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Difference between revisions of "Agra"
Revision as of 10:36, 2 July 2012
Agra [18] is the city of the Taj Mahal, in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh, some 200 km from Delhi.
Agra has three UNESCO World Heritage sites, the Taj Mahal and the Agra Fort in the city and Fatehpur Sikri nearby. There are also many other buildings and tombs from Agra's days of glory as the capital of the Mughal Empire.
The city has little else to recommend it. Pollution, especially smog and litter, is rampant and travellers are pestered by swarms of touts and hawkers at every monument, mosque, temple or palace. That said, the sites are some of the wonders of the world and no trip to India is complete without at least one visit to the Taj.
While Agra's heyday was as the capital of the Mughal empire between 1526 and 1658, the city was founded much earlier. The earliest reference to Agra is in the ancient epic, the Mahabharata, while Ptolemy was the first person to call it by its modern name. The recorded history of Agra begins around the 11th century, and over the next 500 years, the city changed hands between various kings, both Hindu and Muslim.
In 1506, Sultan Sikandar Lodi, the ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, moved his capital from Delhi to Agra. His son Ibrahim Lodi was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, as he was defeated in 1526 by Babur, the first Mughal ruler, in the battle of Panipat. Agra fell too, and became the capital of the Mughals, whose rule over Agra was uninterrupted except for a brief period between 1540 and 1556. In 1540, Sher Shah Shuri overthrew Humayun became the ruler of much of North India, including Agra. After Sher Shah Suri's death his descendants proved unequal to the task of ruling the kingdom, and Hemu, a Hindu general of Suri became the effective ruler who would later crown himself King Hemachandra Vikramaditya just as the kingdom was facing an assault from the reinvigorated Mughals. In 1556, Hemu would be defeated and killed in the second battle of Panipat, and the Mughals regained Agra.
Mughals were great builders. Babur built the Aram Bagh (garden of relaxation) modeled after the garden of paradise, where he was eventually buried after his death. His grandson Akbar refurbished the Agra fort and built the Fatehpur Sikri, an entire city just on the outskirts of Agra. He also renamed Agra after himself, and the city was known as Akbarabad while it was in Mughal hands. Akbar's grandson Shah Jehan would give Agra its most famous monument, the Taj Mahal, which is the mausoleum of his beloved wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj is constructed in white marble. It took 20 years to construct, and is now universally known as a monument to love. Legend has it that Shah Jehan wanted a replica of the Taj constructed in black marble that would be his final resting place. There is no actual support for this theory, but even if it were true, it would have been unlikely to be eventuated. His son Aurangzeb was austere and pious, and had no time or inclination for the ostentation of his forefathers, preferring to spend his money on wars in South India. In any case, even during Shah Jehan's reign, which was the period when the Mughal empire was at its height, the construction of the Taj put a strain on the resources of the empire and caused a min-famine around Agra. Shah Jehan was eventually buried in the white Taj, next to his beloved Begum.
Shah Jehan, in addition to giving Agra its greatest claim to fame, was also responsible for beginning its decline, as decided to shift his capital to Shahjehanabad, which we now know as Old Delhi, in 1658. Though Aurangzeb ordered a move back, this too was short lived, as he moved his headquarters down south to Aurangabad to be focus on his wars. Agra declined, and so did the Mughal Empire. The city was eventually captured by the Marathas, who renamed it back to Agra. In 1803, it came under the British, who situated the Agra Presidency there, and when India gained independence, the city was incorporated into the state of Uttar Pradesh, and did not gain even the limited honour of being the state's capital, that distinction going to Lucknow, further east. It is now a tourist town, known for the Taj and a couple of other monuments.
Anyone interested in reading a novel based on the remarkable story behind the Taj Mahal's creation should consider Beneath a Marble Sky by John Shors. Beneath a Marble Sky is an international bestseller, has won multiple awards, and is being made into a movie by Hollywood. Other book (historical fiction) is The Taj by Colin De Silva.
Get in
Agra is 200 km southeast from Delhi and is one of the points of the tourist's Golden Triangle of Agra-Delhi-Jaipur. Agra is also very well connected via rail and road with other nearby cities and tourist destinations.
By plane
Service to Agra's Kheria Airport (IATA: AGR ICAO: VIAG) is seasonal. As of November 2008, the city is served by Kingfisher Airlines and Air India Regional, who both fly on the Delhi-Agra-Jaipur tourist triangle route. The flight time to either is less than an hour. Travelers have had trouble with extreme lateness, and for that reason a hired car may be a safer (and probably cheaper) alternative.
By train
Agra is on the main train line between the Delhi-Mumbai (Bombay) and Delhi-Chennai routes, and many trains connect Agra with these cities every day. Some east-bound trains from Delhi also travel via Agra, so direct connections to points in Eastern India (including Kolkata) are also available. There are close to 20 trains to Delhi every day, and at least three or four to both Mumbai and Chennai. Agra and Delhi are notorious for their thick winter fog which reduces visibility to almost zero. If travelling in late December or early January (the fog season), travelers should be aware that, because of the reduced visibility, all trains slow down and travel time goes up. The Bhopal Shatabdi, for example, may arrive in Agra well after 10AM, and might return to Delhi well after midnight. From a safety point of view, it is always preferable to travel by train during the winters. Driving in fog on the road is very risky. There are three stations in Agra:
For local sight seen in Agra, it is better option to hire taxi on Full day bases (8 Hour 80 Km).
Train tickets can be booked online through India Railways paying by debit or credit card. Once one is at Agra station could hire UP tourism conducted tours on air-conditioned luxury coaches. Also, organize tour is available [19]from Delhi.
Delhi to Agra by road - New highway is being constructed from Greater Noida to Taj Mahal City. It should take 2 to 3 hours & could be very popular among tourist as the road condition matches all international standard.
Also train number 2965 from agra cantonment to Jaipur at 5:40 PM. The train arrives at 10:15 PM. ₹300 AC chair.
A Day's Excursion from Delhi to Agra
It is easy to visit Agra as a comfortable day trip by train from Delhi. Rise early in the morning and hop on to an AC chair car seat on the Bhopal Shatabdi (6:15AM) at New Delhi Railway Station (conveniently close to the backpacker hangout of Paharganj). Breakfast is served on the train (included in the fare), usually an omelet with a couple of slices of bread and coffee or tea. Arrive refreshed in Agra and, depending on your budget, either rent a car for the day or use rickshaws to get around. A visit to the Taj, followed by Agra Fort does not take a great deal of time. Add a visit to Akbar's tomb and/or itmad-ud-daulah (auto-rickshaw or taxi required), and you will still have time for a comfortable lunch and some r&r before catching the return train at 8:30PM where you can dine in the comfort of your seat (dinner is included in the fare). With a hired car, it is even possible for the hardy soul to swing by for a visit to Fatehpur Sikri for the complete Agra visit!
By bus
A number of buses connect Agra with Delhi. It takes around 4-5 hours to reach Agra by bus. There are basically three interstate bus stands:
Note: Do not prey on Private Luxury Buses and Travel Agencies as they are very expensive and may drop you to your destination late. They'll also tell you that the bus is direct to the destination but it's not.
By Taxi
A reliable way of booking your cab is to book it online. There are a couple of other sites where you have the luxury of choosing from a variety of options - Savaari.com,Clearcar Rental Pvt Ltd, GetMeCab.com and www.cabgurgaon.com.
You can either book a taxi from hotel or directly book one outside the railway station. There is government authorized taxi stand. ₹950/day for 8 hours. It maybe more costly to book through hotel as hotels do have their in the fares. It is better to negotiate with the driver directly or book trough some online car rental portal.
Cars are not allowed near the Taj Complex, but the rest of Agra is easily discovered by car. Rental is available from the following companies, eCabs Enterprises Car Rental and Hertz.
By road
It is possible to hire a car with a driver (a big car for five persons from/to the Delhi airport costs ₹3500). But beware! If you need to get from Agra to the airport in order to catch a flight, be sure to allow plenty of time for the trip, as traffic conditions may increase the drive time significantly. Also, it is wise to know your driver. There are situations when he may take over five hours to cover the distance, and you cannot force him to drive any faster than an autorickshaw (tuk-tuk).
if you come from jaipur to Agra or Agra to jaipur, you will have better choice to have breakfast or Lunch on very good heritage Rajputana Midway near Village Pipalkhera(Mahua)
Get around
Tongas, electric buses and electric tempos are readily available, and the best way to get to the Taj where no cars are allowed. Auto-rickshaws and cycle-rickshaws are available every where, remember to agree on fares clearly in advance. In case you are a foreigner, please ensure that you bargain everywhere and bargain hard! Generally things are available at 40% of the initially quoted fares.
The best way to experience the city is to take a walk on the Mall Road (Sadar). The street is full of handicraft and leather goods shops. You will also find plenty of food items quite unique to the city. Indian palate is generally very spicy. Please ensure that you carry antacid tablets in case you are not habitual to the spicy foods
As a guide, an auto rickshaw from Agra Cantonement station to the Taj Mahal is about Rs 80 (at least in off season); and a cycle rickshaw from the Taj Mahal to Agra Fort is Rs 40.
Agra's top two sights by far are the incomparable Taj Mahal and Agra Fort. When planning your sightseeing, take heed of the convoluted entry fee system: for Taj Mahal, Agra Fort, Itmud-ad-Daulah, Sikandra and Fatehpur Sikri, you must pay a ₹500 levy to the Agra Development Authority in addition to the prices mentioned below. Once paid, the levy is valid for all sights, but only for one day. However, If you are not going to the Taj Mahal or happen to turn up on a Friday, then you do not have to pay the ₹500 levy but a smaller one if you are going to the other sites. Eg ₹50 for Red Fort
Current prices (June 2012) are: ₹750 for Taj Mahal (250 entrance + 500 levy) and ₹300 for Agra Fort (250 entrance + 50 levy). One gets ₹50 discount when presenting ticket for Taj Mahal at Agra Fort. The Taj Mahal entry fee also includes a 500mL bottle of water and shoe covers. Make sure you pick them up when you buy your ticket.
Official Guides
Official guides are available for Agra for INR 900 (approx US$ 20) for a half day (including Taj Mahal & Agra Fort). Contact your hotel for details. Any guide that charges less than that is probably an unlicensed tout. Most unlicensed touts have fake IDs and focus more on taking you shopping rather than on presenting accurate information.
Audio Guides
Effective April 2011, the Archaeological Survey of India introduced an official self guided audio tour facility of international standards for visitors. The tour allows visitors to experience the Taj Mahal and Agra Fort at their own pace, with authentic and factually accurate information. Visitors may avail of the audio guide facility from the official audio guide booth near the monument ticket counters. Prices for audio guide services are ₹105 (approx US$ 2) in English & Foreign Languages or ₹63 in Hindi & Indian Languages. Reviews for the audio guides have been positive on tripadvisor and other travel websites. Several Apps for self-guided tours are also available for Iphone and Android phones.
Taj Mahal
Please note that the Taj Mahal is closed every Friday
The Taj Mahal is an immense mausoleum of white marble, built between 1631 and 1648 by order of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favourite wife. Taj Mahal means Crown Palace; one of the wife's names was Mumtaz Mahal, Ornament of the Palace. The Taj is one of the most well preserved and architecturally beautiful tombs in the world, one of the masterpieces of Indian Muslim architecture, and one of the great sites of the world's heritage.
The Taj Mahal has a life of its own that leaps out of marble, provided you understand that it is a monument of love. The Indian poet Rabindranath Tagore called it a teardrop on the cheek of eternity, while the English poet, Sir Edwin Arnold, said it was Not a piece of architecture, as other buildings are, but the proud passions of an emperor's love wrought in living stones. It is a celebration of woman built in marble and that is the way to appreciate it.
Although it is one of the most photographed edifices in the world and instantly recognisable, actually seeing it is awe-inspiring. Not everything is in the photos. The grounds of the complex include several other beautiful buildings, reflecting pools, and extensive ornamental gardens with flowering trees and bushes, and a small gift shop. The Taj framed by trees and reflected in a pool is amazing. Close up, large parts of the building are covered with inlaid stonework.
There is an apocryphal tale that Shah Jahan planned to build an exact copy out of black marble on the opposite side of the river. His plans were foiled by his son, who murdered three elder brothers and overthrew his father to acquire the throne. Shah Jahan is now buried alongside his wife in the Taj Mahal.
If you are taking a camera, beware that because the Taj is white your camera may underexpose your photos. If it is a film camera you will not find out until it is too late. Overexposure by 1 or 2 stops is recommended.
The Taj is open from 6:00 AM to 7:30 PM every day except Friday. Entry costs ₹250 (plus levy of ₹500) for foreigners and ₹20 for Indians. Get there as early as possible to beat the crowds, and plan to visit the Taj at least two different times during the day (dusk and dawn are best) in order to experience the full effect of changing sunlight on the amazing building. It is also utterly stunning under a full moon. To buy tickets, you can go to the south gate, but this gate is 1 km far away of the entrance and the counter open at 8:00 AM. At the west and east gate, the counter open at 6:00 AM. Alongside the ticket counter, you can also purchase a self-guided audio tour (allows two to a device) for ₹100 in English and foreign languages and ₹60 for Indian languages.
The Taj is located pretty much in the middle of town. Expect a line to get into the grounds. There are three gates. The western gate is the main gate where most tourists enter. A large number of people turn up on weekends and public holidays and entry through the western gate may take hours. The southern and eastern gates are much less busy and should be tried on such days.
There are night viewing sessions on the nights of a full moon and the two days before and after (so five days in total). Exceptions are Fridays (the Muslim sabbath) and the month of Ramadan. Tickets must be purchased 24 hours in advance, starting at 10am, but do not always sell out, so it can be worth looking into it when you arrive even if well after 10am. Tickets only allow viewing from the red sandstone plaza at the south end of the complex, and only for a 1/2 hour window.
Make sure to wear mosquito repellent.
It is a good idea to bring a flashlight, because the interior of the Taj Mahal is quite dark (even during the day) and to fully appreciate the details of the gem inlays, you need a good light.
Agra Fort
The fort is similar in layout to the Red Fort in Delhi, but considerably better preserved, as much of Delhi Fort was razed by the British after the Mutiny. As much as palace as a defensive structure, it is also constructed mainly from red sandstone.
Emperor Akbar, king at 14, began consolidating his empire and, as an assertion of his power built the fort in Agra between 1565 and 1571, at the same time as Humayun's Tomb in Delhi. Emperor Shah Jahan added to the fort and ended up a prisoner in it. The fort has a beautiful view of his masterpiece, the Taj Mahal, on a clear day.
You can get to the fort by Rickshaw from Taj Mahal for around ₹25-30. Entry to the fort is ₹250 (plus levy of ₹50 if you have not already paid the ₹500 fee for Taj Mahal).
There are left luggage services at Agra Fort where you can stow your bags at no cost. A fine of ₹5,000 applies if you lose your luggage ticket.
There are also audio guides available at Agra Fort which you can rent for a cost of ₹100 in English and other foreign languages (German, French, Spanish, etc) or ₹60 in Indian languages such as Hindi or Bengali.
Other sights
Agra has many shops selling various stone products, from jewellery to small boxes and plaques with inlay work resembling that on the Taj. The best of these are wonderful, and even the run-of-the-mill ones are rather pretty. Agra is also famous for its leather goods. Consider spending time in Sadar Bazaar for some shopping and enjoying cheap food.
Beware of being overcharged. Do not let anyone lead you to a shop, lest the price go up to cover their commission, typically 50%. Be very wary of the promises these people make. Bargain hard. Be prepared to walk away, you can nearly always get the same items in another shop. Also remember that in these globalized times, you can always order stuff you liked in your visit over the internet after you return. Expect to encounter petty and greedy shopowners who will resort to every lie in the book to make a sale (with initial markups of 1000-10000%).
Mughal Bazar on the Taj East Gate road (0091-9358143210; [email protected]), about 2km from the East Gate is a better place to shop for your obligatory Taj Mahal figurine vs. the little stores nearby the gate. Much more relaxed and friendly with better prices for the same goods, and no petty lies to make a sale.
Many local markets are there: SADAR BAZAR..a sophisticated market, Raja ki Mandi market, Sanjay Place for all the offices, Shah Market for electronics. All these markets are situated along the M G Road. Hospital Road Market and Subhash Bazar for clothing situated near Agra Fort railway station. Rawatpara market is for spices of all origin. Besides these there are many branded showrooms situated along the M G Road..
Be careful with the jewels: Lots of stones are fakes and the price is very high!
Agra specialities are petha, a type of very sweet candy, and Dal Moth, a spicy lentil mix. Both are also popular souvenirs.
Chaat. Agra is a heaven for any Chaat lover. Chaat can be of various types but there is one thing common among them all is that they are spicy and you will find crowd outside virtually every chaat stall, especially popular places like Double Phatak (near Sikandra) for Mangores. You'll find quality Bhallas and Panipuri at Sadar and Belangunj. Samosa and Kachori are found at every sweet shop that flood the city. Some typical chaat items are Aloo Tikki (made by roasting mess made out of boiled potatoes), paneer tikka (cubes of cottage cheese baked in a tandoor with spices), pani puri or golguppa (small round hollow shells filled with a potato-based filling and a spicy sweet blend of sauces), mangores, Samosaes, Chachori etc. If you want to savour the typical Agra Breakfast do remember to have a bite of one of those spicy Berahi and round it off with sweet Jalebies.
Sweets. There are quite a few good sweets shops all round the city. The best stores for buying the famous petha of Agra are at Hari Parwat, a short ride from Agra Fort. Amongst the well-known stores are Panchi's , Bhimsain BaidyaNath and The Pracheen Petha store. There are many types of petha available but, for the authentic experience, try either the plain one (ivory white) or Angoori Flavored (rectangular and yellow pieces soaked in sugar syrup). Other stores in Agra include: Bikanervala, Deviram, Munnalal Petha, Gopaldas, and Ajanta Sweets, Kamla Nagar. Do remember to round off your meal with a Joda(Pair) of Pan unique to the city.
There is also an abundance of Korean food at most restaurants.
There are several restaurants in the Taj Ganj area, catering for the many tourists staying around the Taj Mahal.
Most hotel staff will be happy to find you a cold bottle of Indian beer for around ₹70-100, but there is virtually no nightlife in Agra outside of cultural shows at some of the larger hotels and restaurants. After getting off the streets of Agra and into your hotel, you will not want to go back anyway.
Thanks to heavy competition, Agra's five-star hotels are pretty good value compared to most other cities in India.
Agra comes under Uttar Pradesh (west) circle as per TRAI. BSNL [22],Airtel [23] are the two main providers of terrestrial telephone lines in Agra, while BSNL [24], AirTel [25], Vodafone [26] and Idea [27] provide GSM (triband) and Reliance [28] and Tata [29]provide CDMA services.
There are several internet cafes / Cyber Cafes from where you can access the internet for sending email or uploading your digital photos.
Many cheap café's, such as the Taj Cafe also have free wifi for you to use.
Get out
Note: Do not prey on Private Luxury Buses and Travel Agencies as they are very expensive and may drop you to your destination late. They'll also tell you that the bus is direct to the destination but it's not.


