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I've been working on a post that shows how a scatter plot technique can be used to assess the performance of an HVAC airside economizer. It's based on comparing a plot of outdoor air temperature vs. mixed air temperature for a perfect economizer (left) with that same information taken from data loggers or control system trends for an operating system (right).
The following links jump you to different topics in the post. At the end of each major topic you will find a link that will bring you back to here.
- Why Worry About the Physics of a Mixed Air Plenum
- Conservation of Mass
- Conservation of Energy
- The First Law of Thermodynamics
- Introducing the Property of Enthalpy
- Simplifying Assumptions vs. Simplifying Substitutions
- Elevation Changes in a Mixed Air Plenum
- Velocity Changes in a Mixed Air Plenum
- Moving from a General Case to a Specific Case
- But Wait, There's More!
- Specific Heat
- Leveraging the Ideal Gas Relationship for Enthalpy
- Ta Da!
- Other Useful Relationships
- The Psych Chart, A Graphical Approach to the Same Problem
Why Worry About the Physics of a Mixed Air Plenum
To develop the perfect economizer lines, you do math based on the physics of what is going on in a mixed air plenum. The equations you use to do that are also useful for field work, so I wanted to share those. But, I am a believer in understanding where the various mathematical relationships we use in the field came from so you are aware of the constraints, if any, behind them.
For instance, I have done a number of posts on the unit conversion constants that are in familiar equations we use in HVAC, like the 1.08 in the equation for sensible load in an air stream …
… or like the 500 in the water side load equation.
Since the constants include conversions for density and since, for instance, the density of air varies with altitude, you can't use the sensible heat equation as expressed above for work in Denver, the mile high city, with out correcting the units conversion constant for altitude.
So, to lay the foundation for the economizer scatter plot post, I thought I would develop the relationships behind the equations that it will use. Hopefully, this will be helpful to those who want to understand and/or feel comfortable with the physics behind the math.
And it was a good exercise for me because in the slide set I use for this topic in class, there were a couple of points where I used a technique similar to what the scientist used in the somewhat classic Sidney Harris Then a miracle occurs cartoon (hover over the top thumbnail on the right on the page the link takes you to and it will show up). Now, I have a more complete set of slides for future classes.
Conservation of Mass
From a fundamental physics standpoint, there are two things going on in a mixed air plenum that are of interest to us in the context of our discussion. One is conservation of mass.
In other words, if I bring in 1 pound outdoor air through the intake system and add one pound of return air from inside the building to the mix, there will be two pounds of mixed air leaving the plenum. Stated mathematically, it would look like this.
Not too scary, even if you are math-phobic like I am.
Conservation of Energy
The other fundamental physical principle that is of interest to us in the context of our discussion is conservation of energy.
This is the first law of thermodynamics. There are a number of ways to say it in words, but to quote Herman Stoever in Engineering Thermodynamics …
If any system undergoes a process in which energy is added or removed from it (in the form of work or heat), none of the energy added is destroyed with-in the system and none of the energy removed is created with-in the system.
I selected that particular reference because it is one that Bill Coad, one of my mentors used and I always found the book to be very understandable. Some might observe that it was written in 1951 and thus, may not be relevant. But near as I can tell, the fundamental physical principles we apply to HVAC processes are still about the same now as then. And for me, having a reference that I find to be readily understandable is nice.
The First Law of Thermodynamics
The mathematical statement of the first law of thermodynamics is often referred to as the steady flow energy equation, which looks like this.
So, there are a bunch of terms, but mostly only the basics of math; addition, multiplication and division, plus the velocity term is squared. So a bit more intimidating than the conservation of mass equation, but not to bad.
The equation typically is developed by considering an apparatus through which a steady flow process is taking place as shown below. (Apparatus is simply a technical term that I am using for a thing or gizmo to make it sound like I am doing something very knowledgeable and sophisticated.)
From the standpoint of thermodynamics, there are a number of constraints regarding what constitutes a steady flow process but it is reasonable to assume that a mixed air plenum in a steady state condition (the entering and leaving temperatures are steady, the dampers are not moving and the fan is not changing speed so the flow rates are steady) constitutes a steady flow process.
Unfortunately, a mixed air plenum typically involves mixing two air streams at a steady flow rate to create a third air stream, so it is a bit more complex than the apparatus shown above. Specifically, we are concerned with the conservation of mass in addition to the conservation of energy so we have to combine the two equations and account for the second incoming fluid stream somehow if we are going to use the relationships to our benefit by manipulating them mathematically.
That means the mathematics get a bit more complex. If we re-write the equation to come up with a general case where:
There is a steady flow of mass through the process and potentially,
Work is done on or by the process at a steady rate and/or
Heat is added or removed from the process at a steady rate,
then we end up with something that looks like this.
The bar over the "Q" and "W" terms means that the heat transfer and/or work are being done at some sort of rate, like Btu/hr or ft-lb/hr. The dot over the "m" term means a mass flow rate, like pounds per hour." The "∑" symbol means that the parameters inside the parenthesis are totaled up for all of the fluid streams on each side of the equation.
So now, things are starting to get a little scary. But if you remain calm and continue to breath normally, you will discover that, for our purposes, we can combine some terms and make some simplifying assumptions that will reduce the complexity of the math and still give us meaningful results for our work with HVAC systems.
Introducing the Property of Enthalpy
In thermodynamics, we often talk about properties of a system or substance. In general terms, a property is an observable characteristic of a system, something like temperature or pressure or volume. The p and v terms in the equation above represent the properties of pressure and volume. The u term represents the property of internal energy, which is basically molecular motion. We observe it as temperature.
It turns out that the collection of properties …
.. show up a lot in thermodynamics. As a result, the collection of properties has been given the name enthalpy and the symbol h. Mathematically …
… which means the steady flow energy equation can be re-written to look like this.
So that is a little bit of progress in making it a bit less intimidating. But there are still a lot of terms to deal with. However, for most HVAC processes, there are two simplifying assumptions that we can make that further reduce the complexity.
Simplifying Assumptions vs. Simplifying Substitutions
Up until now, we have simplified the steady flow energy equation by substituting a new property called enthalpy for a common collection of properties used in the original equation; specifically, the properties of internal energy, pressure, and volume. That is a bit different from what I am about to do, which is eliminate terms from the equation because, in the context of the processes and systems we are talking about, they are insignificant.
Its important to realize the subtle difference; I am about to make assumptions that will be valid for the specific conditions under which I am making them. But change the conditions – for instance, apply the simplified equation to a process where the air flow becomes supersonic – and the results will not be correct. In contrast, the substitution of the property of enthalpy for the collection of terms involving internal energy, pressure and volume will still yield correct results.
Elevation Changes in a Mixed Air Plenum
For virtually any mixed air plenum, including one in a high-rise building, even if the intake as on the roof and the outlet was in the basement, the magnitude of the potential energy term …
… will not be significant.
In other words, compared to some of the other terms in the equation, the changes in elevation that occur in an HVAC process like a mixed air plenum can probably be ignored in favor of simplifying the analysis with out impacting the accuracy of the calculation significantly.
For example, lets say that the outdoor air and return air dampers associated with a mixed air plenum were at the top of the plenum entering from the left and right side and that the centerline of the duct leaving the plenum is 10 feet below the centerline of the two ducts entering the plenum. In this case:
That's a pretty small number, even though the duct centerlines were 10 feet apart. Most of the time, for a mixed air plenum, the difference in elevation between the ducts entering and leaving will only be a foot or two, if any.
