text:
Belarus Population: 9,570,37619 VISITORS FROM HERE!
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|After seven decades as a constituent republic of the USSR, Belarus attained its independence in 1991. It has retained closer political and economic ties to Russia than have any of the other former Soviet republics. Belarus and Russia signed a treaty on a two-state union on 8 December 1999 envisioning greater political and economic integration. Although Belarus agreed to a framework to carry out the accord, serious implementation has yet to take place. Since his election in July 1994 as the country's first and only directly elected president, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO has steadily consolidated his power through authoritarian means and a centralized economic system. Government restrictions on political and civil freedoms, freedom of speech and the press, peaceful assembly, and religion have remained in place. The situation was somewhat aggravated after security services cracked down on mass protests challenging election results in the capital, Minsk, following the 2010 presidential election, but little protest occurred after the 2015 election.
Landlocked; glacial scouring accounts for the flatness of Belarusian terrain and for its 11,000 lakes
|Eastern Europe, east of Poland
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 207,600 sq km
land: 202,900 sq km
water: 4,700 sq km
Size comparison: slightly less than twice the size of Kentucky; slightly smaller than Kansas
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 3,642 km border countries (5): Latvia 161 km, Lithuania 640 km, Poland 418 km, Russia 1,312 km, Ukraine 1,111 km
|0 km (landlocked)
|Maritime claims:
|none (landlocked)
|cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime
|generally flat with much marshland
|Elevation extremes:
|Natural resources:
|timber, peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomitic limestone, marl, chalk, sand, gravel, clay
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 43.7% arable land 27.2%; permanent crops 0.6%; permanent pasture 15.9% forest: 42.7%
other: 13.6% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|1,140 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|Current Environment Issues:
|soil pollution from pesticide use; southern part of the country contaminated with fallout from 1986 nuclear reactor accident at Chornobyl' in northern Ukraine
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
|^Back to Top
| noun: Belarusian(s)
adjective: Belarusian
|Ethnic groups:
|Belarusian 83.7%, Russian 8.3%, Polish 3.1%, Ukrainian 1.7%, other 2.4%, unspecified 0.9% (2009 est.)
|Russian (official) 70.2%, Belarusian (official) 23.4%, other 3.1% (includes small Polish- and Ukrainian-speaking minorities), unspecified 3.3% (2009 est.)
|Orthodox 48.3%, Catholic 7.1%, other 3.5%, non-believers 41.1% (2011 est.)
|9,570,376 (July 2016 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 15.65% (male 770,014/female 727,338)
15-24 years: 10.68% (male 525,704/female 496,414)
25-54 years: 45.04% (male 2,118,447/female 2,191,694)
55-64 years: 13.95% (male 589,288/female 745,815)
65 years and over: 14.69% (male 448,135/female 957,527) (2016 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 43%
youth dependency ratio: 23%
elderly dependency ratio: 20%
potential support ratio: 5% (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 39.8 years
male: 36.8 years
female: 42.9 years (2016 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|-0.21% (2016 est.)
|Birth rate:
|10.5 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Death rate:
|13.3 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
| urban population: 76.7% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 0.05% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|MINSK (capital) 1.915 million (2015)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.79 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.46 male(s)/female
total population: 0.87 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
|Mother's mean age at first birth:
|25.4 (2013 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|4 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births male: 4 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 72.7 years male: 67.2 years
female: 78.6 years (2016 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|1.48 children born/woman (2016 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|63.1% (2012)
|Health expenditures:
|5.7% of GDP (2014)
|Physicians density:
|3.93 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
|Hospital bed density:
|11.3 beds/1,000 population (2011)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 99.9% of population
rural: 99.1% of population
total: 99.7% of population
urban: 0.1% of population
rural: 0.9% of population
total: 0.3% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 94.1% of population
rural: 95.2% of population
total: 94.3% of population
urban: 5.9% of population
rural: 4.8% of population
total: 5.7% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.64% (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|35,200 (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|1,000 (2015 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|25.2% (2014)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|1.3% (2005)
|Education expenditures:
|4.9% of GDP (2015)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.7%
male: 99.8%
female: 99.7% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 16 years male: 15 years
female: 16 years (2014)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 12.5% male: 12.4%
female: 12.6% (2009 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Belarus
conventional short form: Belarus
local long form: Respublika Byelarus'/Respublika Belarus'
local short form: Byelarus'/Belarus'
former: Belorussian (Byelorussian) Soviet Socialist Republic
etymology: the name is a compound of the Belarusian words "bel" (white) and "Rus" (the Old East Slavic ethnic designation) to form the meaning White Rusian or White Ruthenian
|Government type:
|presidential republic in name, although in fact a dictatorship
| name: Minsk
geographic coordinates: 53 54 N, 27 34 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
| 6 provinces (voblastsi, singular - voblasts') and 1 municipality* (horad); Brest, Homyel' (Gomel'), Horad Minsk* (Minsk City), Hrodna (Grodno), Mahilyow (Mogilev), Minsk, Vitsyebsk (Vitebsk)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers; Russian spelling provided for reference when different from Belarusian
|25 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 3 July (1944); note - 3 July 1944 was the date Minsk was liberated from German troops, 25 August 1991 was the date of independence from the Soviet Union
|history: several previous; latest drafted between late 1991 and early 1994, signed 15 March 1994 amendments: proposed by the president of the republic through petition to the National Assembly or by at least 150,000 eligible voters; approval required by at least two-thirds vote of members in both chambers or by simple majority of eligible voters in a referendum (2016)
|Legal system:
|civil law system; note - nearly all major codes (civil, civil procedure, criminal, criminal procedure, family, and labor) have been revised and came into force in 1999 or 2000
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: president Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (since 20 July 1994)
head of government: prime minister Andrey KOBYAKOV (since 27 December 2014); first deputy prime minister Vasily MATYUSHEVSKIY (since 27 December 2014)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections/appointments: president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (no term limits); first election took place on 23 June and 10 July 1994; according to the 1994 constitution, the next election should have been held in 1999, however, Aleksandr LUKASHENKO extended his term to 2001 via a November 1996 referendum; subsequent election held on 9 September 2001; an October 2004 referendum ended presidential term limits and allowed the president to run in a third (19 March 2006), fourth (19 December 2010), and fifth election (11 October 2015); next election in 2020; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and approved by the National Assembly
election results: Aleksandr LUKASHENKO reelected president; percent of vote - Aleksandr LUKASHENKO (independent) 83.5%, Tatsiana KARATKEVICH (Tell the Truth) 4.4%, Sergey GAYDUKEVICH (LDP) 3.3%, other 8.8%; note - election marred by electoral fraud
|Legislative branch:
| description: bicameral National Assembly or Natsionalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Council of the Republic or Sovet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members indirectly elected by regional and Minsk city councils and 8 members appointed by the president; members serve 4-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Palata Predstaviteley (110 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote with a second round if needed; members serve 4-year terms); note - the US does not recognize the legitimacy of the National Assembly