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François Hollande became many French conservative women's most favorite socialist politician of all time. Not only his government attacked the Islamists in Mali but they have also decided to expel some radical imams from France.
Well, the second event is a positive one and I am somewhat less enthusiastic about the first one because the situation in Mali is mostly incomprehensible to me and I am not an instant fanatical supporter of anyone who just happens not to be a Muslim. And the 75% tax for the rich in France is just insane and it will be harmful to the country, too.
Prague at night, taken a few days ago by Kevin Ford from the International Space Station. Altitude 400 km, speed 27,000 kph. Picture with geographic local names.
But what the Czechs are stunned by is this plan:
Lights out – France to force shops and offices to go dark overnightFrom July 1st, shop windows won't be allowed to be illuminated at night. The same is true for offices after the last workers leave and so on. During Christmas, you will need paperwork from local bureaucrats for Christmas tree lights that would violate the rules. Paris could soon seem very different than it looks now – and very different than Prague on the picture. It could resemble North Korea that permanently celebrates the Earth Day.
How do they justify this insanity? The emissions of CO2 may be reduced by 250,000 tons per year. Even if you believed the IPCC that the CO2 emissions are heating the Earth by 3 °C a century, which is at least a 3-fold overestimate, it's still due to 30 billion tons of CO2 a year. So we're talking about 10 parts of million of the global emissions which means 30 microkelvins per century or 0.0000003 °C of "mitigated warming" per year. Did I miss a zero? I hope it's correct.
Do they really want to turn these things off?
A rational person surely doesn't think that it's appropriate to pay the price of Paris looking like Pyongyang at night for this utterly negligible – and negative, when you look carefully – change.
"Light pollution" is quoted as another justification. I've seen some movies about "light pollution" and although one could a priori think that this could be a legitimate concern, I think that all the people claiming that light pollution is a problem are Luddite lunatics, too. There's just lots of places on Earth where light pollution is nearly non-existent. You may still go there. It's probably not too important because not too many people are going there.
Delphine Batho, France's minister of "ecology and sustainable development". It's just an example of political correctness run amok when an insanely stupid slut of this type whose main "achievement" is her previous membership in various violent left-wing guerilla groups becomes a minister in one of the cradles of modern democracy who may decide about totally technical questions such as the amount of artificial light in the whole country.
Light isn't garbage. Light is what God wanted to exist before He said it was great. Light is what we use to see all the pretty and other things. Lumo is light in esperanto. Light is \(\gamma\), photons, quanta of the gauge field of the only unbroken unconfined gauge group we have in Nature. Light is great. Who hates light is a satanist, a Devil fanatic, a Dark Age advocate, a loon.
At any rate, I am calmed down at least by the clear comment by the Czech ministry of environment that they "resolutely reject all similar kinds of obscurantism". I sort of believe that this attitude would persist even if the current center-right government were replaced by a left-wing one. Also, our newly chosen president elect often mentions the EU light bulb ban as his favorite example of absurdities that shouldn't be decided at the EU level.


