text:
A Music Teacher Describes How Copyright Hinders Music Education
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
(Translations: 中文)
Janet Underhill has been teaching music for 30 years at a private school in Chicago. She has taught piano, voice, guitar, recorder and general music to students of all ages, from kindergarten to graduate school. In this article, she tells how copyright prevents her from providing her students the best possible materials.
I teach general music. My goal is to engage all of my students in music making, to develop their musical skills, and then to send them on to their choice of band, chorus, private lessons, ensembles. Hopefully, my students will continue to connect with music, singing and playing, as part of their lives.
I need materials that are formatted for the elementary student that will foster the development of musical skills as well as provide the materials for enjoyable singing experiences. Such music should contain the changes that the beginning guitar student can handle. True, there are plenty of songs written expressly for the music classroom. They come with permission to copy for classroom use; they're cute, clever, integrated with the broader curriculum, written in the service of math, social science, English -- and have no connection whatsoever to the wider world of parents, grandparents, the community and the culture. The songs are disconnected, expressively flat, remarkably forgettable. They cannot be shared with parents and grandparents, aunts and uncles. They don't exist outside of the walls of the school. The children sense this, and do not take them very seriously.
What my students need is a good mix of children's song literature, folk music, appropriate pop literature, Broadway songs, and songs from the American song book. Songs need to make connections across the curriculum, across the generations and across cultures. Freedom to choose these kinds of songs is crucial to my work as a teacher. Copyright laws restrict how I can use music from, say, the Beatles. The problem with simply purchasing the music is that it often comes in formats that don't work with my young students. I need lead sheets with simple, hopefully mostly primary chords, written in a fairly big type, and with the words beneath. I want my students to connect with the notes as well as the words. Their singing experiences should be music reading experiences as well. I can't find music like this. Any collection may contain one or two songs that are appropriate, but their format always presents problems for the young singer and student. They are often printed in keys that don't match the vocal ranges of my singers. They are too difficult to read because they often come in voice plus piano accompaniment formats. The easy guitar song books often include changes that are far too complicated for my young guitar players. So, in an attempt to address these issues within the current copyright world, I went about writing to publishers with suggestions for song books for the elementary music classroom, well-tested songs from all these various musical traditions. The market for such materials is as huge as the elementary school systems. But market is not my consideration. Music education of the young is my concern. I bought and examined several publications from Hal Leonard, the giant in this field. There are many terrific books in their library that might serve the classroom purpose quite well. They all have problems that would need to be addressed in order to make them truly useable. I wrote to Hal Leonard, offering suggestions along the above guidelines. I got back a terse, impersonal response, which I will paraphrase here: No input allowed. We do not consider, review or accept outside solicitations. It's a lock without a key. I have greatly reduced access to good music because of copyrights, all held by a few megacorporations. And I am shut out of the process that might result in materials that would serve genuine educational goals, that might actually connect the students to the very world of music these corporations wish to promote. It makes me wonder whom copyright is really meant to serve.
36 Comments
More on copyright
Submitted by junderhill (not verified) on
It's the concept of participating in the creative activities of the culture are at the center of this issue. Under current copyright provisions, we can only be audience.
Re: More on copyright
Submitted by kfogel on
Completely agree. And not only that, the current system encourages a binary distinction between artist and audience, when we could, and should, have a continuum instead.
I've been searching for an article I read a while back (probably more than a year ago) that had a lot of good data on the real-life economics of royalties. Among other things, it showed how most artists are, in their economic lives, not so different from their audiences. They don't have a steady stream of royalties flowing in, it's more a matter of getting piecework here and there. I thought the article was in FirstMonday, but I can't seem to find it there. (If anyone knows what I'm referring to, please leave a comment, or just submit the article.)
Earning a living as a creative type
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
Is this the article you're referring to?
Re: Earning a living as a creative type
Submitted by kfogel on
Yes, I think that's it! Thank you.
It's been obvious for a long
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
It's been obvious for a long time that for educational purposes there should be no limits on what is made available to use. It is ridiuclous how the exosure of great works are been denied by silly niggly copyright laws.
Former teacher: Jack of Ambit Energy
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
very interesting comments from both sides...
Sharing in the culture
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
I was having a conversation with the PE teacher and we got on the subject of sharing music. Her description of the older basketball players, sitting in the stands, watching with approval, the youngsters on the court, copying the moves of their elders, cheering on the fact that what they had created and developed was safe in the hands of the upcoming generation. No copyrights to get in the way of culture transmission. Would that it was the same in music.
The children are losing out
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
It's very unfortunate that copyright laws are restricting you from delivering a valuable learning experience to child education. I hope you can find a way around this.
So Do It Yourself
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
There's lots of great PD and Creative Commons licensed stuff on ccmixter.org. Why not use that to develop more relevant music education materials? Why not recruit artists to develop music that works?
Judging by how many artists attend these music education benefits, you could probably get a few of them to write songs expressly for music education purposes or to grant you a special license on select songs where they have the power to demand it.
How about lobbying your congressman and senators to introduce copyright legislation with special exceptions for educational use within schools? How about starting a petition drive to back it up? Are you spending your weekends sitting outside a supermarket selling candy bars to raise money and get signatures?
Aside from wrtiting to Hal Leonard and writing this article, what are you doing to effect change?
I'm not hearing a decent argument against copyright. I'm hearing someone incapable of thinking outside the box, incapable of thinking big, and perhaps unwilling to actually make the sacrifices that change requires.
Abolishing copyright isn't anything that will happen soon. Even if a groundswell eventually drives it, it will take years or even decades to happen.
In the meantime, what are you doing now to effect positive change?
Re: So Do It Yourself
Submitted by kfogel on
How do you think those groundswells that take "years or decades" happen? They happen because of people like Janet, writing articles pointing out the problems.
Regarding your suggestions about getting musicians to write songs expressly for music education, Janet answered that already:
"True, there are plenty of songs written expressly for the music classroom. They come with permission to copy for classroom use; they're cute, clever, integrated with the broader curriculum, written in the service of math, social science, English -- and have no connection whatsoever to the wider world of parents, grandparents, the community and the culture. The songs are disconnected, expressively flat, remarkably forgettable. They cannot be shared with parents and grandparents, aunts and uncles. They don't exist outside of the walls of the school. The children sense this, and do not take them very seriously."
So I don't know what you mean by "more" in your suggestion of using CreativeCommons-licensed stuff to "...develop more relevant music education materials". "More relevant" than what? Than the thousands of songs already out there that she already knows, that the children and their families have heard before, that have some connection to the wider world?
I'm not saying the CC stuff is bad, but Janet's point is about freedom: she wants to be able to draw on everything available, when teaching her students. That seems like a good goal for a teacher. Telling her that the solution is to ghettoize herself to a few small pools of free stuff is no answer.
Outside Your box
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
When I read your comment, it strikes me as someone incapable of thinking from someone else's perspective. You insult the author saying she's "incapable of thinking outside the box" yet all you do is think inside your own much smaller box, refusing to even try to see her perspective. First of all, her very profession involves her having to meet others from their perspective every day. I admire her for seeking solutions by writing to publishers, posting here, wanting to follow copyright law, etc. The luxury of your "position" is that it allows you to avoid thinking, let alone truly empathizing with someone in one of our most valuable profession: teachers. Great teachers like the author by and large are given few resources to do what they are passionate about: making a positive impact on kid's lives. They have to "think outside the box" on a daily basis to overcome the lack of resources more than you can apparently fathom. On top of it, there are people like you pointing fingers at them and insulting them. Give yourself permission to see a bigger picture here. If we don't help our teachers help our kids, then we are going to have more people who are incapable of appreciating the amount of important work teachers do despite scarce resources. I thank Janet for bringing up this very important issue and I applaud her for doing things about it within her area of control. -----------
The children do miss out.
