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The ketogenic diet achieved national media exposure in the US in October 1994, when NBC's Dateline television programme reported the case of Charlie Abrahams, son of Hollywood producer Jim Abrahams. The two-year-old suffered from epilepsy that had remained uncontrolled by mainstream and alternative therapies. Abrahams discovered a reference to the ketogenic diet in an epilepsy guide for parents and brought Charlie to John M. Freeman at Johns Hopkins Hospital, which had continued to offer the therapy. Under the diet, Charlie's epilepsy was rapidly controlled and his developmental progress resumed. This inspired Abrahams to create the Charlie Foundation to promote the diet and fund research.[10] A multicentre prospective study began in 1994, the results were presented to the American Epilepsy Society in 1996 and were published[17] in 1998. There followed an explosion of scientific interest in the diet. In 1997, Abrahams produced a TV movie, ...First Do No Harm, starring Meryl Streep, in which a young boy's intractable epilepsy is successfully treated by the ketogenic diet.[1]
This is a new area, but the research that has come out since this article is also positive, and promising. One example: In this June 2018 study of 23 people with obesity, 12 weeks of 8-hour time-restricted feeding resulted a 2.6% decrease in body weight and a 7 point decrease in systolic blood pressure, which was significant when compared to controls: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29951594
The fasting periods were often called 'cleanses', 'detoxifications', or 'purifications', but the idea is similar – e.g. to abstain from eating food for a certain period of time, often for health reasons. People imagined that this period of abstinence from food would clear their bodies' systems of toxins and rejuvenate them. They may have been more correct than they knew.
These affect your brain and spine, as well as the nerves that link them together. Epilepsy is one, but others may be helped by a ketogenic diet as well, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and sleep disorders. Scientists aren't sure why, but it may be that the ketones your body makes when it breaks down fat for energy help protect your brain cells from damage.
In so far as insulin promotes de novo lipogenesis and suppresses lipolysis in adipocytes it DOES help keep the fat inside. But in Hyperinsulinemia / Insulin Resistance with Impaired Glucose Tolerance lipolysis may not be sufficiently reduced and fatty acids and glycerin can be spilled at the same time that Triglycerides are being formed & stored. In the liver the glycerin gets converted to glucose producing hyperglycemia.
Write down everything you eat this week. People who keep food diaries, according to a study published in the Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, lose an average of 6 pounds (2.75 kg) more than people who don't keep a record of everything that they eat.[10] So force yourself to write down the good, the bad and the ugly. Keep these tips in mind:
When it comes to all things weight loss, the simplest, fastest way to make impactful, lasting change is to form habits you can actually stick with for life. That's why this plan involves an easy-to-follow meal planning guide. This full week of (delicious!) food will take the guesswork out of grocery shopping and prepping with nutritionist-approved breakfast, lunch, and dinner ideas. If you have a higher activity level, check out these 1,300-, 1,400-, 1,500-, and 1,800-calorie meal plans as well.
I would like to know what led you to the conclusion to recommend eating in the morning and fasting in the evening instead of the other way around. You do not link any studies here that show TRF in the morning is better than TRF in the evening. You do state "Nighttime eating is well associated with a higher risk of obesity, as well as diabetes." but I would hazard a guess that alot people that snack into the evening have many other factors at play that could effect their risk of obesity and diabetes and are possibly not fasting at all. I have been doing TRF from 12-8pm every day for almost a year and have seen vast improvements in my health, not least of which is a loss of 70 lbs, so it seems odd to read items 3 and 4 on your 4 ways to use this information for better health. If you have evidence that supports the idea that TRF in the evening is bad then I would like to see it and perhaps change my dieting habbits.
While 1,200 may be the right number for some people, it can be super restrictive for others, says Jaclyn London, MS, RD, CDN, Nutrition Director at the Good Housekeeping Institute. That's why we're using 1,200 as our base, and encourage you to build upon these meal and snack ideas by doubling (or tripling, quadrupling …you get the point!) up on veggies at any opportunity — and adding more fruit at snack time, too. You can also add 1-5 ounces of protein at all meals if at any point you're feeling like it's just not enough food to keep you satisfied. The combo of fiber from produce and lean protein makes this an adaptable strategy that'll help you lose weight safely — one meal (and snack) at a time!
#6) Zero-calorie beverages are okay. I drink green tea in the morning for my caffeine kick while writing. If you want to drink water, black coffee, or tea during your fasted period, that's okay. Remember, don't overthink it – keep things simple! Dr. Rhonda Patrick over at FoundMyFitness believes that a fast should stop at the first consumption of anything other than water, so experiment yourself and see how your body responds.
A particular diet may be chosen to seek weight loss or weight gain. Changing a subject's dietary intake, or "going on a diet", can change the energy balance and increase or decrease the amount of fat stored by the body. Some foods are specifically recommended, or even altered, for conformity to the requirements of a particular diet. These diets are often recommended in conjunction with exercise. Specific weight loss programs can be harmful to health, while others may be beneficial and can thus be coined as healthy diets. The terms "healthy diet" and "diet for weight management" are often related, as the two promote healthy weight management. Having a healthy diet is a way to prevent health problems, and will provide the body with the right balance of vitamins, minerals, and other nutrients.[4]
The brain is composed of a network of neurons that transmit signals by propagating nerve impulses. The propagation of this impulse from one neuron to another is typically controlled by neurotransmitters, though there are also electrical pathways between some neurons. Neurotransmitters can inhibit impulse firing (primarily done by γ-aminobutyric acid, or GABA) or they can excite the neuron into firing (primarily done by glutamate). A neuron that releases inhibitory neurotransmitters from its terminals is called an inhibitory neuron, while one that releases excitatory neurotransmitters is an excitatory neuron. When the normal balance between inhibition and excitation is significantly disrupted in all or part of the brain, a seizure can occur. The GABA system is an important target for anticonvulsant drugs, since seizures may be discouraged by increasing GABA synthesis, decreasing its breakdown, or enhancing its effect on neurons.[7]
There are many reasons why you might want to lose weight. If you have been significantly overweight or obese for a long time, then you might have concerns about what the extra weight could be doing to your health. Obesity increases your risk of many health problems, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, gallbladder disease, and some types of cancer.[1] If you have recently gained a bit of weight, then you might just want to lose some weight to fit back into your old jeans. Whatever your reason for wanting to lose weight, there are some important strategies that you should know about.
Because the ketogenic diet alters the body's metabolism, it is a first-line therapy in children with certain congenital metabolic diseases such as pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1) deficiency and glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome,[35] which prevent the body from using carbohydrates as fuel, leading to a dependency on ketone bodies. The ketogenic diet is beneficial in treating the seizures and some other symptoms in these diseases and is an absolute indication.[36] However, it is absolutely contraindicated in the treatment of other diseases such as pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, porphyria, and other rare genetic disorders of fat metabolism.[9] Persons with a disorder of fatty acid oxidation are unable to metabolise fatty acids, which replace carbohydrates as the major energy source on the diet. On the ketogenic diet, their bodies would consume their own protein stores for fuel, leading to ketoacidosis, and eventually coma and death.[37]
The ketogenic diet achieved national media exposure in the US in October 1994, when NBC's Dateline television programme reported the case of Charlie Abrahams, son of Hollywood producer Jim Abrahams. The two-year-old suffered from epilepsy that had remained uncontrolled by mainstream and alternative therapies. Abrahams discovered a reference to the ketogenic diet in an epilepsy guide for parents and brought Charlie to John M. Freeman at Johns Hopkins Hospital, which had continued to offer the therapy. Under the diet, Charlie's epilepsy was rapidly controlled and his developmental progress resumed. This inspired Abrahams to create the Charlie Foundation to promote the diet and fund research.[10] A multicentre prospective study began in 1994, the results were presented to the American Epilepsy Society in 1996 and were published[17] in 1998. There followed an explosion of scientific interest in the diet. In 1997, Abrahams produced a TV movie, ...First Do No Harm, starring Meryl Streep, in which a young boy's intractable epilepsy is successfully treated by the ketogenic diet.[1]
Unintentional weight loss can occur because of an inadequately nutritious diet relative to a person's energy needs (generally called malnutrition). Disease processes, changes in metabolism, hormonal changes, medications or other treatments, disease- or treatment-related dietary changes, or reduced appetite associated with a disease or treatment can also cause unintentional weight loss.[25][26][27][31][32][33] Poor nutrient utilization can lead to weight loss, and can be caused by fistulae in the gastrointestinal tract, diarrhea, drug-nutrient interaction, enzyme depletion and muscle atrophy.[27]
When your body burns its stores of fat, it can be hard on your kidneys. And starting a ketogenic diet -- or going back to a normal diet afterward -- can be tricky if you're obese because of other health issues you're likely to have, like diabetes, a heart condition, or high blood pressure. If you have any of these conditions, make diet changes slowly and only with the guidance of your doctor.
