text:
Art Braidic
Dennis Fischer
Published by
The Eternal Church of God
This booklet is published by The Eternal Church of God with permission of the authors. This booklet is
not to be sold. It is provided free to the public as an educational service by the authors and the publisher.
Sadly, it appears that in this generation of God's work, we have become a people
divided by a common faith. We are all reading the same scriptures, but can no
longer seem to agree on what they are telling us.
Nowhere is this fact more apparent than in the numerous opinions that have
emerged regarding the issue of the calendar. And—as fractured as the Church is,
this debate threatens to divide us even further.
But does it have to be this way? Is there a genuine Biblical answer that can put this
issue to rest once and for all? There is Good News—the answer is YES!
Dear Friends,
The booklet you are about to read addresses one of the most controversial issues facing God's end
time Church. Tragically, at the very center of this controversy lies what once stood as a source of unity
for His people. Honoring the Sabbath and Holy days in accordance with God's command, has been an
identifying mark of true believers down through the ages. The Almighty even referred to these days as a
"sign" between Him and His people (Exo. 31:13-18). It is this that now brings us to the current
For thousands of years the Hebrew calendar has served God's faithful in determining the
appropriate time to observe His commanded assemblies, and few have ever questioned it (Lev. 23).
Today, this is no longer the case.
In recent years, a growing number within God's Church are beginning to challenge this time-
honored instrument. As a result, numerous ideas have emerged and the intensity of the debate continues
to grow. Some who oppose the Hebrew calendar reject its use of "postponements." Others believe it
should be based on observation as opposed to calculation. Others still, object to the method it employs to
determine new moons.
The contention over this issue has become so strident that it has even prompted the formation of
new fellowships, with some groups actually creating their own calendar. The result has been total
But does it have to be this way? After all, if God commands His people to appear before Him at
specific times, it stands to reason that He would provide a way to determine what those times are. But
what is that way? And how can the faithful be sure of God's will in this matter?
The questions concerning this issue are simple. The answers are more complex, but one thing is
certain—division never solved anything.
This month shall be unto you the beginning of months:
It shall be the first month of the year to you.
Exodus 12:2
The calendar is an extraordinary instrument that most people generally take for granted. Without
it, our lives would be vastly different. In the world today, every aspect of society is affected by our
calculation of time. Whether it is finance, agriculture, technology, construction, information systems,
manufacturing, or entertainment—the calendar has played a critical role in both the things we plan and
the things we do.
When it comes to God's people, this remarkable device has even greater meaning. For without a
reliable mechanism for calculating times and seasons it would be impossible to celebrate God's annual
Holy days in accordance with His word (Lev. 23).
It is this that now brings us to the controversy the Church faces today. How can God's people
know if the calendar they have relied on for millennia is reliable? Is it possible that God's Church has
followed human tradition when attempting to honour His instructions regarding His annual Sabbaths?
What is the truth? Can God's people celebrate the Biblical Holy days according to the Hebrew
calendar, or must they find another means of determining when to assemble before their Creator?
Furthermore, does the Hebrew calendar fulfill God's Biblical requirements for calculating His festivals,
or, should we look for something else? Finally, is there a specific calendar designated by God that is
revealed in His word?
This booklet examines these questions and offers insight into this important end time issue.
Because of the numerous opinions advanced by various parties, each claiming to have the truth, the
arguments can seem both complex and endless. The following pages address the most popular of these
arguments, putting them in a perspective that readers can understand.
In an effort to add clarity to this analysis, the subject is presented in seven parts. Each part provides
answers to one of the issues that comprise the current calendar controversy. Together they are submitted
in the hope that God's people can be assured that there is an answer worthy of their trust.
Part I
Putting the Issue in Perspective
When most of us think of a calendar, we tend to envision filling in a grid of empty squares with
activities we have on certain days of the year. However, the calendar does more than set up a schedule of
months and days. Before one can be published, it must first harmonize what are inherently incompatible
events in the earth's yearly astronomical cycle. It must reconcile the movement of the sun, which
determines the year, with the phases of the moon which determine the length of a month.
The Problem
If the sun and the moon were perfectly in sync, creating and maintaining a reliable calendar that
combines these two cycles would be a relatively simple task. But, alas, they are not. Our twelve lunar
months consist of approximately 29 ½ days each. Thus a lunar year is about 354 days long. On the other
hand, it takes approximately 365 ¼ days for the earth to orbit the sun. Therefore, a solar year is about 11
days longer than a lunar year. Add to this the fact that the orbit of the moon can vary by up to thirteen
hours, and it becomes obvious that any attempt to harmonize the lunar and solar bodies in a calendar
presents a formidable task.
Even the length of a day is not consistent throughout the year. A day is only 24 hours long at the
spring and autumn equinox, which takes place when the sun is directly over the equator. During all other
times, a day varies in length. This means that throughout the year these astronomical bodies are in a
constant state of flux. They are always changing in relationship to one another. As the prominent
physicist and world renowned scholar, Samuel Goudsmit, described in his book, Time:
The year, the month, and the day are independent and incompatible: like imperfectly matched
gears, they do not mesh. Men have tried gamely to divide the year in such a way that important
days - holidays, vacations, ceremonies - will be in tune with the seasons year after year, century
after century. Ingenious calendars have been devised, but a fully accurate solution cannot be found
because the problem of reconciling the days, months and the year is really insoluble (Introduction).
Because the sun and moon are not in sync with one another, the lunar cycle runs ahead of the solar
cycle at the rate of a little more than 11 days per year. This means that if the calendar did not reconcile
the cycles of the sun and moon, after about 16 years, instead of robins singing and plants budding in the
spring, there would be cooling temperatures and turning leaves. That's right, it would be fall!
In order to prevent this from happening, the Hebrew calendar employs what are commonly
referred to as "postponements." A postponement is a man-made calculation in which an additional month
is inserted every few years. This process is also referred to as "intercalation." By intercalating an
additional month, a "leap year" or "pregnant year" is created. This additional month is actually inserted
between the calendar's 11th and 12th months. In a leap year the 12th month, call "Adar," is shifted and
becomes "Adar II." The inserted month is called "Adar I."
There are 12 common years and seven leap years (postponements) in a 19-year time cycle. These
leap years take place in the 3rd, 6th, 8th, 11th, 14th, 17th, and 19th years. An astronomical 19-year cycle is a
repeating pattern in which the sun, earth and moon realign so that 235 lunar months match 19 solar years.
In this cycle, the phases of the moon will also fall on the same days that they did during the previous
nineteen years.
It is "postponements" like this that have become a focal point in the calendar controversy. Those
who oppose the Church's adherence to the Hebrew calendar generally reject the idea of using any
postponements. They argue that such adjustments are not found in the Bible, and in this they are correct.
The reality is that if one diligently searches the scriptures from beginning to end, he would not
only fail to find any mention of postponements, but also fail to find any specific instructions on how to
create a calendar! The question for us to consider is; Why? Why doesn't the Bible provide any
instructions concerning the creation of a calendar or the need for periodically adding an additional month
to the year?
An Important Point
Although the movement of the sun and moon are linked to one another, they are always changing
in their relationship. This means that in order to harmonize these differing bodies, and create a workable
calendar, decisions must be made by someone regarding the new moon, the full moon, and the solar year.
When considering this vital question, one paramount truth must first be understood. Every calendar—to
one degree or another is—MAN MADE!
Therefore, the Bible makes it clear that after giving the parameters for keeping His Holy days,
God left the calendar in the hands of a specific constituted human authority. Some may attempt to argue
this point but they do not have the force of scripture to defend them.
It is true that because God's word provides instructions for keeping His annual Sabbaths, a
calendar is implied, but nowhere does it instruct man on how to create one. Yes, a calendar can be created
from these instructions, but in doing so, every issue necessary for its formation is subject to human
judgment. And this is where the controversy originates.
Part II
Human Reasoning and Chaos
Today there are numerous ideas concerning which calendar God's people should use in keeping
His feasts. But which of these ideas can be trusted? How can God's people know for certain that they are
following His command concerning when to assemble before Him? In order to approach this issue
honestly, God's people must respect two absolute truths.
1) Nowhere in the Bible are there specific instructions for creating a calendar. Despite
arguments to the contrary, such instructions simply do not exist.
2) God does not now, nor has he ever, given authority to individual members of His Church to
create a calendar of their own.
Regrettably, these truths have not stopped some self-proclaimed "experts" from devising their
own system for determining when to keep the Holy days. Furthermore, these "experts" are not the least
bit hesitant to call their creation "God's calendar."
While each may claim that they have discovered God's TRUE calendar, it is not surprising to find
that these various calendars do not agree with one another. The truth is that they cannot agree. Why? The
answer is because the rules for creating them are NOT derived from God's commands. Instead, they come
from the minds of individuals who have made a judgment based on their own personal inferences
regarding certain scriptures. People choose passages from the Bible and, using human reason, they
extrapolate a meaning that suits their purpose.