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
I used to sing "The Yellow Submarine" by the Beetles when I was in school... The real problem here is that earlier music was part of the culture. To gain more insight into one's culture whether it be a different ethic group of people or just part of our history, access to music would greatly reduce ones understanding of the past. This music often helps to make a connection with different groups of people also, because their mother or father would have played it in the house while the child was growing up. Brad
Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials for Academics
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
Yes, Virginia,
There already is an exemption for your purposes
The Statutory
§107. Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair Use
Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include -
1.the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;
2.the nature of the copyrighted work;
3.the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and
4.the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.
The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.
Re: Fair Use of Copyrighted Materials for Academics
Submitted by kfogel on
It sounds nice on paper, but in practice the exemption is not broad enough for many uses (partly because it's open to interpretation, meaning that the teacher or institution must weigh the risks).
For example, if a 30-person school choir wants to learn a piece that's under copyright, they'd be ill-advised to make 30 photocopies. It's not clear that it would be "classroom use", even though it's educational and it's taking place in a school. (If it were clearly classroom use, most schools would gladly photocopy the stuff, yet they often buy the 30 copies.)
The wording of the exemption is a bit slippery. Notice the odd redundancy:
"...the fair use of a copyrighted work ... is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include ..."
But if the use were already a "fair use", then the rest of the conditions wouldn't matter. As it stands, it's sort of saying a tautology: "fair use is not copyright infringement", which is true, but not a very good guide. The text lists a number of circumstances that presumably make the determination of fair use more likely, but it stops short of saying that those circumstances are automatically fair use. Instead, the question is left up to a judge.
Not exactly ironclad protection, if you're a schoolteacher trying to avoid a lawsuit.
Fair Use for Academics
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
What sort of damages is a plaintiff, (record or film company) going to claim from a teacher playing a film or recorded music selection to his/her class for instructional purposes?
The law clearly recognizes the benefit of this fair use, and many companys provide free or low cost materials for classroom use. Cultural education benefits artists, production companys and society at large.
In your choir example, we're talking about published (sheet) music, which is a whole 'nother kettle of fish.
In this case, we deal with reproduction rights as well as performance rights, which may or may not be attached.
Here is the Nat. Assoc for Music Educators precise take on the subject.
My cousin writes and produces musicals for on/off Broadway, (he always hopes for "on). His royalty income comes from the sale of sheet music and from selling the performance rights of his musicals, (book, lyrics, etc) to community theatres, high schools etc.
Without copyright protection, his hard work, labor of love though it is, goes for naught; and makes for a dismal retirement.
Re: Fair Use for Academics
Submitted by kfogel on
Giving a business model to your cousin is not a very good argument for preventing the rest of us from copying and making derivative works.
You write as though merely by the fact of working hard, your cousin is entitled to a reward and a sunny retirement (even if it involves restrictions on others' freedoms). Hmmm. Do we treat other professions that way? Janitors? Road workers? I work very hard at copyright reform; I put in a lot of labor, I'd venture to say as much as your cousin puts in at writing musicals. Does that mean I'm automatically entitled to a reward for my hard work?
The legal justification for copyright has never been that hard work is entitled to a reward, but that copyright (allegedly) promotes the progress of the arts and sciences. In other words, rewarding artists is not even the stated goal of the current copyright system. If you want to argue that copyright is necessary, then argue that we wouldn't have on/off Broadway musicals without it... But, I think, that's a harder argument to make.
Also, your cousin's hard work would still be rewarded, even without copyright. We've always advocated strong protection of attribution here, and his name would still be on his musicals — leading to recognition and to future commissions. I do not argue that this would or wouldn't pay as much as his royalty stream currently pays, because that's not the important question. The important question is: would there be a lack of artistic production if attribution were protected, but copying and derivation permitted?
Re: Fair Use for Academics
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
What good would those "future commisions" be if the only thing being sold is attribution? Production companies do not pay for a name, they pay for a creative work. Attribution is incredibly valuable, but only something of value is being attributed.
Academic Fair Use is not at all vague. It clearly states that "reproduction by a teacher or student of a small part of a work to illustrate a lesson" is acceptable. Of course, that's different from reproduction by a teacher or student of an entire work to perform, which was your argument.
You're perfectly within your bounds as a teacher to, say, print out copies of notation for a section or two of Green Day's Jesus of Suburbia as a demonstration ("illustration") of the 50's Progression (chord progressions being the "lesson"). If, on the other hand, you want the class to play the song at some school assembly, you need permission.
Re: Fair Use for Academics
Submitted by admin on
A "commission" is a payment to complete a work. What's being sold in a commission is not attribution, but the actual service of completing the work. It's unrelated to copyright royalties.
Simple example: I pay you $5000 to write a song and release it under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license. You make the $5000, everyone gets the song, and you get attribution (you would get attribution anyway, regardless of the license, but the license just makes it that much more legally airtight).
Another example: orchestras commission new symphonies all the time. But even when the new work is released under traditional copyright restrictions, the commissioning orchestra does not typically share in future royalties -- that's left for the composer. So the commission fee is clearly unrelated to monopoly-based revenues.
Another example of copyright interfering with education...
Submitted by kfogel on
A Slashdot article entitled "RIAA Forces YouTube to Remove Free Guitar Lessons": http://yro.slashdot.org/article.pl?sid=07/07/07/0330209.
The title says it all. Note that these weren't performances; instead, the teacher would play sequences of a few chords at a time, showing students how to make the shapes.
Now, I don't buy the argument that just because a publisher lost a potential sale, an injustice has been done. But even if you do buy that argument, there's no excuse for this forced takedown, because no one who wanted to hear these songs performed would get them from these videos. From the description (which we have no reason to disbelieve), these are clearly educational videos, not listenable performances.
In other words: first of all, commercial interference shouldn't be an excuse for censorship, and second of all, there is no significant commercial interference here anyway!
That record companies can do this with a straight face, and that many people even take their argument seriously, shows how far out of touch with reality copyright practice has become.
Not really
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
This is the original article on NPR that Slashdot references:
If you read the NPR article, you'll see that it's been misquoted by Slashdot. The videos are still there:
Re: Not really
Submitted by kfogel on
I did follow the links and check the original story, but perhaps I missed something. Could you please explain exactly how the summary is inaccurate? Thank you.
Another example of copyright interfering with education...
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
I am oft blown away at how stiffly watchdogs or "police" do their soul-sucking jobs. They seem to be untouched when "pulling candy away from children."
Do not they see that the kids learning and playing these songs means the continued success of the song because it will live on forever - thus allowing them to reap more money from it's continuing popularity?
Guess not. Business pundits usual talk about the choice businesses can make when they come to this inevitable crossroad - litigate or innovate, and how if you choose to litigate, you lose. Why does no one read history anymore? The big corporations have chosen to litigate - a very expensive - and losing position when faced with todays generation of duplicating tools.
A new draconian law threatens Canada as of late too.
As long as corporations' mandate is to make money, and only that, they will never serve humanity.
Bob Lefsetz of the Lefsetz letter holds nothing back when slamming the music industry for their bungling and lack of vision. A good read usually.
