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Total Skincare Centre Story
After 30 years of operating his own successful practice, Dr. Arlette took his dermatology expertise and opened Total Skincare Centre in the beautiful 7000 square foot state-of-the-art facility you know and love today. Special care has been taken to bring in tremendously qualified and talented nurses and aestheticians to help shape Total Skincare Centre so it could strive to be known as a dermatology and cosmetic clinic that provided the best possible service and patient care in Calgary. To this day, through education, dedication, and passion, the team at Total Skincare Centre continues to make this their mission and can't wait to meet you.
Clinic Credentials
Dr. John Arlette,
MD, FRCP, Dermatologic Surgeon
With over 30 years operating his own medical practice in Calgary, and over 20 years of injectables experience, Dr. John Arlette is a board-certified dermatologist who is highly sought-after for his technique and expertise. He's built his career on listening to his client's needs, developing innovative and advanced skincare techniques, and recommending the most effective treatment plans, cosmetic products, and services.
Visit Full Profile
The Total Skincare Centre Team
Nikki Maucieri, LPN
In her 12-year career at Total Skincare Centre as both a Surgical and Cosmetic Nurse, Nikki is an award-winning LPN. Working closely with Dr. John Arlette, Nikki enjoys a busy injectable practice and consistently strives to deliver superior results and excellent customer care with every single patient she treats.
Khrystyna Samiliak
Khrystyna is a graduate from The Aesthetic Institute of Calgary as a Medical Advanced Aesthetician. Khrystyna specializes in laser treatments such as BBL PhotoTherapy, Halo and Forever Bare laser hair removal. With a passion for customer care and results, Khrystyna is a talented Aesthetician and Laser Expert.
Andreea O'Kane
Mission & Values
Our MissionOur promise is to educate, advance, and inspire our patients towards achieving healthy and beautiful skin.
Our Values
We believe in delivering flawless attention to detail, a passion for patient care and community service, and nurturing advancement through continuous self-improvement.


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event services
With over 30 years in the food and beverage industry, we at Liquid Culture provide custom craft cocktails and Educational Spirits tastings for exclusive events. Our goal is to provide the ultimate drinking experience for celebrations that demand only the best and who want to make cocktails a centerpiece of their event. As authorities in the craft food and beverage industry here in Atlanta, we would like to add value to your business as the premier beverage service provider for you and your clients.
A custom experience that elevates and exceeds their expectations
Private or Corporate, Big or small, we've done it all...
Craft Cocktail Menu Creation – We can tailor any number of classic and signature drinks to suit your guest's tastes, size and environment.
Customized Whiskey Tasting event – a tasting and education table led by Atlanta's leading whiskey authority, Casey Teague, customized to any number of whiskies found locally or around the world.
Beer and Wine Tasting event – Have a certified CICERONE or sommelier walk your guests through a customized selection of hand crafted beers & Wine.
Guest Education and Training event – with public interest in craft spirits and cocktails growing daily, we can provide events with more than just drinks. For our clients who truly want to learn the art of cocktail crafting, we offer spirits and bartending education; making an event engaging and entertaining for everyone.
Trained and Educated Professionals – We bring you the best of the best in the industry. With experts in some of the most prestigious restaurants and cocktail bars in the city, our bartenders and instructors provide premier yet unpretentious customer service, education, and cocktail execution unlike any other.

subset: commoncrawl


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80/20 Inc Aluminum HT Series 1.50" Square Tube without Holes, Part #9700 x 24" Long.Contact: email@example.com (Tabitha Lucas)
This profile features a solid 1.50" outside dimension square tube with a .125" wall thickness. Application uses include truck ladder racks, work benches, conveyor frames, carts, roller racks, etc. Indicated price is per piece.
For detailed information on this item or other 80/20 HT Profiles and Accessories, simply click on one of the underlined links below:
* We will combine S&H for multiple items.
Check out our other items and be sure to add us to your favorites list!
* Weekend purchases will be invoiced on Monday.
Remember to check out our other items. Our inventory changes frequently!
80/20 Surplus offers overstock, returned goods, and lightly-damaged items that are surplus to the needs of 80/20 Inc, a leader in T-Slot aluminum framing products. Some of our items may not meet the rigid appearance standards of 80/20 Inc. Some of these items may have light surface scratches or discoloration but are FULLY FUNCTIONAL unless otherwise noted. Our operation is independent of 80/20 Inc so catalog and surplus orders cannot be combined. Visit our About Me page for more info on 80/20 Surplus and 80/20 Inc.


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Local dog taught how to trust is calendar cover star
A local three-year-old Golden Retriever rescue dog who had to learn to trust people again after being deprived of a loving home, was selected by the Kennel Club as the cover star of the 2018 calendar. Lexi, a Golden Retriever, who came into the Rescue Trust of the North West Retriever Club in 2016, had been to two different homes in as many years, after being bought by a family from an internet advert. They didn't have the time to care for her and soon sent her to another home, and because… Read More
Local dog is a kennel club rescue calendar star
A local dog who has come a long way since finding himself in rescue at seven months of age, now boasting a large social media following and a local radio slot, has been selected by the Kennel Club as the star of their new Breed Rescue calendar. Ralph, a Bedlington Terrier from Stratford Upon Avon in Warwickshire, who came into Bedlington Terrier Rescue earlier in the year, was gifted by his owners who were struggling with his exuberance. He was difficult to rehome, despite his young age, because he had no training… Read More
Local dog abandoned after legs gave way is rescue calendar star
A local 4 year-old English Springer Spaniel rescue dog, who was going to be put to sleep after he developed problems with his front legs, has been selected by the Kennel Club as the cover star of a new calendar. Fleck, an English Springer Spaniel, who came into English Springer Spaniel Welfare in February 2017, was given up by his owners of nearly 3 years after his legs developed problems and he was no longer able to work. At just 4 years old he was given an operation funded by English Springer… Read More
Rescue Dogs To Shine At London's Biggest Dog Event
If you are dog-mad and want to support the plight of rescue dogs there is a great chance to do so this weekend at Discover Dogs (8-9 November at Earls Court, London). Twelve different breeds of rescue dog will be at the event (London's biggest and best dog event we might add!), some on the Kennel Club's Find a Rescue stand and some on the Eukanuba stand. They'll be with their two-legged friends to promote Kennel Club Breed Rescue organisations and all the benefits of rescuing a dog. On Saturday 8 November,… Read More
Rescue Westie Chosen As Cover Star
Eilidh the rescue Westie is a superstar in the making! The sixteen month old cutie from UK Westie Rehoming has been chosen as the cover star for the 2015 Kennel Club Breed Rescue calendar. Life has not always been so glamorous for Eilidh, who was born into rescue after her mother Polly ended up at UK Westie Rehoming when her owner was found dead. No one knew Polly was pregnant until she was scanned by a vet who identified four little bundles in her womb, and when the pups were born three… Read More
Women More Likely To Abandon Their Dogs Than Their Male Counterparts
Dog welfare crisis looms as lifestyle changes, a lack of training and time are revealed to be the main reasons dogs are rehomed
Fun Day For Alaskan Malamute Rescue A Huge Success
The AMCUK Rescue Fun Day really was just that…lots of dogs and owners and non-dog owners having lots of FUN!
Discover Dogs – A Huge Success
We had a great time at Discover Dogs and so did the record breaking crowds! Thank you to everyone who came along. The picture above was taken at Discover Dogs as Eukanuba pledged to support Kennel Club Breed Rescue organisations as the supplier of premium nutrition and rehoming packs! Good news for breed rescue charities and all the dogs out there needing our help. The packs will contain a bag of Eukanuba dog food, nutritional information, a handy measuring cup and a coupon for £5 off the new dog owner's next purchase of Eukanuba. … Read More


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My wonderful Christmas
Likers, Lurkers & Lovers 🙂
I had the most wonderful and fun Christmas eve this year even though I had to spend it without my sister and the rest of my lovely family because they are back in Denmark. Christmas is a major thing in Denmark and our family really value traditions and love decorating etc. We decided to invite three of our close L.A. friends Jesse, Shay & Red over and show them how we do Christmas in Denmark – which is very different from the American way. Take a look at all the fun pictures 🙂