The ketogenic diet is a medical nutrition therapy that involves participants from various disciplines. Team members include a registered paediatric dietitian who coordinates the diet programme; a paediatric neurologist who is experienced in offering the ketogenic diet; and a registered nurse who is familiar with childhood epilepsy. Additional help may come from a medical social worker who works with the family and a pharmacist who can advise on the carbohydrate content of medicines. Lastly, the parents and other caregivers must be educated in many aspects of the diet for it to be safely implemented.[5]
Virtual gastric band uses hypnosis to make the brain think the stomach is smaller than it really is and hence lower the amount of food ingested. This brings as a consequence weight reduction. This method is complemented with psychological treatment for anxiety management and with hypnopedia. Research has been conducted into the use of hypnosis as a weight management alternative.[16][17][18][19] In 1996 a study found that cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was more effective for weight reduction if reinforced with hypnosis.[17] Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ACT, a mindfulness approach to weight loss, has also in the last few years been demonstrating its usefulness.[20]
^ Ketogenic "eggnog" is used during induction and is a drink with the required ketogenic ratio. For example, a 4:1 ratio eggnog would contain 60 g of 36% heavy whipping cream, 25 g pasteurised raw egg, saccharin and vanilla flavour. This contains 245 kcal (1,025 kJ), 4 g protein, 2 g carbohydrate and 24 g fat (24:6 = 4:1).[17] The eggnog may also be cooked to make a custard, or frozen to make ice cream.[37]
I'll share some of my experiences, now doing heavy strength training for 3 years in a fasted state: For my first "fasted" workout or two after starting an IF protocol, it was very weird to not eat before training. However, after a few sessions, I learned that my body could certainly function (and even thrive) during my training sessions despite not eating a pre-workout meal.
The ketogenic diet is calculated by a dietitian for each child. Age, weight, activity levels, culture, and food preferences all affect the meal plan. First, the energy requirements are set at 80–90% of the recommended daily amounts (RDA) for the child's age (the high-fat diet requires less energy to process than a typical high-carbohydrate diet). Highly active children or those with muscle spasticity require more food energy than this; immobile children require less. The ketogenic ratio of the diet compares the weight of fat to the combined weight of carbohydrate and protein. This is typically 4:1, but children who are younger than 18 months, older than 12 years, or who are obese may be started on a 3:1 ratio. Fat is energy-rich, with 9 kcal/g (38 kJ/g) compared to 4 kcal/g (17 kJ/g) for carbohydrate or protein, so portions on the ketogenic diet are smaller than normal. The quantity of fat in the diet can be calculated from the overall energy requirements and the chosen ketogenic ratio. Next, the protein levels are set to allow for growth and body maintenance, and are around 1 g protein for each kg of body weight. Lastly, the amount of carbohydrate is set according to what allowance is left while maintaining the chosen ratio. Any carbohydrate in medications or supplements must be subtracted from this allowance. The total daily amount of fat, protein, and carbohydrate is then evenly divided across the meals.[37]
There's a ton of incredibly promising intermittent fasting (IF) research done on fat rats. They lose weight, their blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood sugars improve… but they're rats. Studies in humans, almost across the board, have shown that IF is safe and incredibly effective, but really no more effective than any other diet. In addition, many people find it difficult to fast.
The day before admission to hospital, the proportion of carbohydrate in the diet may be decreased and the patient begins fasting after his or her evening meal.[19] On admission, only calorie- and caffeine-free fluids[37] are allowed until dinner, which consists of "eggnog"[Note 8] restricted to one-third of the typical calories for a meal. The following breakfast and lunch are similar, and on the second day, the "eggnog" dinner is increased to two-thirds of a typical meal's caloric content. By the third day, dinner contains the full calorie quota and is a standard ketogenic meal (not "eggnog"). After a ketogenic breakfast on the fourth day, the patient is discharged. Where possible, the patient's current medicines are changed to carbohydrate-free formulations.[19]
^ Freeman JM, Vining EP, Pillas DJ, Pyzik PL, Casey JC, Kelly LM. The efficacy of the ketogenic diet—1998: a prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children. Pediatrics. 1998 Dec;102(6):1358–63. doi:10.1542/peds.102.6.1358. PMID 9832569. https://web.archive.org/web/20040629224858/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/press/1998/DECEMBER/981207.HTM Lay summary]—JHMI Office of Communications and Public Affairs. Updated 7 December 1998. Cited 6 March 2008.
So as you're planning new weight-loss-related lifestyle changes, make a plan to address other stresses in your life first, such as financial problems or relationship conflicts. While these stresses may never go away completely, managing them better should improve your ability to focus on achieving a healthier lifestyle. Once you're ready to launch your weight-loss plan, set a start date and then — start.
Italiano: Perdere Peso, Español: bajar de peso, Deutsch: Abnehmen, Português: Perder Peso, Nederlands: Afvallen, Français: perdre du poids, Русский: сбросить вес, 中文: 减肥, Čeština: Jak zhubnout, Bahasa Indonesia: Menurunkan Berat Badan, 日本語: ダイエット, ไทย: ลดน้ำหนัก, Tiếng Việt: Giảm Cân, हिन्दी: वज़न कम करें (kaise vajan kam kare), 한국어: 체중 감량하는 법, Türkçe: Nasıl Kilo Verilir
In addition to improving your health, maintaining a weight loss is likely to improve your life in other ways. For example, a study of participants in the National Weight Control RegistryExternal* found that those who had maintained a significant weight loss reported improvements in not only their physical health, but also their energy levels, physical mobility, general mood, and self-confidence.
The nerve impulse is characterised by a great influx of sodium ions through channels in the neuron's cell membrane followed by an efflux of potassium ions through other channels. The neuron is unable to fire again for a short time (known as the refractory period), which is mediated by another potassium channel. The flow through these ion channels is governed by a "gate" which is opened by either a voltage change or a chemical messenger known as a ligand (such as a neurotransmitter). These channels are another target for anticonvulsant drugs.[7]
Social conditions such as poverty, social isolation and inability to get or prepare preferred foods can cause unintentional weight loss, and this may be particularly common in older people.[42] Nutrient intake can also be affected by culture, family and belief systems.[27] Ill-fitting dentures and other dental or oral health problems can also affect adequacy of nutrition.[27]
The Mayo Clinic Diet is generally safe for most adults. It does encourage unlimited amounts of vegetables and fruits. For most people, eating lots of fruits and vegetables is a good thing — these foods provide your body with important nutrients and fiber. However, if you aren't used to having fiber in your diet, you may experience minor, temporary changes in digestion, such as intestinal gas, as your body adjusts to this new way of eating.


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subset: commoncrawl


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Jackson Hewitt Tax Service
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7901 Brook Rd
Richmond, VA 23227
- Accounting and Bookkeeping in Richmond
- Taxes in Richmond
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A police officer was today killed and two other cops were injured in a militant attack outside Chadoora police station in Budgam district of Kashmir.
Militants opened indiscriminate fire on the police party, injuring three policemen, including Station House Officer Sub Inspector Shabir Ahmad, police said.
The injured were rushed to a nearby hospital where the SHO succumbed to his wounds, police said.
The other two injured policemen have been identified as Constable Mohammad Shafi and SPO Firdous Ahmad.
No militant outfit has claimed responsibility for the attack so far.
