text:
- Research article
- Open Access
Resistance training with soy vs whey protein supplements in hyperlipidemic males
© DeNysschen et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2009
- Received: 05 January 2009
- Accepted: 11 March 2009
- Published: 11 March 2009
Most individuals at risk for developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) can reduce risk factors through diet and exercise before resorting to drug treatment. The effect of a combination of resistance training with vegetable-based (soy) versus animal-based (whey) protein supplementation on CVD risk reduction has received little study. The study's purpose was to examine the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise training with soy versus whey protein supplementation on strength gains, body composition and serum lipid changes in overweight, hyperlipidemic men.
Twenty-eight overweight, male subjects (BMI 25–30) with serum cholesterol >200 mg/dl were randomly divided into 3 groups (placebo (n = 9), and soy (n = 9) or whey (n = 10) supplementation) and participated in supervised resistance training for 12 weeks. Supplements were provided in a double blind fashion.
All 3 groups had significant gains in strength, averaging 47% in all major muscle groups and significant increases in fat free mass (2.6%), with no difference among groups. Percent body fat and waist-to-hip ratio decreased significantly in all 3 groups an average of 8% and 2%, respectively, with no difference among groups. Total serum cholesterol decreased significantly, again with no difference among groups.
Participation in a 12 week resistance exercise training program significantly increased strength and improved both body composition and serum cholesterol in overweight, hypercholesterolemic men with no added benefit from protein supplementation.
- Resistance Training
- Resistance Exercise
- Whey Protein
- Strength Gain
- Resistance Exercise Training
Resistance exercise is a popular training method, approved by major medical groups including the American Heart Association, the American College of Sports Medicine [1, 2] to increase muscle mass and improve blood lipid profiles. It is common for males to consume commercial protein supplements and use high intensity resistance training to develop "muscle bulk" for reasons of physical appearance, competition, and/or strength gains. Sedentary individuals may also participate in resistance training to improve physical appearance, but many initiate weight lifting programs with the goal of improving overall health and fitness. It is well documented that lean muscle mass plays a significant role in determining basal metabolic rate and, thus, daily energy expenditure [3]. Creating and maintaining sites of ATP turnover and enhancing metabolic expenditure through resistance training can help prevent an age-associated decline in metabolic rate and undesirable gains in fat mass [2, 4, 5]. A high percentage of body fat is associated with hyperlipidemia, a known cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor [3]. Given that the relative risk of CVD for physically inactive individuals versus active individuals is 1.5–2.4 and that 60% of U.S. adults do not participate in regular physical activity [6], the benefit of resistance exercise in reducing CVD risk is widely recognized and is supported by all major health organizations [2, 7]. Promoting the benefits and encouraging participation in this low-cost activity could help prevent CVD and other behavior-driven chronic diseases, and may provide significant cost-savings to an over-burdened health care system.
Amino acid availability is an important regulator of muscle protein metabolism during resistance training exercise [8]. Muscle net protein balance must be positive (greater muscle protein synthesis than breakdown) to experience an increase in muscle mass, which occurs only when sufficient amino acids are available in the intracellular pool. Whey and soy are both high quality sources of protein and popular supplements in the exercise community. It has been suggested soy supplementation may reduce CVD risk, a benefit that consumption of whey protein does not provide. Both proteins are easily digestible and have similar absorption kinetics [9], but some controversy exists whether soy will support skeletal muscle protein accretion in response to resistance training as effectively as whey. Phillips et al [10] reported that whey was superior to soy in stimulating amino acid uptake during a resistance training program. More recently Anthony et al [9] observed similar protein synthesis rates in exercised skeletal muscle in rats who ingested either whey or soy protein. In addition, several human studies observed no differences in either strength gains or increases in lean mass in resistance trained subjects who supplemented their diets with either soy or whey [10–13].
While supplementation with whey protein is popular with weight lifting enthusiasts, mainly to promote gains in muscle size, supplementing with soy protein is not as common. But, because of its potential to improve blood lipid profiles [14–16] soy consumption may be more appealing to a sub-set of exercisers – those at moderate or high risk for CVD. Soy's non-essential amino acid content favors post-prandial production of glucagon, which, as opposed to insulin, down-regulates lipogenic enzymes and lowers cholesterol synthesis [17]. Soy also has a number of other physiologically active compounds with cholesterol-lowering properties such as isoflavones, fiber, and phytoestrogens [14, 15, 18, 19]. Soy protein supplementation in combination with resistance training may promote protein (or muscle) anabolism to the same extent as supplementation with whey protein [12, 20, 21]; so the plant-based protein's potential to lower blood lipids and reduce oxidative stress may provide a simple, cost-effective means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk.
The purpose of this study was to document changes in strength, body composition, and blood lipid profiles in sedentary, overweight, hypercholesterolemic male subjects who participated in a 12-week resistance training program and who supplemented their usual diets with either whey or soy protein versus placebo. It was hypothesized that: 1) subjects receiving either protein supplement would have equivalent gains in both strength and lean body mass and these gains would be greater than the placebo group; 2) Subjects receiving the soy supplementation would have a significant reduction in fasting blood lipid levels versus the whey and placebo groups.
Thirty two healthy males from the Western New York community volunteered to participate in the study. These men (age range 21–50 years; mean 38) were generally sedentary, overweight [BMI (body mass index) 25.0–29.9], with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia, but otherwise in overall good health. Inclusion criteria of a general sedentary lifestyle ensured that no participant recorded a BMI above 25.0 due to significant muscle mass at the beginning of the study period. Each subject was informed of the purpose and procedures of the study, and provided informed consent in accordance with the Human Subject's Review Committee of the University at Buffalo. Criteria for inclusion were: sedentary lifestyle (none or minimal routinely planned physical activity); BMI between 25.0–29.9; normal fasting blood glucose; and two or more of the following CVD risk factors: total cholesterol 200–240 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol 130–160 mg/dl, or triglycerides 150–200 mg/dl. Exclusion criteria included any prior cerebrovascular event that required hospitalization or surgery, habitual soy consumers, smokers, orthopedic or neuromuscular disorders that precluded participation in resistive exercise training and medications that affect lipid metabolism, blood pressure or cardiac function.
Each subject's height was measured using a stadiometer (Perspective Enterprises, Kalamazoo, Michigan) and body mass was measured on a Health-O-Meter scale (Bridgeview, Illinois). Skinfolds (tricep, supraillium, abdomen and thigh) were measured with Lange skinfold calipers (Cambridge Scientific Industries, Inc., Cambridge, Maryland). All skinfolds were measured by the same investigator utilizing the same caliper for each study subject. Measures were taken in triplicate with a 2 mm reliability range. Final skinfolds were taken without viewing initial measures to minimize experimentation bias. Percent body fat was then estimated using the 4-site formula from ACSM's Resource Manual for Guidelines for Testing and Prescription [22]. Body Mass Index was calculated as body mass in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m2). Waist and hip circumferences were measured using a gulick measuring tape having a calibrated tension device to the nearest .25 inch. Waist measurements were taken at the minimal circumference of the abdomen and hip circumference was measured at the maximal gluteal protrusion of the buttocks. Fat free mass was calculated as body weight minus fat mass.
