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Aerodynamic and Geometric Optimization for the Design of Centrifugal Compressors
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Otimização de desenhos para compressores centrifugos
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Aerodynamic and geometric optimization for
the design of centr,fugal compressors
A. Per di chi zzi and M. Savi ni *
Maxi mi zi ng ef f i ci ency is the main goal in centri fugal compressor desi gn. Thus a
comput er code has been devel oped to opti mi ze geometri c and f l ui d dynami c
variables wi t h respect to several desi gn constrai nts. Comput at i ons are performed
wi t h an adi abati c one- di mensi onal approach usi ng st at e- of - t he- ar t loss and slip
correl ati ons. The opt i mi zat i on takes i nt o account mechanical stress limits. Results
wi t h di fferent loss and slip correl ati ons are compared wi t h the available
experi mental data. Changes in opt i mum effi ci ency and speci fi c speed due to
vari ati ons of mass f l ow rate and pressure ratio are also presented and di scussed
t oget her wi t h the trends of the opt i mum geometri c features.
K e y w o r d s : compressors, f l ui d dynami cs, desi gn
Centrifugal compressors are widely used in small aero-
nautic and industrial gas turbines and in turbochargers
for internal combustion engines. The main demand is to
achieve the highest possible efficiency, especially for
highly loaded machines, ie at high compression ratios.
Numerous theoretical and experimental investigations
are aimed at resolving the fluid dynamic problems and
improving the design criteria.
The great number of geometric and fluid dynamic
variables and their interactions make it hard to choose the
best values for any given project using simple design
criteria. To overcome this obstacle, the authors have
developed a computer code which uses a mathematical
optimization algorithm for maximizing efficiency.
Fl ow model
Since the results of the optimization process are strictly
dependent on the flow model accuracy, it is necessary to
take into account, even if in an approximate way, the
complex fluid dynamic phenomena, including boundary
layer growth, jet-wake formation, shock waves and
boundary layer interaction, etc, in a centrifugal compre-
ssor. One must also choose carefully the loss model,
because the available methods, by their very nature
always have an element of empiricism. Indeed, they are
based on a limited number of machines and problems may
arise when they are applied to others. To overcome this
drawback the authors tested several methods 1-5 to find
the most comprehensive for the medium-to-high com-
pression ratios.
Thermodynamic and fluid dynamic quantities are
computed in the one-dimensional approach at five sta-
tions according to the following scheme (Fig 1):
1 - rotor inlet
2 - rotor discharge
3 - vaned diffuser leading edge
4 - vaned diffuser throat
5 - vaned diffuser outlet
* Di p a r t i me n t o di Energetica, Pol i t e c ni c o di Mi l a n o , Piazza Leonar do
da Vi n c i 3 2 , Mi l a n o , I t al y
Recei ved 1 4 M a y 1 9 8 4 a n d accept ed f or p u b l i c a t i o n on 2 2 A u g u s t
1 9 8 4
R o t o r
Hub, mid-flow and tip quantities at the rotor inlet are
computed both outside and inside the blade row; trail-
ing edge thicknesses are considered and an optimum
incidence, ie minimum losses, is assumed. Station 2 is
solved evaluating dissipation in the flow field across the
entire impeller. Fluid dynamic losses may be estimated
in two alternative ways:
Northern Research met hod 2
With the one dimensional limitation, this method carries
out a detailed analysis of the flow within the impeller.
Albeit roughly, the relative velocity distributions on the
suction and pressure sides of the blade are considered. On
the basis of these distributions, the various losses are
evaluated and the jet-wake development estimated as-
suming that separation occurs if W/Wmax <0.56 and that,
beyond the separation point, diffusion ceases and W is a
constant. Thus the wake extension and the jet quantities
at the impeller exit can be determined.
Dissipative phenomena considered in evaluating
losses are:
Inducer incidence at the design point;
Skin friction along the blade channel;
Blade loading;
Mixing between jet and wake according to the
Johnston and Dean modelr;
Tip blade leakage;
Disc friction.
The method is also applicable to impellers with splitter
blade rows.
Galvas" met hod 3
This method is less detailed than the one above, not
allowing for the relative velocity distribution. In spite of
its simplicity, it takes into account the main loss factors
and gives reasonable results. Losses considered are:
Skin friction;
Blade loading;
Int. J. Heat S ~ Fluid Fl ow 0142-727X/ 85/ O10049-O8S3. 00@ 1985 Butterworth 0 Co (Publishers) Lt d 49
A. Perdichizzi and M. Savini
Fig 1 Geometric configuration of the compressor
No t a t i o n
r *
X w
Ah. t
Speed of sound
Geomet ri c area
Axial dept h
Pressure recovery coefficient
Diffuser length
Eulerian work
Blockage factor
Mass flow rate
Absolute Mach number
Relative Mach number
Rotational speed, r/s
a Mechanical stress
ax Axial
D Diffuser
h Hub
I Impeller
mf Mean flow
OV Overall
r Radial
ref Reference conditions
t Tip
tg Tangential
VL Vaneless diffuser
VD Vaned diffuser
TS Total/static
TT Total/total
0 Stagnation conditions
1 Rotor inlet
2 Rotor outlet
3 Vaned diffuser inlet
4 Diffuser throat
5 Diffuser exit
At/Be Blade loading losses
At/eL Clearance losses
At/oF Disc friction losses
Specific speed, n " V i l / 2 / A h i s 3 / 4
Diffuser throat width
Isentropic degree of reaction
Tangential velocity
Absolute velocity
Relative velocity
Normal blade thickness
Volume flow rate
~o meridional length at splitter
Number of blades
Absolute velocity angle
Relative velocity angle
Geometric blade angle At/INC Incidence losses
Clearance between impeller and shroud
External losses At/MiX Mixing losses
IsenLropic head At/sv Skin friction losses
Impeller radial extent At/VL Vaneless diffuser losses
Flow coefficient, V~/U2 At/vD Vaned diffuser losses
Pressure ratio At/Ex Kinetic energy discharge losses
Diffuser half-divergence angle Units are SI, angles are measured from the meridion
Slip factor direction
50 Vol 6, No 1, March 1985
Disc friction;
The mixing loss is included in the global loss while
the backflow l os s al s o includes the clearance leakage loss.
The slip correlations commonly quoted in the
literature and used here to compute the exit flow angle ~2
are the Wiesner formulationT:
= 1 - ( c os / ~ ) o. s
zo. 7
and the Eckert formulation s as modified by the Northern
Research to consider the relative velocity deceleration
I f / Dis -+- DII'~" ~
)) / \ \
Vanel ess di f f user
The equations of motion are solved at an appropriate
number of stations using the classical Stanitz approach
with regard to friction and heat exchange 9. The aerody-
namic blockage due to the growth of the boundary layer
along the sidewalls and the joint losses are taken into
V a n e d d i f f u s e r
The entrance region is extremely important since the flow
is unsteady, often transonic, and the viscous effects are
significant: special attention has therefore been paid to its
modelling. The diffuser performance and the pressure
recovery coefficient C~ are strongly related to the boun-
dary layer growth up to the throat since a boundary layer
that is well developed and near to separation may prevent
the diffusion process. Since it is impossible to predict
accurately the boundary layer in that region, a simplified
method proposed by Dean I allows one to estimate the
throat blockage once the pressure rise from the rotor
discharge is known. When the flow is supersonic at the
diffuser leading edge, it is assumed to become subsonic by
means of a normal shock wave: this makes it possible in
the one-dimensional representation to take into account
the shock wave-boundary layer interaction, in as much as
the shock pressure rise leads to a higher blockage. This is
substantially confirmed by Kenny' s results 1 o.
It is assumed that only straight channel diffusers
are used as this work refers mainly to high pressure ratio
machines. The design criteria and the performance eva-
luation are derived from Dean and Runstadler' s Diffuser
Data Book ~1, assuming as independent variables the
throat Mach number M~,, the blockage factor Kh, and the
aspect ratio bU04.
Each set of these parameters is joined to the
optimum geometry (A 5/A4, e) suggested by the maps given
by Dean and Runstadler. The optimum is determined by
the highest Cpv d and the smallest area ratio able to warrant
stable operating conditions, that is far enough away from
the region of unsteady stall. In this way a certain range for
the off-design performance is ensured. The positive in-
fluence of the inlet swirl, compared with the uniform test
conditions, is treated in the manner suggested by Stevens
and Williams12. Once the diffuser geometry is defined, it is
possible to evaluate the diffuser performance by means of
two other methods:
O p t i mi z a t i o n of c e n t r i f u g a l c o mp r e s s o r s
Northern Research method:
This divides the diffuser into two zones, before and after
the throat. The losses in the first part depend substantially
on the Mach number and rise, causing the latter to
approach unity; the other losses are due to throat Mach
number, blockage and area ratio.
Galvas' method:
This uses Dean and Runstandler' s data in a simplified
mode, for instance without accounting for the aspect ratio
and for the divergence angle e.
O p t i m i z a t i o n s t r a t e g y
Sol v i ng t he o p t i mi z a t i o n p r o b l e m r eq ui r es:
Design specifications, namely mass flow rate, pressure
ratio, thermodynamic properties of the working fluid and
inlet conditions.
Project variables; eleven independent variables (Table 1)
allow one to fix the machine geometry and to compute the
efficiency. Blade thicknesses and the clearance gap are
determined as functions of the rotor outlet diameter, with
respect to technological limits.
Target function; the function to be optimized is the overall
compressor efficiency. In some cases it may be useful to
optimize the total-to-static efficiency; in others the static-
to-static efficiency is optimised. The kinetic energy re-
covery factor DE is introduced therefore to cover both
Ahi~ + OEV212
r/ -
L~u + Ah~xt
where Leu is the Eulerian work and Ahex t is the ' external'
Constraints; several geometric and fluid dynamic con-
straints limit the search field. These constraints must be
observed if physically meaningful and/or practically fea-
sible solution are to be found. In addition, mechanical
stress limitations within the rotor must be considered; the
critical regions are: the blade root at the outer diameter
owing to the bending stress; the blade root at about half
the radial extent owing to the sum of the bending and
centrifugal tensile stresses; and the bore because of
centrifugal force.
