text:
Johannes Gran-Hirvioja
Joakim Johansson
This report is the result of our master thesis performed at ABB HVDC in Ludvika,
during the spring of 2012. The thesis is the final examination of our Master of Science
in mechanical engineering at Linkping University.
We want to take the chance to express our gratitude to all those who guided us in this
thesis work. There are a number of people that we want to thank for their contribution,
either technical or supportive to this project.
Madelene Nilsson
Simon Fjgers
Martin Forsberg
Peter Hallberg
Adam Gunr
Rickard Johansson
We would also like to thank all the employees at ABB for their help during the thesis.
ABB is a world leading company operating in the fields of automation and power
This thesis aims to build a parametrically driven design template for ABB in Ludvika,
Sweden. In order to speed up the design process of a Thyristor Valve the department of
TVM is looking into automating the process. As large and complex CAD models are
becoming more common, it is necessary to keep the efficiency high when modeling to
keep the products profitable. Limiting re-design and manual tasks in NX 7.5 is a desire
from the department.
The thesis proposes the use of Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE) methods to
achieve design reuse and automation. By analyzing the information available,
implementation into CAD templates can be performed, with the ability to modify them
The results of this thesis are several parametrical template assemblies presented in the
end of this report. A proof of concept is there modeled by modifying the templates,
showing the benefits of design automation. In the end a discussion around the methods
and the results capability takes place, leading to a conclusion.
= Bill of Material
= Commonality Index
Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1
Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 1
Goal ............................................................................................................................... 2
Delimitation ................................................................................................................... 3
Background ........................................................................................................................... 5
Teamcenter .................................................................................................................. 10
Transformations ........................................................................................................... 11
Parameterization .......................................................................................................... 13
Method ................................................................................................................................ 23
Results ................................................................................................................................. 43
Discussion ........................................................................................................................... 55
Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 59
References ........................................................................................................................... 60
Written ......................................................................................................................................... 60
Online .......................................................................................................................................... 61
Oral .............................................................................................................................................. 61
Appendix 1 Skeleton geometry .................................................................................................. 1
Appendix 2 Part Families spreadsheet ....................................................................................... 2
Appendix 3 Reactor Module levels ............................................................................................ 3
Appendix 4 Adding a Reactor Module ....................................................................................... 4
Figure 2 - Converter station (ABB Photo). .................................................................................. 7
Figure 1 - Map showing the extraction of Fenno-Skan 1 and 2. (Fingrid.fi) ................................ 7
Figure 3 - Three Valves hanging from the ceiling in the Valve hall. (ABB Photo) ...................... 8
Figure 4 - The Topological Pyramid ........................................................................................... 11
Figure 5 - The Morphological Pyramid ....................................................................................... 12
Figure 6 - Graph of applying design reuse and Automation. Adapted from Tarkian (2009). ..... 14
Figure 7 - Product Model of a Car............................................................................................... 16
Figure 8 - Example Family Members created with Part Families ............................................... 19
Figure 9 - Part Family Spread sheet and Dialog box................................................................... 20
Figure 10 The Master Part 1JNL100340-819 and its Family Members .................................. 20
Figure 11 - The spreadsheet of the Master Part 1JNL100340-822 and the Family Members .... 21
Figure 12 - Model of iterative KBE acquisition process, adapted from Emberey (2007). .......... 24
Figure 13 - Dynamic conservatism, adapted from Berzelius and Skrvad ................................. 25
Figure 14 - Product Structure of the Thyristor Valve visualized with a Product Model Tree... 27
Figure 15 - CAD-model of a Thyristor Valve ........................................................................... 28
Figure 16 The instantiation of the Reactor Module and Thyristor Module.............................. 29
Figure 17 - Reactor Module Structure and CAD-model. ............................................................ 31
Figure 18 - Reactor Module with High or Low Current.............................................................. 32
Figure 19 - Reactor Assembled with 14 or 8 C-Cores. ............................................................... 32
Figure 20 - CAD-model and Product Structure of a Thyristor Module ...................................... 34
Figure 21 - CAD-model of a Thyristor Module .......................................................................... 36
Figure 22 - Showing the difference between the three main variants ......................................... 37
Figure 23 - Capacitor Unit with 6 and 9 pairs of capacitors........................................................ 38
Figure 24 - Valve Layer structure and a Valve layer with 6 layers ............................................. 39
Figure 25 - Two Valve Layers with Current up respectively down ............................................ 40
Figure 27 - Example of expression from Component Array ....................................................... 44
Figure 26 - Example of Expressions used to suppress components ............................................ 44
Figure 28 - Component Array taken from Valve Layer assembly .............................................. 45
Figure 29 - Two Layers of the Module Assembly and the Valve Layer ..................................... 46
Figure 30 - The three Thyristor Module templates...................................................................... 48
Figure 31 - The two variants of Thyristor Modules used in Fenno-Skan 2 ................................ 49
Figure 32 Module Assembly corresponding to the certain values of the main parameters...... 51
Figure 33 - The hierarchical structure of the Module Assembly of Fenno-Skan 2 ..................... 51
Figure 34 Selected Modules to replace and the Replace Component dialog box .................... 52
Figure 35 - The Valve Layer corresponding to the certain values of the main parameters......... 53
Figure 36 - Valve Layer of Fenno-Skan 2 ................................................................................... 53
Figure 37 - Fenno-Skan 2 with the two sub-assemblies Valve Layer and Module Assembly .... 54
Table 1 Parameters that control the Module Assembly ............................................................ 29
Table 2 - Parameters that control the Reactor Module. ............................................................... 31
Table 3 Parameters that control the Thyristor Module. ............................................................ 35
Table 4 Parameters that control the Valve Layer ..................................................................... 40
Table 5 Main parameter values of Fenno-Skan 2 ..................................................................... 47
Large and complex CAD models are becoming increasingly common in the industry.
With more powerful computer larger models are possible, thus making the model more
complex and unwieldy. By simplifying models you can free computing power and save
hours of work and money. Within ABB, and in particular at the department of TVM
(Valves Mechanical Design), new orders are constantly coming in and they need a more
effective way of assembling their products.
The basic idea of the thesis arose in the summer of 2011, when one of the writers
performed a summer internship at TVM. During the internship he designed a valve of
type HVDC Classic in Siemens NX 6, which was introduced as new software at the
department in 2010. This was modeled with drawings made in the CAD-program
Microstation as a basis. During the summer the idea of simplifying the modeling by
using automatic repetition of the common elements came up. The idea was to create a
product configurator to reduce the time required for modeling of new valves for the
product family HVDC Classic.
The problem to be solved is very interesting for the ordering department, but also for
other departments within the company. The subject can be related to a more general
view where automated modeling and facilitation of the arrangement of components is a
way to make the design process more efficient. In the design process of product
families, reusing of parts and sub-assemblies is a key to save time and money.
The products of the company have a lot of knowledge stored inside of them, and so has
the designers. Since this knowledge can be hard to capture, there is a need of renew the
design methods for the product family.
The purpose of the thesis is to investigate how knowledge based engineering can be
applied to capture the knowledge of the designers and the products, and then implement
the knowledge in a parametrically driven product template. The main function should be
to partially automate the design process.
How can Knowledge Based Engineering be used to identify the expertise of the
What qualities should a product possess in order to be suitable for the use of
Topological transformation and to be developed in to a parametrically driven
How should a geometric model be built up to be suitable for design reuse and
The goal of this thesis is to create a parametrically driven product template for HVDC
Classic Thyristor Valves. The template shall reduce total time of assembling a valve of
the Classic product family. The template is also meant to reduce repetitive work for the
designers, by simplifying and partially automate the model.