Diet Analysis
During the initial screening process subjects were instructed by a registered dietitian how to maintain proper 3-day food records. Each subject completed a food record prior to beginning the exercise program and at the end of each exercise block (every 3 weeks) for a total of 5 diet records throughout the study. Records were analyzed utilizing Nutritionist Pro software (First Databank, San Bruno, CA). Based on data from diet records, the registered dietitian provided feedback to assist each subject in maintaining a protein intake equivalent between groups to approximate 1.2 g/kg body mass/day (including the supplement).
Experimental Protocol
Subjects were initially screened by a phone interview and eligible candidates were invited to visit the laboratory, after a 12-hour fast. Potential subjects obtained additional information about the study and reviewed and signed informed consent. Subjects provided a blood sample for a blood lipid profile and blood glucose concentration The lipid profile included total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C and LDL-C, respectively), and triglycerides using the Cholestech L· D·X® (Cholestech Corporation, Hayward, CA). Height and body mass were measured to calculate BMI. If the inclusion criteria were met the participant was scheduled for a baseline blood draw in The Center for Preventive Medicine at the University at Buffalo, after a 12 hour fast (except for water) and after abstaining from caffeine, alcohol and exercise for the previous 24 hours. During this visit, body composition was measured and each subject was given diet record forms and instructed on proper completion. Subjects were also instructed how to mix (with 8 oz water or fruit juice) and to consume individual protein packets on a daily basis. Subjects were instructed that the timing of consumption of the supplement was critical. On workout days the supplement was to be taken within 60 minutes of the scheduled workout and on "off" days, at approximately the same time of day as the workout days. Subjects were instructed to limit other soy containing products in their diet as well as to maintain protein intakes as close to 1.2 g/kg body mass/day as possible (from feedback given after analysis of each of the five 3-day diet records). The resistance exercise program was reviewed and each subject underwent a medical evaluation by a physician to determine appropriateness to participate in the study.
Experimental Groups
Supplement composition (each packet 36.5 grams)1
Protein (g)
Protein (%)
Total carbohydrate (g)
Fat, acid hydrolysis (%)
Isoflavones (mg/g product)
Total isoflavones
Genistein-containing compounds
Daidzein-containing compounds
Glycitein-containing compounds
Total aglycone equivalents
Ash (%)
Moisture (%)
Blood Analysis
Blood samples were taken at baseline, prior to entering into the exercise program, and at the end of the 12 weeks of training. A total of 21 ml of blood was drawn. Seven ml were placed into a plasma tube containing an anticoagulant agent (K3EDTA) and the remaining 14 ml was split between 2 serum tubes with no anticoagulant. The plasma tube was immediately placed on ice, while serum tubes were left to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes to allow for clotting. All samples were centrifuged at 4°C, 1500 × g for 10 minutes, then aliquoted and stored at -80°C until analyzed.
Blood levels of cholesterol (total, LDL and HDL) and triglycerides were analyzed by enzymatic procedures (WAKO Chemicals USA, Richmond, VA). Assays for each subject were run in duplicate on the same day with the same reagent batch. External calibrators were included on every run and the concentrations in the calibration curves encompassed the range of expected sample values. Two lyophilized quality control materials were run throughout the duration of each test to estimate intra-assay reproducibility.
Resistance Training
Resistance training cycle/schedule
Rest btw Sets
Total Days
Block 1
1 min
Block 2
1 min
Block 3
up to 1 min
Block 4
up to 1 min
Resistance training: muscle groups & assigned exercises
Muscles Involved
Day 1 workout
chest, triceps
bench press; squats, dumbbell bench press, shoulder press, over head press
Day 2 workout
back, legs, and biceps
bent over rows, lunges, 1 arm rows, upright rows, back extensions
Day 3 workout
legs, shoulder, abdominal
flys, step-ups, shrugs, abdominal crunches, lateral raises
A one-repetition maximum (1-RM) was calculated as recommended by The American College of Sports Medicine [24] using the Brzycki regression equation, {1 RM = weight lifted during n RM/(1.0278-.0278(n)}, at the beginning of the study and each exercise block (week 1, 4, 7, 10), as a measure of strength. Subjects were required to participate in > 80% of exercise sessions over the 12 week period. Training logs for each subject were kept by assigned trainers.
Statistical Analysis
To evaluate the effects of resistance training and protein supplementation on changes in strength and body composition a two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance design was utilized (Sigma Stat 3.0). The Tukey's test for multiple comparisons was then conducted. P < 0.05 was considered significant.
Over the course of the study, three subjects dropped out because of the inability to schedule training sessions between employment demands and outside interests. One individual ceased participation due to relocation. Twenty-eight subjects completed the study and were included in the final statistical analysis.
Physical Characteristics
Body composition measures.
PRE vs. POST3
Body Wt (kg)
89.9 ± 3.0
90.0 ± 3.0
90.0 ± 4.4
89.5 ± 4.5
92.9 ± 2.5
93.5 ± 2.5
BMI (kg/m2)
27.9 ± 0.4
27.9 ± 0.5
28.5 ± 0.7
28.4 ± 0.8
29.4 ± 0.8
29.6 ± 0.7
0.90 ± 0.010ab
0.89 ± 0.010
0.88 ± 0.015a
0.86 ± 0.020
.93 ± 0.015b
0.92 ± 0.013
% Body Fat
22.9 ± 1.0
20.4 ± 0.9
23.0 ± 1.0
21.3 ± 1.0
24.2 ± 1.0
22.7 ± 1.0
Fat Mass (kg)
20.6 ± 1.2
18.4 ± 1.0
21.0 ± 1.9
19.3 ± 1.7
22.5 ± 1.3
21.3 ± 1.3
Fat Free Mass (kg)
69.2 ± 2.5
71.6 ± 2.4
68.9 ± 2.8
70.1 ± 3.1
70.3 ± 1.8
72.1 ± 1.7
Nutritional intake
3-day food intake
PRE vs. POST P value3
Total Kcal/d
1976.5 ± 111.0
2062.1 ± 125.3
2205.6 ± 270.1
2405.0 ± 135.7
2155.6 ± 297.1
2283.1 ± 291.0
Total Protein (g)/d
86.1 ± 13.9
93.7 ± 18.6
97.6 ± 14.7
116.1 ± 18.2
85.3 ± 25.5
108.2 ± 22.8
Protein (g/kg BW)/d
1.0 ± 0.2
1.0 ± 0.2
1.0 ± 0.5
1.2 ± 0.3
0.92 ± 0.3
1.1 ± 0.3
Total Protein (% energy)