In contrast, if the temperature changed 1°F in the process and no moisture was added, the energy content of the air would have changed by about 0.25 Btu per pound. That's over an order of magnitude more than what was associated with the elevation change.
If we assume that we can ignore elevation changes in a mixed air plenum, then the steady flow energy equation is further simplified:
Velocity Changes in a Mixed Air Plenum
It also turns out that for virtually any mixed air plenum, the changes in the kinetic energy term in the equation …
… will be insignificant.
In other words, the velocity change that we might see in the mixed air plenum of a typical HVAC system, compared to some of the other terms in the equation can probably be ignored in favor of simplifying the analysis with out impacting accuracy.
For example, lets say that the velocity exiting the mixed air plenum is 2,000 feet per minute higher than the velocity entering the mixed air plenum. Since the units for the gravitational constant are in feet per second squared, we need to express 2,000 feet per minute as 33.3333 feet per second.
Once we have done that:
Most mixed air plenums will not have a velocity change of 2,000 feet per minute or more through them. For many, there is virtually no velocity change. And, as demonstrated above, even if the velocity change was as high as 2,000 fpm, the impact on the over-all process is an order of magnitude less than the impact of a temperature change of 1°F.
If we simplify the steady flow energy equation by making this assumption, the result now looks like this.
Now we are making progress. If only we could get rid of those scary looking sigma things and maybe some of the parenthesis.
Moving from a General Case to a Specific Case
While the simplifications we have made so far were made in the context of our mixed air plenum discussion, they are also reasonable for the general case in HVAC. But if we now make an adjustment or two for the specific case of a mixed air plenum, we can get rid of some of the mathematical stuff that may be intimidating us.
Specifically, for our mixed air plenum, there will typically be three air streams involved:
- The outdoor air stream, which is an input in terms of mass and energy.
- The return air stream, which is also an input in terms of mass and energy.
- The mixed air stream, which is an output.
Note that some systems may have a separate minimum outdoor air flow duct or fan. But in that case, you could either consider that flow and the maximum outdoor air flow as one. Or you could make similar adjustments to the ones I am about to make and develop the math for four air streams instead of three. That might be helpful if there was a minimum outdoor air fan in the minimum outdoor air flow; more on that in a minute.
Returning to our discussion, the sigma signs are just a fancy way of saying add up all of the occurrences of this term. Meaning, given out three air streams, we could write the equation like this and eliminate them.
Notice that we also were able to eliminate some of the parenthesis since our previous simplifications left only enthalpy to be multiplied by the mass flow rate. So the second curved set of parenthesis were not needed.
But Wait, There's More!
Unless you have a separate minimum outdoor air duct with a fan in it, there will be no work done on the air going through the mixed air plenum. And, if the mixed air plenum is well insulated, it is reasonable to assume that the heat transfer to or from it is insignificant relative to the remaining terms in the equation, specifically, the enthalpy change that occurs across it.
As a result, we can eliminate the work and heat transfer terms from the equation in most situations, leaving us with the following result.
Definitely an improvement from where we started in terms of complexity. But the equation is in terms of enthalpy, which can be harder to come up with in the field versus a parameter like temperature. And temperature is simply easier to "wrap our head around" since as humans, we are very aware of it.
That's not so true for enthalpy all though we experience changes in it just as often as we experience changes in temperature because temperature is our gauge for a change in internal energy and enthalpy includes that. We just are not accustomed to thinking of it that way.
Oh, if only there was a way to express the equation above in terms of temperature. That would really make things easier for us field folks.
Specific Heat
It turns out that our wish can come true; there is a way to express enthalpy in terms of temperature and the path to that is the property of specific heat. Specific heat is a measure of the amount of energy it takes to change the temperature of of a unit mass of a substance 1 degree. It is different for different substances and can vary with temperature and pressure, as illustrated below in a chart that documents the constant volume and constant pressure specific heats for air.
That said, for air at very low pressures and temperatures relative to the range shown on the chart, i.e. air in an HVAC system, it is reasonable to assume the specific heats are fairly constant.
The generally accepted value for the constant pressure specific heat (termed cp) for air at or near atmospheric pressure , is 0.241 Btu per pound. Under similar conditions, the constant volume specific heat (termed cv) is generally assumed to be about 0.1712 Btu per pound.
You may recall from some of my previous posts that for HVAC systems, we can treat dry and moist air as if it is an ideal gas. That comes in very handy in the context of our current discussion because it turns out that for an ideal gas, the following relationship applies.
This looks promising since we can fairly easily measure temperature in the field.
Leveraging the Ideal Gas Relationship for Enthalpy
Lets start putting things together to develop a couple of useful relationships. Specifically, let's combine the simplified steady flow energy equation …
… the conservation of mass equation …
… which can also be written as …
… and the ideal gas relationship for enthalpy.
We will make some substitutions and then do a bit of algebra. First, we will eliminate the mReturnAir term from the steady flow energy equation by making a substitution as follows.
Since we are interested in the outdoor air percentage, we will divide both sides of the equation by the mass flow of mixed air (the mMixedAir term).
For two of the terms in the resulting equation, the mixed air terms cancel out.
We can further simplify this by rearranging some terms and also recognizing that …
… on a mass basis. But, if the density of the air does not change much in our mixed air plenum, then that percentage also represents the percentage of outdoor air on a volume basis, which is how we tend to think of it for HVAC systems.
The bottom line is that we can write the equation we have developed in the following form and then solve it for %OutdoorAir.
Now we can leverage our assumption about air being an ideal gas and the relationship for constant pressure specific heat that is associated with that. Specifically, because ….
…we can say …
… and.
As a result, we can write the outdoor air percentage equation as follows:
Since the mixing process in a typical HVAC system occurs over a relatively small temperature span in the context of the temperature span that would cause the constant pressure specific heat to vary, it is reasonable to assume that the constant pressure specific heat is constant.
Ta Da!
Assuming the specific heat is constant allows us to cancel out a few more terms in the equation and arrive at a very useful relationship for operations and field work.
Note that all of these calculations assume that the mixed air temperature is the true mixed air temperature. That means that because of the temperature and velocity stratification that exists in a real world mixed air plenum, you need multiple data points to come up with the true mixed air temperature and may even need to take velocity into account.
Or, you need to measure at a point where the air is truly mixed. If there was a fan involved in that process, then you need to correct for the fan heat it added to the air stream. If the motor and/or belts are in the air stream, then you need to correct for those losses too since they will show up as heat.
Also note that the relationship above becomes indeterminate when the outdoor air temperature and return air temperature are the same. That also means that the accuracy of the prediction degrades as those two temperatures approach each other.
Other Useful Relationships
I use the relationship we have been discussing in my perfect economizer spreadsheet as well as for other economizer spreadsheet calculations. For example, the spreadsheet I use for assessing the savings associated with making improvements to an economizer process uses the relationship we derived along with a number of other handy relationship you can derive from it by doing a bit more math and making a few substitutions.