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Another dilapidated structure removed.
• The city of Shawnee condemned 36 structures during 2012.
• The city has condemned a total 84 the last two years.
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• On Thursday, this was the latest to come down.
• It's located at 10 W. Ridgewood.
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|MLBPA Press Release
Last season, Jackson led all Major League rookies in hits (181), runs (103) and stolen bases (27), while finishing second among rookies in total bases (247), doubles (34) and games played (151-tie).
Inge captured the Marvin Miller Man of the Year award, named for the founding executive director of the Major League Baseball Players Association and awarded to the player whose on-field and off-field performances most inspire others to higher levels of achievement, for his work with C.S. Mott Childrens Hospital in Ann Arbor, Mich., and other causes.
In recognition of Jacksons outstanding performance, the Major League Baseball Players Trust will make a $20,000 contribution to the charity of his choice. On Inges behalf, the Players Trust made a $50,000 contribution to C.S. Mott Childrens Hospital. Since 1992, the Players Trust has contributed close to $3 million to 180 different charities around the world in honor of Players Choice Award winners.
Through the Players Trust, Major Leaguers contribute their time, money and celebrity to call attention to important causes affecting the needy and to help encourage others to get involved in their own communities. In partnership with Volunteers of America, the national human service organization, the Players Trust administers the Action Team, a national youth volunteer program currently inspiring the next generation of volunteers in more than 160 high schools in cities throughout the United States. For more information on the Major League Baseball Players Trust, please visit http://www.youtube.com/user/MLBPlayersTrust.
The Players Choice Awards winners (Outstanding Pitchers, Rookies, Comeback Players, Player of the Year and the Marvin Miller Man of the Year) were selected by secret ballot of all Major League baseball players, under the supervision of accounting firm KPMG.
Please visit http://mlbplayers.mlb.com/pa/programs/choice_winners.jsp for a complete list of previous Players Choice Awards winners.
2010 Players Choice Awards finalists (winners in bold, underlined)
American League:
Outstanding Player: Jose Bautista (Toronto), Miguel Cabrera (Detroit), Josh Hamilton (Texas)
Outstanding Pitcher: Felix Hernandez (Seattle), David Price (Tampa Bay), CC Sabathia (NY Yankees)
Outstanding Rookie: Wade Davis (Tampa Bay), Neftali Feliz (Texas), Austin Jackson (Detroit)
Comeback Player: Freddy Garcia (Chicago White Sox), Vladimir Guerrero (Texas), Francisco Liriano (Minnesota)
National League:
Outstanding Player: Carlos Gonzalez (Colorado), Albert Pujols (St. Louis), Joey Votto (Cincinnati)
Outstanding Pitcher: Roy Halladay (Philadelphia), Ubaldo Jimenez (Colorado), Adam Wainwright (St. Louis)
Outstanding Rookie: Jaime Garcia (St. Louis), Jason Heyward (Atlanta), Buster Posey (San Francisco)
Comeback Player: R.A. Dickey (NY Mets), Tim Hudson (Atlanta), Aubrey Huff (San Francisco)
Either league:
Player of Year: Carlos Gonzalez (Colorado), Josh Hamilton (Texas), Joey Votto (Cincinnati)
Man of the Year: Torii Hunter (LA Angels of Anaheim), Brandon Inge (Detroit), Troy Tulowitzki (Colorado)
The Major League Baseball Players Association (www.MLBPLAYERS.com) is the collective bargaining representative for all professional baseball players of the thirty Major League Baseball teams and serves as the exclusive group licensing agent for commercial and licensing activities involving active Major League baseball players. On behalf of its members, it operates the Players Choice licensing program and Players Choice Awards, which benefit the needy through the Major League Baseball Players Trust, a charitable foundation established and run entirely by Major League baseball players. Please visit the Players Trust Channel on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/user/MLBPlayersTrust.