17.3 ± 2.4
19.3 ± 3.8
17.7 ± 4.2
19.5 ± 3.0
16.3 ± 4.4
20.7 ± 5.7
Total CHO (g)/d
228.8 ± 19.0
244.8 ± 21.8
267.4 ± 26.6
316.3 ± 19.7
230.3 ± 39.6
243.9 ± 27.0
Total CHO (% energy)
45.7 ± 8.7
49.3 ± 7.3
49.5 ± 10.7
52.6 ± 7.8
41.8 ± 10.4
44.0 ± 7.1
Total Fat (g)/d
75.6 ± 20.5
66.1 ± 19.0
81.4 ± 48.3
76.0 ± 28.5
84.6 ± 38.8
77.7 ± 35.1
Total Fat (% energy)
33.9 ± 7.1
30.1 ± 6.3
31.5 ± 7.8
27.5 ± 7.5
34.7 ± 7.8
30.0 ± 6.6
Saturated Fat (g)
25.4 ± 6.4
20.5 ± 5.8
26.8 ± 18.3
24.7 ± 10.2
27.9 ± 10.6
27.1 ± 12.8
19.8 ± 10.6
17.4 ± 7.5
21.7 ± 11.3
19.6 ± 8.5
27.7 ± 16.5
20.0 ± 12.2
PUFA (g)
10.9 ± 6.7
10.8 ± 5.2
10.7 ± 5.9
12.4 ± 8.0
12.3 ± 10.6
12.4 ± 8.7
Total Cholesterol (mg)
245.7 ± 131.2
287.2 ± 118.6
295.9 ± 203.2
269.4 ± 153.9
228.3 ± 121.8
235.1 ± 75.6
Strength changes
PRE vs. POST P value3
Bench Press
72.8 ± 5.9
90.3 ± 7.5
72.4 ± 8.7
89.8 ± 8.7
74.3 ± 8.1
92.5 ± 6.5
77.5 ± 9.0
111.2 ± 13.5
75.7 ± 8.7
115.1 ± 10.0
77.1 ± 5.5
116.0 ± 6.9
DB Bench Press
24.6 ± 2.1
34.0 ± 2.7
24.0 ± 3.2
34.9 ± 3.1
28.1 ± 3.3
36.2 ± 3.2
Shoulder Press
15.4 ± 1.4
24.0 ± 2.1
16.9 ± 2.4
27.6 ± 4.6
17.9 ± 2.9
23.3 ± 1.9
16.6 ± 1.5
28.8 ± 2.3
19.3 ± 3.3
30.2 ± 3.5
19.3 ± 2.0
28.6 ± 2.9
57.3 ± 7.1
77.4 ± 5.7
55.5 ± 7.0
82.0 ± 7.2
52.8 ± 4.5
73.6 ± 3.2
41 ± 4.0
78.5 ± 4.8
51.6 ± 8.2
85.8 ± 9.7
43.2 ± 3.9
73.7 ± 5.9
1 Arm Row
27.6 ± 3.0
38.9 ± 3.2
24.5 ± 3.4
40.3 ± 2.8
29.2 ± 3.5
41.8 ± 2.5
Upright Row
43 ± 3.8
55.3 ± 3.2
46.7 ± 5.5
63.8 ± 5.8
41.2 ± 2.9
54.0 ± 2.3
19.3 ± 1.8
30.7 ± 2.5
19.1 ± 2.6
30.4 ± 2.1
18.0 ± 1.8
28.1 ± 2.1
64.9 ± 9.9
96.9 ± 10.4
68.9 ± 11.2
103.9 ± 7.5
62.3 ± 6.9
100.5 ± 7.4
Lateral Raises
12.6 ± 1.5
16.6 ± 1.7
11.4 ± 1.2
17.0 ± 1.5
13.0 ± 1.5
21.4 ± 2.9
Serum Lipids
Fasting blood measures
P Value
PRE vs. POST2
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL)
209.4 ± 6.0
199.0 ± 8.8
220.3 ± 13.2
204.4 ± 6.0
211.7 ± 12.6
200.5 ± 11.6
HDL-C (mg/dL)
34.0 ± 2.2
31.1 ± 2.1
32.9 ± 2.1
32.0 ± 1.6
31.1 ± 3.4
32.8 ± 2.0
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
109.0 ± 17.9
126.7 ± 12.8
104.0 ± 8.3
99.6 ± 18.1
139.0 ± 21.5
127.0 ± 12.9
6.4 ± 0.4
6.7 ± 0.6
7.0 ± 0.7
6.6 ± 0.5
7.1 ± 0.4
6.1 ± 0.3
LDL-C direct:HDL-C
3.9 ± 0.3
4.0 ± 0.4
4.3 ± 0.4
4.1 ± 0.4
4.1 ± 0.3
3.7 ± 0.2
The principle findings of this study were that 12 weeks of resistance exercise training significantly increased muscle strength and fat free mass and significantly decreased waist-to-hip ratio, percent body fat, and total serum cholesterol in overweight, hyperlipidemic men. All groups had an equal reduction in total cholesterol, although the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol tended to improve more in the soy group. These results provide further support for a structured resistance training program to improve strength and the cardiovascular risk profile of sedentary, overweight adult men desiring to improve their overall health.
Although no significant differences were observed among groups in total cholesterol and HDL-C after 12 weeks of resistance training, the soy group showed a tendency to improve both TC:HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C. These values were 2.5 and 2.0 times those of the whey group, respectively. These ratios are important variables in the prediction of CVD risk [25–27]. HDL-C levels are inversely related to CVD risk because HDL-C inhibits LDL oxidation (central to the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis) and reverses cholesterol transport [28, 29]. Though all experimental groups demonstrated an equal reduction in total cholesterol, it may be relevant that ratios of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol improved more in the soy group.
Regional distribution of fat is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease with central (abdominal) fat deposits posing higher risk [2]; therefore our finding of a reduction in waist to hip ratio is of significant importance. The average reductions in waist and hip circumferences were 1.4 inches and 1 inch, respectively. These reductions are not likely the result of dietary changes as there were no significant changes in total calories, total fat or body weight over the course of the 12-week study. This finding supports previous studies that show resistance training decreases abdominal adiposity and reduces the waist-to-hip ratio, although total body weight changes may be small [5, 8, 14]. Banz et al. [1] and Ibanez et al. [14] demonstrated a significant reduction in waist-to-hip ratio and total body fat after subjects were placed on 10 and 16 weeks of resistance exercise sessions, respectively. Campbell et al. [30] also saw significant reductions in percent body fat and fat mass and a significant increase in fat free mass after 12 weeks of resistance training with subjects either on a low protein diet (0.8 g/kg/day) or on a higher protein diet (1.62 g/kg/day) diet. Our findings agree with these studies in that major changes in body weight or BMI were not observed, despite significant reductions in fat mass and adiposity. Body weight and BMI typically do not change because of concomitant increases in muscle mass and reductions in fat mass. These results, combined with others, demonstrate the limitations inherent in using changes in BMI and body weight to track the benefits of weight management programs.
Also consistent with previous studies [1, 23, 30], we demonstrated a significant accretion in muscle mass in a relatively short time. The ability to maintain or increase lean body mass, especially given the progressive decline in muscle mass that normally accompanies aging, is an important contributor to lowering cardiovascular disease risk [20, 29]. While the use of whey supplementation to support muscle hypertrophy has been the topic of many studies, the ability of soy protein to support lean body mass gains is controversial [4, 6, 9, 12, 19]. We were most interested, though in the potential for soy to have an added benefit for groups at risk for cardiovascular disease. Several studies have shown that soy reduces serum lipid concentrations [16, 18, 31, 32]. Coupled with our findings and those of others [9, 12, 19] the combination of resistance training and dietary manipulation, as part of long-term lifestyle change, may reduce risk factors for cardiovascular disease by lowering body fat stores, increasing fat free mass (an important determinant of metabolic rate), [2, 3]and improving blood lipid levels.