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At 208 N. Front St., Going Local Artisan Gifts left its space (pictured at right) because of hurricane damage, said store owner Michelle Conely.
Conely held a six-week artisan market during the recent holidays at Mayfaire Town Center in space formerly occupied by a fitness studio.
Conely said she's still making future plans to be announced at some point for Going Local.
In Wrightsville Beach, Office Building Sells For $1.3M
Cece Nunn - Aug 19, 2019
Pawsome News: New Pet Daycare And Retailers Opening In Wilmington
Johanna Cano - Aug 20, 2019
Public Forums Draw Questions About NHRMC's Future
Vicky Janowski - Aug 20, 2019
SummerFest 19 To Include Street Food Cook-off At Battleship Park
Jessica Maurer - Aug 21, 2019
Drift Coffee & Kitchen Now Open At Mayfaire
Jessica Maurer - Aug 21, 2019
The number of travelers using the growing Wilmington International Airport has soared each month in 2019 compared to the same month the prev...
Researchers at UNCW have developed an instrument that measures the health of coral reefs, a tool that could be useful for other universities...
An area landmark has a new tool for providing insight into the daily lives of the men who served aboard the World War II vessel....
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text: Machined from 1/4" aluminum plate, then blue anodized and meticulously engraved with easy-to-read timing marks. The open design allows for easy camshaft timing changes to be done, while the degree wheel is still on the engine. The degree wheel has a 1" diameter center hole to mount to our engine turning sockets or reducer bushings are supplied to work with other balancer bolts. Don't forget to check out the adjustable wire degree pointer that works with this 16" diameter degree wheel.


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Prequalified contractors are still preparing to submit bids of 4 February for a road bridge as part of the first phase of the AED1.5bn-2.5bn extension of Dubai Creek.
Sources close to the project say that the design of the project has not changed and still involves building road bridges that will take Sheikh Zayed Road over the extended waterway. This is despite an announcement on 21 December last year from Dubai Media Office that the project will now involve a suspended canal that will take the Creek over Sheikh Zayed Road and the Dubai Metro.
Dubai's Roads & Transport Authority invited contractors to bid for the first major construction package on the extension of Dubai Creek in early December last year.
The prequalified contractors are:
- Al-Naboodah Contracting (local)/Bel Hasa Six Construction (local/Belgium)
- China State Construction Engineering Corporation (China)
- Dutco Balfour Beatty (local/UK)
- Gunal (Turkey)
- National Wheel J&P (local/Cyprus)
- Wade Adams (local)
The contract has been split into two parts. Section 1a involves building a bridge that will take traffic on Sheikh Zayed Road across the proposed creek extension. Section 1b covers the excavation and marine work for a stretch of the waterway running from Business Bay running past Safa Park and leading towards Al-Wasl Road.
The consultant is US-based Parsons International.
Later packages on the scheme will be tendered later in January. They involve bridges crossing Al-Wasl Road and Beach Road, and excavation and other marine works leading out to the Gulf. Once complete, the extension will connect Business Bay to the Gulf. In addition to crossing Sheikh Zayed Road, the waterway will also cross Al-Wasl Road and Beach Road before entering the sea.


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Poor, poor customer service if you need to access their Benefits Assistance Program. No reply to emails, operators are not in the loop about what is going on with your claim when you call to get updates, they denied our claim on baseless information, and did the least possible to help our situation. We were victims of a hit and run, but sadly we were further victimized by our USAA Rewards Visa Signature Benefits Assistance program as well.… read more
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The Hozelock Pulsating Sprinkler is a traditional sprinkler with a metal ground spike and impact-resistant components for durability. It has an adjustable area coverage from 65° to 360° and an adjustable spray pattern from a short range and wide area to a long reach with narrow spray to give more choice of coverage. For larger gardens, multiple units can be linked in line with use of an additional adaptor (HOZ2289).
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This online paper series is published by the Observatory of Parliaments after the Lisbon Treaty (OPAL).
OPAL Online Papers are published at www.opal-europe.org. Series Editors: Thomas Christiansen & Ariella Huff ISBN: 978-90-818813-5-7
Celebrating the first yellow card of the Early Warning System (EWS) in the 20th anniversary of the Treaty of Maastricht is, indeed, a charming coincidence. Why? Because it was in Maastricht in the city which was named by the Roman Empire as Mosae Trajectum (Maastricht), which means crossing-place over the Maas river that the twelve EU Member-States decided to
include, for the first time, a declaration on the role of national Parliaments in the European Union (EU). This bridge metaphor may then lead us to a discussion on the connection between national parliaments (NPs) and the EU, as an additional attempt to democratise (and legitimise) the European legislative process and to link it to citizens. The intention of bringing EU closer to the citizens was further developed in Amsterdam, with the inclusion of a Protocol devoted to the role of NPs in the EU, and then deeply debated at the Convention, which delivered the (failed) Constitutional Treaty and opened the path to Lisbon. This article aims, then, to contribute to the understanding of NP dynamics engendered by the implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon since 2009, mostly due to the subsidiarity clause. It largely focuses on the (positive) side-effects of the Treaty provisions on NPs, which are claimed to be more meaningful then the rather limited scope of the legal framework which shape them. The main question nowadays is, thus, how to interpret both the role provided to twenty-seven Member State parliaments in EU affairs by the Treaty of Lisbon and its concrete implementation.
1 Twelve national Parliaments/Chambers (19 votes) claimed a breach of the subsidiarity principle on an EU draft legislative act - Proposal for a Council Regulation on the exercise of the right to take collective action within the context of the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services (COM(2012)130), Brussels, 21.3.2012, a.k.a. Monti II, available at http://www.ipex.eu/IPEXLWEB/dossier/document/COM20120130.do - i.e., they have considered that the EU is not competent to legislate on that specific matter, especially in what concerns the implications on the right to strike, which should rather be dealt at national level.
Indeed, for the first time in the history of EU Treaties, NPs are named in the body of the treaty and not just in an annexed declaration or protocol. There are forty seven mentions of national parliaments in the Treaty and it devotes an entire article to summarise the main roles granted to NPs regarding the EU decision-making process. Article 12 TEU states that national Parliaments contribute actively to the good functioning of the EU, namely by: scrutinizing the respect for the principle of subsidiarity by EU legislative draft acts, i.e. by generating a sort of alarm (the so called early warning system) every time the EU proposes legislation in an area of shared competences with Member-States, where NPs consider that it should rather be dealt with at national level, i.e. by themselves; participating in some procedures regarding the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ), e.g. Eurojust, Europol, etc. ; participating in the Treaty Revisions ; having a say concerning other State applications to join the Union ; and having veto power over the use of both the passerelle clause (when the Council decides to move from unanimity to qualified majority voting on measures concerning family law with cross-border implications) and the flexibility clause (when the EU considers that there is a
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
2 Protocol 2, annex to the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union ((22): 206-209). 3 Article 5 (3) TEU; Article 12, b) TEU, Article 69 TFEU and annexed Protocols no. 1 and no. 2. 4 Article 12, c) TEU; Articles 69, 70, 71, 85 and 88 TFEU. 5 Article 12, d) TEU and Article 48 TFEU. 6 Article 12, e) TEU and Article 49 TFEU. 7 Article 48 (7) TEU and second and third subparagraphs of Article 81 (3) TFEU. 8 Article 352, (2) TFEU.
need for an EU initiative in an area where the Treaty does not attribute that competence to the EU). Considering the above, the main benefit of the Treaty of Lisbon for NPs is the fact that it provides them with information on the main EU decision-making dossiers . Moreover, it also provides NPs with a (decisive) say regarding some EU critical decisions, with the option to scrutinize EU draft legislation and, above all, with the possibility of forwarding the results of their scrutiny to the Presidents of the Commission, Council and EP. However, this possibility of sending the results of parliamentary work on EU matters is restricted to: draft legislative acts, matters falling within the shared legislative competences between EU and Member-States, a timeframe of 8 weeks and, above all, the submission of a reasoned opinion on the (non)observance of the subsidiarity principle, i.e., stating the reasons why a draft legislative proposal fails to comply with the principle of subsidiarity (early warning system). Having all those constraints in mind, this article claims that EWS intangible side effects, rather than its tangible provisions, appear to be the major outcome of the new provisions: to raise national parliaments awareness of EU matters and to set up a communicative routine among NPs on EU affairs. And, by doing so, ultimately, NPs may indeed end up providing an added (not competitive) way to democratise and legitimise EU legislation, based on their representative and plural institutional nature and on their direct and close relations with citizens.