To illustrate this point consider the following. One Church uses the words God spoke on the
fourth day of creation as a basis for crafting their rule for determining the start of a new month. In this
verse, God says:
Let there be lights in the firmament of the heaven to divide the day from the night; and let them be
for signs, and for seasons (appointed times), and for days, and years (Genesis 1:14).
This group reasons that because a sign is something one can see, God's appointed times must be
something visible. Therefore, they define the "new moon" as the first visible crescent that appears after a
conjunction. A conjunction takes place when the moon is between the earth and the sun, thus rendering
the moon black. This condition is sometimes referred to as "the dark of the moon." At this point it is
interesting to note that the United States Naval Observatory can determine precisely when the new moon
appears. However, it is not humanly visible for up to 30 hours after this point. Therefore, what some refer
to as a "new moon" isn't new at all.
An Opposing View
Another group advances a different line of reasoning altogether, and like the first group, they too,
use the scriptures to defend their point. However, their conclusion is 180 degrees in the opposite direction
from the one just mentioned. This is because they define a "new moon" based on their interpretation of
the verses revealing God's proclamation regarding "day" and "night" on the first day of creation. Notice
what He said.
And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning
were the first day (Genesis 1:5).
This group reasons that because God has ordained the day to start with evening when darkness
comes, the month must begin the same way. Based on this conclusion they look for the disappearance of
the waning crescent moon to announce the beginning of a new month.
We now have two well intended Church of God groups, each claiming to rely on the scriptures to
determine God's will. Incredibly, they arrive at entirely different conclusions. One argues that the "new
moon" takes place when the moon first appears while the other claims it takes place when it completely
disappears. Obviously, both groups can't be right. They both can't have discovered "God's Sacred
Calendar." The question we must ask ourselves is—what makes one scriptural inference more valid than
the other?
Already, on the 14th of Nisan, the spot whence the first sheaf was to be reaped had been marked
out by delegates from the Sanhedrim, by tying together in bundles, while still standing, the barley
that was to be cut down. Though, for obvious reasons, it was customary to choose for this purpose
the sheltered Ashes-valley across Kedron, there was no restriction on that point, provided the
barley had grown in an ordinary field-course in Palestine itself—not in garden or orchard land, and
that the soil had not been manured nor yet artificially watered (Mishnah, Menach. viii. 1, 2). * The
field was to be ploughed in the autumn, and sowed seventy days before the Passover (The Temple,
its Ministry and Service, Ch. 13).
Notice the barley was planted in this chosen field according to specific criteria for its planting and
reaping. It was planted at an exact time in order to be properly ripe and ready for the ceremonial cutting
of the wave sheaf. The point here is that it was not wild. Furthermore, God never directed His people to
search the land of Israel for green ears. In the history of Israel, the Priests never did this.
Since 70 A.D. the priesthood has been disbanded, the temple destroyed and there is no sacred field
of barley. As a result, those who believe they must set the calendar according to the barley crop travel the
length and breadth of the nation of Israel to find it.
But—what if the barley is near an industrial site, and the nearby warm water or air has affected the
crop? What if a field is next to a road congested with automobiles showering exhaust over the young
barley plants? Certainly the crop would be either unnaturally hindered or accelerated in its growth.
Finally, how can those seeking to find the barley know, whether or not, the field has been treated with
manure or artificially watered?
On another level, consider that the grain being sought would seldom appear in the green ear stage
on the first or last day of a particular month. This presents yet another problem. If the grain becomes
green during the first few days of an existing month, the entire rest of the first month must be postponed.
Thus, while this particular group disagrees with the concept of "postponements," they must create a
"postponement rule" for their method of calculation, being careful to not call their delay a
Now consider what would happen if the green ears appeared on the last day of a particular month.
If such were the case, the new month would start the very next day. The problem with this is that there is
no way to predict when such a thing would occur when relying solely on observation.
And thou shalt observe the feast of weeks, of the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the feast of
ingathering at the year's end (Exodus 34:22).
Those who offer this evidence contend that the term "year's end" comes from the Hebrew word
"tequphah"—which they translate to mean "autumn equinox." They then argue that in order to ensure that
the Feast of Tabernacles occurs at this precise time, the first month must be located at the spring equinox.
However, even those who hold this view are divided. Some assert that the first month of the year
is the month that starts on or after the spring equinox. Others say it can begin before the spring equinox as
long as the Passover is on or after the equinox. Therefore, in specific years, some of those who believe
they must take the spring equinox into account will end up observing the fall festival in a different month
from those who follow the Hebrew calendar.
Although "tequphah" is used in post-biblical Jewish writings as "equinox," there exists
compelling evidence from the scriptures that this is NOT the intended Biblical meaning. This term
literally means "cycle" or "circuit" or "completion of cycle," and only appears the following three times
in the scriptures:
1. 1 Samuel 1:20—the New King James Version translate "tequphah" as "process" when referring to
"the process of time" relating to Hannah's pregnancy.
2. 2 Chronicles 24:23—here the NKJV is rendered "spring," referring to the best time for going to war.
3. Psalm 19:4-6—the sun's circuit (tequphah) is the rising and the setting of the sun.
These verses suggest that the narrow definition assigned by some Hebrew calendar critics to
the word "tequphah" in Exodus 34:22 does not represent its intended meaning. Furthermore, it is
interesting to note that in Exodus 23:16, a parallel scripture to this verse uses a different word
altogether. It employs the word "tzet" which is translated "end."
Returning to the Debate and Mass Confusion
Once again, the reason for all this confusion is that none of these calendars are really based on
scripture as their creators claim. Instead, they are based on inferences from scripture. They are
extrapolated from verses where one person's opinion differs from another. The bottom line is that the
Bible does not provide enough detailed information for everyone to come to the same conclusion.
As a result, those finding fault with the Hebrew calendar create their own. Then they generally
form their own splinter groups and observe the Holy days at different times. Ironically, it does not take
long for adherents of any newly created calendar to realize there can be objections by others within their
group. This then gives rise to further debate and the creation of still more calendars and more splinter
groups. Each split can then find reasons for yet another split, and ultimately the possibilities for different
calendars, and more groups becomes almost endless.
To illustrate how easily this can occur, consider our summary of the most common beliefs held by
various critics of the Hebrew calendar regarding what should define the new moon. In every case the
authors of these differing points of view state unequivocally that these requirements, upon which their
calendar is founded, are based on the Bible.
As this list demonstrates, there are many differing opinions regarding how to create a calendar
based solely on personal conjecture regarding the new moon alone. Because the Bible does not give
specific instructions concerning how to determine the new moon, any one of these issues can be
contested. Once an issue is contested, it then becomes easy to "mix and match" theories to form an even
newer and ostensibly, "more correct version" of the calendar.
A Powerful Admission
Despite all the claims of self professed "experts" that their calendar reflects God's instructions as
set forth in His word and not on human reasoning, the facts state otherwise. This was aptly demonstrated
when one leader of a prominent Church of God group wrote a challenge in The Journal. In it, he asked if
anyone could show him from the Bible that:
Surprisingly, a vocal opponent of the Hebrew calendar responded to this challenge. However, in
the end he was forced to admit that he could not provide such proof. He responded:
Obviously none of the answers to your eight points is contained in the Bible… I have been forced
to make some decisions that I believe are the best ones. But they are still negotiable
By his statement, this Hebrew calendar critic acknowledged that he must make personal
judgements when it comes to calculating God's Holy days. He also acknowledged that his judgements are
"negotiable." This means that they can be argued against and if found flawed, he would be willing to
change. This is a striking admission and brings us to a critical point. The reason his decisions can be
contested is that there is no real definitive authority for them. They are the personal conclusions of an
This example powerfully demonstrates that the real issue regarding the calendar is not one of
technical accuracy, but rather of authority. In other words, who is supposed to make such judgements?
This particular opponent of the Hebrew calendar believes he may do so and there are others who share
this opinion, but is it true?
Part III
Is there a Constituted Authority?
The Bible does not answer the basic questions of "how" to make a calendar, but it does give us the
"who." God plainly tells us to whom He gave the responsibility and authority for creating and
maintaining the calendar. He gave it to Moses.
The LORD spake unto Moses, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them,
Concerning the feasts of the LORD, which ye shall proclaim to be holy convocations… These
are the feasts of the LORD, even holy convocations, which ye shall proclaim in their seasons
(Leviticus 23:1-4).
In this verse, God is not commanding the common people to proclaim His holy days. He is speaking
directly to Moses, using the singular term "ye." By this, God specifically designated who had authority to
publish a calendar. In fact, it is self evident that God's command required that Moses publish a calendar.