The stresses at these points are evaluated on the
basis of Osborne' s simplified criteria 1 s aild are compared
T a b l e 1 V a r i a b l e s a n d d e s i g n s p e c i f i c a t i o n s
Optimization variab/es
Ol t, 01h, 02 , fl~, b2 , Zl, AJAr, D31D2, b31b2, ZD, Xsp
Depent variables
& = max ( 0. 3 mm, or 02 / 400 )
tnlmin=max ( 0. 2 mm, or 02 / 500 )
t.2 rnin=max ( 0.6 mm, or D2 / 2 00 )
tndt.h = 0. 3 3
Design data
- Fl ui d t her modynami c propert i es
- I nl et c ondi t i ons
- Pressure rat i o
- M a w w f l o w rat e
- Wheel al l oy
I nt . J. Heat ~t Fl ui d F l o w 51
A. Per di c hi z z i and M. Sav i ni
with the yield stress which depends upon the temperature
level and the alloy used. All these constraints are shown in
Table 2.
Mathematical optimization; the numerical procedure used
is able to optimize a function with up to 30 variables and
90 constraints (40 linear in the independent variables and
50 non-linear).
The search requires numerous attempts (about
4000) with different sets of variables; each one performs a
full design and performance evaluation of the compressor.
The time taken to solve a sample case is about 300 seconds
of CPU on a UNIVAC 1100/80 computer.
R e s u l t s
The reliability of the loss correlations was checked for
various compressors by comparing predicted perfor-
mances for the actual geometries with the experimental
data. Table 3 is an example of these comparisons for two
machines, one built by Franco Tosi SpA and the other by
Nuovo Pignone SpA, for which detailed measurements
were available.
The Nort hern Research method, coupled with the
T a b l e 2 C o n s t r a i n t s o n o p t i m i z a t i o n
1. Geometric 2. Fluid dynamics
2 0* < ]~lt < 700 Mw l t < 1.4 0 < Cpvt < 0.4
0 . 4 < D1 t / D2 < 0 . 7 Mwlm< 0.9 wake< 0.8
0 . 3 < Ol h / Ol t < 0 . 7 Wmi nl > 0 Kbax < 0.5
0 . 0 3 m <D2 <2 m W2/Wlt>0.25
0 <f l 2 <60 * 2 <4 ( ~2 <76 )
0.01 < b2/D 2 <0. 4
8 <Z l <6 0
0.8 < O2/ O r < 1.2 3. Me c h a n i c a l stress
0.4 <X s p < 0.6 aA < imA
1.05 < D3/D 2 < 1.2 a B < O'limB
0.8 < b3/ b 2 < 1.2 ac < alir. c
0.2 < b4/O 4 < 7.0
4 r a m<0 4
5 <7 <3 0 (Fi g. 1)
Ds/D2 < 2 .0
Dean and Runstadler met hod for the diffuser, gives the
most accurate results. The overall efficiency, the loss
distributions and the specific speed are close to those of
the real machines, and is confirmed by the results of the
optimizations, an example of which is presented in Table
4. Nevertheless, the geometry turns out to be dissimilar
because the optimum solution involves larger blade
heights which generate lower deceleration ratios W2/W1,
and flow coefficients ~b. In the actual compressor a smaller
ratio b2/D 2 is adopted to get a lower 2= V t t / V r , thus
ensuring a wider off-design range at low flow rates.
The optimization results show that, even if the
opt i mum efficiency and specific speed are nearly the same,
the fluid dynamic and geometric configuration tends to
correspond to the loss model trying to cut down the most
critical losses:
the Galvas met hod leads to too low efficiencies, as in
Table 3, because the rot or is over-penalized. Thus the
best solution is characterized by lower N~ and r* and by
a more radial fl~;
the full Nort hern Research method over-estimates the
vaned diffuser losses and the optimization tends to
overload the impeller adopting larger D 2 and fl~.
Table 5 shows the influence of the slip correlation on the
It is important to note that although Wiesner' s
correlation gives a higher slip factor, the solution is similar
in terms of efficiency and fluid dynamic quantities. The
difference in the blade angle makes up for the slip
formulation so as to obtain an identical flow angle. Hence
one can say that the results are not seriously affected by
the type of correlation used. It seemed more advisable to
employ Eckert' s correlation because it takes into account
the deceleration ratio W2/WIt and this may become
important at high pressure ratios.
To test the importance of the impeller material, a
comparison was made between two optimizations for the
same design conditions (n = 5, rh = 2.45 Kg/s). In the first
case an aluminium alloy was used while titanium was used
in the second (Table 6). The first case gave lower efficiency
because blade backward leaning is limited (17 versus 40 )
T a b l e 3 C o m p a r i s o n o f r e s u l t s
~/TS A~I AF/V L AF]VD Ns q~
Galvas 79.4 6.3 2 . 2 5 6.4 0. 12 4 0. 712
NR+ DRt" 82 . 3 6.3 2 . 2 2 6.0 0. 12 2 0.71
Real 84. 0 4.8 1.71 6.1 0.12 1 0. 7t
F. TSOI compressor = = 2 . 4 r h= 1. 95 Kg/ s N= 2 8000 r / mi n
f l ~= 2 5 D2 = 0. 2 57 m Z~=16
v= 4 b4/04=0.99 ZD= 2 5
Galvas 80. 4 6. 17 1. 84 5.8
Real 82 . 5 - - -
N. Pi gnone compressor r t = 2 . 45 r h= 4. 3 Kg/ s N= 2 0000 r / mi n
fl~ = 5 0 02 = 0. 3 85 m Z= = 16
~= 4 b4/04=0.716 ZD= 15
0. 3 0
0. 2 7
0. 42
0. 12 4 0. 673 0. 194
0. 12 6 0,674 0. 193
0. 12 3 0. 67 0. 2 0
0. 12 3 0. 67 0. 2 0
* Northern Research met hod
t Northern Research coupl ed wi t h Dean and Runstadler's met hod f or the di ffusor
52 Vol 6, No 1, Ma r c h 1985
Opt i mi zat i on of cent ri f ugal compressors
T a b l e 4 O p t i m i z a t i o n r e s u l t s ~ = 2 . 4 , m = 1 . 9 5 k g / s
r / T s Ar / i A~ / v L Ar / v D N s ~ ~p r * f l ~ b 2 / D 2
Galvas 80.6 5.8 1.1 5.2 0.111 0.76 0.2 2 0.64 2 6 0.057
Real 84.0 4.8 1.71 6.1 0.12 1 0.71 0.42 0.58 2 5 0.044
T a b l e 5 E f f e c t o f s l i p c o r r e l a t i o n o n o p t i m i z a t i o n
correlation / l r/rs Ns ~b ~b W 2 / W l t f 1 2 f12
Wiesner 0.867 0.834 0.12 0 0.2 2 0.71 0.58 53.4 40
Eckert 0.842 0.833 0.118 0.2 0 0.73 0.53 53.5 34
Ta b l e 6 I mp e l l e r m a t e r i a l c o m p a r i s o n n = 5, m= 2 . 4 5 k g / s
alloy tiT s Ns (~ VJ r* B ~ U 2 W2 / Wl t Mwlt Mv2
Aluminium 0. 801 0.097 0.2 2 0.86 0.61 17 502 0.41 0.92 1.1
Titanium 0.82 7 0.109 0.2 0 0.73 0.67 40 535 0.53 0.99 0.99
0. 86
0. 84 ~ ~- = 2 . 5
i "
. .
~ 0.7a i / r,,f = 293K
~" ~ef = 1.0.13 x 10 5 PCl
0. 76
! - Exper i ment al dat a
7r 2 . 5
~,~F~.~A" r r 5
, e T / B
0. 72 ~-
Fig 2
I I I / I I i i I I I I [ I I I
,,h TV'T-~rr e t
Pl~ef , k(:J/s
Total-to-static efficiency versus ma'ss flow rate and
pressure ratio
to avoid exceeding the yield stress at the blade root. Thus
the rotational speed and the degree of reaction are lower,
decreasing the efficiency.
F l o w r a t e a n d p r e s s u r e r a t i o v a r i a t i o n
These results refer to air compressors and assume a
titanium alloy to be used since it allows better
Fig 2 shows efficiency versus mass flow rate and
pressure ratio. Note that the performance of actual
compressors n are in good agreement with the results,
supporting the flow model and loss formulation accuracy.
The decreased efficiency at lower flow rates is due
0. 07
0 . 0 6 -
005 -- A .,./E x
0.0~ -
m T V~ f , k g / s
Fig 3 Losses at different flow rates (n= 5)
to the size reduction; in fact as one can see in Fig 3, which
shows the trend of the losses, the effect of the leakage rises
sharply since the tip gap has a lower limit of &~in = 0.2 mm,
which is fixed by technological considerations. The fric-
tional losses through the machine also rise because of
lower Reynolds numbers and higher relative roughness.
This is not noticeable in the vaned diffuser since the trend
is counterbalanced by a lower aerodynamic loading. In
fact, at lower flow rates the geometric limitations on O4mi,
and (Ds/D2)mx tend to transfer part of the loading from
the vaned diffuser to the vaneless diffuser by increasing
The optimum specific speed (Fig 4) at equal
pressure ratio is almost constant, with respect of the
similarity rules, over a wide range of mass flow rates.