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Looking for design inspiration? Browse our curated collections!
Rosa Lutea And Rosa Indica by Pierre Joseph Redoute - 5.875" x 8.000"
Archival Matte Paper
Rolled in a Tube
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Art Print
Rosa Lutea And Rosa Indica art print by Pierre Joseph Redoute. Our prints are produced on acid-free papers using archival inks to guarantee that they last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. All art prints include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting, if desired.
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All prints ship in durable cardboard tubes.
Fine Art America is one of the largest, most-respected giclee printing companies in the world with over 40 years of experience producing museum-quality prints. All of our prints are produced on state-of-the-art, professional-grade Epson printers.
We use acid-free papers and canvases with archival inks to guarantee that your prints last a lifetime without fading or loss of color. Paper prints include a 1" white border around the image to allow for future framing and matting. Canvas prints include a 2.5" white border to allow for future stretching on stretcher bars.
Prints ship within 3 - 4 business days in durable cardboard tubes.
Average Rating (4.92 Stars):
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Rosa Lutea and Rosa Indica, from 'Les Choix des Plus Belles Fleurs', 1827 by Redoute, Pierre Joseph (1759-1840); rose jaune et rose de Bengale; French,
USE DISCOUNT CODE XVDMZT FOR EXTRA SAVINGS!!! Welcome to Bridgeman Images Fine Art Print Gallery featuring hundreds of iconic fine art images from leading museums, picture libraries and private art collections. Here you can purchase high-quality fine art prints of works by world famous artists such as Van Gogh, Monet and Vermeer and many more.
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If you're not happy with a purchase that you made on FineArtAmerica.com, for any reason, you can return it to us within 30 days of the order date. As soon as it arrives, we'll issue a full refund for the entire purchase price. Please note - Fine Art America does not reimburse the outgoing or return shipping charges unless the return is due to a defect in quality.
Fine Art America sells thousands of pieces of artwork each month - all with a 100% money-back guarantee. We take great pride in the fact that hundreds of thousands of artists have chosen Fine Art America to fulfill their orders, and we look forward to helping you select your next piece!
All art prints ship from our production facility within 2 - 3 business days of your order.


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Nothing in your bag yet.Get shopping girl!
Apparel Size Chart
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My Background
My Department
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
My Division
Rehabilitation Psychology
Appointments: (614) 293-3830
Rehab. Psychiatry
Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center
4/1/1982 - 6/1/1983
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Rehabilitation Psychology
At The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, we support a faculty member's research and consulting in collaboration with medical device, research and/or drug companies because a faculty member's expertise can guide important advancements in the practice of medicine and improve patient care. In order to provide effective management of these relationships, the University requires annual disclosures from all faculty members with external interests related to their University responsibilities.
As of 12/20/2018, Dr. Corrigan has reported no relationships with companies or entities.
Get tips from Ohio State experts right to your inbox.
We'll be in touch every so often with health tips, patient stories, important resources and other information you need to keep you and your family healthy. Welcome to our online community here at the Ohio State Wexner Medical Center!


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Bulova Watch 97B170
We Price Match!Seen it cheaper?
From the Classic Collection. New Wilton style with six-hand chronograph function. Rose gold-tone stainless steel case with applied Roman markers, tachymeter and calendar feature on dark blue textured dial, domed mineral glass, croco-embossed blue leather strap with double-press deployant closure, and water resistance to 30 meters. Diameter: 46.5mm Thickness: 12.3mm
This watch is supplied with:
- check Official Bulova presentation box
- check Official Bulova guarantee
- check Instruction manual (where applicable)
This product can be shipped to:
- UK (United Kingdom)
- EU (European Union)
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Bulova is one of the longest-established global watch brands, beginning with a flagship store in Manhattan which opened in 1875. The legacy of Bulova revolves around the classic art of quality timekeeping fused with a loving embrace of the future. The brand is recognised internationally for its use of only the highest quality materials, with collections at a choice of price points and a variety of innovative styles. If you find the selection here doesn't suit you, take a look at even more Bulova-designed watches in the Caravelle New York collection. From stylish dress watches to the ultimate in precision timepieces, the Bulova brand has been exceeding expectations for nearly a century and a half. The men's collection ranges from elegant yet ultimately masculine choices for evening wear to dazzling, funky casual wrist accessories. Ladies will find something to suit any occasion, whether it calls for subtle yet graceful, sparkl
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50% off Discount shown in cart
Viola Short Robe
Comfy cozy robe perfect for the long, cold nights. Short and fluffy, this lightweight robe will keep you warm through any weather. Button clasp for convenience.
- Fabric: nylon 58%, cotton 40%, spandex 2%, lining: cotton 100%
- Lining: cotton 100%
Use only cold or warm water as hot water might break down delicate lace and silk fabrics if they are contained in the products. Machine washable using laundry bag if the product does not contain lace and silk. Ornate or delicate pieces are recommended to wash by hand and dry naturally for better maintenance.
We want you to be completely satisfied with your purchase. We offer conditional free shipping within continental US, please check our monthly promotions for free shipping offer details. Return is free. Please note that nail polish are final sale and cannot be returned due to restrictions by the Department of Transportation. For more information, you may review our return policy at the bottom of the page. For additional assistance, please reach out to our customer care team by emailing firstname.lastname@example.com or call 855-844-0545 (Monday to Friday, 9:00am to 6:00pm PST).


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Nintendo, PlayStation, Xbox – Sam's Club has it all. Whether you're looking for game consoles, handheld systems or just the latest release of your favorite game, you've come to the right place. Pick up the latest titles and gaming accessories you're looking for at low, everyday prices.
Sam's Club offers the latest systems including the Xbox One and Playstation 4. With both of the latest consoles and a great selection of games, you are sure to find everything to make the gamer in your house happy. We also offer both the Disney Infinity and Skylanders games.
Nintendo Wii and Wii U are favorites among younger games and those that love a little action. You can get it bundled with the popular Super Mario Bros game or Wii Fit with the interactive Balance Board.
PlayStation 3 with Blu-ray technology offers gamers a high-def experience. You can purchase the console bundled with controllers, a Blu-ray remote and the PS3 games. The Xbox 360 can be paired with the new Kinect system. The Kinect sensor uses full-body tracking, allowing you to be the controller. Of course, serious gamers can also play their favorite Xbox 360 games such as Call of Duty, Halo, Skyrim and Assassin's Creed.
Gamers have a wide variety of choices available which is suitable for their age. Each game is rated, so it's now easier for parents to choose a game which is age-appropriate for their children.
Playing video games can also benefit children and adolescents alike, some which include promoting skills, team building, and problem solving skills. When choosing a game, check the rating to ensure your children are playing a game suitable for their age.
Happy gaming with Sam's Club.


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Erin Heatherton, a Victoria's Secret model, is dating Cleveland Browns tight end Jordan Cameron, according to Page Six. Heatherton, who previously dated Leo DiCaprio, has been dating Cameron – 20 catches, one TD this season, his second year in the NFL – since November.
We reported that the model was spotted with a tall dark- haired guy at Lure Fishbar last week. Page Six can reveal that the Victoria's Secret model is dating Jordan Cameron, a former college basketball and football player who is now a tight end for the Cleveland Browns.
Cameron, who went to USC – he started at BYU – is the brother of Brynn Cameron (former USC hoops player), who happens to be Baby Mama of Matt Leinart. They've got quite the athletic family: Jordan played basketball and volleyball in high school; his younger brother Colby, was the QB at Louisiana Tech.
The last Cleveland Brown to be this successful off the field has to be Jeff Garcia, right? Perhaps Brady Quinn? [Page 6 H/T Jim]