In other words, it was not enough to simply tell the people that the fifteenth day of the first month was a
Holy day. Moses had to let the people know which day was the fifteenth day of the first month. Thus, to
fulfill God's command, he had to publish a calendar.
And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in the land of Egypt, saying, This m onth shall be
unto you the beginning of months: it shall be the first month of the year to you (Exodus 12:1-2).
The Hebrew word for "month" in this passage is "chodesh," [Strong's 02320]. This word can
mean either "moon" or by implication "month." It is the same word used in the very next verse.
Speak ye unto all the congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth day of this month (chodesh) they
shall take to them every man a lamb, according to the house of their fathers, a lamb for an house
(Exodus 12:3).
Those who argue that the only proper rendering of this word is "moon" contend that these verses
stand as proof that God was showing Moses the exact configuration of the new moon, and by extension,
revealing a sacred calendar to him. But is this true? Or, is there a more plausible explanation of God's
instructions in these verses?
Another Explanation
It is true that the verse just cited could be translated "in the tenth day of this moon," but it is just
as possible that God used the word "chodesh" to mean "month," and that He was telling Moses was that
this particular month—one he was already familiar with—was to be the first month of the year. The latter
rendering becomes more probable based on what Moses states in the very next chapter.
And Moses said unto the people, Remember this day, in which ye came out from Egypt, out of the
house of bondage; for by strength of hand the LORD brought you out from this place: there shall
no leavened bread be eaten. This day came ye out in the month Abib (Exodus 13:3-4).
Notice that the word "chodesh" is properly translated as "month" because the specific month in
the Canaanite calendar is literally identified. Furthermore, this verse is evidence that when God told
Moses "this month shall be the beginning of months," that Moses understood Him to be saying that the
month of Abib was to be the first month of the year.
At this point it is interesting to note that in the KJV, the word "chodesh" is translated "new moon"
10 times, "new moons" 11 times, "month" 246 times, and "months" 59 times. Clearly the most prominent
rendering of this word is "month" and this is likely the proper translation of "chodesh" in chapters 12 and
13 of the book of Exodus.
Since God did not name the months, Abib was not a month in a sacred calendar He revealed to
Moses. Instead, it was the name of a month in the Canaanite calendar—a calendar that was already used
by the people of the land where Israel was going to reside. It was also one in which Moses was familiar.
What if, on that cloudy day, the moon was actually there—signaling the start of a new month?
Would Moses have been wrong? Would he mislead Israel to observe the wrong days? Would they have
profaned the true Holy time God had consecrated at the beginning? Or would God honor the decision of
Moses, thus making the 1st, 10th, 15th and 22nd days of the month holy as Moses declared?
The answer is obvious! Would a fair and just God play a guessing game with His chosen people
when the stakes are so high? Remember, God had said that anyone who didn't fast on the Day of
Atonement would be cut off from among His people (Lev. 23:29). Would God punish an entire nation
simply because His appointed servant couldn't see the moon—thus causing them to fast a day late?
Some might argue that God knew ahead of time what decision Moses would make, or that He led
Moses to make that decision. However, in either case, God's choice of which days to make holy would
have been based, on Moses' decision, not the position of the moon.
If there arise a matter too hard for thee in judgment, between blood and blood, between plea and
plea, and between stroke and stroke, being matters of controversy within thy gates: then shalt thou
arise, and get thee up into the place which the LORD thy God shall choose; And thou shalt come
unto the priests the Levites, and unto the judge that shall be in those days, and enquire; and they
shall shew thee the sentence of judgment (Deuteronomy 17:8-9).
God not only gave these judges the responsibility to administer His law, He also gave them
authority—including the authority to dispense sentences. Furthermore, He gave very specific instructions
to His people concerning their compliance.
And thou shalt do according to the sentence, which they of that place which the LORD shall
choose shall shew thee; and thou shalt observe to do according to all that they inform thee:
According to the sentence of the law which they shall teach thee, and according to the judgment
which they shall tell thee, thou shalt do: thou shalt not decline from the sentence which they shall
shew thee, to the right hand, nor to the left (Deuteronomy 17:10-11).
In these cases, God required His people to obey the judgments of His appointed authorities. It is
also important to note that, as the next set of verses show, He even issued a penalty for disregarding this
And the man that will do presumptuously, and will not hearken unto the priest that standeth to
minister there before the LORD thy God, or unto the judge, even that man shall die: and thou shalt
put away the evil from Israel. And all the people shall hear, and fear, and do no more
presumptuously (Deuteronomy 17:10-11).
These words are ominous indeed! They should be pondered carefully! In the light of these verses,
the question for God's people today is; have some been presumptuous in taking to themselves the
authority to publish a calendar for the purpose of proclaiming the Holy days? This is an important
question having serious consequences.
Conferring Authority
When conferring great responsibility on men, God also conveys great authority. For example,
Jesus gave great responsibility to Peter, saying not once, but three times to him, "Feed my sheep" (John
21:15-17). However, He also gave Peter great authority saying:
I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth
shall be bound in heaven: and whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven
(Matthew 16:19).
Those who do not respect the fact that authority in God's Church comes directly from the
Almighty are making a big mistake. Everything in scripture confirms that God has empowered His
leaders to preside over His people.
Thus, when God bestowed upon Moses the responsibility of leading the newly formed nation of
Israel, He gave him the responsibility to proclaim the Holy days. With that responsibility God also gave
him the authority to publish a calendar.
And the LORD said unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou
knowest to be the elders of the people, and officers over them; and bring them unto the tabernacle
of the congregation, that they may stand there with thee. And I will come down and talk with thee
there: and I will take of the spirit which is upon thee, and will put it upon them; and they shall bear
the burden of the people with thee, that thou bear it not thyself alone… And Moses went out, and
told the people the words of the LORD, and gathered the seventy men of the elders of the people,
and set them round about the tabernacle. And the LORD came down in a cloud, and spake unto
him, and took of the spirit that was upon him, and gave it unto the seventy elders: and it came to
pass, that, when the spirit rested upon them, they prophesied, and did not cease (Numbers 11:16-
Thus, the beginnings of the Sanhedrin were born. Although Moses eventually died, the institution
of the seventy-one elders (seventy plus Moses) continued under the leadership of Joshua. As members of
the group died, new members were ordained to take their place. According to the famous 12th century
Jewish scholar, Moses Maimonedes, the Sanhedrin consisted of an unbroken line of ordained judges
reaching all the way back to the time of Moses. He wrote:
No one is qualified to act as judge in the Sanhedrin, or even in a court of three judges, unless he
has been ordained by one who has himself been ordained. Moses ordained Joshua by laying his
hands upon him, as it says (Numbers 27:23), "And he laid his hands upon him, and commissioned
him." …Likewise, Moses ordained the seventy Elders, and the Divine Presence rested upon them.
The Elders ordained others, who in turn ordained their successors. Hence there was an
uninterrupted succession of ordained judges, reaching back to the tribunal of Joshua, indeed, to the
tribunal of Moses... (Mishna Torah, Laws of the Sanhedrin, chapter II).
With this laying on of hands and ordination came the same responsibilities and authority that was
originally vested in Moses and the seventy elders. This is why Jesus said, "The scribes and the Pharisees
sit in Moses' seat" (Mat. 23:2). They sat on the court of the Sanhedrin; the court that also determined the
calendar. As the very God of the Old Testament, Jesus had given them their authority, including the
authority to proclaim His Holy days and to publish a calendar. Furthermore, there is nothing in the gospel
record that even hints that Jesus took issue with the calendar presided over by the Jewish leadership of
His day.
Then spake Jesus to the multitude, and to his disciples, Saying, The scribes and the Pharisees sit in
Moses' seat: All therefore whatsoever they bid you observe, that observe and do; but do not ye
after their works: for they say, and do not. For they bind heavy burdens and grievous to be borne,
and lay them on men's shoulders; but they themselves will not move them with one of their fingers
(Matthew 23:3-4).
Despite the personal sins of these religious leaders, they were still in authority. Even in a case
when a leader is wrong, that individual still holds the authority bestowed on him until God removes him
from office.
To illustrate this point, consider the authority God has given to Satan. The scriptures make it clear
that until Satan is removed from office, he remains the god of this world (2 Cor. 4:4), a fact that even
Jesus recognized. For example, when Satan offered to give Him all the kingdoms of this world (Mat. 4:8-
10), Jesus did not question that it was within his power to give. He knew that Satan had been given
authority over the earth. Even the righteous angels respect the office that Satan holds and dare not bring a
railing accusation against him (Jude 1:9).
