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Are Big Dogs Expensive in Singapore?
Are big dogs expensive in Singapore? To keep a dog in Singapore requires a lot of time, money, and effort. Sometimes, you might even need to visit a vet clinic Singapore. The breed of a dog determines medical needs as well as grooming rate of your dog, which are the two biggest costs. Below is an overview to show how it's expensive to own a dog in Singapore.
- Cost to Buy Or Adopt
To adopt a dog, the fee ranges from free to $350. This will, therefore, depend on the age, breed, and health conditions of the dog. Dogs cost a lot of money specifically if bought from a pet store. For instance, Chihuahua cost more than $1000 while Blue French Bulldogs costs more than $10, 000.
- Sterilization
Sterilization costs range from $150 to $500. Female dogs are more expensive to sterilize as compared to male dogs. Licensing sterilized dogs is cheaper than non-sterilized dogs.
- Microchipping
Microchipping cost ranges from $50 to $100. Investing in microchipping is important specifically if you're worried that your dog might be stolen or lost. Microchip number is an identifier that no one can tamper with.
- Licensing
In Singapore, there are three types of licensing namely a Three-year license, Two-year license, and one-year license. One-year license charges $15 for a sterilized dog and $90 for a non-sterilized dog. Two-year license charges $25 for a sterilized dog and $165 for a non-sterilized dog. Three-year license charges $35 for a sterilized and $230 for non-sterilized dog. All these charges apply for the first three dogs.
- Vaccination
To have a healthy dog requires a series of vaccinations. The cost of these vaccines ranges from $30 to $60.
- Foods and Treats
Depending on the quality and type of food, you can spend a minimum of $100 per month.
- Grooming
Grooming is key for a dog because it not only improves physical appearance but also overall health. You should also keep the nails of your dog short to prevent them from scratching themselves. Each session costs a minimum of $50.
Keeping a big dog might require effort but if you are willing to put in the effort, and have adequate finances, this should be no problem. Most importantly, your dog should be happy too.
High-quality Chinese translation services
China is one of the largest economies in the world. It is also the largest manufacturer and exporter in the world. Hence there are many companies in Singapore which are purchasing and selling products and services to Chinese companies and visiting China. There are also many Chinese who are visiting Singapore for business and personal reasons. Since most Chinese are not fluent in English, many business and individuals in China and Singapore are interested in quality Chinese translation services Singapore, so that they are sure that there will be no mistake while translating.
While there are a large number of automated translation tools available, these are usually not very accurate. There may be some mistakes which could lead to misunderstandings and legal issues at a later date. Hence for important documents like business contracts it is always advisable to use professional translation services, where the translators are fluent in both Chinese and the other language usually English. In addition to financial documents, there are other educational, personal and medical documents which may have to be translated to Chinese or vice versa.
Many products are manufactured in China, and the manuals and other guidelines are usually only available in Chinese. When these products are sold in Singapore and other countries, the manuals should be translated into the local language. Hence it is advisable to use professionals for translation from Chinese to the local language . Additionally many products are being designed elsewhere and manufactured in China due to the lower manufacturing cost, so the instructions will have to be translated to Chinese. Since mistakes will be expensive, it is advisable to use high quality translation services, so that there are no errors or confusion in the translated documents. All the translators are well trained and tested for their proficiency in Chinese and the local languages, to ensure high quality.
Why You Should Hire a Cleaner When Moving Out
Hiring a cleaner when moving out of property is one of the best ways to ensure you can focus on the moving process without having to worry about cleaning. When a tenant has lived in a property for some time, a thorough cleaning is needed once the tenant moves out. It can be very overwhelming to clean the property yourself while trying to pack up your items and move to a new location. Hiring a part time cleaner Singapore to clean your property takes stress off your to-do list and allows you to focus your energy on the moving process.
A cleaning company knows how to clean your property in a timely manner and efficiently. They are skilled and trained on the best methods for preparing the property for the next owner or tenant. It is also important to note that hiring a cleaner helps to free up your time to focus on other aspects of the moving process. Many individuals are busy with their day to day activities and do not have time to complete a thorough cleaning on their property before they move out. For this reason, hiring a cleaner is the perfect solution to this issue.
Why You Should Hire a Cleaner
There are many reasons why you should hire a room cleaner if you are moving out. The first reason is to ensure the job is complete efficiently. Cleaners have been trained with the best cleaning methods to ensure each property is spotless for the next tenant or owner. The property requires a thorough cleaning after an occupant has left. This helps to property to look new again and prepares the space for the next occupant. Hiring a cleaner ensures the job is completed properly.
Another main reasons for hiring a cleaner is allow you extra time for the moving process. Moving is a large task for anyone and takes up a lot of available time and energy. For this reason, hiring a cleaner is the best method for ensuring you have extra time to spend on other aspects of the process. Cleaning can take up a lot of time and therefore it is important to hire a cleaning service to help make this process easier. Cleaners are also trained to clean properties. This ensures that all aspects of the property receive a thorough cleaning. Floors, kitchens and other areas of the property may need a cleaning once the occupant leaves.
Hiring a cleaner can eliminate a lot of the stress associated with moving. Cleaning services are affordable and easy to use. Move out cleaning is important for ensuring the property is ready for the next occupant. This ensures that the new occupant can easily move in. There are many ways to contact a cleaning service for optimal success. As stated previously, moving is a large task that can take up a lot of time and energy. Therefore, hiring a cleaning service to help will make the process easy and convenient for optimal and success during the move.
What to look out for in a accounting agency for hire
If you're in business, you already know you
can't do every required task for your business all on your own. It may be hard
to recognize, but you must be able to determine what tasks you can do, and what
you can't. For any task you can't do, you need to hire individuals or procure
contracted services.
Businesses in Singapore typically outsource the accounting function. You may wish to employ someone full-time, but not want the task of seeking out just the right talent. Then, having gone through the process, if you still don't have your needs entirely met, you end up settling. If you choose an agency, a lot of the burden of payroll and benefits are eliminated, but how will you know that a contract will be worth your while? Here, we will show you how to expertly pick a freelancer for this part of running your business.
If you are looking for secretary services for SME in Singapore, you
should check out Gauge.sg.
1 Personable
Detailed and complete accounting is the
only standard you should accept. A full-service accounting agency will be able
to check off all boxes, from data entry to book-keeping to management
accounting services. It's a lot to think about; your accounting agency of
choice should be willing to break down the entire process as you go along. All
these specialties exist within the best accounting firms.
2 Better decision-making and strategy implementation
One of the key tasks required of professional accountants is to help management make important decisions concerning their business. How is this possible unless you know what the current statistics are, and what the financial projections are? Professional accounting services requires a level of honesty, integrity and knowledge inherent in Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Look for qualifications like Certified Public Accountant (CPA), Certified Management Accountant (CMA), or Certified Internal Auditor (CIA). Remember, accountants are not just geeky numbers guys, but also shrewd business managers. Sound off your ideas, ask your questions; accountants are eager to discuss the creative side of any business. You can trust their advice.
3 Cost savings and profit maximization
This point is tricky to navigate. For sure, you don't want to spend more than necessary for adequate work but looking for the cheapest service is definitely not called for. The cheapest may be that because they are inexperienced or untalented; on the other hand, they may not have a great need for high prices if their schedule is consistently full. And the opposite can also be true! Therefore, this point, while valid, should be the last criteria you compare potential candidates on. If you find the best option after deciding on the first two factors is still priced out of reach for your business, it is suggested you make room for it in your budget. There really is no point in going with cheaper and non-producing; you may end up spending that same amount to fix something that was preventable. One thing you can do to eliminate a do-over is to research market rates. It's good to start middle of the spectrum, all other things being equal. Remember, accountants are keen to show you where your expenditures can give you the best possible return.
These tips are in no way an exhaustive list of to-dos, but it's a start. Make yourself a short list of good, honest professional accountants that are budget friendly. Once you tryout one, you can always tweak your requirements. You will eventually find the B2B service that you can gel with, and both businesses will come out smiling!
As you look around and compare accounting agencies in Singapore, consider Gauge Tax and Accounting, a consolidation accounting services provider that has top talent at best rates available. Call us today; we are happy to provide you with a quote that will satisfy all your accounting requirements.
The Absolute Best WSQ eLearning Course
What is the Top Educational WSQ eLearning Course?
WSQ eLearning courses are extremely informative and educational with the highest rates of success. Comat helps to showcases the best learning services for certification in Singapore. The WSQ is a workforce skills qualification that helps to supplement educational learning for adults. The WSQ effectively provides training for upgraded skills and proper certification of current skills. This is a great way to encourage workers to receive this certification and also build upon their preexisting skills set. Comat allows users to upgrade their skills. Comat is partnered with many different companies such as APMG International, DASA, Microsoft Partner, ISACA and more. These are the top leaders in IT courses and certification in Singapore.
What are the Top Strategies for Selecting WSQ eLearning Courses?
Always ensure to research the prospective course
For example, if you are deciding which course to take for optimal career building, it is important to research the features and benefits. Comat makes it simple and easy to select the right course with the best career building exercises. Researching a company's partners is also a great way to get an idea of their record. Comat only works with top companies such as DASA and Microsoft Partner. These are the top names in the industry, therefore adding credibility to their comprehensive program.
Look for the best features
Each company and workforce has a different set of expectations for the course. For example, the course that will boost your career the most is the one that relates to you and your education. This is important for keeping at the forefront of your decision. By only selecting a course that resonates with your education background is one of the best strategies for success. Building your career and education is easy with a course from Comat. Comat features the best selection of courses to choose from.
Cross analyze course
Cross analyzing courses is one of the main tips for ensuring your receive the top learning expense. Each learning experience is unique to the student or participant. However it is possible to cross analyze courses for their general benefits. For example, if a course offers certain educational feature such as switch networks, troubleshooting, and installation it may be worth the investment. There are many features to this type of network system. The IT courses and certification in Singapore help individuals to maintain a strong understanding of the knowledge they need in order to successfully build their career.
In conclusion, all of these services are top rated for career building. By upgrading your skills with Comat, you are sure to experience greater success both in terms of your career and personal education development. This is one of the best ways to boost the workforce and encourage a greater sense of accomplishment amongst a team. The WSQ eLearning courses offered directly online make the process easy and convenient for busy individuals and workforce team members. WSQ eLearning has received consistently high ratings for their innovative approach to educational leaning beyond educational schools, colleges and universities.
How Do I Know I Have Hernia?
Hernia normally occurs as a result of muscle strain or weakness. When these two conditions affect the peritoneum, organs and tissues end up herniating i.e. producing a lump or bulge. The main symptom of this condition is usually a visible bulge. However, some people may end up experiencing mild to moderate symptoms which include heartburn, persistent coughing, and general abdominal discomfort.
How Do I Know I Have Hernia?
A hernia can cause your body tissue or organ to get strangled, blocked, or inflamed. As a result, the signs and symptoms of this condition significantly vary. This may include the presence of a painless lump. Alternatively, some people may end up with extremely painful protruding tissues.
If you are looking for hernia surgery Singapore, you should check out this group of highly-rated specialists today.
Below is an overview of the common symptoms of various hernias.
Strangulated Hernia
When the blood supply to the herniated tissue is cut off, a strangulated hernia occurs. The main symptoms of this type of hernia include:
A huge bulge on the skin.
An extremely painful hernia that quickly gets worse.
Tenderness and fatigue.
Nausea and vomiting.
Burning sensation on the region around the hernia.
Bloody stools
Skin color changes near the hernia.
Increased heart rate
Poor bowel movements or constipation
Note: the main symptoms of a strangulated hernia are usually severe. In case you experience these symptoms, seek immediate medical attention.
Reducible hernia
This type of hernia normally appears as a new lump on the abdominal area including the navel. Most people normally experience it around the groin area. However, this lump can be manually reduced by applying moderate pressure on the hernia. Some of its common symptoms include:
The bulge can easily flatten out when you press it gently or when you lie down.
The lump may be painful and may gradually worsen with time.
When standing, the lump size may increase. Besides that, an increase in abdominal pressure may cause the lump size to increase, for instance when you're coughing.
Note: this type of hernia isn't an immediate health threat. This is because you can manually fix the bulge by pressing on it. However, you still need to seek medical help.
Symptoms of Irreducible Hernia
This is an incarcerated type of hernia that may also lead to a strangulated hernia. Main symptoms include:
- A painful bulge which needs immediate medical intervention.
- An irreducible hernia can be a chronic or long-term condition. However, the patient won't experience pain in this state. The hernia can gradually grow hard.
- Nausea and vomiting
- Bowel obstruction
Note: it's not possible to manually push back an irreducible hernia. Besides that, it may cause inflammation, or the affected area may get swollen. Therefore, affected individuals need to seek professional help as soon as possible.
Final Thoughts
The signs and symptoms of hernias vary based on the type of hernia. Additionally, the severity of this condition affects the type of pain you will experience. Depending on the cause, this condition can gradually develop over a long period of time making it a chronic disorder. However, it can also quickly progress and become a serious issue. To reduce your chances of developing this condition, make sure that you watch your weight and eat healthily. In case you experience some of the above-mentioned symptoms, do get immediate medical attention.
Where to find Professional Translation Services in Singapore
Professional Translation Singapore is a translation organization in Singapore that furnishes companies and individuals with affordable and wide scope of translating works, including document translation, copywriting, and multi-language services.
This team of translators are certified experts that is highly qualified in multilingual translation projects.
Affordable Services in Multi-Lanuages
Professional Translation Singapore specializes in not just Chinese-English Translation , but also a wide range of languages from Bahasa Indonesia, French, Thai, Korea, just to name a few.
Services include interpretation, editing, sub titiling, typesetting and almost anything complex requirement where professional translators are required. With a solid and experienced group of interpreters and language experts, you can be guaranteed of getting the best translations available by engaging this translation company in Singapore .
What to look for when engaging a Professional Translation Services
Even though good translators are paid what they are worth, we do not want to pay an arm and leg compared to what others paid for, with the same quality of work. So it is always important to compare various quotes of reputable translators.
How many years of experience does the translation company has is another important factor, as this gives us a rough guage of their expertise especially in legal related areas.
Common reasons for divorce in Singapore
There are some common reasons for divorce Singapore. If you have already gone through divorce or are considering divorce then you might find any of the below mentioned reasons for the divorce:
Incompatibility is one of the most common reasons for divorce. Incompatibility takes place due to several reasons such as different tastes, different lifestyles, one partner is more romantic than the other one, religious beliefs, etc. Spouses tend to develop separate lives and instead of living like romantic partners, they live like roommates. One or both of the partners starts feeling that their life would be much enjoyable and easier without the other.
If you are experiencing the above, you should check out Singapore Divorce Lawyer today.
Betrayal of trust
Infidelity causes the greatest damage in some marriages. The act of infidelity haunts the relationship. When the infidelity is discovered then the survival of the marriage is often in jeopardy. Even if both the partners want to give the relationship a second chance, still the issue of trust becomes the biggest obstacle.
Addictive behavior of a spouse acts as a major reason for divorce too. The addiction may be of alcohol, drugs, gambling or sex. Any of these can actually destroy a marriage. The non-addictive spouse often tries their best to stop the addictive behavior of their spouse. Often times, they also sacrifice their well being as well as their children's well being for remaining in the marriage. However, when everything becomes intolerable they decide to divorce.
Emotional or physical abuse is another most common reason why a person opts for divorce. Typically the wives are the ones who have to suffer emotionally or physically. However, this is not the case in every relationship. Occasionally, you would find even the men are abused and bullied. The spouse who has to suffer abuse ultimately finds the courage and leaves their partner.
Whatever is the reason for your divorce, you might need a divorce lawyer for going through the divorce processes filled with hassles. Therefore, you need to carefully find a good and reliable lawyer who would help you go through the processes smoothly without any hassles.
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Waste no time doing your own accounting
Let's be honest; accounting is a hassle. Whether you are preparing business or personal accounts, it is something that is going to give you a huge headache. It is going to take up a lot of time. You still aren't going to know whether you got it right. Hence, many people are looking to outsource their accounting to a professional accounting service. Let us tell you how this will save you time, as well as a few of the other benefits.
If you are looking for a professional accounting services company in Singapore, do consider Accounting Services Singapore.
Your special skills are not in accounting
Let's assume you are running a business for a second. It is highly unlikely that your skills are in accounting. You have other parts of your business to run. Things that you do well. If you are preparing the accounts on your own, then you will be taking time away from the other elements of your business. This could cost you money and restrict your growth. By getting a professional accounting company to do your accounts, you will be able to focus on what you do best. Your company will benefit.
Professional accounting firms can do things quickly
The only thing an accounting service in Singapore does will be to prepare accounts. They live and breathe it every single day. They understand the accounting laws that are applicable to your business. They know how to scan receipts and invoices for the information that they need. They can prepare accounts quickly and easily. It is all that they are going to do. If you do your own accounts, then you won't have a clue where to start, particularly if you are not doing them all that frequently. It is going to be a slow and cumbersome process.
Minimize the risk of mistakes
If you do your own accounting, then you are likely going to make mistakes. If you end up spotting these mistakes, then they are going to take time to correct. Time that, once again, is probably better spent focusing on your business. If you outsource your accounting, then you will have a team working on your accounts who are unlikely to make mistakes. This is going to save time. It is probably going to save you a whole lot of money in the long term too. Some accounting mistakes can be pretty costly to 'put right'!
Everything will be in order
Eventually, you are going to need to look through your accounts. If you do your own accounts, then it is unlikely that you will have prepared them in any sensible order. It will make them tricky to search through. If you have an outsourced team doing your account, then they will be preparing accounts in a way that makes sense. If you want information from them, then it should be easy to find. Again, you are going to be saving time.
Remember; if you want to enjoy these benefits, then make sure that you work with reputable accounting services in Singapore, or wherever your business is based. It will ensure that your accounting is done quickly, accurately, and with the minimum amount of stress on you.