9 NP directly receive all consultation and planning documents from the Commission, as well as draft legislation issued by any institution or group of Member States, including the information regarding the mentioned notification procedures.
Furthermore, in the course of the ordinary legislative procedure (co-decision), if a simple majority of the NPs (28 votes) opposes the draft, the European Commission is required to review it and if it decides to maintain the draft unchanged, the reasoned opinion from the Commission and the opinions of the NPs are forwarded to the Council and EP for consideration. In this case, if the Council, by a majority of 55%, or the EP, by a simple majority, considers that the draft does not comply with the subsidiarity principle, it has to be withdrawn. This is the so called orange card. Lastly, following the adoption of the legislation, Member States - on behalf of their NPs - may bring legal action on grounds of infringement of the principle of subsidiarity and the EU Court of Justice is entitled to pronounce on such appeals. This cements the so called red card. By the time Lisbon came into force, at the end of 2009, the question was how the European Commission, and then the other EU institutions, would deal with these provisions. Which documents would the Commission consider to be subject to the subsidiary check? How would such documents be identified? Would the Commission communicate to NPs when all language versions had been sent out and the 8-week- period was starting? How would it consider the reasoned opinions issued by NPs on EU draft legislative acts in order to reach the required 1/3 or threshold? Would all NPs have to take issue with the same article of the draft? And would they have to base their opinions on the same argument? How would EU institutions interpret the shared reasons referred to in Article 7.3 (a) of Protocol no. 2? Would the Commission answer the reasoned opinions after the 8-week period? Would there be English and French versions of these answers? Would the Commission inform NPs, just after the 8-week period had elapsed, about the total number of reasoned opinions received? Moreover, would the Commission notify NPs about the effects of the reasoned opinions on the text of a draft legislative act? All those questions were deeply debated and the European Commission decided on a wider political approach towards the EWS in order to maximise the input of NPs reasoned opinions to its draft legislative acts. Consequently, both the EU institutions and NPs undertook internal procedural changes in order to guarantee the implementation of the EWS. However, according to table in annex 1, in 2010, the first year of implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon, only 34 of a total of 386 opinions sent to the European Commission were, in fact, reasoned opinions, i.e., only 8% of the NP contributions sent were actually stating that a certain draft legislative act was not complying with the principle of subsidiarity (Article 6 of Protocol no. 2 of the Treaty of Lisbon). And those 34 reasoned opinions were not all on the same proposal, which means that, during the first year of the implementation of Lisbon, the required threshold for a yellow card was never reached. Furthermore, 25/40 Parliaments/Chambers only sent four or fewer opinions to the EC during 2010 (see also Barrett (1): 12). 6
As demonstrated in the table of annex 1, from 2006 (Barrosos initiative/political dialogue) to 2011, NPs sent 1725 opinions to the EC on EU proposals. Considering the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon in the end of 2009, 34 reasoned opinions were sent in 2010 and 63 in 2011, in a total of 97 reasoned opinions forwarded to the EU institutions under the Treaty of Lisbons provisions. This clearly demonstrates that the political dialogue platform was used much more than strict scrutiny of the subsidiarity principle via reasoned opinions. Of course this happens for several reasons and mostly because EU institutions are not forwarding legislative drafts with doubtful subsidiarity grounds on a daily basis. But, in our view, it clearly means that parliamentarians are much more interested in debating and forwarding their opinions on the substance of EU draft legislation. The tenth most participative parliaments (including opinions and reasoned opinions) have been the Portuguese Assembleia da Repblica, the Italian Senato della Repubblica, the Swedish Riksdag, the Czech Sent, the German Bundesrat, the French Snat, the UK House of Lords, the Italian Camera dei Deputati, the Danish Folketinget and the Romanian Senatul (see annex 1). As far as the reasoned opinions are concerned, the five most participative have been the Swedish Riksdag, the Luxembourg Chambre des Dputs, the Polish Senat, the Polish Sejm and the UK House of Commons (see annex 1). As a result of the evolution of NPs exercise of Lisbon provisions, two years after the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, an EWS yellow card was reached. That took place on the 22
May 2012, with the Proposal for a Council Regulation on the exercise of the right to take collective action within the context of the freedom of establishment and the freedom to provide services . For the first time - after three almost cases in the first two years of the Treaty of Lisbons
10 Indeed, this case may have major potential institutional consequences, first of all because of its implications with the right to strike and, consequently, because it brings a new element to the European Court of Justices interpretation concerning the EU status regarding economic and social rights. 11 - The Proposal for a Directive on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of seasonal employment, gathered 10/18 votes, from the Austrian Nationalrat and Bundesrat, the Czech Poslaneck snmovna and Sent, the Dutch Eerste Kamer and Tweede Kamer, the Lithuanian Seimas, the Polish Senat, the UK House of Lords, which found a breach of the subsidiarity principle and expressed reservations regarding the social rights provided for in the proposal, and, according to IPEX, motivated the signing of important information to exchange on the draft act by fourteen Chambers (the Austrian Nationalrat and Bundesrat, the Czech Poslaneck snmovna and Sent, the Dutch Tweede Kamer and Eerst Kamer, the French Snat, the German Bundesrat, the Latvian Saeimas, the Polish Sejm and Senat, the Portuguese Assembleia da Repblica, the Swedish Riksdag and the UK House of Commons, although only the Austrian Nationalrat, the Finish Eduskunta, the Portuguese Assembleia da Repblica and the UK House of Commons received an answer from the European Commission - COM(2010)379, Brussels, 13.7.2010,
implementation - the EWS threshold was finally reached. Twelve Parliaments/Chambers the Belgian Chambre des reprsentants, the Danish Folketinget, the Finish Eduskunta, the French Snat, the Latvian Saeima, the Luxembourg Chambre des Dputs, the Maltese Kamra tadDeputati, the Polish Sejm, the Portuguese Assembleia da Repblica, the Swedish Riksdag, the Dutch Eerste Kamer and the UK House of Commons adopted reasoned opinions (i.e. 19/18 votes) clearly stating to the EU legislators that this issue should be tackled by Member States. Two Parliaments the Latvian Saeima and Lithuanian Seimas found the proposal to be in breach of the proportionality principle. Contradicting the views of numerous scholars, this first yellow card proved that it is possible for a sufficient number of NPs to agree that the same legislative proposal violates the subsidiarity principle. Even if it will probably occur very rarely and with limited effects, and even taking into consideration that the Commission still holds the ultimate power in the process and can ignore the national parliaments opinions (RAUNIO (15):7), it is still doubtful that the yellow card just represents a rather harmless procedure, with only a marginal impact on the EUs legislative process (RAUNIO (15):2) with no political significance.