In another example of respect for God's appointed leaders, David could easily have taken matters
into his own hands to remove King Saul from office. He had the perfect opportunity (1 Sam. 24), and
could have reasoned that he was justified in doing so. After all, Samuel had already anointed him as the
next king of Israel and Saul was trying to kill him. But David respected the authority of the office that
Saul held. He recognized that the authority came from God. There is a significant parallel here with Jesus
Christ who has been anointed to sit on the throne of the earth, but He has not yet been seated on that
throne by His Father.
Additionally, none of those who have advanced the idea that the Hebrew calendar cannot be
trusted, because the scribes and Pharisees can't be trusted, would dare question the validity of the Bible.
Yet the canonization of this book was completed by the Roman Catholic Church.
Would God authorize, entrust and inspire such a heretical organization to canonize His written
word? The results speak for themselves. The endurance and accuracy of their work has made it clear that
God did allow and perhaps even inspire them as they handled this vital key to our salvation. Since this is
so, would God not then authorize, entrust and inspire the Jews to handle the calendar? The answer is
clearly yes.
Let no man therefore judge you in meat, or in drink, or in respect of an holyday, or of the new
moon, or of the Sabbath days: Which are a shadow of things to come; but the body of Christ
(Colossians 2:16-17).
Here, Paul was telling God's people that they were not to let outsiders judge them in their
observance of the Holy days. Only the body of Christ was to make such judgments. The body of Christ is
the Church (Rom. 12:25; I Cor. 12:12, 27), and the Church has already made a judgment regarding these
things. The decision of God's apostles down through the ages has always been to follow the Hebrew
calendar. Even Herbert W Armstrong, after carefully studying the issue, acknowledged its authority.
Notice his words:
In conclusion, unless God has preserved His sacred calendar through the Jews, then we do not
know how to figure Passover or any of the Holy Days this year. For, there is no authority for any
other way. There is no Bible authority whatsoever for figuring the first day of the first month from
the new moon nearest the spring equinox.
After thorough study of the Bible, of the Hebrew calendar, of history and every angle - after going
into the matter with all the Eugene brethren and other brethren who have made a special study of
this question, we have unanimously agreed that the Hebrew calendar has been preserved by the
Jews. (The Hebrew Calendar – Authoritative For God's Church Today p. 27).
Thus, in concert with the Church, God's end time apostle has judged in this matter. The Church
should follow this judgment unless it can prove that the Bible instructs us how to create a different
calendar. But clearly, this is NOT the case!
Critics of the Hebrew calendar can only infer what they do from scripture and the apostolic
leadership in God's Church has judged that we are to use the calendar of the Jews. Therefore, by the
authority of those whose responsibility it was to publish the calendar, the Sanhedrin, and by the authority
vested in God's Church, we are obligated to follow the Hebrew calendar.
Beware of Contempt for the Jews
In John 4:22 Jesus said that salvation was of the Jews. Later, the apostle Paul said that the
keeping of the oracles of God was committed to them. That very religious body which had been given
authority to keep the oracles of God was also given responsible for the calendar, which is inextricably tied
to the Holy days, commanded in those oracles.
In this context, it must be understood that not everything Jewish is wrong. We do not want to
follow the example of Constantine who rejected God's Passover replacing it with Easter simply because
of his antipathy for the Jews.
Sadly, despite the words of both Jesus and Paul, today there is a spirit that seems to resent such
authority. It is as if everyone wants to have their own power—their own say about how things should be.
This often occurs when a strong leader dies. When Moses did not return, the people thought he was dead.
They rose up to play (Exo. 32:6). They did what they believed was right in their own mind, and they
sinned as a result. Later, during the time of the Judges, there was a similar outcome. With no judge sent
from God and no king to rule, individuals would not submit to previous authority and as the Scriptures
explain, it led to disastrous results:
In those days there was no king in Israel: every man did that which was right in his own eyes
(Judges 21:25).
Since the death of Mr. Armstrong, many of God's people have taken it upon themselves to make
their own judgements in matters that clearly belong to the church. By doing this they reject the constituted
authority put in place by God. The Bible contains ample warnings of what happens to those who are
presumptuous enough to assume authority that does not belong to them. And yet, this lesson has
seemingly been lost by some of God's people in this modern era.
Part IV
"Finding God's True Calendar"
Many critics of the Hebrew calendar contend that God revealed His sacred calendar to man at the
very beginning. Therefore, any attempt man may make to create his own calendar must go contrary to the
perfect one already fashioned by the Almighty. These critics contend God set His calendar in the
astronomical positions of the sun and moon on the fourth day of creation (Gen. 1:14-19).
Although this is true, there exists compelling evidence that the astronomical calendar originally
set in the heavens by God during creation week was later altered by some cataclysmic event. The
Scriptures reveal that that originally a year consisted of 360 days, not 365 as we have today.
Additionally, each month lasted exactly thirty days. This was the case during the days of Noah. Notice
how Moses described the time of the flood. When counting months, he used 30 days for each one.
In the six hundredth year of Noah's life, in the second month, the seventeenth day of the month, the
same day were all the fountains of the great deep broken up, and the windows of heaven were
opened (Genesis 7:11).
After the flood began, it rained for forty days continuously. The rain then stopped and at the end
of one hundred and fifty days, the waters dried up.
And the waters returned from off the earth continually: and after the end of the hundred and fifty
days the waters were abated. And the ark rested in the seventh month, on the seventeenth day of
the month, upon the mountains of Ararat (Genesis 8:3-4).
By these verses we see that in the second month, on the 17th day, the waters began. Then on the
17 day of the seventh month, the waters were dried up. This process took 150 days and therefore, in
Noah's day, five months were equivalent to exactly 150 days, with each month lasting exactly 30 days.
This fact indicates that there was no difference in the solar and lunar cycles. At that time, the sun and
moon were in perfect sync. However, at some point this changed.
Daniel answered and said, Blessed be the name of God for ever and ever: for wisdom and might are
his: And he changeth the times and the seasons… (Daniel 2:20-21).
If one accepts the Biblical record, then God's ability to change the course of the heavens and the
earth is undeniable. On at least two other occasions, God intervened to alter the normal motion of the
planets. The first was Joshua's long day (Jos. 10: 12-13) and a second being the turning back of the
shadow of the sun ten degrees in the days of Hezekiah (2 Ki. 20: 1-11).
How God would have caused such a change since the days of Noah is unknown, but scientists tell
us that an event that would alter the course of the earth and the moon, in such a way, would undoubtedly
result in a massive, worldwide earthquake.
In the book of Hebrews, God implies that He has caused such a quake by shaking the earth once
before. He also reveals that He will do it will again:
Yet once more I shake not the earth only, but also heaven (Hebrews 12:26).
The words of Amos, who was among the herdmen of Tekoa, which he saw concerning Israel in the
days of Uzziah king of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash king of Israel, two
years before the earthquake (Amos 1:1).
Zechariah also mentions this past great quake and likens its effect to the force that will rend the
Mount of Olives into two parts at the return of Jesus Christ:
And his feet shall stand in that day upon the mount of Olives, which is before Jerusalem on the
east, and the mount of Olives shall cleave in the midst thereof toward the east and toward the west,
and there shall be a very great valley; and half of the mountain shall remove toward the north, and
half of it toward the south. And ye shall flee to the valley of the mountains; for the valley of the
mountains shall reach unto Azal: yea, ye shall flee, like as ye fled from before the earthquake in
the days of Uzziah king of Judah: and the LORD my God shall come, and all the saints with thee
(Zechariah 14:4-5).
Although this particular mega-quake did not likely alter the length of a year, it did shake the earth
in a way that had a profound impact on history. Now imagine if such a quake was combined with a
massive upheaval in the heavens.
Then the earth shook and trembled; the foundations of heaven moved and shook, because he was
wroth (2 Samuel 22:8; Psalm 18:7).
If one divides 3½ into 1260 days he will get three and one half 360-day years. Furthermore, if one
divides 42 months into 1260 days he will get forty-two 30-day months. But how will this return to a 360-
day year come about?
The book of Revelation describes a time during the last days when God will once again shake the
heavens and the earth. The impact of this act will be absolutely devastating. Notice the words the apostle
John uses when describing this event.
I looked when He opened the sixth seal, and behold, there was a great earthquake; and the sun
became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became like blood. And the stars of heaven fell
to the earth, as a fig tree drops its late figs when it is shaken by a mighty wind. Then the sky
receded as a scroll when it is rolled up, and every mountain and island was moved out of its place
(Revelation 6:12-14).
Clearly, the events of the last days carry a huge message with respect to what God is capable of
doing to His creation. Whether things will play out as we have described them, only God knows for sure.
The point here is that the Great Creator of heaven and earth is sovereign over the universe in which we
This fact gives rise to a logical question. Why will Jesus return earth's annual cycle to 360 days?
Furthermore, does the Bible state that He will do such a thing?