elections: House of Representatives - last held on 11 September 2016 (next to be held in 2020); OSCE observers determined that the election was neither free nor impartial and that vote counting was problematic in a number of polling stations; pro-LUKASHENKO candidates won virtually every seat with only the UCP member and one independent forming opposition representation in the House; international observers determined that the previous elections, on 28 September 2008 and 23 September 2012, also fell short of democratic standards, with pro-LUKASHENKO candidates winning every seat
election results: Council of the Republic - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - KPB 8, Belarusian Patriotic Party 3, Republican Party of Labor and Justice 3, LDP 1, UCP 1, independents 104
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairman, and organized into several specialized panels including economic and military; number of judges set by the president of the republic and the court chairman); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 judges including a chairman and deputy chairman) judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges appointed by the president with the consent of the Council of the Republic; judges initially appointed for 5 years and evaluated for life appointment; Constitutional Court judges - 6 including the court chairman appointed by the president and 6 elected by the House of Representatives; judges can serve for 11 years with an age limit of 70
subordinate courts: provincial (including Minsk city) courts; first instance (district) courts; economic courts; military courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|pro-government parties: Belarusian Agrarian Party or AP [Mikhail SHIMANSKIY] Belarusian Patriotic Party [Nikolai ULAKHOVICH] Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party [Vladimir ALEKSANDROVICH] Communist Party of Belarus or KPB [Igor KARPENKO] Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Sergey GAYDUKEVICH] Republican Party [Vladimir BELOZOR] Republican Party of Labor and Justice [Vasiliy ZADNEPRYANIY] opposition parties: Belarusian Christian Democracy Party [Pavel SEVERINETS] (unregistered) Belarusian Liberal Party of Freedom and Progress [Vladimir NOVOSYAD] (unregistered) Belarusian Party of the Green [Anastasiya DOROFEYEVA] Belarusian Party of the Left "Fair World" [Sergey KALYAKIN] Belarusian Popular Front or BPF [Aleksey YANUKEVICH] Belarusian Social-Democratic Assembly [Stanislav SHUSHKEVICH] Belarusian Social Democratic Party ("Assembly") or BSDPH [Irina VESHTARD] Belarusian Social Democratic Party (People's Assembly) [Nikolay STATKEVICH] (unregistered) Christian Conservative Party or BPF [Zyanon PAZNYAK] United Civic Party or UCP [Anatoliy LEBEDKO]
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Assembly of Pro-Democratic NGOs [Sergey MATSKEVICH] (unregistered) Belarusian Association of Journalists [Andrei BASTUNETS] Belarusian Congress of Democratic Trade Unions [Aleksandr YAROSHUK] Belarusian Helsinki Committee [Aleh HULAK] For Freedom Movement [Aleksandr Milinkevich] Malady Front (Young Front) [Zmitser DASHKEVICH] (unregistered) Vyasna (Spring) human rights center [Ales BELYATSKIY] (unregistered) Perspektiva [Anatoliy SHUMCHENKO] (small business association) "Tell the Truth" Movement [Tatsiana KARATKEVICH] (unregistered) Women's Independent Democratic Movement [Ludmila PETINA]
|International organization participation:
|BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CEI, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, NSG, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SCO (dialogue member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer), ZC
|National symbol(s):
|no clearly defined current national symbol, the mounted knight known as Pahonia (the Chaser) is the traditional Belarusian symbol; national colors: green, red, white
|National anthem:
| name: "My, Bielarusy" (We Belarusians)
lyrics/music: Mikhas KLIMKOVICH and Uladzimir KARYZNA/Nester SAKALOUSKI
note: music adopted 1955, lyrics adopted 2002; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Belarus kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem but adopted new lyrics; also known as "Dziarzauny himn Respubliki Bielarus" (State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus)
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant; recalled by Belarus in 2008); Charge d'Affaires Pavel SHIDLOVSKIY (since 23 April 2014)
chancery: 1619 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009
telephone: [1] (202) 986-1606
consulate(s) general: New York
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant; left in 2008 upon insistence of Belarusian Government); Charge d'Affaires Robert RILEY (since 22 August 2016)
embassy: 46 Starovilenskaya Street, Minsk 220002
mailing address: Unit 7010 Box 100, DPO AE 09769
telephone: [375] (17) 210-12-83
|^Back to Top
As part of the former Soviet Union, Belarus had a relatively well-developed, though aging industrial base; it retained this industrial base - which is now outdated, energy inefficient, and dependent on subsidized Russian energy and preferential access to Russian markets - following the breakup of the USSR. The country also has a broad agricultural base which is largely inefficient and dependent on government subsidies. After an initial burst of capitalist reform from 1991-94, including privatization of smaller state enterprises and some service sector businesses, creation of institutions of private property, and development of entrepreneurship, Belarus' economic development greatly slowed. About 80% of all industry remains in state hands, and foreign investment has been hindered by a climate hostile to business. A few banks, which had been privatized after independence, were renationalized. State banks account for 75% of the banking sector. Economic output, which had declined for several years following the collapse of the Soviet Union, revived in the mid-2000s due to the boom in oil prices. Belarus has only small reserves of crude oil, though it imports most of its crude oil and natural gas from Russia at prices substantially below the world market. Belarus exported refined oil products at market prices produced from Russian crude oil purchased at a steep discount. In late 2006, Russia began a process of rolling back its subsidies on oil and gas to Belarus. Tensions over Russian energy reached a peak in 2010, when Russia stopped the export of all subsidized oil to Belarus save for domestic needs. In December 2010, Russia and Belarus reached a deal to restart the export of discounted oil to Belarus. In 2015, Belarus continued to import Russian crude oil at a discounted price. However, the plunge in global oil prices heavily reduced revenues. Little new foreign investment has occurred in recent years. In 2011, a financial crisis began, triggered by government directed salary hikes unsupported by commensurate productivity increases. The crisis was compounded by an increased cost in Russian energy inputs and an overvalued Belarusian ruble, and eventually led to a near three-fold devaluation of the Belarusian ruble in 2011. In November 2011, Belarus agreed to sell to Russia its remaining shares in Beltransgaz, the Belarusian natural gas pipeline operator, in exchange for reduced prices for Russian natural gas. Receiving part of a $3 billion loan from the Russian-dominated Eurasian Economic Community (EurAsEC) Bail-out Fund, a $1 billion loan from the Russian state-owned bank Sberbank, and the $2.5 billion sale of Beltransgaz to Russian state-owned Gazprom helped stabilize the situation in 2012; nevertheless, the Belarusian currency lost more than 60% of its value, as the rate of inflation reached new highs in 2011 and 2012, before calming in 2013. In December 2013, Russia announced a new loan for Belarus of up to $2 billion for 2014. Notwithstanding foreign assistance, the Belarusian economy continued to struggle under the weight of high external debt servicing payments and trade deficit. In mid-December 2014, structural economic shortcomings were aggravated by the devaluation of the Russian ruble and triggered a near 40% devaluation of the Belarusian ruble. Belarus entered 2015 with stagnant economic growth and reduced hard currency reserves, with under one month of import cover.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $165.4 billion (2016 est.) $170.5 billion (2015 est.) $177.4 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $48.13 billion (2015 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|-3% (2016 est.) -3.9% (2015 est.) 1.7% (2014 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $17,500 (2016 est.) $17,900 (2015 est.) $18,700 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|21.9% of GDP (2016 est.) 30.2% of GDP (2015 est.) 28.5% of GDP (2014 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 54.6%
government consumption: 15.8%
investment in fixed capital: 30.1%
investment in inventories: 2.6%
exports of goods and services: 57.2%
imports of goods and services: -60.3% (2016 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 54.6%
government consumption: 15.8%
investment in fixed capital: 30.1%
investment in inventories: 2.6%
exports of goods and services: 57.2%
imports of goods and services: -60.3% (2016 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|grain, potatoes, vegetables, sugar beets, flax; beef, milk
|metal-cutting machine tools, tractors, trucks, earthmovers, motorcycles, televisions, synthetic fibers, fertilizer, textiles, radios, refrigerators
|Industrial production growth rate:
|-3% (2016 est.)