Say for example, that you wanted to determine the outdoor air temperature (tOutdoorAir) that would cause the mixed air temperature to drop to freezing (tMixedAir=32°F), given a return temperature (tReturnAir) and an outdoor air percentage (%OutdoorAir):
A more general case of the preceding would allow you to solve for a specific mixed air temperature of interest. For instance, you may want to know how cold it would have to get outside given a system′s return temperature and minimum outdoor air percentage before the mixed air temperature would drop below the design mixed air temperature and preheat would be required.
Or, you may want to determine the mixed air temperature (tMixedAir) created by a particular outdoor air percentage (%OutdoorAir), outdoor air temperature (tOutdoorAir), and return air temperature (tReturnAir).
There are a number of other ways you could manipulate the equations to find out useful information, but those are the ones I use the most. In fact, I have the calculations built into a little spreadsheet that I have posted under the resource links on the blog home page if you are interested in it.
All of the relationships we looked at were developed for dry bulb temperature. But I should note that you can develop similar relationships for the moisture content of the air. In general terms if you simply substitute relative humidity, dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature, etc. for the dry bulb temperature in the preceding relationships, the will give you reasonable results.
The Psych Chart, A Graphical Approach to the Same Problem
If all of that is still a bit to much math for you, you can always solve the problem on a case by case basis using a psych chart. This is not the way to go if you want to assess things for a couple thousand data logger points, thus the advantage of understanding the math. But for a field situation where you are simply trying to understand what is going on, the psych chart may be the way to go. In some ways, it is better because it paints a picture that includes the impact of the moisture in the air.
If you are mixing two air streams on a psych chart, the mix point lies on the line created by the two given points, and the distance between the points on the line is proportional to the temperatures.
For instance, if I wanted to know the outdoor air percentage associated with making freezing mixed air when I had a design condition of 75°F, 40%RH for the return air from a hospital patient room and an extreme outdoor air condition of –3.2°F/50% RH, I would plot those two points on the psych chart and connect them with a line.
Then, I would draw a constant 32°F dry bulb temperature line on the chart. The point where those two lines cross represents the freezing mixed air condition for the state points I plotted.
Next, I measure the total length of the line between the two points.
Note that the dimensions in the screen shots I am using are what I get with the slide projected on my monitor, so you may get different dimensions from the image on the blog as it projects on your monitor. As you will see in a minute, it is not the specific dimensions that matter, it is the ratio of the dimensions.
Next, I measure the distance between the mixed air point and the return air point, which comes up to about 4-1/2 inches on my monitor.
If I divide the total length of the line (8-3/16 inches) by the distance from the return air point to the mixed air point (4-1/2"), I end up with 0.55. In other words, the mixed air point is 55% of the way from the return air point to the outdoor air point, which means the outdoor air percentage that will make a freezing mixed air plenum for this system at the conditions I selected would be 55% outdoor air.
If I use the relationship we developed and do the math in a spreadsheet or with a calculator, I end up with virtually the same number. The minor differences are related to how accurately I plotted my points and read the dimensions off of the psych chart, rounding errors and precision in the calculations, etc.
It is also worth noting that if the building were not humidified and the only source of moisture was the people in the facility, then the indoor condition would likely be more along the lines of 12.5%. If you go through the same exercise, you will discover that while the lengths change, the dimensions still work out and predict the mixed air percentage as 55%, just like the calculation does.
That is the beauty of the psych chart; it can provide an accurate solution to some fairly complex problems using a graphical technique. Kind of attractive if you are math phobic.
That said, now you know about both techniques and have some insight into the physics going on in a mixed air plenum. That information, along with the information in the next post, will set us up to understand the perfect economizer and then use scatter plot techniques to assess how well a real world one stacks up against it.
But the next post will have to wait because I will be tied up tonight going out to dinner with my bride and then watching the Muppet's new show.
Hopefully you will be able to do the same.
David Sellers
Senior Engineer – Facility Dynamics Engineering


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Blood, Sand and Gold
When the top salvage company in the world loses a billion dollars of 15th century artifacts, chief archaeologist Mave Adams hires ex - criminal Jack Riordan to track it down. Back at the company headquarters in Hong Kong - Mave's brother Mathew Harper and his general council Ernest have ulterior motives other than cooperating in the investigation. As Mave and Jack trace the stolen treasure along the same ancient routes Sir Francis Drake used, he uncovers more than just the lost artifacts - an entire conspiracy of blood, sand and gold.
Genres: Action
Actor: Aaron Costa Ganis, Monica West, Christopher Redman, Jenny Sterlin, Michael Benyaer, Paulino Partida, Bruce McKenzie, Ezra Knight, Shuna Iijima, Letizia Lezza
Director: Gaelan Connell
Country: USA, Hong Kong, Switzerland, Morocco, Mexico, United Arab Emirates

subset: commoncrawl


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1st Annual International Negotiation Competition
The competition is open to all students enrolled 5-year integrated undergraduate law degree in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Hong Kong as of 1st May, 2017. All universities and law schools in India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Hong Kong are invited to enter the competition. Each institute can nominate ONE team (each with two members) for the competition. Applications from individual students or groups will not be accepted. Each participating institution is free to select its team in any manner it deems fit. However, internal competition for choosing the team is the best practice followed.
- University/ law school has to nominate students for the competition.
- An authorisation letter from the institution must accompany the registration.
- CV of the participating students need to be uploaded.
- Participants are required to submit an Online Registration Form along with a registration fee amounting to Rs. 2,000/-, per team.
- Registration form and fee details can be accessed at http://www.manupatrafast.com/AINC/
The competition will be conducted in English.
All participants MUST wear business formals for the competition.
A maximum of 35 teams can participate in the competition. A team registering after the requisite strength has been achieved will be refunded their registration fee.
For More Details Click Here


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Police investigate a suspicious death inside an apartment at 140 Moore St. in Brooklyn on Sunday. (Gardiner Anderson/for New York Daily News)
The next-door neighbor of a murdered Brooklyn mom was found shot to death Sunday — and cops are looking into whether the two deaths are linked, police said.
Basil Gray, 54, was discovered shot in the head in a fifth-floor Bushwick Houses apartment on Sunday afternoon, authorities said. The home was one door down from where police found 62-year-old Ana Delvalle murdered Friday night.
A relative found Gray's body and called police.
"My brother is dead," a woman said as police ushered family away from the scene Sunday evening.
Police suspect Gray's death is a homicide, and he may have been killed the same day as Delvalle, cop sources said. The city medical examiner's office will determine how he died.
Delvalle's daughter found her mother's body in her Moore St. apartment just after 6:45 p.m. Friday.
Police officers investigate the death of a man found in his apartment at the Bushwick Houses. (Gardiner Anderson/for New York Daily News)
Her hands were bound, and she had been shot several times in the head with a .380-caliber gun, cops said.
Police sources said the crime scene suggested the killing was personal, and the murderer was likely someone Delvalle knew.
Officers found cleaning products outside her door, sources said. One of her sons said Saturday that she was cleaning in the hallway just before her murder.
There was no sign of a forced entry, and the apartment wasn't ransacked.
No one answered a door-knock at the dead neighbor Gray's apartment roughly two hours before police found his body.


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Job Vacancy: Operations Team Leader – Transport Logistics Company
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|Job Summary:
|Job Title
Operations Team Leader
|Job Category
Transport Logistics
|Job Type
|Company / Organization
Transport Logistics Company, Kenya
|Approx. Salary
|Job Opening Date
|Job Expiry Date
|Job Details
Job Vacancy: Operations Team Leader – Transport Logistics Company
A vacancy has arisen at a logistics company based in Nairobi.