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ICD-10 Code T21.76XS
Corrosion of third degree of male genital region, sequela
|Short Description:
|Corrosion of third degree of male genital region, sequela
|Long Description:
|Corrosion of third degree of male genital region, sequela
Valid for Submission
ICD-10 T21.76XS is a billable code used to specify a medical diagnosis of corrosion of third degree of male genital region, sequela. The code is valid for the year 2019 for the submission of HIPAA-covered transactions.
Code Classification
- Injury, poisoning and certain other consequences of external causes (S00–T98)
Information for Medical Professionals
Code Edits
The Medicare Code Editor (MCE) detects and reports errors in the coding of claims data. The following ICD-10 Code Edits are applicable to this code:
- Diagnoses for males only - Diagnoses for males only.
Convert T21.76XS to ICD-9
The following crosswalk between ICD-10 to ICD-9 is based based on the General Equivalence Mappings (GEMS) information:
- 906.8 - Late effect of burns NEC (Approximate Flag)
Present on Admission (POA)
T21.76XS is exempt from POA reporting - The Present on Admission (POA) indicator is used for diagnosis codes included in claims involving inpatient admissions to general acute care hospitals. POA indicators must be reported to CMS on each claim to facilitate the grouping of diagnoses codes into the proper Diagnostic Related Groups (DRG). CMS publishes a listing of specific diagnosis codes that are exempt from the POA reporting requirement.
CMS POA Indicator Options and Definitions
|POA Indicator Code
|POA Reason for Code
|CMS will pay the CC/MCC DRG?
|Diagnosis was present at time of inpatient admission.
|Diagnosis was not present at time of inpatient admission.
|Documentation insufficient to determine if the condition was present at the time of inpatient admission.
|Clinically undetermined - unable to clinically determine whether the condition was present at the time of inpatient admission.
|Unreported/Not used - Exempt from POA reporting.
Information for Patients
A burn is damage to your body's tissues caused by heat, chemicals, electricity, sunlight, or radiation. Scalds from hot liquids and steam, building fires and flammable liquids and gases are the most common causes of burns. Another kind is an inhalation injury, caused by breathing smoke.
There are three types of burns:
- First-degree burns damage only the outer layer of skin
- Second-degree burns damage the outer layer and the layer underneath
- Third-degree burns damage or destroy the deepest layer of skin and tissues underneath
Burns can cause swelling, blistering, scarring and, in serious cases, shock, and even death. They also can lead to infections because they damage your skin's protective barrier. Treatment for burns depends on the cause of the burn, how deep it is, and how much of the body it covers. Antibiotic creams can prevent or treat infections. For more serious burns, treatment may be needed to clean the wound, replace the skin, and make sure the patient has enough fluids and nutrition.
NIH: National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- Burns (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Chemical burn or reaction (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Minor burns - aftercare (Medical Encyclopedia)
- Skin graft (Medical Encyclopedia)
[Learn More]
ICD-10 Footnotes
General Equivalence Map Definitions
The ICD-10 and ICD-9 GEMs are used to facilitate linking between the diagnosis codes in ICD-9-CM and the new ICD-10-CM code set. The GEMs are the raw material from which providers, health information vendors and payers can derive specific applied mappings to meet their needs.
- Approximate Flag - The approximate flag is on, indicating that the relationship between the code in the source system and the code in the target system is an approximate equivalent.
- No Map Flag - The no map flag indicates that a code in the source system is not linked to any code in the target system.
- Combination Flag - The combination flag indicates that more than one code in the target system is required to satisfy the full equivalent meaning of a code in the source system.


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After being arrested on charges of decapitating his son in 2011, a Thibodaux man told a mental hospital guard he was not worried about his trial "because I have a good family and a good lawyer. I'm on Easy Street," according to documents read in court Wednesday.
After being arrested on charges of decapitating his son in 2011, a Thibodaux man told a mental hospital guard he was not worried about his trial "because I have a good family and a good lawyer. I'm on Easy Street," according to documents read in court Wednesday.
Such a statement does not automatically mean Jeremiah Wright, 31, is fit to stand trial nor that he's mentally stable, witnesses for the defense said Wednesday during the second day of a hearing to address those issues.
A Lafourche Parish judge decided to send Wright to a state mental hospital in Jackson in October 2011 to try to make Wright competent after doctors said he wasn't able to assist in his defense. The next month, the guard made note of Wright's statement about not being worried.
After making that statement, Wright began acting irrationally when he went back to the psychiatric ward, according to documents.
Evidence could suggest that the "guard's statements are what triggered the changing of (Wright's) diagnosis" from incompetent in 2011 to competent nine months later, Wright's attorney Cecilia Bonin told Judge John LeBlanc Wednesday in the Thibodaux courtroom.
"The root of this problem begins 11 days after his arrival, ... when the guard says something, and they latch onto it," Bonin said.
The defense's witnesses have testified that Wright, at least at the times they examined him, did not appear able mentally to assist in his defense for a trial.
Wright is accused killing his 7-year-old son, Jori Lirette on Aug. 14, 2011. Lirette, who had cerebral palsy, was bound to a wheelchair, fed through a tube and required around-the-clock care.
Though the doctors who were in charge of Wright's care last year declared him fit to stand trial and sent him back to the Lafourche Parish jail, it's up to LeBlanc to decide whether that's true.
The hearing is scheduled to end Friday. If LeBlanc declares him competent, prosecutors can continue with their first-degree murder charge against Wright, with the death penalty as the possible sentence. If the judge declares him incompetent, Wright will be sent back to the hospital, and doctors will try to treat him until his competency is assessed again.
Prosecutors called Dr. John Thompson, chief of staff at Wright's former hospital, to the stand Wednesday. He said guards at the Jackson facility are considered "therapeutic" correctional guards because they're trained to interact with mentally ill patients and are also considered "psych techs."
Thompson said his hospital is able to restore about 70 percent of its patients to competency, which is the same as the national average.
The average amount of time patients spend at the hospital is between 70 and 110 days, Thompson said. Wright spent nine months there.
One of Wright's doctors "tends to be a guy who's careful in his process and wants to make sure he does it right. ... I think that's probably why it took a long time," Thompson said.
Lafourche District Attorney Cam Morvant II asked one of the defense's witnesses, forensic psychologist Richard Rogers, if Rogers would want to know if a patient he was observing in a controlled environment "acted completely differently outside that controlled environment."
Rogers responded "yes."
Wright has been present during this week's hearing. In a bullet-proof vest and handcuffs, he displayed little expression while watching testimony.
One of the defense's witnesses, Dr. Joseph Sesta, a neuropsychologist, made note of Wright's "flat" demeanor in court.
Wright behaved similarly when he examined him and was "as interested in my exam as he seems to be in these courtroom proceedings, from what I can see," Sesta said.
As he cross-examined the defense's witnesses, Morvant asked them if it was logical Wright would perform poorly during psychiatric tests and interviews because the better he did, the more likely he would face a death-penalty charge in the future. They were reluctant to give a clear answer.
Rogers testified that in his study of seven forensic centers, 5 percent of patients were definitely making up or exaggerating their illnesses to avoid consequences and 20 percent were possibly doing so.
The hearing is moving slowly, with expert witnesses on the stand for hours as they describe technical psychological tests and data. More than a dozen witnesses could testify, but after two days, the prosecution and defense have only questioned five people.
"We've got to figure out how we're going to move this to reach a conclusion," LeBlanc told the attorneys Wednesday.
Staff Writer Katie Urbaszewski can be reached at 448-7617 or email@example.com.


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Pennsylvania Mystery Species Clue No. 3: Adult is about a quarter-inch long, and yellowish-tan to dark brown.
Pennsylvania Mystery Species, a weekly, serial contest about the wild things and wild places of Pennsylvania, continues today with the third clue for the week.
Daily Monday through Friday, new clues are offered to help readers frame their guesses about the species identity. The first few readers making correct identifications will be listed when the species identity is revealed here on Saturday.
Send your guesses to firstname.lastname@example.com. To be noted as making a correct identification, you must include your full name and hometown with your guess.
Previous clues for this week's mystery species can be found at www.pennlive.com/outdoors, where you also will find ongoing coverage of the wild things and wild places of Pennsylvania. In addition, Marcus Schneck, outdoor and nature writer with The Patriot-News, takes questions, comments, photos and videos at firstname.lastname@example.com.
Pennsylvania Mystery Species: Clue No. 3
Pennsylvania Mystery Species Clue No. 3: Adult is about a quarter-inch long, and yellowish-tan to dark brown.


