volume-specific price or delivery quotes, please contact your local Analog Devices, Inc. sales office or authorized distributor. Pricing displayed for Evaluation Boards and Kits is based on 1-piece pricing.

subset: commoncrawl


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It can be hard to find a pleasing smartphone experience for under $100, let alone $50. The $49.99 HTC One VX for AT&T is an outlier, but in a good way. Included with this handset's low sticker price are the Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich operating system and nimble dual-core processing, as well as a swift connection to 4G LTE data.
Of course the One VX isn't perfect, as I'm sure the phone's nonremovable battery and midrange components may prove a sticking point for those shopping for a premium Android device. Also, new budget challengers such as the $49.99 Pantech Discover boast a slightly faster CPU, plus a sharper screen and higher-resolution camera. That said, no matter how you slice it, the One VX is a compelling buy for frugal AT&T subscribers.
HTC's slim, stylish, yet affordable One VX (pictures)See all photos
The HTC One VX certainly speaks the same design language as the company's other current handsets. In style you can think of it as a cross between the HTC One X+ and older HTC One S. The phone is sculpted from similar rounded curves, with a familiar flat, oval shape and minimalist aesthetic.
Unlike the One S, however, the One VX is crafted from lightweight plastic and not carved from a single block of aluminum. The One VX isn't molded from premium polycarbonate like the One X and One X+ are, either. That gives the phone a less expensive look and feel, though faux silver accents around the screen bezel and a clean white cover on the back lend the device some sophistication.
Measuring 5.3 inches tall by 2.7 inches wide and just 0.36 inch thick, the One VX is small enough to fit in the hand or slide into tight pockets. At 4.4 ounces, the phone won't weigh you down either, but has enough heft to feel substantial.
A basic assortment of controls surround the One VX's large 4.5-inch (960x540-pixel-resolution) screen: three capacitive keys below the display, a thin volume rocker on the right, and a power button and 3.5mm headphone jack on its top edge.
Underneath the phone's battery cover are slots for SIM and microSD cards. The device's 1,810mAh battery, however, is embedded and not user-removable.
Judging from specs alone, the HTC's One VX certainly is no flagship smartphone. For example, the device's Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich operating system isn't the most recent version Google can muster, namely Android 4.2 (or 4.1) Jelly Bean. The handset's software is also pushed along by a 1.2GHz dual-core Snapdragon S4 processor, not a cutting-edge quad-core chip. You also get 8GB of internal storage, much smaller than the whopping 64GB bundled with the One X+.
That said, the HTC One VX offers almost all of the latest Android capabilities that have made Google devices so popular. These include Gmail, Google+, and Navigation, along with the Play Store, where you have a choice of over 500,000 titles to download. Google Play hawks digital content for purchase, too, including books, movies, games, and music. For more entertainment options, HTC's Watch app also serves up TV shows and movies to buy or rent. For example, I could buy the movie "Looper" for $14.99 and rent it for $3.99.
Besides the Amazon Kindle app, there's TuneIn for free Internet radio, and SoundHound, which can tag music that's playing around you. And beyond those, the One VX doesn't have much in the way of useful third-party software.
AT&T, however, fills the device with its typical host of bloatware, most of which you can't remove. It has a bar code scanner, FamilyMap for locating family members ($9.99 per month for two family members, $14.99 for up to five), AT&T Locker, which stores files in the cloud for an extra fee, AT&T Navigator, and Messages -- all tasks that Google's free software can tackle.
Sitting on top of Android is HTC's Sense 4 user interface, which boasts HTC's iconic weather clock widget on the main home screen plus strong ties to social-media networks. For example, a Friend Stream widget pulls all updates across multiple social-media platforms to view in one location.
Similarly, the People app will sift through your contacts list automatically and suggest any possible links between corresponding Gmail, Facebook, and Twitter accounts. Additionally, within a friend's contact details you can view any albums your friends have posted to Facebook and any recent updates like messages or missed calls.
Just like on its other phones, HTC touts the One VX's Beats audio processing. It's designed to activate a special equalizer profile to match specific Beats-branded headphones. As with my previous experience with Beats, I found that it beefed up bass too greatly, crushing the mids and highs. I admit some tracks do sound better after undergoing Beats processing, especially ones consisting mostly of heavy bass notes.
One of the most distinctive features of HTC's smartphones is what the company calls ImageSense technology. In a nutshell, it means that the One VX's 5-megapixel camera is backed up by a dedicated image processor for improved performance. Indeed, the phone's camera snaps images almost instantly, in well under a second. The term ImageSense is also a flag that HTC added additional photo treats such as a wide range of scene modes that offer plenty more than the average camera phone options.


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$22.90 - $26.90
$18.32 - $21.52Online Exclusive!
Sailor Moon Shirts and Merchandise
The forces of good are calling you to protect the Silver Crystal. You better transform quickly into Sailor Moon. How? Easy, just check out the latest Sailor Moon merchandise from Hot Topic to help you take on the Dark Kingdom. Become a Sailor Soldier when you put on these Sailor Moon shirts, dresses and jewelry. Keep your room safe from Queen Beryl with some quality Sailor Moon figures. Take your transformation to the next level with the right Sailor Moon accessories. Check out more merchandise from your favorite Japanese heroes, including our Dragon Ball Z shirts, Naruto Accessories and Fairy Tail merchandise.


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Micro Compact Umbrella Print M23
David David
Sold Out
This extremely compact umbrella is made from lightweight aluminium and fibreglass. It measures all of 7" when retracted, easily carried in a bag or coat pocket. The frame is especially designed to be flexible for maximum wind resistance. The large canopy measures 92cm diameter when open to maximise coverage.
Our umbrellas are engineered to minimise the risk of damage in winds, but please avoid using in heavy winds. We do not cover damage due to wind or wear and tear.
It is best to leave the umbrella open to dry as soon as you can. The fabric should be cleaned using a soft cloth moistened with plain water as detergents may remove the waterproof coating.
- Lightweight black aluminium/fibreglass frame.
- Span when open 92cm.
- Length closed 18cm.
- Weighs approximately 280g.
- Flip resistant.
- Sunguard UPF 30+ sun protection.
- EVA case.
UK delivery is by Hermes. Target time for delivery is 2 working days.
International delivery is by Royal Mail International Standard. Target time for delivery is 3 working days to Europe and 5-8 working days everywhere else.


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San Diego Outdoors: EDRC 168 01
Begin quote I can't believe this is my last year and USD and I waited this long to really experience the diversity of San Diego.
Course Description
Explore the diverse terrains of San Diego County through a series of day outings. Spend six Sundays sampling some of the best outdoor locations that San Diego has to offer. Plans include hikes in Anza Borrego State Park as well as locations closer to home, such as Torrey Pines State Reserve and Cedar Creek Falls in Ramona. On the water, we will explore the ecological preserve at La Jolla and view the downtown San Diego skyline while paddling on the Big Bay. Lessons will include basic strokes, safety and rescue designed for use on flat waters and ocean waters. Don't leave USD without experiencing San Diego Outdoors!
You must have an active health insurance policy and you will be required to complete a health statement/liability waiver. If you are under 18, please notify a staff member before you sign up.
Check back for Spring 2014 dates, times, and locations.
Fee includes instruction, transportation, and entrance fees. Dates subject to change.
If you have a question about academic and recreation classes, please contact us at firstname.lastname@example.com, call 619.260.4709, or stop by University Center room 136.