Whom the heaven must receive until the times of restitution of all things, which God hath spoken
by the mouth of all his holy prophets since the world began (Acts 3:21).
Here we see that when Christ intervenes in man's affairs, He will restore "all things." "All things"
is not simply referring to the moral order of society. It also means that every casualty of human abuse and
its consequences will be corrected.
When God created the universe, He fashioned it perfectly. Every piece reflected His wisdom (Psa.
104: 24). Sadly, man defied his Creator and all that changed—including the structure of the heavens and
the earth.
Luke's words reveal a promise that Jesus Christ is coming to restore order to all things, including
the heavens and the earth. Imagine for a moment what that means as it relates to life in the millennium.
Consider its impact on our weather and how that will affect agriculture. This one change will touch, for
the better, the lives of every person on earth.
Finally, there will be another wonderful benefit of a world whose yearly cycle will be perfectly in sync.
That benefit is the fact that no one will be fighting over calendars.
Part V
The History of the Hebrew Calendar
The history of the calendar used by God's people provides some keen insights into this debate
affecting the Church today. If one honestly examines this fascinating story, a picture emerges that could
put this entire controversy to rest. In truth, the calendar has undergone numerous changes throughout
history; however, these changes have never compromised the integrity of God's law.
Although a calendar existed during the days of Noah as evidenced by the chronology of the flood
in Genesis, its first prominent reference in the scriptures appears during the days of Moses. By all
indications, Moses used the Canaanite calendar. As was mentioned earlier, this understanding is based on
the fact that God used the term "Abib" when referring to the first month (Exo. 13:4). Abib was the name
of a month in the Canaanite calendar.
Although some contend that the calendar Moses used was based solely on observation, this is
highly unlikely. This is because it would have been impossible for the Israelites to observe the first day of
the seventh month (the Feast of Trumpets) and keep it after the sighting of the moon. There would have
been no time to inform the people when to keep that day if the moon had to be sighted first.
The religious authorities of the day knew the length of a month and therefore would have known
when the first day of the new month began. With this understanding they informed the people in advance
when they were to celebrate the Holy day. Even during the days of King Saul there is evidence in the
scriptures that new moons were announced in advance of their observation (1 Sam. 20:5).
Calendar Similarities
While the Babylonian calendar differed from the Canaanite calendar, they were similar in some
aspects. Both were lunisolar calendars and evidently both were acceptable to God.
What is unique in this debate is that calendar critics today seem to accept the change from the
Canaanite calendar to the Babylonian calendar, but do not accept the last phase in the calendar's history
in which it became based entirely on calculation. This was the calendar many authorities believe existed
during Jesus' life.
Furthermore, by all indications, Jesus Himself observed the holy times on the days set by
Sanhedrin of His day. At no time do the scriptures suggest that He took issue with the religious leaders
for their method of calculating God's Holy days. This was true even though, by His time, the calendar had
undergone several changes.
A Closely Guarded Secret
Until it was published, the creation of the calendar had been a closely guarded secret. However,
persecution from Emperor Constantius had scattered the Jews and he threatened to disband the Sanhedrin.
Fearing that such an act would prevent the Jewish authorities from proclaiming the Holy days in their
season, Hillel II took the bold step. He published the rules of the calendar so the Jews around the world
would be unified in their sacred observance. As Arthur Spier writes:
In order to prevent the Jews scattered all over the surface of the earth from celebrating their New
Moons, festivals and holidays at different times, he made public the system of calendar calculation
which up to that time had been a closely guarded secret. It had been used in the past only to check
the observations and testimonies of witnesses, and to determine the beginnings of the spring
season… In accordance with this system, Hillel II formally sanctified all months in advance, and
intercalated all future leap years until such a time as a new, recognized Sanhedrin would be
established in Israel (The Comprehensive Hebrew Calendar, p. 2-3).
At this point it is important to note that Hillel's calendar was not without some opposition.
Apparently there was a dispute between Babylonian rabbis and Jerusalem rabbis over its validity. The
rabbis who stayed in Babylon were using the Babylonian calendar which had no postponements.
Like the calendar critics of today, the rabbis in Babylon did not accept the fact that authority over
the calendar resided with Ezra and those who returned to Jerusalem. God was working with them. They
were the bet din—the official calendar court. Hillel II was the head of this calendar court, not the rabbis
in Babylon. It was his calendar that the Jews and the Church of God have followed for centuries, not the
calendar of the rabbis who stayed in Babylon.
When publishing the calendar, Hillel made two very important proclamations. First, he stated that
this calendar was to be used until a newly recognized Sanhedrin could be established in Israel. Second,
he wrote that he had published the same calendar that had been observed for centuries! Many dispute this
latter statement in today's wave of calendar criticism. However, if this were not true, why was there was
no opposition from the Church of God?
There is no indication of the observance of the Easter festival in the New Testament, or in the
writings of the apostolic Fathers. . . The first Christians continued to observe the Jewish festivals,
though in a new spirit, as commemorations of events which those festivals had foreshadowed.
Thus the Passover, with a new conception added to it of Christ as the true Paschal Lamb and the
first fruits from the dead, continued to be observed. . . St Polycarp, the disciple of St John the
Evangelist and bishop of Smyrna, visited Rome in 159 to confer with Anicetus, the bishop of that
see, on the subject; and urged the tradition, which he had received from the apostle, of observing
the fourteenth day. . . . About forty years later (197) the question was discussed in a very different
spirit between Victor, bishop of Rome, and Polycrates, metropolitan of proconsular Asia. That
province was the only portion of Christendom, which still adhered to the Jewish usage, and Victor
demanded that all should adopt the usage prevailing at Rome. This Polycrates firmly refused to
agree to, and urged many weighty reasons to the contrary, whereupon Victor proceeded to
excommunicate Polycrates and the Christians who continued the Eastern usage. . . The few who
afterwards separated themselves from the unity of the church and continued to keep the fourteenth
day, were named Quartodecimani, and the dispute itself is known as the Quarto-deciman
controversy (p. 828).
It is interesting to note that those who kept God's Passover were called Quarto-decimani, meaning
those who kept the 14th day according to the Jewish calendar. This is born out by The New Schaff-Herzog
Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge .
The Christians of Asia Minor were called Quartodecimans from their custom of celebrating the
pascha invariably on the 14th of Nisan, the first month of the Jewish year and falling in the
springtime. The date might fall on Friday or on any of the other days of the week, which fact made
no difference in the celebration of the paschal feast. (Philip Schaff, ed., The New Schaff-Herzog
Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, http://www.religion-encyclopedia.com/Q/quartode
By the 300's, because Rome was the capital of the empire, the church at Rome began to think of
itself as the leading congregation. An influx of vast numbers of pagans was influencing the religious
observances there. As they adopted more and more pagan practices, the issue of keeping either Passover
or Easter came to a head. This was finally resolved in the council of Nicea in which emperor Constantine
outlawed the Passover, substituting Easter in its place. As Constantine later wrote:
When the question relative to the sacred festival of Easter arose, it was universally thought that it
would be convenient that all should keep the feast on one day; ...it was declared particularly
unworthy for this, the holiest of all festivals, to follow the custom of the Jews, who have soiled
their hands with the most fearful of crimes, and whose minds were blinded . . . We ought not,
therefore, to have anything in common with the Jews . . . in unanimously adopting this mode, we
desire, dearest brethren, to separate ourselves from the detestable company of the Jews, for it is
truly shameful for us to hear them boast that without their direction we could not keep this feast...
(A Historical View of THE COUNCIL OF NICE; with a TRANSLATION OF DOCUMENTS by
Rev. Isaac Boyle, D.D.; T Mason and G Lane, New York, 1839; pp. 51-54).
Constantine's letter shows that there were still Christians keeping Passover in 325 A.D. History
shows that John's churches in the east still observed it by the Jewish reckoning.
Furthermore, the tone of this statement reveals a fierce anti-Jewish sentiment coming from the
Roman church. This hostility began about 50 A.D. with the emperor Claudius who ordered the Jews to
leave Rome (Acts 18:2). It continued into the 300's under Constantine and during his successors reign, it raised
its vicious head once again.
Fearing that the Sanhedrin would be disbanded, and unable to proclaim God's feasts in their
season, Hillel II published the Hebrew calendar in 358 A.D., stating that this was the calendar that had
been used for centuries in the past. Thus, 33 years after the council of Nicea, with no opposition from the
Jews or the Church of God, this calendar continued to be used by God's people for centuries to come.
The Quartadecimans
In his book The Apostolic Community to Constantine, Karl Baus traces the history of the faithful
from the third century through the fifth. He speaks of the quartadecimans saying:
The quartodeciman minority remained faithful to their previous practice throughout the whole of
the 3rd century... (later) the council of Nicea expelled the Quartodecimans from the ecclesiastical
community. Thereafter, their numbers continually declined, though even into the fifth century the
great church had to deal with them on occasion (p. 271).