The absence of between-group differences in strength gains between an animal-based protein supplement (whey) and vegetable-based protein supplement (soy) agrees with other studies examining the relationship between different protein sources and improved strength with resistance training. Phillips et al [10], in a study of young, healthy men completing 12 weeks of resistance training, found no significant differences in strength gains between a milk-supplemented group, a soy protein-containing group, and an energy control group. Haub et al [13] examined different protein sources in combination with 12 weeks of resistance training in older men. Their subjects displayed increased strength, with no differences between those who consumed a meat-containing diet (57% of the protein source) versus a vegetable (soy)-based diet (53% of the protein source). Strength gains were similar among all groups in our study, indicating that adequate protein rather than the protein source is important in sustaining a positive nitrogen balance for muscle accretion to occur. It should be noted that guiding subjects in all groups to consume as close to 1.2 g/kg/day of protein was to rule out confounding variables such as an excess of protein in one or more comparisons groups (i.e. the supplemented groups). While this was the intent, it can't be ruled out that this may have brought all groups to the threshold needed to gain lean body mass on a resistance training program.
The finding of a significant decrease in total serum cholesterol but no change in LDL-C, HDL-C or triglycerides and no difference among groups is surprising. The benefits of soy supplementation on improving lipid profiles are well documented [16, 31–33]. Zhan et al [32] completed a meta-analysis on 23 randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on lipid profiles. The average study length in this review was 10.5 weeks. They concluded that soy protein with isoflavones significantly reduces total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and the magnitude of the effect was related to the level and duration of supplement intake, to the sex of the subjects and to initial serum lipid concentrations. Anderson et al [18] also concluded that the effects of soy on lipid profiles is most pronounced in hyercholesterolemic subjects when isoflavones in the soy supplement ranged from 40 mg/day to greater than 80 mg/day. The soy supplement in our study contained 56.2 mg of isoflavones in the aglycone form. In a recent meta-analysis of 41 randomized trials with an average study length of 10 weeks, Reynolds et al [34] found that soy supplementation was associated with a significant reduction in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (-5.26 mg/dl, -4.25 mg/dl, -6.26 mg/dl respectively) and a significant increase in HDL cholesterol (0.77 mg/dl). In a 2006 review, Torres et al [33] suggested that soy consumption reduces the clinical and biochemical abnormalities in lipid disorder-related diseases. In contrast, a study by Ma et al [35], in which subjects consumed a milk protein supplement or a soy protein supplement, found no treatment effect on lipid profiles. The length of that particular study was five weeks, which may not have been long enough to observe an effect on serum lipid levels. It was surprising that our subjects did not have a greater improvement in serum lipids with the soy supplementation after 12 weeks. A possible explanation may be individual differences in the intestinal absorption of isoflavones. Equol is a byproduct of the bio-transformation of the isoflavone diadzein by microflora in the large intestine and is a potent antioxidant [36]. Equol is not produced in the same amount in all people in response to soy consumption. It is estimated that the range of persons in the general population that are classified as "equol producers" is 14–70% [35, 36], which could contribute to the variability of the effect of soy on serum lipids. The mechanisms responsible for the isoflavone-effect on lipid profiles are not currently known but may be due to their biological similarity to estrogens and estrogen-receptor-dependent genes [14, 32], to enhanced bile acid secretion [32], increasing LDL receptor activity, or to enhancement of thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone [14, 32].
The observation that serum triglycerides showed no significant changes over the 12 weeks of the study is consistent with previous studies [37, 38]. But, subjects in the soy group exhibited a trend toward reduction (lowered by 8.6% – versus a reduction in the whey group of 4.2% and an increase in the control group of 16.2%). This trend suggests that an intervention extending beyond 12 weeks may result in significant changes. Indeed, other studies have reported a beneficial effect of soy consumption alone on serum triglycerides [18, 33, 34].
We attempted to eliminate diet changes other than inclusion of assigned supplements. The percent of calories derived from fat decreased significantly (p < 0.05) due to the increase in energy from protein and carbohydrates in spite of no change in total energy intake. It cannot be ruled-out that the dietary fat content played a role in improved lipid profiles but its role would be minor, at best, in view of the fact that total energy and grams of fat did not change significantly. The percent of energy from protein was expected to increase in the whey and soy supplemented groups. The reasons for the increased energy from protein in the placebo group and for energy derived from carbohydrates in all groups are unknown. Community-living subjects may have naturally chosen to alter their food choices and/or lifestyle based on their enthusiasm of improved health from participation in the study.
Study limitations
We may not have observed significant changes in body composition and lipid profiles among the different protein supplements because of a type II error and it may be that a longer (>12 weeks) training period is required to show significant changes in body composition and in lipid ratios such as TC:HDL-C and LDL-C:HDL-C. Meta-analysis by Zhan et al [32] confirmed that improvements in HDL cholesterol with soy protein supplementation were only observed in studies > 12 weeks in duration. In addition, a diet intervention (for example, limiting daily fat calories to <25%) in combination with the resistance training may have shown more dramatic results in body composition and lipid profile changes. Another limitation that may have affected the outcome of the study was the difference in initial waist:hip. After randomized enrolment it was observed the soy group had significantly higher waist:hip than the other two groups. It may be that the effect of soy was diminished because of this discrepancy. It should be noted that individuals in the placebo group did modify their diet and this included an increased percentage of energy from protein and carbohydrate sources and a decrease percent of calories from fat sources. The results of training could also be due in part to these diet changes, however; the changes in percent of energy sources as noted in the placebo group do not typically result in such dramatic increases in strength gains.
Our findings add to the growing evidence that resistance training is beneficial for reducing cardiovascular risk. Our results suggest that protein supplementation is not necessary for strength or body composition changes in overweight men consuming a diet with an adequate supply of amino acids to meet the needs for stimulation of muscle protein synthesis during resistance exercise. Resistance exercise training alone increases muscle mass and improves body composition measures in sedentary, overweight men. Soy based protein supplements appear to be as effective as animal-based protein to support strength gains. Our results also suggest that soy protein supplementation during resistance training warrants further study in larger samples over longer periods of time since previous work has shown that regular soy consumption improves lipid profiles and the insulin-to-glucagon ratio and lowers oxidative stress [3, 16, 17, 31–34].
This work was supported by Solae LLC, St. Louis, MO. The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Karl Kozlowski and Keith Conroy and the use of the facilities in the University at Buffalo's Center for Preventive Medicine.
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by Michael Seese
Something a little different this week...
Last Tuesday, Janet Reid posted a mini-contest. Having read a Laura Lippman tweet:
Janet challenged us to replace "missing credit card" with a new three word phrase, and "the filter in the dishwasher" with a location (word count not specified.)
My entry was kinda dark:
I knew that I would find the evil voices somewhere in the house, but I had no money on the television, which hasn't worked for years. Or the kitchen, with its wainscoted walls laughing at me. Again. Or the knife drawer, empty, save for one.
Or the imposter, sleeping next to me.
Mine, along with several others, got a shout-out a few days later because "you guyz are storytellers to your finger tips. Even with something this short, and this limited, many of you wrote stories. I'm in awe."