The position will be responsible for the implementation of business measures and strategies to drive business and ensure efficiency and profitability.
The position also requires understanding of the supply chain for effective co-ordination of the various supply chain functions.
Key Functional Areas of Responsibilitywww.jobsinkenya.co.ke for more job details and application process.
|Job Location
Nairobi County


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Focus on the Family Broadcast >> All Episodes
Cohabitation: Why Traditional Marriage Matters
Air Date 01/12/2015Get Social and Listen
Glenn Stanton, Focus on the Family's Director of Family Formation Studies, discusses the benefits of marriage and describes the negative consequences of couples living together before getting married – not only for couples who engage in that practice and their children, but society as a whole.
Listen here, watch recent episodes on our YouTube channel, or download our app.
John Fuller: Well, try it before you buy it. If you're looking for a car, that probably makes sense. You want to take it for a test drive before you purchase. It makes sense, so what's the problem with trying a relationship before you get together, living together before you get married? We'll examine that on today's "Focus on the Family" with Focus president and author, Jim Daly and I'm John Fuller
Jim Daly: John, when you think about it, the rational person can reasonably come to the conclusion that it might be good to try out a relationship, to live together. But of course, from a biblical standard, that's not smart. And sure enough, social science now is saying, it's not smart, that you're less likely to have, you know, a commitment in a life-long marriage and for that marriage to be successful if you have cohabited. And we want to talk about that today. These are the nitty-gritty issues that perhaps some of your adult children are living through right now, your 20-, 30-something children. And perhaps we could put tools within your reach to have a good discussion with your adult children about these big issues.
John: Okay, well, you know, I think a lot of folks, Jim, have these reasons like, oh, we're gonna save money. Or we're going to just check our compatibility to make sure that we're good to go before we actually make the final commitment. I mean, there are a lot of reasons that people have for living together before they get married.
Jim: They're seemingly good reasons, John, but from a human perspective, I think God has put the Manual in front of us. He wants us to know the gift of marriage and what it means and what we learn through that. It's not a way to punish us, not at all. Marriage is His best and we want to talk about that.
God designed marriage for a reason. It's not willy-nilly. Culture's been doing it for thousands of years, both Christian and non-Christian cultures. But it is to help us establish a healthy relationship with our spouse, one that's built on commitment and trust. And you know, marriage creates a shared sense of responsibility. And frankly, it's the best place--and again, social science is supporting this—for a child to grow up. And again, marriage is about procreation and raising children for the next generation.
John: Well, we have a colleague here to help us discuss this a little bit more. He's been talking about and researching this topic for a number of years and has some great insights. Glenn Stanton is the director for Family Formation Studies here at Focus on the Family, often giving presentations and speaking about matters related to gender, sexuality and marriage. And he's written a number of books. The one that we'll cover today is called The Ring Makes All the Difference: The Hidden Consequences of Cohabitation and the Strong Benefits of Marriage.
Jim: Glenn, welcome back to the microphone.
Glenn Stanton: Well, thank you, you guys. It's good to be with you.
Jim: Let me start with this question and again, I'll be a bit of an antagonist here, not that I don't agree with you, but to tease out—
Glenn: Sure.
Jim: --you know, the arguments that a lot of 20-, 30-somethings might be making in defense to their parents about why it's smart to cohabitate.
Glenn: Yep.
Jim: So, don't believe I'm embracing it if you hear that in my voice.
Glenn: What's wrong with you Jim? You don't believe that—
Jim: Yeah, exactly.
Glenn: --do you?
Jim: But that leads to a good discussion, I think. Right out of the gate, what are the common reasons people choose to cohabitate? Why do they do it?
Glenn: Well, the date is very clear that the first one is the road test of the relationship.
Jim: Compatibility.
Glenn: Yeah, absolutely. I mean, only less than a quarter of cohabiting couples say we have no interest in marriage. More than 75 percent of 'em are saying, yes, we want to kind of road test this relationship and make sure that we're compatible before we make this leap.
Jim: Now a lot of us parents, you know, we're alarmed by that. We're saying, but that's not a good way to go. Again, the rational 20-, 30-something, is it fear? They don't want to fail?
Glenn: You know what? That's a huge thing, Jim, because we have to understand generations and in terms of where they came from. This seems a little off note here, but think about the generation of the Depression. They became one of the most financially prosperous generations of our nation. Now you have this generation that was raised in really huge family breakdown. I mean, so many young people are saying today, that I've never seen an intact marriage, not in my own family or among my friends.
Jim: So, they've seen a lot of divorce.
Glenn: They've seen a lot of divorce. They've seen a lot of family breakdown and they are scared to death that their own desires and their own goals of having a lifelong happy marriage may not be able to be realized.
So, what are they doing? They're saying, you know what? We're gonna dip our toe into that water, rather than just dive in, which is what a marriage is. And you know, honestly there's a bit of rationality to that, if you think. I mean, it makes sense that we try out a car before we buy it. We try out a computer before we buy it. But marriage, your spouse, your beloved is not a consumer product. You know, we can't approach it that way.
Jim: That's an incredible point. We tend to do that. And I guess the question is, what do you say to that young couple who actually, I would think a percentage of them are trying to do this out of fear that they don't want to fail? Once they commit to marriage, they want it to be life-long, but it's not a good way to rationalize this.
Glenn: Yeah. Well, first of all, Jim, I mean, you made a very, very good point there and it's what I found in my research that used to in the old days, people were cohabiting out of sort of a negative view of marriage. Well, marriage is just a piece of paper. Who really needs it?
But today, young people are cohabiting out of, ironically a high view of marriage and it's exactly what you said, Jim, is, you know, we value marriage. We want marriage to work. We've not seen it work, so we're just gonna try it out.
But what we need to understand it and you know, and this is not, you know, kind of closed-minded moralists making this case. It is cold, calculated social scientists that are showing us that there are few things that couples do of their own free will that are more likely to sandbag their chances of a healthy, happy, long-lasting marital relationship than living together.
Jim: Now let me ask in that regard. That seems counterintuitive—
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: --because of the very argument, the straw man that we've set up, that you know, people will rationalize, if I test drive—
Glenn: Yep.
Jim: -- I have a more likelihood of success. And the exact opposite is true. Why is that happening in the data? What are the social scientists seeing? What is the human relationship issue?
Glenn: Well, it's interesting that the scientists have a phrase for this. It's called "the Cohabitational Effect." And that means that cohabiting nearly always negatively affects the relationship and health of the relationship. That is not a question of whether it does or not. The question is exactly what you said, why? And that's where all the debate is in the science literature.
But there are really kind of two things. One is the ambiguity of the relationship, if you will. I mean, basically, we find in research that men and women, the man and the woman in the relationship have a different expectation. The woman is always more likely to say, "Well, you know, we're moving toward marriage. You know, marriage is likely in the future."
Jim: So, she's trusting in that future.
Glenn: She's trusting in that future. She's looking for that future.
Jim: Believing in it.
Glenn: Believing in it, but falsely, because the guy consistently is more like, "We're just hangin' out. We're having fun. We're just gonna see what happens."So, women, even from, you know, kind of a feminist point of view, women in cohabitation are being sold a bill of goods by their partner.