Vintage Fender Guitars
Children's Song
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
I had no idea that it was so hard to teach music with these restrictions. Well, I came onto the computer this morning to find out how to copyright or get my little song published but if nobody will ever be able to sing my song then it's not worth it. In October of 2005, Hallowe'en was approching and I needed to find a way to teach my ten month old her body parts, so I wrote a song that is fun and easy for babies to toddlers, and beyond. So go ahead and use this if you would like and give to other teachers I want this song to be used=:)ENJOY!!!
P.S. My daughter is going on three and she now sings this song to her six month old brother.
Hold onto and/or touch the body parts while singing.
Titlt:Body Candy
Lollipop feet,
Gumdrop toes,
Lots and lots of kisses,
Up to your nose.(Make kissing sound while touching nose)
Licorice lips,
Candy corn ears,
Lets give ourselves,
A great big cheer. (hold onto arm and raise above head) Marshmallow arms, (hold onto forearms)
Candyfloss hair,(rub hair with their own hands)
Ooh my, my I hear a rumble down there.(rub belly with their own hands and repeat the word "rumble").
Again Enjoy,
Re: Children's Song
Submitted by kfogel on
Lisa, we need the tune! :-)
Seriously: you can publish it on the Internet, there is no need to attach restrictions. Choose a liberal Creative Commons license and post your song under that license.
By the way, when you wrote:
"Well, I came onto the computer this morning to find out how to copyright or get my little song published but if nobody will ever be able to sing my song then it's not worth it."
...did you mean you did a search of some kind about copyrighting music and found our page? We'd love to know what search you did, if so.
Music as a learning tool
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
My wife teaches early elementry Special Ed. She is always looking for new ways to reach these special children and help them learn. Music is a powerful tool in her teaching toolbox. We recently had a discussion over the dinner table about this very issue. Material is few and far between and she has a moral obligation to follow the copyright laws, even though it's a great hindrance. I hope solutions can be found that will help teachers use music to it's fullest.
D Tinney
Learn Guitar Basic
Re: Music as a learning tool
Submitted by kfogel on
She has a legal obligation to follow the laws, and we don't advocate that she break them. But the laws themselves are immoral; certainly her obligation to obey these laws is not a "moral obligation"!
Absolutely! She has a legal
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
Absolutely! She has a legal and moral obligation to obey the copyright laws. But by doing so, she is greatly hindered.
D Tinney
Learn Guitar Basic
Re: Absolutely! She has a legal
Submitted by kfogel on
I'd like to press this distinction between legal and moral obligations, because it's important for how people treat common culture and knowledge when embodied in copyrighted works.
When a law requires you to do something immoral, is it still your moral obligation to follow that law? I'm thinking back to the days when racial segregation was the law in much of the U.S., for example. Or even farther back to the days when it was literally a crime to teach a slave to read. Or a crime to not hand an escaped slave over to a search party.
My point is not that copyright is as evil as slavery, of course. It is merely that legal obligations are not the same as moral ones. In some cases the two can even be opposed, as above. In copyright, this is not a hypothetical question: medical texts are sometimes copied in countries too poor to afford the originals. In other words, those doctors have a moral obligation to violate copyright laws (or should they refrain from copying needed medical knowledge, whatever that implies for their patients?).
Frankly, I think music education should fall into the same category as medicine, but then, I'm a musician :-).
Anyway, there is a vast literature on the subject of legal versus moral obligations, usually found under the heading "civil disobedience".
For what it's worth, at QuestionCopyright.org we're careful never to download or distribute files illegally. But it's not out of moral obligation, it's just a tactical decision: we don't want to be a target of an RIAA lawsuit, because that would distract from our mission.
Moral and legal obligation
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
In my original post, I mentioned my wife had a "moral" obligation to obey copyright laws. Perhaps I used the wrong word. She recognizes the legal aspect, but for her and I, moral obligations supersede legal obligations. It violates our morals to break laws. I hope this clarifies my position.
D Tinney
learn guitar chord
Copyright Capers
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
The right of an author or a composer to a fair return on his or her labour impinges upon this argument,
Many composers may rely on the royalties that only come from the sale of sheet music.
Is it enough to imply that because the intended use is for educational purposes it should thus be freely available?
Not even the schools themselves recognise that argument because they have budgets especially for textbooks and, these days, software.
Nevertheless, a more flexible stance by publishers and a willingness to accept, or at least seriously consider, an offer to rearrange material such as Ms. Underhill suggested, would seem to have financial and educational merit.
The alternative view, i.e. intellectual copyright protection as seen from the creator's standpoint, is discussed in some depth in Protecting Your #1 Asset. It is an interesting and important topic - particularly if you are trying to protect yourself and your creation.
Peter A. (no relation to the other Anonymice on this page :-))
Books are like imprisoned souls till someone takes them down from a shelf and frees them.
Samuel Butler (1835–1902)
Re: Copyright Capers
Submitted by kfogel on
Peter, you seem to have read very little of this site. There are detailed counterarguments offered for every claim you make. We're leaving your comment up, but if you're going to post on a site like this, then please try to engage with what it's actually saying, instead of repeating the very myths we're taking such trouble to debunk.
Thank you,
-Karl (editor)
Copyright holders are losing their grip
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
This is something I can relate to in every way. I am a guitar teacher and I am all too familiar with these strict copyright laws. You can't even make a photo copy without getting an earful from the boss where I work.
But with the digital age becoming more and more of an unpleasant reality for the Big Business Men of music, I feel that copyright holders are loosing ground. They can't seem to get a grip on the online pirating.
Top music corporations reported earlier this year that less than %35 of all music sale were from CD's. Everything is being bootlegged off the internet. I am not sure what kind of effect this will have on the music industry, and music as a whole, in the long run but one thing is for sure...copyright holders are lashing out these days at whomever they can.
I feel that songs should become public domain after a much shorter time period than it is now.
I also feel that the copyright laws should have exceptions for schools and education, but provide incentives to copyright holders. Perhaps tax breaks for letting schools use your songs etc...
On another note altogether, your student are lucky to have a music curriculum at all! So many of my students (I teach privately now) don't even receive any musical education at all. What a shame!!!
These days I just don't know. Schools have enough money to hand out condoms to children but they don't have enough money to have a music program. And we wonder what happened to all of the talented musicians. Where did they all go?
One of the benefits of teaching from home is that I use whatever music I want regardless of copyrights. No one knows the difference but you can't get away with that at a school.
And this business of not allowing camcorders at school concerts?!?! I just can't get into that one right now because I could literally go on forever.
Make the Brave Move!
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
Well there is your calling!
Take on the big boys and find a way of meeting what the market wants. If there is honestly a huge demand for it, then you can fulfill your ambitions of giving the youth opportunity to learn from suitable material, plus make a tidy profit in the process.
If there is a market, one that is profitable, there will be a way to make it happen. I'm a strong believer in educational institutions providing a good breadth of learning across the spectrum of academia, arts as well as sport. It rounds off the young as well as providing those opportunities to budding stars in whatever field they may ultimately excel.
[link deleted]
Re: Make the Brave Move!
Submitted by kfogel on
The market has already made it clear what it wants: the ability to copy freely. What prevents this is not "market forces", but a monopoly law (copyright) that prevents the market from doing what it would otherwise naturally do.