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Cosmetic dentistry /Smile makeover provides more than just a beautiful smile and a healthy mouth. An improved smile can boost a person's self-image, making them more confident in their daily lives. Dr Trivikram(Dr Vikram), an expert cosmetic dentist in Bangalore offers smile makeovers . He offers his services at his super speciality practice All Smiles-Centre for cosmetic dentistry and dental implants. It is exclusively dedicated to Cosmetic dentistry (Smile makeovers), Hi quality Dental Implants and Orthodontics. . Any adult having teeth with gaps, crooked teeth, oversized, small teeth, dark teeth, protruding or....Read More
B.D.S , Fellow, I . C . O . I ( U. K ).P.G.C.A(MANIPAL).
Completed graduation in the year 2000
from Bangalore University and completed his fellowship from United Kingdom.Read More
A smile can boost self-confidence, makes a person look better and enhances self-esteem. It has a positive impact on individuals' personal and professional relationships, increasing their ability to communicate effectively. Most people don't smile because they are embarrassed with their teethRead More
Human faces are the most efficient mechanism to grab attention. People notice faces first. The eyes are drawn towards the profile picture of an individual on social media. Most comments are attracted towards a profile with a portrait picture on it and more so if there is a photo with a smile.Read More
Vishal Yadav Quintiles Bangalore, Karnataka, India The first thing that impressed me about ALL SMILES DENTAL BANGALORE is their clinic and the se
Abhay Kulkarni Vice President, Infosys Bangalore, Karnataka, India The first thing that impressed me about ALL SMILES DENTAL BANGALORE is their c
Runa Sikdar Director, White Space Innovating Design And Antardhwani Baden, Aargau, Switzerland The first thing that impressed me about ALL SMILES
Anjan Lahiri CEO, Sasken Communication Technologies. Bangalore, Karnataka, India. I researched and found All Smiles dental clinic over the intern
Sushma Korlepara MOBAPPS Bangalore, Karnataka, India I am writing this to tell how thankful I am to the cosmetic dentist Dr.Trivikram for bringin
Sheela Shetty Senior Journalist, Vijaya Karnataka Bangalore, Karnataka, India Dear Dr. Vikram, I would like to take this opportunity thank you fo
Aldo.L Elias Brigadeport , Ct, U.S.A Excellent and professional service. Felt very secured and comfortable since day 1 . Definitely will recommend
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Manisha Singh Account Service Delivery Manager , Unisys Global Services India.Bangalore Bengaluru India Dr Vikram is one of the best doctors I ha
Suresh D Jayanagar , Bangalore. I came here for a smile makeover.It was a pleasant experience with Dr Vikram and completely devoid of the expected
I came here to get my smile corrected.My teeth were overlapping and crooked.When I reached here I was made aware of dental veneers and their use t
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Swati Marathahalli, Bangalore I came here to correct my front teeth which were protruding and to correct a bad work done elsewhere.My teeth finall
Kiran Indranagar, Bangalore, India I did a lot of research on cosmetic dentistry where I would feel safe to get the smile make over done. Finally
Prishika G Koramangala, Bangalore I Visited Cosmetic dentist Dr Trivikram for Smile Makeover for my protruding teeth.He understood what I needed i
Radhika R Pune, Maharastra, India I got a smile makeover with dental veneers by Cosmetic dentist Dr Vikram here. It is an excellent work with a ve
Swathi R Hosur, Tamilnadu I came from Hosur specifically for cosmetic dental treatment by Dr Trivikram. I had teeh which were big and crowded and
Madeswaran S Electronic City, Bangalore, Kranataka I had a missing tooth and lot of gaps between my front teeth. I got a smile makeover by cosmeti
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Nikhil Undale Marathahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka Dr.Trivikarm has done smile makeover of my front teeth for the gaps that I had between them.I did
Premi Raj Mohan Koramangala, Bangalore, India Smile make over by Dr.Vikram, changed the way I look, I love my smile now.Totally boosted my confide
Theresa Whitefield, Bangalore, Karnataka I am 52 years old and I had protruding teeth and gap in my both upper and lower teeth. I got a smile make


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Father Inigo Montoy is a level 60 quest giver located at Light's Hope Chapel in the contested territory of Eastern Plaguelands. In Wrath of the Lich King it is revealed that he betrayed the Argent Dawn and became the Lich Thel'zan the Duskbringer. He is affiliated with the Brotherhood of the Light
Priests can turn in items to him in order to get the Tier 3 armor set called the Vestments of Faith.
- Main article: Thel'zan the Duskbringer
Following the initial assault on Naxxramas, the agents who defeated Kel'Thuzad delivered [The Phylactery of Kel'Thuzad] to Inigo for payment. However, the Argent Dawn reported later that they never received the phylactery. As it turned out, Montoy's true master was not the Brotherhood of the Light or the Argent Dawn at all.
Inigo returned the phylactery to Arthas, and was transformed into the lich, Thel'zan the Duskbringer.[1] The necessary item for this quest, [Thel'zan's Phylactery], seems to confirm this — the phylactery has the initials "I.M." etched on the side — as does the scripted event in which Bolvar Fordragon calls him by name. Being referred to by the name he held in life, an existence he despised, particularly enrages Thel'zan and he promises to kill Bolvar on the spot.
His name is a tribute to the character Inigo Montoya from the book The Princess Bride by William Goldman, and the movie of the same name. He was a master swordsman who spoke those famous words, "Hello. My name is Inigo Montoya. You killed my father. Prepare to die," which is now one of the most memorable quotes in fantasy.
Furthermore the inspiration for the name of Inigo Montoya might have been Ignatius (Íñigo) Loyola, the founder and the first General of Jesuits. This supposed origin of the name might fit the WoW character, as Jesuits are often a part of various conspiracy theories (and the in-game Inigo seems to be a malevolent, plotting figure).
Interestingly, according to Wikipedia, Loyola's Jesuit Constitutions stressed absolute self-abnegation and obedience to Pope and superiors, as he put it: "perinde ac cadaver"; "well-disciplined like a corpse", which could be a very becoming motto for a servant of the Lich King and a member of the Scourge Inigo Montoy has become.
This article or section includes speculation, observations or opinions possibly supported by lore or by Blizzard officials. It should not be taken as representing official lore.
Some speculate that the name is more than just a tribute, and that it might have a deeper meaning. The fact that he obviously takes the phylactery of Kel'Thuzad for himself (or unknown masters) may be a hint to show that Kel'Thuzad might be Montoy's father (as the quote mentioned above would suggest), or some other close relative. Alternatively, Montoy's father could have been killed by Kel'Thuzad.
[Inigo's Copper Coin], fished from the fountain in the Eventide, at least states that Inigo wishes he had his father back in some context.
Due to a lack of phasing mechanics in old content, Inigo can be found alive in Light's Hope Chapel even if you've long defeated Thel'zan.
See also
- ^ [73] An End And A Beginning


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Let $\phi: \mathcal{X}\rightarrow B$ be a family of complex manifolds i.e. $\phi$ is a proper submersive holomorphic morphism, i write $X_b$ for the fiber of $b\in B$.
Suppose $dim_{\mathbb{C}}X_b=2$ and $X_b$ is kahler. Suppose that $R^2\phi_*\mathbb{Z}$ is a local system, then i can consider the monodromy action
$\pi_1(B,b)\rightarrow Aut(H^2(X_b,\mathbb{Z}))$
I have read that the monodromy action actually is a subgroup of $O(H^2(X_0,\mathbb{Z}))$ i.e. it preserves the intersection pairing. Why is that?


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Des Moines mayor calls for gun control discussion
Des Moines Mayor Frank Cownie said it is time to start the discussion of outlawing private ownership of assault weapons and multiple-round ammunition clips.
City leaders say the Sandy Hook school shooting must signal a change in the country and in Des Moines.
In a rare move, the Des Moines City Council spent much of it's Monday night meeting discussing a national tragedy.
Cownie said he spent an hour on the phone with 100 frustrated mayors from across the country discussing how to prevent another senseless mass killing.
The mayors agreed on the need for better background checks for gun owners, tougher federal penalties for transporting illegal guns, and the outlawing of assault weapons and multiple ammunition clips like the ones used in the Sandy Hook shootings.
Cownie says the second amendment doesn't apply in this case.
"Certainly those are not for hunting, and I think we'd all be appalled if somebody went hunting deer with a 100-round magazine," he said.
A moment of silence was held for the victims of the Sandy Hook shootings.