available at http://www.ipex.eu/IPEXL-WEB/dossier/document/COM20100379FIN.do; see also 16th COSAC biannual report on EU Practices and Procedures, October 2011, published at http://www.cosac.eu/documents/bi-annual-reports-of-cosac/, p. 29. Moreover, according to the above mentioned COSAC biannual report (p. 51), the fourth recital to the Preamble of the draft legislative resolution makes explicit reference to the reasoned opinions of six Parliaments/Chambers, i.e. the Austrian Nationalrat and Bundesrat, the Czech Poslaneck snmovn, and Sent, and the Dutch Eerste Kamer and Tweede Kamer; - The Proposal for a Directive for a Council directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB), was fully scrutinized by 18 Chambers and gathered 13/18 votes, from the Bulgarian Narodno sabranie, the Dutch Eerster Kamer, the Irish House of Oireachtas, the Maltese Il-Kamra Tad-Deputat, the Polish Sejm, the Romanian Camera Deputailor, the Slovak Narodna rada, the Swedish Riksdag and the UK House of Commons and, according to IPEX, motivated the signing of important information to exchange on the draft act by six Chambers (the Belgian Chambre des reprsentants, , the Czech Sent, the Dutch Tweede Kamer, the Luxembourg Chambre des Dputs and the Slovakian Nrodn radat), although only the Czech Sent, the UK House of Commons, the Slovakian Nrodn radat and the Swedish Riksdag received an answer from the European Commission - COM(2011)121, Brussels, 16.3.2011, available at http://www.ipex.eu/IPEXL-WEB/dossier/document/COM20110121FIN.do; see also 16th COSAC biannual report on EU Practices and Procedures, October 2011, published at http://www.cosac.eu/documents/biannual-reports-of-cosac/, p. 29; - The proposal for a regulation of the EP and of the Council amending regulation (EC) no. 562/2006 in order to provide for common rules on the temporary reintroduction of border control at internal borders in exceptional circumstances, gathered 10/18 votes, from the Dutch Tweede Kamer and Eerste Kamer, the French Assemble nationale, the Portuguese Assembleia da Repblica, the Romanian Senatul, the Slovakian Nrodn rada and the Swedish Riksdag, and motivated the signing of important information to exchange on the draft act by nine Chambers (the Czech Sent, the Dutch Tweede Kamer, the French Snat and Assemble Nationale, the Italian Camera dei Deputati, the Lithuanian Seimas, the Polish Sejm and Senat and the Portuguese Assembleia da Repblica), although only the Swedish Riksdag received an answer from the European Commission. Finally, it was fully scrutinised by 20 Chambers (COM(2011)560), Brussels, 16.9.2011, available at http://www.ipex.eu/IPEXL-WEB/dossier/document/COM20110560.do.
More noteworthy, however, is that during the 8-week period for national parliamentary scrutiny, an exceptionally busy exchange of information among European Affairs Committees and National Parliament Representatives (NPRs)
specifically among the most active/interested archipelago of Parliaments/Chambers on the proposal under scrutiny. What this article tries to demonstrate is that this yellow card was the expected result of a substantial network developed among NPs, at least since 2009, with the purpose of informing one another about their concerns about EU initiatives and, in this way, contributing to the creation of a community of communication (PASKALEV (13): 12). This communication network generated a spillover effect which resulted in the pronouncement of so many Parliaments/Chambers on this specific EU draft legislation, something which was considered by many to be nearly impossible. In fact, since Lisbon, all NPs are empowered to scrutinize the same EU draft, at the same time and for a common purpose, a momentum which Ian Cooper interprets as a possible virtual third chamber that, in 8 weeks, analyzes, debates and deliberates over the same EU legislative text (COOPER (4): 7). Still, two and a half years after the entry into force of Lisbon, this is the only example of a EWS yellow card and much has yet to come.
The third idea links to the question of whether the parliamentary work devoted to the scrutiny of EU draft legislation is perceived to contribute to MP re-election. If not, MPs may prefer to exercise their mandate in other ways. However, more than any other factor, this item depends on the action of the MP in charge of a dossier and on his/her ability to demonstrate the importance and possible impact of a given EU draft legislative act in a specific sector, mostly if he/she stands for an opposition party. However, a close relationship with stakeholders and the organisation of public hearings with media coverage is usually an important asset for an MP seeking inclusion by his/her party in the list for re-election. Additionally, safeguarding a position within his/her own party as one of the specialised/credible voices to speak on EU matters may also be a skill which may contribute to guarantee his/her name in the electoral lists and, consequently, his/her reelection, because every party needs an MP with this profile in the team. In fact, this re-election variable turns out to be crucial in the equation which determines parliamentarians political engagement in EU matters. Fourthly, there is the argument that NPs are still not very professional in drafting the admissibility criteria regarding draft legislative acts and that, even when NPs send their opinion on time and identify the problematic aspects of a proposal, if the conclusion does not explicitly state that those reasons amount to a violation of the principle of subsidiarity, it automatically converts a potential reasoned opinion, or even a reasoned opinion in substance, into just an opinion, i.e., a contribution to the political dialogue (Kiiver (10): 8). Lastly, the variable of the political approach comes back to the equation. On the one hand, parliamentarians seem to be much more interested in the substance of EU draft legislative acts then in scrutinising their compliance with the principle of subsidiarity. Even though title of Protocol no. 2 (principle of subsidiarity and principle of proportionality) is misleading, NPs are entitled to issue reasoned opinions only regarding the level at which a given draft legislative act (on shared competences) should be issued: at EU level or at national level (principle of subsidiarity). The limitation of the scope of the reasoned opinion is then undeniable (Barrett (1): 5). Parliamentarians scrutiny/political work seeks to avoid, in practice, this narrow treaty-based approach and tends to go far beyond subsidiarity, focusing on the political analyses of the proposal, on their attempts to influence the national position and the EU players on that issue and, last but not the least, on warning stakeholders about the upcoming EU legislation. On the other hand, it may occur that after having scrutinised the proposal and having identified its reservations, parliamentarians simply do not phrase their arguments as subsidiarity complains because they do not want to clearly and openly position themselves against the proposal and they do not want their vote to count against the proposal. It may happen for political reasons or in order not to harm the domestic institutional balance. Namely, most of the time, NPs are not 10
willing to bypass their government in the context of EU affairs, unless they want to endorse their governments position against a proposal or when the topic is considered to be a crucial political issue. The occasionally substantial ambivalence of NPs opinions may thus be a political strategy to avoid, in many cases, the use of an undesirable veto, while stating the parliaments claims regarding the legal basis, the subsidiarity justification, the proportionality effects and, above all, the substance of the draft act in question. The significant EWS side effect or (unintended) achievements In fact, Lisbon had an effect on parliaments relations with the EU institutions (mainly with the EC), on parliaments relations with the government, on parliaments role as transmission belts between citizens, associations, social and economic interest groups, stakeholders and the EU legislative making process, on parliaments relations with the community of NPs, on the politicization of EU outputs at the national level and on the sense of ownership of the European project at national level through NPs ex ante political input. Specifically, the EWS has generated a remarkable dynamic in five main domains: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The work of EU institutions; Redressing the domestic institutional balance of powers between legislatures and executives; Communication with citizens and stakeholders; Interparliamentary co-operation among NPs; Reforming the parliamentary EU-related legal framework, procedures and resources.
This article argues that although the legal implications of Lisbon might not be that far-reaching, they have triggered some quite interesting unintended achievements. Accordingly, in the view of the author, the most important outcome of the EWS is not the possibility of NPs exercising a veto regarding an EU draft legislative act, but rather its side effects. For instance, the EWS seems to have developed into a legal accountability tool to improve the quality of the EU institutions justifications for the compliance of legislative proposals with the subsidiarity principle (Kiiver (10): 107-108; RAUNIO (15): 13). Indeed, the simple fact that EU institutions have to care more about the justification regarding the need of acting at European level (subsidiarity justification of an EU draft legislative act) and that NP became an item on theirs agenda is, by itself, an important added value of the EWS.
As far as the second idea is concerned, the implementation of the EWS has led, first of all, to NPs having direct and timely access to EU draft legislative acts, and to a certain sense of urgency regarding NPs scrutiny work: as stated above, NPs receive a subsidiarity letter (lettre de saisine) from the EU institutions and have 8 weeks to issue a decision regarding the compliance of a draft legislative act with the principle of subsidiarity. This is completely new. On the one hand, this factor has led to the increased participation of legislatures in national willformation and in the exercise of testing arguments regarding EU draft acts with their governments, and, on the other hand, it has also contributed to the development of the parliamentary communicative role toward citizens and stakeholders (De Wilde (5): 6), making them both aware of the legislative activity at EU level regarding a particular policy field and of its foreseen impact in a certain sector. Indeed, one of the major challenges of NPs EU scrutiny is to try to reach a political momentum both at EU and national level and to catch media attention to broadcast their message (De Wilde (5): 4), sometimes acting as a transmission belt for public opinion interests and demands to the EU system (Barrett (1): 16). EWS will not solve or alleviate the EU democratic deficit, but will it help? (De Wilde (5): 14). The EWS could be compared to the traditional vote of (no-)confidence in a parliamentary system, the importance of which is not measured by how often political parties are using it or even by its results; nevertheless, there are no doubts as to the political significance of its existence. Accordingly, the EWS has been, more than a tool to obstruct the EU legislative process, a collective warning of difficulties to be addressed by the EU institutions, namely by the European Commission on its proposals (Barrett (1): 11). Regarding the increasing effect of interparliamentary co-operation among NPs, the question to be asked is: what happens during the eight-week period of the EWS? We are aware that when the eight-week period elapses, NPs (should) upload their scrutiny results to IPEX and that the EC also publishes the results on its website. But, by that time no communication or exchange of information between NPs can possibly influence any NPs position. The most interesting exchange of information among NP takes place during the eight week timeframe, when, at the same time, all NPs are scrutinising the very same EU draft legislative act. So, through which channels does this exchange happen?