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Collaborating with a professional menu designer can be a big boost for your brand, but when technical design terms get into the mix, it can sometimes feel like translating a foreign language. So, whether you're creating a new menu with our online menu maker or interacting with our friendly Design Services team, here are 5 key professional menu design terms explained so you can make the most of your menu!
1. Typography
Artfully arranging text guarantees a more coherent and communicative menu. The specific terminology for typography can be tricky though, even for professional designers, so let's break it down to the essentials and clear up the difference between font and font style. In the Must Have Menus menu maker 'Clear Gothic' is a "font" or "font face" while a style applied to Clear Gothic, like bold or italic, is known as a "font style." The most balanced menus use just 2 or 3 unique fonts to keep from looking messy or overdone.
2. Hex Color
The most common way to represent digital color on the web is via a 6-digit hexidecimal number most often referred to as "Hex Codes" or "Hex Color." Each number represents a unique mix of Red, Green, and Blue and the combination of these three colors yields a surprising 16 million possible colors – all of which are available in our online menu maker!
3. White Space
We've all seen menus stuffed from top to bottom with text and images. "White space" is what that kind of menu is missing. The term refers to the spacing, of any color, between graphics, columns, and lines of type that provides a visual break from content. Though seemingly unimportant, white space is an integral design element that not only guides a customer's focus but stabilizes any menu composition.
4. Image Resolution
We know it's tempting to grab your logo from anywhere you can find it but remember, an image that looks great on the internet can look grainy or pixelated when printed.
Generally, graphic images can be defined as either 'raster' or 'vector'. Raster images are made up of thousands of pixels that, when resized, can lower visual quality. Vector images however are made up of points that have a defined X and Y coordinate and can be resized easily without any loss of quality.
So, when a designer requests a high resolution logo for your printed menus, we suggest providing a vector file or a high resolution raster image of at least 300 dpi. Not sure how to tell the difference? No problem! Just check the file type. Most commonly vector files end in .ai, .eps, .pdf or .svg while raster files end in .jpg, .gif, .png, or .tif
5. Contrast
In design speak, 'contrast' refers to the difference between paired but distinct elements. 'High contrast' refers to the juxtaposition of opposing graphic elements like dark and light, thick and thin, long and short, or textured and smooth. Contrast can also refer to highlighted elements or the pairing of inverse colors that make a menu really pop!


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Richard Horne was pleased with his side's second-half performance in the win over London Skolars in Betfred League One.
The Dons scored five tries after the break to secure the two points at the New River Stadium, and Horne felt is was a deserved victory.
He said: "I thought we started really well, we built some pressure, got some points on the board early but then we just switched off and let them back into the game.
"A couple of penalties, a couple of errors. We were making hard work of it and at half time I spoke to them about that.
"We were just trying to make up things against a team who know that they are strong, and they play this pitch really well. It was narrow and short, so it suited them with the big team that they had."
Horne once again made changes to his starting XIII ahead of the game, and says that was a result of looking for some consistency in performances from his side.
He added: "A few of them are injuries but a few of them are performances. I expect performances from the boys and if they don't give me it then I'll look to bring somebody else in, it's as simple as that.
"If they play well then they keep their spot, if they don't then they'll find themselves on the sideline and I've told them that from day one.
"We keep speaking about those little periods within games where we're just letting teams back into the game due to again errors, penalties and going away from what we've been talking about all week."
The Dons return to the Keepmoat Stadium on Sunday May 20 to take on Hunslet in Betfred League One, tickets are available from the Club Doncaster Box Office, on 01302 762576 or at tickets.clubdoncaster.co.uk


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Hedge funds dealing in Forex can use our industry-leading solution to aggregate liquidity, deal with institutional FX counterparties, and execute trades with ultra-low latency.
Our platform, Sfx, uses the latest in FX and cloud technology to offer reliable, streamlined and controlled currency trading. Our servers are co-located in London in the same data
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These old white men certainly hate immigrants and are terrified by Hillary Clinton.
I'm headed out, and don't know that I can stomach much of this "debate," but it's certainly interesting just far some of the candidates have to go to pander to the hardcore right. Wouldn't it be nice if the media would label these positions extremist as quickly as they are willing to do with positions on the extreme left?


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The wait is finally over – the 2012/13 season has now begun. Make sure that you're match ready with Palace Player and experience all of the below from just 10p per day.
• Live Audio Commentary – Now With Pause and Rewind
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Palace Player has been designed for you, the fans, to give the ultimate experience for the 2012/13 season. If you haven't already, sign up to Player now and get closer to Palace for what promises to be an exciting season.
Click here to sign up now


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Prom 2018: Celebrating a Masquerade Ball
May 25, 2018
Filed under Front Page
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Prom. This one word represents an evening that students have been waiting for all year. After months and months of preparation for some, it finally arrived with all of the glitz and glamour one would expect.
On Friday, May 4th, Paint Branch students and their dates flooded into the University of Maryland Riggs Alumni Center eager to hit the dance floor. Upon entering the event, prom goers were greeted by Dr. Yarbrough and other administrators, who enjoyed seeing students in the formal attire. To capture the event, a team of student photographers were on hand to take photos.
The night began around 9pm as people made their entrances – some dramatic, some fashionably late. The ballroom was illuminated with dim blue lights, bright strobes flashing periodically, and music playing in the background to allow conversation. Tasty hors d'oeuvres were served buffet style, along with fresh lemonade and tea. Students helped themselves to food and drinks before hitting the dance floor.
After doors closed at approximately 10 pm, the DJ turned the music up and Jasmine Hubbard and her date, John Cumberland, got the dance floor started! Immediately everyone made their way to the floor and it seemed to be a million students dancing. The dance crowd remained steady all night as the class of 2018 was full of energy from start to finish. With all the dancing, the ballroom became pretty humid but that didn't stop the party!
Senior Dee Holgate reported that "Prom was lit because the DJ was playing all the best songs!"
Naomi Diggs, a junior who attended with a senior, stated, "It was an unforgettable night and I can't wait for my second time next year."
Toward the end of the night, students were instructed to take their seats as Iyin Harris and Sindy Abayenh were announced prom king and queen. They shared a romantic slow dance alone before other couples joined in. It was the perfect ending to such a fun filled event.
When the clock struck midnight, prom goers were escorted out of the Riggs Center and into the parking lot to meet their cars and head back to PB for after prom festivities. Arriving at Paint Branch, students were greeted by palm trees and flip flops as the school was transformed into a tropical island. Students played laser tag, Jenga, and ran through obstacle courses until exhaustion or 3AM, whichever came first.
For those who worked up an appetite, there was pizza, hot dogs, and cotton candy available for all after prom attendees. Senior David Turnbo shared that "After prom was a lot more fun than I expected and the food was good."


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La Crosse Technology Atomic Wall Clock With Outside Temperature – Who has heard the phrase there exists never plenty of time in the day for all I have to accomplish? Not merely have most of us heard this stating often but we've probably said it ourselves. In today's world, people appear to be obsessed with time. Our lives appear to be ruled by time and the keeper of this time clocks. From the beginning, humans have searched for a reliable way to keep track of time, from monitoring the phases of the moon or monitoring the sun and stars for the passing of time. Early on precise timekeeping devices included the hourglass, indexed candles that burned up at a set rate and normal water powered devices.
There's a timeless fascination with time keeping and clocks from historical times. These clocks from way back when are still mimicked today but use modern technologies for their working mechanism. There is not a home in the U.S. today that a wall clock does not adorn the walls. Whether it be tailor made or store bought, the wall membrane clock livens up our spirits and area. No matter what design theme you have, you will find a wall membrane clock that suits your personality and interior decoration. These clocks are efficient, practical and extremely decorative.
la crosse technology digital
Wall clocks are usually offered in two types of activity; a mechanical key wound or a quartz activity clock. The main element wound wall membrane clocks are mechanical watches that are run or motivated with either weight that hangs or with springs. These types have to be wound with a key to operate. Quality wall membrane clocks offer the attractiveness of an sophisticated timepiece. Many of the features, such as traditional chiming methods, are offered on the electric versions. Quartz wall membrane clocks require less maintenance and the enclosures are usually constructed with the same quality requirements of traditional mechanical clocks.
la crosse technology jumbo
Most wall membrane clocks operate on AA batteries, but lately some are automatically arranged to adjust for daylight personal savings time. More theoretically advanced clocks receive radio impulses from standard global clocks making these as precise and accurate as is feasible. There are a variety of wall membrane clocks available to suit every taste and style. They come in both modern and vintage. They can feature different styles such as videos, music, sports, cartoons, and stars. They also make some clocks designed for certain rooms of the house such as your kitchen and bathroom.
Also designed for your choosing is large and small clocks, floral, radio controlled, pendulum, basic, cuckoo, digital, children's and outdoor wall membrane clocks. Each of them bring friendliness and style and come in an assortment of coatings and materials. Some have features that we would have never dreamed possible. Depending on your personal taste and budget you can find wall membrane clocks in wood, metal, acrylic, cup, turquoise, slate and stone. One of the main factors before purchasing the clock is to decide where you will stick it.