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Mars Pathfinder Mission
Mars, The Red Planet
Viking Lander View of the Martian Surface
See the Latest Images of Mars Taken by Astronomers from Around the World!
(Updated 3 July 1997)
Mars Fact Sheet
compiled by the National Space Science Data Center
With all the interest in possible ancient life on Mars discovered in a meteorite- go to
The Mars Meteorite Home Page
for a closer look at these fascinating objects!
MSSS Viking Image Archive
MarsWatch 1996-1997
The MarsWatch FTP site
Mars ALPO Albedo map
browsable online atlas of Mars
containing USGS maps and raw Viking orbiter images
Back to the
Mars Pathfinder Home Page


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GENIDIA SMART WHITE: High-tech office chair with ergonomic focus!
The highlight in the market of office chairs! The GENIDIA SMART WHITE offers state-of-the-art technology elegantly packaged in an incredibly attractive design. The angular design of the frame looks elegant yet filigree and is the trademark of the GENIDIA SMART WHITE. In addition to the extraordinary design, this office chair meets the highest standards of material and workmanship and will certainly be your highlight in the office or study. The innovative elasticity of the backrest concept reduces the friction on the back. The back fits in all directions, and the spine is optimally supported, therefore relieving your back! The feeling on this model can hardly be described. The word "weightless," best describes it, because that's how you feel after the first sitting on our GENIDIA SMART WHITE. Of course, this top-of-the-line model includes 4D armrests as well as a high-quality synchronous mechanism, abrasion-resistant upholstery and an adjustable lumbar support. Thanks to its revolutionary operative concept, all functions can be optimally adapted to your needs with only one lever, in just a few steps. The weight adjustment can be done with just one finger without any effort. Conception and design were prolonged - but the result speaks for itself and breaks new ground technically and visually!
- The high-quality synchronous mechanism can be individually adjusted to your own body weight with just one finger thus ensuring the appropriate counter pressure when leaning back. It can be locked in several positions.
- An absolute style icon! The futuristic design is underlined again by the high-quality materials and makes this office chair something unique.
- Both the seat and the backrest are covered with a breathable mesh fabric. This ensures ideal air circulation, especially on hot days. The adjustable lumbar support ensures the best possible support when correctly seated.
- The seat inclination can be adjusted in several stages, guaranteeing fatigue-free sitting. The seat depth can be extended a few inches with a handle and adjusted to your own preferences.
- The 4D armrests with soft-pad support can be adjusted in height, angle, width and radius according to your own wishes. The base is made of sturdy plastic.
- Dimensions: height (total): 112 cm; Width (total): 70 cm; Depth (total): 55 cm; Seat height: 45 - 55 cm; Seat width: 50 cm; Seat depth (usable): 42 - 44 cm; Armrest height (measured from the seat): 15 - 21 cm; Backrest height: 58 cm; Load capacity (maximum): 120 kg; Castor size (multi-function castors included): Pin diameter 11 mm, wheel diameter 65 mm
- Fitted with weight-activated multi-purpose castors. As such, the user has complete freedom of movement while seated. Upon standing up, the safety braking mechanism hinders unwanted movement of the office chair. The castors are unlocked when pressure is placed back on the chair.
Smart Premium Collection
By ordering this product from our SPC-Premium range, you will enjoy the following exclusive benefits and privileges:
- Extended 4 year warranty
- Individual advice by telephone and after sales service support
- Spare parts guarantee for the entire warranty period
This item is supplied unassembled.
For assembly by the customer in just a few simple steps.
Of course, for gas springs, chair castors, footrests, etc., no construction is required.
Castors information
The multifunction wheels supplied with this chair are suitable for both carpet and hard floors. Please note that it is not possible to exchange the castors prior to shipment for logistical reasons (unless otherwise stated in the product description). In addition, we recommend for hard floors, the use of a protective floor mat.
To keep your new office chair beautiful for a long time, it should be cleaned regularly. Here are a few practical tips on how to care for your office chair and how to properly treat and clean leather, synthetic / faux leather and fabric.


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Cyber - Thursday 29/08/2013, 18:44
Colossus - E X C A L I B U R
This is basically an event based on a talent show. It consist of 3 main stages.
- The blind audition
- The battle
- The finals
Round 1 BEGINS when I OPEN the registration at certain specific days (24 hours). To learn about the latest information on the registration dates for this event, please join my newsletter, Cyber-holic/Cyber-holic which can be found on my profile. Once you apply for this event (waiting to be accepted), SEND me a BUSINESS PM a short description (scroll down to see Round 1 section) to convince the coaches in choosing you by turning around (Blind audition duh). I will post this on the Turcke section for the coaches to review.
Round 1 : The Auditions
- Everyone gives a short description of yourself and PM (BUSINESS) me. Only those with business tags will be considered.
- Some anonymity is required. That means no names and or obvious things in your description.
- You may ONLY include ONE of your scores in any game modes (ELO, DT, DM, Survivor).
- Lying is not allowed. Exaggeration is however allowed.
- I will post the applicant's description in the Turkce section.
- Each coach is only able to choose 14 players. If two or more coaches have chosen that same player, that player may choose his/her coach and join their team.
Round 2: The Battles I
- 1 week to play.
- The coach will put you against another person of the team and the loser will have to go home.
Round 3: The Battles II
- 7 members left per team. Coach choose 1 outstanding member to have an exemption for this round and go to round 4.
- 6 players per team this round, 3 will stay in the team by getting as much votes
- 1 week to play
- See Spanish section for voting counts
Round 4: The Battle III
- 4 players per team left in total for this stage.
- See Spanish section for voting counts
- Highest votes (1st) gets to skip Round 5.
- Last player eliminated.
- 2nd and 3rd player fight. Winner stays.
- 2 weeks.
Round 5: The Battle IV
- 2 players left in each team.
- Fight to see who gets to represent their coach.
- 1 week
Round 6: FINALS
- Total number of players in the competition excluding coaches: 4
- Coaches and their respective trainee fight it out and garner as much votes for 1st to 4th
- 1 week
- See Spanish section for voting counts
Coaches will be selected from any 4 different communities (English, German, Spanish, French, Russian, Portugal, Italian, Dutch/Polish/Romana/Greeks).
To be one of the coaches, you need to have ALL OF THESE requirements. Post in the french section if you want to be coach. I need you to commit about 7 weeks to this event. Please give me any event links as evidence if you do so.
- Must be english speaking
- Survivor 15+ in either ELO or extended
- At least 1 DT win.
- Win at least 200k worth of prizes in an event
Coaches' Objectives:
To guide your trainee to reach the top. You are expected to give advice and groom your trainee in ELO, Survivor, DT modes, etc.
More information about the formats within each stage will be announced at a later time.
Expectations for all:
This event will be more than a 1 v 1 fight and requires you to play almost all the modes in UR when there are 2 or more people competing in a group.
I reserve the right to have the final say who deserve to be the coach.
The Voice of Clintz City
Cyber - Saturday 12/10/2013, 17:53
Colossus - E X C A L I B U R
Sign up with your applications now! The Voice of Clintz City
Cyber - Wednesday 16/10/2013, 16:41
Colossus - E X C A L I B U R
Join now to avoid disappointment. We are quite close to starting once I give 2nd chances to the other players who fail to make the audition!
XC-MeRLiN - Thursday 17/10/2013, 19:55
Colossus - E X C A L I B U R
You wish!?
Cyber - Sunday 27/10/2013, 15:43
Colossus - E X C A L I B U R
The Voice of Clintz City
Check Polski section. Players revealed!
This is an announcement. I will open this freely to anyone without the blind audition after the 65th player who send me their description. This mean 3rd chance for anyone who didn't make the cut in the blind audition. They CHOOSE the coach from then on and you can't say no.


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You are welcome to download your own copy HERE. I printed it on 8.5 x 11 white card stock and matted it with robin eggs blue poster board (for a whopping .69 cents!).
*Using MS Word, create a new document.
*Go to the Insert tab at the top and click on Text Box. Type in the word you want to use, with the text box highlighted you can right mouse click to select Font and pick a fun font or change the color/size.
*Repeat until you have all the words you are using. You then click on each text box and move the words around the page.
*To add a graphic simply use the Insert tab and click on Picture. Be sure to click on your graphic and choose Format Picture, Layout and select In Front of Picture. This will allow you to move your graphic where you please (without it lining up with your text).
*To make words vertically use the Insert tab, choose Word Art, choose the vertical word art option and type in the word you want to use.
Let me know if you have any questions.