13 One should not forget that eight NP (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Spain, Finland, Portugal and United Kingdom) still have to coordinate their internal scrutiny decision-making process with Regional
Parliaments (Article 6 of Protocol no. 2 annexed to the Treaty on the Functioning of the EU). On this subject, consult the REGPEX, launched in February 2012, by the Committee of Regions (http://extranet.cor.europa.eu/subsidiarity/regpex/Pages/Early-Warning-System.aspx), which is a database for the exchange of information among the institutions and bodies which participate to the subsidiarity monitoring network (SMN) established by the Committee of Regions (regional governments and assemblies). 14 Exception made to the Slovak Nrodn rada, following a political decision from the current ruling party.
draft act - whether subsidiarity, or proportionality, or legal basis, or even substance questions tend to use the EAC staff and the Brussels network of NPRs in order to, on the one hand, spread their views on the EU proposal to their counterparts in other NPs and, on the other hand, to obtain feedback from other NPs regarding the same dossier. Which, inspired by Hanna Arendts wording, could contribute to the creation of a sporadic virtual agora, where MPs from various member states can meet as peers on any occasion to debate a common subject (PASKALEV (13): 10). In this way, a national parliament can either play the role of inspiring other parliaments with its arguments, or/and can be inspired by the views of the NPs which share their specific concerns. Undeniably, the EWS "creates incentives for a greater exchange of information between the NPs as each parliament will need information if one of the others is planning to submit an opinion stating that the initiative breaches the principle of subsidiarity (FRAGA (6): 499). Over the last two years, the Brussels-based network of NPRs have attempted to be the core of this 8-week, feverish exchange of information among interested NPs, informing one another if they have possible subsidiarity concerns on a specific proposal. This dynamic generated an intensive and totally new flow of information among the most active (KORHONEN (11): 6) or entrepreneurial (PASKALEV (13): 8) Parliaments/Chambers , which has been forming a critical mass of parliaments (KORHONEN (11): 7) capable of issuing reasoned opinions on the same EU draft during the same time frame. Every week, NPRs gather at their MMM (Monday Morning Meeting), at the European Parliament where their offices also stand -, in order to exchange information: both asked for and delivered by their capitals (mostly EACs and sectorial committees). The MMMs weekly agenda comprises a timed discussion for scrutiny and subsidiarity issues , where each NPR is supposed to update the NPR group on his/her NP/Chambers scrutiny work regarding the proposals under examination within the framework of Protocol no. 2. Having said that, it is also worth noting that NPRs have a significant range of different profiles and approaches
16 15
15 Kaisa KORHONEN divides the most active chambers into two groups: the ones which forward negative reasoned opinions (Austria, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden and the UK) and those, using an imaginative move, which issue positive opinions. 16 Apart from that, NPR also exchange information regarding the organization of the MMMs agendas, news on political developments in their Member States; technical internal problems related to the NPR EP offices; forthcoming interparliamentary meetings programmes; and messages from the NPR from the troika or trio EU presidency or COSAC secretariat.
to their roles during the 8-week period, though some have more information to exchange then others. Indeed, NPRs have turned out to be a fact-finding platform serving the national parliamentary scrutiny process and, potentially, an informal subsidiarity clearing-house during the EWS 8 weeks, depending on the kind of information NPR are able to exchange. For the aforementioned reason, it is often argued that either this network of NPRs upgrades its information channels regarding the scrutiny activity of their own NPs, or else this crucial exchange exercise may, as time and experience passes by, be directly performed by the EAC teams , which are the ultimate source of substantial, accurate and updated information. Despite that and mostly since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, NPRs weekly meetings also welcome Brussels-based Commissioners or Commission policy advisers who come to present the European Commissions proposals, either legislative or pre-legislative. More and more, commissioners look to the NPRs network in Brussels as a direct channel to transmit and explain their upcoming proposals along with their backing arguments to NPs. NPRs in Brussels are often asked what NPs think about a certain proposal or initiative. However, there is no such thing as the NPs position. There are always, if not 40, 27 positions on different issues or, every now and then, a coalition of like-minded NPs can happen (which varies according to the different dossiers at stake) and, contrary to the Council, where the 27 positions must reach consensus by the end of the process or, if that is not possible, member states vote, NPs do not. Regarding NPs in the context of the EWS, one cannot expect a final collective decision, but, at most, a threshold. As a rule, pluralism is the keyword regarding NPs collective approach. In order to gather information during the 8-week period, NPRs have been performing an important role in networking, i.e., in deepening their institutional relations with their NP counterparts, their national PERMREP in Brussels, the European Commission, the EP and the Council. When monitoring a specific proposal process, NPRs often use their communication channel with their Member States permanent representation in Brussels, mainly with the diplomat in charge of relations with the EP and with colleagues in charge of the identified national priority dossiers (e.g. ECOFIN, JHA, Agri, etc.). This has proved to be a useful channel in order both to feed the
17 Sometimes through its IPEX correspondents, i.e. the network of officials in charge in each Parliament/Chamber for the updating of its Parliament/Chamber EU scrutiny page. Although they still have substantial different profiles from NP to NP, which have reflections in the timely and accurate upload of information on the scrutiny of EU draft acts.
parliamentary process of pronouncement with relevant and timely Brussels-based information and, then, to forward the (reasoned) opinion of the Parliament to the right people in the EU institutions, as an added input to build up the national position in the Council debates, along with the work done in the capital between the Parliament and the Government. The relations of NPRs with the European Commission, either in the context of the Barroso Initiative/political dialogue or within the Treaty-based provisions, either in a pre-legislative phase or during the legislative phase, also offer added value to the parliamentary scrutiny. Again, and above all, regarding the identified national priority dossiers (e.g. special engagement with the ECs DGs), one of their tasks is also to get to know on what subject, and on what timetable, the Commission is working on (communications, white papers, green papers, proposals for directives, public consultations, etc., regarding specific themes of national priority interest) and, later, in the legislative process, trying to learn whether the Commission is amending (or not amending) a certain proposal, following first/second readings, conciliation, trialogues, etc., in order to feed the NPs process of scrutiny with relevant and timely information. As far as the EP is concerned, first of all, it is important to remember that NPRs offices are situated on the same floor at one of the EP buildings, close to the EP Directorate in charge of relations with NPs. At the EP, NPRs network is essentially based in two directions. First, NPRs develop their connections with the EP administrative bodies, mainly with the above mentioned Directorate, the DG Presidency and with the EP Committees, moreover, especially with those in charge of the identified national priority dossiers. Secondly, with the MEPs, both with their national MEPs and with the EP Rapporteurs of the proposals their NPs are interested in, following their work both in committee meetings in Brussels and in plenary discussions, mainly in Strasbourg. Thus, NPRs collect relevant and timely information to provide for their NPs process of pronouncement and, then, forward the (reasoned) opinion of their NPs to the interested MEPs in the EP, as an EU co-legislator. In order to guarantee that all of this exchange works, NPRs also devote their efforts to developing relationships at home, connecting with the parliamentary committees work (EACs and sectorial committees), with the Speakers office and with the SGs services. NPRs are also asked to assist MPs in Brussels meetings and to organise bilateral meetings with other MPs on specific dossiers. These meetings seem to happen more often since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon, although on an ad-hoc basis and between interested MPs. Furthermore, there is COSAC, where parliamentarians sitting on EACs meet and debate specific proposals on-going during the legislative process, as well as a range of interparliamentary 16
meetings (Speakers Conference, joint sectorial committee meetings, joint parliamentary meetings, ad hoc meetings on a specific EU proposal, etc.) between national parliaments and the European Parliament, although with little space for effective dialogue to take place. In fact, it is true that before the Treaty of Lisbon the first clients of NPRs were the EU institutions, although, after Lisbon, the NPRs network itself, due to the EWS, stepped up to the podium as the major clients of NPRs. Every time a draft legislative act refers to sensitive or traditionally sovereign legislative fields, such as civil rights, social rights, taxes or borders, NPs tend to react and this reaction leads to an additional need for exchanging information among NPs in order to collect arguments from one another, fundamentally in order to monitor the possibility of reaching the EWS yellow card threshold. Considering the experience of the implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon so far, in fact the subsidiarity control mechanism is likely to work only through interparliamentary dialogue (...) there is a demand for more far-reaching coordination among parliaments (KORHONEN (11): 7) which are working in a synchronised routine over the same EU proposals and debating them within the party-political frameworks of each Parliament/Chamber. In the authors view, the outcome of the EWS cannot only be measured by how often it reaches a yellow card, but by the way the use of this treaty prerogative by NPs contributes to generating variable informal alliances between NPs, depending on the topic at hand, which then provide political indications to EU institutions on their positions regarding certain matters.