The template should also be able to make it possible to produce packing list and BOM
(bill of materials) directly from the CAD-model, which today is created in a different
software. Due to the wide spread of experience in the department, the template should
be easy to use and understand.
The design engineer should have the possibility to select a template and then modify
each assembly parametrically and build up most of the Thyristor Valve automatically.
To establish some clearly defined delimitation for this problem is crucial to the thesis.
Without delimitations the project could be almost endless. Making the CAD-model
totally automated by an intelligent template is just not possible or desired. So the goal
with the thesis isnt to replace any designers, but to free more time to be used for
development. By eliminating repetitive, time-consuming steps the design process should
be more effective than it is today, but some manual assembling will always remain for
the designer.
At first it was decided that the knowledge based template was going to be applicable on
the product family of HVDC Classic Thyristor Valves. Due to time limitations more
delimitation had to be done. The work was only going to focus on the larger subassemblies of the Thyristor Valve, with the ability to still achieve the goal of the thesis.
ABB is a world leading company operating in the fields of automation and power
technology. ABB stands for ASEA Brown Boveri and was formed during a merge in
1988 between the Swedish company ASEA (Allmnna Svenska Elektriska Aktiebolaget)
and the Swiss company BBC (Brown Boveri & Cie). Both companies date back to the
end of the nineteenth century. ASEA was founded 1883 in Stockholm by Ludvig
Fredholm and was in the beginning a manufacturer of generators and electric lights.
Brown, Boveri & Cie was founded 1891 in Baden, Switzerland by Charles Eugene
Lancelot Brown and Walter Boveri and produced both AC and DC motors, generators
and transformers.
Today ABB is one of the largest engineering companies in the world and operates in
100 countries and has 130,000 employees. ABB is a company that could be described as
a conglomerate, which means it consists of diverse divisions that operate in different
fields of business, and since 2010 ABB is divided in five production divisions and one
corporate division. The production divisions are Power Products, Power Systems,
Discrete Automation and Motion, Low Voltage Products and Process Automation.
(ABB Homepage)
This master thesis is performed at the division of Power Systems in Ludvika. Power
Systems supplies various power grid and power transmission solutions. HVDC (High
Voltage Direct Current) is one of them and it is an effective way to transfer large
amounts of electric power for example long distances, under water or between
unsynchronized networks. Unlike the more common technology of alternating current
system, HVDC uses direct current for the bulk transmission of electrical power. A
HVDC transmission link consists of three main components, a station to convert the
alternating current of the grid to direct current, a cable that transmits the power to the
next station where the direct current is converted back into alternating current.
The worlds first HVDC transmission link ever was developed and delivered by ABB
(ASEA) back in the 1950s. Together with the Swedish State Power Board, who was the
customer, a 90 km transmission link between the Swedish mainland and the island of
Gotland with a capacity of 100-kV and 20-MW were installed and commissioned in
1954. Since then ABB has led the way in HVDC transmission development and more
than half of the HVDC transmission capacity installed in the world has been delivered
by ABB.
High Voltage is used to reduce the energy lost in the resistance of the wires. By
doubling the voltage, for a given amount of transmitted power, the line-loss per unit of
electrical power delivered can be reduced with a factor 4.
There is also a positive environmental effect due to the fact that the HVDC transmission
line needs much less space than an AC line with the same power capacity. A DC
transmission only needs one line compare to the AC transmission that needs three lines,
one for each phase. (ABB HVDC Homepage)
Fenno-Skan 2 was taken in use early in the year of 2012 and, as seen in figure 1, there
is also another transmission line connecting the Swedish and Finnish power grid, called
Fenno-Skan 1, which was brought into commercial operation in December 1989.
The converter stations are massive complex, covering a large land area. Figure 2
displays a converter station in Longquan, China. In the picture all the different parts of
the station can be seen, such as DC reactors, Harmonics and DC Filters and
Transformers. However in this thesis we only take interest of the Thyristor Valves
inside of the Valve Hall.
The valve consists of a large number of thyristors connected in series to cope with the
high voltages. The valve is normally suspended from the ceiling of the valve hall and by
that they become extremely resistant to earthquakes (figure 3).(ABB HVDC Homepage)
Figure 3 - Three Valves hanging from the ceiling in the Valve hall. (ABB Photo)
Computer Aided Design, known as CAD in short terms, is used to create a virtual model
of an object or environment. The model is created in a computer before the object is
physically produced. This acts as a testing ground and is a cheap and safe way to
represent products.
CAD can be found in many different professions and is used by all types of designers
and architects in various industries. Many tasks can be solved with CAD, and it replaces
time consuming work with paper and pen. Built-in software in the CAD environment
can help making calculations and simulations. Today a single CAD model can replace
thousands of drawings and sketches, fully editable and replaceable, therefore increasing
the speed of design projects.
A CAD model consists of hierarchical levels commonly known as parts, assemblies and
sub-assemblies. A sub-assembly works exactly like an assembly, with the difference
that it isnt the top level in the hierarchy (Tarkian, 2009). The structure is often fully
traceable in a tree of history.
Siemens PLM software provides NX as their advanced CAD/CAM/CAE tool. The
version used in this thesis is NX 7.5, which is one of the latest upgrades. Siemens PLM
states on their homepage that:
NX automates and simplifies design by leveraging the product and process knowledge
that companies gain from experience and from industry best practices. It includes tools
that designers can use to capture knowledge to automated repetitive tasks. The result is
reduced cost and cycle time and improved quality. (Siemens PLM Automation
homepage, NX mechanical design).
Siemens PLM Software provides Teamcenter as their product lifecycle management
software. It provides companies with the flexibility to choose from different PLMsolutions meeting the demands of business. Teamcenter helps connecting process- and
product knowledge between co-workers, teams or departments. Managing solutions are
provided in the portfolio and cover all steps from design and construction to
administration and manufacturing. (Siemens PLM Automation homepage, Teamcenter)
If you divide CAD modeling or the transformation into only two main types, it could be
topological and morphological. Topological transformation is when the changes appear
in a hierarchical plane. Altering the number of instances in an array is typical
topological transformation. The change often becomes visible in a tree of history.
As seen in figure 4, the topological changes can be automated in several stages. Full
automation of a component or sub-assembly requires well defined rules of knowledge,
and in chapter 3.7 this will be handled further.
Morphological transformation is any changes made to features in a part, for example
changing the length or shape of a curve (Tarkian, 2009). When looking at figure 5 one
can see that the applicable automation grade varies directly with the complexity of the
geometry. The square in the figure has very low complexity and therefore is easy to
parameterize and automate, see chapter 3.5.
Since ABB have unique article numbers on all their parts and assemblies in Teamcenter,
no morphological transformation will be handled in this thesis. Adding morphological
transformation on to a part will result in a new unique article number. Since drawings
are produced mainly for the assembly workshop this would result in a big mess, with
non-existing parts or components. All parts and assemblies will strive to represent the
original components and therefore no morphological transformations will be made.
Morphological transformations are possible to solve with topological, instead of
changing certain geometry you can for example replace it with another one.
To parameterize a CAD model means that values that are usually fixed, for example a
dimension, can be controlled by parameters that can transform the model, both
topological and morphological. The design becomes more flexible and by changing just
one parameter you can get a completely new design, without any manual redesign.
