text:
Close suggestions
Change Language
Sign In
Sheet Music
Read Free For 30 Days
Sign In
Politics & Current Affairs
14 views
Up votes, mark as useful
Down votes, mark as not useful
Uploaded by
César Andrés
© All Rights Reserved
as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
Flag for inappropriate content
Save Ekistics-editable.pdf For Later
Save Ekistics-editable.pdf For Later
Related titles
Carousel Previous
Carousel Next
Construction Management
Simon Mall
Artesia Floor Plans
Eco Tourism PROJECT
NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide
kuwait case study
Select City Walk (Tarun)
Hyderabad December Report-ICICI Properties
Urban Design Process
Malls Main Ppt
Ekistics Book
Hyderabad Metro Rail - Reducing the Negative Impact on City Environment - M.arch Thesis Report - J.v.umamAHESWARA RAO - ARCHITECT
Planning History Lecture-DONE.ppt
HUDA Profile
d b Mall Projects Ltd., Bhopal
Ekistics Questions
Jump to Page
You are on page 1
of 11
Search inside document
Three parts in t hr ee double issues
Par t i : Ref l ect i ons on Gottmarm' s thought
(no. 418/419, Jan./Feb.-Mar./Apr. 2003)
Part 2: From me g a l o p o l i s to gl obal ci ti es
(no. 420/421, May/June-July/Aug. 2003)
Part 3: The bag of tools for a new geopolitics of
the world (no. 422/423, Sept./Oct.-Nov./Dec. 2003)
le relevance of Jean Gottmarai in today
' The question is if there can be a European iconography strong enough to overcome the
influence of national iconographies in times of crisis and economic difficulty. Will the
French or the Germans accept to sacrifice essential national or other interests for the
European idea when no major outside threat is present? Or, for the sake of European
unity, should a threat be invented?"
The author is Professor of Cultural and Political Geography at the
Sorbonne University (Paris 1) and the Constantine Karamanlis
Professor in Hellenic and Southeastern European Studies at the
Fletcher School (Tufts University). He is the author of Les Balkans,
cul tures et geopol i ti que (Paris, Nathan, 1994), The Networks of
Di asporas (Paris, L'Harmattan, 1996), Geopol i ti que de la Grece
(Brussels, Complexe, 1997) and Athenes, urbanisme, culture et poli-
tique (Paris, L'Harmattan, 2000). His books have been translated into
Italian, Rumanian and Greek. His actual research focuses on the
Geography of Diasporas, on Globalization and Culture and on
European Geopolitics.
The only existing alternative to the French school, the Ger-
man Geopolitik, had proven extremely dangerous before and
during the Second World War. With the German defeat, it dis-
appeared. Thus, geographical theory was in a vacuum. The
need to renew Geography led ultimately to the quantitative re-
volution of the 1950s and of the 1960s which, instead of solv-
ing the problem of theory, resulted in many countries in the
loss of a valuable geographical tradition and in general to the
decline of Geography.
The effort of Jean Gottmann to renew Geography without
cutting it from its traditions can be fully appreciated in retro-
spect. Had it succeeded, it would have contributed to saving
and reinforcing the status of Geography as a social science.
However Jean Gottmann's concepts were too advanced and
too sophi sti cated for a worl d whose ideas were organi zed
around the clash of two economist ideologies: Communi sm
and Liberalism.
Jean Gottmann is known for his work on cities and especially
for his contribution in understanding the urbanized zone from
Boston to Philadelphia to which he gave the name "Megalopolis."
His other contributions are less known, although lately more
and more social scientists are showing interest in them.
In this article the main ideas of Jean Gottmann about the
structure, the organization and the dynamics of geographical
space are outlined, as well as their relevance to today's prob-
lems and issues such as globalization, terrorism or European '
During the late 1940s and the early 1950s Jean Gottmann
tried, as a geographer, to address the major problems of geo-
graphical theory. That was a critical period for Geography.
The classical paradigm of the French "regional" school - of
which he was one of the major representatives of his gener-
ation - was having more and more difficulty in interpreting
the new world: a world which had resulted from two world
wars, rapid urbanization and the new threats to natural equi-
libria created by the advances of sci ence and technol ogy
(nuclear power, automobile pollution, etc.).
I \ Geographical space and its
' i partitioning
The basic element of Jean Gottmann's theoretical framework
is the concept of the parti ti oni ng of geographi cal space.
Geographical space is the space occupied by Mankind: the
Ecumene of the Anci ents. It is limited, si nce it cannot go
beyond the technol ogi cal capaci ti es of Man; however, as
those capacities develop, geographical space is constantly
extendi ng its limits. The concept of geographical space is
close to that of political space: both are extremely complex
and syntheti c. All aspects of human life are i ntegrated in
them: physical and cultural, economi c and social, military
and diplomatic.
Geographical space is subdivided into territories occupied,
iorganized and dominated by different groups which form sim-
ple or more elaborate political societies. The partitioning of
geographi cal space is a f undament al reality of our worl d.
One of the major symbolic representations of Humanity is the
political map of the world: an image of fragmentation.
Partitioning is a highly geographical concept. It is also a
fundamental political concept, even though Political Science
has not yet adopted it to a sufficient degree. The form of par-
titioning defines the limits of the various polities. Changing it
bri ngs about results of enormous political consequences:
Ekislics, 422, September/October 2003
423, Novertoer/December 2003
Fi g. 1: Tho partitioning ol European space - The density of borders created in Europe during modern times is an expression of territorial
instability. It increases from West to East. {Source: Prevelakis, 1994).
majorities become minorities and vi ce-versa, the regional
balance of power is altered, etc. For this reason so much biood
has been shed for territorial disputes (fig. 1).
The recent wars in the Balkans have shown once again the
importance of partitioning. The unified Yugoslav space has
been subdi vi ded into Serbi a, Croati a, Sl oveni a, Bosni a,
Macedoni a, and Montenegro. Serbs became a minority in
Croatia and in Bosnia. They tried, in their turn, to introduce a
new partitioning in order to become a majority in even smaller
territories. In Croatia they failed and have been obliged to
leave their lands; in Bosnia they more or less succeeded, but
caused wars and sufferi ng. Si mi l ar processes are taki ng
place in the zone of contact between Serbs and Albanians.
The Albanian population, a minority in Serbia but a majority
in the Serbian province of Kosovo, decided to separate its des-
tinies from those of Serbia. The de facto secession of Kosovo
transformed the Serbs living there into a persecuted minority.
Similar analysis can be made about Macedonia, where the
Albanians form a minority. The autonomy of the Albanian-
populated areas of Western Macedonia and the prospect of
their inclusion into a larger Albanian-dominated territorial entity
- Kosovo or Greater Albania - would automatically transform
the Macedonians of those areas into minorities (fig. 2).
The partitioning of geographical space is therefore a fun-
damental concept and a political issue of great importance.
The question Jean Gottmann asked was why Mankind needs
to partition geographical space; what leads to the fragmenta-
tion of Mankind along territorial lines? This is an often-asked
question since our domi nant view of worl d affairs conveys
the opposite, the unification of the Ecumene.
The potential for circulation
Geographical space was and is characterized by heterogene-
ity. Natural resources vary from place to place. Mountainous
areas abound in products that are lacking in plains and vice-
versa. Complementarity of resources can be observed at all
geographical scales, from the local to the global. Human life
and action reinforce natural heterogeneity. The distribution of
manpower or of capital is as uneven as that of natural re-
Spatial heterogeneity creates differences of potential that,
in their turn, can generate currents. Thus, high population den-
sities in one part of the world and the absence of manpower
in another constitute a difference of human potential that ulti-
mately will lead to migrations.
If all the differences of potential existing around the earth
were added, the outcome would be an enormous capital of eco-
nomic opportunity. This opportunity cannot however bring
economic results as long as there are obstacles, natural or
man-made, to movement. The metaphor of communicating
vessels is eloquent: the difference of level of water is not suf-
ficient to bring about the flow of water. It is also necessary to
establish a connecti on. Only then will the levels become
equal as a result of the movement cf water from one vessel
to the other.
Humanity has been creating connections between places
with differences of potential since times immemorial. From
the first boats servi ng the commerce between di fferent
shores to the Internet, Mankind has been struggling against
the "friction of space" in order to enlarge the realm of move-
296 Ekislics, 422, September/October 2003
423, Novertoer/December 2003
> 20 % of the population
> 10 % of the population
o o o
o o
Albanians C
y % [ Hungarians
R Roumanians
X Ruthenians
Fig. 2: The importance of territory - The lack of coincidence between political and ethno-linguistic or ethno-religious territories as a cause of
conflict in former Yugoslavia. (Source: Prevelakis, 1994).
ment. The more there is movement, the more economic and
cultural benefits are reaped, even though certain individuals
and groups may suffer. The positive global outcome from the
expansion of movement and exchange creates an enormous
force pushi ng t owards the uni fi cati on of the worl d. Jean
Gottmann called this force Ci rcul at i on.
This force is contradictory to the partitioning of geographi-
cal space - at least at a first level. Its triumph is associated
with the abolition of every form of technical or political obsta-
cle to movement: borders should disappear and the Ecumene
Ekislics, 422, September/October 2003
423, Novertoer/December 2003
Fi t;. 3: Ci rcul ati on in the Bal kans - The arrows i ndi cate the annual mi grati ons of semi -nomadi c (transhumant) shepherds. (Source:
Prevel&kis, 1994). ,, ,. /
should become a unified economic field (fig. 3). The gener-
alization of circulation, if realized some day, will lead to the
gradual abolition of the heterogeneity - as in the metaphor of
the communicating vessels. Mankind would live in a uniform
geographical space - at least in respect to economic and so-
cial conditions. Such a uni i ormi zati on woul d abolish what
Jean Goti mann called "geographical injustice" and, wi th it,
most of the causes of conflict and war. History would thus
"come to an end" and Geography (as the study of the diver-
sity of the face of the Earth) almost disappear.
The dream of unification of Humanity is not new. At certain
times in history, parts'of mankind came quite close to it. The
Roman Empi re unified most of the known worl d of the an-
cients. Much later, the British Empire also unified a large part
of the earth, but for a much shorter period. However, parti-
tioning was never absent, manifesting itself at different scales.