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Disloyal shadow ministers resign – and not before time!
Now living in Jamaica, 'african herbsman1967', whose working experience in the Westminster village informs some of his UK-related blogs, realises that Corbyn's biggest Achilles heel has been his former shadow cabinet.
He continues: "The mass resignations confirmed selfishness and a complete loss of any political acumen".
"Given that David Cameron had just resigned on Friday and that an impending crisis in the Tory party loomed, the Labour Party's shadow cabinet should have kept quiet and watched the meltdown in Thatcher's party.
"But no, the Blairite and Brownite wings in the shadow cabinet resigned and took the negative headlines away from the Tory party. Marvellous.
"This Labour Party has managed to now look more of a mess than the current GOP under Donald Trump.
"No doubt the mass resignations were planned long before this weekend to force Corbyn to quit. The Brexit vote excuse is just a smokescreen. The plot to bring down Corbyn started the minute he was elected leader.
"Corbyn has shown better judgement as leader than I expected and that really surprised me. I feel that he should be open to doing more interviews with the local and international media to broaden his appeal.
"He brought thousands of new members to the Labour Party. He's won a by-election and a Mayor of London under his brief leadership. His handling of Jo Cox's death was mature and set the right tune.
"I also commend Corbyn for placing mental health issues at the heart of his leadership. To do all that with little support in the press and from fellow senior Labour MPs is remarkable.
"This is a real test for Corbyn to show his resilience, flexibility, acumen and leadership".
Read the whole blog here: https://wingswithme.wordpress.com/2016/06/27/british-labours-party-kamikaze-missi
Posted on June 27, 2016, in Democracy, Jeremy Corbyn, Labour Party, Media, Politics, Tom Watson and tagged Brexit, Shadow Cabinet. Bookmark the permalink. Leave a comment.