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- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
What do we know about the effects of exposure to 'Low alcohol' and equivalent product labelling on the amounts of alcohol, food and tobacco people select and consume? A systematic review
- Ian Shemilt1,
- Vivien Hendry1 and
- Theresa M. Marteau1Email authorView ORCID ID profile
© The Author(s). 2017
- Received: 11 February 2016
- Accepted: 16 December 2016
- Published: 12 January 2017
Explicit labelling of lower strength alcohol products could reduce alcohol consumption by attracting more people to buy and drink such products instead of higher strength ones. Alternatively, it may lead to more consumption due to a 'self-licensing' mechanism. Equivalent labelling of food or tobacco (for example "Low fat" or "Low tar") could influence consumption of those products by similar mechanisms. This systematic review examined the effects of 'Low alcohol' and equivalent labelling of alcohol, food and tobacco products on selection, consumption, and perceptions of products among adults.
A systematic review was conducted based on Cochrane methods. Electronic and snowball searches identified 26 eligible studies. Evidence from 12 randomised controlled trials (all on food) was assessed for risk of bias, synthesised using random effects meta-analysis, and interpreted in conjunction with evidence from 14 non-randomised studies (one on alcohol, seven on food and six on tobacco). Outcomes assessed were: quantities of the product (i) selected or (ii) consumed (primary outcomes - behaviours), (iii) intentions to select or consume the product, (iv) beliefs associated with it consumption, (v) product appeal, and (vi) understanding of the label (secondary outcomes – cognitions).
Evidence for impacts on the primary outcomes (i.e. amounts selected or consumed) was overall of very low quality, showing mixed effects, likely to vary by specific label descriptors, products and population characteristics. Overall very low quality evidence suggested that exposure to 'Low alcohol' and equivalent labelling on alcohol, food and tobacco products can shift consumer perceptions of products, with the potential to 'self-licence' excess consumption.
Considerable uncertainty remains about the effects of labels denoting low alcohol, and equivalent labels, on alcohol, food and tobacco selection and consumption. Independent, high-quality studies are urgently needed to inform policies on labelling regulations.
- Alcohol
- Labelling
- Public health
- Alcohol policy
- Systematic review
- Meta-analysis
'Low alcohol' and equivalent labels are those that incorporate descriptors (terms) such as 'Low' 'Lighter' , 'Dealcoholised' , or 'Free' to denote low, reduced or zero alcohol strength in beverages. Current UK legislation limiting use of the specific label descriptors 'low alcohol' , 'dealcoholised' and 'alcohol free' to beverages of ≤1.2%, ≤0.5% (if subjected to a dealcoholizing process) and ≤0.05% alcohol by volume (ABV) respectively, is subject to a sunset clause until the end of 2018, at which point it will be revoked [1]. This provides an opportunity for policy makers to consider whether amending the definitions and number of regulated terms – and thereby extending the range of products to which 'low alcohol' and equivalent labels can be applied – could contribute to better consumer understanding and policies aiming to reduce alcohol consumption and related harm at a population level.
The use of different descriptors or amended definitions for 'Low alcohol' labelling on beverages could reduce the number of alcohol units consumed by enabling drinkers to select lower strength alcohol products instead of regular strength products (substitution, with no change in the volume of drinks consumed) [2]. Alternatively, a wider range of descriptors for low alcohol products could increase the amount of alcohol units consumed by increasing the number of opportunities perceived suitable for consuming alcohol, or engendering a 'self-licensing effect' [3] (i.e. acting indulgently following a virtuous choice), such that people overconsume lower strength products, resulting in more units of alcohol consumed overall. A similar 'self-licensing effect' has been observed in relation to food product labelling, with products labeled with 'low fat' and equivalent descriptors consumed in unhealthily large quantities [4], and has also been a key motivating factor behind the introduction of legislation banning use of 'mild' , 'light' and other similar label descriptors on tobacco packaging in several countries [5]. Moreover, when food product label descriptors denote the amount of a single nutrient, such as 'low fat' , this can lead to a 'health halo' , whereby people generalize that the labelled food is healthier in all nutrition aspects, whether or not this is actually the case [6–8].
This systematic review examined evidence for the effects of 'Low alcohol' and equivalent labelling of alcohol, food and tobacco products on product selection and consumption among adults. Its aims were to synthesise the available research evidence to inform current policy debate concerning potential changes to alcohol labelling regulations, and to highlight gaps and key uncertainties in the current evidence base. The review was extended to encompass studies of equivalent labels on food and tobacco products when preliminary scoping searches, conducted in conjunction with developing the protocol for this review [9], indicated a likely paucity of evidence from studies of labels denoting lower strength alcohol products. The decision to investigate the effects of this kind of labelling in three product categories was based on an assumption that, while effect modifiers may differ between alcohol, food and tobacco products (e.g. alcohol-induced disinhibition may influence selection and consumption decisions in the case of alcohol), the proposed theory of change about how exposure to labelling of this kind might influence health behaviour is broadly similar. First, exposed people become aware of a label descriptor on a product. Second, their perception of the product is altered by this awareness; that is, the label descriptor acts as a prompt or cue, activating semantic associations that influence people – correctly or incorrectly – to perceive the product to be healthier, or less harmful to health, relative to the same product labelled with a descriptor denoting higher amounts of the referent substance, or with no equivalent labelling. Third, this altered perception motivates people to initiate a behaviour; that is, to select and consume either the low alcohol, fat, or calorie product, or the stronger, or higher fat or calorie, version, and thereby consume more or less of the referent health harming substance. Finally, through repeated exposure to these kinds of label descriptors and repeated activation of the same semantic associations, the associations are learnt (internalised) and the initiated behaviour becomes habitual.
The systematic review protocol was prospectively registered on the PROSPERO database: CRD42014013008 [9]. A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement [10] is provided in Additional file 1.
Eligibility criteria
Broad inclusion criteria were applied due to the relative paucity of available literature in this area. Comparative studies of any design (including randomised and non-randomised studies) and length of follow-up were included if they assessed exposure to labels that incorporated descriptors such as 'low' , 'light' , 'mild' (absolute), 'lower' , 'lighter' , 'reduced' , 'x% less' , 'half' (relative), 'no' , 'no added' , 'zero' or 'free' (absent) to denote either a low strength of – or the presence of a small or zero amount of a substance in – alcoholic beverage, food (including non-alcoholic beverages) or tobacco products, among participants aged ≥16 years. Studies investigating food allergen labels (e.g. 'gluten free') or similar warning labels were excluded. Eligible comparators were: (a) exposure to labels denoting either a higher strength version of the same product or the presence of a larger amount of the same substance in the same product; or (b) exposure to the same product with no equivalent labelling. Eligible studies also had to assess the effects of (or associations between) exposure in terms of one of the following outcome constructs: (i) quantities of the product selected (ii) quantities of the product consumed (primary outcomes – behaviours), (iii) intentions to select, purchase or consume the product, (iv) beliefs associated with its consumption, (v) product appeal, or (vi) understanding of the label (secondary outcomes – cognitions). As such, outcomes assessed in this systematic review encompassed intermediate endpoints along the length of the causal chain proposed in the theory of change outlined above. There were no eligibility restrictions for study publication status, date or language.
Search methods and study selection procedures
Eligible studies were located using electronic searches of PubMed, Google Scholar™ and Google™ combined with extensive snowball searches [11] comprising both forward and backward citation tracking. Search terms were derived from PubMed MeSH headings and keywords including: 'food labeling' , 'product labeling' , 'alcohol deterrents' , 'alcohol consumption' , 'drinking' , 'drinking behaviour' , 'food and beverages' , 'diet' , 'eating' , 'food supply' , 'food habit' , 'smoking' , or 'tobacco use'. Searches were conducted between 6 October and 19 December 2014. Searches of the Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE) and PubMed were concurrently conducted to identify relevant systematic reviews or traditional narrative literature reviews citing reports of potentially eligible primary studies. Provisional eligibility decisions based on title-abstract screening were made by one reviewer (VH). Final eligibility decisions, based on examination of full-text study reports, were made by one reviewer (VH) and checked by a second (IS). Multiple full-text reports of the same study were identified, linked and treated as a single study. Full-text reports comprising multiple eligible studies were identified and each study was processed separately.
Data collection, risk of bias assessment and analysis
A data extraction form was developed from an established template [12] and piloted on five included studies. Data on the characteristics and results of included studies were extracted by one reviewer (VH) and checked by a second (IS), consulting with a third (TMM) to classify each outcome measured in each study into one of six pre-specified primary or secondary outcome constructs (i-vi). For included studies comprising multiple eligible comparisons, data were extracted for each comparison. Included studies were classified as randomised controlled trials (RCTs) (experimental studies) or non-randomised studies (NRSs) (quasi-experimental or non-experimental studies) and then further classified based on study design features [13]. These study design classifications were based on features of the specific within-study comparison(s) of interest in this review, which in some cases led to classifications that differed from 'study design labels' (e.g. cluster-randomised controlled trial) ascribed by study authors (who may have designed their studies to address different (or variant) objectives to those of this review). If an included RCT reported data needed to compute effect sizes for one or more outcome measures in a figure but not in main text or tables, data were extracted by manually taking measurements from enlarged, printed images of original figures. One reviewer (IS) assessed included RCTs using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool [14] and recorded issues concerning the validity of included NRSs. Study-level effect sizes were computed for each eligible primary or secondary outcome measure as the standardised mean difference (SMD) between comparison groups.
Sample sizes used to compute study-level effect sizes (both intervention and comparator) were halved for eligible comparisons derived from the same RCT that comprised non-independent samples. If an RCT reported multiple measures of an outcome construct, the study-level effect size was computed with respect to the measure judged to most comprehensively capture that construct. For example, if an RCT measured the appeal of a food product using participant ratings of 'visual appeal' , 'flavour' , and 'overall liking' , the effect size was computed using data for 'overall liking'. Study-level effect sizes from RCTs were next combined for each outcome using a series of generic inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses [15], conducted using Review Manager 5.3. In practice, sufficient useable data were available from included RCTs to allow us to conduct three of the six planned, separate meta-analyses: namely, on consumption, product appeal, and understanding of the label (see 'Results').
Statistical heterogeneity was assessed by inspection of graphical displays of each SMD and its 95% confidence interval, and a formal statistical test of homogeneity (I2) [16]. Funnel plots were drawn to inform assessment of reporting biases [17] but planned statistical tests to formally investigate asymmetry were not conducted due to small sample sizes. Planned sub-group analyses were next conducted, subject to available data, to explore potential differential effects by characteristics of study design, label descriptors, or participants. Overall quality of evidence for each summary effect size was assessed using the GRADE approach [18]. Finally, all study-level data were tabulated and summarised using an overarching narrative synthesis.
Results of the search
Description of included randomised controlled trials (RCTs)
Twelve of 26 included studies were classified as RCTs [19, 24–27, 31, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40–43]. All 12 RCTs investigated food labelling. Their key characteristics and results are summarised in Additional file 3: Table S1, with additional details provided in Additional file 4. Eleven RCTs were individually randomised – of which seven had a parallel group (between-subjects) design and four had a crossover (within-subjects) design – and the other was a cluster RCT with a crossover design. Five RCTs were conducted in the United Kingdom, five in the United States of America, and two in Finland.
Description of included non-randomised studies
Fourteen of 26 included studies were classified as non-randomised studies (NRSs) (quasi-experimental or non-experimental studies) [20–23, 25, 28–31, 33, 35, 37, 39, 44, 45]. Key characteristics and results of these 14 NRSs are summarised in Additional file 5: Table S2, with further details in Additional file 4. Only one NRS investigated alcohol labelling [22], seven investigated food labelling [21, 25, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 44] and six investigated tobacco labelling [19, 23, 28, 29, 39, 45]. These NRSs investigated exposure to labelling among adults living in the USA (five studies), Finland (two studies), Canada (two studies), the UK (two studies), The Netherlands (one study), Thailand (one study), and Australia, Canada and the UK (one study).
Risk of bias in included studies