Even more important, the Roman Empire collapsed before
managing to extend its territory to the whole of the Ecumene.' ^
Partitioning ultimately claimed its rights and the long period/ ^
of Roman unification gave its place to the era of extreme feu-;' '
dal fragmentation in Europe. /
\j The invention of iconography
Since the advantages of circulation are obvious, how can we
explain its failure to unify the world? Jean Gottmann answered .
this question by introducing a second factor; by imagining the
dialogue of two terms, the combination of which leads to an
infinity of possible outcomes, some of which are represented
by the political map of the worl d at different historical
moments. This second element he called Iconography. Cir-
culation and Iconography are therefore the'two poles around
which Geopolitics oscillate. When Circulation triumphs, geo-
graphical space becomes unified; on the contrary, the strength-
ening of Iconography leads to additional or reinforced parti-
Iconography is described by Jean Gottmann as the "glue"
whi ch binds i ndi vi dual s together in order to form political
societies. It also relates them to a portion of space. This tri-
angul ar rel ati onshi p l eads to the emergence of territory,
since space becomes thus i nhabi ted thanks to the icono-
graphic "glue." In its turn, territory reinforces the links be-
t ween the i ndi vi dual members of the political soci ety and
becomes part of their iconography.
' Iconographies are not made up only of territorial represen-
tations, even if most of their el ements have a relationship
with territoriality, real, imagined or dreamed. Religion, I an-
I guage, history, taboos, all these elements are integrated and j
mobi l i zed in the consti tuti on of an i conography. Iconog-
raphies are made up of cultural elements - or, in the terms of
Samuel Huntington - of civiiizational elements. However,
the use of those quite vague terms (culture, civilization) for
lack of better ones should not lead to an image of iconogra-
phies made up of things^ immaterial;' The elements of iconog-
raphies can be very materialiindeed: the landscapes of our
homelands (with their seasonal perfumes) or our religious rit-
Ekislics, 422, September/October 2003
423, Novertoer/December 2003
Fig. 4: Soviet iconography in Sebastopol - A combination of communist and neoclassical symbol s in a city of great symbolic value for Tsarist
Russia. (Source: Photograph by the author).
uals (with the tastes of the prescribed foods) are parts of our
iconographies. Such iconographic elements are very resis-
tant because they are deeply rooted, far beyond our con-
scious mind. Through the concept of Iconography, Gottmann
i ntroduced the anthropol ogi cal di mensi on in the debate
about identity.
Iconographies can manifest themselves at different scales.
Local iconographies can co-exist or be in contradiction with
imperial iconographies creating thus an extraordinary inter-
play of scales. Conflicts or alliances of iconographies rhythm
the history of large areas, as shown by the rise and fall of the
Ottoman Empire. During the last centuries however, this com-
plicated game has been exceptionally simplified in Europe -
and then in the rest of the world - by the domination of iconog-
raphies functioning at the national scale. Thus, today's world
is characterized by national iconographies subdividing geo-
graphical space Into national territories. This makes the task
of political cartography much easier than at the time of the
Holy German Empire.
Iconographies explain thus the failure of circulation to unify
the worl d. Geopol i ti cal systems are founded on iconogra-
phies, without which they would crumble under the pressure
of forces of circulation. The Soviet Union offered recently a
perfect i l l ustrati on of the dangers related to a weakeni ng
iconography. The Soviet Union was much less built on the
communist ideology than on the Soviet iconography, whose
father was Joseph Stalin. The communist regime created by
Lenin was extremely vulnerable and woul d not have resisted
the German attack without Stalin's iconographic manipula-
tion. He did not hesitate to rehabilitate the symbols of Tsarist
Russia and to combine them with elements of the communist
i deol ogy that he reinterpreted. Eisenstein, the fi l mmaker,
created through his cinema some of the new icons by com-
bining the symbols of eternal Russia with references from the
present. Constructivism, the artistic expression of the com-
munist ideology of the 1920s, gave its place to socialist real-
ism. Finally, the Communi st Party took the place of the
Church in the same way that Communist Orthodoxy replaced
Christian Orthodoxy. The Soviet iconography explains to a
large extent the success of the Red Army against the Wehr-
macht as well as the transformation of the Soviet Union into
the second super power of the post-World War II era.
However, during the decades of the Cold War, the heritage
of Stalin weakened, and, together with it, the Soviet iconog-
raphy. Its erosion can be explained by various reasons, one
of which was the activity of Radio Free Europe. The circula-
ti on of j azz music across the Iron Curtain probably did as
much for the col l apse of the Sovi et Union as the nuclear
threat of the USA (fig. 4).
The end of the Soviet Union is equivalent to the dlsappear-
Ekislics, 422, September/October 2003
423, Novertoer/December 2003
Fig. 5: Greek-American iconography in Boston - Resisting destabilization of a diaspora community after the end of the Cold War. (Source:
Photograph by the author).
ance of the Sovi et i conography. The f ragment at i on of the
Soviet space was the result of the recomposi ti on of the exist-
i ng i conographi c mat eri a! , j t s redi st ri but i on i n new f orms.
Russia reappeared together with the return of Russian iconog-
raphy whi l e t he r enewed Ukrai ni an or Georgi an i conogra-
phies led to Ukrai ni an and Georgi an i ndependence.
Iconographi es are therefore essenti al for the stability of a
State. They expl ai n why peopl e are ready to sacrifice their
lives defendi ng its territorial "integrity." However, even if we
accept their useful ness - together wi th their virulence, since
they also serve to wage war - thei r raison d'etre is still un-
clear. Why does Mankind need States, Territories and Iconog-
raphi es? Why can't it form one human family, occupyi ng a
unified Ecumene ani mated by unhi ndered circulation? Why
can' t the anarchi st' s dream become reality?
Iconography, a self-defence
To answer this question Jean Gottmann. argues that iconog-
raphies consti tute soci eti es' defensi ve mechani sms. What
do societies have to def end themsel ves agai nst?
Ci rcul at i on i s cert ai nl y essenti al to human life. We can
understand its i mportance when we are depri ved of the lib-
erty to circulate. Short of capital puni shment, the worst pen-
alty is iife i mpri sonment. However, circulation has to be reg-
ul ated, ot herwi se i t can bri ng about very negat i ve resul ts.
Circulation is i he geographi cal expressi on of the wi der con-
cept of change. Circulation is change in space. In its turn, it
produces all kinds of transformati ons. Commerce changes
the terms of competi ti on where new and i nexpensi ve prod-
ucts are i ntroduced and can thus ruin traditional economy, as
happened in India duri ng the 19th century with the introduc-
tion of British textiles. New ideas penetrate societies through
ci rcul ati on and produce radical changes in the behavi or of
popul ati ons. Change is, for conservati ve minds, equivalent
to corrupti on. Plato's Utopia was a society wi thout change.
One of the ways devi sed by the great phi l osopher to attain
this ideal was to mi ni mi ze circulation. His Utopian city was to
be built on an island.
Isolation as a means of preservi ng a society from change
has been adopt ed by many r egi mes, f rom Japan of the
Tokugawa (mi d 17t h-19t h cent uri es) to Al bani a of Enver
Hoxha or to Stalin's Iron Curtain. However, the abolition of
circulation weakens the defences of society by rigidifying its
i conography. It can l ead to its col l apse when finally circula-
tion manages to make its way through the fissures of its walls
(fig. 5).
Ci rcul ati on is thus a factor of change whi ch, if left unhin-
dered, can dest abi l i ze soci et i es i n the same way that t oo
rapid change can lead individuals to the loss of their psycho-
logical bal ance. Like persons, societies do not all have the
same capaci ty to adapt to change. Some are more threat-
ened by change than others. However, no society can adapt
to an unlimited amount of circulation in the same way that no
person is capabl e of constant rei nventi on of his or her life-
style. Even the open societies of Western Europe of today suf-
fer from the stresses of i mmi grati on and tend to restrict circu-
lation of peopl e as the rise of extremist ideologies shows.
Ekistics. 422, September/October 2003
423. November/December 2003
Ci rcul ati on is therefore regul ated by Iconography. The
spatial result of their interplay is the partitioning of the world.
For this reason partitioning is dynamic. Borders do change,
in spite of efforts to limit those changes to a minimum, to pre-
serve the status quo. Even when their geometry remains im-
mobile, they can become more or less open, expressing thus
more subtle, but still very important, transformations in the
partitioning of geographical space. In the European Union,
state borders remained unchanged during the Cold War; how-
ever their function changed enormously during that period.
European integration, by promoti ng the free ci rcul ati on of
goods, people and ideas, has altered the partitioning of the
continent without shifting its borderlines. The end of the Cold
War also more or less respected the geometry of European
borders. However, the di sappearance of the Iron Curtai n
completely changed the function of those that were part of it.
Again, the respect of the principle of the intangibility of bor-
ders did not limit the dynamic character of the partitioning of
geographical space.
These two sets of forces, Circulation and Iconography, do
not always function in the direction of either unifying or parti-
tioning space. There are cases when Circulation can be cap-
tured by iconography and serve its purposes; and vice-versa.
Scale is an important aspect of the dialectics of partitioning.
Thus, European integration has promoted circulation and
has thus contributed in de-partitioning a large part of Euro-
pean space. Borders between France, Belgium or Germany
became practically invisible. The unification of European
space by circulation has been possible because of a certain
idea of Europe, because of a European iconography, however
weak it may still be. The more circulation devel ops inside
Europe, the stronger the European iconography will become.
Various programs of the European Commi ssi on (such as
Erasmus) promoted the movement of students in order to bring
about a feeling of common identity among the future opinion
The growth of a European Iconography however brings
about another type of partitioning, the one between the Euro-
pean Union and the rest of the worl d. The case of Great
Britain shows the dilemmas of repartitioning. Will British stu-
dents prefer to go to other European universities for post-
graduate studies rather than to American universities? This
would be one of the tests concerning the Iconographic limits
of Europe. We see thus that Iconography does not always
limit circulation, but rather redistributes and regulates it.
One coul d multiply the exampl es in argui ng that the
Gottmannian dialectics of Circulation and Iconography are
able to interpret efficiently the geopolitical evolution at differ-
ent pl aces and times. Through their prism, history is ani-
mated; the pol i ti cal map of the worl d constantl y changes
form, scale and function wi th the rise and fall of Iconogra-
phies and with the ebb and flow of Circulation.
Jean Gottmann's ideas in the post-
Cold War period
This extraordinary intellectual instrument devised by Jean
Gottmann in the late 1940s and in the early 1950s remained
unexplolted during the Cold War. It is true that this was an ex-
ceptional period of stability, at least in the Western world.
Changes of borders outside Europe and Ameri ca continued
to take pl ace, however the tradi ti onal eurocentri sm of the
social sciences limited the perception of these events (with
the excepti on of Israeli geography, for obvi ous reasons).
Thus, the ideas of Jean Got t mann attracted little interest.