The curves of the geometric ratios Dlt/D 2 and
Int. J. Heat 8- Fluid Fl ow 53
A . P e r d i c h i z z i a n d M . S a v i n i
0 1 4 0
O.llO 1 -
0 . 5
Fig 4
Tr~f = 2 93*K
P,~f = 1013 x i 0 a Po
v = 2 , 5
l 2 0
l i 0
~-- _
,oo ~ "
th T ~ r o f
P l Pre f
5 490
8 8 0
J - - . ~ . I i i ]
- - , k g / s
Optimum specific speed at different fl ow rates and
pressure ratios
0. 091
- - b 2 / D 2
o . o 8 ~ _ 0 . o 7 ~' ~ ~r/P2
~ o.o6,
~r = 2 , 5
003 - - I I I I I i [ i ! [ ~ 0.5
0.I 0.5 i O 5.0 I 00
- - , k @ / s
P / Pref
o 6 " ~
F ig 5 Non-dimensional geometric features of the impeller
(Dl JD2, b2/D2)
7 0
oo / 3
b?5o~ ~ E "
40 \ \ ... ~ - - / - 3~ ~-' - 5
o, o.5 I o 5.0 ,o.o
rh ~ r ~ 1 , kg/ s
P/ Pr ef
F ig 6 Kinematic (,82) and geometric ([3'2) angles at the
rotor discharge
b2/D 2 substantially confir m the above statement (Fig 5).
At small fl ow r ates N~ tends to r ise because the
number of blades decr eases with the size (Fig 8) and the
blade loading loss incr eases: thus the optimum solution
moves towar d higher f12 (Fig 6) and r * (Fig 7) with an
appr eciable incr ease in the r otational speed.
The specific speed changes inver sely with the
pr essur e r atio for str ess r easons; in fact ther e ar e two ways
to limit the blade r oot bending str ess: decr ease blade
height b2, incr easing D2 and r educing the r otating speed;
or making the blade exit angle mor e r adial (smaller fl~) to
r educe the tangential velocity. The for mer solution is
mor e advisable as the incr ease in clear ance losses is less
than the blade loading and mixing losses due to the
gr eater extension of the wake in the latter case.
Fi g 6 shows geometr ic and kinematic angles at the
r otor dischar ge: note that the optimum flow angle
r emains near ly constant, at 500- 55 , although the blade
angle var ies with the pr essur e r atio. It fol l ows that the slip
factor incr eases with r t: in fact highly loaded machines
need a gr eater number of blades in or der to r educe the
aer odynamic loading.
Fig 7 shows that the pr essur e r atio does not
influence the degr ee of r eaction r * and the deceler ation
r atio W2/W~t, except at small flow r ates. For mass flow
r ates gr eater than 0.5 Kg/s the optimum degr ee of r eaction
is always 0.67 and the deceler ation r atio is slightly l ower
than the value r efer r ed to as thr eshold of separ ation,
W2/ W~ t = 0. 56.
Mach number s gr aphs (Fig 9) show that at l ow
Mv~ is gr eater than Mwlt, but, at high pr essur e r atio, this
tr end is r ever sed. In fact keeping l ow M~, helps r educe the
r ise of the thr oat blockage Kb,, a major factor in diffuser
per for mances. Fr om Fig 10 it is possible to assess the
optimum shape of the vaned diffuser . As the pr essur e r atio
0. 70 ~ - - ~ - ~ * r r = 2 . 5
0.6 5 ~
= 0. 60
/ S e p o r o t i o n l i m i t
i w~/w,,
I _ L _ t I L t J
,-h r ~ , t f . kg/ s
P / ~ . f
F ig 7 I sentropic degree of reaction and rotor deceleration
ratio (W2/Wlt)
30 !
F ig 8
: b z ~
2 5 - -
i j /
J , . ~ - t t
, / " ~ ~
5 I I I [ I I ] I L L _ _ I I I I t L I
Of 0. 5 1.0 5. 0 I 0 0
TV"T77~ f , k q / s
Optimum numbers of impeller blades and diffuser
5 4 V o l 6 , N o 1 , M a r c h 1 9 8 5
1.2 f M W t T "~ --'*"
0 . 8 ~ ~ .
0.7 ~ "
u ~ 2 . . . . .
vr =8
Fig 9
0.5 1.0
rh TV' T' ~mf, kg/ s
Mach numbers ( Mwl t , My2 )
goes up, the wor seni ng thr oat condi ti ons (Kb, and Mv4)
r educe the pr essur e r ecover y Cpv d and the ar ea r atio As~A4
that the diffuser can sustain. The decr ease in the aspect
r atio b J 04 for small fl ow r ates implies a gr eater diver -
gence angle.
C l o s i n g r e m a r k s
The analysis of the r esults compar ed with 'state- of- the- ar t'
per for mance and with the exper imental data of actual
centr ifugal compr essor s confir ms that the opti mi zati on
method pr esented in this paper is able to pr ovide
tr ustwor thy pr edictions.
The i nvesti gati on at differ ent flow r ates and
pr essur e r atios showed how small machines suffer the major
penalty of di mensi onal effects, for exampl e clear ances,
thicknesses, Reynol ds number s, and how consequentl y
the opti mum specific speed becomes gr eater . At the higher
pr essur e r atios the over all efficiency decr eases mor e
shar ply since Ns cannot incr ease because of mechanical
str ess limitations. The diagr ams pr esented may be helpful
in the design of centr ifugal compr essor s since they suppl y
the best N, and geometr i c featur es to obtai n the highest
possi bl e level of efficiency.
A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s
The author s wish to thank Fr anco Tosi SpA for placing
l oss cor r elations and exper imental measur ements at their
di sposal , and Nuo vo Pi gnone SpA for pr ovi di ng data of
their compr essor .
R e f e r e n c e s
1 De a n R. C. The fluid dynamic design of advanced centrifugal
compressors. T N 153, 1972, Creare Inc., Hanover, USA
2 An engineering research program for centrifugal compressors:
revised prediction procedures. Northern Research N. 1143-38,
Dec 1971
3 Galvas M.R. Fortran program for predicting off-design perfor-
mance of centrifugal compressors. NASA TN 07487, Nov 1973
4 Balje O.E. Loss and flow path studies on centrifugal compressors.
AS ME paper 70-GT-12, 1970
5 M~hi mo T., Watanabe I. and Ar i ga I. Effect of Reynolds
numbers on performance characteristics of a centrifugal compre-
O pt i mi zat i on of cent r i f ugal compr essor s
,,: 2 . 4
7 r = 2 . 5
i . B 4 r I I I i I I I I
1 . 6
1 , 5
1 . 3
o6 F-
o . 5 I
3 -
vr = 2 . 5
7r= 8.0
2 . 5
I [ I I J I I l l I
T~' ~' ref, kg/ s
P / Pref
Fig 10 Geometric features of the diffuser (a) Area ratio
As/A4; (b) Aspect ratio b4/04; and (c) Divergence half-
angle of the channel e
ssor, with special reference to configurations of impellers. J. Eng.
f or Power, July 1975
6 Johnston J.P. and Dean R.C. Losses in vaneless diffusers of
centrifugal compressors and pumps. J. Eng. f or Power, 88, (1)
7 Wei s a er F.J. A review of slip factors of centrifugal impellers. J.
Eng. f or Power, 89, 1967
8 Eekert, B. and Sehnell E. Axial und radial kompressoren, Springer
Verlag Berlin, 1961
9 Stanitz J.D. One-dimensional compressible flow in vaneless
diffusers of radial and mixed-flow centrifugal compressors,
including effects of friction, heat transfer and area change. NACA
10 Kenny D. P. Supersonic radial diffusers. AGARD Lecture notes
39, Advanced compressors, Von Karman Institute, Brussels, 1 ~
June 1970
11 Runstadler P., Dolan F. and Dean R. Diffuser data book. TN 186
Create Inc., May 1975
12 Stevens S. J. and Wi l l i a ms G. J. The influence of inlet conditions
on the performance of annular diffusers. J. Fluid Eng. 102, Sept
13 Osborne C. Preliminary structural considerations in centrifugal
compressors. Lecture notes on Advanced Concepts in Centrifugal
Compressors Design and Performance, Paris, 16-20 May 1983
1 4 Buzzi Ferraris M. Subroutine OPTNOE CI LEA TN, Milan, 1976
15 Cnevis R. W. and Varley R. J. Centrifugal compressors for small
aero- and automotive gas turbine engines. AGARD CP 282
Centrifugal Compressors: Flow Phenomena and Performance,
Brussels, ~ 9 May 1980
Int. J. Heat 8 Fl ui d Fl ow 55
A. Perdichizzi and M. Savini
Vavra M. H. Basic elements for advanced design of radial flow
compressors. AGARD Lecture notes 39 Advanced Compressors,
Von Karman Institute, Brussels, 1-4 June 1970
Bammer t K., Rautember g M. and Wittekindt W. Matching of
turbocomponents described by the example of impeller and
diffuser in a centrifugal compressor. J. Eng. f or Power, 1 02, Jul y
Mashi mo T. et a l . On the performance prediction of a centrifugal
compressor scaled up. A S ME paper 82-GT-112, 1982
19 J a p i k s e D. Design optimization and performance map prediction
for centrifugal compressors and radial inflow turbines. AGARD
L.S.83, June 1976
20 Dean R. C. The fluid dynamic design of advanced centrifugal
compressors. Lecture notes 50, Advanced Radial Compressors.
Fon Karman Institute, Brussels, May 1975
21 Jansen W. Steady fluid flow in a radial vaneless diffuser. A S ME
paper 63-WA-12, 1963
22 dapikse D. Life evaluation of advanced turbomachinery. LS. on
turbine blade cooling, Von Karman Institute, Jan. 1976
Fluidized Bed Combustion
and Applied Technology
Ed. R. G. Schwieger
This book contains 36 papers presented at the First
International Fluidized Bed Combustion (FBC)
Symposium held in Beijing, People' s Republic of China
(PRC) in August 1983. It has about 600 pages and more
than 400 tables, charts, diagrams and photographs are
supplied on the topics covered. Most of the papers are
from PRC and USA. However, samples of work
accomplished in 9 countries (Belgium, Canada,
Denmark, UK, France, West Germany, Japan,
Netherlands and Sweden) by industry, government
research institutions and universities are also included.