The "previous practice" spoken of in this quote refers to the keeping of Passover on the 14th day of
the first month of the Jewish calendar. This also indicates the calendar's continued observance through to
the fifth century.
By the 7th century A.D. the Church became visible again. During this time, the mountains in Asia
Minor and Armenia protected a people who were called Paulicians. Ivor C. Fletcher wrote of the
Paulician movement in his book The Incredible History of God's True Church. In it he confirms that this
group was still keeping the Passover on the 14th day of Nisan from the early 600's through the 900's.
(This) era came to be known as "Paulicians" (the followers of the Apostle Paul)… They preached
the gospel of the Kingdom of God, baptized believers by immersion, practiced the laying on of
hands for the reception of the Holy Spirit, and observed the Sabbath, the Passover on the
fourteenth day of Nisan and the Festival of Unleavened Bread (Chapter 8).
The Paulicians remained visible until about the 10th century. Following Christ's example, they
kept the Passover until their era eventually became lost to history. By the 13th century the Church
reappeared. This time they were identified as the Waldenses. Regarding these believers, the New Schaff
Herzog Religious Encyclopedia states:
They (the Waldenses) were determined to celebrate the Lord's Supper yearly, and that in France it
had been the custom of these people to celebrate it yearly from an early time... in Germany as well
as France the Waldenses celebrated the Lord's Supper yearly... (p. 243).
Notice that the Waldenses celebrated the Lord's Supper annually from an early time. It was the
same observance celebrated by the early Christians in which they kept the Passover on the day specified
in the Hebrew calendar.
During the 17th century, the Church reappeared once again, this time in England. The London
Public Library contains this excerpt recorded in Dugger and Dodd's The History of the True Church:
In John Tombers' Dispute on Baptism, London, pages 12, 13, a complaint is entered on certain
people for celebrating the Lord's Supper in the morning, when it is said it should be celebrated in
the evening. The name "Church of God" is mentioned twice on these pages referring to people
holding the Passover in the evening (Chapter 20).
This complaint lodged by God's Church demonstrates that they opposed the celebration of the
Lord's supper, or Passover, in the morning. It is interesting to note that they did not complain about a
change in which day it was kept, only the time of day. Why? The answer is because they adhered to the
Hebrew calendar which had been in use by God's people for centuries. Dugger and Dodd make this clear
when describing the Church of God in America. In this new land, they continued to observe the Passover
on the 14th of Nisan.
The church in Rhode Island was founded the year 1671, and Ephreta, Pennsylvania, May 1725,
with numerous other congregations throughout the eastern states... we find companies in one place
called the Church of Christ, in another place the Church of God, while in other communities they
were simply called 'Sabbatarian Congregations' but the belief was practically the same. They stood
for the commandments of God and the faith of Jesus, observing the true Sabbath, keeping the
Lord's Supper yearly on the 14th of the first month (p. 252-253).
The practice of God's people continuing to keep the Passover according to the Hebrew calendar
for the next hundred years is documented in History of the Sabbatarians.
Some of these (western Virginia) churches, believe in the washing of one another's feet, at
appointed times... but the Sabbath and Baptism are their distinguishing tenets... Concerning the
Passover, or the Lord's Supper, in at least one assembly of the early Sabbatarians in West Virginia,
the following is illustrative; 'March 21, 1853, it was voted that communion service be held once in
twelve months on the fourteenth day of the first Jewish Month, ie., on the evening of the
Passover (p. 201).
From the ancient past until the present day, thousands of congregations of God's Church have
continued to faithfully observe the Passover based on the Jewish calendar. In more recent times, the
Seventh Day Church of God has also kept the Passover on the fourteenth Day of the first month. The
Worldwide Church of God under the direction of Herbert W Armstrong kept the Passover according to
the Hebrew calendar, and the majority of the Church of God splinter groups continue that practice.
Every piece of historical evidence shows God's Church keeping the festivals and Passover based
on the same calendar declared by the Jews. Only recently has the calendar come under attack, and one
thing must be understood. The calendars that have been devised by critics of the Hebrew calendar are not,
and they have never been, calendars that were accepted or used by the Church of God, or secular society!
People were not living their lives by these modern day aberrations. They did not use them for
business, anniversaries, or any future planning. The vast majority of calendars suggested by critics of the
Hebrew calendar are modern day creations. They are designed to keep the Holy days in a way that their
creators define as important, but they were never used in the past for anything.
The Hebrew calendar has always been legitimate. It is immensely logical and highly accurate. It
has been accepted over the entire world and has been used for millennia by both the Jews and God's
Part VI
Postponements in Perspective
Perhaps the greatest opposition to the Hebrew calendar is generated from its use of what are called
"postponements." Postponements are specific rules the Jews employ when setting up their calendar.
Although to many, these rules are difficult to understand, they do serve an important purpose in keeping
God's law and His Holy days.
They All do it
It is also interesting to note that while critics of the Hebrew calendar complain about
postponements, the truth is that every single calendar in existence must postpone in some way to
reconcile the dissimilar cycles of the sun and moon. This means that, with the exception of the pre-flood
360-day calendar, every other man-made calendar has some form of postponements—including those
calendars created by today's Hebrew calendar critics.
The first postponement rule in the Hebrew calendar occurs when a new moon appears late in the
day. If it appears on, or after, twelve noon this rule requires that the proclamation of the new moon be
moved to the next day; a day in which the moon is actually still new. This is necessary so that the Feast of
Trumpets is a full twenty four-hour day and not just a few hours long.
Obviously this postponement is necessary. If the Holy day is not postponed by moving it forward,
the declaration of the new moon would have to fall back to the prior Sunset. Although such a practice is
observed by the Samaritans today, it is clearly in error because it requires that the new moon be declared
when there is as yet no moon present.
When the moon appears during the day, any calendar that man might devise cannot allow the day
to be split in two. Therefore, a decision must be made as to which day should be proclaimed the new
moon. The Hebrew calendar elects to push the new moon over to the next day. Without this
postponement it would be impossible to properly keep the Holy days from sunset to sunset as God
commands (Lev. 23:32).
The second and third postponement rules cause the calendar to be adjusted so that the Day of
Atonement does not fall on the day before the weekly Sabbath and the majority of the annual holy days
do not fall the day after it.
In preparation for the Sabbath, God has commanded that we do all our work on the sixth day (Exo.
16:5, 22-26). He has also commanded that we do absolutely no work on Atonement (Lev. 23:28).
Therefore, if Atonement falls on the sixth day, it presents a conflict with God's command.
The Jews resolved this conflict by adjusting the calendar so that this does not occur. While it is
true that this decision required a judgment on their part, their judgment was not based on personal
inference, but rather on a command in the scriptures.
Despite this fact, critics complain that this postponement should not be done. They contend that
such an adjustment is not necessary and preparation can be done on Thursday. What they fail to realize is
that by doing what they suggest, they have now postponed the preparation day, thus breaking God's direct
command regarding the sixth day. While the critics wish to push the sixth day back to the fifth day, the
Jews do what is legal. They adjust the calendar, an act for which there is no prohibition in God's Word.
These two rules work together to avoid many occasions when the weekly Sabbath might fall
adjacent to an annual Sabbath. This postponement rule was written in consideration of the fact that there
was no refrigeration to preserve food over several days, and no city authority to remove the bodies of
those who might have died on the Sabbath
A final postponement is related to the nineteen year time cycle. This rule keeps the length of the
various years adjusted so that they are in sync, and none have an abnormal length, as each year goes
through its sequence in the cycle.
These facts should put the postponements in perspective. While it is true that these rules are not
found in the Bible, neither is sanctifying the new moon, or intercalating a thirteenth month every third
year. What one must realize is that because these rules are not mentioned, it does not mean they are
prohibited. In fact, some are absolutely necessary in order to perform what God has written in His word.
When it comes to issues surrounding the Sabbath, these postponements fulfill Christ's statement
that the Sabbath was made for man (Mark 2:27-28). They enable us to keep the command that work is to
be done on the sixth day. They work in ways that fulfill God's law of love, and perhaps one of the least
understood contributions of postponements is that they miraculously cause the Hebrew calendar to be
more accurate than any other in man's history.
Part VII
The Accuracy of the Hebrew Calendar
One of the most powerful arguments in favor of the Hebrew calendar is its uncanny accuracy. To
best appreciate this point it is incumbent upon us to understand how this remarkable instrument functions.
The Hebrew calendar that Hillel II published during the 4th century was based entirely on
calculation. The new moons were determined by calculating the average, or mean conjunction of the
Blow the trumpet at the time of the New Moon, at the full moon, on our solemn feast day (Psalm
The moon is more than just a sign for the beginning of months; the full moon signals the
beginning of the Feast of Tabernacles. The reckoning of this month is critical because it must not only
start at the right time, but God's people must be able to look up on the 15th and see a full moon.