Their author, discouraged, did not fully develop them in a the-
oretical book - the closest to a theoretical presentation is his
Significance of Territory-as he doubted if he would find a pub-
lic or even a publisher. Jean Gottmann's ideas are dispersed
in articles and in regional analyses. Our task today is to as-
semble them into a coherent corpus.
With the end of the Cold War, the predominant paradigms
collapsed. Economi sm, either left wi ng (Marxism) or right
wing (Liberalism), was proven unable to explain the passions
leading to conflicts and wars, from the Balkans to Afghanistan
and even further. The social sciences have failed in predict-
ing the new threats to stability and in preparing States and
Governments to cope with them, as the events of 11 Septem-
ber 2001 have shown. The replacement of old paradigms by
new ones became an urgent necessity. Certain prominent
i ntel l ectual s have tried to respond to this need. Samuel
Huntington is the most well-known among them.
Samuel Huntington's ideas about the "clash of civilizations"
seem to correspond most to the new intellectual and geopo-
litical environment. They have the great advantage of bring-
ing the cultural factor back to our attention. However, the
fundamental hypothesis of Huntington is an over-simplification
of a much more complex reality. It has the advantage that it
has permitted Huntington's ideas to reach a very wide audi-
ence and to contri bute to the relativization of Economi sm.
However, over-simplification can constitute a danger. The
most obvious risk of Huntington' s hypothesis is that it may
lead to t he consi derat i on that popul ati ons' geopol i ti cal
behaviors are predetermined by cultural factors that can nei-
ther change nor be interpreted in various manners. Thus,
after havi ng abandoned the Marxi st determi ni sti c historic
vi ew, a new ki nd of hi stori cal determi ni sm t hreat ens to
appear through the vulgarizations of Huntington's hypothe-
Jean Gottmann's ideas can offer a much more balanced so-
lution to the need of a new paradigm. His concept of iconog-
raphy reintroduces the role of culture in politics. However,
there is nothing static about Iconographies. They constitute
elements of conservatism and inertia. However they chango
constantly through the redefinition of their elements in their
effort to adapt to the changing challenges of circulation.
The role of circulation is as essential as iconography. The
material world of the economy, of technology and of migra-
tions cannot be ignored. Focusing only on culture or civiliza-
tion can lead to a vision as mistaken as that of the Cold War
A short presentation of the applicability of Jean Gottmann's
ideas to the major issues of today's world will show the effi-
ciency and the relevance of his theoretical framework.
Globalization as Circulation
Globalization has occupied a large part of the debate during
the last decade. Some have argued that it corresponds to a
new phenomenon, others that there have been precedents.
Together wi th the theori es of Gl obal i zati on, the argument
that Humanity has been unified in a Global Village has been
advanced. The End of History and the End of Geography
have been announced in the same outlook.
In Gottmann' s terms, Globalization corresponds to a dra- ;
matic advance of Circulation, due to a series of technologi-
cal, economic and political evolutions. It is not original in es-
sence. However the extent to which circulation has become
a generalized phenomenon is new.
Will the opening of the world bring about progress and hap-
piness to Mankind, as some argue, or is it a threat as the anti-
globalization movement tries to persuade international public
opinion? If we follow Gottmann's ideas, we will arrive at an in-
Ekislics, 422, September/October 2003
423, Novertoer/December 2003
termediary position. Globalization has positive effects of var-
ious kinds; it is certainly a factor limiting "geographical injus-
tice" even if, at the same time, it reinforces social inequalities
at various scales. However, whatever the merits and the disad-
vantages of globalization, one thing is clear. As a general-
i zat i on of circulation, globalization is a factor of destabiliza-
tion. Our world has certainly become more interesting during
recent clocades, but at the same time it is a more dangerous
and unpredictable world.
The new instability is multi-faced: The creation of one world
market has thus introduced new financial threats. A global
economi c cri si s wi th unprecedented destructi ve results is
looming like a sword of Damocles over the national and the
global economies.
However, the most spectacular form of destabilization relat-
ed to globalization has been the events of 11 September, 2001.
The USA, by dominating the world, has also unified it militar-
ily and politically. Unification leads also to polarization. The
relationship of Center and Periphery that has been created
leads naturally to the interiorization of peripheral conflicts in
the Center. No wonder therefore that violence has shifted,
that the symbols of the Core have been attacked. The events
of September 2001 have been the price of globalization, a
price paid by the major power promoting globalization in its
vary flesh.
The major force of terrorism resides in the resentment cre-
ated in peripheral popul ati ons as a reaction to a domi nant
and uni fyi ng cul tural model . Agai n we encounter the de-
stabilizing role of circulation. The global cultural model, dif-
fused all around the world, is threatening the values of tradi-
tional societies. In order to preserve their social order, they
have to promote strong and aggressive iconographies that
will struggle against the free circulation of ideas and its pro-
moters. Thus, the cultural and political foundations for ter-
rorism (and for other forms of conflict) are laid.
At the same time, globalization offers enormous new pos-
sibilities to terrorism and limits the means of States to defend
thei r terri tori es. Free ci rcul ati on of peopl e all around the
world helps terrorists in their movements ana offers them the
possibility to extend their networks everywhere. Freedom of
the movement of capital solves problems of terrorist logistics
that woul d be much more complicated in economies under
the control of States. Finally, the volume of information circu-
lating around the worl d facilitates the organization and the
functioning of global terrorist networks that can hide their com-
munications behind a cl oud of "noise" of unthinkable dimen-
After a peri od of rapid globalization, the destabilizing ef-
fects of circulation start to become obvious. Resistance to
circulation is growing first of all in those who lose because of
it. As the global destabilizing effects are becoming felt and
threaten even the "wi nners" of the game, more and more
voi ces argue in favor of limiting circulation and demand to
moderate globalization.
Thus, we should not be surpri sed if Mankind, after its great
advances in developing circulation during the past decades,
has now started to build obstacles to movement, to develop
iconographic defences against destabilization. Contrary to
the idea that globalization will go on indefinitely, Gottmann's
ideas lead to the prediction that we will soon enter into a new
period characteri zed by protectionism, xenophobi a and the
constitution of regional blocs, probably antagonistic econom-
ically and politically. A new political map of the world is in the
making. Its form may surprise us.
Europe is one of the major issues of the redesign of the
world map. The challenges of European integration are also
clarified by the use of Gottmann' s concepts.
The European question, an
iconographic dilemma
During the Cold War, European integration was the result of a
rather vague European iconography and of the fear of Commu-
nism. Europe has been constructed as part of a larger anti-
Communi st geopol i ti cal structure, dominated by the USA.
The Cold War European iconography included large parts of a
liberal Western ideology that Europe shared with North Amer-
ica. The end of the Cold War challenged this outlook since
the Communi st threat di sappeared. Europe i nheri ted its
unity from the Cold War, but, at the same time, lost part of its
raison d'etre. Why should Europe remain united?
Unable to answer this questi on in a convincing way, the
leaders of Europe engaged their countries in pursuit of deep-
ening and widening the European realm as if those policies
were sel f-evi dent. The metaphor of the bicycle has been
used as an explanation: a European integration that stopped
moving would fall. However, the major geopolitical problems
of European integration could not be addressed in this way.
The question is if there can be a European iconography strong
enough to overcome the influence of national iconographies in
times of crisis and economic difficulty. Will the French or the
Germans accept to sacrifice essential national or other inter-
ests for the European idea when no major outside threat is
present? Or, for the sake of European unity, should a threat
be i nvented? Until now, the peopl es of Europe have not
been confronted wi th those di l emmas. Before 1989, the
communist threat functioned as efficient glue; after the end of
the Cold War the euphori a of the victory created an atmo-
sphere of optimism. However, sooner or later, the moment of
truth will come and at that moment Europe will need a strong
iconography in order to resist forces of disintegration. The
arrival of an era of global regression in respect of globaliza-
tion will soon create important tensions inside and outside
Europe and will render the question of European iconogra-
phy more and more urgent.
This question is related to a series of issues, economic, cul-
tural, historical and political. The process of enlargement is of
critical i mportance. Including new countries will introduce
more cultural heterogeneity to Europe. Some analysts con-
sider this as a major danger, as a threat to dilute and there-
fore weaken whatever exists of a European iconography. On
the other hand, without enlargement, what would be the core
of the European i conography? The personality of Europe
would appear as that of a prosperous private club of domi-
nant nations, ignoring the difficulties of the others. If the basis
of European i conography is to be arrogance and egoi sm,
then why not return to nationalism? National iconographies
are much more efficient in expressing isolation and xenopho-
bia. To be successful, the European iconography has to be
open to the others and with a positive outlook towards circu-
The issue of iconography is therefore the most critical Euro-
pean question of the coming years. For this reason, the de-
bate around the European identity is starting to develop in
many institutions, al though still not enough. There are no
easy answers to this question since European history is char-
acterized by a very strong heritage of national iconographies,
which are the least malleable of all. In order to advance in
this debate, a solid theoretical framework is necessary. Jean
Gottmann's ideas on the dynamics of iconographies and on
the dialectics of geographical space offer a convincing basis.
The European question is, finally, a question of partitioning of
geographical space. The Europeans are participating in the
redefinition of the Worl d Political Map of the 21st century.
They need it for that geographical theory. Jean Gottmann's
project of renewing it is relevant again.
Ekislics, 422, September/October 2003
423, Novertoer/December 2003
at oto
i 0-1 Dil po
; "-i'5 ah!. por > mq
1O0-2Q0 abt por Vinq.
. CiM rfin ol'rft 100 UOO flhi!.
v Citi WW oltr* r>00 ODO ab
{.. C:!ii con on ra t inform di h.
Fig. 6: Population density in Europe - Mean for square kilometer. (Source: Atlante Geogrfico Zanichel).
Fig. 7: Peoples and languages in Europe. (Source: Atlante Geogrfico Zanichellfj.
,1 iiafar i
\ J- raneo! 8 Vallom
. Spfipnc!) o Por
: i Hornfir.)
ni i mu
i _ fnr>ch>
_ ; Oian.ios'. Flammi?}bi
M vi :
~~ vil'v onumfli
^ i fnorirui.rfh
l i e?>n
i ..! ^Oltl
f 1 AlMfHF,l
iranio' (Anoni. Curdi)
O fu L..;-J CU'vrtS.ic'
\ fi!<>-A)t<le
i Mum L..J Tnfrhi
J Arbi ]h Ufirwl
Ekislics, 422, September/October 2003
423, Novertoer/December 2003
BADIE, B. (1995), La fin des !erritoires (Paris, Fayard).