Jim: I just wanted to make sure I heard that correctly. You're saying the great majority of women in cohabiting situations believe in the future that this will be the man I'm gonna marry and I'm just kinda getting to that point. You know, I'm kinda biding my time until he pops the question. Whereas men, a large majority of them, aren't believing that at all.
Glenn: That's exactly right. They're looking for different things and expecting different things in the cohabiting relationship. The woman is likely to see, "Well, if I can get my guy moved in and, you know, we're sharing a home together and we're washing dishes together, that that's basically the conveyor belt to marriage.
Jim: Training?
Glenn: Well …
Jim: They're thinking it's training?
Glenn: Well, they do think that, but the guy on the other hand, he's like, you know what? We're not married. We're just hangin' out, havin' fun, seein' what happens. So, the woman has false expectations. She's being sold a bill of goods about where this relationship is going.
John: All right, Glenn, not to put you on the hot seat, but I was talking to my daughter this morning, one of my daughters about our conversation here. And I told her we're gonna be talking about this. What do you think? And she said, "Well, I know that the Bible says it's wrong to live together before marriage. I just don't know what verses that is."
Glenn: Hm.
John: And I said, "Well, that's a good question."
Glenn: Yeah.
John: Well, let me bring that to our—
Glenn: Yeah.
John: --expert.
Glenn: Yeah.
John: So, is there a verse that says, "Don't live together before you get married?"
Glenn: Well, it's interesting, because there's not one, because cohabitation wasn't a thing then per se. But you know, it's interesting that, you know, our children will [say], "Well, you never told me not to do that." You know, but no, I gave you these basic rules that you could apply. And God is that same way.
Again, the ideal for marriage is the husband leaves his mother and father and cleaves to his wife and that Jesus tells us that same thing in the beginning of Matthew 19 and Mark 10, where He's talking about marriage. He's very clear what the relationship between the man and the woman is and that it's to be taken and seen in marriage and that His sexual ethic, if you will, the rules that Jesus gives us for sexuality is, only within a marriage between a husband and wife. That excludes every other relationship, including cohabitation, regardless of how the couple themselves feel about that relationship.
Jim: And let's—
John: That's good.
Jim: --let's drill into that a second, because I think the critical nature of this is, it's not the, I guess what we would call the moral climate of the day that matters. It's the Scripture, the truth of what we understand again, it's not that—
Glenn: It's timeless.
Jim: --you know, on college campuses, people are taught, a different rationalization to—
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: --relationship, that sex is biological, you know, the hook-up culture—
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: --all the things that we read about, that are so contrary to God's best for us.
Glenn: And see, Jim, that's a big, big point, because we can tend to think, well, the Bible says this over here and says no. But you know, that has nothing to do with science whatsoever. God didn't make up rules like you said, just willy-nilly. He makes up rules for us, good and bad, because they lead to and contribute to our own well-being. And what's fascinating is, that in cohabitation today, okay, God says no, but the science is saying no with a very loud voice, that it's not a good idea.
Jim: And we should, in the Christian community elevate that and that's what we wanted to do today, is to raise this issue. Let me ask it this way. What is the research showing that when a couple is married, although divorce rates are far too high, there is a difference between cohabiting and being married and going through difficult discussions about ending that relationship. Talk about that.
Glenn: Yeah, in fact, first of all, I mean, you're right, Jim, that the scholars themselves say that cohabitation is not a subset of marriage. It's a subset of being single, that cohabiting couples look more like single individuals or dating individuals than they do married couples. And that's very significant.
I mean, you talked about fidelity first of all, that in cohabiting relationships, the guy is four times more likely to be unfaithful to his partner than a married man is with a ring on his finger.
Jim: Wow.
Glenn: The women surprisingly, women in marriage are more faithful than the men, but in cohabitation, they're more unfaithful—eight times more likely than …
Jim: What's happening there?
Glenn: Women aren't so interested in sex as they are intimacy.
Jim: Relationship.
Glenn: And so, relationship, closeness, you know, the kind of snuggling sort of thing, to be honest about that. They are not as likely to get that in cohabitation. Therefore, they're more likely to go out seeking that.
Jim: Well, and more vulnerable.
Glenn: And absolutely more vulnerable. And so, they're not getting what they want, that female heart, that need to be loved, to be cared for, to be the most important person in that guy's life. But they are more likely to get it in marriage and that's why they're more faithful.
Jim: Well, and again, this is a good reason for us as parents of again, teens, 20s, 30-somethings to have these really good discussions about—
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: --the benefits of marriage, the consequences of poor decisions.
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: And that's why we're doing the program today.
John: And you can find out more about Glenn's book, The Ring Makes All the Difference and a variety of supporting materials that we have for you to affirm God's design for marriage and ways to talk about that within your home, when you stop by www.focusonthefamily.com/radio or call us at 800-A-FAMILY.
And when you support Focus on the Family today with your generous donation, we'll send Glenn's book to you as our way of saying thank you.
John: Now, Glenn, we were talking about the two main reasons that cohabitation really doesn't work and you said the first had to do with I think you called it the ambiguity of the relationship.
Glenn: Uh-hm.
John: What's the second one?
Glenn: Well, the second one is just sheer commitment. I mean, we know time and time again, that regardless of what the couple thinks, they tend to be less committed to each other and less committed to the relationship. And if they go on to get married, they are less committed to the marriage itself.
So, when you take a relationship, you cut out commitment, I mean, duh! You know, the relationship is not going to be as strong as the marital relationship.
Jim: Glenn, when a couple lives together, we've talked about the intimacy issues, but—
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: --I'd like to talk, too just about how they handle conflict—
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: --differently. That came up in the research. We've got our hands full in marriages on how to communicate and handle conflict effectively—
Glenn: Yeah, yeah.
Jim: --constructively. What happens in a cohabiting couple with conflict?
Glenn: Well, simply and conflict is a part of every relationship. The issue is how a couple deals with it. That's what indicates a healthy and unhealthy relationship. Cohabiters are shown time and time and time again to have more conflict and to deal with it less healthy than married couples do.
Jim: How does that play out?
Glenn: Well, basically, cohabiters tend to be more manipulative in their negotiations with each other.
Jim: Give me an example of that.
Glenn: Well, the example of that is you know, I give the example in the book, [a] man and woman cohabiting, her little niece is having a birthday party at, you know, some pizza place. And somebody needs to wear the Barney costume, okay? And you know, typically for a husband, it's like, okay, I know who's wearin' the Barney costume.
For a cohabiting relationship and this was a real incident, he's like, you know what? I don't even know your little niece. She's not related to me. I'm goin' fishin' with my buddies. I am not wearin' that Barney costume.
Jim: So, he hasn't bought in.
Glenn: He hasn't bought in and so the live-in girlfriend essentially, she has to be more manipulative and the guys are more manipulative with the women, as well. I mean, it's not just a female thing. She has to be more manipulative to him, putting guilt upon him, things like that, to get him into that Barney costume on a Saturday. Whereas a husband is like, okay, I know what I need to do. Wives can put their hands on their hips, look square in the eyes of her husband—
Jim: The eye, the look.