Saturday morning, she created a follow-up contest. So enamored was Janet with Adele's entry:
I knew that I would find my three emergency passports somewhere in my house, but I had no money on in his sock drawer, under his gun.
That she asked us to write the next couple lines, thirty words max. Not to blow my own horn, but I read about the contest at 6:45 p.m., 15 minutes before the deadline. Still, I came up with:
I knew that I would find my three emergency passports somewhere in my house, but I had no money on in his sock drawer, under his gun.
The floorboard creaked. One second too late.
I'd forgotten what chloroform smells like. Sweet. Seductive. Sinister.
When I refound consciousness, an unfamiliar voice -- out there -- intoned.
"Ashes to ashes..."
I must say, I'm pretty darned proud. Results (hopefully) tomorrow.

subset: commoncrawl


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Speaking of projects, a couple weeks ago I made it back to a good one I've been very excited about. The Landvetter project has been high on my list since first laying eyes on it but it took awhile to get back to. When Antonio was here he was psyched (when the weather was good and he wasn't sick) and we brought a rope to brush the top-out and suss out the the finishing moves. I was excited when I realized it could go down and elated when I stuck the crux and climbed to the top. It's a great problem and I hope folks come check it out, but I recommend bringing a rope to clean the top. It's easy up there (relatively speaking) but a fall from the lip might send you tumbling down the hill. Dirty holds are not our friend.
I'm calling the problem "Catan" after my favorite board game. Here are a couple pictures
A view of the boulder. The arete and the steep face to the right will be good climbs if they get properly brushed.
Antonio gunning for the big crux move.
Antonio working the post-crux moves. None of these moves are gimmes but are considerably easier than the crux. It also feels pretty exposed as the ground abruptly slopes away just outside the fall zone


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A comment made by reader Matt on my post about the whitewashing of Islam in American public schools proves the point I wanted to make: teaching comparative religion in American public schools won't work.
There are good reasons, of course, to teach comparative religion in secondary schools, the most prominent being that religion has been an important factor in human history, and without knowing something about it you'd be unable to suss out things like the Crusades, the religious wars and conflicts of the Middle Ages, the transformation of the Roman Empire to Christianity, and so on (my bias is showing since I'm mentioning only religious conflicts). Richard Dawkins always emphasizes that the Bible itself—at least the King James version—is great literature that should be read for its beauty. I emphatically disagree; there are some good parts, but the vast bulk of it is stupefyingly boring. (Try most of the Old Testament.) But allusions to religion abound in literature (think Shakespeare, Milton, and Dostoevsky), and that's a good reason to study scripture.
Finally, if you're interested in the history of philosophy, ethics, or human thought in general, you'll need to know something about religion. How, for instance, can you make sense of debates about abortion, gay marriage, or stem-cell research without knowing the dictates of Catholicism and other brands of Christianity?
That's the upside. But I think it's counterbalanced by several downsides. Which religions do we teach? It's impossible to teach them all given that there are more than 10,000 species of belief on our planet, and you can't teach "comparative" religion without at least a broad sampling—including the faiths of eastern Asia, Oceania, and Africa. Too, how do you teach them? You can imagine the squabbles between Sunni and Shia Muslim parents over the relative weights given to these faiths.
And what about the bad stuff that religion has inspired: the Inquisition, the Crusades, ISIS, and the doctrines of many faiths that oppress women, gays, or even unbelievers, as well as terrorize children. Do you neglect those issues, which, after all, comprise one reason to teach religion as a major force in history? How can you understand the colonization of America without understanding religious persecution? How can you teach about religious wars without mentioning the emnity produced by thinking that you, as opposed to your neighbor, have the absolute truth. And how do you deal with the Holocaust? Was that purely a cultural phenomenon?
The American solution, of course, is "fair play": teach that all religions are not only good, but equally good, and that anything bad associated with them can be imputed not to religious beliefs but to culture. That is, you sanitize the entire endeavor to such a degree that students fail to understand religion. At best, as is done in Europe, you might learn learn a few of the milder things believed by adherents to different faiths.
But what beliefs do you present? Do you tell kids that Catholics think that unconfessed masturbation will send you to fry forever, that many Muslims believe it is right to kill apostates or infidels, and credit a woman's testimony in court as worth only half a man's. Of course not! That's not the American way! You must sanitize all beliefs so they appear either good or at best neutral
To see how this would be done in schools, look no further than the whitewashing of Islam done by the Public Broadcasting System (PBS), partly funded by the U.S. government. They have a "lesson page" on Islam (part of their "Global Connections" site) that covers terrorism, the roles of women, U.S. foreign policy, and so on. To see how Islam would be taught in American public schools, check out the "roles of women" page. What you'll find is pure whitewash: the repeated contention that Islam is a woman-friendly religion, with its female adherents enjoying privileges that until recently weren't given to Western women. There is lie after lie—or distortion after distortion—that makes us simply unable to understand why on Earth anyone would see the faith as misogynistic. The page is implicitly ideological, with the aim of showing Islam in the best possible light. Given the authoritarian-liberal bent of PBS, we know why this is the case.
Here are three bits from that page:
Let's dispose first of the ridiculous comparison between American domestic violence and Islamic oppression of women. While some extremist Christians may beat their wives because they read it in scripture, most domestic violence in the U.S. has nothing to do with religion. That is not the case for Islamic "disciplining" of women (see here for evidence). Remember, too, that far more Muslims take their scripture literally than do Christians.
Most important, note that the oppressive practices of Islam are imputed to "culture", not religion. That's a lie, especially when you realize that in much of Islam one cannot separate culture and religion because the faith dictates all sorts of cultural practices. Is the forced veiling of women "culture"? If so, why did Iranian, Egyptian, and Afghani "culture" change so drastically in the late Seventies—changing in a way that women suddenly acquired the "cultural" habit of veiling? Was it just a coincidence that the Islamic Revolution began about then?
Reza Aslan and other apologists argue that the barbaric practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) is "cultural" and has nothing to do with Islam. While there's some truth in that, Heather Hastie has shown repeatedly that Islam not only helped spread the practice, but approves of or even mandates it. Here's a bit from one of her posts:
Most imams will admit that the Qur'an and hadiths do not require FGM, but many still teach that it should be done, especially in Sunni Islam, which accounts for 80-90% of Muslims. There are four main schools of law in Sunni Islam: Hanbali, Shafi'i, Hanafi, and Maliki. The first two consider FGM obligatory and the other two recommend it.
And from another:
. . . there have been several fatwas issued regarding FGM over the years, the majority of which favour it. (Fatwas are not compulsory, but devout Muslims consider them morally imperative.) For example, Fatwa 60314 includes statements that express the importance of FGM within Islam and dismiss the opinions of doctors.
The belief that FGM is an expression of faith if you are a good Muslim is widespread, insidious and promoted by religious leaders. Even in those Muslim countries where it has been banned, there is push-back by religious leaders. In Egypt for example, FGM was finally banned after several failed attempts in 2008. However, it is still being carried out outside hospitals and the Muslim Brotherhood has a campaign to get the law overturned. Mariz Tadros reported in May last year that "the Muslim Brotherhood have offered to circumcise women for a nominal fee as part of their community services".