In addition, the 15th day of the first month is a holy day. Remember, God says the moon is a sign
of His appointed times (Gen. 1:14, Psa. 104:19). With the moon cycle being 29 ½ days and fluctuating as
it does, arriving at full moons on the fifteenth days of both months is not as simple as one might think.
However, the Hebrew calendar is extraordinarily accurate in making this possible. What is vital to
understand is that the postponements are part of what makes it so accurate. The rules of postponement
are commonly regarded as a means of preventing the annual Holy days (especially the Day of Atonement)
from occurring on a day adjoining a weekly Sabbath. What many people do not realize is that
postponements also regulate the inner workings of the calendar to keep it in sync with the moon.
The remarkable accuracy of the Hebrew calendar is detailed in an article titled The Feast of
Trumpets 2000 AD, written by Dwight Blevins and Carl Franklin. These men demonstrate that using the
Hebrew calendar yields a more accurate placement of the full moons than one finds using the true
conjunctions, as reported by the U.S. Naval Observatory. They cite the following example.
In the year 2000 the U.S. Naval Observatory calculated the conjunction of Tishri 1 to occur at
9:53 P.M., JT (Jerusalem time) on September 27. The Hebrew calendar calculated the molad of Tishri to
occur more than 15 hours later - at 1:17 P.M., JT, on the afternoon of September 28. In addition, the rules
of postponement required that the declaration of Tishri 1 be delayed for two full days thus making it fall
on September 30th. Thus, in the year 2000, the Hebrew calendar set the observance of the Feast of
Trumpets to begin almost 44 hours after the true conjunction of the moon. But how does the Hebrew
calendar in this example prove to be more accurate than the US Naval Observatory? Messrs. Blevins and
Franklin provide the following answer.
Is the Hebrew calendar leading us away from the true observance? It appears that the Hebrew
Calendar is delaying the Feast of Trumpets by nearly two full days. This significant lapse in time
between the astronomical conjunction and the declaration of Tishri 1 in the year 2000 has led some
to claim that the Hebrew Calendar is an erroneous Pharisaic invention. But as we will see, the
Hebrew Calendar was not invented by men but was revealed by God in order that his people might
observe His annual holy days at their appointed times (The Feast of Trumpets 2000 AD,
Those who rely on the astronomical conjunction would have observed the Feast of Trumpets on
September 28 and the first day of the Feast of Tabernacles on October 12 in the year 2000. How did this
correlate to the moon? There was no visible crescent moon on the eve of Trumpets and the moon was
only 96% full on the eve of Tabernacles.
In contrast, those who followed the Hebrew calendar that year observed the Feast of Trumpets on
September 30, and the first day of the Feast of Tabernacles on October 14. How did this correlate to the
moon? There was a visible crescent moon on the eve of Trumpets, and the moon was a perfect 100% full
on the eve of Tabernacles.
Comparing the results for the Passover season for the same year, those following the astronomical
conjunction counted April 5 as Nisan 1, and observed the first Day of Unleavened Bread on April 19
(Nisan 15). This method yielded no visible crescent on Nisan 1, and a perfect 100% full moon on Nisan
Those who followed the Hebrew calendar the year 2000 counted April 6 as Nisan 1, and observed
the first Day of Unleavened Bread on April 20 (Nisan 15). This method yielded a visible crescent on
Nisan 1, and a near-perfect 99% full moon on Nisan 15.
The overall results for the year 2000 show the Hebrew calendar to be more accurate. A visible
crescent was seen on both Nisan 1 and Tishri 1, and the combined average of the full moons for the holy
days on Nisan 15 and Tishri 15 was 99.5%. By contrast, the astronomical conjunction method yielded no
visible crescents on the first days of the months, and a 98% average for the full moons on the 15th days of
the months.
For those who may think that this is a fluke consider the table below which shows the accuracy of
the Hebrew calendar in predicting the percentage of the full moon visible on the first Day of Unleavened
Bread and the Feast of Tabernacles. These figures are averaged and compared with the percentage of the
full moon that would have been visible if postponements were not applied.
Hebrew Without
Calendar Postponem ents
2005 0.997 0.972
2004 0.989 0.979
2003 0.998 0.989
2002 0.989 No postponem ents
2001 0.995 No postponem ents
2000 0.992 0.98
1999 0.996 0.973
1998 0.987 No postponem ents
1997 0.993 No postponem ents
1996 0.997 0.991
1995 0.996 0.975
1994 0.992 No postponem ents
1993 0.991 No postponem ents
1992 0.996 0.992
1991 0.997 No postponem ents
1990 0.995 No postponem ents
1989 0.983 No postponem ents
1998 0.998 0.98
1987 0.997 0.989
1986 0.996 No postponem ents
1985 0.996 0.996
1984 0.992 0.983
1983 0.997 0.99
1982 0.987 No postponem ents
How is it that the Hebrew calendar is so accurately aligned with the phases of the moon? Messrs.
Blevins and Franklin explain:
It [the Hebrew calendar] achieves the greatest possible accuracy in matching the phases of the
moon because its calculations are based on the average length of the lunar month as opposed to the
specific time of the moon's conjunction. This factor is especially critical in the year 2000. When
we use the astronomical conjunction to calculate the length of the six month lunar period from the
beginning of Nisan to the beginning of Tishri, we find that the total number of days does not match
the known average for this cycle (The Feast of Trumpets 2000 AD. p. 31,
The length of the six month period from Nisan 1 to Tishri 1 based on observatory data for the year
2000 was 176.07 days. But the known average for any six-month lunar period is 177.18 days. The
Hebrew calendar, with its standard 177 days from Tishri 1 back to Nisan 1, comes much closer to the
known average. Blevins and Franklin continue:
The use of this average figure enables the Hebrew calendar to match the lunar phases during the
six-month period as closely as possible in the year 2000. Calculations that are based on the
astronomical conjunction cannot lead to accurate dating because there is a full day missing in the
six-month period. Despite the extreme fluctuation in the moon's cycle, the Hebrew calendar
achieves an almost perfect score in matching the desired phases of the moon, as defined by
Scripture. Most important of all, its declarations match the command of God in Psalm 81:3 that the
feasts of the seventh month be observed on the day of the new crescent and on the day of the full
moon (ibid, page 31).
With modern technology and advanced mathematics we are now able to accurately predict the
time of the moon's conjunction each month, but that does not allow us to build a more accurate calendar.
As Messrs. Blevins and Franklin continue to explain:
The moon is simply too variable in its movements to be measured and catalogued in such a way as
to increase the reliability of lunar calendar dates… We cannot demand that the moon be at a certain
position and at a precise percentage of illumination on a specific day of the month when it is not
constant in its finite direction or the rate of its travel. We are able to predict where it will be, but
we cannot shift the days of the month so that its position in the sky and percentage of illumination
will match the desired lunar phase (ibid, pages 32, 33).
A comparison of the calculated Hebrew calendar with calendars that are based on the moment of
the darkest moon or the observation of the new crescent will demonstrate that through the years,
the Hebrew calendar achieves the highest percentage of accuracy in matching day of the month to
the desired lunar phase. This degree of success would not be possible without the Rules of
Postponement and the use of the average lunar month (29.53 days) for calculations (ibid, page 33).
Blevins and Franklin make a strong case for their belief that the Hebrew calendar is the product of
divine influence. It is man made, but God inspired.
A Final Thought
With so many different calendars all claiming to be "God's calendar," how can one know what to
believe? One thing is certain; they can't all be right. The real calendar problem is not how to make a
calendar; it is who is authorized to write the rules for the calendar.
The bottom line is that God is not the author of confusion (I Cor. 14:33). This is why He placed
the responsibility of the calendar in the hands of a constituted authority. It is the only way to prevent the
confusion that exists today.
Satan is a master of the tactic of divide and conquer. One has only to look at our modern society
to see how successful he has been at dividing the family and one of his main objectives is to divide the
family of faith, the Church. We have been divided geographically and organizationally, but the true
Church of God is not limited by these physical things. The true Church of God is bound together by the
Spirit of God and can neither be separated from God, nor from one another.
Jesus said, "My sheep hear my voice." The sheep know the Shepherds voice, "And a stranger will
they not follow." Many of the voices now being heard on the subject of the calendar are the voices of
strangers. But the voice of the Shepherd can also be heard. Will we hear it?
God is faithful and just. He has not commanded us to keep His Holy days and then left us in
confusion about when to keep them. He committed His oracles to the Jews; not only the Scriptures that
command us to keep the Holy days, but the calendar as well. Without the calendar it is impossible to
observe the Holy days as commanded.