Glenn:--exactly and he knows--
Jim: We know about that look. (Laughter)
Glenn: --he knows exactly, it's humanly universal. He knows what the deal is. A cohabiting woman does that, he's like, you stand there all day long, I'm goin' fishin' with my buddies. They are different kinds of guys. And so, that's where that manipulation comes in and it goes both ways.
Jim: When you look at the data again and you see, let's speak to the Christian community—
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: --where young people, 20-, 30-somethings decide, okay, we're not living the way we should live—
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: --and it's wrong and we want—
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: --to correct that, now they get married. What does the data show us about the strength of those marriages after they've cohabited?
Glenn: Yeah. First of all, there's some good news, is the kids growing up in Christian homes, committed Christian homes, are not near as likely to cohabit as kids not growing up in those homes.
But for those that are cohabiting and want to correct it or know what the deal is, they need, particularly, the women, that when you enter a cohabiting relationship, you are less committed to the relationship and to that person. But here's what the research shows, that even if this couple goes on to get married, the guy, as a married man, tends to be less committed to his wife and to the marriage than a guy who has not cohabited--
Jim: So he kind of brings—
Glenn: --before
Jim: --that temperament and what he's learned—
Glenn: Absolutely.
Jim: --into the marriage. Uh!
Glenn: He's been trained to be that way, to live that way. The couple, the boyfriend and girlfriend have been trained to negotiate, to argue, to discuss money, conflicts in a less-healthy way. So, they bring that into the relationship, the marriage unfortunately, which is, if you will, kind of rocks in the backpack of them making the trip through life.
Jim: Let me push on you a bit, because my hair on the back of my neck went up when you said they're trained that way. That puts a lot of responsibility on the woman, which I don't believe is fair, as if she's the great lion tamer and I don't think you meant to say it that way.
Glenn: Well, no, no, no. The relationship itself trains them. The way that they're interacting with one another trains them.
Jim: They both come away with a perspective—
Glenn: Absolutely.
Jim: --and attitude.
Glenn: Absolutely and see, that's very, very important that the process of cohabiting itself makes a difference, because the relationship itself is different. If marriage and cohabitation were the same thing, people wouldn't choose cohabitation over marriage. I mean, clearly they're different things and it shapes, it changes, it molds the couple as a couple.
Jim: In the earlier part of the program, Glenn, you mentioned that cohabiting is a relatively new phenomenon, that they didn't do that during biblical times, in the time of—
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: --Jesus or, you know. In the last probably 100 years or 50 years it's become more fashionable.
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: Talk to the wisdom of the days, the ancient days. What wisdom were they pursuing that they knew in essence and let me set it up this way, they knew that when women gave freely of their sexuality—
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: --they lost. In essence, they lose control of men, 'cause men at their core, that's what's driving us often, is that sexual intimacy.
Glenn: And Jim, historically, that's exactly what marriage is. I mean, the anthropologists who study marriage say, marriage has always existed. We cannot find a time when marriage started existing in human culture. And it did for that very purpose, to regulate sexuality and to make sure that the children that are produced by that relationship, live with a man and a woman who are committed to one another.
And it is protection for the woman, the protection of the mother there. And so, cohabitation does not provide that kind of protection unfortunately, for the woman. And it doesn't incline the man to act differently.
I mean, you know, you're at the basketball game. You're playing with your buddies and husbands are lookin' at their watch, you know. My wife wants me home at this time. And they're happy to live that way, you know. Whereas cohabiting guys are like, you know what? I'll get home when I get home. That's a huge difference in that demonstrates itself in a zillion different ways. You know, men know that the power and influence of a wife is significantly stronger and more influential, more effectual, if you will, than a live-in girlfriend.
John: And you're saying that research is confirming that. It's not just a nice anecdote.
Glenn: Absolutely, it's confirming that. It shows time and time again that a wife, a woman with a ring on her finger, married to a man with a ring on his finger, the wife is a more powerful player in the relationship. She has a stronger voice, more influential voice than the live-in girlfriend.
Jim: I think that's a great point. As we wrap up though, we haven't talked about children.
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: And you know, sometimes in these cohabiting relationship, the by-product of human sexuality is children.
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: What happens to the kids that are either in that relationship, that cohabiting relationship and that may be biological mom and dad or the mom's had previous relationships.
Glenn: Yeah, yeah.
Jim: Talk about both those experiences.
Glenn: Well, first of all, we need to know that kind of in the old days, cohabitation was among the college-age group and you know, transitional. Now the majority of kids born out of wedlock, the slight majority of kids born out of wedlock are to cohabiting couples.
And so, these are more like, you know, the couples in the cul de sac that we live in and things like that. But cohabitation, just like it does with adults, impacts children very negatively
. I mean, first of all, just four key things. Sexual and physical violence, I mean, the research tells us very clearly that you know, for instance, kids that are not living with a married mother and father are eight times more likely to die of maltreatment. That includes cohabiting relationships, you know, not married.
Poverty, I mean it's interesting that generally only 6 percent of kids living with married parents are likely to live in poverty at any time in their childhood. That's 31 percent for kids living in cohabiting homes. And you think about that. Six percent versus 31 percent and the only difference is the nature of the relationship between mother and father.
Academic success, I mean, kids who live with a married mother and father are dramatically more likely to do better in every measure of educational well-being. And we know how important that is to a child's success.
And then the issue of stable homes, I mean, homes that are cohabiting, not built on marriage, are 292 percent more likely to break up and become fractured than kids living with married mothers and fathers.
Jim: Glenn, that again, is breathtaking data and when we talk about how we rationalize the decisions we make, we started the program by talking about how people who cohabitate think that's a rational way—
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: --to test drive.
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: But in the end, when you look at the data, it's the exact opposite of what you should be doing for all the reasons we talked about. You don't get the commitment from the man typically and a woman, the large majority of women tend to think this is the first step to the proposal.
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: Ands so, they're both in a different place entirely.
Glenn: Yeah.
Jim: How children suffer in that regard. Let me end it with this. Talk to me as your 25-year-old son, who is from a Christian home. You've been my father—
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: --and we are having this debate, because I've just told you I'd like to move in with Monica.
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: And I think that's the right thing to do, 'cause I'm not sure she's the one to marry, dad, but I think this is the best way to go. Tell me the story.
Glenn: Yeah, I mean, first of all, son, this is old, old wisdom. It's old wisdom from our great, great grandparents, but it's old wisdom from the Scriptures. And it's new wisdom from the social sciences, that everything that you're hoping cohabitation will do, the research is clear that all those things that you want cohabitation to do for you and you think that it will do, it does not do. In fact, there is no research whatsoever that cohabitation provides any positive benefits for those who are involved in it, adults and children, not for the relationship itself.
And what I like to tell people, Jim, is you know, young people, go find me some research, some good research that shows you any positive indicator of outcomes of cohabitation. You won't find it. And so, you know, challenging them on an intellectual level, you know, on a fact level.
They can't do it and all the data points in the opposite direction. I mean, that's the thing, Jim, is that there is an absolute Grand Canyon division between what people think cohabitation does and hope that it'll do and what the social sciences say it actually does.
Jim: Well, and I think the quick second to that, if not the first, is to say, "Son, you know what? I get it, the data drivenness of all this. But the other thing is your heart and—
Glenn: Yes.