BRUNEAU, M. (2000), "De l'icne l' iccnographie, du religieux au
pol i ti que, rf i uxi ons sur (' ori gi ne byzant i ne d' un concept
Otnianien," Alales de Geographie, nc. 616, pp. 563-579.
FU :UYAMA, F. (1932), The r,J of History and the Last Man (New
Yvjfk, Free Press).
GOT"."' ' ANN, J. (1952), La puilique cos Etats et leur gographie
(Paris, Armand Colin).
(1955), lments de geogiaphie politique (Paris, Les Cours de
(1966), Essais sur Tamnagernsnt de l'espace habit (Paris,
( 973), The Significance of Territory (Charlottesville, University
Press of Virginia).
HUNTI NGTON, S. (1996), The Clash of Civilizations and the Re-
making of V\>lrid Order {New York, Simon & Schuster).
JOHNSTON, R.J. (". 932), ' Jean Cc' l mar ' . : Frc-rch region?.' po-
litical geographer extraordinaire," Progress in Human Geog-
raphy, vol. 2C, no. 2, pp. 1 3-193.
O' BRIEN, R. (1992;, Global Finano.a! Integration: The End of Geog-
raphy (London, Chatham House;
P Hl V E L AK I S . G. ( l i sj - i ; . Les BrJkans. cultures et geopoutique (Paris
(1996). "La noti on de t erri t oi ro dans la pensee de Jean
Gottmann," Geographie et Cultures, no. 20, pp. 81-02.
(2001), "Circulaiion/lcor,ographie contre Homme/Nature: Jean
Gottmann et la 'delicatesse dc la oausaiite' " in P.-J. Thumerolte,
Explications en geographle. Demarches, strategies et mod-
eies (Paris, SEDES), pp. 40-55.
and H. VAN DER WSTEN (2000), Special issue ;; Iconogra-
phies, Geojournal, vol. 52, no. 4.
Fi g. 8: Jean and Bernice Gottmann, and (eft) Panayis Psomopoul os, in the Zappei on Megaron Lecture Hall, Athens, Greece, attending the
meeti ng on "The big metropolises around the Mediterranean Sea" in November 1986 convened by the "Great Worl d Metropolises Research
Commi t t ee" of the International Geographi cal Union, chai red at the time by Jacquel i ne Beauj ou-Gami er. The meeti ng was organized by
George Prevelakis and sponsored by the Athens Municipality.
r, ; Lr,422. Seplemboi, Oc'.cbei 2J03
423, November,Vacembe: 2003
Related Interests
Republic Of Macedonia
Soviet Union
International Politics
Documents Similar To Ekistics-editable.pdf
Carousel Previous
Carousel Next
Construction Management
Uploaded by
Simon Mall
Uploaded by
Artesia Floor Plans
Uploaded by
Eco Tourism PROJECT
Uploaded by
Abhijeet Tawde
NACTO Urban Bikeway Design Guide
Uploaded by
Aiman Zhafri
kuwait case study
Uploaded by
Udit Sharma
Select City Walk (Tarun)
Uploaded by
Tarun Batra
Uploaded by
Sathya Sankaran
Hyderabad December Report-ICICI Properties
Uploaded by
Urban Design Process
Uploaded by
Malls Main Ppt
Uploaded by
Akhil Aggarwal
Ekistics Book
Uploaded by
Adinda Sekar
Uploaded by
Sudheer Egade
Uploaded by
Shivkumar Seenivasan
Hyderabad Metro Rail - Reducing the Negative Impact on City Environment - M.arch Thesis Report - J.v.umamAHESWARA RAO - ARCHITECT
Uploaded by
Umamaheswara Rao
Planning History Lecture-DONE.ppt
Uploaded by
Uploaded by
Siddu Rh
HUDA Profile
Uploaded by
NV Raman Prasad
d b Mall Projects Ltd., Bhopal
Uploaded by
Devendra Sharma
Ekistics Questions
Uploaded by
Ashwin Kanodia
case study.
Uploaded by
Dilip Jha
Uploaded by
Gaurav Malpani
Crystal Mall
Uploaded by
Amit Swami
Catchment Area Magnet Mall
Uploaded by
Pavithra Reddy
Urban Design Public Realm1
Uploaded by
malls ppt
Uploaded by
Case Study 2
Uploaded by
Shraddha Bahirat
Ekistics 1
Uploaded by
Healthene Joy Familara Alesna
Urban Mobility
Uploaded by
Adhikari Prekshya
Galleria Mall
Uploaded by
Mack Da Lafanga
More From César Andrés
Carousel Previous
Carousel Next
Naveh What is Holistic Landscape Ecology
Uploaded by
Uploaded by
César Andrés
Uploaded by
César Andrés
Cartografia e Ensino Da Geografia
Uploaded by
César Andrés
Local Food Movement in Japan _hisano
Uploaded by
César Andrés
4237_S11_Friedmann, H. (2005). From Colonialism to Green Capitalism
Uploaded by
Clemente Buenaventura
Agriculture and the State System the Rise and Dec
Uploaded by
César Andrés
Landscape Ecology Ciencia de La Sust L E 2005
Uploaded by
César Andrés
o que é ecologia de paisagem
Uploaded by
Paulo Soares
WEBER, Rachel - Selling city futures.pdf
Uploaded by
César Andrés
SANFELICI, Daniel and HALBERT, Ludovic - Financial markets, developers, and the geographies of housing in Brazil.pdf
Uploaded by
César Andrés
Classifying Landscape Character
Uploaded by
César Andrés
As Escolas Históricas
Uploaded by
Felipe Drummond
Econom i a Solidari Ay Delta Bajo
Uploaded by
Asesor Danilo Mauricio Torres
Popular in Geography
Carousel Previous
Carousel Next
Uploaded by
Rizki Perdana Putra
Arboretum pt 2 documents
Uploaded by
Michael James Praats
Field Methods for Geologists and Hydrogeologists [Fakhry A. Assaad, Philip E. LaMoreaux Sr., Travis H. Hughes, 2004].pdf
Uploaded by
williams s lesson7
Uploaded by
Sp - References_Index
Uploaded by
Santa Maria Bulacan
Uploaded by
Lisa Marsh
Field Trip
Uploaded by
Amedeo Revantad
The North Atlantic ice-edge corridor: a possible Palaeolithic route to the New WorldThe North Atlantic Ice-edge Corridor Bruce Bradley and Dennis StanfordBradley Stanford 2004
Uploaded by
A classification diagram for fold orientations
Uploaded by
Slamet Sugiarto
Kitui County 2 of 3
Uploaded by
Ernest Njuguna
Chap 2 Rrl Final
Uploaded by
Jose Santos
Sustainable hydraulic engineering through building with nature.pdf
Uploaded by
4 year plan
Uploaded by
Flinders Petrie, Researches in Sinai (1906)
Uploaded by
Uploaded by
Icizacky Ishaq
Uploaded by
Measurement of Bulk Cargoes - Draught Surveys
Uploaded by
Paulo Ricardo
age of contact key
Uploaded by
Plate Tec Key
Uploaded by
Asanc Asana
Assessing Sea-level Rise Impact on Saltwater Intrusion Into the Root Zone
Uploaded by
Anonymous WLHZJrqx
year 8 humanities japan mapping task 1
Uploaded by
Uploaded by
Justin Lee
Interpretasi Lingk.pengendapan
Uploaded by
Bisma Salimudin
Grade 6 Social Studies Curriculum.pdf
Uploaded by
Fra Mauro Map Transcript
Uploaded by
Jeremy Watkins
Social Alchemy on the Black Sea Coast, 1860-65 Dana Sherry 2009
Uploaded by
Эмгал Айдоган
GPS Compendium(GPS X 02007)
Uploaded by
What Are Future Cities, Origins, Meanings and Uses.
Uploaded by
Gunaseelan Bhaskaran
Honeywell 7 Day Solar Programmable Wall Switch RPLS740B
Uploaded by
lamur - cvsite
Uploaded by


text:
Within the context of Classic, the method most frequently proposed is to re-tune bosses to make them harder. Rather than copying the numbers, re-create the relative difficulty. Kind of like, when you first start working out, you use small weights. When you get stronger, you lift bigger weights. The WoW community is more knowledgeable, more experienced, has better hardware, etc. We're "stronger." So give us tougher bosses. There are a lot of forms that could take. Bosses were constantly re-tuned during vanilla anyway, so if Ragnaros does 10% more damage or something, is that really a problem? I don't think it is. What about resistance gear? back in the day, collecting resist gear was a thing people did. But the numbers and strategies are so well known today that only the tank really needs it anymore. Bosses could be re-tuned with more resistible elemental damage so that's important for entire raids to gear appropriately. That would be entirely keeping with the spirit of vanilla even if the actually numbers sitting in a database somewhere were different than they were ~13 years ago. If you want to go a little farther, a few people have proposed adding new abilities to old bosses, adjusting their timing, etc.
Nov 15 Looking Forward. So simple fun thread to see how you all think and feel. Name 1 thing you are definitely looking forward to, preferably not the obvious stuff but whatever go wild! I'll start with one. Professions aiding in immersion. Not sure if many noticed this but something I am excited about playing a hunter is the professions and how they aid in immersion for the hunter class so freaking well. All of the secondary profs help hunter immersion. Cooking, Fishing and First Aid all actually fueled the hunter lifestyle. Add in Skinning and Leather Working and it's straight up Hunter RPG.Melaned22 Nov 15
Nov 15 Classic hit me like a truck I had no interest in it what so ever. After watching the blizzcon demo - I can't stop thinking about it. The combat it's so visceral. The world is so much bigger and so much more dangerous. Each fight reminded me of dark souls. I've been watching only classic and vanilla vids since blizzcon, it's actually ruined retail for me. I was actually enjoying raiding in BFA but now I don't want anything but to play classic and immerse myself in it. What is this sorcery? I heard vanilla wow was addictive, but really? I feel like I'm in withdrawal and I haven't even played it yet. I think I'm in trouble once it releases. I don't want to log into retail anymore :(Gripp204 Nov 15
I think that the token is a nice solution for the problem. Back in the days, blizzard tryed to ban gold sellers, but it was a lost cause. Instead, the token seems to have resolved the problem, letting workers that want to raid with consumables and stuffs to have the golds to do it. Personally, I don't find the gold buying really fair, but I understand that for many people is a necessity and I prefer to leave the economy and the farming spots to the player instead to the gold sellers.