Some general issues concerning the internal validity of included NRSs warrant consideration. Compared with RCTs, NRSs rely on more stringent, sometimes non-verifiable, assumptions to be met in order to confer confidence that the risk of confounding is sufficiently low to allow inferences to be made about causal effects. Two of the seven included NRSs of food product labels were classified as quasi-experimental (QE) studies. The first QE study [21] was designed and implemented as an RCT, but since the within-study comparison eligible for consideration in this review did not reflect the random assignment, this study was reclassified as a controlled before-and-after (CBA) comparison for the current analysis. In CBAs, observations are made before and after an intervention, both in a group that receives the intervention and in a control group that does not. The second QE study [35] was a difference-in-differences (DID) study, with supermarkets as the units of observation. DID studies compare the change in outcomes over time between a group that receives the intervention and a control group. CBAs and DIDs aim to exploit variation in the exposure of interest both within and between observational units to control for all unobserved time-constant confounders. They are examples of QE studies that rely on covariate adjustment to control for confounding, which distinguishes them from QEs that utilise design-based approaches to control for confounding by exploiting exogenous variation in the exposure of interest [46]. Design-based approaches are considered a priori more credible or 'stronger' for causal inference than approaches that rely on covariate adjustment [47, 48]. The other five NRSs of food labelling, and all seven NRSs of tobacco labelling, were classified as various types of non-randomised studies (see Additional file 5: Table S2), from which valid causal inferences could not confidently be drawn.
Effects of exposure to 'low alcohol' and equivalent labels
Alcohol labelling
Data collected from 230 adult participants in a single, USA-based non-randomised controlled trial with a crossover design [22], suggested participants correctly perceived the calorie and carbohydrate content of the alcohol product to be lower when exposed to beer bottles labelled as 'Light' than when exposed to beer bottles labelled or denoted as 'Regular'. It was not possible to derive a clear result for any effect of exposure to beer bottles labelled as 'Light' (versus 'Regular') on participants' intention to consume (measured by asking 'Given the information shown on the front and the back of the bottle, would the available information increase or decrease the amount you would drink, that is, your consumption level?'). This was because outcome data were not reported for this specific comparison, which was not the main focus of the study. No other eligible studies of alcohol labelling were identified (see 'Discussion').
Food labelling
Product selection
Results of statistical analyses of outcome data from RCTs that investigated food product labels
Outcome or subgroup
Independent comparisons
Total participants
Statistical method
Effect estimate: SMD (95% CI)
Test for overall effect or subgroup differences
Product selection (with or without purchase)
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.31 (0.04 to 0.58)
Product consumption
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.27 (−0.12 to 0.66)a
- Intervention label denotes absence ("Fat-free)
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.42 (−0.08 to 0.91)
- Intervention label denotes absolute amount ("Low-fat")
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.38 (−0.21 to 0.98)a
Chi2 = 5.15, df = 1, P = 0.02
- Female participants only
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.45 (−0.02 to 0.92)a
- Male and female participants
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.15 (−0.35 to 0.65)a
Chi2 = 0.75, df = 1, P = 0.39
- Parallel group (between-subjects) design
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.05 (−0.16 to 0.26)a
- Crossover (within-subjects) design
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.51 (0.29 to 0.72)a
Chi2 = 8.76, df = 1, P = 0.003
Intention to select or purchase product
Not estimable
Intention to consume product
Not estimable
Belief associated with product consumption
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
−0.66 (−1.32 to 0.00)
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
−0.14 (−0.79 to 0.51)
Product appeal
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
−0.01 (−0.14 to 0.13)a
- Intervention label denotes absence ("Fat-free)
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
−0.01 (−0.21 to 0.18)a
- Intervention label denotes absolute amount ("Low-fat")
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
−0.09 (−0.28 to 0.11)a
- Intervention label denotes relative amount ("Reduced-fat)
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.03 (−0.19 to 0.26)a
Chi2 = 0.23, df = 2, P = 0.89
- Female participants only
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.09 (−0.12 to 0.30)a
- Male and female participants
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
−0.06 (−0.24 to 0.12)a
Chi2 = 1.10, df = 1, P = 0.30
- Parallel group (between-subjects) design
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
0.00 (−0.22 to 0.23)a
- Crossover (within-subjects) design
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
−0.03 (−0.23 to 0.17)a
Chi2 = 0.04, df = 1, P = 0.84
Understanding of label
SMD (IV, Random, 95% CI)
−0.57 (−0.89 to −0.26)a
Four comparisons identified from 3 included NRSs of food product labels assessed quantities selected by participants. A CBA comparison [21] exposed students or staff of a large, urban university to 12 non-alcoholic beverage product lines (including water, diet beverages, and sugar-sweetened beverages) in vending machines located in the main campus building that either had bright-coloured '0 Calorie, 0 Carbs' labels placed on the selection panels of water and non-energy containing products, or had no equivalent labelling, and found no differences between conditions in terms of average numbers of bottles of water, diet beverages, or sugar-sweetened beverages purchased each week. A DID study [35] exposed supermarket customers to a microwave popcorn product line on a shelf with either a label containing the descriptor 'Low calorie', or a label containing the descriptor 'Low fat' placed adjacent to the price tag on the shelf, or no equivalent labelling. Average sales over a 4 week period were substantially higher during the 'Low calorie' label intervention period, but lower during the 'Low fat' label intervention period, compared with no equivalent labelling. A study with one eligible comparison classified as a prospective cohort study [25], which exposed customers to either a cafeteria line with labels displaying the descriptor 'lower calorie' placed adjacent to an incrementally increasing number of food items (three vegetable dishes; three vegetable dishes and three salads; three vegetable dishes, three salads and three entrées) over 9 weeks, or to a cafeteria line offering the same products with no equivalent labelling, found that: labelling three, six or nine food items was associated with an increase in the probability of participants purchasing lower calorie vegetable items; labelling six and nine food items (but not three – vegetable dishes only) was associated with an increase in the probability of participants purchasing lower calorie salad items; labelling three, six or nine food items was not associated with a change in the probability of participants purchasing lower calorie entrées.
Product consumption
Planned subgroup analyses explored differential effects by study design, label descriptor ('absence' versus 'absolute'), and participants' gender (see Table 1). Tests for subgroup differences indicated differential effects by label descriptor (Chi2 = 5.15, df = 1, P = 0.02) and by study design (Chi2 = 8.76, df = 1, P = 0.003) but not by gender (Chi2 = 0.75, df = 1, P = 0.39) (Table 1). Regarding label descriptors, no difference in consumption was observed in either subgroup (Intervention label denotes absence ('Fat-free') SMD: 0.42, 95% CI: −0.08 to 0.91; Intervention label denotes absolute amount ('Low-fat') SMD: 0.38, 95% CI: −0.21 to 0.98). Regarding study designs, no difference was observed within the 'parallel group design' subgroup (SMD: 0.05, 95% CI: −0.16 to 0.26). However, a difference in effect was observed within the 'crossover design' subgroup (SMD: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.29 to 0.72), suggesting participants in these studies consumed more food when exposed to 'low fat' or equivalent labels than when exposed to 'higher fat' labels or no equivalent labelling. The results of subgroup analyses should be viewed with caution due to the small numbers of studies and participants within each subgroup, and the observational nature of the analyses. No included NRSs of food product labels assessed participants' consumption.
Intentions to select or purchase and consume product
No included RCTs of food product labels measured participants' intentions to select, purchase or consume the product. One UK-based non-randomised controlled trial with a crossover design [44] exposed 36 normal weight adults to foods labelled with either a 'Lower fat' , or a 'Normal fat' , or a 'Higher fat' descriptor in a laboratory setting, and found participants' ratings of the likelihood of purchasing the foods were higher when exposed to foods labelled as 'Lower fat' than when exposed either to foods labelled as 'Normal fat' or foods labelled as 'Higher fat'. Also, one cross-sectional study [37] exposed 46 adult participants to a box containing one pouch of chicken 'Cup a Soup' and either labelled 'Now with reduced salt' , or with no equivalent labelling, and found no differences between conditions on two measures of intention to consume the product.
Belief associated with product consumption
Four comparisons from two included RCTs assessed the effect of exposure to 'low fat' or equivalent labels on participants' beliefs associated with consumption of the product [40–42]. Useable outcome data were reported in one of these [42], which had a parallel group design and exposed participants to two transparent measuring cups (20-ounce capacity), one containing 10 ounces of M&M's (1380 calories) and one containing 10 ounces of regular granola (1330 calories), either labelled as 'Low-Fat M&M's' and 'Low-Fat Granola' , or labelled as 'Regular M&M's' and 'Regular Granola'. Study-level effect sizes for participants' self-ratings of 'anticipated guilt' associated with consumption of M&M's and granola were SMD: −0.14 (95% CI: −0.79 to 0.51) and SMD: −0.66 (95%CI: −1.32 to 0.00), consistent with no differences between groups. A second RCT with a parallel group design [40], exposed 71 adult consumers to packs of reduced fat pork sausages and reduced fat milk chocolate bars that were labelled with either the generic product name and the descriptor 'Reduced-fat' or the generic product name only, and measured 'expected fillingness' but reported no useable outcome data, results or conclusions specific to these randomised comparisons (which were not the focus of the study).
Three comparisons from two non-randomised laboratory studies of food labelling, described above, assessed beliefs associated with product consumption [37, 43]. The first found no difference between ratings of expected healthiness of the product when participants were exposed to boxes of soup labelled with the descriptor 'Now with reduced salt' and when they were exposed to boxes of soup with no equivalent labelling [37]. The second found participants' self-rated belief that the foods were healthy was higher when exposed to foods labelled as 'Lower fat' than when exposed either to foods labelled as 'Normal fat' or foods labelled as 'Higher fat'; whilst belief that foods were 'fatty' was lower when exposed to foods labelled as 'Lower fat' than when exposed to foods labelled as 'Normal fat' and to foods labelled as 'Higher fat' [43].
Product appeal
Five comparisons from four included NRSs of food labelling assessed ratings of product appeal [30, 31, 33, 37, 44]. Tabulated results indicated that participants exposed to foods labelled as 'Low-fat, low salt' , 'Light' , 'Now with reduced salt' , or 'Lower fat' typically (but not universally) rated products as less appealing than those exposed to foods labelled with descriptors denoting the presence of larger amounts of the same substances in the same product (see Additional file 5: Table S2).
Understanding of the label
Results of the other RCT [36], which did not provide useable data for this meta-analysis, indirectly suggested that 'Low fat' and equivalent labels might have the potential to licence increased food consumption. This study, in which participants were exposed to a red Solo cup® containing 275 g Nesquick® calcium fortified low-fat chocolate milk labelled with either a 'Fat Free' descriptor or a 'Full fat' descriptor in a laboratory setting, found that participants (on average) overestimated the volume of one serving of this product by a larger amount when it was labelled 'Fat Free' than when it was labelled 'Full fat'. No included NRSs of food product labels assessed participants' understanding of the label.
Tobacco labelling
Product selection
No included studies of tobacco product labels assessed product selection (with or without purchase).
Product consumption
Two of six NRSs of tobacco labelling (both case series studies) investigated cigarette consumption among adult smokers before and after implementation of national bans on the use of descriptors such as 'Light' and 'Mild' on cigarette packs. The first [23] found no difference in levels of cigarette consumption or quitting before and after implementation of a nationwide ban on the use of such descriptors. The second [39] found that the proportion of smokers consuming 'Light' cigarettes was higher before implementation of a nationwide ban on the use of such descriptors than after. However, there was also a comparable increase in proportion of smokers consuming 'regular' cigarettes after the ban had been implemented.
Intentions to select, purchase or consume product
No included NRSs of tobacco product labels assessed intention to consume the product and only one assessed intention to select or purchase. This cross-sectional study [20] included a comparison in which 397 adult smokers were exposed to a pair of Mayfair branded cigarette packs, one incorporating the label descriptor 'Light' , and the other incorporating the label descriptor 'Full flavour'. Sixty-two per cent of participants selected the pack incorporating the label descriptor 'Light' when asked 'Which one would you buy?' while the other 38% selected the 'Full flavour' option.
Beliefs associated with product consumption