Submitted by Anonymous (not verified) on
I didn't realize that copyright laws can restrict the access of music to even teachers. Aren't you free to use the music for educational purposes as long as you don't reproduce or distribute it commercially(mp3, youtube, myspace...)?


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– If your computer is connected to many printers, the selection of a default printer is very necessary, to do this, you right-click the default printer which you want and choose Set as default printer.
How to share printer on LAN Network
– Share a printer between multiple computers:First, right-click the printer you want to share and select Printer properties. Because there are have many printers, it will display like this, you select the printer from the list.
– Choose tab Sharing, then click on Share this printer to share your printer.
– If you want to share for computer that is using the Operating system 32bit and 64 bit, click on Additional Drivers, then click on x86 and x64.
– Click OK to agree.
– Although the installation of the printer and sharing for other computers in the network are simple, but in order to other computers can use your printer without any problems, you should pay attention to some items as follows: Right – click on network symbol, then choose Open Network and Sharing Center
– Continue choosing Change advanced sharing settings
– Next, you find to File and printer sharing and choose Turn on file and printer sharing
– And remember click on Turn off password protected sharing in Password protected sharing. If you choose on, it will required password when other computers log in to your computer.
That's OK; so others can use your printer smoothly!
Install printer driver via LAN
– You can go to Control Panel and choose Network, or you can bring Network to desktop for easy use by: Right – click on Desktop Screen > choose Personalization > choose Change desktop icons > choose icon that you want to bring out > click OK.
– After choose Network, all computers in the same network will display like a picture below. You can right- click and choose Refresh if it is not updated.
– Next, choose the printer that you want to connect. For example, the printer is installed in PC02 then you open PC02. Right – click on the printer's symbol and choose Connect…
– After that just wait a moment for your computer connects to the printer and finishes your work.
– And here is the result when I connect to the printer via LAN successfully.
– So I have given a very detailed instruction how to install the printer to the computer and install the printer over the network LAN as well as printer sharing for other computer with the same LAN network. If any issue arises just give your comment below, I will respond as soon as possible. Hopefully the article will be useful to you!
– Good luck!!!


text:
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text:
The goals of treatment for TMD syndrome include:
- Relief of pain
- Improved joint function
Most doctors feel strongly that good, careful treatment for TMD should only include techniques that are simple, have limited side effects, and do not create further problems if stopped. Although a variety of treatments have been touted for TMD treatment, most doctors feel the more extreme, complex treatments have not proven helpful in the long term. They also note that some of these treatments, such as surgery, can have long-term negative effects.
Treatment may involve the following:Lifestyle changesMedicationsOther treatments
Surgery is rarely recommended for TMD. If you are advised to have surgery, get a second opinion. If surgery is recommended, carefully research its benefits.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 02/2017 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 -


text:
Honduras Population: 8,893,2599,608 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|Once part of Spain's vast empire in the New World, Honduras became an independent nation in 1821. After two and a half decades of mostly military rule, a freely elected civilian government came to power in 1982. During the 1980s, Honduras proved a haven for anti-Sandinista contras fighting the Marxist Nicaraguan Government and an ally to Salvadoran Government forces fighting leftist guerrillas. The country was devastated by Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which killed about 5,600 people and caused approximately $2 billion in damage. Since then, the economy has slowly rebounded.
Has only a short Pacific coast but a long Caribbean shoreline, including the virtually uninhabited eastern Mosquito Coast
|Central America, bordering the Caribbean Sea, between Guatemala and Nicaragua and bordering the Gulf of Fonseca (North Pacific Ocean), between El Salvador and Nicaragua
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 112,090 sq km
land: 111,890 sq km
water: 200 sq km
Size comparison: slightly larger than Tennessee
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 1,575 km border countries (3): Guatemala 244 km, El Salvador 391 km, Nicaragua 940 km
|823 km (Caribbean Sea 669 km, Gulf of Fonseca 163 km)
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: natural extension of territory or to 200 nm
|subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains
|mostly mountains in interior, narrow coastal plains
|Elevation extremes:
|Natural resources:
|timber, gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, iron ore, antimony, coal, fish, hydropower
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 28.8% arable land 9.1%; permanent crops 4%; permanent pasture 15.7% forest: 45.3%
other: 25.9% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|900 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|frequent, but generally mild, earthquakes; extremely susceptible to damaging hurricanes and floods along the Caribbean coast
|Current Environment Issues:
|urban population expanding; deforestation results from logging and the clearing of land for agricultural purposes; further land degradation and soil erosion hastened by uncontrolled development and improper land use practices such as farming of marginal lands; mining activities polluting Lago de Yojoa (the country's largest source of fresh water), as well as several rivers and streams, with heavy metals
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Honduran(s)
adjective: Honduran
|Ethnic groups:
|mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%, black 2%, white 1%
|Spanish (official), Amerindian dialects
|Roman Catholic 97%, Protestant 3%
|8,893,259 note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality, higher death rates, lower population growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2016 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 33.55% (male 1,524,195/female 1,459,679)
15-24 years: 21.09% (male 956,315/female 918,925)
25-54 years: 36.19% (male 1,627,072/female 1,591,025)
55-64 years: 4.99% (male 207,821/female 235,776)
65 years and over: 4.19% (male 161,734/female 210,717) (2016 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 57.8%
youth dependency ratio: 50.1%
elderly dependency ratio: 7.7%
potential support ratio: 13.1% (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 22.6 years
male: 22.3 years
female: 23 years (2016 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|1.64% (2016 est.)