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Exhibition (permanent) County: Greater London Ahoy!Our new gallery dedicated to our younger visitors. Board a pirate ship, stoke the fire of a steamship, navigate an ice-breaker, and more, all under one roof.National Maritime Museum - Royal Museums Greenwich | 1 March 2015 — 1 December 2020
Event: Exhibition (permanent) County: Greater London The Atlantic: Slavery, Trade, EmpireThis gallery is about the movement of people, goods and ideas across and around the Atlantic Ocean from the 17th century to the 19th century. The connections created by these movements changed the lives of people on...National Maritime Museum - Royal Museums Greenwich | 1 November 2013 — 1 November 2020


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Fifty years ago saw the introduction of two European cars that have achieved iconic status. One is well known, Jaguar's E-Type. But because it literally flew under the radar, then as now, we tend to forget the other, Volvo's legendary P1800. But one P1800 owner refuses to fly under the radar: Irv Gordon, a retired science teacher from East Patchogue, New York, just passed 2.9 million miles in his 1966 Volvo P1800. His achievement is documented in the Guinness Book of World Records for most miles driven by a single owner in a non-commercial vehicle.
"In honor of the P1800's 50th anniversary, I'd like to reaffirm my goal of reaching three million miles within the next two years," Gordon, who will be 73 in 2013, says. "My P1800 has been through some terrible weather, and never once complained. Hitting 2.9 million miles is a true testament to the Volvo and those who designed it."
To put 2.9 million miles in proper perspective, Gordon could have driven his P1800 to the moon and back (560,000 miles) more than five times.
Gordon's journey with the P1800 started back in June 1966 when he purchased it new from his local dealer. Within the first 48 hours he logged more than 1,500 miles behind the wheel. With his daily commute, a 125-mile round trip in bumper-to-bumper traffic on the Long Island Expressway—which Gordon refers to as the world's longest parking lot— it didn't take long before he had covered a half million miles, a feat that took just 10 years. At a time when most cars are rotting away in junkyards, Gordon's P1800 had completed just one sixth of its incredible journey into automotive history books.
At a recent media event hosted by Volvo outside Grand Junction, Colorado, we had the opportunity to not only sit down and talk with Gordon but photograph his P1800 as well. Gordon noted that the engine has been apart only twice, at 680,000 and at 2,690,000 miles. He credits his car's longevity to a strict but sensible maintenance program. He changes the oil every 3,000-3,500 miles using Castrol oil and Volvo oil filters, he changes the transmission fluid every 25,000 miles, and he replaces the points (remember points?) every 20,000-25,000 miles along with the spark plugs. Because of his fanatical attention to maintenance, Gordon was once the centerpiece of an advertising campaign for Genuine Volvo Parts.
If one is going to cover almost 3,000,000 over nearly half a century, some interesting road trips are sure to be part of the journey. A Route 66 veteran, Gordon has driven cross-country on literally countless occasions. While he concedes there are times to take the interstates that have replaced the old road, he prefers the preserved sections of Route 66 when he has the time. Being retired means he doesn't have to rush, and over the years he's seen the Mother Road change, many of its old landmarks disappearing.
Once, on a lark, Gordon drove from Long Island to Matt's Bar in Minneapolis just to check out its legendary "Juicy Lucy" sandwich, a round trip of 2,500 miles. "Thankfully the sandwich was as good as I expected," he says with a smile on his face.
Because of the car's historical significance, Gordon is invited to Volvo events all over the world. And with the P1800 celebrating its 50th anniversary this year, he has been busy indeed. Gordon and his P1800 made their third trip to Europe this winter, attending the TechnoClassica show, the world's largest indoor classic car show, in Essen, Germany.
On a previous trip to Europe, where he has toured five countries, Gordon met the P1800's designer, Per "Pelle" Pettersen. Together the duo signed posters commemorating the P1800's birthday. In addition to Gordon's P1800, Volvo sent the original P1800 prototype to that event, uniting the first P1800 with its highest-mileage example. And to put an exclamation point on his travels, this September he will make his second trip to Australia, celebrating the car's golden anniversary with Volvo enthusiasts down under.
It should be noted that while Gordon's P1800 shows the patina that comes from covering so many miles, it is in remarkably great shape overall. The timelessness of the car's styling is only enhanced by its travels, especially with all the commemorative badges proudly displayed on its front and rear bumpers. The details, like its unique roof line, look as good today as they did when Pelle Pettersen first put pen to paper more than five decades ago.
So while Roger Moore, who was fortunate enough to drive a P1800 in his role as debonair crime-fighter Simon Templar in the British TV drama series based on Leslie Charteris's The Saint, was once the best known P1800 "owner," that title now belongs to Gordon. And he intends to keep it that way as his car approaches the 3,000,000-mile mark. He won't have it any other way.
1966 Volvo P1800
1.8-liter I4, sohc, 8-valve
Four-speed manual
Peak Power: 96 hp @ 5800 rpm
Peak Torque: 103 lb-ft @ 4000 rpm


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From Paul Armentano, Deputy Director of NORML and co-author of Marijuana Is Safer: So Why Are We Driving People to Drink?, comes this not-at-all surprising statistic: a near-record number of marijuana-related arrests were made in 2008 (847,864). The overwhelming majority, 89%, were for simple possession.
What would happen if we took all that money being flushed away for law enforcement, court costs, and the cost of imprisoning hundreds and thousands of otherwise law-abiding Americans (the article doesn't mention it, but I'm thinking it's extremely likely the arrests disproportionately target the poor), and spent it on, I don't know, just about anything else? Schools. Public transportation. The arrest and prosecution of violent criminals. It's really a question of priorities.
From the article:
Washington, DC: Police arrested 847,864 persons for marijuana violations in 2008, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation's annual Uniform Crime Report, released today. The total marks a three percent decrease in marijuana arrests from 2007, when law enforcement arrested a record 872,721 Americans for cannabis-related violations.
Marijuana arrests now comprised one-half (49.8 percent) of all drug arrests reported in the United States.
Of those charged with marijuana violations, approximately 89 percent, 754,224 Americans were charged with possession only. The remaining 93,640 individuals were charged with "sale/manufacture," a category that includes all cultivation offenses, even those where the marijuana was being grown for personal or medical use.
This post originally appeared at chelseagreen.com, by Dennis Pachecho, Chelsea Green Publishing.
To read more blog entries from Dennis Pacheco and others at GUERNICA click HERE .


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The Villa Rica Police Department's Patrol Division is the largest,
most visible, division of the department. It is made up of four shifts who work
12 hour rotations providing the city with 24 hour police coverage. The shift
officers are responsible for generalized patrol duties, high visibility patrol
and for responding to calls for service. Additionally, a specialty unit of
officers exists, and is assigned to augment and assist the shifts. These areas
of specialty include canine, traffic enforcement, school resource and bicycle
patrol operations. Patrol officers respond to a wide range of calls for
service, conduct preliminary and follow-up criminal investigations, and process
crime scenes while enforcing criminal and traffic laws as well as specified
ordinances. Several of these officers are also engaged in a variety of
problem-solving initiatives and educational activities based on the
department's firm commitment to community policing.
Captain of Uniform Services is responsible for the day-to-day operations of the
Uniform Services Division, which includes the Patrol, Traffic, Bike and School
Resource. The Uniform Services Captain plans, directs and coordinates the
Department's uniformed officers in law enforcement patrol operations. The
Captain of Uniform Services for the Villa Rica Police Department is Scott
Parker. He began his career with the Villa Rica Police Department in July of
1995. Captain Parker rose through the ranks throughout his career and was
promoted to the rank of Captain in November of 2008. Captain Parker is a member
of the Georgia Association of Chiefs of Police. Captain Parker may be reached at 678-840-1312 or by email email@example.com