The book is divided into five sections: overview,
theory, design and development, environmental
considerations, and operating data. Important aspects of
fluidized bed combustion are touched upon in these
sections. Some of the topics included are: a review of the
state-of-the-art, combustion phenomena, heat transfer,
modelling, pollution control and erosion of tubes in the
bed. Atmospheric and pressurised fluidized bed
combustion are discussed. Operations with low quality
fuels such as oil shale, process char, extremely poor grades
of coal and regular coal are described.
One of the attractive features of the book is that it
contains extensive information on the experience of PRC
in the area of fluidized bed combustion. Fluidized bed
combustors and boilers have been used in PRC for the last
20 years to produce industrial steam and electricity. These
units are locally built and run by average factory workers
after a short training period. The experimental data and
information on this experience should be valuable to
industries manufacturing small combustors burning coal
or other solid fuels, as well as to industries who are
considering installing fluidized bed combustors in their
facilities. There are also large amounts of data obtained
from small and large units operating in other countries
participating in the symposium. Empirical relations
important for design purposes are given.
The book is an important source of information
and a good reference for industry using or manufacturing
combustors, and for researchers working in this or related
areas in universities and government research
S. Yavuzkurt
Depart ment of Mechani cal Engineering,
The Pennsylvania State University,
Published, price $95.00, by Hemisphere Publishing Corporation,
B erkeley B ui l di ng, 19W 44th Street, NY 10036, USA
Books recei ved
Computational Fluid Mechanics and Heat Transfer,
D. A. Anderson, J. C. Tannehill and R. H. Pletcher, $39.95,
pp 599, Hemisphere
Perturbation Methods in Heat Transfer, A. Azi z and T. E
Na, $37.50, pp 199, Hemisphere/Springer-Verlag
Steam tables (in SI-units) Wasserdampftafeln, eds
U. Grigull, J. Straub and P. Schiebener, pp 94, DM 26,
Contains tables and diagrams concerni ng the properties of
water and steam f or use by students and research and i ndustri a/
engineers to solve probl ems i n power and chemi cal
engineering. Thermodynamic properties have been cal cul ated
accordi ng to the f ormul at i on by Hear, Gallagher and Ke//,
adopt ed i n 1983 by the "Internati onal Associ ati on f or the
Properties of Steam'.
Steam tables, eds L. Haar, J. S. Gallagher and G. S. Kell,
$34.50 (cloth), $14.95 (paper), pp 320, Hemisphere
Heat Exchanger Design Handbook, supplement 1, eds
E. U. Schlunder, K. J . Bell, D. Chisholm, V. Gnielinski,
G. F. Hewi t t , E. A. D. Saunders, F. W. Sehmidt, D. B.
Spalding, J. Taborek and A. Zukauskas, pp 134, $115.00,
Hemisphere/Springer- Verlag
Suppl ement 1 adds new t echni cal data to the core handbook
and includes." rules, practices and conversion charts;
regeneration and thermal energy storage; waste heat boi l er
systems; f oul i ng i n heat exchangers; and properties of l i qui d
heavy water.
Inclusion of a t i t l e in thi s section does not necessarily preclude
subsequent review.
56 Vol 6, No 1, March 1985
Minat Terkait
Dinamika Fluida
Mekanika Fluida
Dinamika (Mekanika)
Teknologi Energi
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text:
We manage the Government's investment in health research. Our vision is to improve the health and quality of life of all New Zealanders.
Funding Opportunities
The HRC allocates funding through an annual funding round for researcher initiated projects, Requests for Proposals, and a range of career development awards.
About Us
We invest in a broad range of research on issues important to New Zealand, and support the development of health research careers. Our mission is 'benefiting New Zealand through health research'.
News and Publications
We produce a wide range of publications and documents, which provide information about funding opportunities, research outcomes and HRC-related news.
Ethics and Regulatory
We help ensure all research involving human participants is based on good science, meets ethical standards and complies with best practice.
Contact Us
If you have any questions about the HRC or would like to know more about how our funding process works, please drop us a line.
Use of meta-analysis for causal inference in health research | Wellington
18 September 2019
Massey University | Wellington campus (Room 4D08, level D, Block 3)
Workshop: Use of meta-analysis for causal inference in health research
Presented by Professor Allan Smith, School of Public Health, University of Berkeley, California
Meta-analysis has become a major tool in medical and public health research. We can rarely make a causal conclusion from just one study, so we need ways to assess causal evidence integrating evidence from several or many studies. Meta-analysis can help us do this.
This workshop will examine the critical role that meta-analysis can play in causal inference from health studies. Participants will have a hands-on experience in conducting and interpreting a meta-analysis using Excel spreadsheets and data from a set of epidemiological studies.
To register or for further information, contact Barry Borman or Mathu Shanthakumar.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Kids Describe Their Parents to an Illustrator | Kids Describe | HiHo Kids
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- Published on: Wednesday, June 28, 2017
- Sponsor this series: http://bit.ly/2zNbqjwCome play with us!Sign up at http://bitly.com/hihofans to get updates on HiHo, special offers, and exclusive behind-the-scenes content with your favorite kids.SUBSCRIBE to HiHo Kids:››http://bit.ly/HiHoYouTubeDon't forget to subscribe and follow us!Facebook- http://www.facebook.com/hihokidsYouTube- http://www.youtube.com/hihokidsGet HiHo swag here: http://bit.ly/BuyCutAbout HiHo Kids:Every kid – including the one inside each of us – needs imagination and curiosity about the world. HiHo promotes empathy through play.Send HiHo kids things to unbox: PO Box 19604, Seattle WA 98109Stay updated by signing up to our email list @ bit.ly/ytJoinTheFamily For licensing inquiries: http://cut.com/licensingWant to work with us? http://cut.com/hiringWant to be in a video? http://cut.com/castingWant to sponsor a video? http://cut.com/sponsorshipsLove HiHo? Fill out this form for exclusive updates: http://cut.com/fanformMore about this video:What do your parents look like?Follow Koji the Illustrator on IG:https://cut.com/kojiKids Describe Their Parents to an Illustrator | Kids Describe | HiHo Kidshttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WP3vy...HiHo Kidshttps://youtube.com/hihokids
- Source: https://youtu.be/WP3vyZDxOz4
HiHo Kids11 months ago +435
Check out more Kids Describe featuring Koji and the #HiHoKids: http://bit.ly/HiHoFutureCars
Alexandra the Great4 months ago +7339
I wish there were a comparison at the end
ItzJocelyn5 months ago +6473
I think this should be called *kids expose their parents*
imagine2C3 months ago +5374
"I call her mom because she raised me"...exactly 💕
#coolnerd subscribe3 months ago +2364
The illustrator has a really charming conversation skill
cece howard11 months ago +4455
She's a flight attendant it's very boring she only gets to fly around the world...
iM oUtY4 months ago +2418
Bruh the kid at 1:29
artist: should I draw her smiling or....
kid:draw her smoking a cigarette !!
😂 lol
Tia D4 months ago +2250
disappointed as hell.. i really wanted to see the parents reactions
Damien Garbutt1 months ago +785
"Do you know how long they've known each other?" "Since they've been married." "Do you know how long they've been married?" "Since they got married." 🤣🤣
Marie-Lynn Issa2 years ago +7000
The kid who made his dad a bear.
ανγιε καμa years ago +2516
Clara: She's a Lawyer who tries to help bad guys in jail... 🤣😂
And where did the Model meet the Bear 🐻???
Russ Richardson6 months ago +1612
Somebody marry Koji, he's so good with kids ❤
Dew Sparkles3 months ago +676
0:39 "Can I draw my mom, dad and my GRANDMA??"
Love that kid's excitement !!
Plavyed3 months ago +890
Why is nobody talking about the fact that the Asian kid said that his dad was 42 feet??
Shark Gamer5 months ago +678
An artist: describe your mom
My future child: draw a piece of chicken
XxAlixsonxX3 months ago +497
Is no one gonna talk about how amazing he is at drawing??
Emiliaa years ago +407
I want to know how the parents really look like!
kay m5 months ago +728
"you wanna do your mom or your dad?"
Kid: Dad! Draw a bear!
mucholoco2 years ago +9423
"How long have they been married?"
"Since they got married"
Cheeky Clara XD
ASHWINI REDDY1 months ago +159
I really was waiting for the comparison part and it was not even there.


text:
Why Frontal Air Bags is Necessary?
There are several ways in which public health authorities, car companies and lawmakers have attempted to decrease fatalities and accidents from motor vehicles. Lawmakers, for instance, have enacted legislation in many countries intended to reduce behavioral issues, such as distracted driving and drunk driving, which increase the likelihood of a lethal accident exponentially. In such cases, opting for an accident attorney in OKC can also become difficult.
Improved vehicle safety technology is another way to tackle the issue, and car companies have come a long way in making cars easier to ride. Most normal characteristics in contemporary automobiles include blind spot monitoring and other driver aid techniques that avoid prevalent causes of road accidents.
How Frontal Airbags Can Cause Injuries
One could argue that no technology was more important in reducing the number of road deaths as frontal airbags. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) decides that frontal airbags save nearly more than 3000 lives each year. In 1989, frontal airbags became normal equipment in all cars.
Unfortunately, no technology is ideal, and frontal airbags have been scrutinized to cause injury and even death. The Takata airbag recall is currently one of the country's biggest safety recalls, affecting more than 40 million cars worldwide. A safety deficiency in the airbag inflator led airbags to explode, leading in 16 fatalities and hundreds of injuries.