The parameters can be linked to each other by rules, working through the whole
hierarchy of subsystems. Parameters can work as both inputs and outputs, meaning that
one features output can be another features input. They can contain almost anything
from text strings to constant numbers.
Parameters should not be confused with variables, which are all the dependent objects
inside the model itself that are controlled by the parameters through some sort of
relation (Amadori, 2012).
The methodology must be well organized and planned when applying parameterization
on a CAD model, naming the parameters in a well thought way to avoid
Figure 6 - Graph of applying design reuse and Automation. Adapted from Tarkian (2009).
As mentioned by Tarkian (2009) the best suitable approach for automation is the topdown design. The bottom-up approach just doesnt suit very well with automation,
according to poor dependencies between components.
If a pattern of components is discovered in an assembly it is preferable to create a
component array, a built-in function in NX. This can be done with parts as well as
assemblies. The function is available in several CAD-software and is a main function
when performing topological design automation and transformations. Component array
creates or deletes instances of the chosen component.
The two variables of the function are the total number of instances and the offset
between the instances. Both can be either constants or controlled by an expression or a
performed measure. As the thesis work strive to fully parameterize the assemblies, all
variables in the arrays are controlled by expressions.
complex CAD-structure the first step would be to identify the elements building up the
Assembly, by using the BOM.
The Assembly usually consists of subassemblies and parts, where the subassemblies
themselves sometimes can be broken down in subassemblies and parts. As mentioned
previously, by Kott and Cederquist (1992), a product can be decomposed into modules,
where a module can be described as a subassembly containing elements that have a
stronger bond among themselves than the modules have with each other. A module can
be view as a defined sub-assembly that can be used in different products, for example a
type of motor can be used in two different kinds of cars.
This is how a simplified product structure model of a car could be visualized:
In this case the car assembly is the product which consists of underlying sub-assemblies
and parts. The engine and gearbox is sub-assemblies in the car, but in the view of the
engine manufacturer the engine would be described as a product and the highest level of
the assembly. The definition of a product is therefore not strictly defined and can cause
some confusion. How the term product is used in this thesis will be clarified in the next
The main advantages of designing products within a product family and let them have a
high commonality is (Emberey, 2007):
!" = 1
!! !!"#!!
! = !". !" !"#$!% !"#$"%&%'(
!! = !". !" !"#$"%&%'( !" !"#$% !
!! = !"#$% !". !" !"#$%&$%' !""#$#%
The Commonality Index ranges from 0 to 1, and a higher CI indicates that more
varieties within the product family are achieved with fewer unique components, which
will lead to the advantages mentioned above. According to Desai et al (2001) a design
configuration with commonality can lower the manufacturing costs and design savings
are obtained as a result of a common design effort.
In this thesis a unique component is considered to be a part in the BOM with a unique
article number and when calculating the CI the number of instances of a component is
not included in the formula. Therefore the way of how the instances of a component are
placed topologically is not taken in consideration in the CI-formula and needs to be
examined and for the product family to be suitable for design automation it is better if
the placing follows some kind of pattern.
A variant is only counted when it contains a unique component compared to another
variant. The total number of unique components can be seen as summing up all the parts
with unique article number in the variants.
The Master Part can be a part, assembly or a sub-assembly. The transformation that
differ the products from each other shall be controlled by either expressions, attributes,
components, features, density or mirror, setting the rules for the creation. The
transformation can be both morphological and topological as seen in the example of
figure 8. Each created Family Member gets a new unique number for future use and in
Teamcenter a new sub-folder is created under the Master Part, containing all members
created from that Master Part.
Any expressions created must be placed in the top level of the Master Part. The hand
coding is completely eliminated in the creating procedure of the Family Members, but
you will always need some parameter to get any changes. The function environment
then work together with Excel, creating a spreadsheet to control the creation of new
members. Choosing article numbers is made by the user in the spread sheet and the
values of included parameters also needs manual input. But as mentioned earlier no
programming language skills are needed and the interface in Excel is easy to
understand. By an add-in in the spreadsheet the user then can choose to create or update
parts, among other functions.
The spreadsheet in figure 9 is from the Master Part 1JNL100340-819 and the model
and the Family Members can be seen in figure 10.
Further use of the function can be to create family assemblies. The ability to control a
including Master Part in an assembly as a parameter in the spreadsheet and by that
create new unique assemblies without having to replace components manually. In the
spreadsheet a column is created like the ones with expressions and instead of entering a
value, an article number can be entered. This works quite straight forward, replacing the
chosen part with the one entered. The user just have to bear in mind that the placement
and constraining need a certain level of commonality between the parts.
Figure 11 - The spreadsheet of the Master Part 1JNL100340-822 and the Family Members
An example of this can be seen in figure 11. This is in fact an assembly with the Master
Part 1JNL100340-819 included and with a Component Array of a simple pin. The
configuration of the Family Members of 1JNL100340-822 is controlled by the columns
Levels and 1JNL100340-819. Levels controlling the number of instances of the pin and
the other column 1JNL100340-819 control which Family Member of 1JNL100340-819
to be used.
A repetitive and time demanding step in a design process can effectively be automated
by applying Knowledge Based Engineering (KBE) principles, if the knowledge in the
step can be captured as rules.
KBE consists of different phases. The first phase is a scoping phase in which the
objectives and knowledge is defined in detail. Chapman (2001) suggests that meetings
with relevant engineers are held to primarily decide what the main problem is. The
meetings can be formed as a brainstorming or interviews and the goal is to establish a
layout with all the requirements of the system.
When the problem has been stated, a phase of acquisition and modeling takes places. In
this stage of the process the interaction between experts and knowledge engineers is
very important. An inventory of all the parts needed to build up the assembly is made to
clarify that they are in the party library or else they has to be created in this phase.
Chapman (2001) also suggests that a conceptual product model is created, and it could
have the appearance of a product model tree mentioned in chapter 3.8, and is a
representation of the hierarchical relationship between the Sub-Assemblies and parts of
the Product. This model will work as a first draft of the model tree in the CAD-template.
These part objects forms the building units of the KBE model.
When the product is broken down in modules it is possible to identify those containing
certain steps in the design process that benefit the most being developed into at KBE
model. Emberey (2007) suggests a checklist that can be used during the identification:
Actions that dont contain deep technical knowledge and is considered routine work will
provide a high return in reduced design time if KBE is applied.
Figure 12 - Model of iterative KBE acquisition process, adapted from Emberey (2007).
The last phase is a stage of implementation, where the model is used and tested.
When using KBE one crucial aspect is how the term knowledge is defined. There are
different kinds of knowledge, which are more or less easy to identify.
Procedural knowledge is the knowledge someone uses when they perform some kind of
task and can be viewed as hands on knowledge. Conceptual knowledge is, as the term
implies, a knowledge someone posses about a conceptual system and the ability to see
the bigger picture.
Tacit knowledge can be described as an instinct or a gut feeling and often leads to
automatic activities that seem to require no conscious thought. Often built up by a long
time of experiences i.e. knowledge that someone gains when they practice something.
Tacit knowledge is very hard to describe for someone else that lack the experience and
is therefore the hardest knowledge to capture in the scoping phase.
Sometimes it can be hard to leave the comfort zone and show weakness by doing things
in a new way, instead of continue to work in the same familiar and safe routines. But
one should always try to make the process of change as smooth as possible and engage
all involved by the change in the process.
Berzelius and Skrvad (2010) mention some aspects that are important during a process
of change:
That the fundamental reasons for the change are understood and the benefits of it
are perceived as eliminating problems.
Direct contact between the users and those leading the process of change.