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Browsing Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences by Subject "MPI"
Now showing items 1-2 of 2
Measurement of $J/\psi$ production as a function of event multiplicity in pp collisions at $\sqrt{s} = 13\,\mathrm{TeV}$ with ALICE (Elsevier, 2017-11)The availability at the LHC of the largest collision energy in pp collisions allows a significant advance in the measurement of $J/\psi$ production as function of event multiplicity. The interesting relative increase ...Journal article
Multiplicity dependence of jet-like two-particle correlations in pp collisions at $\sqrt s$ =7 and 13 TeV with ALICE (Elsevier, 2017-11)Two-particle correlations in relative azimuthal angle (Δ ϕ ) and pseudorapidity (Δ η ) have been used to study heavy-ion collision dynamics, including medium-induced jet modification. Further investigations also showed the ...Journal article


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Job Information
Humana Manager, Telecomm/Voice Engineering-Avaya(remote virtual home office eligible) in Springfield, Missouri
The Manager, Telecomm/Voice Engineering is responsible for designing and implementing all or part of the organization's complex telecommunications infrastructure in line with pre-identified business needs and requirements. The Manager, Telecomm/Voice Engineering works within specific guidelines and procedures; applies advanced technical knowledge to solve moderately complex problems; receives assignments in the form of objectives and determines approach, resources, schedules and goals.
The Manager, Telecomm/Voice Engineering may support of one or more of the following: the PBX infrastructure, Voice over IP, IVR, voicemail services, call routing technologies, Audio/Video conferencing, WebEx, and related telephony services. The complex infrastructure may include multiple technologies from multiple vendors, such as CISCO Unified Communications or Nortel/Avaya configurations, and others. This position employs recognized best practices to minimize unplanned service outages and maintain facility availability. This position may coordinate with other IT functional areas on systems upgrades or modifications, to minimize disruptions. This position troubleshoots more complex problems that have escalated within the telecommunications function. This position may lead teams of telecommunications professionals involved in the design of complex configurations or in the evaluation and administration of the telecommunications system. Decisions are typically related to resources, approach, and tactical operations for projects and initiatives involving own departmental area. Requires cross departmental collaboration, and conducts briefings and area meetings; maintains frequent contact with other managers across the department.
Required Qualifications
Bachelor's Degree in computer science or related field OR equivalent experience in lieu of degree
Previous experience managing technology teams
6 or more years of telecommunications/voice technical experience
2 or more years of management experience
Experience designing and implementing complex telecommunications infrastructure
Experience troubleshooting escalated complex telecommunications problems
Must be passionate about contributing to an organization focused on continuously improving consumer experiences
Preferred Qualifications
Running a large complex Telecommunications environment Information systems and/or telecommunications certification
Demonstrated project management experience
Microsoft certification
Additional Information
Scheduled Weekly Hours
About Us
Mission: At Humana, our cultural foundation is aligned to helping members achieve their best health by delivering personalized, simplified, whole-person healthcare experiences. Recognizing healthcare needs continue to evolve for each person, for each family and for each community, Humana continuously creates innovative solutions and resources that help people live their healthiest lives on their terms –when and where they need it. Our employees are at the heart of making this happen and that's why we are dedicated to building an organization of dynamic talent whose experience and passion center on putting the customer first.
Equal Opportunity Employer
It is our policy to recruit, hire, train, and promote people without regard to race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, disability, or veteran status, except where age, sex, or physical status is a bona fide occupational qualification. View the EEO is the Law poster.
If you are an individual with a disability and require a reasonable accommodation to complete any part of the application process, or are limited in the ability or unable to access or use this online application process and need an alternative method for applying, you may contact firstname.lastname@example.com for assistance.
Humana Safety and Security
Humana will never ask, nor require a candidate provide money for work equipment and network access during the application process. If you become aware of any instances where you as a candidate are asked to provide information and do not believe it is a legitimate request from Humana or affiliate, please contact email@example.com to validate the request.
California Residents
If you are a California resident and would like to review our California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) Policy click here:
CA Resident Privacy Policy


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How do you choose which of your many ideas to pursue? Do you choose the one with the interesting technologies that you want to explore, or do you go for the one that you think would be the most useful?
I am currently suffering from this dilemma in relation to which app I concentrate on as my 'signature' app. If you've got time to build one app, in this case an iPhone app, to demonstrate your skill as a programmer to future potential clients, how do you decide what to do? I have 3 choices in this regard:
- Hikers footpath planner. A really complex and difficult app that will take a long time to put together but that demonstrates all my skill as a back end developer while also showing an ability to do some nice things with the front end. This app, although sounding ideal, is a risk. I have limited time and the app is complex enough that it might not meet the App Store requirements on stability within the time frame and, with my current dev time limited to evenings and weekends, might not get be completed to the final most impressive stage by the time my (admittedly self imposed) deadline come around. This app has, I believe, a wide audience, but only if done exactly right.
- OCR Menu reader and translator. An app that allows me to explore some really interesting technologies and demonstrate some skills with both backend and front end work. The app, however, would be trying to compete directly with another app, Google Goggles. Do I really want to develop in my spare time an app that could potentially be utterly eclipsed by a company who have million of dollars to spend on getting it right?
- Open Plaques. An app that demonstrates some back and front end skills and that solves a specific purpose for a group of passionate individuals. This app would provide a service to this group of people that would not only ease the lives of the owners and developers of the Open plaques site but also make is much easier for users of the site to add content. This also will use some of the technologies that would be used in the OCR menu reader.
So I guess the question is, is it better to make something that is popular and useful, or something that shows off my skills but with an uncertain audience or competing against a much more powerful opponent? I can't help thinking that the popular app, if I add lots of bells a whistles, would be the way to go. I can always work on the hikers app at a later date, for if nothing else I want one even if it never makes it as far as the app store. Maybe I should just take a well learned lesson from Software Development, KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid). If anyone has any opinions, I would really like to hear them.


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Inspired by true events that led up to ISRO`s Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), the film tells the story of a group of scientists who overcame their professional and personal tribulations to mastermind the greatest accomplishment in Indian space history.
Mission Mangal is a tale of ordinary people doing extraordinary things and inspiring generations to dream big and achieve the impossible.


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Here's Yuri Ebihara (蛯原å‹é‡Œ) looking gloriously hot and sexy in the Shiseido Anessa 2007 CM.
Even though she's running at the beach clad only in her bikini, she has nothing to worry about because she has the whole range of Anessa suncare products to shield her skin from the harmful UV rays of the blazing sun. Best part is that she can dip in the water without worrying about having her sunblock stripped off because products in the Annesa range are mostly water resistant and some are even waterproof.
You might be interested to know that Shiseido Anessa sunblocks are really popular in Japan and Taiwan now and what's great about the range is that it's made for the Asian tropical climate.
Personally, I was quite confused by their array but a look at their website reveals that Anessa Perfect UV sunscreen SPF50+ is the strongest and recommended to be used when under maximum sun exposure. Next in line is the Anessa Perfect Smooth Sunscreen SPF50+ for sports followed by Anessa Perfect Pearly Sunscreen SPF50+. For daily use, Anessa Milky Sunscreen (for town) SPF32 is recommended. Some of these probably requires a special cleanser so when purchasing, make sure you find that out.
Meanwhile, check out a group of Yuri Ebiharas frolicking at the beach front in their bikinis here.