|Birth rate:
|22.8 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Death rate:
|5.2 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
| urban population: 54.7% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 3.14% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|TEGUCIGALPA (capital) 1.123 million; San Pedro Sula 852,000 (2015)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.88 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|20.4 note: median age a first birth among women 25-29 (2011-12 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|129 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 17.7 deaths/1,000 live births male: 20 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 15.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 71.1 years male: 69.5 years
female: 72.8 years (2016 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.72 children born/woman (2016 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|73.2% (2011/12)
|Health expenditures:
|8.7% of GDP (2014)
|Physicians density:
|0.37 physicians/1,000 population (2005)
|Hospital bed density:
|0.7 beds/1,000 population (2012)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 97.4% of population
rural: 83.8% of population
total: 91.2% of population
urban: 2.6% of population
rural: 16.2% of population
total: 8.8% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 86.7% of population
rural: 77.7% of population
total: 82.6% of population
urban: 13.3% of population
rural: 22.3% of population
total: 17.4% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.37% (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|20,000 (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|1,000 (2015 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|16.3% (2014)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|7.1% (2012)
|Education expenditures:
|5.9% of GDP (2013)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 88.5%
male: 88.4%
female: 88.6% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 11 years male: 11 years
female: 12 years (2014)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 8% male: 5.5%
female: 13.8% (2011 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Honduras
conventional short form: Honduras
local long form: Republica de Honduras
local short form: Honduras
etymology: the name means "depths" in Spanish and refers to the deep anchorage in the northern Bay of Trujillo
|Government type:
|presidential republic
| name: Tegucigalpa
geographic coordinates: 14 06 N, 87 13 W
time difference: UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: none scheduled for 2013
|Administrative divisions:
|18 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento); Atlantida, Choluteca, Colon, Comayagua, Copan, Cortes, El Paraiso, Francisco Morazan, Gracias a Dios, Intibuca, Islas de la Bahia, La Paz, Lempira, Ocotepeque, Olancho, Santa Barbara, Valle, Yoro
|15 September 1821 (from Spain)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 15 September (1821)
|several previous; latest approved 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended many times, last in 2012; note - in 2015, the Honduran Supreme Court struck down several constitutional articles on presidential term limits (2016)
|Legal system:
|civil law system
|18 years of age; universal and compulsory
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (since 27 January 2014); Vice Presidents Ricardo ALVAREZ, Rossana GUEVARA, and Lorena HERRERA (since 27 January 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (since 27 January 2014); Vice Presidents Ricardo ALVAREZ, Rossana GUEVARA, and Lorena HERRERA (since 27 January 2014)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by president elections/appointments: president directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a single 4-year term; election last held on 24 November 2013 (next to be held in November 2017)
election results: Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado elected president; percent of vote - Juan Orlando HERNANDEZ Alvarado (PNH) 36.9%, Xiomara CASTRO (LIBRE) 28.8%, Mauricio VILLEDA (PL) 20.3%, Salvador NASRALLA (PAC) 13.4%, other 0.6%
|Legislative branch:
| description: unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (128 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)
elections: last held on 24 November 2013 (next to be held in November 2017)
election results: percent of vote by party - PNH 33.6%, LIBRE 27.5%, PL 17.0%, PAC 15.2%, PINU 1.9%, UD 1.7%, DC 1.6%, other 1.5%; seats by party - PNH 48, LIBRE 37, PL 27, PAC 13, PINU 1, UD 1, DC 1
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (15 principal judges - including the court president - and 7 alternates; court organized into civil, criminal, and labor chambers); note - the court has both judicial and constitutional jurisdiction judge selection and term of office: court president elected by his peers; judges elected by the National Congress from candidates proposed by the Nominating Board, a diverse 7-member group of judicial officials, other government and non-government officials selected by each of their organizations; judges elected by Congress for renewable, 7-year terms
subordinate courts: courts of appeal; courts of first instance; peace courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Anti-Corruption Party or PAC [Salvador NASRALLA] Christian Democratic Party or DC [Felicito AVILA Ordonez] Democratic Unification Party or UD [Cesar HAM] Freedom and Refounding Party or LIBRE [Jose Manuel ZELAYA Rosales] Liberal Party or PL [Mauricio VILLEDA Bermudez] National Party of Honduras or PNH [Gladys Aurora LOPEZ] Social Democratic Innovation and Unity Party or PINU [Jorge Rafael AGUILAR Paredes]
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Beverage and Related Industries Syndicate or STIBYS Committee for the Defense of Human Rights in Honduras or CODEH Commiittee of the Relatives of the Disappeared in Honduras or COFADEH Confederation of Honduran Workers or CTH Coordinating Committee of Popular Organizations or CCOP General Workers Confederation or CGT Honduran Council of Private Enterprise or COHEP National Association of Honduran Campesinos or ANACH National Union of Campesinos or UNC Popular Bloc or BP United Confederation of Honduran Workers or CUTH United Farm Workers' Movement of the Aguan OR MUCA
|International organization participation:
|BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC (suspended), IOM, IPU, ISO (subscriber), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO (suspended), WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|scarlet macaw, white-tailed deer; national colors: blue, white
|National anthem:
| name: "Himno Nacional de Honduras" (National Anthem of Honduras)
lyrics/music: Augusto Constancio COELLO/Carlos HARTLING
note: adopted 1915; the anthem's seven verses chronicle Honduran history; on official occasions, only the chorus and last verse are sung
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Jorge Alberto MILLA Reyes (since 21 May 2014)
chancery: Suite 4-M, 3007 Tilden Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 966-2604
FAX: [1] (202) 966-9751 consulate(s): Dallas, McAllen (TX0
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San Francisco
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador James D. NEALON (since 21 August 2014)
embassy: Avenida La Paz, Apartado Postal No. 3453, Tegucigalpa
mailing address: American Embassy, APO AA 34022, Tegucigalpa
telephone: [504] 2236-9320, 2238-5114
|^Back to Top
Honduras, the second poorest country in Central America, suffers from extraordinarily unequal distribution of income, as well as high underemployment. While historically dependent on the export of bananas and coffee, Honduras has diversified its export base to include apparel and automobile wire harnessing. Honduras's economy depends heavily on US trade and remittances. The US-Central America-Dominican Republic Free Trade Agreement came into force in 2006 and has helped foster foreign direct investment, but physical and political insecurity, as well as crime and perceptions of corruption, may deter potential investors; about 15% of foreign direct investment is from US firms. The economy registered modest economic growth of 2.6%-4.0% from 2010 to 2015, insufficient to improve living standards for the nearly 65% of the population in poverty. In 2015, Honduras faced rising public debt but its economy has performed better than expected due to low oil prices and improved investor confidence. The IMF continues to monitor the three-year standby arrangement signed in December 2014, aimed at easing Honduras's poor fiscal position.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $43.19 billion (2016 est.) $41.68 billion (2015 est.) $40.22 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $20.93 billion (2015 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|3.6% (2016 est.) 3.6% (2015 est.) 3.1% (2014 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $5,300 (2016 est.) $5,200 (2015 est.) $5,100 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|20.3% of GDP (2016 est.) 18.8% of GDP (2015 est.) 14.6% of GDP (2014 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 81.3%
government consumption: 15.2%
investment in fixed capital: 23.3%
investment in inventories: 1%
exports of goods and services: 43.1%
imports of goods and services: -63.9% (2016 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 81.3%
government consumption: 15.2%
investment in fixed capital: 23.3%
investment in inventories: 1%
exports of goods and services: 43.1%
imports of goods and services: -63.9% (2016 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|bananas, coffee, citrus, corn, African palm; beef; timber; shrimp, tilapia, lobster, sugar, oriental vegetables
|sugar, coffee, woven and knit apparel, wood products, cigars
|Industrial production growth rate:
|3.3% (2016 est.)
|Labor force:
|3.625 million (2016 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 39.2%
industry: 20.9%
services: 39.8% (2005 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|3.9% (2016 est.) 4.1% (2015 est.) note: about one-third of the people are underemployed
|Population below poverty line:
|60% (2010 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 0.4%
highest 10%: 42.4% (2009 est.)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|57.7 (2007) 53.8 (2003)
| revenues: $3.982 billion
expenditures: $4.384 billion (2016 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|19% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Public debt:
|47.3% of GDP (2016 est.) 45.3% of GDP (2015 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 2.9% (2016 est.) 3.2% (2015 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$1.197 billion (2016 est.) -$1.291 billion (2015 est.)