subset: commoncrawl


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A rising star in the line, Eminence Organics Strawberry Rhubarb Hyaluronic Serum does it all. Designed to deeply nourish, this face serum exfoliates, hydrates, repairs and brightens your skin to leave it looking soft and rejuvenated. Plant-derived hyaluronic acid plumps sagging facial contours, fortifying against dryness, while wheat protein fills in wrinkles and aloe and honey boost radiance. Salicylic acid gently removes debris from your pores to prevent breakouts and even your complexion. Soy- and nut-free.
Strawberry Rhubarb Hyaluronic Serum Key Ingredients:
- Strawberry: cleanser and astringent; contains salicylic acid that gently exfoliates and removes impurities to brighten the look of skin and shrink the appearance of pores
- Rhubarb: a good source of ascorbic acid and vitamins to fight the look of wrinkles
- Botanical Hyaluronic Acid: deeply hydrating; natural substance that smooths and replenishes the look of skin to minimize the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles
- Honey: supports the skin with moisture
- Aloe Vera: soothing and refreshing
- BioComplex: a booster of antioxidants, Coenzyme Q10, and Alpha Lipoic Acid to reduce the appearance of wrinkles and improve the appearance of skin


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Colossus was the name of a series of computers developed by British codebreakers in 1943-1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) and thyratrons to perform Boolean and counting operations. Colossus is thus regarded[1] as the world's first programmable, electronic, digital computer, although it was programmed by plugs and switches and not by a stored program.
Colossus was designed by the engineer Tommy Flowers to solve a problem posed by mathematician Max Newman at the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) at Bletchley Park. Alan Turing's use of probability in cryptanalysis[2] contributed to its design. It has sometimes been erroneously stated that Turing designed Colossus to aid the cryptanalysis of the Enigma.[3] Turing's machine that helped decode Enigma was the electromechanical Bombe, not Colossus.[4]
The prototype, Colossus Mark 1, was shown to be working in December 1943 and was operational at Bletchley Park on 5 February 1944.[1] An improved Colossus Mark 2 that used shift registers to quintuple the processing speed, first worked on 1 June 1944, just in time for the Normandy Landings on D-Day.[5] Ten Colossi were in use by the end of the war and an eleventh was being commissioned.[5] Bletchley Park's use of these machines allowed the Allies to obtain a vast amount of high-level military intelligence from radiotelegraphy messages between the German High Command (OKW) and their army commands throughout occupied Europe.
The destruction of the Colossus hardware and blueprints, as part of the effort to maintain a project secrecy that was kept up into the 1970s, deprived most of those involved with Colossus of credit for their pioneering advancements in electronic digital computing during their lifetimes. A functioning replica of a Colossus computer was completed in 2007 and is on display at The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park.[6]
The Colossus computers were used to help decipher radio teleprinter messages that used had been encrypted using an unknown device. The British called encrypted German teleprinter traffic "Fish",[8] and the unknown machine and its intercepted messages "Tunny". Before the Germans increased the security of their operating procedures, British cryptanalysts diagnosed how the machine functioned and built a machine that emulated it, (British Tunny).
It was deduced that the machine had twelve wheels and used a Vernam ciphering technique on message characters in the standard 5-bit ITA2 code. It did this by combining the plaintext characters with a stream of key characters using the XOR Boolean function to produce the ciphertext.
In August 1941, an operating blunder led to the transmission of two versions of the same message with identical machine settings. These were intercepted and worked on at Bletchley Park. First, John Tiltman, a very talented GC&CS cryptanalyst derived a key stream of almost 4000 characters. Then Bill Tutte, a newly arrived member of the Research Section, used this key stream to work out the logical structure of the Lorenz machine. He deduced that the twelve wheels consisted of two groups of five, which he named the χ (chi) and ψ (psi) wheels, the remaining two he called μ (mu) or "motor" wheels. The chi wheels stepped regularly with each letter that was encrypted, while the psi wheels stepped irregularly, under the control of the motor wheels.[9]
With a truly random key stream, a Vernam cipher removes the natural language property of a plaintext message of having an uneven frequency distribution of the different characters, to produce a uniform distribution in the ciphertext. The Tunny machine worked well in this respect, but the cryptanalysts worked out that examining the character-to-character changes of character streams, instead of the frequency distribution of ciphertext characters, showed a departure from uniformity which provided a way into the system. This was achieved by "differencing" in which each bit or character was XOR-ed with its successor.[10] After Germany surrendered, allied forces captured a Tunny machine and discovered that it was the electromechanical Lorenz SZ (Schluesselzusatzgeraet) in-line cipher machine.[8]
In order to decrypt the transmitted messages, two tasks that had to be performed. The first was "wheel breaking", which was the discovery of the cam patterns for all the wheels. These patterns were set up on the Lorenz machine and then used for a fixed period of time for a succession of different messages. Each message was enciphered with a different start position of the wheels. Alan Turing invented a method of wheel-breaking that became known as Turingery.[1] Turing's technique was further developed into "Rectangling" for which Colossus could produce tables for manual analysis. Colossi 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9 had a "gadget" to aid this process.[11]
The second task was "wheel setting", which worked out the start positions of the wheels for a particular message, and could only be attempted once the cam patterns were known.[12] Colossus was initially designed to discover the start position of the chi wheels for a message, not for completely decrypting it. To do this it compared two character streams, counting statistics based on a succession of programmable Boolean functions. The ciphertext was read at high speed from a paper tape. The key stream was generated internally, in a simulation of the Lorenz machine.
Colossus also produced frequency counts of the characters in processed ciphertext, which were essential in checking the settings that had been found.[13]
By using differencing and knowing that the psi wheels did not advance with each character, Tutte worked out that trying just two differenced bits (impulses) of the chi-stream against the differenced ciphertext would produce a statistic that was non-random. This became known as Tutte's "1+2 break in".[18] It involved calculating the following function:
and counting the number of times it yielded "false" (zero). If this number exceeded a defined threshold value known as the "set total", it was printed out. The cryptanalyst would examine the printout to determine which of the putative start positions was most likely to be the correct one.[19] This technique could be applied to any pair of impulses, and so provided the basis of an automated iterative approach to obtaining the de-chi (D) of a ciphertext, from which the psi component could be removed by manual methods. If the frequency distribution of characters in the de-chi version of the ciphertext was within certain bounds, "wheel setting" of the chi wheels had been achieved,[13] and the message settings and de-chi could be passed to the "Testery". This was a section at Bletchley Park led by Major Ralph Tester where the bulk of the decrypting work was done by manual and linguistic methods.[20]
Colossus was developed for the "[21] the section headed by the mathematician Max Newman that was responsible for machine methods against the Lorenz machine. The Colossus design arose out of a prior project that produced a counting machine dubbed "Heath Robinson". The main problems with Heath Robinson were the relative slowness of electro-mechanical parts and the difficulty of synchronising two paper tapes, one punched with the enciphered message, and the other representing the key stream of the Lorenz machine.[22] Heath Robinson tapes tended to stretch when being read, at some 2000 characters per second, resulting in unreliable answers.
Tommy Flowers was a senior electrical engineer at the Post Office Research Station at Dollis Hill who had been appointed MBE in June 1943. Prior to his work on Colossus, he had been involved with GC&CS at Bletchley Park from February 1941 in an attempt to improve the Bombes that were used in the Cryptanalysis of the German Enigma cipher machine.[23] He was recommended to Max Newman by Alan Turing who had been impressed by his work on the Bombes.[24] The main components of Colossus's predecessor, Heath Robinson were as follows.
Flowers had been brought in to design the Heath Robinson's combining unit.[26] He was not impressed by the system of a key tape that had to be kept synchronised with the message tape and, on his own initiative, he designed an electronic machine which eliminated the need for the key tape by having an electronic analogue of the Lorenz (Tunny) machine.[27] He presented this design to Max Newman in February 1943, but the idea that the one to two thousand thermionic valves (vacuum tubes and thyratrons) proposed, could work together reliably, was greeted with great scepticism,[28] so more Robinsons were ordered from Dollis Hill. Flowers, however, knew from his pre-war work that most thermionic valve failures occurred as a result of the thermal stresses at power up, so not powering a machine down reduced failure rates very substantially.[1] Flowers persisted with the idea and obtained support from the Director of the Research Station, W Gordon Radley.[1] Flowers and his team of some fifty people in the switching group[27][29] spent eleven months from early February 1943 designing and building a machine that dispensed with the second tape of the Heath Robinson, by generating the wheel patterns electronically.
This prototype, Mark 1 Colossus, performed satisfactorily at Dollis Hill on 8 December 1943[30] and was taken apart and shipped to Bletchley Park, where it was delivered on 18 January and re-assembled by Harry Fensom and Don Horwood.[31][32] It attacked its first message on 5 February 1944.[1] As it was a large structure it was quickly dubbed Colossus by the WRNS operators. This machine contained 1600 thermionic valves (tubes).[27] and was soon followed by an improved production Mark 2 machine.[33] Nine of this version of the machine were constructed, the first being commissioned on 1 June 1944, after which Allen Coombs took over leadership of Colossus production.[34] The original Mark 1 machine was converted into a Mark 2 and an eleventh Colossus was essentially finished when the war in Europe ended.
The main units of Flowers' design were as follows.[27]
Most of the design of the electronics was the work of Tommy Flowers, assisted by William Chandler, with Sidney Broadhurst working on the auxiliary electromechanical parts.[29] The Mark 2 Colossus was designed while Mark 1 was being constructed. It contained 2400 valves and was both 5 times faster and simpler to operate than the original version.[35]