|Labor force:
|4.546 million (2013 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 9.3%
industry: 32.7%
services: 58% (2014 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|0.7% (2014 est.) 0.5% (2013 est.) note: official registered unemployed; large number of underemployed workers
|Population below poverty line:
|6.3% (2012 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 3.8%
highest 10%: 21.9% (2008)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|26.5 (2011) 21.7 (1998)
| revenues: $21.21 billion
expenditures: $20.92 billion (2016 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|44.1% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Public debt:
|60.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 48.5% of GDP (2015 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 14% (2016 est.) 13.6% (2015 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$2.379 billion (2016 est.) -$2.074 billion (2015 est.)
|$22.65 billion (2016 est.) $26.19 billion (2015 est.)
|Exports - commodities:
|machinery and equipment, mineral products, chemicals, metals, textiles, foodstuffs
|Exports - partners:
|Russia 39%, UK 11.2%, Ukraine 9.5%, Netherlands 4.3%, Germany 4.1% (2015)
|$25.44 billion (2016 est.) $28.33 billion (2015 est.)
|Imports - commodities:
|mineral products, machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, metals
|Imports - partners:
|Russia 56.6%, China 7.9%, Germany 4.6% (2015)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$4.206 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $4.176 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$34.75 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $34.85 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$10.17 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|Exchange rates:
|Belarusian rubles (BYB/BYR) per US dollar - 18,500 (2016 est.) 15,926 (2015 est.) 15,926 (2014 est.) 10,224.1 (2013 est.) 8,336.9 (2012 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Electricity - production:
|33 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|33 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|4.5 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|7.8 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|9.2 million kW (2014 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|99.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|0.2% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0.1% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|26,080 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|31,810 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|439,200 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|200 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|444,400 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|170,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|284,200 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|1,334 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|30 million cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|20.08 billion cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|20.05 billion cu m (2014 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|2.832 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|70 million Mt (2013 est.)
|^Back to Top
|Cellular Phones in use:
|total: 11.448 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 119 (July 2015 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: Belarus lags behind its neighbors in upgrading telecommunications infrastructure; modernization of the network progressing with roughly two-thirds of switching equipment now digital
domestic: state-owned Beltelcom is the sole provider of fixed-line local and long distance service; fixed-line teledensity is improving although rural areas continue to be underserved; multiple GSM mobile-cellular networks are experiencing rapid growth; mobile-cell
international: country code - 375; Belarus is a member of the Trans-European Line (TEL), Trans-Asia-Europe (TAE) fiber-optic line, and has access to the Trans-Siberia Line (TSL); 3 fiber-optic segments provide connectivity to Latvia, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine; worldwi (2015)
|Broadcast media:
|4 state-controlled national TV channels; Polish and Russian TV broadcasts are available in some areas; state-run Belarusian Radio operates 3 national networks and an external service; Russian and Polish radio broadcasts are available (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
|total: 5.968 million percent of population: 62.2% (July 2015 est.)
|^Back to Top
|65 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 33
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 20
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 7 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 32
over 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 28 (2013)
|1 (2013)
|gas 5,386 km; oil 1,589 km; refined products 1,730 km (2013)
| total 5,528 km
broad gauge: 5,503 km 1.520-m gauge (874 km electrified) standard gauge: 25 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
| total 86,392 km
paved: 74,651 km
unpaved: 11,741 km (2010)
|2,500 km (major rivers are the west-flowing Western Dvina and Neman rivers and the south-flowing Dnepr River and its tributaries, the Berezina, Sozh, and Pripyat rivers) (2011)
|Ports and terminals:
river port(s): Mazyr (Prypyats')
|^Back to Top
|Military branches:
|Belarus Armed Forces: Land Force, Air and Air Defense Force, Special Operations Force (2013)
|Military service age and obligation:
|18-27 years of age for compulsory military service; conscript service obligation is 12-18 months, depending on academic qualifications; 17 year olds are eligible to become cadets at military higher education institutes, where they are classified as military personnel (2012)
|Military expenditures:
|1.3% of GDP (2015) 1.3% of GDP (2014) 1.3% of GDP (2013) 1.2% of GDP (2012) 1.27% of GDP (2011)
|^Back to Top
|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its border with Belarus
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
| refugees (country of origin): 126,407 applicants for forms of legal stay other than asylum (Ukraine) (2015)
stateless persons: 5,635 (2015)
|Illicit drugs:
|limited cultivation of opium poppy and cannabis, mostly for the domestic market; transshipment point for illicit drugs to and via Russia, and to the Baltics and Western Europe; a small and lightly regulated financial center; anti-money-laundering legislation does not meet international standards and was weakened further when know-your-customer requirements were curtailed in 2008; few investigations or prosecutions of money-laundering activities (2008)
|^Back to Top
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook


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CardGala is a business card gallery that aims to showcase the best in business card design. We provide a place for designers and printers to share their work, get ideas, and be inspired to create.
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Download of the Day: Speccy 1.00.125 Beta
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A risk factor is something that increases your likelihood of getting a disease or condition.
Autism can develop with or without the risk factors listed below. However, the more risk factors that are present, the higher the chances that autism can develop. There is no known way to change your child's risk for autism.
Genetic Factors
Genetics is believed to play a role in the risk of autism. This is because the condition is more common in:
- Families
- Identical twins
Recent studies have linked deletions in a section of chromosome 16. This chromosome abnormality may account for a small percentage of autism cases.
Caucasian males are more likely to be affected by autism than females. When girls are affected, they may have more profound symptoms.
Age of Parents
Older parents, such as a woman over age 35, may have a higher risk of having a child with autism.
Medical Conditions
Autism occurs more frequently in children with rare genetic disorders or other medical conditions, including:
- Tuberous sclerosis—A rare, multi-system genetic disease. It causes benign tumors to grow in the brain and on other vital organs. The organs include the kidneys, heart, eyes, and skin. It commonly affects the central nervous system. This results in a combination of symptoms. These include seizures, developmental delay, behavioral problems, skin abnormalities, and kidney disease .
- Fragile X syndrome —A hereditary disorder of the X chromosome. It is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability.
- Neurofibromatosis —A genetic disorder of the nervous system. It causes tumors to grow on the nerves in any part of the body. Neurofibromatosis can also produce other abnormalities. These include changes in the skin and deformed bones.
- Phenylketonuria (PKU)—A genetic disorder of the enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine. Phenylalanine is an amino acid found in certain foods. Without a proper diet, PKU can lead to intellectual disability .
- Problems during pregnancy or delivery, including rubella —Rubella is a mild, highly contagious illness that is caused by a virus. The symptoms are a rash, swollen glands, and joint pain. If a pregnant woman has rubella, it can cause birth defects in her baby. Other possible risk factors include breech delivery and birth at less than 35 weeks gestation.
- Epilepsy —This term refers to any disorder characterized by recurrent seizures. A seizure can have many symptoms. There may loss of consciousness, staring into space, abnormal jerking of the muscles, or abnormal sensations or emotions.
- Tourette's syndrome
- Newborn encephalopathy—This is a syndrome of disturbed brain function. It results in breathing difficulties, problems with reflexes, seizures, and other symptoms.
- Moebius syndrome, cytomegalovirus , herpes encephalitis—These are sometimes listed as associated conditions.