|$8.165 billion (2016 est.) $8.041 billion (2015 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|coffee, apparel, coffee, shrimp, automobile wire harnesses, cigars, bananas, gold, palm oil, fruit, lobster, lumber
|Exports - partners:
|US 36%, Germany 8.7%, El Salvador 8.5%, Guatemala 6%, Nicaragua 5.6%, Netherlands 4.1% (2015)
|$11.25 billion (2016 est.) $11.1 billion (2015 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|communications equipment, machinery and transport, industrial raw materials, chemical products, fuels, foodstuffs
|Imports - partners:
|US 35.2%, China 13.6%, Guatemala 9.2%, Mexico 6.6%, El Salvador 5.1% (2015)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$3.846 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $3.755 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$8.042 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $7.649 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|Exchange rates:
|lempiras (HNL) per US dollar - 23.07 (2016 est.) 22.098 (2015 est.) 22.098 (2014 est.) 21.137 (2013 est.) 19.64 (2012 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|7.7 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|5.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|500 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|800 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|2.1 million kW (2014 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|60.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|28.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|10.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|0 bbl (1 January 2016 es)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|53,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|13,160 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|64,820 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|10 million Mt (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
|total: 8.048 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 92 (July 2015 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: fixed-line connections are increasing but still limited; competition among multiple providers of mobile-cellular services is contributing to a sharp increase in subscribership
domestic: beginning in 2003, private sub-operators allowed to provide fixed lines in order to expand telephone coverage contributing to a small increase in fixed-line teledensity; mobile-cellular subscribership is roughly 90 per 100 persons
international: country code - 504; landing point for both the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) and the MAYA-1 fiber-optic submarine cable system that together provide connectivity to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite (2015)
|Broadcast media:
|multiple privately owned terrestrial TV networks, supplemented by multiple cable TV networks; Radio Honduras is the lone government-owned radio network; roughly 300 privately owned radio stations (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
|total: 1.781 million percent of population: 20.4% (July 2015 est.)
|^Back to Top
|103 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 4
under 914 m: 3 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 90
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 16
under 914 m: 73 (2013)
| total 699 km
narrow gauge: 164 km 1.067-m gauge; 115 km 1.057-m gauge; 420 km 0.914-m gauge (2014)
| total 14,742 km
paved: 3,367 km
unpaved: 11,375 km (1,543 km summer only)
note: an additional 8,951 km of non-official roads used by the coffee industry (2012)
|465 km (most navigable only by small craft) (2012)
|Merchant marine:
| total 88
by type: bulk carrier 5, cargo 39, carrier 2, chemical tanker 5, container 1, passenger 4, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 21, refrigerated cargo 7, roll on/roll off 3
foreign-owned: 47 (Bahrain 5, Canada 1, Chile 1, China 2, Egypt 2, Greece 4, Israel 1, Japan 4, Lebanon 2, Montenegro 1, Panama 1, Singapore 11, South Korea 6, Taiwan 1, Thailand 2, UAE 1, UK 1, US 1) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): La Ceiba, Puerto Cortes, San Lorenzo, Tela
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Honduran Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas de Honduras, FFAA): Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry), Honduran Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Hondurena, FAH) (2012)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18 years of age for voluntary 2- to 3-year military service; no conscription (2012)
|Military expenditures:
|1.05% of GDP (2012) 1.13% of GDP (2011) 1.05% of GDP (2010)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border in 1992 with final settlement by the parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims the Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize in its constitution, but agreed to a joint ecological park around the cays should Guatemala consent to a maritime corridor in the Caribbean under the OAS-sponsored 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
|IDPs: 174,000 (violence, extortion, threats, forced recruitment by urban gangs) (2015)
|Illicit drugs:
|transshipment point for drugs and narcotics; illicit producer of cannabis, cultivated on small plots and used principally for local consumption; corruption is a major problem; some money-laundering activity
|^Back to Top
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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Betinet paintings on canvas and art prints
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Colored Pencil Portraits Step by Step
by North Light
Portraits not only capture a likeness, but offer for generations to come a glimpse into the subject's like. Sounds like quite a challenge. But with Ann Kullberg's help, it's not as difficult as you might think to create life like colored pencil portraits. Using her own beautiful portraiture for instruction and inspiration, Kullberg walks you thought the process step by step-from basic information about materials and techniques to two demonstrations that show how complete portraits come together from beginning to end. You'll also find Kullberg's secrets for making your portrait come alive, along with 17 mini-demos that make it easy to paint realistic features, hair and clothing. Paperback. 11 in. x 8 1/2 in. 128 pages. North Light Books, 1999. By Ann Kullberg. ISBN 1581806396
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This book is excellent. The author is clear and concise. Ann Kullberg is self taught but she does excellent portraits that really capture her subjects. I brought this book because I want to do Christmas...[more]
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Armenia Population: 3,051,250NO VISITORS FROM HERE YET!
Back to Flag Counter Overview
|Armenia prides itself on being the first nation to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Despite periods of autonomy, over the centuries Armenia came under the sway of various empires including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, and Ottoman. During World War I in the western portion of Armenia, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement coupled with other harsh practices that resulted in at least 1 million Armenian deaths. The eastern area of Armenia was ceded by the Ottomans to Russia in 1828; this portion declared its independence in 1918, but was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenian leaders remain preoccupied by the long conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh, a primarily Armenian-populated region, assigned to Soviet Azerbaijan in the 1920s by Moscow. Armenia and Azerbaijan began fighting over the area in 1988; the struggle escalated after both countries attained independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By May 1994, when a cease-fire took hold, ethnic Armenian forces held not only Nagorno-Karabakh but also seven surrounding regions, approximately 14 percent of Azerbaijan's territory. The economies of both sides have been hurt by their inability to make substantial progress toward a peaceful resolution. Turkey closed the common border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan in its conflict with Armenia over control of Nagorno-Karabakh and surrounding areas, further hampering Armenian economic growth. In 2009, senior Armenian leaders began pursuing rapprochement with Turkey, aiming to secure an opening of the border, but Turkey has not yet ratified the Protocols normalizing relations between the two countries. In January 2015, Armenia joined Russia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan as a member of the Eurasian Economic Union.
Landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range
|Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan; note - Armenia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 29,743 sq km
land: 28,203 sq km
water: 1,540 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than Maryland
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 1,570 km border countries (4): Azerbaijan 996 km, Georgia 219 km, Iran 44 km, Turkey 311 km
|0 km (landlocked)
|Maritime claims:
|none (landlocked)
|highland continental, hot summers, cold winters
|Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley
|Elevation extremes:
|Natural resources:
|small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 59.7% arable land 15.8%; permanent crops 1.9%; permanent pasture 42% forest: 9.1%
other: 31.2% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|2,740 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts
|Current Environment Issues:
|soil pollution from toxic chemicals such as DDT; the energy crisis of the 1990s led to deforestation when citizens scavenged for firewood; pollution of Hrazdan (Razdan) and Aras Rivers; the draining of Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan), a result of its use as a source for hydropower, threatens drinking water supplies; restart of Metsamor nuclear power plant in spite of its location in a seismically active zone
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
|^Back to Top
| noun: Armenian(s)
adjective: Armenian
|Ethnic groups:
|Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.1%, other 0.7% (2011 est.)
|Armenian (official) 97.9%, Kurdish (spoken by Yezidi minority) 1%, other 1% (2011 est.)
|Armenian Apostolic 92.6%, Evangelical 1%, other 2.4%, none 1.1%, unspecified 2.9% (2011 est.)
|3,051,250 (July 2016 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 19% (male 308,701/female 271,028)
15-24 years: 13.58% (male 213,203/female 201,291)
25-54 years: 43.46% (male 640,070/female 685,958)
55-64 years: 12.96% (male 180,700/female 214,834)
65 years and over: 10.99% (male 134,330/female 201,135) (2016 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 41.3%
youth dependency ratio: 26%
elderly dependency ratio: 15.3%
potential support ratio: 6.5% (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 34.6 years
male: 32.8 years
female: 36.5 years (2016 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|-0.18% (2016 est.)