As far as the "rights of women" enjoyed by Muslims but not Westerners, none remain. A Muslim woman can, in many places, be divorced simply by her husband saying "I divorce you" three times, and then she's completely screwed (she has no similar ability to divorce her husband). In some places she can't drive, in many she can't appear in public unveiled, or without the company of a male relative. She must worship separately from men, and often is barred or discouraged from going to school or entering some professions. In Sunni Islam, a woman inherits only half as much property as her brothers (if a woman has one brother, for instance, he gets 2/3 of all the inheritance, while she takes a third). None of this is mentioned in the PBS "lesson," and none of it is cultural. The bit above is simply a whitewash.
As is the bit below, for what the Qur'an states is not what has become practice, for practice depends also on the hadith and the sunnah. And actual practice has overriden many of the "Qur'anic" dictates below.
If we're to teach religion, are we going to concentrate solely on what scripture says (but, of course, leaving out the bad bits, like Yahweh's repeated genocides and the Qur'anic dictate to kill infidels)? Or are we going to include the practices brought about by religious custom?
There's also a section on "Women political leaders" in Islam that mentions Aisha, Muhammad's "favorite wife" who had "great political clout," but conveniently leaves out the Muslim belief that she married the Prophet at six and was deflowered at nine—a tradition that has led to the widespread practice of child brides—who don't, by the way, have the right to refuse a prospective husband.
Finally, there is veiling. Here's what PBS says about that:
This is a bit more accurate than the bits above, but also flirts with the truth. Men's "modest" dress is very different from women's, and in many places men can dress as they do in the West while women must remain covered. Even if the veil was historically restricted to social class, that is no longer the case: in Saudi Arabia, Iran, and Afghanistan all women are veiled, for that's what the law says. I'm not aware of any place where upper-class Muslims are veiled more often than those of lower social class (I may of course be wrong).
What about this statement: "covering of the face was more common in the past than it is today, more so in some regions than others"? Well, if by "the past" we mean fifty years ago, I suspect the statement is wrong. Whether it was true in, say, the eighteenth century I have no idea.
As for those veiling laws, the statement "Veiling rules vary from country to country. In the modern period, strict laws about women's dress are often used to emphasize the religious orientation of a particular government, as in Iran or Saudi Arabia" is sort of true, but the purpose is more than just "emphasizing the religious orientation of a particular government." Nowhere is it mentioned that women are covered to prevent them from exciting the lust of men, who are seen as sexually uncontrollable creatures in the face of an uncovered ankle or a wisp of loose hair. The very purpose behind veiling—which, once in place, can then become an "exaptation" for displaying one's faith—is simply omitted.
I've used Islam here to show the way comparative religions would undoubtedly be taught in America, for PBS has an educational "unit" on that faith. (There are no comparable sections on any other religion.) But the treatment of other faiths would surely resemble that of Islam. Their doctrines would be sanitized via cherry-picking only the good bits of scripture—and the oppressive customs would be imputed to "culture" rather than dogma. The students would be taught that all religions are good, and all religions are equally good. (And would they be taught atheism or humanism? Those aren't, after all, "religions.")
Perhaps other countries would do it differently, but I know America, and I know the American sense of "fair play" that would mandate that no religion could appear better or worse than another. That would of course require sanitizing them all. I find it preferable to not teach "comparative religion" at all than to whitewash it in this way. It's like teaching the history of twentieth century Europe and not saying anything bad about Germany.
h/t: Diane G.


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All payments to us shall be exclusive of federal, state, local and foreign taxes, duties, tariffs, levies and similar assessments, if any, on the use of the Services or Service Products hereunder, and you agree to bear and be responsible for the payment of all such charges. In addition, you shall solely be responsible for any property taxes imposed. If we advance any such charges, you will remit payment of such advanced amounts upon demand.
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We shall unilaterally determine the payment terms and credit limit on your account. We reserve the right to change your payment terms and credit limit at any time. You shall pay all invoices by the due date listed on the invoice. All payments must be applied to the invoices to which they are identified and you will assist us with reasonable efforts to properly allocate payments. No deductions or set offs shall be made for any reason whatsoever, except for those amounts included on the Invoices that do not accurately reflect the charges set forth herein ("Disputed Charges"). Disputed Charges shall be resolved by the Parties in accordance with the provisions herein. We may place the Services and Service Products on hold until payment is received or until your account balance is below the credit limit. We reserve the right to place your access to Services and Service Products on hold at any time. This Agreement may be terminated by us at any time if you are in material breach due to non-payment.
Disputed Charges
If you, in a writing received by us prior to the due date of the invoice in question, disputes any charge on an invoice in good faith as being not in accordance with the rates and charges in the Agreement, then until the parties resolve the Disputed Charges, you shall have the right to suspend payment of the Disputed Charges. You will make timely payment of any and all other charges other than the Disputed Charges. You shall provide a detailed written explanation substantiating its claim for Disputed Charges within ten (10) days of the date of your notice of such Disputed Charges. Any Disputed Charges that us determines in good faith should not have been billed to you will be promptly credited to your account, and any Disputed Charges that we determine in good faith should have been billed to you will be paid by you within ten (10) calendar days. If you are not reasonably satisfied with our determination, the parties shall meet, through successively higher levels of management, if necessary, in a good faith effort to resolve the dispute. Subject to the foregoing, the parties' obligations hereunder shall continue unabated during the duration of the dispute resolution process.
Late Fees
Your failure to pay amounts due under any Invoice in accordance with the provisions of the Agreement may result in the imposition of late fees in the amount of 1.5% of the monthly delinquent balance.
Collection Costs and Interest
In any referral for collection or action against you for amounts due to us, upon recovery by us, you shall pay all expenses of collection and/or litigation, including reasonable attorneys' fees, collection agency fees, and court costs.
Mutual Indemnity
Each party (an "Indemnitor") shall indemnify, defend and hold harmless the other party, and its successors and assigns, and their respective affiliates, employees, directors, officers, stockholders, representatives and agents (each, an "Indemnified Party") from any and all direct and indirect losses, claims, demands, damages, liabilities, obligations, costs and/or expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees and costs, to the extent directly and proximately caused by (i) the negligence or intentional misconduct of the Indemnitor, or (ii) breach of Applicable Law by the Indemnitor. The Indemnified Party shall notify the Indemnitor in writing of any claim, demand or liability it deems to be covered by this subsection within fifteen (15) calendar days after it first has actual knowledge of the facts giving rise to such claim, demand or liability, or fifteen (15) calendar days prior to the running of any applicable statute of limitations with respect to such claim, demand or liability, whichever is earlier. The provisions of this subsection shall not apply to any claims against us arising from or related to loss, damage, destruction or delay of or to Goods.
Failure by an Indemnified Party to tender any claim, demand, action or liability within the time frames set forth shall be an absolute waiver of the Indemnitor's indemnification obligation hereunder.
Independent Contractor Status
We are and will remain an independent contractor with respect to you and the Services and Service Products being provided hereunder. Nothing in these Terms shall be construed to create a legal partnership or joint venture between the parties.