The positive effects of the change should as soon as possible be seen during the
process, which will make the further work even more effective.
With the help of the BOM, documentation and interviews with the specialists at the
department of TVM, a Product Model Tree showing the hierarchical decomposition of
a HVDC Classic Thyristor Valve was created and can be seen in figure 14.
Figure 14 - Product Structure of the Thyristor Valve visualized with a Product Model Tree.
The Thyristor Valve is the highest level of the assembly and in the level directly
underneath seven sub-assemblies can be found. These sub-assemblies are typical
building units in a Thyristor Valve and every each and one of them can be viewed on
as a product family module with different configurations depending on the desired
variant of the assembly. An easy way of looking at the development process of a new
project is that the right variants of the sub-assemblies is designed and then assembled to
build up the Thyristor Valve with the right properties and performance required by the
Customer. In figure 15 an example of a Thyristor Valve CAD-model can be seen.
To be able to create a high level CAD-template of the Thyristor Valve, all the subassemblies must be investigated. And then, with respect to the commonality between the
different configurations of the sub-assemblies and which parameters they are driven by,
decide if they are suitable to be developed into a template of their own.
A decision was made that the first sub-assembly to be investigated was the Module
Assembly. The reasons for that are primarily, as the name implies that it is a module
that can be assumed to have a high commonality between different configurations. And
secondly it was suggested during the interviews that the Module Assembly was built up
by repetitive instances and the configurations were well documented with formalized
Module Assemby
In the Module Assembly all the functional parts of the Thyristor Valve, such as the
thyristors, capacitors and control units can be found and in total it contains up to 70
percent of the components in a Thyristor Valve. As seen in figure 14 the Module
Assembly consists of the two sub-assemblies Thyristor Module and Reactor Module.
The main parameters controlling the topology and instantiation of the Module
Assembly can be seen in table 1.
Table 1 Parameters that control the Module Assembly
Module Assembly
Current (High or Low)
Nr of Levels (integers)
Nr of Waterpipes (2 or 3)
Controls topology
waterpipes support.
Something that really varies between different Module Assemblies is the variant of
Thyristor Module and Reactor Module used. In order to see the connection and create
a rule for this an investigation of those two sub-assemblies had to be done.
The parameters used to control which configuration of the Reactor Module to be used
was identified as Current High or Low, Nr of C-Cores and Shims Configuration and
how the parameters control the Reactor Module and its sub-assembly can be seen in
table 2.
(High or Low)
Reactor Module
Reactor Assembled
Nr of C-Cores
Shims Configuration
(# variants)
When studying the Reactor Module, the outside geometry has very little changes
between the different variants. The housings are exactly the same in every variant of the
Reactor Assembled and they pretty much decide the footprint of the Reactor Module.
As seen in figure 17 the Reactor Assembled are mounted in pairs on a plate and the
only thing that changes visibly between variants is the instantiation and topology of the
conductors and the screws connecting them to the two Reactor Assembled, depending
on the parameter Current High or Low (figure 18 ).
In Reactor Assembled there are more variants. The conductors attached on the coil
vary with the Current High or Low. Around the coil some C-Cores are mounted, the
number of C-Cores and their position is controlled by Nr of C-Cores. They should be
evenly distributed with dummies filling up the possible empty spaces (figure 19). The
Shims Configuration decides how many shims of each two types that should be
constrained to the C-core.
32 with 14 or 8 C-Cores.
Figure 19 - Reactor Assembled
With the parameters and configurations identified, the grade of commonality between
the different variants has to be estimated or calculated. An estimation of the
commonality index, when planning the model template, can act as a guideline to the
best suited methods. Estimations can easily be made just by looking at the different
variants, and by checking the drawings for differences.
When calculating the CI for the Reactor Module, the parameters are used as a basis for
44 41
= 0,985
(39 + 39 + 40 + 40 + 41 + 41) 41
The main parameters used to control which configuration of the Thyristor Module to
be used was identified as Thyristor Type and Nr of Thyristors and how the parameters
control the Thyristor Module and its sub-assembly can be seen in table 3.
Thyristor Module
Capacitor Unit
Thyristor Type
instantiation of screws,
instantiation of Yokes,
washers, bolts,
conductors and
washers. Controls
Nr of Thyristors
Thyristor Unit
Controls topology and
Thyristors, Resistors,
and waterpipes.
92 46
= 0,844
(38 + 38 + 34 + 36 + 36 + 34 + 34 + 46 + 44) 46
In total 103 unique components are used in those variants of the Thyristor Unit
examined, but only 51-54 components are used in each product. The examination also
shows that the included components differ a lot between variants that correspond to
different values of Thyristor Type. Two variants that have the same Thyristor Type
shows a higher CI then between two variants that have not. The total CI for all variants
of the Thyristor Unit is:
! = !". !" !"#$!% !"#$"%&%'( !" !"#$%& !"
!!"#$%&" !"#$ = 103
!"#!! = !". !" !"#$"%&%'( !" !! !"#$"%& !" !!
!!"#$%&" !"#$ !"# !! !"#$ !"#$"%&%'( = 54
!! = !"#$% !". !" !"#$%&$%' !""#$#% = 11
!" = 1
103 54
= 0,906
(54 2 + 53 3 + 52 5 + 51 2) 54
The three branches of Thyristor Units make it unsuitable to be developed into one
Master Part totally automated by the method of Part Families. But if it is divided into
three templates they can separately be developed into highly parametrically driven
models. In figure 22 some of the differences between Thyristor Units with different
Thyristor Type are shown.
When comparing different variants of the Capacitor Unit it is clear that the
components shared is the bracket and all screws and washers. The type of capacitors
varies within the product family and does not follow any of the main parameters.
Therefore, it is not suitable to create a Part Family of the Capacitor Unit.
The Valve Layer contains all the structural components needed to hold up the different
levels of a Thyristor Valve. It also contains water pipes for cooling of the components
in the Module Assembly, as well as light guide installations and conductors. Valve
Layers from five different Thyristor Valves has been used as guidelines and to
calculate the CI.
The parameters identified to control the Valve Layer can be found in table 4.
Table 4 Parameters that control the Valve Layer
Valve Layer
Current High or Low (High or Low)
Nr of Levels (integers)
Nr of Waterpipes (2 or 3)
The geometry of the Valve Layer is linear in all directions, as seen in figure 24. The
Valve structure is build up with layers instantiated, to a level needed to fit the Module
Assembly. A challenge in the Valve Layer is the switching of the current direction. The
change of Current up or down results in a mirroring of the whole assembly plus
rotating it 180 degrees (figure 25). Many components also have to be moved or directly
switch places with others .
The commonality in this product family is a lot lower than in the Reactor Module, but
still high enough to make most of the assembly parametrically driven. The controlling
parameters are more in numbers and so is the number of components. The geometry is
well suited for parameterization and automation though, containing mostly linear
Some components are going to be excluded on this assembly level because they are
project unique parts and those are hard to capture any rules for.
commonality and the internal components differed too much between two products with
different Thyristor Types.
Therefore the Module Assembly cannot by developed into a fully automated template.
There is major knowledge about how the main parameters affect the hierarchal structure
of the Module Assembly and it should be able to build a highly flexible and
parametrically driven template.
The work done at ABB has resulted in several fully parametrically driven templates,
covering at least 70 percent of the total number of components. The most important
variables have been captured by and then included in the parameters of the assemblies.