A frontal airbag is intended to avoid collision contact with a steering wheel, dashboard, or windshield. To accomplish this, it must explode in less than a second out of its accommodation. And the fabric is not precisely pillow-like. However, most will agree that it is better to contact an airbag than to slam into a steel panel or glass windshield.
Over the years, airbag technology has advanced, but accidents do happen. The most frequently impacted are kids and the elderly as they lack the power to resist the frontal airbag's original force. Not wearing a seatbelt or standing too close to the steering wheel also raises the danger of injury. Of the many kinds of injuries triggered, facial injuries are some of the most common one with the deployment of frontal airbags.
It can be said that you can never avoid the risk of accidents even after you deploy frontal airbags. Therefore, getting in touch with an accident attorney in OKC at The West Law Firm is a wise decision for you.
** Disclaimer: The above article does not imply a relationship between attorney and client, nor is it legal advice.


text:
Traditional family businesses are mostly not as shiny as start-ups. They stand for stability, long-term strategy and a sense of responsibility towards stakeholder interests, including employees, customers, shareholders and local communities, and they do rarely aim for spectacular growth relying on debt financing. They are also commonly deeply rooted in their regional base rather than located in large urban and global startup ecosystems with high media attention.
However, they account for an important part of European private employment – on average 40-50% of all jobs (Source European Family Business). 'Family firms are crucially important for Europe. They make a significant contribution to Europe's GNP and employment, and tend to be great innovators, with a longer-term vision. They also tend to be firmly rooted in their regional and national culture, displaying the sort of European values that we all share' (Jose Manuel Barroso, former President of the European Commission).
Among the challenges faced by family businesses, the 'importance of preparing business transfers early' (Source European Commission) takes a larger importance than for other businesses. This is what the Interreg Europe project STOB regions - Succession and Transfer of Business in Regions addresses, as well as more generally the transfer of existing businesses.
Beyond working on improving the policies for succession and transfer of businesses in the nine partner regions, the STOB regions partners have made a significant effort to collect, organise and disseminate the knowledge gained in the project. They have launched therefore the Successionwiki, a platform for general information about succession/business transfer directly accessible from the project website. The main goal of Successionwiki is to 'create a tool for an easy accessibility of knowledge [on business transfer] as well as the transportation and transparency of this knowledge' (source STOB regions).
It expects to cover, once fully implemented, the following aspects of succession and business transfer:
- Sensibilisation and awareness raising of business transfer / psychology of company succession
- Family businesses: definitions
- Advisory services for the whole transfer process
- Measuring, rating and maintaining value of companies in the transfer process
- Different target groups of potential buyers (buyers from universities / employee buyout / migrant buyers / female buyers / buyers from other countries)
- Matchmaking between buyers and owners
- Business transfer in rural areas
- Financing / financial instruments to support transfer of business
- Innovation and transfer of knowledge
A solid knowledge base
The Successionwiki builds on a similar tool previously developed by the Berlin School of Economics and Law, an advisory partner in the STOB regions project. The original German succession-wiki (content only in German) is a comprehensive digital online reference guidebook addressing four main topics:
- Transfer of a company (handing over as a senior)
- Internal succession (within a family or a family network)
- External succession (buyers, employees)
- General aspects concerning people who seek information (e.g. advisors, students, policy-makers)
It also contains about 400 articles written by selected co-authors and validated through a strong quality control process.
Beyond providing extensive knowledge on a complex topic, the German succession-wiki has a strong practical approach and contains free templates for check-lists, calculation-sheets, emergency-planning-tools and links to qualified and experienced advisory partners.
The combination of the three success factors - quality, neutrality and strong practical relevance – has made the tool a success: the wiki registers around 1.000 unique visits per week and has been referenced over 500 times on websites, publications and articles. It also provides a wide knowledge base for the new Successionwiki launched in the STOB regions project.
An innovative approach to knowledge co-creation
The wiki approach from the STOB regions project has the potential to foster the emergence of a strong knowledge base with significant practical relevance for the topic of business succession, including data on actual transfers, reaching way beyond the boundaries of the project. The quality and sustainability of the tool is currently ensured by Berlin School of Economics and Law, the scientific partner in charge of its implementation. This approach is certainly replicable to other policy domains and might contribute to leverage the outcomes of other projects.
Further information is to be found here:
Related news
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FEMINA attended Arendalsuka in Norway- A week where actors in politics, society- and business meet to debate and develop the policy for today and the future.
Startup challenge !
On 14 and 15 May, 2019 - in Katowice, Poland - the huge event for startuppers will take place. I write here about European Startup Days.
InnoBridge-Study Visit in Małopolska, Kraków Region
The Kraków Technology Park – the most complete one-stop-shop for business operating in Poland and one of the best places in Małopolska to start your business.
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Innova-FI 4th Exchange of Experience focusing on 'Guarantee-type instruments' will be hosted by IVACE!
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Interregional action plan workshop
The partners will assemble for the final time during phase I in Palma de Mallorca during a one-day workshop for the development and peer review of each regions'...


text:
More in Tux Machines
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Security: Defcon, Carbon Black, Open-Source Cyber Fusion Centre, Open Source Security Podcast and Avaya
KDE: Usability & Productivity, CryFS/Plasma Vault, Krita 4.2.5
HealthyPi v4 open source, wireless, wearable for human vital signs monitoring
A new piece of hardware will soon be launching via the Crowd Supply website called HealthyPi v4, offering a fourth-generation built on the technology and feedback from previous versions. The open source, wireless, wearable has been specifically designed to monitor human vital signs and is powered by an ESP32. Also: EEZ Bench Box 3 open source modular test chassis
Open Hardware and Devices


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Login/Create Account
Check Out the new Remax App
Ask About This Home
Investor special! Home has been under renovation and needs interior completion. New roof electrical, some plumbing and HVAC have been done along with house wrap have been done.
*This option is for a conforming mortgage. For amounts exceeding $484,350, you may need a jumbo mortgage.


text:
How to Free Download TubeMate for PC (Windows 10, 8.1, 8, 7, XP)
In the event that you are searching for to download TubeMate YouTube downloader for your windows PC, It is the perfect place. Here you can learn ventures to download and introduce the TubeMate application on your Windows 7/8/8.1/10/XP PC. Tubemate is additionally one option on the off chance that you need to download the video from youtube. In the event that you need to observe all recordings and films online then you can utilize moviebox or showbox application too.
TubeMate is a standout amongst other free YouTube downloaders which is utilized by a huge number of individuals all around the globe. TubeMate application is the well known video downloader application. You can watch and download boundless recordings online for nothing on the video channel like Youtube, Dailymotion, Metacafe, Vimeo, Facebook, Naver, Youku, Daum, LeTV. TubeMate works quicker in downloading and observing any recordings.
Download and introduce Tubemate App on Windows 7/8/8.1/10/XP PC with Bluestacks:
- In the first place we have to download Blue stacks on your PC that no one but you can continue for downloading Tubemate application. Utilize this connection: .
- Introduce this product on your work area. Once to introduce this effectively, open Blue stacks. Presently scan for Tubemate application on it. When you found the symbol of Tubemate application, tap on it and introduce. In the event that you not found, go to subsequent stage.
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Dec 7, 2017. The following symptoms of dyspepsia are also common: nausea; belching; pain; a feeling of fullness, or satiety; feeling bloated. In very rare cases, indigestion may be a symptom of stomach cancer. Mild dyspepsia rarely needs further investigation, and should not be a cause for concern. A visit to a doctor is.
Information on Upper and Middle Back Pain. Includes topic overview and related information.
Information on the causes of sudden severe abdominal pain and long-term recurring abdominal pain, and links to trusted resources.
Abdominal wall hernias, such as inguinal hernias, can cause this are quite common in your age group. Problems in the back leading to nerve damage can cause this type of pain. Rarely, cancers can cause these symptoms, such as lymphoma, but this should be evaluated. The treatment plan would vary substantially based.
Mattress For Back Pain Firm Or Soft Back sleepers are often more comfortable with medium to firm firmness, whereas side sleepers tend to prefer soft to medium firmness. As far as type of mattress goes, memory foam mattresses are considered to be among the best mattresses in terms of providing support and reducing back pain. But as I mentioned before, People have
Right side pain in back, abdominal swelling, pain under. it is also swollen. They told him that in a few days he would have bumps pop up on his stomach and back.
Jun 16, 2017. If an individual experiences pain anywhere on the right side of an imaginary line drawn from the central point of the chest, passing via the umbilicus and ending above the genitalia, then it is known as right side abdominal pain. The most common causes of right side abdominal pain are: gallstones or biliary.
Abdominal pain (stomach ache) ranges from a mild to severe pain. There are many organs in the stomach cavity and any disorder in these organs may cause a.
If ongoing stomach pain is also accompanied by bloating, gassiness, and a change in bowel habits— either constipation or diarrhea—it could be irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). "IBS is probably one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders that a gastroenterologist sees," says Lawrence J. Brandt, MD, emeritus chief in.
WebMD Symptom Checker helps you find the most common medical conditions indicated by the symptoms Bloating or fullness, Distended stomach, Pain or discomfort and.
Back Pain – an easy to understand guide covering causes, diagnosis, symptoms, treatment and prevention plus additional in depth medical information.
My stomach is always very bloated to the point of pain, and if I press down on my right side (about midway between my rib cage and hip) it hurts horribly. I've also started to get very bad pain in my lower back and sides and stomach spasms, which seem to be worse if I cough or sneeze (the area will spasm.
Signs and Symptoms: Bloating, a feeling of fullness, gas Frequent or urgent urination Nausea, indigestion, constipation, diarrhea Menstrual disorders, pain.
Oct 2, 2015. 10 Yoga Poses That Help With Bloating, Back Pain, and More. Brauer says that many of the yoga poses that work to ease menstrual cramps may also help bloating. How it helps: This move helps to the muscles of the torso and outer hip, while the twisting action helps move gas through the stomach.