Flowers overcame the problem of synchronizing the electronics with the message tape by generating a clock signal from the reading of the sprocket holes of the message tape. The speed of operation was thus limited by the mechanics of reading the tape. The tape reader was tested up to 9700 characters per second (53 mph) before the tape disintegrated. So 5000 characters/second (40 ft/s (12.2 m/s; 27.3 mph)) was settled on as the speed for regular use.
The Mark 2 Colossus included the first ever use of what would now be called shift registers[27] one for each of the five channels of the punched tape. There were five parallel processing units each involving up to 100 Boolean operations – although in normal operation fewer channels were examined in most runs. This five-way parallelism[36] enabled five simultaneous tests and counts to be performed. For each circuit of the tape, the shift register stored successive bits from each of the tape channels and delivered five successive characters to the processors, giving an effective processing speed of 25,000 characters per second. [27]
Colossus used state-of-the-art vacuum tubes (thermionic valves), thyratrons and photomultipliers to optically read a paper tape and then applied programmable logical functions to the bits of the key and ciphertext characters, counting how often the function returned "false".
Colossus was designed to perform the task of "Wheel Setting", that is determining the start point of the stream of key characters in relation to the characters of the enciphered message on the paper tape loop. Initially it was only the χ (chi) wheels that were examined. To keep the size of the task manageable, only two bits of the chi-stream were examined in the first run,[37] then progressively the other bits.[38] Success at this stage allowed the production of a version of the ciphertext from which the chi component of the key had been removed, the so-called "de-chi". This transformation allowed manual methods to be used to work out the settings of the ψ (psi) and μ mu "motor" wheels.
Later, methods were devised for using Colossus to determine the settings of the psi wheels. All of this required that "wheel breaking", the discovery of the cam patterns for all the wheels, had been successfully achieved. Later Mark 2 Colossi were equipped with a special unit to achieve this as well. Programming Colossus was by setting switches and plugging appropriate units together. Sometimes, two or more Colossus computers tried different possibilities simultaneously in what is now called parallel computing, speeding the decoding process by perhaps as much as double the rate of comparison.
Colossus was the first of the electronic digital machines with programmability, albeit limited by modern standards.[39]
A Colossus computer was thus not a fully general Konrad Zuse). The notion of a computer as a general purpose machine—that is, as more than a calculator devoted to solving difficult but specific problems—did not become prominent until after World War II.
Colossus was preceded by several computers, many of them first in some category. Atanasoff–Berry Computer was electronic and binary (digital) but not programmable. Assorted analog computers were semi-programmable; some of these much predated the 1930s (e.g., Vannevar Bush). Babbage's Analytical Engine design predated all these (in the mid-19th century), it was a decimal, programmable, entirely mechanical construction—but was only partially built and never functioned during Babbage's lifetime. Colossus was the first combining digital, (partially) programmable, and electronic. The first fully programmable digital electronic computer was the ENIAC which was completed in 1946.
The use to which the Colossus computers were put was of the highest secrecy, and the Colossus itself was highly secret, and remained so for many years after the War. Thus, it could not be included in the history of computing hardware for many years, and Flowers and his associates were deprived of the recognition they were due.
Being not widely known, Colossus had little direct influence on the development of later computers; it was EDVAC that was the early design which had the most influence on subsequent computer architecture. However, the technology of Colossus, and the knowledge that reliable high-speed electronic digital computing devices were feasible, did have a significant influence on the development of some early computers in the United Kingdom and probably in the US. A number of people who were associated with the project and knew all about Colossus played significant roles in early computer work in the UK. In 1972, Herman Goldstine wrote that:
Britain had such vitality that it could immediately after the war embark on so many well-conceived and well-executed projects in the computer field.[41]
In writing that, Goldstine was unaware of Colossus, and its legacy to those projects of people such as Alan Turing (with the Pilot ACE and ACE), and Max Newman and I. J. Good (with the Manchester Mark 1 and other early Manchester computers). Brian Randell later wrote that:
the COLOSSUS project was an important source of this vitality, one that has been largely unappreciated, as has the significance of its places in the chronology of the invention of the digital computer.[42]
That was a terrible mistake. I was instructed to destroy all the records, which I did. I took all the drawings and the plans and all the information about Colossus on paper and put it in the boiler fire. And saw it burn.[43]
For nearly three decades after the war Colossus remained secret, long after any of its technical details were of any importance. The need for such secrecy ebbed away as communications moved to digital transmission and all-digital encryption systems became common in the 1960s. Information about Colossus began to emerge publicly in the 1970s, after the secrecy imposed was broken when Group Captain Winterbotham published his 1974 book The Ultra Secret. More recently, a 500-page technical report on the Tunny cipher and its cryptanalysis – entitled General Report on Tunny – was released by GCHQ to the national Public Record Office in October 2000; the complete report is available online,[47] and it contains a fascinating paean to Colossus by the cryptographers who worked with it:
It is regretted that it is not possible to give an adequate idea of the fascination of a Colossus at work; its sheer bulk and apparent complexity; the fantastic speed of thin paper tape round the glittering pulleys; the childish pleasure of not-not, span, print main header and other gadgets; the wizardry of purely mechanical decoding letter by letter (one novice thought she was being hoaxed); the uncanny action of the typewriter in printing the correct scores without and beyond human aid; the stepping of the display; periods of eager expectation culminating in the sudden appearance of the longed-for score; and the strange rhythms characterizing every type of run: the stately break-in, the erratic short run, the regularity of wheel-breaking, the stolid rectangle interrupted by the wild leaps of the carriage-return, the frantic chatter of a motor run, even the ludicrous frenzy of hosts of bogus scores.[48]
Construction of a fully functional replica[50][51] of a Colossus Mark 2 was undertaken by a team led by Tony Sale.[52] In spite of the blueprints and hardware being destroyed, a surprising amount of material survived, mainly in engineers' notebooks, but a considerable amount of it in the U.S. The optical tape reader might have posed the biggest problem, but Dr. Arnold Lynch, its original designer, was able to redesign it to his own original specification. The reconstruction is on display, in the historically correct place for Colossus No. 9, at The National Museum of Computing, in H Block Bletchley Park in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.
In November 2007, to celebrate the project completion and to mark the start of a fundraising initiative for The National Museum of Computing, a Cipher Challenge[53] pitted the rebuilt Colossus against radio amateurs worldwide in being first to receive and decode three messages enciphered using the Lorenz SZ42 and transmitted from radio station DL0HNF in the Heinz Nixdorf MuseumsForum computer museum. The challenge was easily won by radio amateur Joachim Schüth, who had carefully prepared[54] for the event and developed his own signal processing and code-breaking code using Ada.[55] The Colossus team were hampered by their wish to use World War II radio equipment,[56] delaying them by a day because of poor reception conditions. Nevertheless, the victor's 1.4 GHz laptop, running his own code, took less than a minute to find the settings for all 12 wheels. The German codebreaker said: "My laptop digested ciphertext at a speed of 1.2 million characters per second—240 times faster than Colossus. If you scale the CPU frequency by that factor, you get an equivalent clock of 5.8 MHz for Colossus. That is a remarkable speed for a computer built in 1944."[57]
The Cipher Challenge verified the successful completion of the rebuild project. "On the strength of today's performance Colossus is as good as it was six decades ago", commented Tony Sale. "We are delighted to have produced a fitting tribute to the people who worked at Bletchley Park and whose brainpower devised these fantastic machines which broke these ciphers and shortened the war by many months."[58]
There was a fictional computer named Colossus in the 1970 movie Colossus: The Forbin Project. This was sheer coincidence as it pre-dates the public release of information about Colossus, or even its name.
Neal Stephenson's novel Cryptonomicon (1999) also contains a fictional treatment of the historical role played by Turing and Bletchley Park.
Computer science, Software engineering, Software development process, Software testing, Agile software development
Computer Science, Logic, Artificial intelligence, University of Cambridge, Bletchley Park
Cathode ray tube, Rectifier, Thermionic emission, Tungsten, Oxygen
Xenon, University of Cambridge, World War II, Radar, Relay
Switch, Technology, Robotics, Computer science, Engineering
Samsung Electronics, Fujitsu, Ibm, Sony, Electronics
Computer science, Computer programming, Electronics, Software engineering, World War II
Bletchley Park, England, British Computer Society, Colossus computer, Bedfordshire
Alan Turing, England, Delhi, Buckinghamshire, Enigma machine
World War II, Morse code, Key (cryptography), Bletchley Park, Plaintext


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You're already in! Every FundThrough customer is automatically enrolled in the referral program. Simply share your referral link with your network and watch the cash roll in. If you haven't received your referral link, start a chat with us, give us a shout at 1-800-766-0460, or email us at [email protected]
How do I join FundThrough's Referral Program?
Written by Rebecca Weizenecker
Updated over a week ago
Updated over a week ago


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Adding an Exception to McAfee Firewall
By following the below mentioned steps, you can add an exception to the McAfee Firewall:
- Open the main McAfee window and then left click on the Firewall section of the upper left navigation menu.
- Next, left click on the "Settings" link to the right.
- Left click on the drop down menu arrow next to Program Permissions.
- Now left click the "Add" button.
- Make sure that "Access" is set to "Full" and then left click on the "Browse…" button.
- Browse the list starting from "My Computer" to the "Licensing" folder. The path of the program is C:\ProgramData\CivilGeo\Licensing
- Select "License ServiceApp.exe"
- You can now left click on the "Save" button to finish adding "License ServiceApp.exe" as an exception.
This article should resolve your firewall configuration issues. If you are still having issues, contact our technical support. They will be glad to assist you further.