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This rugged, 4-wheel-drive chassis from Dagu Electronics has independent suspension for each of its spiked 120mm-diameter wheels, allowing exceptional traction over uneven terrain, and its body is made from 2mm-thick anodized aluminum with a 10mm-pitch grid of 4mm holes, making it easy to mount electronics and accessories to the chassis. Assembly of the chassis is a simple three-step process that takes just minutes. This model is black with metallic-red hubs and 34:1 steel gearboxes on the motors.
Alternatives available with variations in these parameter(s): color gear ratio Select variant…
Compare all products in Wild Thumper All-Terrain Chassis.
Bottom view of Dagu Wild Thumper 4WD chassis (silver version).
This rugged, 4-wheel-drive chassis from Dagu Electronics is a smaller version of the Wild Thumper 6WD chassis. It is designed to excel at traversing rough terrain, making it a great platform for any robot that needs to perform tasks in a complex outdoor environment. It features four powerful DC motors with brass brushes and 34:1 or 75:1 steel gearboxes that drive large (120mm diameter) spiked tires, and a unique "super-twist" suspension system acts to keep each wheel in contact with the ground for maximum traction, even when driving over uneven or bumpy surfaces. The suspension can be adjusted to suit different loads and conditions. The chassis is made from a 2mm-thick corrosion-resistant anodized aluminum plate, all of the nuts, bolts, and screws are stainless steel, and the brass fittings and suspension springs are nickel-plated.
When powered at 7.2 V, the version of the chassis with 34:1 gearboxes can reach a top speed of approximately 7 km/h (4.5 mph), and each motor has a stall torque of roughly 5 kg-cm (70 oz-in). At the same voltage, the version of the chassis with 75:1 gearboxes can reach a top speed of approximately 3 km/h (2 mph), and each motor has a stall torque of roughly 11 kg-cm (150 oz-in).
Using the Chassis
The chassis' aluminum plate has 4mm holes spaced every 10mm, providing plenty of options when it comes to mounting your control electronics, sensors, and additional hardware. A compartment in the chassis has been designed to hold 7.2V sub-C battery packs (not included) that are commonly used in RC cars. Two such battery packs can fit in the compartment. The interior of the chassis also features convenient screw terminals for connecting your battery and motor driver leads. The motor leads are pre-connected to these screw terminals.
Side view of Dagu Wild Thumper 4WD chassis (silver version).
Two Pololu Simple Motor Controllers enable mixed RC-control of Dagu Wild Thumper 4WD all-terrain chassis.
This is a differential-drive chassis, meaning that turning is accomplished by driving the motors on the two sides of the platform at different speeds. The two motors on each side of the robot are wired in parallel, so only two channels of motor control are required to get this chassis moving. The motors are intended for a maximum nominal operating voltage of 7.2 V (2V minimum), and each has a stall current of 6.6 A and a no-load current of 420 mA at 7.2 V. Since the motors will briefly draw the full stall current when abruptly starting from rest (and nearly twice the stall current when abruptly going from full speed in one direction to full speed in the other), we recommend a motor driver capable of supplying the 14A combined per-channel stall current of these motors at 7.2 V. We offer several motor controllers that meet these power requirements and make it easy to get this chassis moving:
Dagu Wild Thumper 4WD all-terrain chassis, silver.
Dagu Wild Thumper 4WD all-terrain chassis, black.
350 RPM for the version with 34:1 gearboxes
160 RPM for the version with 75:1 gearboxes
5 kg-cm (70 oz-in) per motor for the version with 34:1 gearboxes
11 kg-cm (160 oz-in) per motor for the version with 75:1 gearboxes
Dagu Wild Thumper wheel 120×60mm (chrome) interior view.
Dagu Wild Thumper wheel 120×60mm (metallic red) interior view.
Chassis Options
This chassis is available in two different colors (silver and black) and with two different gear ratios (34:1 and 75:1):
If you are looking for a bigger robot that is better at scaling inclines and traversing larger obstacles, please consider one of the Wild Thumper 6WD models:
The higher gear ratio version has a lower top speed but can produce greater torque. Note that while the Wild Thumper 4WD chassis includes four wheels, the wheels can be purchased in pairs for use as replacement Wild Thumper parts or as wheels for custom chassis. The wheels are available with metallic-red hubs and chrome-colored hubs. We also offer the Wild Thumper gearmotors individually in a wide range of gear ratios (versions with integrated quadrature encoders are also available, though these will not work with the Wild Thumper chassis).
General specifications
|Gear ratio:


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Jake Owen, Zac Brown Band Join Super Bowl XLVIII Festivities
Jake Owen and the Zac Brown Band won't be wearing mouth-guards and cleats for Super Bowl 48, but they will be tackling the stage (well, rocking the boat, actually,) during separate performances.
Their performances for the world-class Bud Light Hotel concert will take place on a cruise ship docked at Pier 88 in Manhattan on the Hudson River.
ZBB's set is scheduled for February 1 alongside the Foo Fighters. It makes complete sense, as the band worked with Foo Fighter's frontman Dave Grohl on their just-released EP 'The Grohl Sessions: Vol. 1.'
Owen (along with his new hairstyle?) will grab the mic on Super Bowl Sunday, February 2, headlining a pre-game concert with Fall Out Boy. The Roots and Imagine Dragons will also perform during the four-day party.
By the time the Superbowl XLVIII rolls begins at Met Life Stadium, fans will certainly have received an earful of top-notch country music. Two years ago, the Super Bowl's country musical guests included Miranda Lambert and Blake Shelton, who performed 'America the Beautiful' while holding hands, and Carrie Underwood, who took the stage with rocker Steven Tyler. In 2013 Rascal Flatts joined Journey to tape a 'CMT Crossroads episode.
This year sounds like it's shaping up to be just as fantastic -- a touchdown, if you will. Football, Bud Light, and country music -- is there anything better?


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New voters in S.C. could help Obama
GREENVILLE, S.C. -- Former Democratic National Committee chairman Don Fowler isn't ready to bet money on Barack Obama winning the Palmetto State in the Nov. 4 presidential election.
But Fowler, chairman of Columbia-based Fowler Communications, said a confluence of factors makes it possible that this stronghold of Deep South conservatism could fall from the ranks of the GOP for the first time since Jimmy Carter in 1976 and for only the second since John F. Kennedy in 1960.
His arguments include:
• More Democrats turned out for their presidential primary in January than Republicans did for theirs, 529,000 to 443,000, according to South Carolina Election Commission figures. That has never happened before, according to commission spokesman Chris Whitmire.
• The Obama campaign, energized by an overwhelming victory in the state primary, has been very active in registering new voters here. Even with a purge of 300,000 inactive voters from the rolls last fall, the total number of voters registered in the state grew by 2.2%, including a 2.6% increase in non-white voters, and more than 20,000 new young voters, according to the Election Commission.
• Obama campaigned heavily in South Carolina, which held the first primary in the South. He drew big crowds, particularly of young people. About 29,000 people came to see him with Oprah Winfrey in Columbia.
Although John McCain won the state's Republican primary, Fowler said the Arizona senator was criticized by many GOP voters as too liberal on such issues as immigration.
That perception has been altered by McCain's selection of Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin to run as vice president, said former governor Jim Edwards, who was elected in 1974 and was the first Republican governor of South Carolina since Reconstruction.
Edwards supported Mitt Romney during the primary, and he said he was disappointed when McCain didn't pick the former Massachusetts governor as his running mate.
Still, Edwards said he thinks McCain "knocked a home run" when he chose Palin as his running mate.
"I had no idea McCain would ever have the courage to pick someone like that, a female, particularly from Alaska," Edwards said. "I haven't seen this kind of excitement in the Republican Party since Ronald Reagan."
State GOP chairman Katon Dawson said his party isn't taking the state for granted, but he said he believes South Carolina voters will never go for "the most liberal Democrat ticket we've faced in a long time."
Dawson said Republicans in the state are "going to work as if we were one vote behind. We're going to talk about the issues that matter to South Carolina, the issues that make the two parties different and the issues that make the campaigns different."
According to the latest Rasmussen Reports poll released Sept. 20, McCain was leading Obama 51% to 45%. Among Obama supporters, 84% said they are supporting him "with enthusiasm," while 63% of McCain supporters said they are enthusiastic about him.
George W. Bush won the state both in 2000 and 2004 with 57% and 58% of the vote, respectively.
People like Jil Littlejohn, 29, an accountant and co-chair of the Young Democrats of Greenville County, are working across the state to try to give Obama an edge.
"South Carolina has definitely had an influx of younger people and transplants, and it's going to be important that we reach those voters and get them to come out to the polls," she said.
For some McCain supporters in Greenville, S.C., it's not so much a matter of being for him as it is being against Obama — and sticking to the party line.
Byron Beckham, 36, an unemployed heavy mechanical worker, said he doesn't blame the economic problems on the GOP and will remain a straight-ticket Republican.
"The main problem I have with Democratic government is they tax us to death and put the money in the pockets of people that don't need it," he said.
Obama supporters see current economic conditions as ample reason to support the Obama-Joe Biden ticket.
"Truly it's the worst times I have ever seen since my existence on this planet," said Greg Johnson, owner of O.J's Diner. He blames Bush for the high gas prices. "Our prices are going through the roof because of that."
Oliver Durham, 69, a retired loading dock worker who now runs an exterminating business, believes Bush's economic philosophy has been proved wrong.
"The economy can never be built from the top down," he said. "Bush said he'll give the top 2% of people a tax break so they can create some jobs. Where are the jobs? All our jobs have gone overseas."
An Obama victory is still a long shot at best, according to Larry Sabato, director of the Center for Politics at the University of Virginia.
"If Obama even comes close in South Carolina, we'll have an early election night and a substantial Democratic victory for the presidency," he said.
Barnett reports for The Greenville (S.C.) News.