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- Blogging Tips
- Category
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Free Handcraft Items or Tutorials (small): Sunday, 24 Feb 2019
By craftcrave On February 25, 2019 · Leave a Comment · In Handcraft
Here are your links for the day!
Go to [social network list] [large previews] [More Freebies]
Today the CraftCrave Search Engine found 18 new Free Handcraft Items or Tutorials.
Enjoy your craft cravings!
Note: Much of the content on this blog is generated by a computer program and may not be 100% correct. Don't blame the designer if it is, and please respect their terms of use.
Timezone date stamp: [24 Feb 01:00pm GMT]
Tagged with: Blogging Tips • craft • craftcrave • diy • free • freebies • Handcraft • handmade • project


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2925 Chicago AveMinneapolisMN
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Great Gift Ideas
No matter what the occasion, these handmade projects are the perfect presents. Make them in multiples to stock up for any gift need that may arrive, or whip up a quick last-minute gift for everyone on your list this year.
Potted Plant Wrap
When piecing and finishing a quilt, large fabric pieces, such as extra backing fabric, are often left over. Turn those scraps into fast gifts! Use pinking shears to cut the raw edges of a 10" fabric square and use it to wrap a store-bought 6" or smaller potted plant. Tie a scrap of pretty ribbon or rickrack snugly around the pot, and you have a cute and easy gift for a teacher or neighbor.
Gift Card Holder
Stitch gift-card holders that give a hint of what's inside.
Notebook Cover
For a quick gift, cover a standard spiral notebook with fabric.
Stylish Scarves
From snuggly neck warmers to light fashion accessories, these scarf patterns are quick and easy! They're the perfect way to show off your favorite fabrics -- and make fun gifts.
Felt Coffee Cozy
Wrap your hot drinks with a handmade felt cozy. We'll show you the easy sewing technique responsible for the fun zigzag patterns in the cozy's design.
Cute Baby Gifts
Use your children's favorite colors, fabrics, and patterns to create cute and cuddly accessories perfect for any occasion.
T-Shirt Quilt
T-shirt quilts make great handmade graduation gifts and bed quilts for a child. Perfect for preserving special T-shirts or using up old wearables, these quilts are easy and memorable!
Lunch Sack Gift Bags
These gift bags do double duty! After they're unwrapped, they can be used as lunch bags!
Gift Wrap Pillow
Wrap a 14"-square pillow form with one yard of fabric for a great gift for a sewing friend!
25-Patch Oven Mitts
Show off your favorite fabrics in a fashionable patchwork oven mitt using a 25-Patch block design.
Fabric Rosette Embellishment
Give pretty fabric rosettes to a fashion-forward friend.
Casserole Carrier
Whip up a carrier that's perfect for transporting casseroles or cupcakes to potlucks.
Fused Flowers
Grow a garden of fabric flowers--without any sewing! Simply fuse two fabrics together, then cut out two-sided flower shapes for blooms that will never fade.
Holiday Goodie Bags
Kids of all ages will love these holiday goodie bags. Download the free tags for every occasion and stitch them on a little treat!
Small Treat Totes
Stitch two fat quarter pieces into a quartet of mini totes. Use them as gift bags for sweet treats.
Coffee Cozy Trio
Coffee lover's will cherish these cute coffee cozies.
Easy Apron
Aprons are today's sizzling kitchen fashion accessory. Whip up an easy retro cover-up with sweet girly ruffles for a friend who never leaves the kitchen.
Covered Journals
Say goodbye to high-priced journals. Create a reusable slipcover to fit a standard notebook. Your friends will be asking where they can get one!


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Lucky car model of the week!
3D model based on a real truck, created according to the original dimensions.
All model files were "smoothed". By request we provide un-smoothed files.
All main parts of the model are separated objects. You can easy change all materials.
We provide several formats for each model, most of them available by default.
Images rendered with using V-Ray plugin, lighting and environment don't include to a set.
Tell us what you think of this model!
Multiple file formats
Up to 33% discount
Any custom adjustments
Support from author


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Democrat Andria Bennett easily defeated Republican Ellis Parrott with 63.3 percent of the vote in the 32nd District.
Democrat Andria Bennett easily defeated Republican Ellis Parrott with 63 percent of the vote in the 32nd District, according to unofficial results posted by the Delaware Department of Elections.
Bennett won with 4,097 votes while Parrott garnered 2,372 votes.
Bennett's impressive victory followed up her convincing victory in the September primary, when she captured 60.6 percent.
In January, she will be sworn into the same seat held by her husband, outgoing State Rep. Brad Bennett (D-Dover).
Parrott, meanwhile, had failed in his plan to bolster his conservative Republican base by convincing Independents that comprised 25 percent of the electorate and Blue Dog Democrats to vote for him.
Parrott and Kent County Republican Committee chairman Hans Reigle believed winning this seat would have helped the GOP eliminate the one-party rule enjoyed by Democrats in the General Assembly and provide for more checks and balances.
"With one-party rule, the Democrats can pass any bill they wish without any conversation from the Republicans," Parrot had said. "That isn't the way our Founding Fathers set this system."
Andria Bennett and Kent County Democratic Chairwoman Abby Betts believed voters would overlook Brad Bennett's 60-day sentence for pleading guilty to DUI the same way they did for the September primary when Andria Bennett won in convincing fashion. In the midst of her campaign, Brad Bennett was admitted to Howard R. Young Correctional Institution, also known as Gander Hill, in Wilmington on Oct. 4 to serve two months for his second DUI offense. He was released from Gander Hill into supervised, home confinement on Oct. 11.
"Voters care about which candidate is going to work hard and make the 32nd District their number one priority every day, " Andria Bennett had said.
She said the strong, hardworking team she assembled helped her reach out to as many individual voters in the 32nd district as possible.


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Our electronic catalogue is fully searchable and hyperlinked, and allows you to click straight through to the product you wish to order. To read the catalogue in a separate window and download it, simply click here.
Subject-specific catalogues are now available for the convenience of our readers!
Anthropology, Archaeology and Religion | Art and Music | Cinema, Media Studies and Photography | Classics Textbooks | Digital Humanities | Economics, Politics and Sociology | Education | Environmental Studies | History and Biography | History of the Book | History of Science | Law | Literature and Language | Mathematics | Media Studies and Journalism | Open Field Guides | Philosophy | Sciences | Theatre | Textbooks