Nov 15 Thank you for the demo I just want to say thank you to Blizzard for the demo. I seriously had so much fun - so much more fun than I've had trying to play wow in YEARS. I know not everything was 100% accurate to classic, but it was just a demo so that doesn't worry me too much. I still had a million times more fun playing that demo than retail in any case. THE THINGS I LOVED: (1) I died so much. Like... SO MUCH, and that's alright! Once I finally finished whatever it was I was doing, it felt really rewarding! My group and I were actually laughing when we party wiped. No one insulted anyone or pointed blame, we just had fun. (2) Things took time. The journey mattered, it wasn't just about hitting end game asap. I felt accomplished at the end of all those time consuming things I did. (3) I had fun exploring! I spent so much time just running around, not knowing what the heck to do, but that was FUN. I had FUN getting lost and finding treasure chests. (4) Seeing the classic models again! Tbh, the races all look rubbery and stupid now... I honestly think the old racial looks are nicer. (5) Reading quests was necessary again, so the story mattered to me. No one booted me from the party for "taking too long" because I wanted to read. (6) The community! There were actually people doing RP stuff and talking in character. Everyone in the chat was just having fun. (7) All of the inconveniences - running out of mana, no mounts, running slowly on foot, little or no flightpaths... These things are fun because they're not just handed to me. I had to work hard and play the game to get things. (8) People constantly buffed other players, because that small boost could be the reason you didn't die when a roaming centaur attacked you from behind. THE THINGS I WAS CONCERNED ABOUT: (1) I've heard rumors about possible sharding... PLEASE DO NOT SHARD. PLEASE. I can understand if it's temporary just for the initial launch, and only for starting zones. I think that is a decent enough compromise for the inevitable problem of overpopulation for the first few weeks. But if we're talking about full scale realm sharding, PLEASE DO NOT! Cross-realm features and sharding are what ruined communities in wow, same with dungeon finder and other such things, and these features are very unwanted for a classic player like me. (2) The elite raptor I tamed as a hunter was not stronger than the non-elite raptor I tamed at the same level. In classic, elite animals had better stats as hunter pets once tamed, compared to the same non-elite version of that animal at the same level. (3) I think the mana and health regen rates were a bit too high? I'm not certain, but if they were I honestly want them to be genuine. It's okay if it's hard - challenges make games fun! Anyway, thank you again! I had a ton of fun, and as long as classic is true to classic with all of its pros AND cons, I feel certain that it will be a success.Sarai10 Nov 15
Nov 15 Guild Banks Pt. 14 So let's take our minds off subs and sharding and have a nice classic discussion about guild banks. Guild banks are still by far the least impactful on gameplay and most spirit of Vanilla community change one could request. Not only that the log keeps officers and gm's honest. Without logs they are free to skim off the top of donations and trivialize their epic mount purchase. Thoughts?Padrepwn91 Nov 15
Gold in World of Warcraft: Classic can be earned with a bit of luck too. By killing and looting mobs you might find some truly rare items. Some of them might be usable by you but others might not. Don't just sell that piece of rare equipment to the nearest vendor as it can earn you quite a bit in the auction house. Especially if it's an item for a level 50+ character.
And for talent builds. I prefer to make my own talent builds. But I've been playing RPGs since the 8bit days so half the fun is building my own characters up. I already made and bookmarked 1 deep fire mage build, 2 elemental mage builds, and 2 deep frost mage builds. And I might remake them tomorrow if I read up on any good talent choices I left out my 1st 5 times lol. And I have multiple builds for the other classes I play too.
The Horde levels 50-60 guide has been rewritten and revamped. My 1-60 Horde leveling guide is now completely updated for the 1.12 Drums of War patch. As you can see it is about 15% larger than the 40-50 guide (single largest guide page yet). There is also a lot of route changes. I moved the entire Silithus section from level 55 to level 58, which allowed me to include a lot more quests for that zone. There is also a lot of other improvement to the route, including adding a lot more quests into the guide, mostly from Moonglade, Silithus and Eastern Plaguelands. This will make the final level 59 grind much shorter.
Other methods have been discussed. For example, mods could be crippled. DBM didn't exist back then, and the other boss that did that I don't remember the name of, didn't do as much back then as DBM does now. If our goal is to recreate the experience as it was, then obviously not having DBM would be a reasonable way to accomplish that. DBM simply existing, makes the game today easier than it was. So disallow it. Again, this is completely consistent with the spirit of vanilla. Remember one-button-decursing? That was nerfed. They crippled the capabilities of the modding API to disallow that because it made the game too easy. So what if they cripple it a little bit more to once again make the game less easy?
Greetings! Development of World of Warcraft Classic is underway, and we're very excited to share some of the challenges and solutions we're working on. As we mentioned last BlizzCon, the process of restoring the classic game is not straightforward, and it's important to us to take the time and effort to get it right—this includes poring over numerous game versions, data, and code; meticulously scrutinizing all the changes we've made over the years. Rest assured: The WoW Classic team is hard at work making it a reality, and we're at a point in development where we're ready to share some of the things we've been working on.
Nov 15 Which class are you planning on rolling? I'm still trying to decide between: Orc shaman: enhancement until 60 then resto for pvp Undead priest: shadow unless I decide to raid a bit Leaning towards these healers since I don't mind the role and 5 mans will be insanely easy to pickup. I've also been tossing around the idea of rogue/mage since that is what I played back on during vanilla/BC (had a blast ganking).Xano24 Nov 15
I received a beta invite for Classic, and had also been an alpha and beta tester for the original game 15 years ago. That isn't unique; plenty of people in Northshire Valley had had the same experience, suggesting to me that active players who were Day 1 WoW gamers or had participated in the original tests might have gotten priority invitations to this one.
So even though you can play a WoW Classic demo today, we're not done quite yet. We have lots of capital city features to look at, such as banks and auction houses. We need to test our dungeons and raids to make sure the bosses' abilities all still work correctly. We need to examine all of our PvP systems. But we're committed to taking a close look at all of these and more as continue bring the classic game back to life.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Roofing Installation
Count on us when you need new roofing installation for room additions, roof extensions, or a roof for your patio. Espinoza Roofing Co. specializes in Title 24 and cool roof systems, and we offer 10-year workmanship warranties on all new roof installations.
Commercial Roofing
Roofing installation, maintenance, and repair services for your business, commercial building, or multi-unit complex. We also offer Commercial Service Contracts.READ MORE
Repair & Restoration
From complete rebuilds to simple roofing restoration services, we have the right fix for any project you have in mind. Don't suffer with your damaged roof any longer.READ MORE
About Our Company
Roofing Service in San Gabriel
Espinoza Roofing has been helping communities around Southern California for nearly 25 years. Our team of extremely experienced roofers are experts when it comes to fixing and replacing all styles of residential and commercial roofing systems. We are fully licensed, bonded, and insured to complete roofing jobs of all capacities. Over the years, we have come to be known for our excellent customer service and great pricing. At Espinoza Roofing, we always put our customers first. To show just how devoted we are to going above and beyond for our clients, we offer a ten-year workmanship guarantee on all of our new roof installations. Contact us today to learn more.
San Gabriel Roofing Repair
Our seasoned roofing contractors at Espinoza Roofing Company are experts when it comes to restoring and repairing all different types of roof systems. Every roof will need repairs at some point. When the time comes to improve your roof, contact the experts that have expertise and experience to get the job finished right. Don't trust your important roof restoration project to a low cost roofing contractor that will take shortcuts that may lead to further damage to your roof down the road.
In addition to roof restoration, we also offer repair services to skylights, chimneys, other structures on your roof. If it's been a while since your last roof inspection, have one of our experienced professional roofing contractors inspect your home or commercial structure for signs of wood rot and other damage. Catching and fixing the issues early can save you from more costly repairs later on.
Residential Roofs San Gabriel
Choosing a new roof for your home can be a daunting task. There are numerous roofing materials to pick from on the market, so it can be confusing to recognize which would be best for your home. Should you go with clay roof tiles or would cedar shakes be best? We can help you understand all of your choices and find the perfect roofing system to fit your preferences and spending plan. When you call our company, one of our helpful staff can take you step-by-step through the pros and cons associated with all the different residential roofing systems you have to pick from so you can have all the facts you will need to make an informed decision.
Commercial Roofs San Gabriel
When it comes to choosing the best commercial roofer, no job is too large or too small for our team. We are practiced in installing all forms of industrial roofing systems such as flat and high-pitched roofs. Unlike a discount roofer from a less experienced business that is restricted in the kinds of components they can install, at Espinoza Roofing Company, we provide the widest range of options for our commercial clients. Our reasonably priced roofing team has a roofing system solution to match any budget. When you decide to work with our company, you can trust that you will be receiving an expert installation and a competitive price. Contact one of our well-informed associates to set up a consultation today.
Types of Roofs We Install
When our customers begin investigating their choices, many of them are surprised to discover just how many roofing materials there are to pick from. At Espinoza Roofing Company, our staff of experienced residential and commercial roofers can install a broad variety of different roofing materials. What's more, we can use our expertise and experience to help our clients pick the correct roofing solutions for their distinctive needs. Truth be told there is a list of upsides and downsides for all roofing material, based on your priorities. So regardless of whether you're looking to attain a bold visual statement, or you really need a roof which will last a lifetime, we can help you select the most appropriate roof for your home or commercial building. A few of the roofing materials we recommend include
San Gabriel Aluminum Roofing
Aluminum is among the lightest roofing materials around. Less weight means it creates less strain on the structure of your house or commercial building. However, just because aluminum roofing is lightweight, oes not imply it is lacking durability. Aluminum roofing can stand up to many different weather conditions and it is fire resistant, a perfect protective feature if you reside in fire-prone location. Aluminum roofing is even very good for areas that experience heavy rainfall or snowfall, as it excels at wicking away liquid. Cost-wise aluminum roofing is likely to be higher priced than a few other roofing materials. However, these types of roofing systems can last for decades, so your purchase will pay off in the long run.
Slate Roofing San Gabriel
Slate roofing is another common material among property owners. Slate tiles are available in a range of stunning colors, so you can easily find one that suits your individual styles. This material is long-lasting compared to other options and stands up very well to most weather conditions. Slate has the added benefit of being naturally fire resistant, which could be a huge draw for many property owners. The most significant drawback to slate roofing is that it is thought to be a superior material, so it can be pricey. Additionally, it is much heavier than other roofing materials, so it must be installed by a experienced roofing professional to assure that the structure of your property can adequately support it.
Cedar Shakes San Gabriel
For residents that tend to gravitate more towards natural materials, cedar shakes are a very good solution. A new cedar roof is a beautiful sight to see, however, you will find that your cedar shakes can grow to be even more gorgeous with time as their natural coloring becomes richer with weathering. With little attention, a cedar roof could last for decades before needing to be upgraded. As an added perk, cedar is actually a all-natural insulator, keeping your residence cozy in the winter months and cool in the summer time months. That can indicate lower energy bills for property owners.