Seven comparisons from five included NRSs of tobacco product labels assessed beliefs associated with consumption. Tabulated results from the three cross-sectional studies [20, 28, 29] showed a consistent pattern that the large majority of smokers selected packs incorporating the label descriptor 'Light' , 'Mild' or 'Ultra light' , rather than those incorporating label descriptors 'Full flavour' or 'Regular' , or no equivalent labelling, when asked which pack they would buy if they were trying to reduce the risk to their health, and which would make it easier to quit smoking (see Additional file 5: Table S2). The other two were case series studies [39, 45] that measured beliefs about light cigarettes among adult smokers' before and after implementation of national bans on the use of descriptors such as 'Light' and 'Mild' on cigarette packs. Both studies found that agreement with incorrect beliefs (e.g. 'Light cigarettes are less harmful') was higher before implementation of a nationwide ban than after. However, one study also found that initial lower post-ban levels of agreement subsequently recovered to levels observed before the ban [45].
Product appeal
Five comparisons from three NRSs – all cross-sectional studies – of tobacco product labels assessed product appeal [20, 28, 29]. There was a consistent pattern of results that the large majority of smokers selected packs incorporating the label descriptor 'Light' , 'Mild' or 'Ultra light' , rather than those incorporating label descriptors 'Full flavour' or 'Regular' , or no equivalent labelling, when asked which pack of cigarettes they would expect to have the smoothest taste if smoked (or similar question variants) (see Additional file 5: Table S2).
Understanding of the label
The same five within-study comparisons from the same three cross-sectional studies also included assessments of participants' understanding of the label and consistently found that the large majority of smokers selected packs incorporating the label descriptor 'Light' , 'Mild' or 'Ultra light' , rather than those incorporating label descriptors 'Full flavour' or 'Regular' , or no equivalent labelling, when asked which pack of cigarettes they would expect to deliver the least tar (or similar question variants) (see Additional file 5: Table S2), suggesting that exposure to 'light' , 'mild' and 'ultra-light' label descriptors decreased understanding of the content of the product (because 'light' or 'mild' cigarettes do not necessarily deliver less tar) [50].
Summary of main results
This systematic review addressed the question "What do we know about the effects of exposure to 'Low alcohol' and equivalent product labelling on the amounts of alcohol, food and tobacco people select and consume?". Little evidence was found that directly addressed this question (for example, only one study on alcohol labelling) – and the evidence that was available was overall of very low quality and equivocal. Nonetheless, the results of this review give some credence to the proposal that exposure to 'Low alcohol' and equivalent labelling on alcohol, food and tobacco products can shift consumer perceptions of labelled products.
This inferential claim is based on triangulation between three findings: (1) the results of a single, non-randomised controlled trial of alcohol product labels, that participants correctly understood the calorie and carbohydrate contents of the product to be lower when exposed to beer bottles labelled as 'Light'; (2) evidence from randomised controlled trials of food product labels that participants understood products labelled with 'Low fat' or equivalent descriptors to contain fewer calories; and (3) evidence from non-randomised studies of tobacco product labels that participants believed cigarettes in packs displaying label descriptors such as 'Light' and 'Mild' to be less harmful to health and to deliver less tar (albeit incorrectly). Collectively, these findings indicate that labels of these kinds can alter adults' perceptions concerning the content of products, and (with respect to food) what they judge to be an appropriate serving, with the potential to licence consumption of the labelled product.
However, the evidence in this review did not elucidate the likely sizes of these effects on consumers' perceptions of the products. Moreover, equivocal results for behavioural endpoints (i.e. amounts of potentially health-harming substances selected and consumed) mean that the extent to which altered perceptions of products may result in behaviour change that protects or harms health remains uncertain. As such, the reviewed evidence sheds little light on this key public health question.
To compound the paucity of evidence for the effects of exposure to 'Low alcohol' and equivalent labels on alcohol products, the quality of evidence from studies of food and tobacco labelling was overall very low. For example, meta-analyses of outcome data from RCTs of food labelling ostensibly indicated that exposure to 'Low fat' or equivalent labels on food products increased participants' understanding of the content of the product, but had no effect on quantities consumed, beliefs about consumption, or appeal. However, these results should be viewed with caution due to concerns about study limitations (unclear risk of bias), inconsistency, indirectness and imprecision.
Implications for policy on lower strength alcohol labels
In the context of using label descriptors to denote lower strength alcohol products, consumers would understand a 'Low alcohol' label correctly if they perceived the labelled product to contain less alcohol and consequently to be less harmful compared with higher strength alternatives (assuming an equal portion size). Although evidence from studies of food and tobacco product labels differed in terms of whether exposure to 'Low fat' (food) or 'Light' (tobacco) labels was associated with correct or incorrect perceptions of this kind, included studies consistently found that adults exposed to such descriptors believed the labelled products to be less harmful to health, and/or to contain less of something (e.g. energy, fat, tar). Whilst the transferability of this finding to alcohol labelling has not been established by this review. it is at least plausible that people may apply similar mental shortcuts (heuristics and biases) when they see 'Low alcohol' and equivalent labels on lower strength alcohol products to those they apply upon seeing equivalent labels on food or tobacco products. However, consuming alcohol is also distinct from food or tobacco consumption in terms of its disinhibiting effect, which could moderate the ways product labels of this kind influence consumers' awareness, perception and behaviour at the point of purchase and/or consumption. Also, the satiating effects experienced in the consumption of food and tobacco products do not apply in the same way to alcohol, and inebriation could interfere with information processing in ways that are not relevant to other products.
Whilst findings about the influences of these kinds of labels on consumers' perceptions may represent a justifiable basis for policy development, there is currently insufficient evidence from research available in the public domain to inform choices between alternative descriptors, or about the types or strengths of alcoholic beverage products to which they should be applied; choices that clearly need to be addressed in formulating policy in this area. This limits the applicability of findings of this review to address policy makers' current questions concerning potential differential impacts between specific labelling descriptors – both those currently in use and the wider range currently under consideration for alcohol labelling. Evidence from studies of 'Low fat' and equivalent labels on food products indicated that any effects of exposure to such labelling are likely to be inconsistent between label descriptors and specific products (albeit there were insufficient data to unpack differential effects using subgroup analyses). This suggests that the specific label descriptors used, and the specific products to which they are applied, would likely be critical determinants of the success of any moves to extend or restrict the use of such labels as a means of 'nudging' consumers to purchase and consume healthier food products, or less calories from food overall [51].
Strengths and limitations of this review
A strength of this review is that it was conducted using systematic, prospective methods and procedures that aimed to minimise bias, so far as possible. There were, however, some limitations to the review. The search methods applied relied primarily on electronic keyword searches combined with snowball search techniques, as opposed to formal, protocol-driven searches of secondary electronic literature databases that have become standard in systematic reviews of interventions [5]. Formal, protocol-driven database searches were not judged feasible for this systematic review on pragmatic grounds. Specifically, search terms based on target intervention concepts (e.g. 'label' , 'low' , 'light' 'reduced' , 'zero' etc.) were not specific to titles, abstracts or index terms of the target set of eligible studies. Protocol-driven searches would therefore have had high sensitivity and low specificity, resulting in impractical screening workload, beyond available time and other resources. There is emerging evidence that less formal approaches, combined with snowball search techniques, can perform effectively as an alternative to protocol-driven searches in reviews of non-clinical interventions [52, 53]. We sought to mitigate any risk of selective sampling that may be introduced by omitting protocol-driven searches by conducting extensive backward and forward citation tracking from relevant reviews and eligible primary studies, which appeared to achieve saturation (with no new eligible studies being identified by the end of the second round of snowball searches). A second limitation is that contacting primary study authors for data missing from study reports was beyond the scope of available resources. Whilst it is possible that contacting authors may have helped assemble a more complete data set for analysis, it is highly unlikely that integration of these data would change the principal finding of this review – that current evidence is insufficient to reliably inform policy in this area.
Considerable uncertainty remains about whether and how much amending or extending the range of alcohol strengths to which label descriptors denoting low strength can be applied might contribute to reducing alcohol consumption at population level. Whilst there is some indirect evidence suggesting that exposure to labelling of this kind on food and tobacco products can shift consumers' perceptions of alcohol, food and tobacco products, corollary impacts on behaviour (amounts purchased, selected or consumed) were mixed and may vary between specific label descriptors, products and populations.
Appropriate labelling at the point of purchase, selection or consumption is perceived by policy-makers to be an important tool to facilitate more informed consumer choices, and looks set to continue to be a key component of public health strategies worldwide. Given the current lack of useful evidence to inform policy in this area, well designed and implemented, independent studies are urgently needed to inform potential changes to current labelling regulations, to help ensure future polices are based on high quality evidence. Such studies should be conducted in general adult samples, simulate real purchasing and consumption contexts (or use publicly accessible 'real-time' purchasing data), and aim to clarify the extent to which effects are modified by characteristics of products, label descriptors, and participants. They should also be designed to investigate the potential for such labels to increase, as well as to decrease, selection and consumption of alcohol and other potentially health-harming substances in alcohol, food and tobacco products.
We thank our colleague Dr Kaidy Stautz (Behaviour and Health Research Unit, University of Cambridge) for providing critical feedback on draft versions of this article.
This report was joint-funded by the Department of Health in England Policy Research Programme (Policy Research Unit in Behaviour and Health (PR-UN-0409-10109)) and an NIHR Senior Investigator Award (NF-SI-0513-10101) held by T. M. Marteau (corresponding author). Representatives of the Department of Health provided stakeholder feedback on the design of the systematic review at the protocol development stage. However, The Department of Health, and NIHR had no role in the data collection, analysis or interpretation, and NIHR had no role in the study design. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department of Health in England, or NIHR. Representatives of the Department of Health provided stakeholder feedback on the design of the systematic review at the protocol development stage but had no role in extraction, analysis or interpretation of data, nor in writing the manuscript.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets assembled and analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions
IS contributed to the design of the systematic review, checked extracted data, conducted the analysis, contributed to the interpretation of results and led on drafting the manuscript. VH led on conducting searches, selecting eligible studies and extracting data, and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. TMM contributed to the design of the systematic review, provided advice on data extraction (outcome classification) and contributed to drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
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Authors' Affiliations
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New loaf. Working with feedback, keep it coming.
I've finished Tartine and Bread Revolution and 1/2 way through The Bread Builders--it is by far my favourite.
I keep tweaking my loaves based on TFL feedback and the literature I'm getting through. This loaf I did a 20 hour retard b/c it got sunny and had to go outside. I was surprised with the results. I can't really pick up on subtle differences in sour/tang with the 20hr ferment. Happy with the oven spring, colour, open crumb. The spreader loaf I had last time is completely gone likely due to less hydration.
500g Flour weight loaf. 24% sds (fermented flour weight). 75% Anita's Organic Sprouted ww. 25% Bob's Mill Artisan bf. 77% water. 1.8% salt.
- 45m AL.
- Add SDS ST&F 5 min.
- Add salt and 20g wat. ST&F 5 min.
- Folds in bowl every 30m for first 2 hours.
- 3hr BF. 25m bench rest.
- 1hr proof.
- 20 hour fridge retard.
- Bake straight from fridge cold. 450 20m covered hot DO. 25m 425 uncovered.
- What should I tweak? See any imperfections and things worth improving on?
- The crumb was the chewiest loaf yet (not in a bad way). Does a long fridge fermentation affect chew?
- I intentionally pinched a couple bubbles under the surface while I was shaping. Is that standard?
- I didn't cover the loaf in the fridge with plastic, just a towel. Is that standard? What about when proofing on counter? Towel or upturned bowl/plastic? Do we want higher humidity?
- Is a relatively higher hydration a trade-off between a more open crumb but less loaf height? Does high hydration impair gluten strength allowing for an open crumb but less structural strength and therefore less height?
- I'm guilty of only refreshing my starter once the night before with a ~90% dump then inoculating my dough ~12 hours later. The ratio of new flour/water to old starter is about 5:1. I've had my sds on the counter for about two weeks now feeding every couple days if not baking the next day. See a problem with this method?