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Flagstaff Bankruptcy Attorney
40+ Years of Experience to Help Guide You
The process of bankruptcy is often depicted as a frightening financial meltdown with unlimited obstacles between you and debt relief. Luckily, not everything is as it seems. With the help of our Flagstaff bankruptcy lawyer from the Law Offices of Harold E. Campbell P.C., you can approach your bankruptcy case with confidence and a friendly team of legal professionals by your side. We want to make this entire procedure feel less like a walk across the coals and more like a cakewalk, and we do so by listening intently to your wishes, thoroughly analyzing your unique financial situation, and crafted personally tailored solutions that do not leave you feeling left out of the loop.
Take a moment to consider what really makes our team so special:
- We were founded back in 1978
- We have successfully helped thousands of clients in all manners of bankruptcy cases
- We are fronted by a Certified Bankruptcy Specialist
In all of Arizona State, less than 0.05% of legal professionals will achieve a specialty certification in their chosen practice. Even less will become a Certified Bankruptcy Specialist. We are proud to say that Attorney Campbell has this exclusive certification, which showcases both his ability to understand and utilize bankruptcy law and to protect and uphold the rights of his clients.
All inquiries are handled directly by attorney, not paralegals or assistants. Contact us today!
What Our Flagstaff Bankruptcy Law Firm Can Do For You
Are you an individual who has been burdened by an unexpected job loss or piles of bills after a medical emergency? Are you running a business that has not been able to stay afloat in our shaky economy? We can help you either way! At our bankruptcy law firm in Flagstaff, we are pleased to say that we have been able to help people from all walks of life and companies of all sizes manage their bankruptcies with as little stress as possible on them. We have even been there for farmers and ranchers in the region when Chapter 12 bankruptcy became their only option.
Take a look at some of our most popular services:
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There are few bankruptcy cases that the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and Arizona State government will not be interested in. To this end, we can represent you when it comes to complex problems involving tax collection and tax laws, as well as creating offers in compromise to help you gradually repay your owed taxes, rather than getting shadowed under the heavy hand of Uncle Sam. Due to the fact that tax issues often extend into business concerns and estates, we are also well-versed in wills and probate.
Flagstaff Bankruptcy Lawyer Who Care About Your Future
At Campbell & Coombs, we believe that success in a bankruptcy case stems directly from how much a lawyer is invested in his or her clients. We genuinely want to see you through this difficult time to a more comfortable place where you no longer feel the stresses of debt. You will see our dedication and our compassion in everything we do, starting with your free case evaluation.
Go ahead and contact us today to learn more about our services and our team of reputable Flagstaff bankruptcy lawyer.


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Misses' Seam-Detail Tops
Sewing Rating:Easy
Pullover top (semi-fitted through bust) has seam and hemline variations, wrong side shows on hemline, sleeves with slit, long sleeves and stitched hems. A: Right sleeve is cut on the wrong side of fabric. A, B: Neck binding. C, D: Pleated collar, wrong side shows, upper/middle front and back extend into flaps, and topstitching.
For two-way stretch knits only.
Item shipped worldwide.


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Growing Calendar for Male fern Dryopteris filix-mas - 9cm Potted Shrub
- Jan
- Feb
- Mar
- Apr
- May
- Jun
- Jul
- Aug
- Sep
- Oct
- Nov
- Dec
Delivery: 7-10 working days
Get male ferns into your garden for that extra character. The leaves develop into impressive fronds. So handsome and well-performing are the leaves the Royal Horticultural Society gave this variety a much-deserved Award of Garden Merit.
Hardy in the UK to low temperatures male fern Dryopteris filix mas thrives in gardens up and down the country. Not only does the male fern show off impressive leaves it offsets other flowers nearby that suit shady conditions like rhododendrons.
Ideal for adding character to parts of the garden that get part to full shade like beneath garden trees or in north-facing flower beds. The leaves uncurl gracefully from the bottom of plants from spring and look great as they grow with surrounding spring-flowering bulbs.
Useful Tip:
Though Dryopteris will grow in dry shade it performs better in moist soils. You can add soil improver like rich compost which makes the existing soil moister and with a better structure.
See details on the size of the plants and how we deliver our various plants to you!
Our products are all grown with the utmost care and to high standards of quality. We regularly check our nursery stock to determine exactly when they will be at the optimum time for despatch.
We despatch our fresh, nursery-grown live plants (including vegetables, trees and flowers) when they are at a stage of growth ready for you, the customer, to plant on at home.
The delivery period shown on your order confirmation indicates when you can expect to receive your order and we will endeavour to despatch your plants in this period within 7-14 days
Westland Multi Purpose Compost with JI 25L x2
Great for young and mature plants ... More
Pack Quantity: 2x 25L Bags of Compost
Bulb Planting Compost 20ltr x2
Added grit aids free drainage ... More
Pack Quantity: 2x 20ltr Packs
Was £13.98
Polystichum Braunii - 9cm Shrub
9cm pot plant delivered to your door, ready for planting ... More
Pack Quantity: 9cm potted shrub


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Are you ready to get back into the spooky action found in Chilling Adventures of Sabrina #5? The series returns this week from Archie Comics, and Major Spoilers has a sneak peek, after the jump.
Script: Roberto Aguirre-Sacasa
Art: Robert Hack, Jack Morelli
Cover: Robert Hack
Variant Cover: Robert Hack
On Sale Date: 5/18
32-page, full color comic
Sabrina has to face the Witches Council for an accusation of conspiring with a mortal against the Church of Night. It will take a series of unnatural tests to prove her innocence, but none of it will bring her beloved Harvey back. She'll have to take matters into her own hands to find Harvey's missing soul. Recruiting two other young witches (from a neighboring coven), Sabrina holds a séance, but as ever, Madame Satan is pulling the strings behind the scenes, and what Sabrina taps into is much more dangerous—and diabolical. And will send our beloved teen witch on an epic quest. For TEEN+ readers.


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Food: Romesco sauce with grilled vegetables is a thing of beauty
This is the time of year when I want to eat all of the vegetables.
Soon everything will be in season and looking super gorgeous. Tomatoes! Peppers! Eggplant! Zucchini! Corn! And so on and so forth.
Grilled vegetables are the cat's pyjamas. Dipped into a robust, gorgeous sauce such as Romesco, they are even better. You know how there are always songs of the summer? Something poppy and dancy, and most likely sung by someone who wasn't alive when I was bopping to Wham! on my Sony Walkman. Well, if there was a sauce of the summer, Romesco would be it. So pretty and tasty, versatile and simple, the only thing better would be a trip to Spain, but I can't give you that. I can only share this sauce recipe, and hope you love it as much as I do.
The Spaniards did a beautiful thing when they created Romesco. Fishermen in northern Tarragona concocted this sauce as an accompaniment to fish, and as a showcase for simplicity at its finest, it's essentially made from roasted red peppers and tomatoes, toasted nuts, stale bread and olive oil.
Toss Romesco with hot pasta, serve it alongside grilled meats, and yes, fish. Slather it on sandwiches, stir it into fish stews, and my favourite — use it as a dip for grilled vegetables. You can use peppers exclusively when making Romesco, but I switched things up a bit and made my sauce more tomato-centric. I roasted them, along with a couple of red peppers and some garlic at 375F for 90 minutes.
The slow roasting process produced lovely caramelized goodness, and the house smelled heavenly. The roasted vegetables and garlic go into the food processor along with toasted bread, almonds, red wine vinegar, smoked paprika and sea salt. Olive oil is poured in while the motor is running and a lovely emulsion occurs. The toughest part of this sauce is waiting for the tomatoes and peppers to roast, but the wait is well worth it.
I like to make Romesco one day in advance of serving, just so all of the flavours have a chance to get to know one another.
Gather your favourite fresh vegetables from your garden or market. Toss them in a bit of olive oil and grill them until tender. Serve on a platter with the Romesco sauce and plenty of wine. Give a toast to the farmers, the Spaniards and the talented cook who served you a platter of glorious summer food.
Romesco Sauce with Grilled Vegetables
2 large ripe tomatoes, cored
2 large red bell peppers
2 Tbsp plus 1/3 cup extra virgin olive oil
5 large cloves garlic
1/2 cup blanched slivered almonds
1 1-inch slice crusty bread, cut into 1-inch cubes
2 Tbsp red wine vinegar
2 tsp smoked paprika
1 tsp sea salt
1. Preheat the oven to 375F. In a shallow baking dish, add the tomatoes, whole bell peppers and garlic cloves. Drizzle with 2 Tbsp olive oil and place in oven. Roast for 90 minutes, turning occasionally. Remove the garlic once it is golden brown.
2. When tomatoes and peppers are well roasted and caramelized — some blackened bits are okay — remove from the oven and let cool. When easy to handle, peel away and discard skins and seeds. Add peeled veg to the food processor.
3. Meanwhile, place bread cubes and almonds on a baking sheet and roast for about 8 minutes, stirring often. Nuts should be fragrant and bread lightly browned. Remove from the oven and let cool. Place in the food processor.
4. Add red wine vinegar, smoked paprika and sea salt to the food processor. With the motor running, pour in 1/3 cup olive oil and process until smooth, yet with some coarse bits of nuts remaining. Adjust the seasonings with more salt, vinegar and smoked paprika if necessary. Place in a serving bowl and drizzle with a bit more olive oil. Makes about two and a half cups. Keeps well in the refrigerator for up to five days. Serve with grilled vegetables.
● Substitute all peppers for the tomatoes, or use yellow or orange peppers and tomatoes, or all tomatoes.
● Substitute sherry vinegar for the red wine vinegar.
● Substitute skinned hazelnuts for the almonds.
● Substitute dried ancho chili for the smoked paprika.
Grilled Vegetables
2 large bell peppers, each half cut into thirds
3 medium portobello mushrooms
1 large eggplant, sliced into half-inch-thick slices
1 bunch asparagus or 2 medium zucchini, sliced
1 bunch scallions
12 baby potatoes, boiled but still firm
extra virgin olive oil
sea salt and black pepper
Working in batches, toss each vegetable in a shallow bowl with some olive oil, and season with salt and pepper. Place on a preheated grill, and cook until tender, flipping over occasionally. Serve on a platter with Romesco sauce. Serves 4-6.