Warranty and Disclaimer
Certain Services may be temporarily unavailable for scheduled maintenance or for unscheduled emergency maintenance, by us or by Providers, or because of other causes beyond our reasonable control. We shall use reasonable efforts to provide advance notice in writing or by e-mail of any scheduled downtime. THE SERVICES ARE PROVIDED "AS-IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND. WITHOUT LIMITING THE FOREGOING, WE DO NOT WARRANT THAT THE SERVICES WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED OR ERROR FREE; NOR DOES IT MAKE ANY WARRANTY AS TO THE RESULTS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED FROM USE OF THE SERVICES OR THAT THE SERVICES WILL MEET CUSTOMER'S REQUIREMENTS. PROVIDER DISCLAIMS ALL OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, ORAL OR WRITTEN, WITH RESPECT TO THE SERVICES INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, AND ALL WARRANTIES IMPLIED FROM ANY COURSE OF DEALING, COURSE OF PERFORMANCE OR USAGE OF TRADE.
Limitations and Disclaimers
In no event shall any Party be liable for any indirect, incidental, special or consequential damages, including without limitation damages for RETAILER CHARGEBACKS OR DEDUCTIONS, loss of profits, data or use, incurred by any PARTY or any third party, whether in an action in contract or tort, even if any other PartY has been advised of the possibility of such damages. The aggregate and cumulative liability of OURS ARISING FROM OR RELATING TO THESE TERMS, INCLUDING ANY AGREEMENT, Shall in no event exceed the amountS paid by YOU tO US FOR SERVICES RENDERED BY US DURING THE SIX MONTHS IMMEDIATELY PRECEDING THE DATE ON WHICH WE PAY ANY SUCH CLAIM.
Confidentiality and Records
Proprietary Information
Each party (the "Receiving Party") understands that the other party (the "Disclosing Party") has disclosed or may disclose business, technical or financial information relating to the Disclosing Party's business (hereinafter referred to as "Proprietary Information" of the Disclosing Party). Proprietary Information includes non-public information regarding features, functionality and performance of the Service, and non-public data provided by Customer to us to enable the provision of the Services ("Customer Data"). The Receiving Party agrees: (i) to take reasonable precautions to protect such Proprietary Information, and (ii) not to use (except in performance of the Services or as otherwise permitted herein) or divulge to any third person any such Proprietary Information. The Disclosing Party agrees that the foregoing shall not apply with respect to any information after three (3) years following the disclosure thereof or any information that the Receiving Party can document (a) is or becomes generally available to the public, or (b) was in its possession or known by it prior to receipt from the Disclosing Party, or (c) was rightfully disclosed to it without restriction by a third party, or (d) was independently developed without use of any Proprietary Information of the Disclosing Party or (e) is required to be disclosed by law. You shall not, directly or indirectly: (a) use any of our Proprietary Information (as defined herein) to create any software or system that is derived in whole or part from the systems used by us in delivering Services or Service Products; (b) decompile, disassemble, reverse engineer or use any similar means to attempt to discover the source code of the software or the trade secrets therein, or otherwise circumvent any technological measure that controls access to the our software or other systems; (c) encumber, transfer, rent, lease, or time-share such software, systems or Services, or use them in any service bureau arrangement or otherwise for the benefit of any third party; (d) copy (except for archival purposes), distribute, manufacture, adapt, create derivative works of or otherwise modify any software or system; (e) remove any proprietary notices or labels; or (f) permit any third party to engage in any of the acts proscribed in clauses (a) through (e).
Customer Data Ownership
Customer shall own all right, title and interest in and to the Customer Data (examples of data includes, but not limited to rates, carriers, customers, shipments). We will get explicit written authorization from Customer before reproducing, modifying, or distributing any proprietary Customer data. Customer data can be accessed by our employees on a strictly "need to know" basis. The data will only be accessed for the sole purposes of supporting, developing or testing the technology features.
SupplyPike Ownership
We shall own and retain all right, title and interest in and to (a) the Services and Software, all improvements, enhancements or modifications thereto, (b) any software, applications, inventions or other technology developed in connection with Implementation Services or support, and (c) all intellectual property rights related to any of the foregoing.
SupplyPike Rights
We shall have the right collect and analyze data and other information relating to the provision, use and performance of various aspects of the Services and Service Products and related systems and technologies (including, without limitation, information concerning Customer Data and data derived therefrom), and we will be free (during and after the term hereof) to (i) use such information and data to improve and enhance the Services, Service Products, and for other development, diagnostic and corrective purposes in connection with the Services, Service Products, and other SupplyPike offerings, and (ii) disclose such data solely in aggregate or other de-identified form in connection with its business. No rights or licenses are granted except as expressly set forth herein.
Remedies and Relief
Money damages will not be an adequate remedy if this Section is breached and, therefore, the Disclosing Party shall, in addition to any other legal or equitable remedies, be entitled to seek an injunction or similar equitable relief against such breach or threatened breach without the necessity of posting any bond.
Access to Records
We shall retain data records regarding the Services provided to you for a maximum of one year or through the end of the Agreement term, whichever is shorter. Data records retention for certain Service Products may further be limited if listed in the Order Form. After such time, we are free to, but not obligated to, destroy such records. To the extent allowable under Applicable Law, you hereby waive your right to obtain copies of our records as provided for under any local, state, federal, or provincial laws.
Prior Non-Disclosure Agreement
If you have previously negotiated a separate Non-Disclosure Agreement ("NDA") with us, any such NDA shall remain in effect and binding in accordance with its own terms and shall not be impacted by this provision.
During the terms of the Agreement and any extensions thereof, and for a period of twelve (12) months thereafter, neither party shall directly or indirectly solicit for employment or actually employ, retain, contract or otherwise hire any employees of the other party involved in the performance, provision, consumption or evaluation of the Services or Service Products, unless agreed to in writing by the other party; provided that this prohibition shall not apply to any general solicitation not directed exclusively or primarily to individuals providing services to the other party.
Attorney's Fees
In any action at law or in equity that is brought to enforce or interpret the provisions of these Terms including any Agreement, the prevailing party in such action shall be entitled to reimbursement for all reasonable attorney's fees and costs incurred in connection therewith.
The waiver by either party of any default or breach of these Terms, including any Agreement, shall not constitute of waiver of any other or subsequent default or breach. Except for actions for breach of confidentiality and non-payment of amounts owed hereunder, no action, regardless of form, arising out of the Agreement may be brought by either Party more than one (1) year after the cause of action has accrued.
Force Majeure
In the event performance by one party is affected by any cause beyond the reasonable control of such party, including without limitation, fire, labor strife, riot, war, weather conditions, acts of the public enemy, acts of God, acts of terrorism, local or national disruptions, fuel shortages, governmental regulations, or governmental request or requisition for national defense, and provided that the applicable cause is not attributable to the acts or omissions of such party, and such party is taking reasonable measures to remove or mitigate the effects of the applicable cause, then the performance of all obligations required herein shall, with the exception of payment of invoices, be suspended during the continuance of such interruption, and such party shall promptly notify the other party of such interruption. Such period of suspension shall not in any way invalidate these Terms, but on resumption of operations, any affected performance by such party shall be resumed. No liability shall be incurred by either party for damages resulting from such suspensions.