- Birth defects—Birth defects may also make a child more likely to develop autism.
- Fetal alcohol syndrome—Caused when a mother drinks alcohol during pregnancy. It can cause birth and developmental defects in the child.
- Angelman syndrome—A genetic disorder that affects the nervous syndrome and causes delayed development, intellectual disability, speech problems, and problems with movement and balance.
- Rett syndrome—A problem with the development of the nervous syndrome. It is most common in girls.
- Smith-Lemli-Opitz—A metabolic disorder caused by a gene mutation. People with the disorder cannot make enough cholesterol.
- West syndrome—Causes a specific type of seizure seen in an epilepsy syndrome of infancy and childhood.
There has been much attention around a link between vaccines and autism. This is partly because of a vaccine preservative called thimerosol. Studies have not found an association between vaccines and the development of autism.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: Adrian Preda, MD
- Review Date: 03/2017 -
- Update Date: 03/15/2015 -


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|MLBPA Press Release
Courtesy of the Players Trust, the students will receive round-trip transportation to the game, meet the players and receive free tickets, food, beverages and souvenirs.
This season, Buses for Baseball will provide transportation and personal greetings for more than 750 underprivileged children attending Major League Baseball games as invited guests of their big league heroes. Buses for Baseball will provide many of the children with their first chance to attend a Major League Baseball game.
The Players Trust enjoys support from the Tampa Bay Rays organization in providing this unique, up close and personal opportunity to share the thrill of Major League Baseball with those less fortunate.
The YMCA of Greater St. Petersburg is committed to nurturing the potential of kids, promoting healthy living and fostering a sense of social responsibility in order to strengthen the foundations of community.
To watch a brief video featuring the Buses for Baseball program, please visit the Players Trust Channel on YouTube at http://www.youtube.com/MLBPlayersTrust.
Follow the Players Trust on Twitter at @MLBPlayersTrust.


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Calcific tendonitis occurs when calcium deposits form in the tendons in the shoulder.
Risk Factors
Your risk of calcific tendonitis of the shoulder may be increased if you:
- Participate in sports that require repetitive arm use such as baseball, swimming, javelin throwing, and volleyball
- Have a job that requires repetitive arm use such as painting, carpentry, and welding
Symptoms may include:
- Sudden onset of pain
- Intense pain with shoulder movement
- Stiffness of shoulder
- Loss of shoulder range of motion
- Pain that disrupts sleep
- Tenderness over rotator cuff
- Loss of muscle mass
You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. It will assess your range of motion and stability.
Images may be taken of your shoulder. This can be done with an x-ray .
You may be referred to a specialist. For example, an orthopedic surgeon specializes in bones.
Most cases of calcific tendonitis resolve over time. Talk with your doctor about the best plan for you. Options include the following:
Medical Treatment
Your medical treatment plan will likely include:
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Rest
- Heat and/or ice
- A steroid shot directly into your shoulder to decrease inflammation and pain
Physical Therapy
A therapist will use different treatments to decrease the pain and inflammation. Possible treatments include:
- Ultrasound—a device that uses high energy sound waves to decrease pain in soft tissue
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)—used to decrease muscle stiffness or spasms
When the symptoms have started to decrease, a therapist will help to strengthen your muscles and increase range of motion.
Lavage Treatment
Lavage may help flush out the calcium deposits. A needle is placed directly into the shoulder. Normal saline is injected through the needles. The deposits are then broken up for removal.
Shock Wave Therapy
This therapy breaks up deposits by sending sound waves to the shoulder. The body can then reabsorb the smaller pieces. This should decrease symptoms.
In some cases, surgery may be done to remove deposits. The procedure is called arthroscopy . It uses small incisions and instruments to view the joint and remove the deposits.
To help reduce the chance of calcific tendonitis of the shoulder:
- Limit repetitive movements in the upper arm.
- Use weights to keep shoulder muscles strong.
- Change your workout routine or sports to rest the shoulder.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Warren A. Bodine, DO, CAQSM
- Review Date: 09/2018 -
- Update Date: 09/09/2014 -


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Chemical Information
|Catalog Num
|M. Wt
|at -20°C 3 years Powder
|CAS No.
Biological Activity
|Tyrosine-kinase inhibitor is a pharmaceutical drug that inhibits tyrosine kinases. Tyrosine kinases are enzymes responsible for the activation of many proteins by signal transduction cascades.
Preparing Stock Solutions
|Concentration / Solvent Volume / Mass
|1 mg
|5 mg
|10 mg
|0.1 mM
|17.05 mL
|85.24 mL
|0.5 mM
|3.41 mL
|17.05 mL
|34.09 mL
|1 mM
|1.7 mL
|8.52 mL
|17.05 mL
|5 mM
|0.34 mL
|1.7 mL
|3.41 mL
*The above data is based on the productmolecular weight 586.61. Batch specific molecular weights may vary from batch to batch due to solvent of hydration, which will affect the solvent volumes required to prepare stock solutions.
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Galco Holster Replacement for Shoulder Holster Systems
This relplacement leather shoulder holster component is the same unit that is used on the Galco Miami Classic and Miami Classic II. Whether you just need to replace a lost or damaged holster or are building a customer shoulder holster, this is the unit you need.
Galco Carry Lite Series Magazine Carrier
If you currently use a Carry Lite Series holster, complete the matching set and pick up a Galco CLMC Carry Lite Magazine Carrier today!
Galco Stow-n-Go Inside-the-Pants Gun Holster - Carry Lite Series
$28.76 - $28.80
Galco's Stow-N-Go Inside the Pants Holster is a highly concealable holster that can be used with a large variety of compact semiautomatic pistols and revolvers. It is available for right and left handed shooters and fits belts up to 1 3/4 inches wide.
Galco SAO Single Action Outdoorsman Revolver Holster
$87.96 - $90.40
The SAO Single Action Outdoorsman Holster is a great tool for carrying your firearm when out in the field. It is intended for Single Action Revolvers and comes in a tan finish and in right hand configuration. It can also be worn on your strong side or crossdraw style.
Galco Combat Master Leather Belt Holster
$73.56 - $73.60
A deeply detailed and hand-molded leather holster, Galco's Combat Master Belt Holster is an open-top leather holster that makes it easy to conceal larger defensive handguns. It is available black or tan and in right or left hand designs. The Combat Master fits these popular firearms and more:
- Beretta 92/96/M9
- Browning Hi-Power
- Colt King Cobra
- Dan Wesson .357
- Glock 17, 19, 22, 23
- H&K USP 9mm, .40, .45
- Kimber 1911 3", 4", 5"
- Para USA 1911
- Ruger LCR .38
- S&W J Frame 36
- Taurus PT92 & PT99
- Many more weapons!
Galco Wheelgunner Leather Belt Holster for Revolvers
The Galco Wheelgunner Revolver Holster is a fantastic option for outdoor sportsmen and concealed carriers alike. Designed for a wide selection of popular Single and Double Action revolvers, the Wheelgunner Holster is ambidextrous and can also be worn strongside or crossdraw with ease. The Wheelgunner fits belts up to 1 3/4 inches wide and comes in tan leather.
Galco Great Alaskan Leather Shoulder Holster System
Galco's brand new Great Alaskan leather shoulder holster is a great way to carry a firearm for protection when out in the field, especially when your primary concern is a bear, a wolf, or other types of animals that might pose a risk. It's lined holster component will protect your gun's finish and the holster will serve you well for years to come.