All components used have been cloned in NX, meaning they are not the original parts
but copies of them. The cloned components are identical to the original ones besides
that they have got a new article number. The decision to use cloned components was
taken by the supervisors at the start of the thesis. To fully get use of the template and
produce correct BOM the cloned components have to be replaced with the original ones.
The cloned components can be backtracked to the original article number due to the
information provided in the description field, added during the cloning process by the
thesis writers.
Suppressed by Expression
The Replace Component function is only able to automate with Part Families.
Suppression by expression has been used instead when a component needs to be
replaced between variants, in a case where Part Families have not been applied. It is
also used when a component has a non-linear movement between the different variants,
for example when it has to be rotated. When a component is suppressed, another one is
unsuppressed in the valid position.
In the field suppress by expression the name of an expression is typed. The expression
in turn contains an if- rule that exports a value of zero or one (figure 26). The value zero
suppresses the component and the value one makes it unsuppressed.
As seen in figure 28, from the Valve Layer assembly, the parameter Nr of Layers has been
increased to three. The Spacing is set to 1250 so the rule from figure 27 sets the number of
instances in the array to three. The offset in the array is linked to the value of Spacing, therefore
it is 1250 mm between the instances.
The model was created and all the variants where built in and controlled by the
parameters. With the help of the function Part Families all the variants of the Reactor
Module then automatically was created. In total there are 48 products in the Part
Family of Reactor Modules and their appearance can only be controlled from the
parameterized Master Part model and its associated spreadsheet.
When creating a Master Part of the Reactor Module, the sub-assembly Reactor
Assembled has to be created as a Master Part and then be placed in the Reactor
In appendix2 the table for the Reactor Assembled can be seen, the two first columns
are filled in manually and provide the variants with unique article number. The other
three columns are the parameters and their value or configuration for each variant.
When all Family Members are created the Master Part can be used as a sub-assembly in
the level above, the Reactor Module. The variant of the Reactor Assembled used in
the Reactor Module are controlled from the spreadsheet inside the Part Families
function. In appendix 3 a schematic figure of the method is shown.
Figure 29 - Two Layers of the Module Assembly and the Valve Layer
In this trial Fenno-Skan 2 are going to be used as a proof of concept and the main
parameters of this Thyristor Valve can be seen in table 5.
Current up or down
1250 mm
Sheilds on or off
Nr of Waterpipes 2 or 3
Thyristor Type
Nr of Thyristor
Nr of Cores
Shims Configuration
Even though the Valve Layer and Module Assembly are built up with a Top-down
approach with the topology controlled by the parametrically driven skeleton (appendix
1), when designing a new variant of the Thyristor Valve some bottom-up is needed.
The fact that the Thyristor Module has not been fully developed into a Master Part
with associated Family Members created, means that some manual changes has to be
done to get the wanted variant. As it was implied in Emperical Studies the product
family of the Thyristor Module consists of three branches, and three different
templates has been developed. Therefore when building up a new variants it is easiest to
start with the Thyristor Module template with the right Thyristor Type and these can
be seen in figure 30.
Fenno-Skan 2 should have two variants of a Current Low Thyristor Module with 8
respectivly 9 Nr of Thyristors. The Current Low Thyristor Module template
consists of a Thyristor Unit and a Capacitor Unit and these two sub-assemblies must
be adjusted to suit the wanted variants. The sub-assemblies then need to be saved as a
new item because every new variant needs a unique article number. Then the default
sub-assemblies in the Current Low Thyristor Module template are replaced with the
new unique ones and some components also need to be manually placed in the assembly
to match the customer requirements. This will result in two variants of the Current
Low Thyristor Modules and they can be seen in figure 31.
All variants of the Reactor Module has already been created and the requested variant
can directly be placed in the Module Assembly and how this is done will be shown in
the next step.
When the two modules are created and saved with new article numbers the next step
will be to customize the assembly they will be placed in, namely the Module Assembly.
Start by open up the template of the Module Assembly, and locate the expressions
shown in figure 32.
Figure 32 Module Assembly corresponding to the certain values of the main parameters.
Now the topology of the Thyristor Module is set but there is still a need to replace the
Thyristor Module and Reactor Module placed in the template to those created for
Fenno-Skan 2.
Figure 34 Selected Modules to replace and the Replace Component dialog box
Due to the parametrically driven structure used when creating the templates they can be
replaced without any problems, with all the needed constrains valid and all the rules
intact in the Module Assembly.
When modifying and replacing the Reactor Module in the Module Assembly it is in
almost the same way. Select the default variants of the Reactor Module, right click and
press Replace Components. Then select the Reactor Module Master Part and by doing
that the Part Families dialog appears. The Family Attributes are selected in the same
way shown in appendix 4 and needs to be set to match the parameters in table 5.
Open up the template of the Valve Layer, and locate the expressions shown in figure
Figure 35 - The Valve Layer corresponding to the certain values of the main parameters
Most of the Valve Layer is now built up in line with Fenno-Skan 2, but the template is
not totally automated and some components now need to be manually placed in the
The last step is to merge the Module Assembly and Valve Layer and add them to the
Thyristor Valve assembly. The global coordinate system in the sub-assemblies have
been placed in a smart way so that they will automatically be align to the coordinate
system of the Thyristor Valve and no further movements are needed. The result can be
seen in figure 37.
Figure 37 - Fenno-Skan 2 with the two sub-assemblies Valve Layer and Module Assembly
The two sub-assemblies of Fenno-Skan 2 together contains about 48,000 parts, which
really are a great amount and obviously the Thyristor Valve are going to contain even
more when the model is fully completed.
This thesis shows that design automation can reduce repetitive and time-consuming
work. Within the department there is little experience of designing HVDC Classic
Thyristor Valves in NX, which makes it hard to evaluate the potential time savings
achieved by the work of the thesis. But discussions with the supervisors indicate that a
more efficient design process is possible with the provided results. Covering at least 70
percent of the total number of parts is a satisfying and reasonable achievement.
The delimitations made during the process was truly needed and proved to be crucial for
the work. With more time at our hands more sub-assemblies could have been developed
into parametrical driven templates, but to fully automate a complete Thyristor Valve
could, as mentioned in the introduction, be an endless task.
The template assemblies created during the thesis are a solid base for cutting the design
time of a Thyristor Valve. Covering most of the existing components leaves only little
work to customize the valve to meet the specific character. As the hierarchy is well
defined, more assemblies can be created with similar methods to cover even more
components. The skeleton geometry makes it easy to assemble the models and the
assemblies are designed to be easy to understand, with logical and consistent
Component Arrays. The assemblies will need some maintaining and development to get
more user-friendly.
Though its hard to discuss about any time savings, the employees and the supervisors
indicate that some operations will be much faster with the template assemblies. The
switching of current direction in the Valve Layer assembly was a very time demanding
task in Microstation, which now can be performed in twenty seconds.
One thing to criticize is how suppression by expression has been used in the templates
to control involved components. Fulfilling the conditions of the BOM made the use of
suppressing necessary. This can be solved with Part Families, but is quite complex
when the CI isnt high enough or the number of variations becomes unmanageable. The
disadvantage with the use of suppression by expression is that it eliminates the option to
suppress components by arrangement, an easy way to simplify the model when needed.
Especially screw materials are unnecessary to graphically be visualized in the highest
level and because they make up a major part of the total assembly there can be much to
gain in terms of computer performance to not display the screw materials. Teamcenter
might have a function for simplifying, pointing out that future investigations have to be
done in that area.