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iPhone Casino Games
The iPhone has managed to become very fast one of the most popular types of phones in the world and this has happened shortly right after it was launched for the first time back in 2007. Ever since that moment there were some additional launches of many new models that have improved features and all this lead to more than 200 million units sold ever since.
An iPhone can do more than any other phone that is available right now out there. In case you are looking to have some fun and play some of the latest online casino games, the iPhone is the excellent answer to all your gambling needs. If you are located in Australia and you want to play some pokies you can do that in a matter of a few minutes with the help of the iPhone. The games are accessible via a downloadable version or sometimes you can even start playing the games right from your phone's browser.
iPhone Casino Game Australia
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Thanks to the fact that there are many online casinos out there that are offering a mobile version, you can easily make a choice and start playing the games.
When you are playing iPhone casino games there will be just a few small inconvenience and it's better to know them right from the start, so that there won't be any more surprizes when you are already a member and you have made a deposit. First of all the most obvious inconvenience that you get from taking advantage of the mobile casinos is the fact that the size of the screen is going to be smaller. This is going to be a problem, especially if you are already familiar with playing the games on a big computer screen.
Another problem that you might encounter is the fact that you can still only find a small number of games available. The mobile gambling is one of the new ways people can gamble and the casino sites still haven't had the time in order to develop a large number of games. Especially since this type of gambling is still something relatively new and it also requires a lot of efforts from the online casinos to make the conversion of the games to work on the iPhone.
The first iPhone friendly mobile casino that reached Australia was a huge success. There were many downloads and the players could experience a nice collection of games like: poker, video poker, baccarat, roulette, blackjack, pokies and others.
The iPhone mobile casinos are just perfect for those people that are travelling a lot, and trust me there are many people that spend countless hours each week while traveling and gambling to fill in these many hours is definitely a good idea that will keep you captivated for a long period of time and it also doesn't require too much concentration, especially if you are playing games like the slots.


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My Wedding Planning Guide
My Wedding Planning Guide Your Source For Expert Wedding Planning Ideas
cheap Wedding Packages in Vegas
For Many Couples a
Wedding Package in Vegas is the Best Way to Go
Also see cheap vegas weddings and advice for las vegas weddings
Getting married in Las Vegas has many advantages. These include no waiting period, no blood test, and you can get married every day of the year. Just as important, you can get married at a very affordable price due to the numerous cheap wedding packages in Vegas that are available is just about every price range and budget.
Getting married can be expensive, or it can be more affordable. If you take the time to shop around and look for deals, you can find cheap wedding packages in Vegas that are both romantic and memorable. Like buying anything else, shopping around does pay off in finding a better price.
Paying more does not always mean you are getting more. It just means that you did not put in the necessary time to get the best price and value for your money. Luckily, with the internet, you have all the tools you need to find exactly the right wedding package for you by searching through the many available wedding packages in Vegas that are found online.
Many Las Vegas wedding package providers have "hidden" deals that are often available when you search through their websites. So, how where do you start? Read the tips below and find out.
there are many different types of Wedding packages in vegas
Cheap Wedding Packages in a Las Vegas Wedding Chapel
Every wedding chapel offers several wedding packages that you can choose from. This makes it easy for you to plan and eliminates multiple decisions needing to be made, as you only have to choose from a few packages being offered. Oftentimes, the price you want to pay for your wedding determines what wedding package you will choose.
Choosing a wedding package in a wedding chapel is often the cheapest wedding package you will find. Some chapels have their basic wedding packages pricing out as low as $75.
Wedding Packages in a Las Vegas Casino Hotel
The wedding packages offered by casino hotels such as the Venetian, Excalibur, or Bellagio are more expensive due to the more upscale setting. These packages are more in demand, so you'll want to plan ahead for your wedding sooner than if you booked a last minute package in a wedding chapel.
Most casino hotels have indoor and outdoor settings for your wedding, and wedding packages for each.
Wedding Packages in a Las Vegas Outdoor Wedding
There are many excellent venues for outdoor weddings in Las Vegas. You can arrange a wedding package through online companies, direct with the venue, or through a wedding planner.
Popular outdoor settings for weddings in Las Vegas include the casinos, the Valley of Fire State Park, Lakeside Gardens Las Vegas, Las Vegas Springs Preserve, and the Tropical Bali Hai Resort.
What You Need to Know About Wedding Packages in Las Vegas
Learn all that is
included in the price
Look for
reviews or ask for more details
What are
you going to wear?
Be aware that when renting a wedding gown, it will not be a custom fit as would one that you bought and had tailored for you.
When to book your wedding package in Vegas?
With For many people, getting married in Las Vegas is a last-minute or spur of the moment decision. If this is the case with you, you're not alone. If you're looking to get married on popular Vegas wedding dates like New Year's Eve or Valentine's Day, or if you will have a large group attending your wedding, you probably want to reserve ahead as soon as you're able to to avoid disappointment.


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Maxine Chiara Bieberbach
Bieberbach, circa 2018; Biederbach's tattoo
- Missing Since 03/06/2018
- Missing From Empire, Alabama
- Classification Endangered Missing
- Sex Female
- Race White
- Date of Birth 06/02/1991 (28)
- Age 26 years old
- Height and Weight 5'3 - 5'5, 105 pounds
- Clothing/Jewelry Description A navy blue shirt, blue jeans and black shoes.
- Medical Conditions Bieberbach is addicted to heroin and methamphetamine.
- Distinguishing Characteristics Caucasian female. Brown hair, brown eyes. Bieberbach has tattoos on both upper arms, a tattoo on her wrist, and a tattoo on her ring finger. A photo of one of her tattoos, the word "Sister" and a red, yellow and green heart on her upper arm, is posted with with this case summary. She has gauged piercings in her ears and her lip may be pierced.
Details of DisappearanceBieberbach was last seen in the 1500 block of Empire Road in Empire, Alabama on March 6, 2018. She has never been heard from again. She was reported missing by her sister on May 20, over two months after her disappearance.
Bierbach left behind a young son; her daughter died of cancer several months before she disappeared. Because she has outstanding warrants for her arrest, it's possible she's simply hiding from the law. Few details are available in her case.
Investigating Agency
- Walker County Sheriff's Office
Updated 1 time since October 12, 2004. Last updated March 8, 2019; casefile added.