What for?
The final questions regarding the EWS are: does the work of national parliaments matter? Does it make any difference? Are NPs (reasoned) opinions considered as just additional lobby papers or as a potential (and useless) system brake? Can NPs be considered as added partners who enrich the pluralism of the democratic EU legislative debate? Should NPs continue to be involved through (negative) reasoned opinions or should NPs evolve towards a regular (constructive) political dialogue with all the EU institutions on the substance of EU draft acts? Instead of trying to pull the legislative initiative down to the national level, through the yellow card mechanism, shouldnt NPs develop their ability to scrutinise the substance of legislative initiatives to be dealt with at EU level? And, last but not least, are NPs opinions and remarks taken on board at the final stage of the EU legislative process by EU legislators? If so, in which cases and how often? This has yet to be explored. 17
The EWS is what it is. No more, no less. What we know is that, since the Treaty of Maastricht, NPs have been demanding a more diverse role than just that of ex post rubber-stampers in the EU legislative ratification process. This has been achieved, not due to the EWS, but because of the communicative dynamics generated from the Treaty provisions. And, of course, due to the consequences of the financial crisis, which promoted a major engagement of NPs in the EU political debate, especially on budgetary policies . Besides being seen as a lobby group, or an annoying potential blockage or source of disruption, NPs may be perceived as valuable (if not indispensable) partners in the decision-making process, ex ante, as a vocal platform for the citizens wants, needs and interests at EU level, as playing a certain consultative role with respect to the European Commission, as complementing the EPs approach and as participating in the formation of their respective governments positions in the Council. Although, it has also been argued that it would have been more useful to strengthen relations between citizens and parliaments (NPs and EPs), NPs and governments, the EP and the Council, the EP and EC and EC and Council, than to create - with the EWS and the political dialogue - a new mechanism for interaction between NPs and the Commission (De Wilde ). Nonetheless, the first two years since Lisbon provide us with evidence enough to sustain the claim that NPs are not willing to confine their scrutiny efforts only to performing subsidiarity checks on EU draft legislation, but want to be able to add substantive political value to the EU legislative process. The interaction between NPs subsidiarity checks and substantive input can be envisaged as a contribution that enhances the accountability, the democracy and the legitimacy of the EUs lawmaking process and helps to overcome the EUs democratic deficit, widening the debate to include a multilevel flow of inputs, from EU institutions, governments, NPs and citizens. Indeed the EWM will provide sufficient incentive for NPs to engage at least occasionally in substantive
19 18
18 For instance, the recently approved Fiscal Compact, part of the Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance has a specific provision about the involvement of NPs: in Chapter V (GOVERNANCE OF THE EURO AREA), Article 13 states that As provided for in Title II of Protocol (No 1) on the role of national Parliaments in the European Union annexed to the European Union Treaties, the European Parliament and the national Parliaments of the Contracting Parties will together determine the organisation and promotion of a conference of representatives of the relevant committees of the European Parliament and representatives of the relevant committees of national Parliaments in order to discuss budgetary policies and other issues covered by this Treaty. 19 Presented at Panel 1- The Early Warning System: Scope and Effect of the Conference on Parliaments in the European Union after Lisbon, held in Maastricht, 23-24 February 2012 organised by the Observatory of National Parliaments after Lisbon (OPAL).
discussions on draft European legislation (...) Even when nothing happens in terms of power politics, there may be significant difference in terms of public resonance (PASKALEV (13): 7-8). Having said that, the fact that parliamentarians have now a say in a wide range of EU affairs after Lisbon, has compelled the majority of NPs to modify their legal statutes to reinforce the role of the Parliament with respect to EU affairs (changing their Constitutions, legal acts, rules of procedure, etc.). Consequently, these new Treaty provisions has also motivated NPs to perform systematic ex ante scrutiny of EU draft proposals in a more comprehensive way, often introducing a parliamentary scrutiny reserve and, increasingly, including the participation of all parliamentary sectoral committees. The Lisbon provisions also added a sense of urgency to the NPs scrutiny activities and represented an additional incentive for NPs to deliver more structured and timely feedback on EU matters in the form of formal (reasoned) opinions, which also led to an increase in parliamentary (committee and plenary) debates on the substance of specific EU draft legislation, which in turn can increase the ownership of EU matters among national MPs (RAUNIO (15):5). Indeed, the EWS provides the institutional framework for public deliberation on practically all issues of European governance, within the NPs and also between them (PASKALEV (13): 1). It consequently raises awareness of EU affairs in the domestic political sphere, which enables NPs, on the one hand, to better influence their governments position in the Council and, on the other hand, to try to exercise direct influence over the EU institutions through all the provisions which foresee a role for NPs - and, thus, to become additional actors in European multi-level governance. The expansion of communicative channels among NPs due to their scrutiny work on EU initiatives over the past two years, as an effect of the implementation of the Treaty of Lisbon, has contributed to the development of a network for transnational communication and criticism, a network of discursive public spheres towards a demoi-cracy, i.e. the creation of a network democracy, which legitimizes the [EU] rulemaking (PASKALEV (13): 10, 1 and 9). One may then conclude, firstly, that despite the fact that the EWS has not been used effectively, the side effects of this treaty-based system cannot be underestimated, as it has produced some remarkable (unintended) outcomes, which, we consider, may contribute to bringing new and pluralist democratic elements to the EU legislative debates. Secondly, we conclude that the scrutiny effort from national parliamentarians will not be confined to subsidiarity questions and, therefore, that the role of NPs in EU affairs will tend to go far beyond subsidiarity, towards the political debate on the substance of legislation and pre19
legislative participation. And, moreover, while focusing on substance and holding concrete policy debates on the impact of EU proposals, parliamentarians will be better equipped to engage the plenary, the media and the citizens in EU affairs and, therefore, to enhance their (reasoned) opinions on subsidiarity issues.