Galco Paddle Lite Holster - Carry Lite Series
Want a high grade leather paddle holster for a low price? Galco's Paddle Lite Paddle Holster is the answer. At a fraction of the price of many of Galco's other leather holsters, the Paddle Lite remains one of the most popular holsters on the market today. Available for many semiauto pistols and revolvers, the Paddle Lite is available for right or left handed shooters and comes in black.
Galco Leather Butt Cuff Ammo Carrier
Out of stock
Galco Fletch High Ride Leather Belt Holster
Galco's FLETCH Holster is a high riding leather holster that conceals very well and rides high on the weapon carrier's belt. It is made from high quality leather with double stitched seams and is available in black or tan for an enormous selection of handguns. It is available in left or right hand configuration.
Galco Vertical Holster Component for Shoulder Holster Systems
$80.00 - $88.00
Galco Ankle Lite Ankle Holster - Carry Lite Series
The little brother to the Ankle Glove, Galco's Ankle Lite Holster is available for a wide array of semiautos and wheelguns. It is offered in choice of khaki or black and in left or right hand configuration. The Ankle Lite uses a neoprene ankle band with a plush sheepskin padding for comfortable all-day carry.
Galco Triton Inside-the-Waistband Kydex Gun Holster
$51.96 - $52.00
Galco's Triton Kydex Holster is an easily concealable holster that will stand up to the most rigorous use. It is made for right and left handed shooters and fits belts up to 1 3/4 inches wide.


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Two staff members from The Opinion-Tribune newspaper have been recognized with journalism awards from the Omaha Press Club and Landmark Community Newspapers for work published during the 2010 calendar year.
Editor Joe Foreman and associate editor Joel Stevens were named winners of four awards earlier this month in the Omaha Press Club's annual "Excellence In Journalism Competition." They received three first-place awards and one second place award from the OPC.
Foreman and Stevens were named co-recipients of the OPC's first-place award for Best Special Section. Their winning entry, "That Championship Season," was an eight-page tribute to Glenwood's 2010 state championship baseball team.
Foreman was the first-place recipient in the "Best Feature Story" category for "Unconditional Love," a story about a couple's decision to carry their pregnancy to full-term after learning their daughter would be born with Anencephaly, a fatal neural birth defect.
In the column writing category, Stevens landed first place for his entry, "Shhhh . . . Socialism in the Library." Foreman was awarded second place in the same category for "Council Bluffs Salutes Edward Scissorhands."
Judging in the Omaha Press Club competition was conducted by representatives of the Atlanta Press Club.
Foreman and Stevens also claimed three awards in the Landmark Community Newspapers competition. "That Championship Season" earned a second-place award for Best Special Section.
In the Excellence In Column Writing category, each writer submitted three entries. Stevens received a third place in this category. In addition to the library piece, one of his columns focused on the ousting of three judges from the state supreme court during the November general election and his third entry was critical of Congressman Steve King.
Foreman received a third-place award for Best Feature Writing. In addition to "Unconditional Love," his three-story entry included a human interest feature on two longtime church organists and a feature on Glenwood Transit, a family-owned business that served the community for 71 years before going out of business last June.
Landmark Community News-papers is the parent company of The Opinion-Tribune and owns more than 50 newspapers and specialty publications across the country.
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It is only a matter of time until her dream comes true.
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Hey. I've been looking for some Indy companies in my area and alas, I came across this one. i might consider coming but i've got some questions.
is there an age limit? cuz i'm only 14 and I have a feeling it's 18 and older.. so if there's an age limit, damn.
also, the show's sound awesome, but what is the audience like. is it a whole bunch of drunk fans getting in fights and acting crazy. or is there some sensiblility in people? i mean, obviously it's gonna be loud, but is it gonna be scary where my family would get trampled by people? i hope those questions made sense..
please answer and thanks in advance :D


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Only hotels in 14602 zip code are listed below. Search for cheap and discount hotel rates in Rochester, NY for your upcoming leisure or conference / group travel. We list the best 14602 hotels and motels so you can review the Rochester hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. Hotels in Monroe county and area code 585 are also listed.
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Applewood Children Nursery
Hospitals/Childcare/Caring Premises
College Of West Anglia
Tennyson Avenue
King's Lynn, Norfolk
Tennyson Avenue
King's Lynn, Norfolk
Applewood Children Nursery was awarded a Food Hygiene Rating of 5 (Very Good) by Kings Lynn & West Norfolk Borough Council on 4th July, 2019.
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posted by Gail D Whitter at 2:19 p.m.
love the card Don.
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William Morris Forest Fox Tapestry Pillow Sham
William Morris Forest Fox Tapestry Pillow Sham
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It's time to upgrade your bedding. Our Pillow Shams merge creativity with premium fabrics, bringing unique style to your bedroom. Each of our pillow covers feature designs printed on soft, fuzzy 100% polyester for colorfully vibrant images.
- Available in Standard or King sizes
- Comes in a set of 2
- Crafted with premium, 100% polyester fabric
- Reverse white side with 50/50 poly-cotton blend
- Envelope closure for snug fit
- Machine wash cold, tumble dry low
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Why Sleep is Important
Healthy child development requires sufficient slumber. So, when a young child fails to fall asleep at an appropriate hour, both the parents and child suffer.
While observational studies do not allow researchers to say for sure whether poor sleep quality is a cause or a result of depression and low self esteem, other sleep researchers have linked a lack of sleep in young children to a whole host of daytime woes. These include hyperactivity, behavior problems, learning difficulties, and that dreaded condition feared by all parents: the cranky child. Sleep disturbance and behavior disorders are likely associated in children, even if it is rarely possible to say with certainty which causes which.
Make Use of Transitional Time
In the modern world, both parents work, so the whole household rises early. This makes a firm bedtime more important than ever. Unfortunately, many parents find that getting their young child to bed is the most difficult part of the day. To overcome this, create a routine associated with bedtime. Be as consistent as possible and start the routine at the same time every night.
One useful technique recommended by experts is the effective use of transitional time, which falls between normal evening activities and bedtime. Quiet, low-key activities such as bedtime stories, prayers, singing, warm baths, cuddling, and quiet talk make for good transitional time. Many children have a favorite teddy bear or toy they associate with bedtime each night. Once you establish this routine, your child will make the connection between quiet time and bedtime. During the transition, avoid activities that stimulate your child. These include wrestling, roughhousing, or exciting television shows.
Make sure your child gets enough physical activity during the day. Aim for 60 minutes a day. Activity will reduce stress, and induce fatigue and relaxation. Your child may even look forward to going to sleep at night.
Do Not Be a Sleep Assistant
The amount of sleep a child needs can vary depending on the child. So, it is up to parents to judge the exact amount of rest their children need. On average, kids aged 6-13 years old need about 9-11 hours of sleep a night. The earlier you establish a routine, the better. In fact, you can start bedtime routines during infancy.
Try to avoid staying with your child until they fall asleep. It can lead to a habit that is hard to break because your child will expect it to continue. Further, it may inhibit their ability to fall asleep when they are alone. Instead, think of yourself as a helper to set the mood for a good night's sleep. The transition will be difficult, but there are ways to ease your child into a new routine. Remember to give it time and remain patient.
The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends waiting several minutes when your child calls out from their bed. The idea is to give your child a chance to fall asleep on their own in between call outs. If the next call comes, stop farther from the child's door every time you approach the room. If you can, avoid going into the room. If you have to go in, do not turn on any lights, or engage in conversations or play. Every time you are called, remind your child that it is time to go to sleep.