San Gabriel Asphalt Roofing
Asphalt roofing is really popular with our residential clients, and for good reasons. Generally there are two primary components that property owners search for in a roof, appearance and longevity. Asphalt shingles provide a great balance of each. In addition, it can be extremely affordable as compared to other roofs. Asphalt roofing comes in a range of assorted colors and thicknesses, which also offers homeowners some options when it comes to the visual appearance of their roof. With all of its advantages, it is no wonder so many property owners switch to asphalt roofing when it comes time to re-roof their home.
Clay Tiles San Gabriel
If you're shopping for durability, clay tiles may be the ideal roofing solution for you. When installed by a expert roofing contractor, a clay tile roof could last over one hundred years before needing to be replaced. That can be a big selling point in the event you decide to sell your home. Frequently seen in terracotta, clay tiles are fade-resistant, so they will preserve their stunning appearance for many years to come. Similar to slate roofing, clay tiles can be exceptionally heavy. It is vital that a roofing expert inspects your home prior to installation to guarantee that a clay tiles roof is correct for you.
Composite Roof Shingles San Gabriel
Composite Roof Shingles are made to appear like natural cedar shingles. However, these shingles can persist even longer than the real thing. With minimal attention, a composite roof can be expected to last upwards of fifty years. This material is lightweight and calls for minimal maintenance. If it matches your aesthetic, composite roof shingles are a perfect solution for any residence and even some office buildings. These shingles come in a variety of colors, so we are able to effortlessly find one to complement your current exterior paint.
Concrete Tile Roof San Gabriel
Done properly, a concrete tile roof could appear identical to natural slate tiles. Concrete tiles are available in a variety of sizes, shapes, and colors. This grants home and commercial building owners a lot of flexibility to find a look that's perfect for them. Concrete tiles are extremely sought after in areas like here in California where we see our fair share of warm days. That is mainly because this material has natural insulating properties that can help you decrease your power usage by keeping the interior of your house cool. Anytime it comes to longevity, concrete tiles are able to stand up to all types of weather such as heavy winds and rainfall.
Quality Service at Competitive Prices
When it comes to repairing or replacing your roof, you want to know that you've trusted your property to a contractor with many years of experience as well as a reputation for superior work. At Espinoza Roofing, we can confidently say that our staff of experienced roofing professionals are some of the best in the business. Our commitment to giving the people of Southern California honest pricing and exceptional service has earned us a reputation as the leading roofing business in the area. Get in touch with us today and schedule an appointment for a free estimate on your roof replacement or repair. Our team is standing by to answer any of your roofing questions. We recognize you have many roofing companies to select from, which is why we will go above and beyond in order to make sure you are totally pleased with our work.
Why Choose Us?
We Work With Top Materials
With so many years of experience in the business, our company is your
source for the highest quality and landscaping service.


text:
We have found 1 companies of
Limousine Service
Taxi/Shuttle Service
18 del carmine st
1880, Wakefield (Massachusetts)
SHUTTLE SERVICE FOR HANDICAP in WARNER ROBINS, (Georgia, 15-10-2014) SERVICE TO AND FROM DOCTOR APPOINTMENT AND SOME SHOPPING. IN WARNER ROBINS, GA. THIS IS FOR MY SISTER IN WARNER ROBINS, Ga
Taxi or shuttle in San Gabriel (California, 21-07-2014) From Hilton Los Angeles/San Gabriel, 225 West Valley blvd, San Gabriel, To: Super 8 Westminter ca 15559 Beach Ave. Westminter, CA
Need ONE bus tour and pickup and drop-off airport in Washington DC and New York (New York, 16-07-2014) 46-50 persons arrived BWT airport Aug 20 at 11pm, need pick up to hotel (probably 7851 Malcolm Rd. Clinton, MD) Aug 21 Need to tour Washington DC Aug 22 Need to...


text:
Infographics are currently an extremely popular type of media. An infographic showing information or data in an interesting and fun way can help engage an audience and generate numerous likes and shares. As infographics take more time to create than just simply uploading an image, busy website owners are prepared to pay for custom infographics. And don't worry, an infographic can be created using simple design software such a Canva. So extensive graphic design skills are not necessary, just a creative eye.
Gazelle. If you have an old cellphone or an Apple device, you can sell it here. The website will give you a cash offer for your device. If you agree, you'll be sent packaging materials. Gazelle pays the shipping costs, and you wait for a check in the mail, a gift card to be sent or cash transferred to your PayPal account. You may not make a fortune, but it's better than letting an unused device collect dust on a shelf – and far better for the environment to sell it than toss it in a landfill.
Right now on Upwork, they are looking for more writers. Set up a profile and start offering up your fast writing skills. You can make decent money with freelance writing and some people are able to make it a full-time business. Check out this interview I did with a freelance writer who has had a lot of success and shares how to start a freelance business. Ready to get paid to write for blogs like mine? Check out this course, Get Paid to Write for Blogs, by my friend Catherine.
Prior to that group, they had an online community for teachers looking for lesson plans. That probably sounds pretty random, but it's crazy the type of communities you can build and rally people around. If it's something that you're passionate about yourself and you want to connect with others that have that same passion, then an online community is something you should definitely consider.
The hardest part in making extra money is always the FIRST STEP in how you can earn extra cash. These tips will serve as a spark for those who are really confused where and when they should start with this financial journey. Making money is not all about intelligence, it is all about making your intellect work for you to have money. It is the wit-the "street-smart" style of approaching things.
No matter what method you end up using to generate an income on the web, you need to adjust your mindset to help empower you rather than discourage you. The truth? Making money online can be fraught with avoidable pitfalls. There's no shortage to the rah-rah cheers of internet marketers looking to find ways to ensure they part you from your hard-earned cash. The trick? Cancel the noise and get to the real meat and potatoes, so to speak.
Walk around your neighborhood or town and I'm sure you'll see tons of great local businesses with terrible design. However, with increasingly easy-to-use tools like Adobe Illustrator, Venngage, Stencil, and Visme, just about anyone with a creative mindset and a good amount of motivation can start making money online by being a graphic designer for local companies.
Ebay is a bellwether. It's been around since nearly the start of the online boom. But, like any other platform, success can seem fleeting if you don't know what you're doing. Selling items on eBay, professionally that is, can be an art form. Getting people interested in your auctions isn't always easy, especially when there's hefty competition and low demand for what you're selling.
If you've got a way with words and expertise in a niche, there are plenty of sites that will pay for articles and content you write. Think of the sites you read regularly. What can you contribute to them that would be interesting? Research your niche and then look for ways to pitch articles. Many sites will simply have a submission or contact link in the footer. To get started, check out my full guide to becoming a freelance writer on the side and then submit your articles to places like Instash, Listverse, TopTenz, A List Apart, International Living, FundsforWriters, and Textbroker.
Run virtual errands. If you have a computer with Internet connection and are good at searching the Web and communicating with others, you can become a virtual personal assistant with Fancy Hands. The service hires assistants, who set their own hours, to help its users tackle tasks such as making calls to service providers, scheduling appointments, and finding the best prices for services and products. You get paid per task, starting at between $3 and $7.
Often, what happens is that we run into unscrupulous Internet Marketers (IMs) who have less-than altruistic intentions of extracting money from you rather than helping you to make it. However, this isn't something new. People have been falling for networking marketing, pyramid schemes, and affiliate marketing scams since before the start of the net.
Sometimes the best side hustle is putting in the time to get a better job. Investing in your career can have profound effects and help your earnings increase exponentially over time. Maybe one day you'll earn so much at your day job, you won't need a side hustle! I recommend browsing job boards like ZipRecruiter or even checking out a company like Pathrise. In their program, you will learn the all secrets from industry experts, armed with proprietary tools and data, to land a higher paying job and make more money.
@Philip Taylor So by what you're saying, I can be an unaccredited doctor or surgeon for someone (for example) but do it at a much lower rate than the accredited doctors and surgeons. Since I know what a scalpel is and I wear rubber gloves, I'm a doctor. So, I don't have to have to respect the profession of medical science at all since I think I know what I'm doing and just go for it.
When was the last time you went to a new restaurant without looking it up online beforehand? Or bought a product that didn't have at least a few 5-star reviews? It seems like more and more our world is run on reviews. And you can make money online by writing them. Get started by creating accounts on sites like Vindale research, Software Judge, FameBit, CrowdTap, Influence Central, and Modern Mom. However, before you run off and start writing, be sure to check the small print on each of these sites. Writing reviews isn't a huge source of guaranteed income and you want to make sure that it's worth your time before you get going.
If you have graphic design skills then you could make money online by creating and selling your own design elements, like templates, fonts, graphics, and other assets. This is a great way to earn extra money, and build up a portfolio of work, which could lead to you picking up freelance graphic design jobs. Websites like Envato Elements pay you a fee per element sold, which can become quite profitable if your work is popular.
Focus on the surveys and offers at the top of the list. Here's a tip not many people know. CashCrate has a special algorithm that automatically selects the best surveys and offers and places them at the top of the list. There are several factors that go into determining which are the "best", including payout, approval rate, and a variety of other factors. But all you need to know is that these surveys and offers are great, so you can do them in confidence!
Commercial use requires 'releases' - editorial use doesn't. Stock photos can be sold for commercial (eg, marketing) or editorial (ie, journalistic) use. You'll have more opportunities to make cash if your photos are available for both, but photos containing people or property (including branding and logos) need signed releases to be sold commercially.
My name is Jamie Spencer and I have spent the past 5 years building money making blogs. After growing tired of the 9-5, commuting and never seeing my family I decided that I wanted to make some changes and launched my first blog. Since then I have launched lots of successful niche blogs and after selling my survivalist blog I decided to teach other people how to do the same.
Have you ever heard of Uber or Lyft? Of course, you have! This is a great earning opportunity for someone with a reliable car and the ability to navigate their city's streets. The main barrier to entry is having an approved car that is efficient to keep your costs down. There are lots of stories of Uber drivers making an extra $1k a week outside of their normal day jobs! Not bad. Plus, this is a fun way to get to know your city, help tourists make plans, and get to know interesting people. Lyft is offering $300 Sign-up Bonus! Or if you prefer Uber, click here to drive with Uber. (Or do both!)
For example, if you type in "banana bread recipe," search engines should pull up recipes from major sites first. Posts from smaller blogs or recipes for other, related dishes—like zucchini bread—should fall toward the end of the list. As a search engine evaluator, you'll be asked to enter specific words or phrases into a search engine, then assess how appropriate and informative the sites it pulls up are.