Causes and types of low back pain, diagnostic tests and treatment options. Hospital for Special Surgery in. Conditions such as abdominal aneurysm (a widening of the large artery in the belly) or multiple myeloma (a tumor that can attack bone) are also considered in older individuals. Osteoporosis and fibromyalgia are.
Here you can read posts from all over the web from people who wrote about Abdominal Swelling and Lower Back Pain, and check the relations between Abdominal Swelling.
The pain from an ulcer is usually in the pit of your stomach, but it can radiate into your back or along your lower ribs. Ulcers often bleed, but they usually bleed so slowly you don't notice any blood in your stool. More rapid bleeding may produce tarry, foul-smelling stools that result from digestion of blood as it passes through.
Swollen feet: swollen feet treatments, swollen ankles, swollen toes, swollen feet pregnancy
Lower back and stomach pain can have many different causes from just being constipated to a possible aneurysm in the abdomen. If you have pain in your stomach and back for longer than a few days, there may be something going on that needs checking out. The first step is to understand the different causes that affect.
Learn about the symptoms, treatment, and medications of chronic pain conditions like Fibromyalgia, Back Pain, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, TMJ Disorder, and.
Jul 4, 2016. Kidney disorders: Lower left abdominal pain may be related to a kidney infection, which not only causes abdominal pain, but pain while urinating as well. Kidney infection, Lower abdominal pain, back pain, flank pain, or groin pain, Painful urination, persistent urge to urinate, pus or blood in the urine, fever.
Experiencing lower back pain? We've got a simple routine of strengthening exercises for you — no equipment required. Learn how to alleviate discomfort.
Causes of back pain. Back pain can be a symptom of arthritis or many other conditions; this material is intended for anyone who has back pain, regardless of the cause. Anything that. Some exercises are designed to strengthen your back and stomach muscles, while other exercises are designed to improve your posture.
May 7, 2015. What it is: "If it's not related to exercise, sudden severe back pain can be the sign of an aneurysm," says Sigfried Kra, M.D., an associate professor at the Yale school of medicine. Particularly troubling is an abdominal aneurysm, a dangerous weakening of the aorta just above the kidneys. If it bursts, you'll die.
You wake up in the middle of the night with stomach cramps, clutch a pillow and curl your body around it. That helps a little and you go back to sleep. But.
List of 20 disease causes of Upper back pain, patient stories, diagnostic guides. Diagnostic checklist, medical tests, doctor questions, and related signs.
How to Dissolve Gallstones. Normally, your liver produces bile that is used by your small intestine to digest fatty foods and absorb important vitamins.
13.10.2010 · My mom, grandma and older sister have all had their gallbladders removed. For the past month, I have been getting nauseated and/or experiencing.
Lower Back Pain Weak Legs The major symptoms in a herniated disc are pain in the lower back that radiates to one leg, or pain in the leg only but with a previous history of low back pain. In HNP the main symptom is not back pain but leg pain. Some people. or stabbing. In addition, there may be a
List of 43 causes of Abdominal swelling and Back pain, alternative diagnoses, rare causes, misdiagnoses, patient stories, and much more.
Eating disorders help is for the sufferers of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia, Gall Bladder disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome, who may have a real physical.
Jul 14, 2017. Many adults experience back pain on a somewhat frequent basis. While back pain can be triggered by a number of stimuli, there seems to be a connection between stomach and back pain, especially when abdominal bloating is involved. But why does this connection exist? Again, there are multiple.
Hernia; Diagram of an indirect inguinal hernia (view from the side). Specialty: General surgery: Symptoms: Pain especially with coughing, bulging area.
When should you see a doctor for bloating and back pain? Learn what causes these symptoms and how to manage pain at home.
Oct 15, 2011. The primary symptom is pain in the lower abdomen. inability to empty the bladder, swollen abdomen, sudden high fever or low-grade. lower back.
Where is low back pain felt? Here are the symptoms that you may feel if you have a problem with your low back.
Here are 14 possible causes for abdominal bloating and back pain. swollen or tender breasts, Delayed emptying of the stomach.
Liver pain can be caused by a wide variety of ailments. The pain is felt in the upper-right quadrant, usually underneath the rib cage. Liver pain location.
Back Pain Pdf Download Why Do U Get Back Pain Lower Back Pain And Passing Out It usually lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. This symptom can include pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, shoulders, neck, jaw, or upper part of stomach (not below the belly button). Pain
Oct 28, 2017. The GP started the process of diagnostic tests and referrals. He was doing exactly what he was supposed to do. He sent her for a scan of her gallbladder; it found nothing. A week later, the pain and shortness of breath were worse – and her stomach started getting bigger. She went back to the GP, who sent.
Related Back Pain Articles ...
- Link Between Back Pain Migraine: [embedyt]//www.youtube.com/embed/[/embedyt] But do migraine-sufferers also experience more back pain?. were found when we analyzed the association between chronic and episodic headache (migraine. See your doctor for frequent, severe headaches or back...
- Left Upper Chest Back Pain: Upper Back Pain and Lungs - the link and how should you approach it? Seek medical advice if you have symptoms of upper back and chest pain, pain in lungs. I had multiple neck surgeries that has left me in even more pain that I. ever increasing arm pa...
- Low Back Pain Cycling: [embedyt]//www.youtube.com/embed/FAwwutF11Qg[/embedyt] Aug 12, 2017. Cycling competitively, to work or just for the enjoyment of it is an excellent way to keep in shape and enjoy the outdoors, but it's no fun at all if. Apr 4, 2017. Of these, 45...
- Severe Upper Back Pain Near Shoulder Blade: Shoulder blade pain - Information, causes, and treatments for scapula pain. In addition, various muscles of the mid and upper back attach to the scapula. severe upper back pain near shoulder blade [Steam] Tips To Relieve Back Pain Instantly, severe u...


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Lemony and fresh, with mineral aftertaste and light sweetness
Sleek glass reusable to-go cup with Arbor Teas logo
Read along with us! The Butterfly Garden by Carole Stivers
There is an unending stream of information about tea. We have done our best to do the legwork for you when it comes to sifting through the internet for the tea truth. We research, read closely and do our homework when it comes to tea knowledge, and we want to share it with you!


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Dan Stocke knows marketing, and knows the pain of using the Facebook Ads Manager. So he created an easier way to do it. We'll talk about how he took his idea from need to launch, talk to developers, and refined the process based on feedback.
[Read more…] about Dan Stocke and Buzz FrenzyView Transcript


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Though Curtain is done squandering her class time on texting Ben from ZBT, she still has not dipped her toes into scholarship on immigration and refugees. She is off to a solid start, though, and is taking baby steps toward her final goal.
"Spotify taught me the meaning of pain, both physically and financially," Lucero sighed, his wallet lighter than the AirPods in his ears. "I'm gonna be eating Locust Walk shrubs for days."
I want to issue a formal apology to anyone came at the same time as a crescendo of farts escaped my rectum.
While he doesn't plan on using them to hurt anyone, he does plan on practicing with them every 12 to 3 o'clock on College Green.
Why do you want to waste your money on a tank top with a Penn club pun that has a slightly inappropriate twist to it?
This past Sunday, researches in Penn's department of sociology announced that Castle's Magic Gardens event would not be coming back, and, no, it wasn't canceled. In a press conference to the University, Dr. Tanvi Kapoor revealed that her team in Penn's sociology department was behind this round of tickets, not the fraternity.
Sure, we all know you're not supposed to compare yourself to others at such a competitive school, but what's the fun in that? Here is a side by side comparison of you and the service dog from lecture.
It really is a dying art.
I should've gone to Cornell, learned about hotels, and gotten a sweet job at the Four Seasons or some shit.
Shut up, Rafael. Everyone knows you did perfectly fine on the exam.
He's previously competed in a desk building competition, so Hader has had to pick brackets before. Last year, he put all his money on the Everbuilt Zinc Plated 1 ½" Bracket, but that one lost it all during the strength test.
Topics of your zines can include, and are limited to, ethical non-monogamy in Papua New Guinea, the intersectional bisexuality of John Quincy Adams, and the best places to masturbate on campus.
Spruce Street is her refuge, the path for those on this campus who crave a shred of anonymity. Protecting her from the sight of others, her Penn cap says it all: "yes, I'm a low-key bitch. And, you're also right — I do go to Penn."
His public announcement on Locust — difficult to hear over four adjacent a cappella groups blasting music and selling tickets — was received with moderate enthusiasm by his friends. "We've got to fix what's going on," he said candidly. "Why is it so hard to get Magic Gardens tickets? I think there's some conspiracy."
Braden got a B in his geology class sophomore year, so yea, I'm pretty sure he knows his stuff.
Equipped with seven different highlighters, a multi-pen, two erasers, and a fleeting hope for success, she scribbled vigorously, but her professor had no mercy.
Some students at Penn like Copa, and some like Distrito. In the end, we all go to Smokes. What can we say? There is always a universal thread. We live in a society.
Look: I'm a bad bitch. An extremely bad bitch. When I walk down the street I turn heads. People I walk past whisper to each other, "That is the baddest bitch I have ever seen," just before they collapse onto the street, overwhelmed by my power.
Since I started riding my futuristic platform of gliding excellence, I haven't even come close to self-identifying as a failure. I self-identify as one of Nikola Tesla's chosen few.
It's only the beginning of April, and Britain has already used all of their extensions for the semester. The next time they fail to meet a deadline, their grade will go down by a full letter grade per late day.


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Puffy Mattress Summary Puffy Mattress Frame
The Puffy bed mattress, dubbed "the Internet's Most Comfortable Mattress" has actually been designed and established using the newest innovation and exceptional quality foam layers. It is handcrafted and 100% made in the United States. Puffy Mattress Frame
The mattress is perfect for all kinds of sleepers as it presents a medium level of firmness in addition to a sleeping surface area that feels like a cloud.