CI was a good indicator and helped motivating the grade of automation in the different
assemblies. A product family with higher CI was proved to fit better for design
automation, with bearing in mind the topology of the product. The CI acted as a
guideline together with the geometry of the analyzed product. A specific value of the
CI which strongly motivates design automation hasnt been found. Identified patterns
and common interface points in the product geometry can be analyzed, combining them
into a geometrical model containing help-geometry to define constrains and Component
The fact that every component had to be cloned in NX made a time-consuming process.
It was important though too meet the goal of the thesis and get the freedom of choice to
modify properties. The result now consists of only cloned components except parts from
the standard library. The tagging system has worked well for the work during the thesis
and designers should be able to create drawings with them as they are exact copies of
the originals. The template today lacks the ability to produce BOM due to the incorrect
article numbers. A future intention is to replace the cloned components with the original
ones, further increasing the usability.
Setbacks have occurred during the progress. Many solutions had to take several
iterations of testing and implementation before validating the compatibility. Every
mistake or setback produced new knowledge itself for the work, which ended up in
further capturing of rules and exceptions. A major obstacle was that the information
available is huge, and yet there is probably even more information stored as tacit
knowledge. The closeness to the designers though helped a lot in the information
gathering process. Many rules have been extracted from old drawings but the ability to
anytime ask the designers a question about a specific component or valve was important
for the thesis. The gathering of information and knowledge has in some cases proved to
be faster and more effective when it has been done with interviews and meetings with
the experts. It has been important to involve the future users in the process, see chapter
4.2. A combination of interviews and documentation was suitable for extracting the
most knowledge.
Using KBE theories and methods gave a result that is useful in the future, by
implementing rules in the CAD-templates with expert knowledge stored in them. It is
important that the implementation in the knowledge model is documented, for future
updating or backtracking. Using models that is understandable, bug free and built up in
a logical way following the products properties becomes important when other users
pick up the work. The structure of the model should be well defined to be suited for
topological transformation, so top-down design is preferable. In this case the product
structure was already set by the BOM, limiting the freedom of choice in the CADassemblies. It would have been an advantage from a design point of view to not have
followed these lists, saving work in both analyzing and modeling. But as mentioned in
the introduction, one goal was to give the template an ability to produce correct lists and
that ability is provided in the result.
Amadori, Kristian. Geometry Based Design Automation Applied to Aircraft
Modelling and Optimization. Dissertations, No 1418. Linkping 2012
Berzelius, L. Skrvad P-H. Integrerad Organisationslra, Studentlitteratur, Lund,
Chapman, C.B. Pinfold, M. The application of a knowledge based engineering
approach to rapid design and analysis of an automotive structure. In: Advances in
Engineering Software 32 (2001) 903-912
Emberey, C.L. Application of Knowledge Engineering Methodologies to Support
Engineering Design Application Development in Aerospace. 7th AIAA Aviation
Technology, Integration and Operations Conference (ATIO) 18-20 September 2007,
Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Desai, M., S .Kekre, S. Radhakrishnan and Srinivasa. Product differentiation and
commonality in design: balancing revenue and cost drivers. 2001 Manage. Sci, 47: 3751.
Fujita, K. Sakaguchi, H. Akagi, S. PRUDUCT VARIETY DEPLOYMENT AND ITS
Tarkian, Mehdi. Design Reuse and Automation On High Level CAD Modeling for
Multidisciplinary Design and Optimization. Thesis, No 1419 Department of
management and engineering, division of machine design, Linkping 2009.
Siemens PLM Automation homepage, NX Mechanical design:
ABB HVDC homepage:
ABB homepage:
Burman, Michael. Mechanical Valve Designer, TVM
Dahlgren, Stellan. Mechanical Valve Designer, TVM
Nilsson, Madelene. Mechanical Valve Designer, TVM


text:
YISS 2017 Programme Updates
Blue Raincoat Theatre 'The Cat and the Moon'
by W.B. Yeats
Special Performance 8pm Friday 28, July
Blue Raincoat Present 'The Cat and the Moon' by W.B. Yeats
Special Performance 8pm Friday 28, July
Blue Raincoat Present 'The Cat and the Moon' by W.B. Yeats
The Yeats Society
Yeats Memorial Building
Yeats Summer School 2017 News:
We are delighted to welcome Professor Nicholas Grene back to Sligo as the Director of the 2017 YISS.…
Folk Group from Germany
Featuring Poetry of W B Yeats to Music
Drumcliffe Tea House
Yeats Day 13th June Read more | Jun 07, 2017
Paula Lahiff is launching her book From India to Ithaca, a selection of poems about her life, mirroring Odysseus's journey back to Ithaca in Homer's epic poem The Odyssey.
The book gives a wonderful insight into the good, the bad and…
This new collection of artworks is an investigation into the fauna and flora of the west of Ireland which has had a direct influence on the artist's creativity.
The artist takes her influence…
The Yeats Society Poetry Circle in conjunction with Sligo Co Council invite you to the POETS PARLOUR, Celebrating Cruinniu na Casca Annual Culture Day, in the Yeats Memorial Building on Easter…
This Friday 7th APRIL 2017 IS GOING TO BE A BLOCKBUSTER!
As you are a loyal newsletter subscriber, we are offering you the chance to have a 1 day head start and get the first look at all the fantastic…

subset: commoncrawl


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National Parks - 100 Years by Dallas Barnes
2 Shots + 1 AttachmentMore
100 Years of National Parks
July 11, 2016
So I wrapped up a little side project to celebrate the Centennial of the National Parks. It's a timeline that shows the last 100+ years, check it out here: 100 Years of National Parks
National Parks Timeline
June 15, 2016
Wrapping up the last tweaks for this interactive timeline that should be live in the next week or so. It lays out the story of how the National Park Service has become what it is today in conjunction with the 2016 Centennial.


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Questions tagged [ipod-shuffle]
Apple's smallest iPod. This music player has no screen and relies on push buttons for playing, pausing etc.
2 questions with no upvoted or accepted answers
217 views
iPod shuffle 3rd gen doesn't shuffle well
I recently got a Mac and I synced my iPod shuffle with it. I have around 300 songs on my iPod but despite the fact I set the playing order to shuffle, the iPod doesn't shuffle the items very well. It ...
25 views
Turning on an iPod shuffle 4th gen
I have an iPod shuffle 4th gen that I purchased in 2014, it has been unused for the last 3 years. I tried to charge it both directly with wall socket and on USB for equal amounts of time today and it ...


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Event description
About this Event
Considered the largest Open Source event in Portugal and also a worldwide reference, Open Source Lisbon 2019 will take place on October 4th at Centro Cultural de Belém.
Under the moto 'Open Source: Leading the Generation Shift', the event will demonstrate how Open Source technologies are transforming the world and show the unprecedented growth of open source adoption across all industries.
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text:
I´m doing the exercises on the Tong lectures of String Theory, in particular Problem Sheet 2:
Consider the tensor: $T(z) = \frac{-1}{\alpha '} :\partial X(z) \partial X(z): - Q \partial^2 X$. By viewing the OPE of $TX$ show how $T$ transforms under an infinitesimal transformation $\delta z = \epsilon(z)$
So I'm trying to get the OPE:
$T(z)X(w) = [\frac{-1}{\alpha '} :\partial X(z) \partial X(z): - Q \partial^2 X] X(w)$
For the first part I have:
$\frac{-1}{\alpha '} :\partial X(z) \partial X(z): X(w) = \frac{-1}{\alpha '} 2\partial X(z) <\partial X(z) X(w) >$ Since I only have 2 possible simple contractions. Now I can use the propagator and tayloring $X(z) \sim X(w)$ i get: $\frac{-1}{\alpha '} :\partial X(z) \partial X(z): X(w) = \frac{\partial X(w)}{(z-w)}$
So far so good (I think), but for the other term I'm a little baffled:
$Q\partial^2 X(z) X(w) = Q [\partial (\partial X(z) X(w)) - \partial X(z) \partial X(w)]$ Where I seem to have a surface term, and the propagator. If I kill the surface term it looks like the OPE is:
$T(z) X(w) = \frac{\partial X(w)}{(z-w)} + \frac{Q \alpha'}{2(z-w)^2}$
Is this right? How do I know from here how does the $T(z)$ transforms?