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|Institution Type:
|Campus Setting:
|Southwest Large City
|Highest Degree Offered:
|Associate's degree
|Level of Institution:
|At least 2 but less than 4 years
Qualifying for admission is simple because there are no GPA requirements and ACT score is not required (a placement test can be taken instead). The cost of attendance is much…
I have enjoyed TCC very much they have excellent resources for learning and are very helpful. I like the convenience of multiple campuses and the ease of finding a class…
TCC is a college you can feel welcome at. The teachers help you succeed. Easy to find.…
Tulsa Community College is a great higher learning institution. T.C.C. has many different areas of study designed for the student to be able to enter the workforce upon completing and internship…
i really appreciate the time that the teachers offer to their students, even though there are so many. in a class of nearly fifty students, all of my professors remembered…
Tulsa Community College betters its community through the intellectual achievement, creative energy, and responsible citizenship of its students, faculty, and staff by their engagement in teaching, learning, and service opportunities that transform and enrich lives. Tulsa Community College commits to innovative, flexible, and affordable public higher education that
responds to a dynamic global environment.
I love that i can choose to be online or go on campus it is very nice.Read More
I like at TCC (southeast campus) Its very pretty and quite. I recently moved to Tulsa so i really didn't know anyone so i joined a club. The BCM club is a BLAST and so are the people.Read More
Everyone here is nice, the staff is great but the information desks and reception needs to get worked on, they were sending me everywhere.Read More
I have taken a few spins around the NE campus and I like the updated look, the space, landscaping and easy access. I am signed up for freshman orientation next month and hope to get a proper tour.Read More


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Consider Primal Wear a company with a cause, or causes in this case. Not only does the Denver-based cycling apparel maker churn out a steady stream of good-looking kit, it also gives a bunch of money to charities such as People For Bikes, Bike MS and Bicycle Colorado.
Primal even has a program – dubbed Primal Gives Back — that effectively lets the consumer decide who the beneficiary is. If you're a member of a club or team that rides in a charitable event, Primal will donate 15 percent of your custom order to that fundraising effort.
Here's marketing director Tim Baker talking about Primal Wear's top of the line Helix kit and the Primal Gives Back program.
Primal's primary focus is custom cycling kit. Its team of designer walks customers through the design process, helps complete order fulfillment, and ships everything at no extra cost. The range of product offerings goes from elite race apparel to comfortable sport cut jerseys and shorts.
At the top of that line-up is the Helix kit, Primal's most advanced, competition level cycling jersey and bib combination. It's highlighted by what Primal calls its Z92 grid fabric, which is claimed to improve aerodynamic efficiency.
The Helix jersey ($100, 6 sizes) is designed to wick moisture away from the skin, helping keep body temperature low. The main portion of the Helix jersey is made from breathable SLR ion fabric that's antibacterial and stretches to contour the body. The Z92 fabric on the sleeves is a dimpled surface, which Primal claims reduces drag. Side and shoulder panels are mesh to further enhance airflow.
The Helix bibs ($200, 6 sizes) feature an HX8 carbon chamois and have ergonomic panels to create compression around key muscle groups. Four-way stretch fabric increases comfort, while the Z92 fabric on the yoke at the back of the short and leg cuffs is claimed to improve aerodynamics and moisture management. A mesh bib upper stretches and moves with the body, and enhances airflow. Flexible silicone grippers secure the short's leg panels.
On a personal note, we've been testing the Pivotal Helix kit for about a month now. And while we'd appreciate a slightly looser fit than what's provided by the snug silicone leg grippers, the rest of the Helix package has delivered as advertised. Overall fit is appropriately contoured, and even during an indoor trainer session, the fabric didn't get soaked with sweat even though the ground below our trainer did. As the photos illustrate this is not a flashy design (which we appreciate). The "92" on the back and sleeves is a nod to the year Primal was founded. And if red-black-white isn't your thing, you can opt for the blue-white-black Axios Helix kit, which has the same price points and similar feature package.
Other features we liked included the flatlock stitching, which means no unwanted chaffing – and an increase aerodynamics if you worry about such things (we don't). And the HX8 chamois has proven comfortable, though we've yet to spend more than 2-3 hours in it. Bottom line, the Helix measures up favorably with similarly priced kits in this upper-tier range.