Jim: --your heart's over your head and your heart's about the work that God does in you. And it's not the right thing to do. And there is a biblical way to go and …
Glenn: And it's not honoring to this woman that you love—
Jim: Right.
Glenn: --that you say you love.
Jim: So, in the end I say, "Dad, that is great advice. I'm gonna marry Monica." (Laughter) And that's the best world.
Glenn: And that's what men do. They don't just linger around the side of the pool, dip their toe in. They dive in and that's what marriage is. That's what that commitment is about. And that's a manly, masculine thing to do.
Jim: Well, that's what real men should do. You know, Glenn, I'm mindful though of women who are listening, who are feeling you know, anxious about their cohabiting relationship.
Glenn: Uh-hm.
Jim: They might be in a one right now. And I just want to speak to you and say, call us here at Focus on the Family. Let us help guide your thinking in this area, give you a biblical perspective on why those decisions need to be made to get a commitment from the person you're with and the benefits of doing that. Glenn Stanton, author of the book, The Ring Makes All the Difference, great to have you in here.
Glenn: Thank you, Jim.
John: It really has been a good conversation and if you're a single and what we've talked about today is maybe making you stop and think, "Wait a minute; they're describing my situation; maybe I need to reevaluate here," call us. Talk to one of our counselors. Think that through. Let us help inform any decisions you might make there. Our number is 800, the letter A and the word FAMILY; 800-232-6459. And by the way, when you call, at times we quite a level of activity and the counselors can't take your call right away. But they'll get back to you just as soon as they can.
And then of course, we have a number of articles and helps for you to think this through and to deal with having a better relationship, at our website. That's www.focusonthefamily.com/radio.
Our program was provided by Focus on the Family and on behalf of Jim Daly and the entire team here, I'm John Fuller, thanking you for listening and inviting you back tomorrow. Lysa TerKeurst joins us to help you find balance in your busy life. That's next time, when we'll have more trusted advice to help you and your family thrive.
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Glenn StantonView Bio
Glenn T. Stanton is the director of Global Family Formation Studies at Focus on the Family. He debates and lectures extensively on the issues of gender, sexuality, marriage and parenting at universities and churches around the world.
Stanton also served the George W. Bush administration for many years as a consultant on increasing fatherhood involvement in the Head Start program.
Stanton is the author of nine books and is senior contributor to the Federalist blog. His latest book is"The Myth of the Dying Church: How Christianity is Actually Thriving in America and the World." His previous is "Loving My (LGBT) Neighbor: Being Friends in Grace and Truth," explores how Christians should interact with gay or lesbian neighbors in a Christ-honoring way. He is also the co-writer of "Irreplaceable" a film seen in theatres nationwide, and the co-author and creator of "The Family Project," a 12-session small group DVD curriculum produced by Focus on the Family.
Stanton earned bachelor's degree in philosophy, communication arts and religion and a master's degree in philosophy, history and religion from the University of West Florida.


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Entertained and informed
A popular feature of this biannual event is the high calibre keynote speakers, and this year's line-up lived up to expectations. The main theatre hosted a packed schedule with presentations from Professor Sir Bill Wakeham, cameraman Doug Allan and Dallas Campbell of the BBC's Bang Goes the Theory fame, who also acted as MC for the event. Professor Sir Bill Wakeham began the morning with a session on The importance of technical skills to UK science and innovation, followed by an entertaining and informative presentation from Dallas Campbell on How to leave the planet, which explored the history of space travel and involved a spacesuit packed in a suitcase. The final session An eye below zero showcased Doug Allan's experience as a wildlife cameraman with shows such as Blue Planet, Forces of Nature and Life in the Freezer, highlighting the symbiotic relationship between scientific research and film making.
Everything the laboratory needs
The show included over 60 exhibitors – from food safety and pharmaceuticals to healthcare and academic research – with a number choosing to launch new products. The hall layout and timing of the day ensured that there was plenty of time for visitors to browse products and view demonstrations. Samantha Hague from the Sainsbury Lab said: "The show has been really helpful. There's such a breadth of companies in a wide range of fields, you can find companies that do what you do, as well as those that you didn't know about." Joan Shaw, currently in teacher training, agreed: "It's been absolutely wonderful – very informative with lots of interesting stalls, great products and friendly reps." For exhibitors, the show provided access to a diverse audience, as Jagjit Chumber from Merck explained: "There's been a complete mix of customers. Each conversation has been unique and kept us on our toes!"
Hosting in partnership with the Science Council has allowed SLS to broaden the scope of the event this year, addressing not only laboratory product needs, but also scientists and their careers. Many attendees benefitted from the Science Council's Professional Development Zone and the masterclasses that ran throughout the day, as well as seminars from show partners Eppendorf and Corning.
A worthwhile day for all
The show delivered a good dose of fun-fuelled activities alongside the exhibition and conference schedule, including prize draws, a mini-golf competition and liquid nitrogen ice cream. Twitter was ablaze throughout the day, with many people entering exhibitor prize draws and expressing their thanks. One happy visitor tweeted: "Dallas Campbell and Doug Allan have made this birthday one of the best for years." As delegates headed home, exhibitors had a chance to reflect on the busy day. Sebastien Duchamp from Corning said: "It's been a well-organised, amazing event, offering a great flow of potential and existing customers with a chance to talk about new projects and new products."
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Climate change brings disaster, disease
Climate change is one of the biggest threats we face today, and it is continuing to grow. Many people don't understand its importance and fall into the false sense that it is not real. We don't understand how negative the consequences of climate change can be, and it will only get worse in the future if we do nothing about it. Many of the consequences can lead to devastated people who lose family members and loved ones, pets, homes, communities, etc.
Climate change causes many negative effects including rising temperature and sea levels, and more common and destructive natural disasters. A warmer climate changes the atmosphere to collect and drop more water, causing dry areas to become drier and wet areas to become wetter, creating more floods in some areas, droughts in others and many more disasters all over the world. The number of people with asthma has quadrupled over the last 20 years, there have been increases in diseases all around the world, and devastating events continue to occur more often.
We have found some solutions to help reduce this problem such as more energy-efficient buildings, incorporating more renewable resources into new projects, and finding ways to reduce toxins released into the air by planes, trucks and automobiles. The goal of educating more people and reducing climate change as quickly as possible may not come easy, but it is a must if we really want to save our planet for the future.
By Andrew Nolan, Boulder
Alternative methods needed to combat opioid crisis
The deaths and overdoses related to opioids have been steadily increasing, and on Oct. 26, President Donald Trump declared a national health emergency.
Since 2015, around 20 million Americans 12 or older have reported having a substance abuse issue. The government is willing to spend $25 billion to help end the opioid crisis, but it must be attached with a plan. Fortunately, Michael Bloomberg's article "A Seven-Step Plan for Ending the Opioid Crisis" provides us with serious precautions that can be taken.
One method Bloomberg discussed to end the opioid crisis is to target the distribution of prescription pills. Many doctors lack the appropriate skills to identify a patient's needs and often end up overprescribing pills or prescribing the wrong ones. Although we shouldn't confuse everyone who is prescribed painkillers as an addict, there are people who truly need opioid treatment who fall into the trap of addiction.
Physicians should learn to implement alternative methods such as cognitive behavioral therapy or biofeedback rather than prescribing pills to patients who are already addicted. Cognitive behavioral therapy focuses on boosting happiness and encourages patients to change their habits when craving drugs. It helps patients get rid of the negative thoughts that might block them from recovery.