text:
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The Ecology of Papua provides a comprehensive review of current scientific knowledge on all aspects of the natural history of western (Indonesian) New Guinea. Designed for students of conservation, environmental workers, and academic researchers, it is a richly detailed text, dense with biogeographical data, historical reference, and fresh insight on this complicated and marvelous region. We hope it will serve to raise awareness of Papua on a global as well as local scale, and to catalyze effective conservation of its most precious natural assets. New Guinea is the largest and highest tropical island, and one of the last great wilderness areas remaining on Earth. Papua, the western half of New Guinea, is noteworthy for its equatorial glaciers, its vast forested floodplains, its imposing central mountain range, its Raja Ampat Archipelago, and its several hundred traditional forest-dwelling societies. One of the wildest places left in the world, Papua possesses extraordinary biological and cultural diversity. Today, Papua's environment is under threat from growing outside pressures to exploit its expansive forests and to develop large plantations of oil palm and biofuels. It is important that Papua's leadership balance economic development with good resource management, to ensure the long-term well-being of its culturally diverse populace.
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My feedback
14 votesAnonymous commented
Hope that bulk import feature come back soon
1,449 votes
Thanks for your feedback! As you mentioned, we initiate a change detection job once every 24 hours to enumerate the Azure file share and scan for changes. This is required for the Azure file share because Azure Files currently lacks a change notification mechanism like Windows Server has (we watching the USN journal on Windows Server to automatically initiate sync sessions on the server after changes are made).
Long term, we would like to build a change notification mechanism directly into Azure Files. Shorter term, we could use your feedback to understand how painful the once every 24 hours change detection is for you. Please vote and/or leave comments on this item to let us know we should invest in work to make the change detection job run more frequently/faster.
Will Gries
Program Manager, Azure Files


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AppAdviceFeb 11, 2019, 9:04 am390 ptsStream music from the cloud, reduce stress, and explore the wonderful world of dinosaurs with today's collection of apps and games. All app prices are subject to change at any time and without notice regardless of stated free duration. Price changes are solely under the control of the developers.…
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Blog: Japan earthquake leaves lasting impact
Joe Ayling | 28 March 2011
As the tragic results of Japan's earthquake and tsunami continue to unfold, it is clear that the impact on business will be far-reaching too.
While exports of Japanese cars and electronics are suffering badly, imports of fashion goods are expected to falter as the country's huge retail market puts spending on ice.
As reported by just-style last week, manufacturers in major sourcing markets such as China and Vietnam are already bracing themselves for a drop in orders. And for most apparel suppliers, Japan is the third largest global export market for clothing and textile, behind only the US and EU regions.
The wider fallout from the disaster, which struck a fortnight ago, has been a rising death toll and nuclear power crisis in the country. Major retailers including Wal-Mart and Fast Retailing have donated millions towards relief efforts, but latest reports say more than 10,000 lost their lives in the disaster.
Japan remains a key supplier of advanced high-tech fibres, but most significantly provides a lucrative consumer market for high-end brands, representing 11% of global luxury goods sales. But the sheer scale of the tsunami means that repairing the damage is going to take up significant future investment.
Indeed, Kurt Cavano, CEO of the TradeCard sourcing platform, told just-style last week: "If Japan has to refocus all its resources on rebuilding then there's going to be less spending on clothing."
Although retailers including H&M, Mango and Uniqlo shut some stores in the aftermath of the earthquake, most are now back to normal.
However, it will be some time before life gets back to normal for Japan's shell-shocked communities.
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Information about Marni Village Hotel
Grab a bite from the snack bar/deli serving guests of Marni Village. Relax with your favorite drink at the bar/lounge or the poolside bar. Breakfast is available for a fee.Dip into one of the 3 outdoor swimming pools or enjoy other recreational amenities including an outdoor tennis court and a sauna. Additional features at this hotel include complimentary wireless Internet access, an arcade/game room, and gift shops/newsstands.Make yourself at home in one of the 117 air-conditioned rooms featuring private pools and LED televisions. Rooms have private furnished balconies or patios. Complimentary wireless Internet access keeps you connected, and satellite programming is available for your entertainment. Conveniences include phones, as well as refrigerators and coffee/tea makers.Featured amenities include dry cleaning/laundry services, luggage storage, and a library. A roundtrip airport shuttle is provided for a surcharge (available 24 hours), and free self parking is available onsite.When you stay at Marni Village in Hersonissos, you'll be near the beach, within a 5-minute drive of Star Beach Water Park and Stalis Beach. This family-friendly hotel is 4 mi (6.5 km) from Crete Golf Club and 1.1 mi (1.8 km) from Lychnostatis.
Services of Marni Village Hotel
- Snorkelling
- Outdoor pool
- Garden
- On-site parking
- Non-smoking throughout
- Library
- Hiking
- Parking
- Family rooms
- Luggage storage
- Sun terrace
- WiFi
- Safety deposit box
- Car hire
- Diving
- Bar
- Children's playground
- Non-smoking rooms
- 24-hour front desk
- WiFi available in all areas
- Tour desk
- Free parking
- Secured parking
- Internet services
- Free WiFi
- Snack bar
- Massage
- Sauna
- BBQ facilities
- Terrace
- Heating
- Games room
- Horse riding
- Fishing
- Fax/photocopying
- Billiards
- Private parking
- Tennis court
G Seferi 8, Koutouloufari
Hotel badges
- Family Hotel
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Louis Creta Princess Aquapark & Spa - All Inclusive Hotelper night from £183(price for Tue, 03 Sep)


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§ Colonel Crosthwaite-Eyre
asked the Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations (1) what consultations have taken place between Her Majesty's Government and countries within the British Empire and Commonwealth, in regard to the acceptance of Hungarian refugees; what replies have been received; and what is the total number of such refugees that can now be accepted by the countries concerned;
(2) what joint arrangements have been made to move, either by sea or by air, those Hungarian refugees who wish to emigrate and are acceptable to the Empire and Commonwealth Governments concerned; and whether he will arrange to provide transport, free of cost, to the emigrants concerned.
§ Lord John Hope
The desire of many Hungarian refugees to emigrate overseas has evoked a most generous response from the Commonwealth countries concerned. The Governments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa have announced their intentions as follows. Canada will accept refugees without any limit on their number, Australia will take up to 5,000, New Zealand up to 1,000 and South Africa up to 500. For those wishing to go to Canada free transport is being arranged by the Canadian Government; in other cases transport from Austria is being provided by the Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration in conjunction with the authorities of the Commonwealth country concerned. There is thus no reason to believe that financial problems will prevent any Hungarian refugee acceptable to a Commonwealth Government from reaching the country of his choice.


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WASHINGTON — The Washington metro area's unemployment rate fell to 3.3 percent in December 2017, down from 3.5 percent in November, well below the national average of 4.1 percent.