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Live updates
- ITV Report
Animal park 'inundated' with bamboo donations following red pandas appeal
Drusillas Park in Sussex made 'an urgent appeal' for bamboo as red pandas, Mulan and Maja, eat more than 2kg of the plant each dayRead the full story ›
- ITV Report
Zoo staff praised for their bravery after helping firefighters tackle wildfire
More than 1,500 visitors had to be evacuated from the site after the blaze broke out at Berwick Court Farm on Wednesday.Read the full story ›
Hungry pandas call for extra bamboo at zoo
Zoo keepers in Sussex are urgently asking gardeners to give them food for their pandas.
The red pandas, like Mulan, can eat up to two kilograms of bamboo a day - and supplies at Drusillas Park in Alfriston are currently running low.
The animals originate from the Himalayan mountains of China, India and Nepal. Mulan and her partner Anmar's diet consists almost entirely of the plant. We hear from head keeper Mark Kenward.
REPORT: Giant anteater makes a splash!
They're becoming increasingly rare in the wild but a giant anteater has become the latest exotic addition to a zoo in Sussex.
'Olivia' has been given a purpose-built sanctuary but, with only 5,000 of her species left, experts say its becoming imperative their natural habitats are protected.
Andy Dickenson speaks to head keeper at Drusilla's, Mark Kenward.
Baby sloth hand-reared by zoo keepers
She needs feeding every three hours and must be looked after day and night.
Flash is as demanding as any four month old baby. But that's where the resemblance ends. You see, Flash is a Southern Two-toed Sloth who was orphaned soon after birth.
So the keepers at Drusillas Park in Sussex have become her surrogate parents, as Malcolm Shaw now reports.
Binturongs enjoy their pancakes
Pehn and Angkor the binturongs at Drusillas Park, Sussex enjoy their pancakes as part of their Shrove Tuesday tradition.
Their savoury style crepes were created from a mixture of parsnip and pear and topped with raisins.
Peekaboo panda named at zoo
Drusillas Park has named their baby red panda, Shyla, due to her sensitive nature.
Visitors enjoyed regular sightings of the panda puff as she pops her head out the hideaway hole.
The name Shyla was chosen from nearly 200 suggestions on the Drusillas Park Facebook page.
Staff thought it a fitting title for the peekaboo panda, who is the third born at the zoo since the group arrived in 2013.
Lemurs fly the flag for the Queen
The patriotic lemurs at Drusillas Park, East Sussex have been flying the flag in honour of Queen Elizabeth II, who will become the UK's longest serving monarch tomorrow.
To mark this historic milestone, the thirteen furry patriots of Lemurland have been waving the Union Jack flag with pride.
In the lemur world it is always the dominant female who rules...
- ITV Report
Stowaway African spider makes its way to UK
A film crew was surprised to discover a Moroccan Huntsman hidden amongst camera equipment.Read the full story ›
Porker's political preferences
Well, with less than a week to go to the general election, the pollsters are in a frenzy of anticipation.
And at Drusillas Zoo in Sussex they decided to it was time to test the politcal preferences of Porker the Pig.
Handfuls of his favourite food were placed in coloured buckets to represent the main parties. And it seems that Porker is a true blue Tory.
ITV Meridian spoke to Head Keeper at Drusillas Mark Kenward.


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Citrus Springs to Lacoochee, FL
Citrus Springs to Lacoochee, FL
Citrus Springs to Lacoochee, FL
— User Comments —
This is now an awesome 46 mile long bike trail
Describing this section as running to Lacoochee is somewhat misleading, in that it does not in fact go to or through Lacoochee. There is another abandoned line, the Sanford and St Pete (ACL), called by old-timers the ''Goat Road'', that wound its way through Lacoochee. There is also a former SAL line, still present, going through there.
This line actually goes down through Trilby to Owensboro Junction.
There's the remnants of the old swing bridge crossing the Withlacoochee River about 1/2 mile west of US41 just before you enter Dunnellon from the south.
There are two large concrete bases in the river, the middle one has a steel rail forming a circle (about 8 feet diameter) that allowed the center span to swing / rotate on it for boat traffic.
Then the concrete embankments are still visible from the river as well.


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The Horsebridge Arts Centre Whitstable
My Solo show will be at Whitstable Horsebridge Arts Centre from 5th April to 11th April. Do drop in & see how I make my collages.Read More
' Skin ' an exhibition at the Horsebridge Whitstable August 2016
These two collages I'm hoping will go into an exhibition at the Horsrbridge Arts in Whitstable Kent this month . Called ' Skin ' "The measure of the new days is a love of the surface of the earth like the skin of a lover"William MorrisRead More
Southeast Open Studios June 2016
Come along and see my studio lots of new work & a sale of old work ! Starts Fri 3rd 4th 5th June 11-6 10th 11th 12th June 11-6 17th 18th 19th June 11-6 The Crows Nest Studios 4,Hope Terrace Church Street Higham ME3 7LHRead More
Mind Shop opening at the end of this month !
What a grand way to start the year with 'Mind' Made in Kent opening in Gravesend with lots of Artists work for sell. Here I'm with Richard Gilles too big grins, feeling very happy that they asked me to have my collages in the window. Wow what an opportunity ! Its going to be a … Continue reading Mind Shop opening at the end of this month !Read More
What's coming up in 2016
Open Studios are always a great way of showing work & now I have my new hanging system I can show off a greater variety of collages. I will also be running a collage course over two days in the spring, date & place to be confirmed. Southeast Open Studios 3rd June to … Continue reading What's coming up in 2016Read More
Mind Exhibition coming up !
The Charity Mind in Gravesend are opening a shop to sell local Artist Art Work. They have asked me if I will be there featured Artist in the new Shop window ! Its in the High St . Opening soon.Read More