Keep a Sleep Diary
Sleeping problems are common. If you think your child may have a sleep problem, try keeping a sleep diary. Record bedtimes, awake times, reasons for getting up at night, how long your child remains awake, and what it took to get your child back to sleep. You may see a pattern develop that can help you talk out your child's problems and give reassurance. It may also be useful to record changes or stressful events in their daily life.
The journal may also help reveal sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, night terrors, nightmares, or sleepwalking. Writing down specific incidences is helpful for you and your child's doctor. Although night terrors tend to resolve on their own, sleep apnea requires treatment.
There are several treatment options that will help your child to have a better sleep experience. This may reduce other problems your child may have during the day.
In most cases, having an established routine each night is the key to helping your child get to sleep at night on their own. If problems persist, consider talking to your child's doctor for advice.
- Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Michael Woods, MD, FAAP
- Review Date: 01/2018 -
- Update Date: 02/05/2015 -


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Texas Center for Proton Therapy is dedicated to creating more cancer survivors by bringing advanced, latest-generation proton therapy to North Texas.
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Radiation therapy, or radiotherapy, uses high-energy rays to damage or kill cancer cells and prevent them from growing and dividing.
Search by provider name, partial name, specialty or zip code and click the "Find a Provider" button to see your results.
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Support of family and friends is vital to healing. Our community-based approach enables patients to stay connecgted throughout treatment and recovery.
Publication: KVUE-TV (ABC, Austin)
New research shows breast cancer survivors face a number of health risks after therapy, including an increased risk of cardiovascular problems. Dr. Andrew Brenner, a medical oncologist at St. David's Medical Center and Texas Oncology, joined KVUE to discuss the new finding.


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If you're a small business owner who is expanding and needs to provide a number of new workstations affordably and fast, Sam's Club has some great solutions for you, like a four person task workstation that allows multiple employees to work in close proximity while still maintaining their own private workspace. There's plenty of space for computers, phones, and other office essentials, as well as shelves for easy access to any other office materials that may be needed. These workstations are easily assembled and come in a variety of colors to suit any office.
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Panama Population: 3,705,2468,497 VISITORS FROM HERE!
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|Explored and settled by the Spanish in the 16th century, Panama broke with Spain in 1821 and joined a union of Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela - named the Republic of Gran Colombia. When the latter dissolved in 1830, Panama remained part of Colombia. With US backing, Panama seceded from Colombia in 1903 and promptly signed a treaty with the US allowing for the construction of a canal and US sovereignty over a strip of land on either side of the structure (the Panama Canal Zone). The Panama Canal was built by the US Army Corps of Engineers between 1904 and 1914. In 1977, an agreement was signed for the complete transfer of the Canal from the US to Panama by the end of the century. Certain portions of the Zone and increasing responsibility over the Canal were turned over in the subsequent decades. With US help, dictator Manuel NORIEGA was deposed in 1989. The entire Panama Canal, the area supporting the Canal, and remaining US military bases were transferred to Panama by the end of 1999. An ambitious expansion project to more than double the Canal's capacity - by allowing for more Canal transits and larger ships - was carried out between 2007 and 2016.
Strategic location on eastern end of isthmus forming land bridge connecting North and South America; controls Panama Canal that links North Atlantic Ocean via Caribbean Sea with North Pacific Ocean
|Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Colombia and Costa Rica
|Geographic coordinates:
| total: 75,420 sq km
land: 74,340 sq km
water: 1,080 sq km
Size comparison: slightly smaller than South Carolina
|Land Boundaries:
|total: 687 km border countries (2): Colombia 339 km, Costa Rica 348 km
|2,490 km
|Maritime claims:
| territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm or edge of continental margin
|tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)
|interior mostly steep, rugged mountains with dissected, upland plains; coastal plains with rolling hills
|Elevation extremes:
|Natural resources:
|copper, mahogany forests, shrimp, hydropower
|Land use:
| agricultural land: 30.5% arable land 7.3%; permanent crops 2.5%; permanent pasture 20.7% forest: 43.6%
other: 25.9% (2011 est.)
|Irrigated land:
|321 sq km (2012)
|Natural hazards:
|occasional severe storms and forest fires in the Darien area
|Current Environment Issues:
|water pollution from agricultural runoff threatens fishery resources; deforestation of tropical rain forest; land degradation and soil erosion threatens siltation of Panama Canal; air pollution in urban areas; mining threatens natural resources
|International Environment Agreements:
| party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation
|^Back to Top
| noun: Panamanian(s)
adjective: Panamanian
|Ethnic groups:
|mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Native American 12.3% (Ngabe 7.6%, Kuna 2.4%, Embera 0.9%, Bugle 0.8%, other 0.4%, unspecified 0.2%), black or African descent 9.2%, mulatto 6.8%, white 6.7% (2010 est.)
|Spanish (official), indigenous languages (including Ngabere (or Guaymi), Buglere, Kuna, Embera, Wounaan, Naso (or Teribe), and Bri Bri), Panamanian English Creole (similar to Jamaican English Creole; a mixture of English and Spanish with elements of Ngabere; also known as Guari Guari and Colon Creole), English, Chinese (Yue and Hakka), Arabic, French Creole, other (Yiddish, Hebrew, Korean, Japanese) note: many Panamanians are bilingual
|Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant 15%
|3,705,246 (July 2016 est.)
|Age structure:
| 0-14 years: 26.7% (male 504,990/female 484,338)
15-24 years: 17.11% (male 323,034/female 311,099)
25-54 years: 40.31% (male 756,400/female 737,205)
55-64 years: 7.72% (male 141,582/female 144,414)
65 years and over: 8.16% (male 138,922/female 163,262) (2016 est.)
|Dependency ratios:
| total dependency ratio: 53.4%
youth dependency ratio: 41.7%
elderly dependency ratio: 11.7%
potential support ratio: 8.5% (2015 est.)
|Median age:
| total: 28.9 years
male: 28.5 years
female: 29.3 years (2016 est.)
|Population growth rate:
|1.3% (2016 est.)
|Birth rate:
|18.1 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Death rate:
|4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)
|Net migration rate:
|-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)
| urban population: 66.6% of total population (2015)
rate of urbanization: 2.07% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)
|Major urban areas - population:
|PANAMA CITY (capital) 1.673 million (2015)
|Sex ratio:
| at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
25-54 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
55-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2016 est.)
|Maternal mortality rate:
|94 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)
|Infant mortality rate:
| total: 10.1 deaths/1,000 live births male: 10.9 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)
|Life expectancy at birth:
| total population: 78.6 years male: 75.8 years
female: 81.6 years (2016 est.)
|Total fertility rate:
|2.33 children born/woman (2016 est.)
|Contraceptive prevalence rate:
|52.2% (2009)
|Health expenditures:
|8% of GDP (2014)
|Physicians density:
|1.65 physicians/1,000 population (2013)
|Hospital bed density:
|2.2 beds/1,000 population (2011)
|Drinking water source:
| improved:
urban: 97.7% of population
rural: 86.6% of population
total: 94.7% of population
urban: 2.3% of population
rural: 11.4% of population
total: 5.3% of population (2015 est.)
|Sanitation facility access:
| improved:
urban: 83.5% of population
rural: 58% of population
total: 75% of population
urban: 16.5% of population
rural: 42% of population
total: 25% of population (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|0.69% (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|17,100 (2015 est.)
|HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|500 (2015 est.)
|Obesity - adult prevalence rate:
|26.5% (2014)
|Children under the age of 5 years underweight:
|3.9% (2008)
|Education expenditures:
|3.3% of GDP (2011)
| definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 95%
male: 95.7%
female: 94.4% (2015 est.)
|School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):
| total: 13 years male: 12 years
female: 13 years (2013)
|Unemployment, youth ages 15-24:
| total: 12.6% male: 11.2%
female: 14.9% (2014 est.)