When addicts see how society treats them, they continue to behave negatively with the thought that nobody will ever accept them. When dealing with patients who have an addiction, the goal shouldn't be to cure them but to help manage their illness. There are solutions that could help end the opioid crisis, but it's important that we recognize these and sympathize with the addict.
By Christina Lemm, Boulder
America must lead in reducing plastic pollution
The world is faced with the very pressing issue of plastic pollution in oceanic environments. The hard plastic and microplastics from things like disposable water bottles, plastic bags and food containers poison oceanic life, which could cause harm to humans who consume seafood.
The world uses more than 100 million tons of plastic annually but recycles less than 5 percent of it — 8 million tons are distributed into oceans. Plastic is in high demand because it's such a versatile product that can be used for anything from car parts to water bottles to IV drips, meaning there is no chance we can completely eliminate its use. We can, however, use our technological advances and research to use plastic products that are less harmful to the environment.
Companies around the world are producing new biodegradable and compostable plastic products for both home and corporate use. The company Ecoware produces biodegradable dishware and bioplastic packaging, and Colorado companies like BIOTA make similar products. With new compostable plastic products available, there is no reason to use tougher plastics that can take 1,000 years to degrade in a landfill. The U.S. is one of the biggest producers of plastic litter. In a single day, 223,392 plastic bottles were picked up across the coastline in the United States by volunteers.
With the information and ability to create biodegradable plastic products, why aren't more companies distributing environmentally friendly plastics? Living in America, we have the privilege of having access to environmentally friendly products, and we as a community should be using them to help lessen our impact on the world.
By Amber Micheloni, CU student, Boulder
Lives at stake if nothing is done to stop climate change
Our society is highly reliant on burning fossil fuels to produce energy, and by doing this, we are putting greenhouse gasses into our atmosphere, which build up to cause global warming. If not dealt with soon, global warming can threaten our livelihood and home.
As global temperatures rise, extreme weather events will become worse. Floods, heat waves, droughts and hurricanes will become more common and grow in strength. These severe weather events will start to take a toll, and the lives of many innocent people are at stake if nothing is done.
It is our responsibility to find solutions to end the issue of global warming and prevent permanent damage to the health of Earth. Tools like solar and wind energy can help. It is up to us to implement these solutions and finally get rid of the issue of global warming.
By Bradshaw Grady, Boulder


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Tue, 18 August 2015
Charles and Jesse are joined by special guest companion Heidi Jenkins and review the David Tennant era story featuring the debut of the Weeping Angels. Learn more, subscribe, or contact us atwww.southgatemediagroup.com. We also have a tumblr now at southgatemediagroup.tumblr.com. You can write to us at email@example.com and let us know what you think. Be sure to rate us and review the episode. It really helps other people find us. Thanks!
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Cars in Elmont Tagged with Graffiti Vandalism
Source: Long Island Exchange Fourth Squad detectives are investigating multiple incidents of Criminal Mischief that occurred in Elmont. According to detectives, during the overnight hours of Wednesday, June 24, 2015 into the morning of Thursday, June 25, 2015, a total of 4 vehicles were sprayed with the letters "GBK" in red paint. The vehicles involved … Continue reading Cars in Elmont Tagged with Graffiti Vandalism
Who Is Kristaps Porzingis? 5 Facts About Knicks' 1st-Round Pick
NEW YORK (CBSNewYork) — Kristaps Porzingis can be summed up in a word: polarizing.
Knicks fans didn't try to hide their disgust when New York took the 19-year-old mystery man from Latvia with the fourth overall pick Thursday night. But many analysts are giving the franchise high marks for taking a chance on Porzingis, saying he could end up being the best player to come out of the 2015 NBA Draft.
It'll take time — perhaps years — before we can call the selection a home run or an air ball. Here's what we know right know about the European forward:
1. He really, really wanted to join the Knicks: The day before the draft, Porzingis said it was his "dream" to play for New York. "It's a basketball city. It definitely is a big spotlight. I think I can take it. I would love to be a part…
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Crystal Haynes Presents: Rebounding
Sometimes I think about rubber bands. They are relatively small yet they stretch once, twice and- if done carefully- even thrice! It should not be a surprise that rubber bands can do this; they are named for their purpose, but think about it. Rubber bands are circular and flexible; when a rubber band is stretched … Continue reading Crystal Haynes Presents: Rebounding
3 Suspects Rob Elmont Deli At Gunpoint
Source: Newsday Police are searching for three men who robbed an Elmont deli at gunpoint Monday afternoon, stealing a DVR, several cartons of cigarettes, lottery tickets and cash. The robbery occurred at the Elmont Grocery, at 782 Hempstead Tpke., at 3:55 p.m., Nassau County police said. Police said the 23-year-old clerk was inside the store … Continue reading 3 Suspects Rob Elmont Deli At Gunpoint
Haitians Deported From Dominican Republic Face Uncertain Future
Elmont has one of the highest numbers of Haitian-born ancestry across the country.
-The Elmont Excelsior
FONBAYA, Haiti (AP) — Saint-Soi Souverin sat on a bench resting and thinking about his plight after being uprooted from his longtime home on the other side of the border in the Dominican Republic, far from the Haitian shelter where he is staying.
Dominican authorities deported the 35-year-old farm worker along with his wife and four children early this week, leaving Souverin to ponder what he will do in Haiti — a deeply poor country that he left at age 17 to find work in the relatively more prosperous Dominican Republic.
"I'm not taking this well," he told The Associated Press in Spanish as his small daughter fell asleep on the shelter's concrete floor Thursday. "They sent me here with two empty hands. Everything I own was left behind."
The Dominican Republic has long had uneasy relations with migrant workers like Souverin and it is becoming decidedly more unfriendly.
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We Started Here: Leslie
Elmont made me the person I am today. I love being able to call Elmont my hometown. I had always appreciated my upbringing, but it wasn't until I got to college and compared my experiences to those of my peers that I realized how fortunate I actually was to be able to call Elmont home. … Continue reading We Started Here: Leslie
2 Elmont Men Arrested for Grand Larceny
Source: Newsday Nassau County police arrested two Elmont men on grand larceny charges after they were seen using multiple stolen credit cards. Police said Paul A. Webster, 25, of 104 Village Ave., was seen on video surveillance about 6:30 p.m. Friday using an ATM at a Waldbaum's store at 336 N. Broadway in Jericho, while … Continue reading 2 Elmont Men Arrested for Grand Larceny
Letter To My Father: Sincerely, The Daughter You Don't Know
By Our New Guest Writer of Inspiration, Crystal Haynes, of CrystalSays.com: *WARNING: What you are about to read is real. It is raw and emotion filled.* Dear Father, I've decided to write you a letter you'll probably never read. My intentions are not to slander or hurt you but to tell you the truth that … Continue reading Letter To My Father: Sincerely, The Daughter You Don't Know
Elmont Community Day: June 27th
Come out for a day of food, fun, and excitement with your community! My Forever Young Charity, Inc. will host its Third Annual Block Party and Community Day, next Saturday June 27th in Elmont. The event features free giveaways, food, activities, a live DJ and more. For more information about Elmont Community Day and My … Continue reading Elmont Community Day: June 27th