(1) BARRETT, Gavin, The Early Warning System: some early reflections, paper delivered on the occasion of the Conference Parliaments in the European Union after Lisbon, held in Maastricht, on the 23rd of February 2012 (2) BARRETT, Gavin, Europe Expects: the Evolving Precepts of the European Union Regarding the Role of National Parliaments, in The Yearbook of European Law, 30: 1-60, 2012 (3) BARRETT, Gavin, A New Improved Formula? The Treaty of Lisbon and National Parliaments, in: National Parliaments and the European Union - The Constitutional Challenge for the Oireachtas and Other Member State Legislatures, Dublin, Clarus Press, 2008 (4) COOPER, Ian, A Virtual Third Chamber for the European Union? National Parliaments after the Treaty of Lisbon, ARENA Working Paper no. 7, June 2011, published at
http://www.sv.uio.no/arena/english/research/publications/arenapublications/workingpapers/working-papers2011/wp-07-11.pdf (5) DE WILDE, Pieter, Designing Politicization. How control mechanisms in national parliaments affect parliamentary debates in EU policy-formulation, RECON Online Working Paper 2009/09, available at http://www.reconproject.eu/main.php/RECON_wp_0909.pdf?fileitem=16662596 (6) FRAGA, Ana, After the Convention: The future role of National parliaments in the European Union (and the day after nothing will happen), The Journal of Legislative Studies, 11, 2005 (7) FRAGA, Ana, and PAULO, Maria Teresa, A Assembleia da Repblica e a Unio Europeia, in O Parlamento na Prtica, Coord. Ana Vargas e Pedro Valente, Assembleia da Repblica, 2008 (8) KIIVER, Philipp, The Early-Warning System for the Principle of Subsidiarity: The National Parliament as a Conseil dEtat for Europe, Reprinted from European Law Review, Issue 1, Sweet & Maxwell, 2011, available at
http://www.personeel.unimaas.nl/philipp.kiiver/Kiiver_Earlywarning_ELRev_2011.pdf (9) KIIVER, Philipp, Conducting Subsidiarity Checks of EU Legislative Proposals: Observations and Practical Recommendations, Faculty of Law, University of Maastricht, Maastricht Working Papers 2011/9, available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1930208 (10) KIIVER, Philipp, The Treaty of Lisbon, the National Parliaments and the Principle of Subsidiarity, Faculty of Law, University of Maastricht, Maastricht Working Papers 2008, available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1417242 (11) KORHONEN, Kaisa, Guardians of subsidiarity National Parliaments strive to control EU decision-making, FIIA Briefing Paper 84, May 2011 (12) MEYER RESENDE, Madalena and PAULO, Maria Teresa, Implementing the Treaty of Lisbon: The Portuguese parliament as an actor in the European legislative arena, in Teixeira, N. S. e Pinto, A. C. (eds.) The Europeanization of Portugal, NY: Columbia University Press (Social Science Monographs), 2012
PASKALEV, Vesselin, Lisbon Treaty and the Possibility of a European Network Demoi-cracy, European University Institute Working Paper Law 2009/20, Department of Law, 2009
PAULO, Maria Teresa, and LESTON-BANDEIRA, Cristina, O Impacto da Europeizao no Parlamento, IPRI Working Paper n. 21, available at
http://www.ipri.pt/publicacoes/working_paper/pdf/Parlamento.pdf, 24/05/2009 (15) RAUNIO, Tapio, Destined for Irrelevance? Subsidiarity Control by National Parliaments, Elcano Royal Institute, Madrid, Working Paper 26/2010, available at
http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng/Content?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEX T=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/dt36-2010 (16) Report from the Commission: annual report 2011 on relations between the European Commission and National Parliaments, COM (2012) 375, Brussels, 10.7.2012, published at
http://www.ipex.eu/IPEXL-WEB/dossier/document/COM20120375.do (17) Report from the Commission: annual report 2010 on relations between the European Commission and National Parliaments, COM (2011) 345, Brussels, 10.6.2011, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/secretariat_general/relations/relations_other/npo/docs/ar_2010_en.pdf (18) Report from the Commission: annual report 2009 on relations between the European Commission and National Parliaments, COM (2010) 291, Brussels, 2.6.2010, available at http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2010:0291:FIN:EN:PDF (19) Report from the Commission: annual report 2008 on relations between the European Commission and National Parliaments, COM (2009) 343, Brussels, 7.7.2009, available at http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2009:0343:FIN:EN:PDF (20) Report from the Commission: annual report 2007 on relations between the European Commission and National Parliaments, COM (2008) 237, Brussels, 6.5.2008, available at http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0237:FIN:EN:PDF (21) 2006 Annual Report on relations between the Commission and the national parliaments, Memo to the Members of the IRG, SP (2007) 2202/4, Brussels, 8.5.2007, available at
http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/secretariat_general/relations/relations_other/npo/docs/sp(2006)2202.pdf (22) Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (consolidated version), Official Journal of the European Union, Volume 53, 2010/C 83/01, 30 March 2010, published at http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2010:083:FULL:EN:PDF (23) 16th COSAC biannual report on EU Practices and Procedures, October 2011, published at http://www.cosac.eu/documents/bi-annual-reports-of-cosac/
Annex 1
According to the annual reports on relations between the European Commission (EC) and NP, the total number of NPs opinions (Op) - political dialogue - received by the EC since 2006 and reasoned opinions (RO) forward by NP since the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisbon (1 December 2009) can be analysed as follows:
Parliament/ Chamber Assembleia da Repblica (Portugal) Senato della Repubblica (Italy) Riksdag (Sweden) Sent (Czech Republic) Bundesrat (Germany) Snat (France) House of Lords (United Kingdom)
200620 Op
200721 Op
200822 Op
200923 Op
201024 RO Op
201125 RO Op
Totals RO Op Total
20 European Commissions 2008 annual report (19): 9-10. 21 Idem. 22 Idem, ibidem. 23 European Commissions 2009 annual report (18): 11. 24 European Commissions 2010 annual report (17): 11-12. 25 European Commissions 2011 annual report (16): 10-11.
Camera dei Deputati (Italy) Folketinget (Denmark) Senatul (Romania) Camera Deputailor (Romania) Chambre des Dputs (Luxembourg) Bundesrat (Austria) Narodno Sabranie (Bulgaria) Nationalrat (Austria) 0 0 0 4 1 12 0 7 1 23 24 0 0 1 2 0 0 2 19 2 22 24 0 0 4 10 2 13 1 3 3 30 33 2 0 2 3 3 7 7 14 10 28 38 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 40 2 40 42 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 33 2 42 44 2 10 11 12 2 11 1 14 3 60 63 1 0 6 9 0 25 2 28 2 69 71
House of Commons (United Kingdom) Senat (Poland) Tweede Kamer (Netherlands) Both Chambers (Netherlands) Houses of the Oireachtas (Ireland) Seimas (Lithuania) 2 1 0 3 2 4 0 4 2 14 16 0 1 7 6 0 3 0 17 17 8 2 2 2 3 4 13 17 2 1 5 7 0 1 1 1 1 17 18 1 0 0 0 4 5 4 4 8 10 18 1 1 1 0 3 3 3 8 6 14 20
Eerste Kamer (Netherlands) Poslaneck snmovna (Czech Republic) Chambre des rpresentants (Belgium) Snat (Belgium) Both Chambers (Spain) 4 2 2 2 6 8 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 2 1 8 9 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 4 1 9 10 1 0 1 1 1 3 0 5 1 11 12 0 0 0 4 0 3 0 6 0 13 13
Kamra tadDeputati (Malta) Assemble nationale (France) Saeima (Latvia) Vouli ton Antiprosopon (Cyprus) Nrodn rada (Slovakia) 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 3 5 0 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 5 6 0 0 2 3 0 1 0 1 0 7 7 1 1 0 2 0 0 1 2 1 6 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 2 2 5 7
Eduskunta (Finland) 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 4 5
Orszggls (Hungary) 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 5
Dravni svet (Slovenia) TOTAL 0 53 0 115 0 200 0 250 0 34 0 386 0 63 0 621 0 97 0 1628 0 1725
Maria Teresa Paulo was born nine months after the Portuguese Carnation Revolution which brought democracy back on track, in 1974. She graduated in International Relations at the Institute of Social and Political Science from the Universidade Tcnica de Lisboa, in 1997, where she engaged as a Professor Assistant for eight years. She is a parliamentary adviser from the Portuguese Assembleia da Repblica since 2000, where she: served the European Affairs Committee (2000-2008); she was the Permanent Representative of the Parliament in Brussels during the entry into force of the Treaty of Lisboa (2008-2010); and she is now working at the Legislative and Parliamentary Information Division. She is also a researcher at the Portuguese Political Observatory.


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