ThredUp. Their tag line is "secondhand clothes, firsthand fun." And they have to get their clothes from somewhere. Are you catching on? You are that somewhere. The website sells women's and kid's clothes (sorry, guys). You send your clothes in a ThredUp bag with a prepaid mailing label, and ThredUp will decide the value. They're looking for nice clothes and popular brands, and there's a fee if your items aren't accepted. So if you have clothes better suited for a yard sale, hold a yard sale. But if you have quality outfits you no longer want, ThredUp will probably pay you enough that you can buy new threads.
The stuff you can't sell online, you could sell from your garage on the weekends. Many neighborhoods plan annual or bi-annual yard sales. If you have items to sell, this is a great time to do it as the neighborhood as a whole can bring in a lot of traffic and help you perform better than you would on your own. If that's not possible, consider partnering up with a couple of families in a popular neighborhood.
Ask for a raise. If you're unhappy with your compensation at your 9-5 job, asking for a raise is one way to beef up your bank account. Most employers offer an annual review of your work – which could be the perfect time to negotiate a higher salary or ask for better perks. If your employer doesn't offer such an opportunity, it might be time to initiate a review yourself.
@Philip Taylor The point is that this is design is specialized job and is not just a side job. Just because an individual may know a thing or two about the technical aspect of a program does not warrant them to fill that role as a designer. There's more than just drawing a mark in a program. There's strategy in brand development, marketing, etc… This is insulting to the creative industry to label logo and branding as a scheme to make extra money.
TaskRabbit. Are you willing to get your hands dirty? (Nothing shifty … we're talking, like, weeding somebody's garden.) People come to this site to find those willing to do various tasks for them, such as putting together a bookcase or running an errand for them. Do as many tasks as you want, and this could become quite the part-time (or full-time) job.
If you have nothing of value to sell from home then retail arbitrage might be a better option for you. Many people partake in arbitrage to earn a little extra money, and for some it has even become their full-time job. Retail arbitrage is the buying of goods at a low price and then selling them on a different platform at a higher price. Sales in shops provide ideal opportunities to pick up products for next to nothing. These can then be sold on eBay or Amazon for higher amounts, making you a nice profit.
MemberPress is a feature-rich plugin that will enable you to turn your WordPress blog into a fully functional membership site. Depending on how you want to run your membership site, you could have a mixture of free and premium membership plans. Premium plans could include no adverts, free downloads, access to extra content, membership forums, and much more. However, it is important to remember that if people are going to pay to view your content then it must be high quality. Otherwise your members won't renew their subscriptions when the time comes.
While Etsy is fantastic for handmade goods that you've already created, if you've got killer designs that would look good on phone cases, t-shirts, or even wall hangings, pillows, and duvets, you can sell them on Society6 without paying anything to start. Society6 lets artists upload their designs and create their own shops where they choose what products their designs can be used on. That means one design can be used to make a whole range of awesome products that are printed and shipped on demand whenever someone buys from you. With top creators making thousands every month just from selling their designs.
While this isn't exactly a long-term solution for making money (since you have to pay it back), it is a reliable way to get some extra cash when you're in a pinch. It's also a great way to make money by saving money if you use a personal loan to pay off high-interest debt, such as credit cards. Since getting a loan is one of the easiest ways to make extra money, we felt we had to include it.
If you love animals and live in an urban area then walking dog is a viable side hustle idea. People are busy going to work each day and are forced to leave their animals stuck in the house. This is not good for the dog or the owner. Not only because dogs get lonely and need to be around people, but also because they deserve fresh air and the chance to go to the bathroom outside! Offering to walk a group of dogs once or twice a day can really rake in some extra money. You could create signs and hang them up around libraries and churches, or perhaps take the modern approach and sign up with Rover. Rover is an increasingly popular marketplace that connects dog owners to dog walkers in their neighborhood. Check out Rover today.
A blog highlights your technical ability and showcases your ability to write blog posts. Your blog can be about different topics than those you write about for your clients. In fact, it should be on a topic that interests you. Visitors will see that you can not only write, but you can also build an online community. A good blog has the potential to earn you many referrals for more clients.[24]
I love the idea and that they make it so easy because the retail world is due for this type of disruption. This doesn't happen as much with jeans and other daily wear items but those things you wear less than half a dozen times, like more formal dresses or accessories, just collect dust. You might as well recapture some of the value by selling it. Thanks for sharing your experience!
If you hook up with a for-hire car parking service (the type hired out for fancy neighborhood parties) you can make some nice cash tips in just a few hours at night and on the weekend, when parties are held. The key here is to do a great job by showing hustle and being super friendly. This was one of the most enjoyable jobs I had during graduate school. Who doesn't like to drive nice cars?
While Etsy is fantastic for handmade goods that you've already created, if you've got killer designs that would look good on phone cases, t-shirts, or even wall hangings, pillows, and duvets, you can sell them on Society6 without paying anything to start. Society6 lets artists upload their designs and create their own shops where they choose what products their designs can be used on. That means one design can be used to make a whole range of awesome products that are printed and shipped on demand whenever someone buys from you. With top creators making thousands every month just from selling their designs.
This isn't to scare you off. I simply want you to know that this guide is going to focus solely on ways to make real, sustainable extra income online. Not just a few bucks. I want to share all the mistakes I've made that got me to where I am now so that you don't have to go through them, and can build a successful online source of income for yourself.
Right now on Upwork, they are looking for more writers. Set up a profile and start offering up your fast writing skills. You can make decent money with freelance writing and some people are able to make it a full-time business. Check out this interview I did with a freelance writer who has had a lot of success and shares how to start a freelance business. Ready to get paid to write for blogs like mine? Check out this course, Get Paid to Write for Blogs, by my friend Catherine.
That's my plan. No kids, no spouse, parents deceased. I'll never be able to retire. On PSLF, but forgiveness not approved until 120th payment. Many are not being forgiven now. I take courses to stay in deferment. FedLoan bases payment on gross; not net. How does that make any sense?! After bills I can't afford the payment. I have 3 grad degrees. Was supposed to be a psychologist. APA & NCE won't accept my 15yo degrees for the national exam. So I teach at a CC. Over 180,000 in debt now and it grows monthly.
Some churches don't have volunteers for their music. A talented pianist, guitar player, etc. can make pretty good money doing this on the weekends. Most churches offer tryouts on occasion. This idea is pretty easy to get started in that you just need to reach out to your worship pastor or someone in that ministry and let them know you have the talent and some experience. Don't be shy!
Having your own site to sell gently used handbags is probably going to be a really, really difficult endeavor for what its worth. It will be hard to get enough eyeballs/visitors on those bags to generate enough sales to make you any meaningful income (it's an incredibly small niche and almost too specific in nature). Not to deter you from the idea completely but you'll need to commit to several years of patience to really hit a home run in that field.
MoneySupermarket.com Financial Group Limited is authorised and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FRN: 303190). The registered office address of both MoneySupermarket.com Group PLC and MoneySupermarket.com Financial Group Limited (registered in England No. 3157344) is MoneySupermarket House, St. David's Park, Ewloe, Chester, CH5 3UZ. MoneySavingExpert.com Limited is an appointed representative of MoneySupermarket.com Financial Group Limited.
Working as a freelancer is a great way to make money online from the comfort of your own home. The beauty of freelancing is that you can tailor it to suit your needs. You can freelance for a couple of hours a week in the evenings to help save up for a holiday or some much needed home improvements. Or carve out a full-time job for yourself, giving you a more satisfying work-life balance and enabling you to do the simpler things in life like taking the kids to school. With so many jobs available online, freelancing is becoming more and more popular.
Focus on the surveys and offers at the top of the list. Here's a tip not many people know. CashCrate has a special algorithm that automatically selects the best surveys and offers and places them at the top of the list. There are several factors that go into determining which are the "best", including payout, approval rate, and a variety of other factors. But all you need to know is that these surveys and offers are great, so you can do them in confidence!
Build up a following on your Instagram account and you could quickly be making extra money online. Major brands, gear companies, and even startups are willing to shell out $500-$5,000+ per post to get in front of your audience. While it's getting harder and harder to build a massive Instagram audience, if you already have a solid niche and are posting quality content regularly, with a few small tweaks you can make yourself an influencer. Check out this awesome article from Shopify on how to build and grow your Instagram following to get started.
It may take time to build that audience that turns views into dollars. The average revenue per 1,000 YouTube views is just over $6. But with enough videos for fans to scroll through, those views can add up over time. While you're building an audience, you could also join an affiliate program related to your channel and make money online through affiliate links in your video descriptions.
Setting up a listing is a cinch. On Spot, you pin your parking space on the site's map, snap a picture of it, establish your availability and rate (most sites will suggest a general estimate) and provide a payment method, like direct deposit or PayPal . When your spot gets rented, the site takes a commission of around 20%. And you've fattened your wallet by barely lifting a finger.
Advertising Disclosure: TheSimpleDollar.com has an advertising relationship with some of the offers included on this page. However, the rankings and listings of our reviews, tools and all other content are based on objective analysis. The Simple Dollar does not include all card/financial services companies or all card/financial services offers available in the marketplace. For more information and a complete list of our advertising partners, please check out our full Advertising Disclosure. TheSimpleDollar.com strives to keep its information accurate and up to date. The information in our reviews could be different from what you find when visiting a financial institution, service provider or a specific product's website. All products are presented without warranty.
Setting up a listing is a cinch. On Spot, you pin your parking space on the site's map, snap a picture of it, establish your availability and rate (most sites will suggest a general estimate) and provide a payment method, like direct deposit or PayPal . When your spot gets rented, the site takes a commission of around 20%. And you've fattened your wallet by barely lifting a finger.
Most of us are guilty of hanging onto things that we never use, myself included. Take a day and go through all your old stuff and get rid of some of it! One tool that is really helpful for this is Decluttr. You can enter your items barcodes into their valuation engine and they'll give you an instant offer. Then you simply pack all your items into a box and ship them off for free.
Drop shipping is another great 'hands-off' way to sell products. Firstly you will need to find businesses that sell products in your niche that offer a drop shipping service. Then you will need to create a website promoting and selling the products. When you make a sale, you take the payment on your site and then the manufacturer ships the goods to the buyer. The profit comes from charging a higher rate than the manufacturer, and if you are selling a high number of products this can quickly add up to a healthy revenue.
Sound up your aisle? Fill out an application through the site, which pairs brides and bridesmaids based on personality and location. You could make between $200 and $2,000 per month, says Glantz, working anywhere from a few hours a month to a couple of hours a week, and you'll generally handle everything on nights and weekends. Most projects—er, weddings—require between 3 to 11 months of your time.