Just as there are no original copies in existence to prove that the Bible has been accurately
preserved, there are no calendar rules in the Scriptures to prove or disprove the correctness of the Hebrew
calendar. By faith we know that God preserved reliable copies of His original Word for us. By faith we
also know that God committed the responsibility and authority of the calendar to the Jews.
God's original calendar was nothing like the modern ones that any of the calendar critics propose.
His was 360 days long and the sun was perfectly geared to the moon. Since that time something has
changed and now human decisions must be made to reconcile the incompatible cycles of the sun and
God did not reveal a specific sacred calendar in the Bible in order to accomplish this. He told
Moses to use Abib, a Canaanite month, as the first month of the year. Furthermore, that calendar has been
modified numerous times since the time of Moses with no apparent objection by the Jews, Christians, or
by God.
Objections to postponements today are not valid. Every calendar must postpone in some way and
the postponements in the Hebrew calendar do not break God's law, but rather enable us to better keep it.
The more recent calendars suggested by opponents of the Hebrew calendar have never been used
in the past. They are not used presently and are not likely to be used in the future.
When compared to the Hebrew calendar, these modern day creations fail. They are not practical
enough to ever have been adopted by society for use, and they are not as accurate in reconciling the sun
and the new moon with the full moon.
Finally, the Hebrew calendar has the authority of the Jewish Sanhedrin and its use has been agreed
upon by two or more of the apostolic leaders of the Church of God. It is therefore binding on us today.
If the calendar of the Jews was authoritative for Jesus when He walked the earth and for the
apostles after Him, it certainly should be good enough for Christians today. The Church of God has
observed this calendar for the better part of two millennia. Therefore, will you follow self proclaimed
authorities who create calendars based on scriptural inference and conjecture? Or, will you have the faith
to follow in the footsteps of Christ and His Church, obeying the constituted authority God has ordained?


text:
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Use Article Rewriter to rewrite or paraphrase articles, full-length essays, or to find different and better ways to express simple words, phrases, or sentences. Whether you wish to reproduce textual content for a website, business document, email, tweet, or term paper, article rewriter will do the trick. Facilitate essay writing, expand your blogs and enhance your website's online visibility with quality content now.
It's just okay. Maybe I expected too much but it did not save me much time at all with all the changes I had to make to the articles. I used it on the "readable" setting and allowed it to automatically spin paragraphs, sentences, etc. Well it was actually "readable" but not human readable, also there is option for human readable articles, but it will be not 100% unique.
Cost – WordAi Turing at the time of this writing is a monthly charge of $49.95, while SpinnerChief III Ultimate is a one time purchase of $177 or $67 a year. But it's not entire black and white to add insult to injury WordAi has a usage cap on the how many word you can spin per billing cycle. Here is an excerpt form their page "250,000 words for the "Turing Spinner" for a billing cycle you will be charged overage fees.". So if you go over that amount WordAi will bill you extra. Spinner Chief Ultimate does not have any usage limitations when using the desktop client. Hands down SpinnerChief III Ultimate won this.
This excellent article rewriter tool will thoroughly scan your entire content, looking for the words that it can replace with a synonym. All the words that it replaces with a substitute will be highlighted in the bold and colorful text. By clicking on any of the highlighted words or phrases, you can see the original word, suggestions or add your own word. Also, you can click on the original word to revert or click on any other word to replace.
Most of our customers have no problem making the less than $2 per day it costs to use WordAi. Artificial intelligence isn't cheap, and we want to provide only the best quality service possible with no compromises, and our customers appreciate the superior quality. Most of them are running their SEO sites like a business, where they don't mind paying $50/mo if it will help them make $5000/mo.
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Using Spinbot you can instantly spin (or rewrite) a chunk of textual content up to 10,000 characters in length (or about 1000 words), which is much longer than an average website or freely-distributed article. With a single click you can turn your old blog post or website article into a completely new one, thereby doubling the payoff you get in return for the time and energy you have already invested into creating quality website content. Spinbot is lightning fast as well as free, so there is potentially no limit to the amount of free web content that you can create using this tool.
Yea mate, WordAI really is overpriced IMO too, which is why I didn't rank it higher in the cost-effectiveness rankings. Now, it did change more than a few words, but I see how you would think it's less than 80% unique. TBS is also great, but only in terms of functionality and the easy interface which allows manual spinning to be done quite fast. As for their thesaurus, I think they have a lot to improve.
Because it is the best article spinner, simple! Once you start using our instant article spinner you know what we are talking about. You have to use our paraphrasing tool yourself to know how easy it is to use. Our article rewriter tool is equally useful for bloggers, writers and teachers. It is reliable, easy and quick! Did we mention that this paraphrasing tool is absolutely free to use?
New customers will be given a discount offer that is massive. You are given a lot of quality written articles in a brief time period by spin Rewriter. After 5 days you get 30 days to make sure the Spin Rewriter technology is right for you, although for using their services, clients receive a 5-day free trial. They permit you to prevent SEO devaluation from content that is online that is duplicate. Try it out, and when it is not exactly right for your business, you'll be given.
Article Spinner or Article Rewriter, as the name itself gives you an idea, is a rewriting tool or a paraphrasing tool that allows people to rewrite their content while saving significant amount of time. Many such article rewriter and article spinner tools are available over internet. Some article spinner tools are completely free, requiring no installation or fee while some article rewriter tools can ask you to sign up or pay.
Has a 250,000 words monthly limit on the "Turing Spinner" and a 2,500,000 words monthly limit on the "Standard Spinner". Anything above that will be charged additionally ($10 per 1,000,000 words for the "Standard Spinner", and $3 per 10,000 for the "Turing Spinner"). However, they do offer custom plans for heavy API users – all you need to do is contact them.
It is a widespread technique in SEO and SMM, involving the rewording and rephrasing of article. As a result, user will get a unique and original content based on the sample article. With the help of any paraphrasing tool, this technique can be used to create original articles which can then be used for posting online or any other purpose without being identified as a duplicate content.
Coming up with content can be tough for those who are new to niche blogging. So it's not surprising that some people turn to article spinning software, in hope for a better solution. I've always been an advocate for creating original things, but in this WordAi review, I got curious and decided to do an experiment to see how a spun content would look like. Are there any benefits to use this type of services at all?
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There are a lot of spinners on the market, some are OK and others are just plain junk. If you are asking why The Best Spinner isn't in this comparison it is because currently TBS is not producing the results we need for higher quality spins. Sure you can hand tweak your articles to be perfect, but in our business time is money. The less time I have to spend on tedious tasks is more time I have for making money. While no spinner will produce perfect results, these two do a great job of getting you closer to human readable content. To us that means content that reads in a linear fashion with proper verbs and nouns. So below we will show the results of spun articles by these two top spinners.
The content above is 98% unique according to Spin Rewriter and I really like it. It actually seems better than the WordAI spin – only the "Standard" one however, it is no match for the "Turing". One thing that the spinner failed to recognize is the "green eyes" phrase where it replaced it with "environment-friendly". Yea, I laughed too. Anyway, here is the spintax for those interested in more testing:
There are some 'free' article spinners out there that require you to enter your text with properly formatted 'spintax' in order to create the end result. But how you need a totally separate tool to create this machine formatted text, so how is this really useful to you? Spinbot does all thinking for you, from taking in the context of every phrase to creating additional textual content that is as readable and meaningful as the text you originally entered.
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Spin Rewriter is a cloud-based article spinner software program. That is the brief solution to what it is. So allow's support a little bit and also speak about just what an article spinner is. An article spinner is a program that takes a piece of writing and rewrites it using synonyms. Several of the much better ones could really revise the sentence making use of a contextual definition of the sentence. The most effective article spinner programs could actually revise entire paragraphs to make sure that the context of the paragraph is basically the exact same, but it uses different words.
The instant article spinner or paraphrasing tool carefully scans the article you enter, looking for all the words that it can replace with synonyms. All the words or phrases that will be replaced are colorfully highlighted to make them prominent and easy to identify. By clicking on each of the highlighted text, you can see the original word along with other suggestions, and you also have an option to add your own word. To restore the original text, just click the original word.
After adding the text you intend to process, SpinnerChief lists some basic information about it, such as the number of words, sentences and paragraphs. The 'Select Synonyms' section allows you to choose the terms you want to use, while the 'Quick Sentence Rewriting' and 'Quick Paragraph Rewriting' features enable you to rephrase certain pieces of text.
X-Spinner has been tested on Windows XP, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 2003/2008 and Windows 8, Windows 10 and MacBook with Windows VM; it's advisable to have a screen resolution larger than 1024x768px for optimal interface display due to the large amount of functionality. For using X-Spinner on Mac Computer, you need instal a windows virtual machine on your Mac computer.
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subset: commoncrawl