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Italy Population: 62,007,540433 VISITORS FROM HERE!
« Previous Country | Next Country » Back to Flag Counter Overview
|Italy became a nation-state in 1861 when the regional states of the peninsula, along with Sardinia and Sicily, were united under King Victor EMMANUEL II. An era of parliamentary government came to a close in the early 1920s when Benito MUSSOLINI established a Fascist dictatorship. His alliance with Nazi Germany led to Italy's defeat in World War II. A democratic republic replaced the monarchy in 1946 and economic revival followed. Italy is a charter member of NATO and the European Economic Community (EEC). It has been at the forefront of European economic and political unification, joining the Economic and Monetary Union in 1999. Persistent problems include sluggish economic growth, high youth and female unemployment, organized crime, corruption, and economic disparities between southern Italy and the more prosperous north.
Strategic location dominating central Mediterranean as well as southern sea and air approaches to Western Europe
|Southern Europe, a peninsula extending into the central Mediterranean Sea, northeast of Tunisia
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 301,340 sq km
land: 294,140 sq km
water: 7,200 sq km
note: includes Sardinia and Sicily
Size comparison: almost twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than Arizona
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 1,836.4 km border countries (6): Austria 404 km, France 476 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.4 km, San Marino 37 km, Slovenia 218 km, Switzerland 698 km
|7,600 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
|predominantly Mediterranean; alpine in far north; hot, dry in south
|mostly rugged and mountainous; some plains, coastal lowlands
|Elevation extremes:
|Natural resources:
|coal, mercury, zinc, potash, marble, barite, asbestos, pumice, fluorspar, feldspar, pyrite (sulfur), natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, arable land
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 47.1% arable land 22.8%; permanent crops 8.6%; permanent pasture 15.7% forest: 31.4%
other: 21.5% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|39,500 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|regional risks include landslides, mudflows, avalanches, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding; land subsidence in Venice volcanism: significant volcanic activity; Etna (elev. 3,330 m), which is in eruption as of 2010, is Europe's most active volcano; flank eruptions pose a threat to nearby Sicilian villages; Etna, along with the famous Vesuvius, which remains a threat to the millions of nearby residents in the Bay of Naples area, have both been deemed Decade Volcanoes by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to their explosive history and close proximity to human populations; Stromboli, on its namesake island, has also been continuously active with moderate volcanic activity; other historically active volcanoes include Campi Flegrei, Ischia, Larderello, Pantelleria, Vulcano, and Vulsini
|Current Environment Issues:
|air pollution from industrial emissions such as sulfur dioxide; coastal and inland rivers polluted from industrial and agricultural effluents; acid rain damaging lakes; inadequate industrial waste treatment and disposal facilities
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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| noun: Italian(s)
adjective: Italian
|Ethnic groups:
|Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)
|Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)
|Christian 80% (overwhelmingly Roman Catholic with very small groups of Jehovah's Witnesses and Protestants), Muslim (about 800,000 to 1 million), atheist and agnostic 20%
|62,007,540 (July 2016 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 13.69% (male 4,337,792/female 4,151,901)
15-24 years: 9.74% (male 3,026,359/female 3,012,882)
25-54 years: 42.46% (male 13,003,171/female 13,326,901)
55-64 years: 12.73% (male 3,826,630/female 4,069,855)
65 years and over: 21.37% (male 5,696,612/female 7,555,437) (2016 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 56.5%
youth dependency ratio: 21.5%
elderly dependency ratio: 35.1%
potential support ratio: 2.9% (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 45.1 years
male: 44 years
female: 46.2 years (2016 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|0.23% (2016 est.)
|Birth rate:
|8.7 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Death rate:
|10.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|3.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
| urban population: 69% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 0.39% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|ROME (capital) 3.718 million; Milan 3.099 million; Naples 2.202 million; Turin 1.765 million; Palermo 853,000; Bergamo 840,000 (2015)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.75 male(s)/female
total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|30.3 (2011 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 3.3 deaths/1,000 live births male: 3.5 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 82.2 years male: 79.6 years
female: 85 years (2016 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|1.43 children born/woman (2016 est.)
|Health expenditures:
|9.2% of GDP (2014)
|Physicians density:
|3.76 physicians/1,000 population (2012)
|Hospital bed density:
|3.4 beds/1,000 population (2011)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 100% of population
rural: 100% of population
total: 100% of population
urban: 0% of population
rural: 0% of population
total: 0% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 99.5% of population
rural: 99.6% of population
total: 99.5% of population
urban: 0.5% of population
rural: 0.4% of population
total: 0.5% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.37% (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|136,800 (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|700 (2015 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|23.7% (2014)
|Education expenditures:
|4.2% of GDP (2013)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.2%
male: 99.4%
female: 99% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 16 years male: 16 years
female: 17 years (2013)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 42.7% male: 41.3%
female: 44.7% (2014 est.)
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|Country name:
| conventional long form: Italian Republic
conventional short form: Italy
local long form: Repubblica Italiana
local short form: Italia
former: Kingdom of Italy
etymology: derivation is unclear, but the Latin "Italia" may come from the Oscan "Viteliu" meaning "[land] of young cattle" (the bull was a symbol of southern Italic tribes)
|Government type:
|parliamentary republic
| name: Rome
geographic coordinates: 41 54 N, 12 29 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
|Administrative divisions:
|15 regions (regioni, singular - regione) and 5 autonomous regions (regioni autonome, singular - regione autonoma) regions: Abruzzo, Basilicata, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Romagna, Lazio (Latium), Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte (Piedmont), Puglia (Apulia), Toscana (Tuscany), Umbria, Veneto (Venetia) autonomous regions: Friuli-Venezia Giulia; Sardegna (Sardinia); Sicilia (Sicily); Trentino-Alto Adige (Trentino-South Tyrol) or Trentino-Suedtirol (German); Valle d'Aosta (Aosta Valley) or Vallee d'Aoste (French)
|17 March 1861 (Kingdom of Italy proclaimed; Italy was not finally unified until 1871)
|National holiday:
|Republic Day, 2 June (1946)
|history: previous 1848 (originally for the Kingdom of Sardinia and adopted by the Kingdom of Italy in 1861); latest enacted 22 December 1947, adopted 27 December 1947, entered into force 1 January 1948 amendments: proposed by both houses of Parliament; passage requires two successive debates and approval by absolute majority of each house on the second vote; a referendum is only required when requested by one-fifth of the members of either house, by voter petition, or by five Regional Councils (elected legislative assemblies of the 15 first-level administrative regions and 5 autonomous regions of Italy); amended many times, last in 2012; note - a referendum held on 4 December 2016 on constitutional amendments was defeated (2016)
|Legal system:
|civil law system; judicial review of legislation under certain conditions in Constitutional Court
|18 years of age; universal except in senatorial elections, where minimum age is 25
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Sergio MATTARELLA (since 3 February 2015)
head of government: Prime Minister Paolo GENTILONI (since 12 December 2016); note - Prime Minister Matteo RENZI (since 22 February 2014) resigned 12 December 2016; the prime minister's official title is President of the Council of Ministers
cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister and nominated by the president elections/appointments: president indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of both houses of Parliament and 58 regional representatives for a 7-year term (no term limits); election last held on 31 January 2015 (next scheduled for 2020); prime minister appointed by the president, confirmed by parliament
election results: Georgio MATTARELLA (PD) elected president; electoral college vote count in fourth round - 665 out of 1,009 (505-vote threshold); Paolo GENTILONI (PD) sworn in as prime minister on 12 December 2016
|Legislative branch:
| description: bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or Senato della Repubblica (322 seats; 315 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms and 7 ex-officio members appointed by the president of the Republic to serve for life) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; 629 members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 1 member from Valle d'Aosta elected by simple majority vote; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 24-25 February 2013 (next to be held in 2018)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition 123 (PD 111, SEL 7, SVP 2, other 3), center-right coalition 117 (PdL 98, LN 18, other 1), M5S 54, centrist coalition 19, other 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - center-left coalition 345 (PD 297, SEL 37, CD 6 SVP 5), center-right coalition 125 (PdL 98, LN 18, FdI 9), M5S 109, centrist coalition 47, other 3
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court of Cassation or Corte Suprema di Cassazione consists of the first president (chief justice), deputy president, 54 justices presiding over 6 civil and 7 criminal divisions, and 288 judges; an additional 30 judges of lower courts serve as supporting judges; cases normally heard by 5-judge panels; more complex cases heard by 9-judge panels; Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (consists of the court president and 14 judges) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the High Council of the Judiciary, headed by the president of the republic; judges may serve for life; Constitutional Court judges - 5 appointed by the president, 5 elected by parliament, 5 elected by select higher courts; judges serve up to 9 years
subordinate courts: various lower civil and criminal courts (primary and secondary tribunals, courts, and courts of appeal)
|Political parties and leaders:
|Ruling left-center-right coalition: Civic Choice or SC [Enrico ZANETTI] Democratic Centre or CD [Bruno TABACCI] Democratic Party or PD [Matteo RENZI] The New Center-Right or NCD [Angelino ALFANO] Center-right opposition: Brothers of Italy-National Alliance or FdI-AN [Giorgia MELONI, Ignazio LA RUSSA, and Guido CROSETTO] Forza Italia [Silvio BERLUSCONI] (formerly PdL) Northern League or LN [Matteo SALVINI] other minor parties Center-left opposition: Left Ecology Freedom [Nichi VENDOLA] Other parties: Civil Revolution or RC [Antonio INGROIA] Five Star Movment or M5S [Beppe GRILLO] South Tyrolean People's Party or SVP [Philipp ACHAMMER] Union of the Center or UdC [Pier Fernando CASINI]
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|manufacturers and merchants associations: Confcommercio Confindustria organized farm groups: Confcoltivatori Confagricoltura major trade union confederations: Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro or CGIL [Susanna CAMUSSO] (left wing) Confederazione Italiana dei Sindacati Lavoratori or CISL [Raffaele BONANNI] (Roman Catholic centrist) Unione Italiana del Lavoro or UIL [Luigi ANGELETTI] (lay centrist) other: Roman Catholic Church