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|Country name:
| conventional long form: Republic of Panama
conventional short form: Panama
local long form: Republica de Panama
local short form: Panama
etymology: according to tradition, the name derives from a former indigenous fishing village and its nearby beach that were called "Panama" meaning "an abundance of fish"
|Government type:
|presidential republic
| name: Panama City
geographic coordinates: 8 58 N, 79 32 W
time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
|Administrative divisions:
|10 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia) and 3 indigenous territories* (comarcas); Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui, Cocle, Colon, Darien, Embera-Wounaan*, Herrera, Kuna Yala*, Los Santos, Ngobe-Bugle*, Panama, Panama Oeste, Veraguas
|3 November 1903 (from Colombia; became independent from Spain on 28 November 1821)
|National holiday:
|Independence Day, 3 November (1903)
|several previous; latest effective 11 October 1972; amended several times, last in 2004 (2016)
|Legal system:
|civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice
|18 years of age; universal
|Executive branch:
| chief of state: President Juan Carlos VARELA (since 1 July 2014); Vice President Isabel de SAINT MALO de Alvarado (since 1 July 2014); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Juan Carlos VARELA (since 1 July 2014); Vice President Isabel de SAINT MALO de Alvarado (since 1 July 2014)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president elections/appointments: president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (president eligible for a single non-consecutive term); election last held on 4 May 2014; next to be held in 2019)
election results: Juan Carlos VARELA elected president; percent of vote - Juan Carlos VARELA (PP) 39.1%, Jose Domingo ARIAS (CD) 31.4%, Juan Carlos NAVARRO (PRD) 28.2%, other 1.3%
note: an alliance between the Panamenista Party and Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) fractured after the 2014 election, but a loose coalition composed of Panamenista and moderate PRD and CD legislators generally work together to support the president's agenda
|Legislative branch:
| description: unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (71 seats; 45 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies - populous towns and cities - by proportional representation vote and 26 directly elected in single-seat constituencies - outlying rural districts - by plurality vote; members serve 5-year terms)
elections: last held on 4 May 2014 (next to be held in May 2019)
election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PRD 26, CD 25, Panamenista 16, MOLIRENA 2, PP 1, independent 1; note - only 57 deputies were officially installed because fourteen runners-up challenged the election
|Judicial branch:
| highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 9 magistrates and 9 alternates and divided into civil, criminal, administrative, and general business chambers) judge selection and term of office: magistrates appointed by the president for staggered 10-year terms
subordinate courts: appellate courts or Tribunal Superior; Labor Supreme Courts; Court of Audit; circuit courts or Tribunal Circuital (2 each in 9 of the 10 provinces); municipal courts; electoral, family, maritime, and adolescent courts
|Political parties and leaders:
|Democratic Change or CD [Ricardo MARTINELLI Berrocal] Democratic Revolutionary Party or PRD [Carlos PEREZ Herrera] Nationalist Republican Liberal Movement or MOLIRENA [Francisco "Pancho" ALEMAN] Panamenista Party [Juan Carlos VARELA Rodriguez] (formerly the Arnulfista Party) Popular Party or PP [Milton C. HENRIQUEZ] (formerly Christian Democratic Party or PDC)
|Political pressure groups and leaders:
|Chamber of Commerce Concertacion Nacional (mechanism for Government of Panama to formally dialogue with representatives of civil society) National Council of Organized Workers or CONATO National Council of Private Enterprise or CONEP National Union of Construction and Similar Workers (SUNTRACS) Panamanian Association of Business Executives or APEDE Panamanian Industrialists Society or SIP Workers Confederation of the Republic of Panama or CTRP
|International organization participation:
|BCIE, CAN (observer), CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance (observer), PCA, SICA, UN, UNASUR (observer), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
|National symbol(s):
|harpy eagle; national colors: blue, white, red
|National anthem:
| name: "Himno Istmeno" (Isthmus Hymn)
lyrics/music: Jeronimo DE LA OSSA/Santos A. JORGE
note: adopted 1925
|Diplomatic representation in the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador Emanuel Arturo GONZALEZ-REVILLA Lince (since 18 September 2014)
chancery: 2862 McGill Terrace NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 483-1407
consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Tampa, Washington DC
|Diplomatic representation from the US:
| chief of mission: Ambassador John D. FEELEY (since 15 February 2015)
embassy: Edificio 783, Avenida Demetrio Basilio Lakas Panama, Apartado Postal 0816-02561, Zona 5, Panama City
mailing address: American Embassy Panama, Unit 0945, APO AA 34002; American Embassy Panama, 9100 Panama City PL, Washington, DC 20521-9100
telephone: [507] 317-5000
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Panama's dollar-based economy rests primarily on a well-developed services sector that accounts for more than three-quarters of GDP. Services include operating the Panama Canal, logistics, banking, the Colon Free Trade Zone, insurance, container ports, flagship registry, and tourism. Panama's transportation and logistics services sectors, along with infrastructure development projects, have boosted economic growth; however, public debt surpassed $32 billion in 2015 because of excessive government spending and public works projects. The US-Panama Trade Promotion Agreement was approved by Congress and signed into law in October 2011, and entered into force in October 2012. Growth will be bolstered by the Panama Canal expansion project that began in 2007 and is estimated to be completed by 2016 at a cost of $5.3 billion - about 10-15% of current GDP. The expansion project will more than double the Canal's capacity, enabling it to accommodate ships that are too large to traverse the existing canal. The US and China are the top users of the Canal. In 2014, Panama completed a metro system in Panama City, valued at $1.2 billion. Strong economic performance has not translated into broadly shared prosperity, as Panama has the second worst income distribution in Latin America. About one-fourth of the population lives in poverty; however, from 2006 to 2012 poverty was reduced by 10 percentage points.
|GDP (purchasing power parity):
| GDP (purchasing power parity): $93.12 billion (2016 est.) $88.52 billion (2015 est.) $83.69 billion (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|GDP (official exchange rate):
|GDP (official exchange rate): $55.23 billion (2015 est.)
|GDP - real growth rate:
|5.2% (2016 est.) 5.8% (2015 est.) 6.1% (2014 est.)
|GDP - per capita (PPP):
| GDP - per capita (PPP): $22,800 (2016 est.) $22,100 (2015 est.) $21,300 (2014 est.)
note: data are in 2016 dollars
|Gross national saving:
|41.7% of GDP (2016 est.) 41% of GDP (2015 est.) 37.3% of GDP (2014 est.)
|GDP - composition, by end use:
| household consumption: 49.7%
government consumption: 9.4%
investment in fixed capital: 43.9%
investment in inventories: 3.3%
exports of goods and services: 52%
imports of goods and services: -58.3% (2016 est.)
|GDP - composition, by sector of origin:
| household consumption: 49.7%
government consumption: 9.4%
investment in fixed capital: 43.9%
investment in inventories: 3.3%
exports of goods and services: 52%
imports of goods and services: -58.3% (2016 est.)