The Washington metro area has one of the lowest big-city jobless rates in the country, but not the lowest.
Among big cities — those with populations of 1 million or more — the lowest December unemployment rate was in Nashville, at just 2.4 percent.
Buffalo, New York, had the highest big city unemployment rate at 5.5 percent.
Among all metro areas, Ames, Iowa, had the lowest unemployment rate with a mere 1.5 percent in December, followed by Honolulu with an unemployment rate of just 1.7 percent.
The Labor Department's Bureau of Labor Statistics says jobless rates fell in 314 of the 388 metropolitan areas in December.
El Centro, California, an agricultural community of 44,000 near the Mexican border, retained the title of the highest unemployment rate in the nation, at 17.9 percent in December.
Baltimore's December unemployment rate was 3.9 percent, down from 4.1 percent in November.
This content was republished with permission from CNN.


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List Of The Best Salt Lamps In 2019
1. Starbuck 3-Light Shaded Chandelier By Orren Ellis
Read more about Starbuck 3-Light Shaded Chandelier By Orren Ellis
The best part that makes up for the lost time the glory from the purchasers is its style effortlessly. Just for the look of the furniture, you get a nice and stylish environment. It's available in rich solid covering, emulating as amazing official attire. While maintaining an honorable prominence, the material furniture could be washed effortlessly. You should not rue following turning over a glass of drink in your good couch. All you need is to clean the stain for ever and ever precisely if this hits the furniture. Despite the fact that great reputation accompanies delicacy, it's not the situation here. This amazing couch is given with a contour growth and development of solid wood. You are more reluctant to listen to squeaks and wobbling seems.
2. Luciano Crystal Flower Handmade 8-Light Novelty Chandelier By Rosdorf Park
Read more about Luciano Crystal Flower Handmade 8-Light Novelty Chandelier By Rosdorf Park
If you are searching for some serious rest, this loveseats solid pillow back and rolled arms will deliverbut at a higher cost. Each seat cushion consists of 30 individual pocketed coils for springtime and assistance, and strength chair foam for an extra layer of plushness and durability. In addition, the froth cushions are topped with super gentle, blended lower feathers. For the extra comfort, there are 3 regular jobs: seated, a slight recline by having an elevated foot rest, and a full recline with an raised footrest. It does not harm this lying loveseat appears lux, either. Its all-leather-based furniture and ornamental toe nail mind cut give it a vintage appear that may function with lots of house dcor designs, from conventional to country to crafts and arts. In addition, leather-based stands up well against everyday use, kids and pet hair and nails. Just be sure you situation the leather-based every six to 12 months.
3. Poneto 6-Light Shaded Chandelier By Charlton Home
Read more about Poneto 6-Light Shaded Chandelier By Charlton Home
This plush group of city-chic couches is made to provide an adorned site. Actually, even your modest rooms may have you required to have an immaculate film night. Lay him down to get a totally altered bed. This auparavant-garde sleeper futon mattress is accessible in different shades. This incorporates some vibrant tones unmanageable such as Orange, Light Azure, and lightweight Crimson. Place them inside your innovative studies or attic to evaluate the exuberance. It is also accessible in lowering shades for example dark, darkish and darkish. These subtleties, once again, print an honorable part of the upper course. Using the breaking component of the back, you are able to rest for your favorite position. This couch looks rich with tufted material texture upholstery. The good thing is that it's personalized with hypo-allergenic filling up. A conclusive result supplies a comfy relaxation.
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This luxurious group of urban-stylish sofas is created to supply an adorned domain. Actually, even your modest rooms might have you required for an immaculate film night. Lay him down to get a completely altered bed. This auparavant-garde person futon is accessible in different tones. This incorporates some vibrant shades unmanageable for example Orange, Mild Blue, and lightweight Purple. Place them in your innovative research or attic to assess the exuberance. It's also accessible in decreasing tones for example dark, dark and darkish. These nuances, once more, printing an honorable part of the upper class. Using the breaking element of your back, you can rest for your preferred posture. This sofa appears rich with tufted fabric texture upholstery. Fortunately that it's personalized with hypo-allergenic filling up. A definitive result provides a comfy relaxation.
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This lying loveseat takes the second spot simply because its a super affordable, extremely comfy choice that may fit in with most house dcor designs. Its wood frame is cushioned with coils (for some springtime) and high-density foam (for some gentle), and padded with dark brown fake leather that makes it an extremely-versatile piece of furniture. Add it to the man cave for a comfy spot to view the sport (and dont worry about any spillsits vinyl upholstery makes cleanup easy) or your family room with a couple of decorative throw pillows for that ideal spot to comfortable up after a long-day. Real-life customers love this reclining loveseat because its comfy, durable, simple to assemble one reviewer even mentioned that she was able to put together two units within 45 minutes! and shipping from the vendor is easy.
7. Corwin 9-Light Shaded Chandelier By Andover Mills
Read more about Corwin 9-Light Shaded Chandelier By Andover Mills
This set comes with the complete power of Sleeper Couch with an exemplary couch design. It incorporates restricted arms, firm seat cushions and complete-size sleeping pad with internal comes. It's removed underneath to wash it and take away it having a simple lifting instrument. This mat is reinforced with a sturdy metal advantage. is really a measuring rule and it has a Bi-falling apart emphasize. Among the deserving items to point out may be the convenience! Place this extremely comfortable couch in your comfortable family room. Apart from giving a natural and tasteful atmosphere, it gives an attractive personality to your visitors. You may make your companions remain for any enjoyable night of films. The couch has carcasses with obstructed edges and faux-finishing on its thighs. The cushions are, however, modified and can include excellent flexibility. It's wrapped having a thick polyethylene dietary fiber with a drawstring edge.
8. Roxbury 6-Light Geometric Chandelier By Artcraft Lighting
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This couch is appreciated for its distinctive design and comfort. Its impressive flare-arm sofa with seats offers you maximum space for stretching out and using your room. So usually the contemporary sofa chaise adds to the great thing about this set. The established includes cushion top hands cushioned back and seats for optimum comfort and ease. The couch includes a corner-blocked wooden body that gives the sofa sufficient toughness. The couch steps 89 inches wide by 62 in . in depth x 4 inches in height making it ideal for moderate size rooms. You may want to do small assembling for example from the legs.
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10. Vicente 3-Light Candle Style Chandelier By Millwood Pines
Read more about Vicente 3-Light Candle Style Chandelier By Millwood Pines
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You might feel that you can find the exact same quality of furniture in your Big Box stores but that is not the situation. The quality of these brands simply can not seen in outlets that are generic and rather must be sourced from smaller specialty stores that know their product inside and outside. Put simply, you don't find high-end clothes & apparel in JC Penny. {You would have to really go to Dolce & Gabanna or Neiman Marcus for that.
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The Link Between Vitamin B12 and Gluten Sensitivity One of the biggest problems seen in chronically sick people with a gluten sensitivity is a lack of Vitamin B12. This is in part due to the area o
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In this video, in honor of celiac awareness month, Dr. Peter Osborne breaks down some of the top celiac disease diet mistakes that cause persistent inflammation in the GI tr
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Chronic Mold Exposure Symptoms Are Diverse And Mimic Gluten
Because chronic mold exposure can mimic many of the symptoms of gluten sensitivity and even celiac disease, it is important to cover this i
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The Mold Autoimmune Connection
In part 1 of this special 4 part series on mold and autoimmunity, I break down the scientific connection between mold as a cause of autoimmunity. Mold Can Cause Au
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