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When ripe, an eggplant is a vegetable of black (or white) and of oval shape. They don't really look like eggs. This is, however, a baby eggplant – it does look like an egg.
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Puzzle games are a great way to strengthen problem-solving skills, and most of them take quite a bit of time to master. Sanga is a new 3D puzzle game for iPad that is a complex mix of tic-tac-toe, Connect 3, and other games. It's definitely challenging, but it's also fun to play.Read More »
Tag Archives: games
Experience Live Soccer Matches in a Whole New Way with FLIP Sports for iOS
Fantasy sports are a great way to get in on the action, and there's certainly no shortage of apps that allow players to manage teams on their mobile device. FLIP Sports is a free app for iPhone and iPad that lets soccer fans create match-specific teams on the go.Read More »
Kids Will Fall in Love with Choro & Robin Adventure for iPad
Choro & Robin Adventure is a fantastic interactive storybook for iPad. This incredibly detailed story will immerse kids in a world of colorful characters and interactive elements such as puzzles and games. It's definitely a must-have iPad storybook.Read More »
Ego Crush Free Is a Fun Game to Play, but Intrusive Ads Are a Dealbreaker
If you're like me, you enjoy old-school two-dimensional fighting games like Mortal Kombat. These classics have spawned numerous spinoffs, especially for mobile devices. Ego Crush Free is a game for iPhone and iPad with similar characteristics, but it has a fun twist and a bit of humor. However, intrusive ads make fluid gameplay almost impossible.Read More »
Destroy Enemies and Build the Best Mech Possible in Supermechs for iOS
Supermechs is an incredibly fun strategy game for iPhone and iPad. It features tons of action, plenty of customization options, and multiplayer capabilities. Players who enjoy turn-based strategy games will find a lot to love about this title.Read More »
Flags Hangman Is a Fun and Educational Game for iPhone and iPad
There are plenty of games to choose from on the App Store, but it's tough to find what you're looking for without getting a bit overwhelmed. Plus, many of these games tend to be a bit mindless or imitations of more popular games. However, Flags Hangman is one game that really stands out from the rest in that it's both ...Read More »