|Birth rate:
|13.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Death rate:
|9.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-5.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
| urban population: 62.7% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: -0.11% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|YEREVAN (capital) 1,044 (2015)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.13 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.14 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.84 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female
total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|24.1 (2013 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|25 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 13.1 deaths/1,000 live births male: 14.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 74.6 years male: 71.4 years
female: 78.3 years (2016 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|1.64 children born/woman (2016 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|54.9% (2010)
|Health expenditures:
|4.5% of GDP (2014)
|Physicians density:
|2.7 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
|Hospital bed density:
|3.9 beds/1,000 population (2012)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 96.2% of population
rural: 78.2% of population
total: 89.5% of population
urban: 3.8% of population
rural: 21.8% of population
total: 10.5% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.2% (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|3,600 (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|100 (2015 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|19.9% (2014)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|5.3% (2010)
|Education expenditures:
|2.8% of GDP (2015)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.6% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 12 years male: 11 years
female: 14 years (2009)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 36.1% male: 31.8%
female: 41.5% (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Armenia
conventional short form: Armenia
local long form: Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun
local short form: Hayastan
former: Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Republic
etymology: the etymology of the country's name remains obscure; according to tradition, the country is named after Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and the great-great-grandson of Noah; Hayk's descendant, Aram, purportedly is the source of the name Armenia
|Government type:
|semi-presidential republic note: a constituional referendum approved in December 2015 will change the government type to a parliamentary system, replacing the semi-presidential system and becoming effective for the 2017-18 electoral cycle
| name: Yerevan
geographic coordinates: 40 10 N, 44 30 E
time difference: UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
|11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan
|21 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 21 September (1991)
|previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995; amended 2005, 2015; note - the 2015 amendment, approved in December 2015 by a public referendum and effective for the 2017-18 electoral cycle, changes the government type from the current semi-presidential system to a parliamentary system (2016) note: the 2015 amendment, approved in December 2015 by a public referendum and effective for the 2017-18 electoral cycle, changes the government type from the current semi-presidential system to a parliamentary system (2016)
|Legal system:
|civil law system
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Serzh SARGSIAN (since 9 April 2008)
head of government: Prime Minister Karen KARAPETYAN (since 13 September 2016)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in two rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 18 February 2013 (next to be held in February 2018); prime minister appointed by the president based on majority support in the National Congress; the prime minister and Council of Ministers must resign if the National Congress refuses to accept their program
election results: Serzh SARGSIAN reelected president in one round; percent of vote - Serzh SARGSIAN (RPA) 58.6%, Raffi HOVHANNISIAN (Heritage Party) 36.7%, Hrant BAGRATIAN (ANM) 2.2%, other 2.5%
note: constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 will transform the government to a parliamentary system by 2018; for the scheduled February 2018 election, the president will be indirectly elected by parliament and will serve a single 7-year term; following the 2018 election, the prime minister will be elected based on majority support of the National Assembly
|Legislative branch:
| description: unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (131 seats; 90 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 41 directly elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: last held on 6 May 2012 (next to be held in the spring of 2017)
election results: percent of vote by party - RPA 44%, Prosperous Armenia 30.1%, ANC 7.1%, Heritage Party 5.8%, ARF (Dashnak) 5.7%, Rule of Law 5.5%, other 1.8%; seats by party - RPA 69, Prosperous Armenia 37, ANC 7, Rule of Law 6, Heritage Party 5, ARF (Dashnak) 5, independent 2
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Court of Cassation (consists of the court chairman and organized into the criminal chamber and a civil and administrative chamber, each with a chamber chairman and 2 judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges) judge selection and term of office: Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body of selected judges and legal scholars; judges appointed by the president; Constitutional Court judges - 4 appointed by the president, and 5 elected by National Assembly; judges of both courts can serve until retirement at age 65
subordinate courts: 2 Courts of Appeal (for civil cases and for criminal and military cases); district courts; Administrative Court
|Political parties and leaders:
|Armenian National Congress or ANC (bloc of independent and opposition parties) [Levon TER-PETROSSIAN] Armenian National Movement or ANM [Ararat ZURABIAN] Armenian Revolutionary Federation or ARF ("Dashnak" Party) [Hrant MARKARIAN] Heritage Party [Raffi HOVHANNISIAN] People's Party of Armenia [Stepan DEMIRCHIAN] Prosperous Armenia [Naira ZOHRABYAN] Republican Party of Armenia or RPA [Serzh SARGSIAN] Rule of Law Party (Orinats Yerkir) [Artur BAGHDASARIAN]
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Aylentrank (Impeachment Alliance) [Nikol PASHINIAN] Yerkrapah Union [Manvel GRIGORIAN]
|International organization participation:
|ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CIS, CSTO, EAEC (observer), EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|Mount Ararat, eagle, lion; national colors: red, blue, orange
|National anthem:
| name: "Mer Hayrenik" (Our Fatherland)
lyrics/music: Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN
note: adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922) but with different lyrics
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Grigor HOVHANNISSIAN (since 28 January 2016)
chancery: 2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 319-1976
consulate(s) general: Glendale (CA)
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Richard MILLS (since 13 February 2015)
embassy: 1 American Ave., Yerevan 0082
mailing address: American Embassy Yerevan, US Department of State, 7020 Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020
telephone: [374](10) 464-700
|^Back to Top
Under the old Soviet central planning system, Armenia developed a modern industrial sector, supplying machine tools, textiles, and other manufactured goods to sister republics, in exchange for raw materials and energy. Armenia has since switched to small-scale agriculture and away from the large agroindustrial complexes of the Soviet era. Armenia has only two open trade borders - Iran and Georgia - because its borders with Azerbaijan and Turkey have been closed since 1991 and 1993, respectively, as a result of Armenia's ongoing conflict with Azerbaijan over the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region. Armenia joined the WTO in January 2003. The government has made some improvements in tax and customs administration in recent years, but anti-corruption measures have been ineffective. Armenia will need to pursue additional economic reforms and strengthen the rule of law in order to regain economic growth and improve economic competitiveness and employment opportunities, especially given its economic isolation from two of its nearest neighbors, Turkey and Azerbaijan. Armenia's geographic isolation, a narrow export base, and pervasive monopolies in important business sectors have made it particularly vulnerable to the sharp deterioration in the global economy and the economic downturn in Russia. Armenia is particularly dependent on Russian commercial and governmental support and most key Armenian infrastructure is Russian-owned and/or managed, especially in the energy sector, including electricity and natural gas. Remittances from expatriates working in Russia are equivalent to about 20% of GDP and partly offset the country's severe trade imbalance. Armenia joined Russia in the Eurasian Economic Union upon the bloc's launch in January 2015, even though the ruble's sharp depreciation in December 2014 led to currency instability, inflation, and a significant decrease in exports from Armenia to Russia.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $26.56 billion (2016 est.) $25.73 billion (2015 est.) $24.97 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $10.75 billion (2015 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|3.2% (2016 est.) 3% (2015 est.) 3.6% (2014 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $8,900 (2016 est.) $8,600 (2015 est.) $8,400 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|18.1% of GDP (2016 est.) 18.3% of GDP (2015 est.) 13.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 72.5%
government consumption: 13.9%
investment in fixed capital: 20%
investment in inventories: 2.5%
exports of goods and services: 31.6%
imports of goods and services: -40.5% (2016 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 72.5%
government consumption: 13.9%
investment in fixed capital: 20%
investment in inventories: 2.5%
exports of goods and services: 31.6%
imports of goods and services: -40.5% (2016 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|fruit (especially grapes), vegetables; livestock
|diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing, brandy, mining
|Industrial production growth rate:
|4.2% (2016 est.)