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CalPak is a California brand that manufactures some pretty affordable luggage. They make everything – from hardshells to rolling duffels, so you'll be able to find the type of luggage you are looking for within their range.
But, as with all affordable luggage, quality is always a concern. And that's what we'll mostly be talking about in this review – the quality of certain products, and the overall value for money you get.
Obviously you can't expect these to be as good as some high-end luggage, like Samsonite or Tumi. But are they good enough for the average traveller? Let's find out together.
In this section we'll check out a few of their regular suitcases, and a few luggage sets. The sets are a great choice if you're in need of more than one suitcase, or are looking to get a present for someone. On the other hand, the individual suitcases are awesome because they are really affordable, with some of them costing less than $40. Let's take a look at them.
This CalPak luggage set includes two hardshell suitcases. You get a 19" carry on, and a 27" one that you would have to check at an airport. Both suitcases have expandable capacity, so you'll be able to pack a little more items than you normally would in luggage of this size.
In addition to that, there are TSA locks and double spinner wheels on both of them, which are basically a must for a good hardshell suitcase. And generally when you look at the features, these are as good as any high-end piece of luggage. The wheel handle is a retractable telescopic handle, with a push button that allows you to lock it into position. And the top carry handle is cushioned, so even carrying these in your hand will be comfy.
Inside the Winton suitcases you get two fully lined packing compartments. The top one is equipped with a zippered divider and a larger pocket, while the bottom compartment features elastic cross straps and a small zippered pocket. Overall they are pretty good suitcases – especially for the price.
The Silverlake suitcase is a single piece of luggage by CalPak. It is about 20" tall, so you should be able to use it as a carry on without a problem. It is available in two colors – purple and red. Here's a tip: if you want save a little over $50, get the red one because it's currently on sale.
This hardshell is equipped with four single spinner wheels, which will give you great maneuverability of your luggage. And the retractable and telescopic wheel handle will make it easy to wheel the luggage around.
The Silverlake also features a combination lock, but it is not TSA friendly. So, if you often travel to and from the US, you might want to consider getting a different suitcase – perhaps the Winton set is a better option for you.
There are two packing compartments in this suitcase, one of which features a full-sized zippered divider and a large zippered pocket. The other compartment is equipped with elastic cross straps, and there are no pockets inside it. In addition to that, both are fully lined and the overall capacity of the suitcase is expandable by two inches.
The Zorro is a softshell 20" carry on. The actual height of the suitcase (with wheels and handle) is about 21.5", so definitely check the dimensions that your airline allows in cabin beforehand. Some will accept it without an issue, but others might not as it won't fit under the seat when completely full.
It's a pretty basic softshell suitcase – it has in-line skate wheels, a telescopic wheel handle and a single packing compartment. There aren't any pockets inside the suitcase, but there is one on its exterior. Additionally, the handle has its own little zippered compartment where you can store it, so that the suitcase takes up even less space.
But the best thing about this suitcase is its price. You can get it for less than $40, which is perfect if you're looking to get something cheap and quickly. And even if you only use it once or twice, you'll still get your money's worth.
This is a softshell set from CalPak, and it includes three pieces of luggage. The set features basic luggage sizes – a 20" carry on, and the larger, 24" and 28" suitcases. All of the Sydney suitcases are equipped with the same features and they all have expandable capacity.
These CalPak suitcases have double spinner wheels, which is pretty rare for softshell luggage. They also have telescopic wheel handles, name tags, two large external pockets and soft, padded carry handles.
Overall they look like very good suitcases; the only downside is that only the set is currently available. And with a price tag higher than $500, it is not really as affordable as other CalPak luggage. Unfortunately, no locks are featured on any of these suitcases.
The interior of the Sydneys is standard for a softshell – one spacious packing compartment with elastic straps to keep your clothes in place. There's also a pretty big zippered pocket on the closure flap, as well as a slip pocket below it. Basically, all of that means that you'll be able to organize your stuff pretty neatly in these suitcases, which is a big bonus for me.
The Davis set is a pretty new addition to CalPak's existing luggage collection. It includes a 19" carry on, a 23" medium suitcase, and a 27" large checked suitcase. Keep in mind that some airlines will treat the 23" suitcase as a carry on as well, Southwest in particular. But that's something you should always check before packing!
The luggage has a ribbed shell, which is great in terms of cosmetic durability. Hardsides get scratched easily, and ribbed shells make those scratches less noticeable. Plus, these suitcases have reinforced bottom corners, which really helps make them sturdier.
All three suitcases have double spinner wheels and a retractable wheel handle, which makes them super easy to manoeuver. And they feature a TSA lock – a must-have if you often travel to the States.
Their interior is divided into two packing compartments. The top one has a clip-on divider with a large zippered pocket, while the bottom one features elastic cross straps and a small pocket. One thing I really like is that the accents inside the packing compartments match the color of the exterior – a nice little detail.
Additionally, the capacity of all of these CalPak suitcases can be expended by two inches – perfect for all of you who bring back more things than they left with!
CalPak manufactures a lot of duffels, and we have to check out at least a few of them. Some have wheels and wheel handles, while other are pretty standard, overnight duffel bags. Anyway, you can see my top picks below.
The Rover duffel is something else. First of all, it looks just like a regular suitcase and not like your old gym duffel. But the carry handles at the front are what clearly differentiates it from a traditional softshell.
This CalPak bag is equipped with in-line skate wheels as well as a retractable wheel handle, which means that you can wheel this bag around as much as you like. That's another way in which the Rover stands out from other duffels. Also you don't get a shoulder strap with this bag, but I don't think that's a big deal. Especially because of the size of the bag – it would be pretty inconvenient to carry it on just one shoulder.
Like any other duffel or softshell suitcase, you get one large packing compartment. And there is also a smaller zippered pocket on the very front of the bag, which is great for any items you want to have handy during your trip.
The Rover is actually a 20" bag, so you could definitely use it as a carry on. And with the solid blue color costing less than $40, it would be a real shame not to get it.
This bag is similar to the Rover in that they are both duffel bags with wheels. But the Front Runner has much more features and it is way more versatile than the other CalPak duffels.
First, you get the standard duffel carry handles at the front. Then you also het the in-line skate wheels, along with the retractable wheel handle. But with this bag, you also get hideaway shoulder straps that allow you to carry this thing like a backpack should you need to. Which I think is actually pretty cool and useful.
Additionally, this particular CalPak duffel has plenty of external pockets and compartments, which will make it really easy for you to organize all your stuff. And that includes a dedicated shoe compartment.
There are also several grab handles on this bag, all of which are padded and pretty comfortable. Overall, this 20" carry on duffel bag is one of the best bags from CalPak. However, its price tag is also significantly higher than some other duffels, so if you were looking to spend less than $100, I'm afraid this is not the right bag for you.
Not to be confused with the Silverlake hardshell, this duffel bag is one of their best sellers. You can get it in a ton of different colors, but if you're looking for the penny-saving option, get the Olive one – it's under $30. The smaller one is a 22" duffel bag, so you should have no issues using it as a carry on. However, you should always double-check your airline's carry on requirements, if you want to be sure that you won't have to pay any additional fees.
The bag is also available in a 27" version, but you would have to check that one at an airport.
And if you're not looking at luggage for air travel at all, then all you need to know is that these bags have really large capacities and a million of different pockets. The abundance of pockets is great if you're looking at a bag to carry equipment in, or even just for an overnighter, as it will help you organize everything. Which is certainly helpful when you're packing all your electronics, chargers and accessories.
One more thing to note about the Silver Lake duffels is that they have self-repairing zippers. Which refers to the fact that if a zipper gets caught, you won't have to spend half an hour trying to fix it. Additionally, the bag comes with several carry and grab handles, and a really comfortable, padded shoulder strap.
The Malibu duffel differs from the previous one mostly because it doesn't have as many pockets. But it is still a 22" duffel bag that you could comfortably use as a carry on, if that's what you're looking for. This bag has only three small pockets, which don't allow for great organization.
But if you don't care about organizing your stuff and you prefer to just throw everything inside and be on your way, then that's not something that's going to worry you.You would much rather hear about the padded carry handles and the comfortable shoulder strap, which will help you stay comfy when you're actually carrying this thing.
By the way, the shoulder strap is 50" long and completely adjustable, so you will be able to make it fit your body without a hitch. The bag is actually pretty spacious, and you could easily pack for a shorter vacation inside it. Unless you're like me and need half of your closet when you're going away for the weekend. :>
You can get it in two colors, and unfortunately neither one is currently on sale.
But not regular backpacks. CalPak actually manufactures a lot of wheeled packs, which are a great option if you want your luggage to be practical to carry around. Let's check out a couple of those.
This CalPak backpack is the perfect size for a carry on. And it has wheels, so you won't have to carry it on your back the entire time. Some of its features include in-line skate wheels, a single-barrel wheel handle, multiple packing compartments and a laptop sleeve that is supposed to fit 17" laptops.
Additionally, the shoulder straps can be zipped up inside of their own compartment, so that they don't get in the way of the wheels. And the entire back of the Rickster is padded, especially the part with the wheels, so that you can stay comfortable even when you have to wear this.
However, I would not suggest this pack for everyday use, as it is not so durable. The quality of the pack is average – it is not disappointing, but it's not that great either. So, if you were to use it on a daily basis, it would not stand up to the test of time. However, it is a decent choice as an occasional carry-on.
The Night Vision pack is similar to the Rickster in that it is also a rolling backpack with a retractable single-barrel handle and multiple packing compartments. The main difference between the two CalPaks is in their size – this one is about two inches smaller, which also means that it has smaller capacity.
But they still have the same downside in common – they aren't built for everyday use. With the Night Vision pack, the issue is that the wheels are pretty small, and the bottom of the pack is going to touch the ground. Now, that's fine if you're rolling it around on smooth airport floors, but if you're dragging it on concrete everyday, expect the bottom part of the pack to get torn. But that also depends on your luck – some people have used this exact pack as a commuter bag for years and had no issues with it.
Some other features of the Night Vision include multiple mesh pockets, fully padded back and wheel area and two very wide grab handles. Overall, I would definitely suggest that you get this in the Red version, as it costs half as much as the black one. And the price of the Red mirrors its quality pretty well.
Since we checked out quite a few different types of luggage, I'll try to show you my favorites from each of the section. Let' start with the suitcases.
I think that the Winton luggage set is the best value for money you can get. You get two suitcases for the price of a single Samsonite, which is pretty cool. And they are hardshells, so they're perfect for air travel. But what's really importanat about these are the spinner wheels, TSA lock and the two spacious packing compartments. If you need to freshen up your luggage collection, this CalPak set is the way to go.
If you desperately need a new softshell, on the other hand, why not go for the Zorro? It's dirt cheap, so you'll definitely get your money's worth even if you use it only once. But with the spacious packing compartment, in-line skate wheels and an external compartment, there is a good chance this will quickly become one of your favorite softshells ever.
Or maybe you're looking to get a duffel bag. In that case, I have to recommend the Silver Lake duffel. It is an amazing piece of luggage, particularly because of its many different pockets. These make it a great choice not just for travel, but also as an overnighter or for daily use. And the comfortable and padded shoulder straps and carry handles will ensure you stay comfortable while this is with you.
And finally, if you're looking for something really outside the box why not get yourself a rolling backpack? They're very practical and convenient, especially for travel. And they're small enough to be used as carry-ons, so you could save some money on checked baggage fees. The Rickster is a really great choice if a rolling backpack is up your alley, and it's pretty affordable.
And that's it for this detailed review of CalPak luggage. Of course, there are many other options, but these are the ones that are the most popular with other travellers. If you loved anything, be sure to check it out on Amazon – you can always find a deal, especially since half of the luggage in this review is currently on sale!
CalPak manufactures lots of different types of luggage – suitcases, backpacks, duffels, overnighters and a few others. We'll focus on suitcases, backpacks and duffel bags in this review, so if that's what you're looking for, then you're in the right place!
But if you're not sure what the right choice for you is, let me help.
I would generally recommend suitcases for people who tend to go on longer trips. Anything longer than a week requires a suitcase, at least in my experience.
For air travel, I suggest getting a hardshell suitcase. They are much more durable than softshells, and handle being thrown around a lot better. And considering just how "gentle" baggage handlers can be, you will want a really durable suitcase – especially if you must check it.
And for carry ons, you can go either way. I would still recommend a hardside, because there's always a chance that you will be among the last people to board the plane, and there won't be any space left for your suitcase. Then you're forced to check it, even if it's just a 19" one. Getting a hardside carry on is the safer option.
CalPak duffel bags are a great option if you often take the train or drive places. There's several really good options, including wheeled duffels! You get all the convenience of a suitcase, but with lots of more pockets. That's one aspect where duffel bags are usually the better choice – they are better for organizing your stuff.
Duffels are also good as carry ons, as long as you are getting a smaller one. They can usually fit under your seat easily, so you are basically guaranteed that you won't need to check your bag. And since they are made from fabric, you can always force them to fit under the seat! :>
I will also show you a couple of rolling backpacks from CalPak. These are another decent option for travel, especially if you are travelling with a lot of tools or equipment. They have multiple compartments and pockets, as well as organizer panels, that allow you to organize everything down to the last detail.
However, I would not recommend their packs for everyday use, since they weren't built for it. Meaning that you will notice the wear and tear sooner rather than later, especially with the wheels. And if you are looking specifically for an everyday backpack, check out a post I did a while back – there's lots of great and affordable options!
CalPak does both single suitcases and luggage sets. The latter is actually a little more common, but I will show you both types.
So, should you get a single suitcase, or splurge and go for a set?
I'd say it mostly depends on your existing luggage collection – if you have 5 different suitcases, I really don't think you need an entire set. But if your suitcase collection is rather scarce, then getting a set could be really beneficial.
You'll be set for luggage for the next few years, and for the price of an average Samsonite!
I generally prefer sets because they are better value for money. Plus, you can always give one of the suitcases away as a present, or sell it for profit, if it turns out you don't need it. And if you often travel with your partner, you can both match!
Roger is a little obsessed with travel. He has been to over 40 countries, broken 3 suitcases and owned over 10 backpacks in 12 months. What he doesn't know about travel, ain't worth knowing!