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I'm actually starting to wonder why Club Penguin isn't making more furniture than just two pages. I wish they would make at least three. I'm not sure if it's just them being lazy or they really just can't. No offense to Club Penguin but i'm sure other penguins are thinking the same.
Leave a comment if you think so too!


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Time to Build2/13
Can I get some feed back concerning man hours to complete certain phases of work? I've determined that it takes 2.5 man hours to build an average face frame cabinet. This is from plywood and lumber to a box ready to be masked to go to the finishing department. So from sheets of plywood being cut on a slide saw and face frames cut and built and assembled to the plywood box, sanded, eased edges and on the boxes with finished ends, sanded and ready to stain or paint. I took this average from 39 cabinets ranging from big refrigerator cabinets with panels on both sides to small upper cabinets to 8 ft. long double sink vanity cabinets. It represented 3 small units in a Tri-Plex. Does the 2.5 man hours per box seem slow?
That seems slow to me.... If you have all your plans laid out and cut all the pieces out at one time it shouldn't average out that long
Thanks Jesse,
It seemed a bit long to me also. We're adding a Face Frame clamping table this week. Also dedicated stations for each process is in the works. Thanks for the response.


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Mars: not as dry as it seems
When searching for life, scientists first look for an element key to sustaining it: fresh water. Although today's Martian surface is barren, frozen and inhabitable, a trail of evidence points to a once warmer, wetter planet, where water flowed freely. … Continue reading
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Did bursts of methane warm early Mars?
The presence of water on ancient Mars is a paradox. There's plenty of geographical evidence that rivers periodically flowed across the planet's surface. Yet in the time period when these waters are supposed to have run — three to four … Continue reading
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Ancient Mars was icy and cold
The high seas of Mars may never have existed. According to a new study that looks at two opposite climate scenarios of early Mars, a cold and icy planet billions of years ago better explains water drainage and erosion features … Continue reading
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'Early Mars' topical website launched
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Was nitrogen in the early Mars atmosphere a key to ancient habitability?
Scientists have long suspected that ancient Mars had a thicker atmosphere and temperatures warmer and far more habitable than at present. But modelers have difficulties making the numbers come out right,
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Mars' explosive childhood
Mars is widely understood to be a volcanic planet — its surface shows abundant evidence of volcanic activity, both ancient and more recent. Spacecraft detect lava flows in many locations, and spectroscopic evidence of volcanic rocks lies almost everywhere. The … Continue reading
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I was recently asked to distill my property investment philosophy into a few simple rules.
Now that's a big ask… Distill all the mistakes I've made and seen others make, as well as all the lessons I've learned and those of the many successes investors I've worked with into a view simple rules.
Anyway…here's my attempt…
1. Become financially fluent
The secret to financial freedom is to spend less than you earn, save the balance and then wisely invest your savings in growth assets.
Learn how money, finance and property works and start investing early so you have time and compounding on your side.
Along the way learn from proven mentors and get a good team around you, but make sure you have a thorough knowledge base, because while you can delegate or outsource many tasks, it's critical to understand if you're being given impartial advice or if you're being taken advantage of by the many vested interests after your money.
2. Adopt a proven investment strategy
Wealth is created by building a substantial asset base. You do this by holding good investments for a reasonably long time, reinvesting the income you're receiving and allowing your capital gains to build up.
Residential real estate is a high growth, relatively low yield investment, so I recommend a capital growth investment strategy.
While cash flow is important to keep you in the game, it's capital growth that will get you out of the rat race, so first concentrate on building a substantial asset base over a number of property cycles, then slowly lower your loan to value ratios and eventually you'll be able to live off your "Cash Machine."
It's too hard to become rich the other way around — from savings or cash flow.
3. Not every property is investment grade
While virtually any property can become an investment — just put a tenant in; few properties are "investment grade" and will strongly outperform the averages over the long term.
Remember that while the location of your property will account for around 80% of its performance, it's also important to own the right property to suit the local demographic.
4. Demographics drives markets
Over the long-term demographics — how many of us there are, how we live, where we want to live and what we can afford to live in — will be more important in shaping our property markets than the short-term ups and downs of interest rates, consumer confidence and government meddling.
5. Real estate investing is a game of finance with some properties thrown in the middle
Recognise that property is a long-term play so set up financial buffers to help you ride the property cycles.
6. The economy and our property markets move in cycles
It's a common fallacy that Australian property cycles last 7-10 years.
They vary in length and are affected by a myriad of social and economic factors and then, at times, the government lengthens or shortens the cycle by changing economic policies or interest rates.
Market sentiment is one of the key drivers of property cycles and one of the reasons why our markets overreact, overshooting the mark during booms and getting too depressed during slumps.
Remember that each property boom sets us up for the next downturn, just as each downturn sets the scene for the next upswing.
7. Follow my 6 Stranded Strategic Approach and only buy a property:
- That would appeal to owner occupiers. Not that I suggest you sell the property, but because owner occupiers will buy similar properties pushing up local real estate values. This will be particularly important as the cycle moves on, as the percentage of investors in the market is likely to diminish.
- Below intrinsic value — that's why I'd avoid new and off-the-plan properties which come at a premium price.
- With a high land to asset ratio — this doesn't necessarily mean a large block of land, but a property where the land component makes up a significant part of the asset value.
- In an area that has a long history of strong capital growth and that will continue to outperform the averages because of the demographics in the area. These suburbs tend to be areas where more owner-occupiers want to live because of lifestyle choices and where the locals can afford to and will be prepared to pay a premium to live because they have higher disposable incomes.
- With a twist — something unique, different or scarce about the property, and finally;
- Where you can manufacture capital growth through renovations or redevelopment rather than waiting for the market to do the heavy lifting.
8. Don't focus on bargains — they rarely have a future
In today's informed market there are very few bargains.
Properties that no one else wants today will probably be the type of property that no one else will want in 5 years' time.
Price is what you pay, value is what you get; so buy the best property you can afford — the type of property you'd still be happy to own in 10 to 15 years' time.
9. Allow for an X factor
Every year there are a few "X factors" — unforeseen event or situations that blow away all our carefully laid forecasts away.
These X-factors can be negative or positive and can be local or from abroad.
Sure there are plenty more property rules, but remember I promised to keep it simple.
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'9 Simple Rules of property Investment' have 4 comments
May 5, 2018 Pete Auroa
Great summary Michael – I appreciate all the great content you provide and I really love your podcasts
May 5, 2018 Lisa Carter
Thank you Michael! This is like a pre-prepared document of all the crazy notes I've been trying to collate as a summary doc for myself, from the buckets of books and blogs and podcasts Ive been gobbling up! What a simple, sensible and darn useful blog piece – thank you!