- Incredible Value: You can get a Queen size mattress for only $950
- Limited Lifetime Warranty
- Made in the USA
- Full refund, and a 101 Night Sleep Trial
- Not the strongest edge support
Full Puffy Mattress Review
The Puffy Mattress has actually been created and established by the business Puffy that has been formed just recently with the basic idea of supplying a mattress to individuals that is universally comfy and provides a feeling like you are sleeping on a bed of clouds.
After 4 years of research, foam formulations, advancement, sleep trials, and countless hours of improving the foam layers, the Puffy bed mattress was crafted and established to guarantee a sleep surface that will be best for a deep, restorative sleep.
The Puffy mattress is among the most recent products in the bed mattress market and the business thinks that they have crafted the perfect sleep system that will supply a comfy sleep to sleepers of all ages, sizes, and sleeping practices.
Puffy has accomplished its objective by managing to create a mattress that seems like a cloud when you lay on it.
The business has utilized the greatest quality foams layers in establishing the bed mattress with environment friendly production processes and practices.
The mattress has been uniquely created utilizing the latest technology to provide a body adjusting cloud formula, cloud cooling surface, and a pressure easing firm support.
What type of Mattress is the Puffy?
The Puffy mattress is a bed in a box bed mattress that has actually been created utilizing 2 layers of exceptional quality foams that work together to supply an unrivaled level of hug, contour, and comfort for correct spinal positioning.
The mattress adapts to all kinds of sleeping positions and provides an extremely comfy sleep as it has been developed utilizing body adjusting foams that offer a deep sleep to almost all kinds of sleepers.
It has been designed to provide its sleepers utmost comfort, great support, great bounce and, a cool sleeping surface.
As soon as you lay on the Puffy mattress you will feel an instant relief on your pressure points which not just helps in enhancing blood flow and joint discomfort however likewise provides increased levels of energy when you wake up.
The company does not use any damaging or hazardous materials in the production or construction of this bed mattress and rather aims to use environment-friendly items and treatments any place possible.
This cloud foam mattress is hand crafted and produced in the United States and is prepared on order. Puffy Mattress Frame
How Firm is it?
The Puffy mattress has actually been established to provide a level of comfort which is perfect for practically all kinds of sleepers and concentrates on the requirements of the majority of sleepers.
The Puffy bed mattress is presented in a medium level of firmness and although the business declares it to be in between a 6.5 to 8.5 on the firmness scale it is more of a 7, 10 being the firmest.
This level of firmness is taken pleasure in by a large quantity of sleepers, practically 75% as they choose a medium level of firmness.
This mattress includes a comfort level which is ideal for all kinds of sleepers including side, back, and stomach sleepers.
The mattress offers a soft comfort that is chosen by side sleepers, hug and contour for appropriate back alignment that is chosen by back sleepers, and firm support which is ideal for stomach sleepers.
This bed mattress is also optimal for couples and sleeping partners that have various sleeping postures and styles.
How Many Layers Does it Have?
The Puffy mattress has actually been crafted to present an excellent level of comfort that envelopes your body and adapts to your body shape to offer a sleep to the full capacity.
The bed mattress is prepared with a combination of two specially created foam layers that form a 10 inch bed mattress.
The top layer of the mattress consists of a 3 inch patent pending Cooling Cloud foam which is really a gel infused visco polyurethane foam that has been produced using the Variable Pressure Foaming technology.
This layer is created to offer a cool sleeping surface by convection and conduction and amazing breathability that dissipates heat away from the body.
The infused gel absorbs heat from the body and assists in offering airflow that is 8 times more than a regular foam bed mattress.
This layer likewise provides support by adjusting inning accordance with the shape of the body, and providing appropriate shape that assists in easing pressure points and tension that a standard mattress places on your shoulders, knees, hips, and joints.
The second layer of the Puffy mattress comprise of a 7 inch Firm Core Support foam which is a 1.5 PCF polyurethane foam likewise made utilizing the Variable Pressure Foaming technology.
The base layer offers a special level of firmness that assists in appropriate back positioning. The layer likewise supplies solid support and helps in preserving comfort for sleepers of all sizes.
In addition to this, it assists in balancing weight inning accordance with the body and supplies pressure relief, improved blood circulation, and lowered tossing and turning.
The Insta-Firm Technology of this layer carries out distinctively well and delivers 99% more responsiveness and 4 times higher level of support than a basic bed mattress.
This layer functions as a perfect foundation to the bed mattress by providing general support, shape, and durability to the mattress.
How is Motion Transfer and Sinkage?
The Puffy bed mattress carries out actually well when it comes to the movement seclusion and sinkage tests.
The bed mattress supplies one of the very best weight distribution systems on the market and utilizes uniquely designed foams that are developed using the latest innovation.
The layers of this bed mattress work very well together and supply an outstanding level of contour and resilience which assist in absorbing movement and limiting it to a specific area.
This means that if you have a sleeping partner that tosses and turns all night or moves in and out of the bed frequently, then you have to be felt confident as the routine movements will not disrupt or interrupt your sleep. Puffy Mattress Frame
The layers likewise supply solid support and bounce which help limiting the body from sinking in too much. You will not feel the lighter partner rolling towards the much heavier partner on this bed mattress.
The mattress also has a stable edge support and offers a bigger sleeping surface area by offering edge to edge available surface.
Does the Puffy Mattress Sleep Hot?
The Puffy Bed mattress has actually been created and developed to supply a cool sleeping surface area to its sleepers for a comfortable and a relaxing sleep.
The top layer of the bed mattress is a gel instilled foam layer that is designed to restrict any hot spots on the bed mattress that you might need to experience.
The gel absorbs heat from the body and helps in dissipating it.
This layer is likewise breathable which enables air flow to keep the surface cool.
The bottom layer provides a solid support and does not let you sink into the mattress, keeping you closer to the surface area which prevents any heat develop around the body.
The cover of the bed mattress is also thin and breathable which assists in routine airflow and keeps the body closer to the gel instilled foam layer.
The mattress provides an excellent heat dispersion system and provides an optimum temperature for comfort.
On the Puffy mattress, you do not need to worry about sweating or sleeping hot, as this leading rated bed mattress is created to supply a comfy and cool sleeping surface area throughout the night.
Does it Have any Smell?
The Puffy Bed mattress, similar to the other bed in a box bed mattress does have a slight 'brand-new bed mattress' smell at first when it is unwrapped from the product packaging.
Although the smell stays for some time but it is not a cause of concern as this is common amongst compressed bed mattress and the odor dissipates nearly completely in about a couple of days.
The business utilizes high quality foams that are CertiPUR-US certified which makes sure that the construction process does not involve any ozone depleters, flame retardants, mercury, lead, formaldehyde, phthalates, or other heavy metals.
The company utilizes specialized variable pressure production procedure that eliminates using hazardous chemicals and provides foams that exceed the required requirements set by CertiPUR-US for durability, emissions, and foam material.
The company also tries to use environmental-friendly products wherever possible, in the construction and manufacturing process of the bed mattress.
The Puffy mattress is made to order to make sure that it is provided as fresh as possible to your doorstep. Puffy Mattress Frame
Does it Require a Foundation?
The Puffy Mattress does not require a specific or unique type of structure as it is developed to deal with any frame or structure.
The mattress can be put on any surface area including a flat frame, boxspring, or a slatted frame, however, make sure that the slats are not more than 4 inches apart.
The only thing to think about prior to putting the bed mattress is to examine whether the base is flat as well as or not, as the mattress will not provide appropriate comfort on an uneven base.
The foams used in the Puffy mattress are versatile and the bed mattress works well on an adjustable frame as well.
In case you do not have a structure and do not want to purchase a brand-new one too, then you can also put the bed mattress directly on the flooring and the bed mattress will work definitely great. Simply make certain that the area is not prone to moisture as this may harm the cover and the foam layers of the bed mattress.
What Type of Cover Does it Have?
The cover of the Puffy mattress has actually been distinctively designed and crafted utilizing high quality products to work well together with the foam layers and provide a comfortable sleeping experience.
The mattress has a soft and plush, stretch-knit cover that is stretchy and stays tight over the bed mattress.
The cover has tiny pores and is designed to be thin. This helps in supplying breathability and a cool sleeping surface area as well as helps in wicking away heat and wetness.
The top of the cover is white in color and has a textured finish with little clouds placed distantly all over that make it attractive and attractive. The side panels of the cover are constructed of high quality durable fabric and dark grey in color.
The Puffy logo is put near the footing of the bed mattress, right in the center. The cover has a zipper that suggests it is detachable and can be washed also.
What is the Best Way to Care for the Puffy Mattress?
The Puffy mattress is very simple to keep and care for if used with appropriate instructions.
The mattress has a removable and washable cover that can be hand cleaned as well as maker cleaned. It is not advised to clean the cover typically as this might damage the fabric.
In case of small discolorations, the area cleansing approach is recommended.
A sponge needs to be dipped into a mix of water and a moderate detergent, and must be rubbed in circular motion over the stain until it clears away. Make sure no harmful or extreme cleaning agents are used.
The location must be dried off immediately with a hand dryer as this will prevent any damage to the foam layers.
The bed mattress should not be flipped as the comfort layer has been put on the top however it ought to be turned from go to toe after every 6 to 7 months as this will provide an even wear and prevent the mattress from bottoming out.
It is likewise advised to vacuum the bed mattress using a hand vacuum after every 3 to 4 months to avoid any dust and dirt from settling in.
Will it Last Long?
The Puffy bed mattress has actually been crafted utilizing exceptional quality, uniquely designed foam layers that work well together to supply a long lasting durability.
The bed mattress is completely made in the USA which guarantees that the best quality products and foams are used in the construction of this mattress.
The base core layer of the mattress provides total support to the mattress and protects it from bottoming out.
This foam based layer not only provides strength however likewise total durability to the bed mattress.