Then once you've got your domain name and hosting sorted out, it's time to pick a CMS, or Content Management System, that will let you update pages, build your blog and integrate with all the other services you need. It's hard to go wrong with WordPress—the CMS powering close to a quarter of the internet. Keep in mind that eventually as you start growing traffic to your blog, you'll be wise to invest in a managed WordPress hosting plan, where all of the settings are custom-tailored and optimized to work particularly well with WordPress-powered websites.
Even if you have a work at home job that more or less pays the bills, there's a lot to be said for extra cash opportunities. There are many different little "side-gigs" I've had access to over the years that have seriously come in handy for me. I've used them to help pay for Christmas, gas money, extra money for movie and a dinner out, and even just to help make ends meet week to week.
Ask for a raise. If you're unhappy with your compensation at your 9-5 job, asking for a raise is one way to beef up your bank account. Most employers offer an annual review of your work – which could be the perfect time to negotiate a higher salary or ask for better perks. If your employer doesn't offer such an opportunity, it might be time to initiate a review yourself.
Hello Philip–good list but most of the activities are so cliche and yet more creativity could be better employed here…this would make me work more hours for a little more pay and still keep me in the debt circle for so long. it would require me to worker harder so that i can make more money and yet am at the point where i want my money make more money with me getting less actively/ physically involved. Some call it 'Working Smart' unlike traditional options that have often helped many to stay afloat without helping them soar to financial growth and prosperity. Thanks though
If you hook up with a for-hire car parking service (the type hired out for fancy neighborhood parties) you can make some nice cash tips in just a few hours at night and on the weekend, when parties are held. The key here is to do a great job by showing hustle and being super friendly. This was one of the most enjoyable jobs I had during graduate school. Who doesn't like to drive nice cars?
Similar to a YouTube vlogger, if you have a large following on Instagram then you could become an Instagram Influencer. You will be paid to promote products in your photos, from wearing certain clothes to action shots of you using particular merchandise. As your Instagram following grows, you may start out simply receiving freebies in return for a picture of you with the item in shot. However, for those with followings running into millions, you can expect large payments to display products in your pictures. Use sites like Hype Factory to help connect you with companies prepared to pay for your influence.
Even if your car rarely goes unused long enough to rent it out to a visiting driver, you can still potentially "rent it out" by turning your vehicle into a rolling advertisement. The site freecarmedia.com pairs car owners with advertisers who are looking for mobile billboards. Drivers can earn up to $400 per month by agreeing to have their vehicle wrapped with a vinyl decal (called a car wrap) provided by an advertiser. Generally, your program will last anywhere from 6 to 24 months, and you get paid for following your normal driving routine.
Bing Rewards – One of the big search engines will pay you to search??? That's amazing! Bing Rewards is Bing's program that awards you points each time you search. The rate changes and right now it's 1 credit per 2 searches, up to 15 credits a day on a computer. You get 1 credit for 2 searches up to 10 credits on mobile. You can get an Amazon.com gift card for every 475 points.
Buy bottled water in bulk at Costco or Sam's Club and sell it for a dollar where there are a ton of people: parks, festivals, concerts, etc. People are crazy for bottled water and this is a little summertime gig that can bring in more money than you'd think on a hot sunny afternoon. Here's a bonus tip: give some of your proceeds to a charity you care about or that you know will resonate with people. In doing so, you're bottled water business isn't all about your profit. You're helping better our world and also provide a thirsty person some water to drink.
Whether you're looking to make some fast cash, or you're after long-term, more sustainable income-producing results, there are certainly ways you can make money online today. The truth is that making money online isn't as difficult as most make it out to seem. It does require some discipline. Sure. Without discipline, you'll find it tough to make a buck both online or offline.


text:
SleepSafe Beds Giveaway
Each quarter we will be giving away a SleepSafe® Bed! The value of this giveaway is $10,000!
Each quarter we will be giving away a SleepSafe® Bed! The value of this giveaway is $10,000!
entry periods
June 28 – 30
July 5 – 7
July 19 – 20
August 2 – 4
August 23 – 25
Sept. 13 – 15
Oct. 10 – 12
Prize(50) four Michelin tires, arv $1,000.
New entry on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday.
WorldTempus is offering 6 nights for pour 2 people at half-board in the 5-star hotel Dinarobin Beachcomber in Mauritius.
There is a limit of thirty (30) entries per Entrant for the entire Sweepstakes Period regardless of
the method of entry.
GRAND PRIZE: One (1) grand prize of a trip for four (4) to Maui, HI for Grand Prize Winner and three (3)
guests to include: i) round-trip First Class air transportation to/from major airport closest to Grand Prize
Winner's legal residence and a major airport in Maui, HI; ii) six (6) nights luxury hotel accommodations
(quad occupancy/one standard room, room and tax only) at a hotel to be determined by the Sponsor; iii)
Hertz rental for seven (7) days for the duration of the trip (must meet standard rental qualifications); iv) up
to $2,000 to be used towards any experiences, activities or excursions to be selected by the Grand Prize
Winner and approved by the Sponsor (Independent Administrator will book all experiences, activities or
excursions and if the amount of these is less than $2,000, no compensation will be awarded); v) $20,000
cash awarded in the form of a check that can be used towards the tax liability (the "Grand Prize"). Total
ARV of the Grand Prize is $43,000.
win a Polaris Sportsman® 570 EPS valued at approximately $7,799
To enter: 1) Add the free Shopbrain browser extension or mobile app
2) Post a picture or video of any price comparison or deal you find with Shopbrain and tag @addShopbrain
3) Include #WinWithShopbrain in the post and follow us
Feeling awesome about the deal you just found? Don't keep it to yourself. Share your deal with everyone for a chance to win and follow @addShopbrain on Instagram, Facebook or Twitter
Monthly winners will be announced on or around June 17, 2019, July 22, 2019, and August 31, 2019. There are five (5) chances to win per month.
Monthly Prize Details:
One (1) Winner – $1,000 USD gift card
One (1) Winner – $500 USD gift card
Three (3) Winners – $50 USD gift card
The Drawing Periods are as follows: Drawing Period #1 begins at 12:00 PM ET on 2/1/19 and ends at 11:59 ET PM on 4/30/19. Drawing Period #2 begins at 12:00 AM ET on 5/1/19 and ends at 11:59 PM ET on 7/31/19. Drawing Period #3 begins at 12:00 AM ET on 8/1/19 and ends at 11:59 PM ET on 10/31/19. Drawing Period #4: begins at 12:00 AM ET on 11/1/19 and ends at 11:59 PM ET on 1/31/20.
Limit: one (1) entry per e-mail address and/or per person per Drawing Period.
Four (4) Prizes (total) will be awarded during the Sweepstakes Entry Period. Each prize winner for Drawing Period #1, for Drawing Period #2 and for Drawing Period #3 will receive a $500 Shopping Spree to Burlington Stores. The prize winner for Drawing Period #4 will receive a $1,500 Shopping Spree to Burlington Stores. All prizes will be awarded as a BCF Gift Card(s) ("Gift Card"). Total value of all prizes: $3,000.00.


text:
Sign on ADS Classic is now deprecated. It will be completely retired in October 2019. This page will automatically redirect to the new ADS interface at that point.
SAO/NASA ADS Physics Abstract Service
- · Find Similar Abstracts (with default settings below)
- · Electronic Refereed Journal Article (HTML)
- · References in the article
- · Citations to the Article (16) (Citation History)
- · Refereed Citations to the Article
- · Also-Read Articles (Reads History)
- ·
- · Translate This Page
- · Electronic Refereed Journal Article (HTML)
Half-Life of Tritium Authors:
Novick, Aaron Affiliation:
AA(Argonne National Laboratory, Chicago, Illinois) Publication:
Physical Review, vol. 72, Issue 10, pp. 972-972 Publication Date:
11/1947 Origin:
10.1103/PhysRev.72.972.2 Bibliographic Code:
AbstractNot Available
Bibtex entry for this abstract Preferred format for this abstract (see Preferences)


text:
per day
I had a great experience will rent again from wendy thank u again
Savannah H.-Aug 12, 2019
Wendy was awesome I definitely will rent again from her
Candace I.-Aug 7, 2019
Amazing lady! Very nice and punctual. Her vehicle was clean and it had great mpg! Definitely will book with her again.
Isaiah B.-Jul 18, 2019
Wendy is a great person ❤ definitely will be renting from her again and her cars are awesome ❤
Tiejah D.-Jul 15, 2019
Wendy was so sweet and a great host. I would rent from her again.
Keyera S.-Jul 13, 2019
Add to favorites


text:
No meetups near you? Go ahead and start your own!
It's always good to find out you're going to be working from home... Unless you're a firefighter. 😂🚒👨🚒👩🚒🔥
👉 Loving the texture? It's made using my Custom "Space Noise" brushes for Procreate app.
Get the 1st chapter of my Dribbble audience building guide FOR FREE
keyboard shortcuts:
L or F like
Show and tell for designers
What are you working on? Dribbble is a community of designers sharing screenshots of their work, process, and projects.
© 2019 Dribbble. All rights reserved.
Minimum 6 characters
Uh oh… We're still waiting for our spam prevention code to load.


text:
September 2019
Box Village Show
This year there will be a separate section for children 14 and under for photography and crafts, and as last year one in the baking section for them to enter. At 3.30pm the hall will be open for residents to view all the exhibits and refreshments will be served and at 4.00pm the prize giving ceremony will take place. There will also be a bring-and-buy stall where everything will be sold for 50p and a 'guess the weight' competition.Find out more »
Dru Yoga Workshop in Box Village Hall
Dru Yoga Workshop on the power of Chakra, Mantra and Meditation in Box Village HallFind out more »
November 2019
Julie Felix plays Box Village Hall
For more information contact: firstname.lastname@example.com out more »


text:
Christmas decorations.by TanyaAkinora Dec 9, 2014
Christmas decorations. by TanyaAkinora is licensed under the Creative Commons - Attribution - Share Alike license.
Liked By View All
Give a Shout Out
If you print this Thing and display it in public proudly give attribution by printing and displaying this tag.Print Thing Tag
Thing Statistics
1878 Views
926 DownloadsFound in Decor


text:
Guaynabo, PR
United States
Tell Us Your Good Deed:
I help people with immigration!
Because it's time to stop putting human beings in boxes, and support each other despite our differences!
Any project encouraging a diversity of identities, while also being against-hate and discrimination, is one I would gladly participate in since given an opportunity!
To do more than the average and support an idea that could all come together and faces the problems that are more important.