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Old-Fashioned Fourth of July
Today is your last chance to subscribe to Wilma Magazine and receive the July edition which goes out tomorrow! This is such a fun-filled issue featuring lots of ways you can have an Old-fashioned Fourth of July celebration! I know I always say it, but each new issue that comes out is my favorite, and this one is no exception. Make sure you subscribe today so you don't miss out on it! The link to subscribe to the magazine is here.
July Edition
Here's a sneak-peak at what's in the July issue of the magazine:
Holidays… Old-Fashioned Fourth of July
Laundry… Outdoor Laundry Lines
Neighborhood… The Welcome Wagon
Kitchen… Blue Ribbon Cherry Pie
Sewing… Picnic Blanket
The Yearly Homemaking Planner
Today's also the last time you can get The Yearly Homemaking Planner absolutely FREE if you're one of the first 25 subscribers to Wilma Magazine. Don't miss out on this chance because it's the only time the planner will be given away. After today, it will be available for purchase for $29.95 on the website! You can read more about the planner here, here, and here.
Past Issues of Wilma Magazine
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We have all seen the bad press regarding BT's roll-out of FTTC. But are BT now reacting to this growing pressure to deliver the service?
Openreach announce further 66 exchanges for fibre broadband
Tuesday 14 June 2011 11:19:26 by John Hunt
BT Openreach have announced 66 further exchanges to be upgraded with fibre-based broadband today which include different areas of the country. This will cover nearly one million new homes and businesses, the majority of which will go live next year, but some are to be enabled by the end of 2011. Those who sign up will have access to speeds of up-to 40meg downstream and 10meg upstream through fibre-to-the-cabinet (FTTC) technology.
Openreach will also be conducting a new trial into using 'white space' spectrum for wireless broadband access technology on the Isle of Bute. White space is the set of frequencies that is available between UHF TV channels and is left available to avoid interference occurring. It can be used to deliver high speed broadband, dubbed 'super Wi-Fi' by the US telecommunications regulator, the FCC. Openreach will use the trial to see if the technology is viable for providing access where people live in broadband not-spots or slow spots.
"Being able to bring faster broadband speeds within reach of more than five million premises is a significant milestone and we are well on our way to passing 10 million in 2012 and two-thirds of UK premises by the end of 2015. This is the largest single commercial investment in fibre-based broadband infrastructure ever undertaken in the UK and is one of the biggest civil engineering projects running in the country at this time..
The final ten per cent of the UK is going to be the hardest to reach with fixed line super-fast broadband and so we are busy trialling other technologies. One of these is based on white space and I'm glad to say the initial results are very encouraging. It's early days but our hope is that this technology may provide an effective solution for 'not spots' and 'slow spots'."Liv Garfield, (CEO) Openreach
BT also released some statistics for the new fibre network they are deploying which will see over 30,000 cabinets installed, with 200,000 distribution points, 1,000 exchanges enabled and over 50,000km of fibre optic cable
The 66 new exchanges are as bellow. The majority of exchanges will be fibre-to-the-cabinet (FTTC) whilst a few will see a mix of FTTC and fibre-to-the-premesis (FTTP) and are listed as FTTC/P.