Successors and Assigns; Assignment
The Agreement will be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective successors and permitted assigns. Neither the Agreement nor any rights granted hereunder may be sold, leased, assigned or otherwise transferred, in whole or in part, by any party, and any such attempted assignment shall be void and of no effect without the prior written consent of the other Party, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld or delayed; provided, however, that such consent shall not be required if (i) any party assigns the Agreement to an affiliate (as such term is defined under the federal securities laws of the United States of America), by operation of law, through reorganization, merger, or acquisition, or if we assign our right to receive and collect payments.
We may utilize one or more subcontractors to perform portions of the Services or Service Products.
Governing Law; Venue
These Terms and the entire relationship of the parties shall be construed and governed according to the laws of the state of Arkansas without giving consideration to principles of conflict of laws. If litigation arising from or related to the Agreement or the relationship of the parties is commenced, the parties irrevocably consent to the exclusive jurisdiction and venue of the state and federal courts of appropriate jurisdiction serving in Fayetteville, Arkansas.
Dispute Resolution
The parties shall attempt in good faith to resolve any dispute arising out of or relating to these Terms promptly by negotiation between executives who have authority to settle the controversy and who are at a higher level of management than the persons with direct responsibility for administration of this contract. Any party may give the other party written notice of any dispute not resolved in the normal course of business. Within fifteen (15) days of delivery of the notice, the receiving party shall submit to the other a written response. The notice and the response shall include a statement of each party's position and a summary of arguments supporting that position and the name and title of the executive who will represent that party and any other person who will accompany that executive. Within thirty (30) days after delivery of the disputing party's notice, the executives of both parties shall meet at a mutually-acceptable time and place and, thereafter, as often as they deem reasonably necessary to attempt to resolve the dispute. All negotiations pursuant to this Section are confidential and shall be treated as compromise and settlement negotiations for purposes of applicable rules of evidence.
Copyright and Trademark Notice
This website is owned and operated by CaseStack, Inc. d/b/a SupplyPike. Unless otherwise specified, all materials appearing on this website, including the text, website design, logos, graphics, icons, and images, as well as the selection, assembly and arrangement thereof, are the sole property of CaseStack, Inc. d/b/a SupplyPike, Copyright © 2017, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. All audio and video clips are the sole property of SupplyPike or their respective content providers. All software used on the website is the sole property of SupplyPike or those supplying the software. You may use the content of this website for transportation and fulfillment purposes only. No materials from this website may be copied, reproduced, modified, republished, uploaded, posted, transmitted, or distributed in any form or by any means without SupplyPike's prior written permission. All rights not expressly granted herein are reserved. Any unauthorized use of the materials appearing on this website may violate copyright, trademark, and other applicable laws and could result in criminal or civil penalties.


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The Layer Editor contains all your layers and layer tools. You can add, delete, rearrange, group, and even hide layers. There are blending modes, opacity controls, layer transparency toggles, plus typical editing tools, and a default background layer that can be hidden to create an alpha channel or used to set the over-all background color of your image. The version of SketchBook you are using will determine the tools available. When something is not available in a version, it will be noted as such.
Background layer
The Background layer is at the bottom of the Layer Editor. When hidden (tap to hide it), this creates an alpha channel. The Background layer can also be used to change the background color of your image.
The Layer Editor in SketchBook for Desktop
You will need to open the editor to access the layers and layer tools. There are two ways to do this:
- From the menu bar, select Window > Layer Editor.
- From the toolbar, tap .
The Layer Editor in SketchBook for Mobile
To open the editor:
- If you are on a tablet, the Layer Editor is visible by default, along the right of your screen.
1. Tap to access the Color Editor
2. Color Palette
3. Tap to switch to the Layer Editor
4. Tap to switch to the Color Palette
5. Background layer
6. Current active layer
7. Lock Layer
8. Show/hide layer content
9. Add Layer
- If you're on a handheld device using SketchBook v.4.0 or above, tap to access the Layer Editor.
1. Add
2. Current layer
3. Lock Transparency
4. Show/Hide
5. Background layer
- If you're on a handheld device using SketchBook v.3.7.4 or below, tap to access the Layer Editor.
The Layer Editor in SketchBook for Windows 10
If the editor isn't open, in the toolbar along the top, tap and select Layer Editor.
1. Add Layer
2. Layer Opacity
3. Lock Transparency
4. Show/Hide Layer
5. Clear Layer
6. Layer Menu
7. Blend Modes
8. Radial menu
9. Current layer
10. Background layer
11. Resize


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Advisory Board – Mexico Bariatric Center
To ensure quality, accurate information on obesity, bariatric, and metabolic information, we've established an advisory board. Our advisory board was established in the creation, editing, and reviewing new content on MexicoBariatricCenter.com.
Below are the current members of our advisory board of Mexico Bariatric Center.
Ron Elli MA, Ph.D., Director of Mexico Bariatric Center
Owner of Mexico Bariatric Center
Ron Elli, Ph.D., is the president and founder of Mexico Bariatric Center. Dr. Elli is an award-winning business person from Northern California. Recently, Dr. Ron Elli was profiled in Sacramento, CA Business Journal as one of the most successful regional CEOs.
In 2002, Ron earned his Ph.D. from the University of California, Davis in "Numerical Modeling of High-Speed Flow over Surface Humps." Dr. Ron Elli has been referenced in ASME, and other prominent journals. Dr. Elli's research of the Flow Resistance in Pulmonary Airways to simulate coughing in human airways was published in the Journal of Biomechanical Engineering.
Ron Elli, Ph.D. has been involved in bariatric and metabolic surgeries medical tourism since 2007. He is dedicated to providing quality healthcare at affordable prices to patients around the world. He is one of the pioneers of Global Medical Tourism and regularly attends the world congresses on Medical Tourism. Read More.
Mischa Travis is our Nutritionist who specializes in Weight Loss and Bariatric Nutrition, as well as health and wellness coaching. Mischa was born and raised in Rescue, California and has lived in the surrounding area ever since. Mischa completed her bachelor's degree in Nutrition at Sacramento State, CA in 2008. For the last 10 years, she has worked in the field of nutrition providing dietary counseling and developing meal plans to patients in a clinical setting. She is very passionate about helping others with weight loss and better health.
Mischa's journey into the field of nutrition began when she was 16 years old and decided to join a weight loss program to better her health. She lost 20lbs, all the while learning how to cook, plan, and prep meals. She began measuring foods, reading food labels, and counting calories. Pretty soon she was creating her own weight loss meal plans, as well as for her family and friends just for fun. This is where her love of healthy cooking and nutrition was born, and it never went away. She decided to follow her passion and continue her education in nutrition through the University. Read More.
Read More:


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VCADS Vocom 88890300 Interface PTT 2.03.20 for Volvo/Renault/UD/Mack Truck Diagnose
How to set up Volvo 88890300 Vocom WiFi Connection
Vocom 88890300 Introduction:
24hour Online Customer Service:
Date Added: 12/09/2017 by Hermann Musler
Got the product to day, have not have time to test it yet but looks really greate! Thanks!
Customer Videos: See all 0 videos
Customer Images: See all 0 images


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Connecting to the iTunes Store.
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