|Agriculture - products:
|bananas, rice, corn, coffee, sugarcane, vegetables; livestock; shrimp
|construction, brewing, cement and other construction materials, sugar milling
|Industrial production growth rate:
|4.8% (2016 est.)
|Labor force:
|1.611 million note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor (2016 est.)
|Labor force - by occupation:
| agriculture: 17%
industry: 18.6%
services: 64.4% (2009 est.)
|Unemployment rate:
|4.5% (2016 est.) 4.5% (2015 est.)
|Population below poverty line:
|26% (2012 est.)
|Household income or consumption by percentage share:
| lowest 10%: 1.1%
highest 10%: 40.1% (2010 est.)
|Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|51.9 (2010 est.) 56.1 (2003)
| revenues: $11.7 billion
expenditures: $12.41 billion (2016 est.)
|Taxes and other revenues:
|21.2% of GDP (2016 est.)
|Public debt:
|39.3% of GDP (2016 est.) 38.8% of GDP (2015 est.)
|Fiscal year:
|calendar year
|Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|Inflation rate (consumer prices): 1% (2016 est.) 0.1% (2015 est.)
|Current account balance:
|-$3.029 billion (2016 est.) -$3.377 billion (2015 est.)
|$15.19 billion (2016 est.) $15.92 billion (2015 est.) note: includes the Colon Free Zone
|Exports - commodities:
|fruit and nuts, fish, iron and steel waste, wood
|Exports - partners:
|US 19.7%, Germany 13.2%, Costa Rica 7.7%, China 5.9%, Netherlands 4.1% (2015)
|$22.08 billion (2016 est.) $22.48 billion (2015 est.) note: includes the Colon Free Zone
|Imports - commodities:
|fuels, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel rods, pharmaceuticals
|Imports - partners:
|US 25.9%, China 9.6%, Mexico 5.1% (2015)
|Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
|$3.878 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $3.378 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Debt - external:
|$22.9 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $21.03 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
|$49.79 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $45.28 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
|$10.26 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $9.755 billion (31 December 2015 est.)
|Market value of publicly traded shares:
|$12.54 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $10.68 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $8.348 billion (31 December 2010 est.)
|Exchange rates:
|balboas (PAB) per US dollar - 1 (2016 est.) 1 (2015 est.) 1 (2014 est.) 1 (2013 est.) 1 (2012 est.)
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|Electricity - production:
|9 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - consumption:
|7.8 billion kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - exports:
|99 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - imports:
|200 million kWh (2014 est.)
|Electricity - installed generating capacity:
|2.7 million kW (2014 est.)
|Electricity - from fossil fuels:
|38.7% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from nuclear fuels:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from hydroelectric plants:
|61.3% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Electricity - from other renewable sources:
|0% of total installed capacity (2012 est.)
|Crude oil - production:
|0 bbl/day (2015 est.)
|Crude oil - exports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - imports:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Crude oil - proved reserves:
|0 bbl (1 January 2010 es)
|Refined petroleum products - production:
|0 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - consumption:
|136,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - exports:
|66.08 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Refined petroleum products - imports:
|127,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - production:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - consumption:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - exports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - imports:
|0 cu m (2013 est.)
|Natural gas - proved reserves:
|0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)
|Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy:
|17 million Mt (2013 est.)
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|Cellular Phones in use:
|total: 6.947 million subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 190 (July 2015 est.)
|Telephone system:
| general assessment: domestic and international facilities well-developed
domestic: mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased rapidly
international: country code - 507; landing point for the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1), the MAYA-1, and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that together provide links to the US and parts of the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; satellite earth (2015)
|Broadcast media:
|multiple privately owned TV networks and a government-owned educational TV station; multi-channel cable and satellite TV subscription services are available; more than 100 commercial radio stations (2007)
|Internet country code:
|Internet users:
|total: 1.873 million percent of population: 51.2% (July 2015 est.)
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|117 (2013)
|Airports (paved runways):
| total 57
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 20
under 914 m: 30 (2013)
|Airports (unpaved runways):
| total 60
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 8
under 914 m: 51 (2013)
|3 (2013)
|oil 128 km (2013)
| total 77 km
standard gauge: 77 km 1.435-m gauge (2014)
| total 15,137 km
paved: 6,351 km
unpaved: 8,786 km (2010)
|800 km (includes the 82-km Panama Canal that is being widened) (2011)
|Merchant marine:
| total 6,413
by type: barge carrier 1, bulk carrier 2,525, cargo 1,115, carrier 27, chemical tanker 588, combination ore/oil 1, container 742, liquefied gas 205, passenger 42, passenger/cargo 51, petroleum tanker 545, refrigerated cargo 191, roll on/roll off 87, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 290
foreign-owned: 5,157 (Albania 4, Argentina 5, Australia 4, Bahamas 6, Bangladesh 5, Belgium 1, Bermuda 27, Brazil 3, Bulgaria 6, Burma 3, Canada 6, Chile 14, China 534, Colombia 2, Croatia 2, Cuba 2, Cyprus 5, Denmark 41, Ecuador 3, Egypt 11, Finland 2, France 7, Gabon 1, Ger
registered in other countries: 1 (Honduras 1) (2010)
|Ports and terminals:
|major seaport(s): Balboa, Colon, Cristobal container port(s) (TEUs): Balboa (3,232,265), Colon (2,390,976), Manzanillo (2,391,066)
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|On 10 February 1990, the government of then President ENDARA abolished Panama's military and reformed the security apparatus by creating the Panamanian Public Forces; in October 1994, Panama's Legislative Assembly approved a constitutional amendment prohibiting the creation of a standing military force but allowing the temporary establishment of special police units to counter acts of "external aggression"
|Military branches:
|no regular military forces; Panamanian Public Security Forces (subordinate to the Ministry of Public Security), comprising the National Police (PNP), National Air-Naval Service (SENAN), National Border Service (SENAFRONT) (2013)
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|Transnational Issues
|Disputes - International:
|organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within the remote border region with Panama
|Refugees and internally displaced persons:
| refugees (country of origin): 15,593 (Colombia) (2015)
stateless persons: 2 (2015)
|Illicit drugs:
|major cocaine transshipment point and primary money-laundering center for narcotics revenue; money-laundering activity is especially heavy in the Colon Free Zone; offshore financial center; negligible signs of coca cultivation; monitoring of financial transactions is improving; official corruption remains a major problem
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Source: CIA - The World Factbook


text:
Whitney Hand (Oklahoma) and Averee Fields (West Virginia) were nominated with 4.00 grade point averages. Hand, a two-time Capital One Academic All-District honoree, becomes a three-time Academic All-Big 12 First Team selection along with Anna Prins (Iowa State), Brittany Chambers (Kansas State), Joanna McFarland (Oklahoma) and Mary Bokenkamp (Texas Tech).
West Virginia led all teams with six total honorees, while Oklahoma paced the first team with five members.
A total of 26 student-athletes earned first team recognition, while nine individuals comprised the second team.
First team members consist of those who have maintained a 3.20 or better GPA while second team selections hold a 3.00 to 3.19 GPA.
To qualify, student-athletes must maintain a 3.00 GPA or higher (either cumulative or the two previous semesters) and must have participated in 60 percent of their team's scheduled contests. Freshmen and transfers are not eligible in their first year of academic residence. Senior student-athletes who have participated for a minimum of two years and meet all the criteria except percent of participation are also eligible.