|Labor force:
|1.559 million (2016 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 39%
industry: 17%
services: 44% (2011 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|18.1% (2016 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|32% (2013 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 24.8% (2012)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|30.3 (2012) 31.3 (2011)
| revenues: $2.445 billion
expenditures: $2.969 billion (2016 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|22.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Public debt:
|53.4% of GDP (2016 est.) 48.8% of GDP (2015 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.4% (2016 est.) 3.7% (2015 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$267 million (2016 est.) -$279 million (2015 est.)
|$1.678 billion (2016 est.) $1.626 billion (2015 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|pig iron, unwrought copper, nonferrous metals, gold, diamonds, mineral products, foodstuffs, energy
|Exports - partners:
|Russia 15.2%, China 11.1%, Germany 9.8%, Iraq 8.8%, Georgia 7.8%, Canada 7.6%, Bulgaria 5.3%, Iran 5.3% (2015)
|$2.638 billion (2016 est.) $2.78 billion (2015 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|natural gas, petroleum, tobacco products, foodstuffs, diamonds, pharmaceuticals, cars
|Imports - partners:
|Russia 29.1%, China 9.7%, Germany 6.2%, Iran 6.1%, Italy 4.6%, Turkey 4.2% (2015)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$1.512 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $1.775 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$8.365 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $8.554 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$4.817 billion (2013)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$132.1 million (31 December 2012 est.) $139.6 million (31 December 2011 est.) $144.8 million (31 December 2010 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|drams (AMD) per US dollar - 492.7 (2016 est.) 477.92 (2015 est.) 477.92 (2014 est.) 415.92 (2013 est.) 401.76 (2012 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|7.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|5.1 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|1.3 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|26 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|4.1 million kW (2014 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|32.2% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|34.3% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|33.5% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|0 bbl (1 January 2016 es)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|8,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|7,809 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|2.5 billion cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|2.061 billion cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|12 million Mt (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
|total: 3.442 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 113 (July 2015 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: telecommunications investments have made major inroads in modernizing and upgrading the outdated telecommunications network inherited from the Soviet era; now 100% privately owned and undergoing modernization and expansion; mobile-cellular services monopo
domestic: reliable modern fixed-line and mobile-cellular services are available across Yerevan and in major cities and towns; mobile-cellular coverage available in most rural areas
international: country code - 374; Yerevan is connected to the Trans-Asia-Europe fiber-optic cable through Iran; additional international service is available by microwave radio relay and landline connections to the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent Sta (2015)
|Broadcast media:
|2 public TV networks operating alongside about 40 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near nationwide coverage; major Russian broadcast stations are widely available; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; Public Radio (2015)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
|total: 1.78 million percent of population: 58.2% (July 2015 est.)
|^Back to Top
|11 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 10
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2013)
|gas 2,233 km (2013)
| total 780 km
broad gauge: 780 km 1.520-m gauge (780 km electrified)
note: 726 km operational (2014)
| total 7,792 km
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Armenian Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Air Force and Air Defense; "Nagorno-Karabakh Republic": Nagorno-Karabakh Self-Defense Force (NKSDF) (2011)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-27 years of age for voluntary or compulsory military service; 2-year conscript service obligation; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)
|Military expenditures:
|4.24% of GDP (2015) 4.29% of GDP (2014) 4.1% of GDP (2013) 3.92% of GDP (2012) 3.87% of GDP (2011)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|the dispute over the break-away Nagorno-Karabakh region and the Armenian military occupation of surrounding lands in Azerbaijan remains the primary focus of regional instability; residents have evacuated the former Soviet-era small ethnic enclaves in Armenia and Azerbaijan; Turkish authorities have complained that blasting from quarries in Armenia might be damaging the medieval ruins of Ani, on the other side of the Arpacay valley; in 2009, Swiss mediators facilitated an accord reestablishing diplomatic ties between Armenia and Turkey, but neither side has ratified the agreement and the rapprochement effort has faltered; local border forces struggle to control the illegal transit of goods and people across the porous, undemarcated Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian borders; ethnic Armenian groups in the Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian Government
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
| refugees (country of origin): 16,611 (Syria - ethnic Armenians) (2015) IDPs: 8,400 (conflict with Azerbaijan over Nagorno-Karabakh) (2015)
stateless persons: 311 (2015)
|Illicit drugs:
|illicit cultivation of small amount of cannabis for domestic consumption; minor transit point for illicit drugs - mostly opium and hashish - moving from Southwest Asia to Russia and to a lesser extent the rest of Europe
|^Back to Top
Back to Flag Counter Overview
Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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First Impression Roger Mayer Metalloid Dual Path Distortion
Ever since the dawn of the distortion pedal, manufacturers have taken a single-path approach to the job of generating filth. Meanwhile, in the studio, producers and engineers have long used dual-path techniques to record big guitar tones: the signal is split to two amps, or one amp and one DI, where different frequency ranges are EQ'd and treated independently before being blended back together to create the desired tone. Inspired by his days in the studio with Jimi Hendrix in the '60s, as well as his work as a designer of high-end recording systems in the years that followed, Roger Mayer has applied this dual-path approach to a first in the pedal world, the UK-made Metalloid Dual Path Distortion ($319 retail/$269 street).
In short, this rectangular black metal box contains two entirely independent distortion circuits that are fed by an internal splitter that separates them into high and low frequency bands; after their individual distortion treatment, the two bands are mixed back together at the output, to the user's taste. On the top face of the Metalliod, each band has its own Drive control to govern the distortion content, and an EQ control that's individually tailored for its frequency range, and which determines the tonal emphasis within the band. The front edge of the enclosure carries controls for Mix and Output level. Here we also find the input jack, one jack for hard-wired (true bypass) output, two for buffered outputs, and a jack for 9V converter input, while a sliding panel on the driver's-side edge conceals the easy-access battery compartment.
How do we approach this new concept in distortion generation? Mayer tells us, "Look at the Metalloid as two distinct distortion units side by side, acting on different parts of the guitar's notes, then mixing them back together to form one sound. For example, the Low Band can control the bass string riffs for a tighter cleaner sound, while the High Band can be set for solo work as you move up the neck." Tested with a Stratocaster, a Telecaster, and a Les Paul into a TopHat Club Royale MkII, I found the Metalloid worked brilliantly at doing exactly this: creating a big heavy-rock sound with firm, piano-like lows with just a hint of hair, married to sizzling, saturated highs. Reversing the settings makes for grungy low riffs with clear, jangling top strings, and there are countless gradations in between. Also, however you set each band, the balance between them that you select with the Mix control adds a further stage of tone shaping. At higher Drive settings the distortion character is gnarly and filthy, with a jagged, asymmetrical edge that really cuts through. With this knob anywhere past two o'clock it's not for timid souls, but lower settings reveal a pedal that easily crafts blues and classic-rock lead tones in addition to its heavier distortion (the user's manual suggests several starting points for different styles). All in all, the Metalloid demands extended experimentation if you hope to discover all that it can do, but it achieves mammoth metal distortion with ease, and there's plenty more potential here once you plumb its dirty depths. —Dave Hunter
Contact: Music Central (877) 692-2060; roger-mayer.co.uk.


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text: Gwen, my love, if one tolerates bad manners, they grow worse. Our pleasant habitat could decay into the sort of slum Elli-Five is, with crowding and unmannerly behavior and unnecessary noise and impolite language. I must find the oaf who did this thing, explain to him his offense, give him a chance to apologize, and kill him. - Robert Heinlein, The Cat Who Walks Through Walls