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Among the myriad subjects that lawyers launching solo practices must master are the intricacies of handling client trust accounts. Once you have landed the client and received an advance fee for your future services, typical ethics rules require you to maintain those funds in a client trust account (CTA). Lawyers who chose law school to avoid accounting may cringe at the thought of client trust accounting manuals, but the requirements for client trust accounting are not difficult to master.
This article discusses some of the basic requirements for handling client funds, including the use of CTAs (including the interest on lawyers trust account, or IOLTA) and walks you through the basics of establishing and operating a CTA, as well as some general best practices and some tips for avoiding common pitfalls. Because specific procedures vary from state to state, this article provides an overview. Practitioners should be sure to review individual state procedures.
Three Common Scenarios
As a general rule, client trust accounts hold client funds or property. Whenever a lawyer holds client funds, the lawyer is acting as a fiduciary with regard to those funds. The first common scenario involving CTAs occurs at the start of the representation. Standard rules and common practice dictate that lawyers use a CTA to hold funds paid by the client up front as an advance on fees and expenses before the work is done and prior to the client's approval of billing. Once the lawyer earns the fees and bills the client, and upon the client's approval of the lawyer's billing, the funds are no longer property of the client and should be removed from the lawyer's CTA.
Another common example of a lawyer holding client funds occurs in connection with payment of a settlement. Often the settlement check is payable jointly to the lawyer and client and is intended to cover a payment to the lawyer for fees and expenses, with the balance payable to the client. Payments to third parties from the settlement proceeds may also be contemplated. Because such funds are the property of the client, the check should be deposited to the CTA. The lawyer then can present an accounting and proposed disposition of the funds to the client, spelling out the amounts of funds payable to the client, the amounts payable for fees and expenses, and any amounts payable to third parties. While the client is reviewing the lawyer's accounting, the lawyer must wait for the settlement check to clear so that the funds are available. CTA funds cannot be advanced to a client while the settlement check clears. Once the check clears and funds are available in the CTA, and following the client's approval of the proposed disposition of the funds, the lawyer should promptly transfer the funds out of the CTA.
A third scenario involves lawyers holding client funds as fiduciaries for their clients. One example would be a lawyer who serves as administrator of the client's estate, holding funds for distribution to the client or other third parties. Another scenario would be a lawyer holding funds in escrow pending completion of a business or real estate transaction. Even though such roles may not include the lawyer's representation of the client, such funds must also be held in a CTA pending distribution to the client and third parties. Typical ethics rules require the establishment of a separate CTA for such purposes.
Is an IOLTA Appropriate?
Whenever a lawyer receives client funds or funds belonging to third parties, there are several choices regarding the type of CTA that is appropriate, depending on the amount of the client funds to be held, how long the lawyer anticipates holding those funds, whether the funds relate to legal services, and perhaps to some independent fiduciary obligation of the lawyer. If the funds are significant in amount, the lawyer should open a CTA that earns interest for the client, especially if the funds will be held for a significant period of time. Conversely, when the client funds are relatively small in amount or will not be held for a time period long enough to earn interest, an IOLTA account is appropriate.
All states have IOLTA programs. IOLTA accounts are mandatory in some states and voluntary in others. Whether mandatory or voluntary, the IOLTA mechanism pools funds that could not otherwise earn interest for individual clients, and the interest on the pooled funds is payable to a state-sponsored IOLTA program. IOLTA programs in turn use the funds to finance charitable and educational endeavors, improvements to the administration of justice, and to provide indigent and low-income persons with legal services.
IOLTA programs have survived constitutional challenges asserting that requiring payment of IOLTA interest to IOLTA programs constitutes a "taking" of property in violation of the Fifth Amendment. Although conceptually there is a taking of client property, no payment of just compensation is required because the client in fact suffers no loss of funds; owing to the amount of funds and expenses associated with interest-earning deposits, the client funds deposited into IOLTA accounts could not otherwise earn interest. Brown v. Legal Found. of Washington 538, U.S. 216 (2003).
Generally, it is permissible to hold funds from multiple clients in a single IOLTA client trust account, subject to certain record-keeping requirements described below. In scenarios where a lawyer is acting in a fiduciary capacity holding escrow funds or administering an estate, a separate CTA may be warranted.
Establishing an IOLTA
Although lawyers should review individual state procedures for establishing CTAs, there are several important and typical practical considerations. First, many state rules require that you establish the IOLTA account with a financial institution designated from a list of participating institutions. Typically, the account must be established in the state in which the lawyer practices, unless the client designates otherwise. Upon opening an IOLTA account, the state bar typically requires submission of an application form from the lawyer within a specified time period following the opening of the account. The proper notification forms are available from the financial institution or the state bar where the account is established. In this era of widespread financial institution failures, lawyers should pay particular heed to whether the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation covers the financial institution selected.
Expenses associated with an IOLTA cannot be paid from client funds. Thus service charges associated with the account and other charges, such as the cost of printing checks, cannot be paid from client funds. Some financial institutions will waive these charges. Alternatively, some IOLTA programs will cover these expenses. Otherwise, the lawyer must pay separately from the lawyer's operating account for expenses such as checks and should make periodic deposits to the IOLTA to cover the costs of monthly service fees.
Selecting the signatories for the account is another important consideration. State guidance dictates whether non-lawyers are permissible signatories on CTAs. This practice is permitted in some states. If it is permitted, lawyers should bear in mind that they are fiduciaries in handling client funds when selecting signatories and other personnel to handle client funds. Under the ethics rules of most states, lawyers are obligated to adequately train and supervise subordinate employees. Ideally, the CTA should have only one signatory: the lawyer. For other personnel involved with client trust accounting, criminal background checks are advisable. Fidelity bonds are appropriate to protect against losses.
A cautionary note regarding the acceptance of advance fees and expenses by credit card is in order. Most states permit lawyers to accept credit card payments for earned fees and expenses. Payment via credit card for advance fees and expenses is problematic where such funds must be deposited to CTAs because credit card companies typically place such funds into merchant accounts that are subject to charge backs (the imposition of debits) in the event the credit card holder disputes the charges. In such a situation, the attorney cannot fulfill the fiduciary duty to protect the client funds.
Should a CTA have overdraft protection? Conceptually, assuming that the CTA is properly managed, a lawyer will have no need for overdraft protection because there will never be insufficient funds in the CTA. In reality, rules regarding overdraft protection vary by state. For example, California permits overdraft protection that compensates precisely for a non-sufficient funds (NSF) check and related bank charges associated with the NSF check. However, overdraft protection that deposits an amount in excess of the NSF check and related expenses is impermissible. You should consult your state's guidance on this issue.
Most client trust accounting losses involve non-lawyer malfeasance. State bar disciplinary authorities hold lawyers accountable for mismanagement of CTAs and expect lawyers to adequately train and supervise subordinate personnel involved in handling client funds. State bar disciplinary authorities sanction lawyers in situations where lawyers delegate management of the CTA to someone else who mishandles client funds. Lawyers must implement procedures to monitor the work of all personnel involved in handling client funds, including the periodic review of bank statements.
Prohibition Against Commingling
One of the most important principles in client trust accounting is the prohibition against commingling the lawyer's own funds with the client's funds. This means that the lawyer's personal and business funds must be kept separate and apart from the funds of clients or third parties. Lawyers may not deposit any of their own funds into the CTA, except to pay bank service charges. For example, a lawyer cannot use a CTA as a repository for payroll funds or funds saved for taxes. Nor can the funds in a CTA be used to pay a lawyer's personal expenses. At the same time, lawyers may not borrow client funds from the CTA.
The rule against commingling also requires that timely disbursements are made from the lawyer's CTA. A lawyer should withdraw fees earned by the lawyer from the CTA at the earliest reasonable time once the fees become fixed, so that none of the funds the lawyer is entitled to are kept in the CTA. Also, the lawyer should promptly pay to the client any settlement proceeds that the client is entitled to receive. Finally, funds associated with costs and expenses paid for the client's benefit should be withdrawn from the CTA in a timely manner.
Record Keeping
Record-keeping requirements for IOLTA accounts vary by state. The objective of such requirements is to be sure that accurate information is maintained for the benefit of the client and others, including third parties and the state bar. At a general level, record keeping for an IOLTA account should track all deposits and disbursements through the account, and each such transaction should be associated with a particular client. Typically, the lawyer should keep a written ledger detailing every monetary transaction for each particular client. In addition, the lawyer should maintain an account journal for each account, tracking each transaction through the account. The lawyer should perform a monthly reconciliation for the IOLTA account.
Lawyers should also keep copies of all deposit slips, bank statements, checkbook stubs, cancelled checks, and client checks to create an audit trail relating to all transactions. The lawyer should not draw checks on the account that are payable to "cash." Checks drawn on a CTA should be payable to clients or their creditors. State bars may require that the lawyer retain such records for a specified period of time, for example, five years or longer in the event of an investigation by the state bar that involves the lawyer's trust account.
If such record-keeping procedures are followed properly, there should not be any NSF checks. However, in reality, there are a large number of NSF checks on CTAs annually. State bar guidance for handling NSF checks may vary, but typically, a lawyer should deposit funds into the CTA to clear the NSF check and investigate to determine what occurred. The situation may also warrant an explanation to the client. The lawyer should also take steps to prevent the recurrence of NSF checks.
Misuse of Client Trust Account
Several common misuses of CTA funds are referenced above. For example, a lawyer cannot use the CTA funds to pay the lawyer's own personal or business expenses of any nature, including taxes and payroll. Instead, funds such as earned fees should be paid from the CTA to the lawyer, and a separate account should be used to pay the lawyer's personal or business operating expenses.
In addition, a lawyer should not advance funds to a client in connection with the payment for a settlement before the settlement check clears. Any such advance could only be paid with funds from another client that might happen to be in the CTA. Such payment would constitute a breach of the lawyer's fiduciary duty to maintain funds of the other client on deposit in the CTA.
Funds deposited into a lawyer's CTA may be legally protected against levies by a client's creditors. However, the deposit of either the client's funds or the lawyer's funds into a CTA in order to defraud third parties by barring access to those funds constitutes a misuse of a CTA and a violation of the law governing fraudulent transfers. Thus, a lawyer should not use a CTA to bar access to funds by a client's creditors, including business creditors of the client, the Internal Revenue Service, or the client's spouse.
Fee Disputes
Should a dispute over fees arise, it is important that the lawyer handle the funds in the CTA properly. First, any undisputed portion of the funds payable to the client should be disbursed from the CTA. Next, any undisputed portion of fees and expenses payable to a lawyer and third parties should be paid out of the CTA. If a third party's entitlement to funds is impacted by the dispute, the lawyer should notify the third party of the dispute. Where the dispute cannot be resolved in a timely manner, state law may permit the lawyer to interplead the funds.
I will close with a cautionary tale of a lawyer who hired an employee with a past criminal record to run her office and provided this office manager with a rubber stamp to sign checks. The lawyer's inattentiveness to her CTA resulted in losses estimated at $1.7 million—the exact amount could not be proven as her office manager told her the bank statements were "stolen."
Prudent attention to client trust accounting established as a standard operating procedure, combined with constant monitoring to assess compliance, can both avoid risk of harm to clients and protect you and your practice.