The latest technology integrated into the specially developed foam layers of this mattress assists it to last for a much longer time than the basic foam bed mattress.
Although the business provides a lifetime guarantee with the mattress, it is expected to last and work well for about 13 to 15 years. The life of the mattress might increase if it is taken proper care of. Puffy Mattress Frame
Size and Shipping
The Puffy mattress is readily available in six various sizes that are same as the standard US mattress dimensions.
The size of the mattress can be picked according to the requirements and requirements of the consumer.
Following are the sizes offered by Puffy:
- Twin: 39″ X 75″ X 10″
- Twin XL: 39″ X 80″ X 10″
- Full: 54″ X 75″ X 10″
- Queen: 60″ X 80″ X 10″
- King: 76″ X 80″ X 10″
- Cal King: 72″ X 84″ X 10″
All Puffy bed mattress are made to purchase and prepared in spotless conditions so that the bed mattress remains compressed for as little time as possible and feels fresh when unpacked.
Once the bed mattress is prepared, it is compressed, vacuum sealed, and rolled into a cardboard box for shipping.
The company uses the current technology to compress all the sizes of the bed mattress including the Cal King into a single sized box which is 19 ″ x 19 ″ x 42 ″ in size.
The box is white in color and has the Puffy logo printed over it. Package looks easy yet attractive and the size makes it easy to maneuver and manage.
The company provides totally free shipping by means of FED-EX to the adjoining 48 States and charges $150 for shipping to Hawaii and Alaska. The company also supplies complimentary shipping to most of the states in Canada.
Because the bed mattress is made to buy, therefore it will take about 2 to 3 days to prepare the order. The mattress is shipped in about 3 to 6 business days.
It is very simple to establish the mattress once you get it, all you need to do is unbox the bed mattress, put it over a foundation, and cut open the packing.
The mattress will begin to decompress itself and will instantly take its appropriate shape in a few hours.
101 Night Risk-Free Sleep Trial and Guarantee
Puffy deals a 101 night safe trial with its bed mattress, which implies that you can return the mattress within the first 101 nights from the date of delivery if you are not convinced with its quality or comfort.
It is suggested to use the mattress for a minimum of 3 to 4 of weeks before deciding as it takes some time for the human body to adjust and adjust to a new comfort level.
If for some factor, nevertheless, you are not pleased with the bed mattress, then all you have to do is get in touch with the company within the specified period and they will arrange a totally free pickup for the bed mattress. Puffy Mattress Frame
When the bed mattress is gotten, the business will contribute it to a regional charity and refund you all your money.
There will be no hidden, shipping, or transportation costs charged or subtracted from your refund.
The donation policy of the company ensures that your foam mattress will not wind up in a junkyard, and will be provided to those who are in genuine requirement of it.
If you remain in Alaska, Hawaii, or Canada and choose to return the bed mattress under the 101-Night Trial Policy, then the company will not have the ability to reimburse you the shipping charges spent for the initial shipment of the mattress.
Puffy's 101-Night Trial Policy is valid for just the initial buyers who have acquired straight from their website.
Puffy is extremely confident about their sleep system and states that it will be the very best foam bed mattress that you have actually ever tried, and for that reason supports the mattress with one of the best service warranties provided in the bed mattress market.
The company provides a limited lifetime warranty with the bed mattress which implies that the business has you covered for as long as you own the bed mattress.
The minimal guarantee covers all the production defects dealt with throughout the life of the mattress.
If any flaws are dealt with in the workmanship or products throughout the first 10 years from the date of purchase then the company will change the mattress with a brand name brand-new Puffy mattress totally free of cost.
If any problems are dealt with after the first 10 years then the business will either repair or replace your bed mattress at its discretion.
They will also charge a $50 shipping cost sustained each method which will be waived off if it is verified that a manufacturer's problem exists.
At your discretion, the business likewise uses an unique "Quick Sleep" option as a part of your life time guarantee.
After the conclusion of the first ten years you can opt to choose this choice, where instead of repairing or changing your mattress, the company supplies you with a new bed mattress at half of the original rate you paid to buy the bed mattress.
You get to keep the old bed mattress also.
The service warranty covers any noticeable indentations that are greater than 1.5 inches and manufacturing flaws in the zipper of the cover as well.
This stands only for the initial purchaser of the bed mattress and does not move if the mattress is sold further.
How Much Does the Puffy Mattress Cost?
The Puffy bed mattress is constructed using the best quality materials and foams but is still available at really affordable rates.
To decrease the rates of the mattress and make it more cost effective, the business has skipped out on intermediaries and cut out on pointless commissions.
The bed mattress is readily available in various sizes and is priced accordingly. The rates of the mattress range in between $625 to $1150. The company is likewise currently providing a flat $200 discount rate on all the sizes. Puffy Mattress Frame
Following are the costs of the Puffy at reduced rates:
- Twin " $625
- Twin XL " $675
- Full " $800
- Queen " $950 with the current $200 discount!
- King " $1,150
- California King " $1,150
The discounted costs make this bed mattress a terrific option to think about for all kinds of sleepers prowling for a brand-new mattress.
By the method, the bed mattress was just recently included on the Ellen program:
Review: Our Verdict
The Puffy mattress is a high standard mattress that suits the requirements of nearly all types of sleepers. It provides a medium level of firmness which is preferred by the majority of sleepers.
The business has actually attempted to utilize the greatest possible quality of products and products and use the bed mattress at extremely affordable rates.
The bed mattress provides utmost comfort and remarkable pressure relief that assists in sleeping to the complete capacity and getting up fresh and stimulated.
This is also one of the best mattresses for neck and back pain due to its back alignment support.
Puffy backs up its bed mattress with a 101 night safe trial and an industry best, lifetime service warranty.
Furthermore, the bed mattress supplies terrific movement isolation and is highly resilient.
It does not sleep hot at all as it has actually been carefully designed to avoid any heat retention and offer comfortable sleeping temperatures.
Considering that the products used in this mattress are extremely durable and the bed mattress is designed with remarkable quality foams, the Puffy is a fantastic investment for an unrivaled comfortable sleep.
Puffy also has a generous program where it donates a brand new Puffy Bed mattress to a kids's shelter for each 20 posts from different followers with the puffy bed mattress.
In general, the Puffy mattress, with the additional $200 discount rate is an excellent value for your loan and is highly recommended for the people who want to buy a brand-new bed mattress.


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Job details
Offer: Production Executive:
Job description:
JOB DESCRIPTION» Candidate must possess at least Bachelor's Degree/Post Graduate Diploma/Professional Degree in Engineering (Electrical/Electronic) or equivalent.
» Required language(s): Mandarin, English, Bahasa Malaysia
» At least 2 Year(s) of working practice in the related field is required for this position.
» Required Skill(s): planning, Microsoft Office
» Preferably Junior Executive specialized in Manufacturing/Production Operations or equivalent. REQUIRE TO BE ABLE TO READ,WRITE AND CONVERSE IN MANDARIN LANGUAGE (the project will be from Customers that mainly utilise this language)
To supervise the manufacturing production process
Determine Best Use of Resources
- To determine the best and most efficient uses of the available resources, including equipment and labor, to meet production goals.
- Set budget, assign job tasks, determine equipment and supplies required, and build a production schedule.
Hire, Train and Evaluate Workers
-Hire and train the workforce for a project.
-Manage and motivate the staff, monitoring them to ensure they meet performance and safety requirements.
Monitor Production
-Monitor the progress of production, confirming that Information technology stays on schedule and within budget.
-Meet regularly with production teams and managers to analyze any problems and ensure cost-effective, high quality and timely delivery of products.
Identify Problems and Improve Processes
-Develop new and cost effective ways to improve quality and productivity. This could include developing new ways of manufacturing, improving existing manufacturing processes, providing additional training or adopting better manufacturing processes.
Reporting and Customer
- To prepare everyday output report and send to customer
-To organise meetings.
-To prepare significant reports and analyse them and inform Management and Customer.
-To keep track of the KPI and monitoring of the operators.
And any other tasks assigned to you from time to time.
WORK LOCATION View larger map / directions View larger map
AddressLintang Kampung Jawa, Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone Phase 3, 11900 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
Average Processing TimeMore Than 2 Weeks
Registration No.167339-D
IndustryElectrical & Electronics
Facebook Fan Pagehttps://www.facebook.com/Cincaria-Sdn-Bhd
Company Size51 - 200 Employees
Working HoursRegular hours, Mondays - Fridays
Dress CodeCasual (e.g. T-shirts)
BenefitsDental, Medical
Spoken LanguageEnglish
COMPANY OVERVIEWCincaria is a wholly Malaysian owned company located in the Bayan Lepas industrial area, in Penang. Established in 1997, we had grown to be a preferred EMS provider and manufacturer of our own designed products over the years. Our services include circuit and board design, mechanical and product packaging design, from conceptual to prototyping and complete turnkey product assembly inclusive of materials sourcing and procurement, final testing and end customer distribution.
WHY JOIN US?Cultures and Values
» We believe in management by example.
» We believe in being on-time, always.
» QUALITY is top priority.
» Customers' are not always right, but we are here to support them as their business partner. (please ask us why!)
» Customers' always come first. Customer service is important as a happy customer is an easy customer.
» Suppliers' and customers' are equally as important.
» Do not focus on the problem, focus on finding a solution.
» Do not be afraid of making mistakes. Take ownership, correct it, ensure Information technology does not reoccur and move on.
» If one person fails, Cincaria fails. Everyone is important and teamwork is Key to our success.
» If you are not sure, ASK!
» expertise is power. The more you know, the more you can contribute to your own life as well as the company.
» Two-way communication – Management doors are always open to everyone; no matter what your position is.
» Take time to think about your decisions and the effects they may cause.
» The success of the Company depends on each individual in the Company. No one is more or less important.
» Listen 80%, talk 20%.
» Do things right the first time.


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