|International organization participation:
|ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CDB, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-7, G-8, G-10, G-20, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSMA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PIF (partner), Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, Union Latina, UNMOGIP, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
|National symbol(s):
|white, five-pointed star (Stella d'Italia); national colors: red, white, green
|National anthem:
| name: "Il Canto degli Italiani" (The Song of the Italians)
lyrics/music: Goffredo MAMELI/Michele NOVARO
note: adopted 1946; the anthem, originally written in 1847, is also known as "L'Inno di Mameli" (Mameli's Hymn), and "Fratelli D'Italia" (Brothers of Italy)
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Armando VARRICCHIO (since 2 March 2016)
chancery: 3000 Whitehaven Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 612-4400
consulate(s) general: Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Houston, Miami, New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, San Francisco consulate(s): Charlotte (NC), Cleveland (OH), Detroit (MI), Hattiesburg (MS), Honolulu (HI), New Orleans, Newark (NJ), Norfolk (VA), Pittsburgh (PA), Portland (OR), Seattle consular agency(ies): Anchorage (AL), Charleston (SC), Worcester (MA)
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador John R. PHILLIPS (since 3 October 2013); note - also accredited to San Marino
embassy: Via Vittorio Veneto 121, 00187-Rome
mailing address: PSC 59, Box 100, APO AE 09624
telephone: [39] (06) 46741
consulate(s) general: Florence, Milan, Naples consular agency(ies): Anchorage (AK), Charleston (SC), Worcester (MA)
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Italy has a diversified economy, which is divided into a developed industrial north, dominated by private companies, and a less-developed, highly subsidized, agricultural south, where unemployment is higher. The Italian economy is driven in large part by the manufacture of high-quality consumer goods produced by small and medium-sized enterprises, many of them family-owned. Italy also has a sizable underground economy, which by some estimates accounts for as much as 17% of GDP. These activities are most common within the agriculture, construction, and service sectors. Italy is the third-largest economy in the euro zone, but its exceptionally high public debt and structural impediments to growth have rendered it vulnerable to scrutiny by financial markets. Public debt has increased steadily since 2007, topping 135% of GDP in 2015, but investor concerns about Italy and the broader euro-zone crisis eased in 2013, bringing down Italy's borrowing costs on sovereign government debt from euro-era records. The government still faces pressure from investors and European partners to sustain its efforts to address Italy's longstanding structural impediments to growth, such as labor market inefficiencies and tax evasion. In 2014, economic growth and labor market conditions continued to deteriorate, with overall unemployment rising to 12.7% and youth unemployment around 40%, but Italy began to recover in 2015, with marginal growth and a slight reduction in unemployment.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $2.221 trillion (2016 est.) $2.204 trillion (2015 est.) $2.187 trillion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $1.852 trillion (2015 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|0.8% (2016 est.) 0.8% (2015 est.) -0.3% (2014 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $36,300 (2016 est.) $36,300 (2015 est.) $36,000 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|18.8% of GDP (2016 est.) 19% of GDP (2015 est.) 18.2% of GDP (2014 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 60.9%
government consumption: 18.8%
investment in fixed capital: 16.5%
investment in inventories: 0.2%
exports of goods and services: 29.7%
imports of goods and services: -26.1% (2016 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 60.9%
government consumption: 18.8%
investment in fixed capital: 16.5%
investment in inventories: 0.2%
exports of goods and services: 29.7%
imports of goods and services: -26.1% (2016 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|fruits, vegetables, grapes, potatoes, sugar beets, soybeans, grain, olives; beef, dairy products; fish
|tourism, machinery, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles, motor vehicles, clothing, footwear, ceramics
|Industrial production growth rate:
|0.8% (2016 est.)
|Labor force:
|25.6 million (2016 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 3.9%
industry: 28.3%
services: 67.8% (2011)
|Unemployment rate:
|11.4% (2016 est.) 11.9% (2015 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|29.9% (2012 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 26.8% (2000)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|31.9 (2012 est.) 27.3 (1995)
| revenues: $842.5 billion
expenditures: $889.8 billion (2016 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|45.5% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Public debt:
| 132.5% of GDP (2016 est.) 132.8% of GDP (2015 est.)
note: Italy reports its data on public debt according to guidelines set out in the Maastricht Treaty; general government gross debt is defined in the Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): -0.2% (2016 est.) 0.1% (2015 est.)
|Current account balance:
|$40.23 billion (2016 est.) $39.91 billion (2015 est.)
|$436.3 billion (2016 est.) $450.1 billion (2015 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|engineering products, textiles and clothing, production machinery, motor vehicles, transport equipment, chemicals; foodstuffs, beverages, and tobacco; minerals, nonferrous metals
|Exports - partners:
|Germany 12.3%, France 10.3%, US 8.7%, UK 5.4%, Spain 4.8%, Switzerland 4.7% (2015)
|$372.2 billion (2016 est.) $391.2 billion (2015 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|engineering products, chemicals, transport equipment, energy products, minerals and nonferrous metals, textiles and clothing; food, beverages, tobacco
|Imports - partners:
|Germany 15.4%, France 8.7%, China 7.7%, Netherlands 5.6%, Spain 5%, Belgium 4.7% (2015)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$130.6 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $142.2 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$2.444 trillion (31 March 2016 est.) $2.3 trillion (31 March 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$472.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $463.2 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$610.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $594.4 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$480.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $587.3 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $615.5 billion (31 December 2013 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.9214 (2016 est.) 0.885 (2015 est.) 0.885 (2014 est.) 0.7634 (2013 est.) 0.78 (2012 est.)
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|Electricity - production:
|267 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|291 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|3 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|47 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|122 million kW (2014 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|58.9% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|11.5% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|23.4% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|100,200 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|24,640 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|1.395 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|544.5 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|1.578 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|1.266 million bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|533,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|261,900 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|7.149 billion cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|61.91 billion cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|237 million cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|55.76 billion cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|53.72 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|362 million Mt (2013 est.)
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|Cellular Phones in use:
|total: 92.52 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 150 (July 2015 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: modern, well-developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services
domestic: high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks
international: country code - 39; a series of submarine cables provide links to Asia, Middle East, Europe, North Africa, and US; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean (2015)
|Broadcast media:
|two Italian media giants dominate - the publicly owned Radiotelevisione Italiana (RAI) with 3 national terrestrial stations and privately owned Mediaset with 3 national terrestrial stations; a large number of private stations and Sky Italia - a satellite (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
|total: 40.559 million percent of population: 65.6% (July 2015 est.)
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|129 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 98
over 3,047 m: 9
2,438 to 3,047 m: 31
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 29
under 914 m: 11 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 31
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 10
under 914 m: 20 (2013)
|5 (2013)
|gas 20,223 km; oil 1,393 km; refined products 1,574 km (2013)
| total: 20,181.7 km standard gauge: 18,770.1 km 1.435-m gauge (12,893.6 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 122.3 km 1.000-m gauge (122.3 km electrified); 1,289.3 km 0.950-m gauge (151.3 km electrified) (2014)
| total 487,700 km
paved: 487,700 km (includes 6,700 km of expressways) (2007)
|2,400 km (used for commercial traffic; of limited overall value compared to road and rail) (2012)
|Merchant marine:
| total 681
by type: bulk carrier 105, cargo 42, carrier 1, chemical tanker 164, container 21, liquefied gas 28, passenger 25, passenger/cargo 154, petroleum tanker 59, refrigerated cargo 4, roll on/roll off 39, specialized tanker 9, vehicle carrier 30
foreign-owned: 90 (Denmark 4, France 2, Greece 7, Luxembourg 14, Netherlands 2, Nigeria 1, Norway 6, Singapore 1, Sweden 1, Switzerland 13, Taiwan 10, Turkey 4, UK 2, US 23)
registered in other countries: 201 (Bahamas 1, Belize 3, Cayman Islands 7, Cyprus 6, Georgia 2, Gibraltar 4, Greece 5, Liberia 47, Malta 45, Marshall Islands 1, Morocco 1, Netherlands 6, Panama 25, Portugal 12, Russia 14, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4, Singapore 5, Slovakia 2, Spain 1 (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
| major seaport(s): Augusta, Cagliari, Genoa, Livorno, Taranto, Trieste, Venice
oil terminals: Melilli (Santa Panagia) oil terminal, Sarroch oil terminal container port(s) (TEUs): Genoa (1,847,648), Gioia Tauro (2,264,798), La Spezia (1,307,274) LNG terminal(s) (import): La Spezia, Panigaglia, Porto Levante
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|Military branches:
|Italian Armed Forces: Army (Esercito Italiano, EI), Navy (Marina Militare Italiana, MMI), Italian Air Force (Aeronautica Militare Italiana, AMI), Carabinieri Corps (Arma dei Carabinieri, CC), Financial Guard (Guardia di Finanza) (2015)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-25 years of age for voluntary military service; women may serve in any military branch; Italian citizenship required; 1-year service obligation (2013)
|Military expenditures:
|1.1% of GDP (2014) 1.2% of GDP (2013) 1.3% of GDP (2012)
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|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
| refugees (country of origin): 13,068 (Somalia); 12,203 (Afghanistan); 11,962 (Eritrea); 9,931 (Nigeria); 9,202 (Pakistan); 8,334 (Mali); 5,079 (Cote d'Ivoire) (2015)
stateless persons: 747 (2015) note: 327,030 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals by sea (2015 - November 2016)
|Illicit drugs:
|important gateway for and consumer of Latin American cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin entering the European market; money laundering by organized crime and from smuggling
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook