text:
- Research article
- Open Access
- Open Peer Review
Validation of a newly proposed histopathological classification in Japanese patients with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis
© Iwakiri et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2013
- Received: 23 July 2012
- Accepted: 12 June 2013
- Published: 17 June 2013
A new histopathological classification of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis was recently proposed. We evaluated the predictive value of this classification for renal outcome in Japanese patients.
We enrolled 122 patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis diagnosed at several institutions in Japan between January 2000 and March 2010. Twenty patients were excluded because of observation durations of <1 year, and/or because their biopsy specimens contained <10 glomeruli. Renal biopsy specimens were categorized into four classes according to the proposed classification. We evaluated the predictive value of immunohistochemical staining for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA), Wilm's tumor 1 (WT1), CD68, and cytokeratin for end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
The study population included 54 men and 48 women. Age, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and proteinuria were 66.3 ± 11.3 years, 21.6 ml/min. and 1.10 g/24 h, respectively. Eighty-six patients were positive for myeloperoxidase-ANCA, five were positive for proteinase 3-ANCA, and 11 were negative for both antibodies. Median follow-up time was 41.0 months. Twenty-three patients (22.5%) developed ESRD during the follow-up period. Twelve patients died during follow up; 7/12 patients developed ESRD before death, and 5/12 patients died without ESRD. The incidence of ESRD increased with sequential categories: focal, 2/46 (4.3%); crescentic, 9/32 (28%); mixed, 8/18 (44%); and sclerotic, 4/6 (67%). The focal class had the best renal survival and the sclerotic class had the worst renal survival (p < 0.001). Kaplan-Meier renal survival analysis was similar to that of the new classification system proposal. In the multivariate analysis, the classification system tended to be a prognostic factor for ESRD (p = 0.0686, crescentic, mixed and sclerotic vs. focal, hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval, CI]; 2.99 [0.61–22.7], 5.04 [1.11–36.4] and 9.93 [1.53–85.7], respectively). α-SMA-positivity also tended to be associated with ESRD (p = 0.1074).
The new histopathological classification was associated with eGFR at 1 year and tended to be associated with ESRD in our Japanese cohort with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. α-SMA positivity might be an additional prognostic factor for ESRD.
- Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
- Histopathological classification
- Immunohistochemistry
- α-Smooth muscle actin
Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated glomerulonephritis is a common cause of rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis in adults [1]. Three major categories have been defined: microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) [2, 3]. The histopathological findings are characterized by various lesions, particularly extracapillary proliferation and fibrinoid necrosis; however, lesions such as fibrous crescent formation and focal or global glomerular sclerosis, indicating chronic lesions, are also observed [4]. The renal prognosis of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis differs greatly between individual patients. Several studies have determined the clinical and histopathological predictors of renal outcome, and shown that low levels of serum creatinine (SCr) at diagnosis and a high percentage of normal glomeruli were predictors for a better renal outcome, whereas a high percentage of sclerotic glomeruli was a predictor for a worse renal outcome [5]–[8]. However, a standardized histopathological classification of this disease has been lacking for many years.
A histopathological classification of ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis was recently proposed, based on an analysis of 100 patients from multiple centers in Europe [9]. This classification system is based on glomerular pathology and defines four classes: focal, crescentic, mixed and sclerotic. The authors reported that the phenotypic order of the class corresponded to progressive worsening of renal function. Japanese patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis show a different distribution of ANCA subtypes compared with patients from Western countries, with higher rates of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA expression than proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA [10, 11]. We therefore performed a validation study to determine whether this proposed histopathological classification could be applied to Japanese patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis.
We enrolled 122 patients diagnosed with biopsy-confirmed ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis between January 2000 and March 2010 from six institutions in Japan (Miyazaki University, Kanazawa University, Toyama Prefectural Central Hospital, Miyazaki Prefectural Hospital, Koga General Hospital and Miyazaki Social Insurance Konan Hospital). Patients with primary renal vasculitis were defined in accordance with the following criteria: new patients with MPA, GPA, EGPA or renal limited vasculitis (RLV) and renal involvement (elevated SCr, hematuria, proteinuria, or red cell casts) attributable to active vasculitis with or without other organ involvement, and positive serology for ANCA. Histological confirmation of renal involvement was the finding of necrotizing vasculitis and pauci-immune crescentic glomerulonephritis in the renal biopsy. The European Medicines Agency (EMEA) algorithm [12] was used to define MPA, GPA and EGPA. This algorithm utilizes the American College of Rheumatology criteria (1990) and the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference definitions. Using this approach, RLV is placed within MPA. ANCA-negative patients were eligible for enrollment in this study if there was histological confirmation of renal involvement. Patients who were followed up for <1 year (n = 14) or whose biopsy specimens contained <10 glomeruli (n = 6) were excluded. A total of 102 patients were therefore included in this study. Most of the patients received intravenous and/or oral methylprednisolone therapy with or without immunosuppressants after diagnosis, according to the attending physician's judgement. The ethical committee of University of Miyazaki approved this study (approval number: 2010–751).
In this present study, 83 (81.4%) cases received methylprednisolone pulse therapy, and 89 (87.3%) cases were administered oral prednisolone. Furthermore, 30 (29.4%) cases were treated with cyclophosphamide (CYC): 15 (14.7%) were treated with intravenous CYC pulse therapy (IV-CY), 11 (10.8%) with oral CYC therapy, and four (3.9%) with both IV-CY and oral CYC. Twenty-one (20.6%) cases were treated with mizoribine (MZB), three (2.9%) cases were treated with azathioprine (AZA), and one (1.0%) case was treated with gusperimus hydrochloride.
Patient parameters and outcomes
This was a retrospective study based on clinical information obtained from hospital records and general practice. SCr and the degree of proteinuria were measured at the time of renal biopsy, prior to the initiation of immunosuppressive therapy or hemodialysis. SCr was evaluated every 1–3 months after the initiation of therapy. The development of ESRD during follow-up was the primary outcome. ESRD was defined as requiring permanent renal replacement therapy. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 1 year was the secondary outcome.
Calculation of eGFR
SCr was assayed by an enzymatic method and eGFR was calculated using the following equation [13]: eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) = 194 × age (years)–0.287 × serum creatinine (mg/dl)–1.094 (× 0.739 for women).
Renal histopathology
Renal biopsy specimens were examined by light microscopy and immunofluorescence analysis. For light microscopy, tissues were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS), AZAN, and methenamine silver. The median number of glomeruli per biopsy was 19.0 (range 10–61). For immunofluorescence analysis, sections were incubated with antibodies against IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4, C1q, and fibrinogen, to exclude other renal diseases. Renal biopsies were categorized into four classes in accordance with the newly proposed histopathological classification. Samples with ≥50% normal glomeruli were classified as focal, those with ≥50% cellular crescentic glomeruli were classified as crescentic, and those with ≥50% globally sclerotic glomeruli were classified as sclerotic. The other cases, those with <50% normal, cellular crescentic, and globally sclerotic glomeruli were classified as mixed. Two independent nephropathologists (T.I. and K.K.) who were blinded to the patients' characteristics performed the histopathological evaluations and classified the specimens into the four classes. Inter-observer variation of categorization according to the new histopathological classification was tested (κ = 0.91). Discrepancies between the observers were resolved by conference to achieve consensus.
Immunohistochemical analysis
Immunohistochemical staining was performed on samples from 34 patients with crescentic or mixed class for α-smooth muscle actin (SMA; myoepithelial marker; clone: 1A4, mouse monoclonal antibody; Dako, Glostrup, Denmark), Wilm's tumor 1 (WT1; podocyte marker; clone: 6F-H2, mouse monoclonal antibody; Dako), CD68 (macrophage marker; clone: PG-M1, mouse monoclonal antibody; Dako) and cytokeratin (epithelial marker; clone: AE1/AE3, mouse monoclonal antibody; Dako), using 4-μm-thick sections of formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue. Sections were subsequently stained with Envision (Dako). Horseradish peroxidase activity was visualized using 3,3′-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride, and counterstaining with Meyer's hematoxylin. Of the 50 cases in either the crescentic or mixed class, 16 cases did not have sufficient tissue remaining for immunohistochemical analysis.
Immunoreactivity was evaluated by two investigators unaware of the patients' characteristics (T.I. and A.Y.). A cell was considered positive for α-SMA, CD68 and/or cytokeratin in case of cytoplasmic staining. A cell was considered positive for WT1 in case of nuclear staining. We assessed normal glomeruli in each sample and counted all immunopositive cells. The definition of a normal glomerulus was a glomerulus without collapse, crescent formation, adhesion, or focal to segmental/global glomerulosclerosis. Even if the α-SMA-positive area was very small, the glomerulus was considered to be immunopositive. Reproducibility was assessed by blinded replicate counting of immunopositive cells performed by the two observers; the inter-observer correlation coefficients for α-SMA, WT1, CD68 and cytokeratin were r = 0.86, 0.77, 0.91, 0.87, respectively. Discrepancies between the observers were resolved by conference to achieve consensus.
Statistical analysis
Data were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney test, Fisher's exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc analysis (Dunn's multiple comparison test) as appropriate. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare renal survival. Multivariate analysis of renal survival was performed by Cox regression analysis. Patients who died before developing ESRD were treated as censored in Kaplan-Meier renal survival analysis and Cox regression analysis. Values of p < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. JMP 8.0.1 (SAS, Cary, NC, USA) and GraphPad Prism 5.01 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) were used for statistical analyses.
Clinical and histopathological studies
Patient characteristics at the time of diagnosis
Total (n = 102)
Non-ESRD (n = 79)
ESRD during follow-up (n = 23)
Age (years)
66.3 ± 11.3
66.3 ± 12.2
66.3 ± 7.7
Male/female, n
MPO-ANCA, n
PR3-ANCA, n
Both negative, n
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
21.6 (11.5–39.5)
25.7 (17.4–50.4)
9.0 (5.1–13.3)
Serum albumin (g/dl)
3.1 (2.7–3.7)
3.1 (2.7–3.7)
3.1 (2.7–3.8)
Serum CRP (mg/dl)
3.35 (0.98–8.98)
3.70 (1.08–10.0)
2.13 (0.20–6.70)
Proteinuria (g/day)
1.10 (0.35–2.12)
0.70 (0.30–1.77)
1.80 (1.10–2.50)
Baseline characteristics of patients in each histopathological class
Age (years)
66.1 ± 11.4
66.3 ± 12.5
66.7 ± 10.2
67.5 ± 8.6
Male/female, n
MPO-ANCA, n
PR3-ANCA, n
Both negative, n
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2)
38.1 (22.5–57.4)
12.0 (7.1–19.7)
16.5 (8.7–31.6)
12.4 (9.8–27.4)
Serum albumin (g/dl)
3.4 (2.8–3.7)
2.7 (2.4–3.3)
3.1 (2.8–3.7)
3.8 (3.5–3.9)
Serum CRP (mg/dl)
4.13 (1.43–9.62)
4.98 (1.65–14.0)
1.21 (0.10–3.93)
0.16 (0.10–1.10)
Proteinuria (g/day)
0.35 (0.21–0.79)
1.50 (1.04–2.50)
1.75 (1.07–2.20)
1.50 (0.25–3.98)
Immunosuppressants, yes/no, n
Histopathological findings
Normal glomeruli (%)
73.2 (60.0–81.6)
17.9 (10.6–28.0)
35.4 (22.5–43.8)
11.3 (0–22.0)
Crescentic glomeruli (%)
13.8 (8.9–23.6)
67.7 (60.0–74.7)
31.4 (15.6–40.4)
12.4 (3.3–22.4)
Globally sclerotic glomeruli (%)
6.5 (0–13.4)
3.2 (0–13.1)
29.3 (19.0–40.4)
64.5 (54.9–71.1)
Proportions of ESRD according to the histopathological classes
1 year after diagnosis
Total follow-up period
1/46 (2.2%)
2/46 (4.3%)
7/32 (21.9%)
9/32 (28.1%)
2/18 (11.1%)
8/18 (44.4%)
2/6 (33.3%)
4/6 (66.6%)
Multivariate analysis of progression to ESRD
1.03 (0.98–1.09)
2.33 (0.84–7.08)
eGFR at diagnosis
0.97 (0.93–1.00)
Proteinuria at diagnosis
1.23 (0.95–1.54)
Immunosuppressant, yes/no
0.90 (0.31–2.45)
Histopathological classification
crescentic vs. focal, 2.99 (0.61–22.7)
mixed vs. focal, 5.04 (1.11–36.4)
sclerotic vs. focal, 9.93 (1.53–85.7)
Immunohistochemical study
Clinical and histopathological findings
Several attempts have been made to establish histopathological criteria for ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis and to predict ESRD and overall survival in this disease [14, 15]. However, studies investigating the clinical and histopathological predictors of renal outcome have provided different results with some overlap, in terms of the predictive values of normal glomeruli, glomerulosclerosis and eGFR at diagnosis [4, 5, 16]–[19]. Most of the proposed classification systems are cumbersome and require histopathological evaluation as well as clinical information. Berden et al. recently investigated the prognostic value of a simple histopathological classification, based on an analysis of 100 patients across multiple centers in Europe [9]. We examined the suitability of this classification system for Japanese patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. This histopathological classification was associated with eGFR at 1 year in our cohort, as in Berden et al.'s study. The incidence of ESRD during the follow-up period increased with sequential category of the proposed classification. Although the Kaplan-Meier survival curves showed the same distribution as the study by Berden et al., the histopathologic classification was not associated with ESRD during follow up in our cohort in the multivariate analysis. We think there are several possible explanations for why we did not find an association between the classification and developing ESRD. First, Berden et al.'s study was conducted in Europe, and of the 100 patients, 45 were positive for PR3-ANCA and 47 were positive for MPO-ANCA. Notably, the distribution of ANCA subtypes in Japanese patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis differs from that in Western countries. For example, Japanese patients are more frequently positive for MPO-ANCA than PR3-ANCA [10, 11]. Indeed, our cohort consisted of 86 patients with MPO-ANCA-positive disease and just five with PR3-ANCA-positive disease, while the remaining 11 patients were negative for both antibodies. The different distributions of MPO- and PR3-ANCA between Europe and Japan may thus have contributed to the conflicting results. However, we were unable to conclude if the mechanism of glomerular injury was due to the different type of ANCA, though patients with MPO-ANCA do show more active and chronic lesions than PR3-ANCA patients [20]. In addition, differences in genetic backgrounds may affect the renal pathology findings and clinical courses in patients with ANCA vasculitis. International collaborative studies are clearly needed to determine the causes of the different phenotypes and clinical courses among different populations.
A second possible reason for the apparent discrepancy between the current results and those of Berden et al. [9] may be the difference in treatments used in Europe and Japan. In Europe, glucocorticoids in combination with CYC or methotrexate is the standard therapeutic strategy for ANCA-associated vasculitis [21], while in Japan, although glucocorticoids in combination with CYC is also recommended as a treatment for ANCA-associated vasculitis depending on the severity of disease, CYC is only used in 33.7–45.2% of Japanese patients with ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis [22]. CYC is used less frequently in Japan to avoid associated events of infection, though its low usage may also facilitate disease remission.
Age, sex, and eGFR at diagnosis have been reported to be important predictors of renal outcome [5]–[8, 18, 23]. However, the current study found no significant differences in these factors at diagnosis between the crescentic and mixed class. Other reports have confirmed the importance of normal glomeruli for better renal outcome [6, 8, 18]. In our series, the proportion of normal glomeruli was higher in the mixed class than in the crescentic class, but the proportion of sclerotic glomeruli was also higher in the mixed class than in the crescentic class. These features probably hindered discrimination between the crescentic and mixed class.
Several studies found that immune complex or complement deposition in renal histopathology was associated with lower initial renal function, higher levels of proteinuria and poor renal outcome [24]–[26]. In the current study, only nine patients showed C3 deposition in glomerular and/or arteriolar walls. The eGFR at diagnosis, proteinuria and incidence of ESRD in these nine cases did not differ from those without C3, other immune complex or complement deposition.
Immunohistochemical findings
There was no significant difference regarding the development of ESRD between the crescentic and mixed class. Therefore we performed immunohistochemical staining on samples from 34 patients with crescentic or mixed class to examine whether immunohistochemical factors are useful to predict ESRD in ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis. The rates of WT1, CD68, and cytokeratin expression did not differ significantly between patients with or without ESRD (data not shown). However, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that higher α-SMA immunoreactivity tended to be associated with poorer renal survival in crescentic and mixed class.
Several studies have provided evidence to suggest that glomerular component cells undergo mesenchymal transition in a pro-inflammatory environment. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is widely accepted as a mechanism whereby injured epithelial and/or endothelial cells transform into mesenchymal cells, which contribute to the development of fibrosis [27, 28]. EMT and myofibroblastic differentiation were originally thought to occur predominantly in the interstitium; however, several reports have shown that mesangial cells can also differentiate into myofibroblasts, resulting in fibrosis [28, 29]. Barnes et al. [30] reported that myofibroblasts were mostly responsible for interstitial accumulation and consequent structural deformations associated with fibrosis. In renal disease, glomerular mesangial cells also acquire a myofibroblastic phenotype and synthesize the same matrix proteins. α-SMA expression is considered to be a useful marker of myofibroblast differentiation in several disease settings [31]–[34]. We thought that a normal glomerulus under the light microscope might switch to a fibrogenic state if the glomerulus was positive for α-SMA. Notably, glomeruli often appeared normal under light microscopy, but α-SMA positive or negative glomeruli could be detected after careful observation. Consequently, α-SMA-positive glomeruli may progress to fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis, and renal failure. However, α-SMA positivity was not associated with renal survival. It could be the low power of the α-SMA immunohistochemical analysis (n = 34), since the survival analysis did not reach significance but came close to it (p = 0. 1074). Therefore, further studies are needed to clarify whether immunohistochemical staining of α-SMA is a useful predictor for renal prognosis.
This study had several limitations. First, the sample size was relatively small, and this may have reduced the validity of the results. Second, no standard therapy was administered to all patients, and treatments were at the discretion of the attending physicians. Third, immunohistochemical analysis was not performed in all cases and we were therefore unable to perform Cox regression multivariate analysis of the relationship between α-SMA positivity and ESRD. Fourth, the association between the histopathologic classification system and eGFR at 1 year was only based on an univariate analyses. Multivariate analysis with eGFR at 1 year as outcome was not performed. Finally, this current study was a retrospective study, thus further verification by a prospective study is desired.
The histopathological classification system proposed by Berden et al. [9] is a simple method, which is associated with eGFR at 1 year and tends to be associated with the incidence of ESRD in Japanese patients with ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis in our cohort. α-SMA immunopositivity shows a trend toward an association with the renal survival rates of patients classified as crescentic or mixed class. Therefore, we suggest that immunohistochemical staining for α-SMA expression, a widely used pathological method, might be useful to estimate renal outcome. Further verification of the histopathologic classification and α-SMA staining for ANCA-associated glomerulonephritis is desired.
We thank Dr. Yuji Sato, Dr. Kazuhiro Yamada, Dr. Masao Kikuchi and Dr. Yasuyuki Shinozaki for acquisition and interpretation of data.
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- Iehara N, Takeoka H, Tsuji H, Imabayashi T, Foster DN, Strauch AR, Yamada Y, Kita T, Doi T: Differentiation of smooth muscle phenotypes in mouse mesangial cells. Kidney Int. 1996, 49: 1330-1341. 10.1038/ki.1996.189.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Schnaper HW, Hayashida T, Hubchak SC, Poncelet AC: TGF-β signal transduction and mesangial cell fibrogenesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2003, 284: F243-F245. 10.1152/ajpcell.00305.2002.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Barnes JL, Gorin Y: Myofibroblast differentiation during fibrosis: role of NAD(P)H oxidases. Kidney Int. 2011, 79: 944-956. 10.1038/ki.2010.516.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Johnson RJ, Iida H, Alpers CE, Majesky MW, Schwartz SM, Pritzi P, Gordon K, Gown AM: Expression of smooth muscle cell phenotype by rat mesangial cells in immune complex nephritis. Alpha-smooth muscle actin is a marker of mesangial cell proliferation. J Clin Invest. 1991, 87: 847-858. 10.1172/JCI115089.View ArticlePubMedPubMed CentralGoogle Scholar
- Desmouliere A, Darby IA, Gabbiani G: Normal and pathologic soft tissue remodeling: role of the myofibroblast, with special emphasis on liver and kidney fibrosis. Lab Invest. 2003, 83: 1689-1707. 10.1097/01.LAB.0000101911.53973.90.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Gabbiani G: The myofibroblast in wound healing and fibrocontractive diseases. J Pathol. 2003, 200: 500-503. 10.1002/path.1427.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- Kimura M, Asano M, Abe K, Miyazaki M, Suzuki T, Hishida A: Role of atrophic changes in proximal tubular cells in the peritubular deposition of type IV collagen in a rat renal ablation model. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2005, 20: 1559-1565. 10.1093/ndt/gfh872.View ArticlePubMedGoogle Scholar
- The pre-publication history for this paper can be accessed here:http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2369/14/125/prepub
Pre-publication history
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.


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The beautiful sisters Siena and Chilli tagged us for the 6 Photo meme. These are the rules:
1. Go to your Picture Folder on your computer or wherever you store your pictures.
2. Go to the 6th Folder and then pick the 6th Picture.
3. Post it on your bloggy and tell the story that goes with the picture.
4. Tag 5 other glorious peoples to do the same thing and leave a comment on their bloggy tellin' them 'bout it.
We tag anyone who wants to play, because this was quite a fun one. We were a little worried about which photo might be the 6th. What if it was a Number 13 shot?!

subset: commoncrawl


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Review: Augusta Choral Society, Spring 2007 Mozart
The Augusta Choral Society presented their fifty-sixth spring concert, a full Mozart program, March twenty-fourth, 2007, at the Sacred Heart Cultural Center in Augusta, GA. Offered were "Regina Coeli" (K.276), "Vesperae Solemnes de Confessore" (K.339), "Venite, populi" (K.260), "Missa in C — 'Krönungsmesse'" ("Coronation Mass") (K.317), and "Ave Verum Corpus" (K.618). The Mozart concert deviated in one major way from their past performances, however: rather than drawing on professional solo talent, Director J. Porter Stokes II contacted music departments at four area universities offering them the opportunity to send a student to sing with the Chorus.
Presbyterian College (Clinton, SC) selected a soprano, Augusta State University (Augusta, GA) an alto, Georgia Southern University (Statesboro, GA) a tenor, and the University of South Carolina (Columbia, SC) a baritone. Ali Titus, the soprano, is in her junior year of a Psychology program, minoring in music and history. LoLita Pierre (alto), Jonathan Murphy (tenor), and Joseph Timms (baritone) are all majoring in vocal performance.
Miss Titus, rather slight of build, is possessed of a surprisingly powerful and enchatingly clear, expressive voice. Her long solo lines captivated the audience, and her melodies united beautifully with the other soloists. Mr. Timms is an impressive lyric baritone. The clarity of his tone and emotional quality easily convey both wonder and joy: Latin is anything but a dead tongue as he sings it. Mr. Murphy was easily the best tenor soloist hosted by the ACS in its past few seasons. As a group, these three melded so well that it was difficult to believe that not only was this their first joint performance, but that, attending different schools, they had never sung together before.
Miss Pierre was a contrast to the other three soloists. Her voice carried an aesthetic strikingly at odds with the stylistic nature of Mozart's ecclesiastic work. She seemed to lack the energy and joi de vivre that characterized their performances, and was unable to contribute effectively to the ensemble. Apparently as a result of being underprepared for the performance, she rarely connected with the audience and jarred with an orchestra underlining her part.
On the whole, the concert was well-recieved by the audience, and satisfied the musicians. It would certainly be enjoyable to hear such young talent again: concert after concert hosting professionals of one stripe or another has not provided so satisfying a group of performers. It is to be hoped that Miss Titus, Mr. Murphy, and Mr. Timms make further appearances in Augusta's rather thin Classical circuit: their performances tonight (and if I may be slightly biased, especially that of Miss Titus) were a welcome change from what so often ends up being a stilted and colourless recital of vaguely-Latinate syllabary.


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A&A Article
Can the Senate Save Incompetent IR Practitioners?
17 September 2015
It would appear that Eric Abetz has had some success in convincing the Senate crossbench to accept parts of the Fair Work Amendment Bill 2014, passed by the lower house in August 2014. In particular, the proposed revamp of greenfields agreements has been reported as accepted on 17 September 2015. The Bill proposes that the good faith bargaining provisions (S.228) be applied to greenfields negotiations; and more importantly, that an employer can refer a proposed greenfields agreement to FWC if a satisfactory conclusion is not reached after three months. Provided that the proposed new agreement "considered on an overall basis, provides for pay and conditions that are consistent with the prevailing pay and conditions within the relevant industry for equivalent work" the agreement will be approved.
Greenfield agreements are dominated by the construction industry – to what degree will the proposed changes assist in reducing the Australian construction industry's abysmal labour productivity performance and reduce our construction costs – currently the highest in the world? Unfortunately one has to conclude that the proposed amendments will be no substitute for competent IR management. For example, 'prevailing pay and conditions' in the WA LNG construction sector will be the recent Gorgon settlement (September 2015) – so any employer who wants to significantly depart from those conditions will not be able to use the three month window and then have FWC approve something that departs from those conditions. The 23/10 roster, 'bed bust' payments, and overall wage rates that are completely disconnected from the market will remain in place (Refer FWC PR571540). Let's not even contemplate the 'prevailing pay and conditions' in the offshore oil and gas sector.
An astute employer does not go cap in hand to the union and simply ask for a greenfields agreement without any additional leverage – all that results in is the last deal plus whatever the union (and in some cases the relevant employer association) can dream up. Rather, one goes to the union armed with a credible alternative mobilisation strategy and says very clearly to the union "if you want to be part of the project, then these are the conditions we require". A case in point is Melbourne's EastLink Project – completed 5 months ahead of schedule in June 2008 with the elimination of all of the restrictive work practices that had characterised civil construction in Victoria until that date. The unions agreed to major improvements in productivity because that was the price of participation.
Effective industrial relations management is not dependent on the legal framework or legislative rescue packages. Strategic industrial relations management must transcend the limitations of the legislation and deliver effective, productive and commercial outcomes to employers. Unfortunately these are skills that appear to be in very short supply.
Stephen Sasse – email@example.com
Unless specified, all articles are summaries of articles gathered from various news publications. For full citations please click on the article heading.


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Candice Bledsoe
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New Delhi [India], November 8 (ANI): As pollution in the national capital reached disastrous levels with smog enveloping the whole city, the Health Ministry on Wednesday issued a pollution advisory, asking citizens to drink plenty of water and avoid areas with smoke or heavy dust, among other measures.
In a list of preventive measures, the ministry has also urged all to remain indoors in case of breathing difficulty and advised keeping children indoors as much as possible.
The advisory further recommended medical assistance in case of difficulty in breathing, increase in breathing rate, palpitations or severe bout of coughing and/or sneezing.
Citizens are also advised to avoid morning walk or any other strenuous outdoor activity that increases breathing rate, avoid smoking, avoid the areas with smoke or heavy dust, and minimize the use of deodorants and room sprays as much as possible.
If you have any heart ailments or chronic respiratory disease or asthma, continue your medication as advised by physician, added the advisory.
Delhi has long been battling the problem of air pollution. Recently, the stubble burning by farmers in nearby states of Punjab, Haryana, and Rajasthan are also speculated to have added to the factors causing pollution, along with bursting of crackers on Diwali. (ANI)


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Admiral's Warbird Adventure
Note: Due to the difficulty of finding proper parts the Pearl Harbor Warbird will be out of service until early November.
Relive history with the Admiral's Warbird Adventure.
- Approximately 45-50 minutes of flight time in the U.S. Navy SNJ-5C – an authentic World War II aircraft
- Historic overview of Pearl Harbor in custom WWII environment
- Fully narrated tour with aerial views of Pearl Harbor, Oahu Coasts and Wheeler, Kaneohe and Bellows airfields
- Fly the same routes Japanese pilots used in their attack


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The Time Backwater (The Arth Series.)
A blog advertising the Arth Series novels and flash fiction.
The FREE Giveaway!
Tuesday, 29 October 2013
Final Book
Wrote about two pages of planning for TVC. I am pushing ahead with it even though I don't think it will exist in the final book in the same way.
Today's joke is:
What do you get if you cross a bell with a bat?
A Dingbat!
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Stephen Jennison-Smith
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Executive Sessionby Senator Sheldon Whitehouse
Posted on 2013-02-13
WHITEHOUSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order
for the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to speak as in morning business for up to 15 minutes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Without objection, it is so ordered.
Climate Change Mr. WHITEHOUSE. Mr. President, I am here again to talk about the effects of climate change on the health of our families and our communities. Just as we know that secondhand smoke and too much sun exposure are bad for human health, we know pollution and variations in climate conditions are as well.
I wish to thank our chairman on the Environment and Public Works Committee, Mrs. Boxer, for the briefing she held today with a number of scientists, including one who spoke specifically about the human health effects we can see from climate change. Climate change is threatening to erode the improvements in air quality we have achieved through the Clean Air Act.
EPA-enforced emissions reductions have led to a decline in the number and [[Page S691]] severity of bad air days in the United States. These are the days I know the Presiding Officer is familiar with because I am sure they happen in Connecticut as well as in Rhode Island, where the air quality is so poor that it is unhealthy for sensitive individuals: the elderly, infants, people with breathing difficulties to be outdoors. Even healthy people are urged to limit their activities when out-of-doors.
In Rhode Island, about 12 percent of children and 11 percent of adults suffer from asthma. Both are higher than the national average. Our Rhode Island Public Transit Authority runs free buses on bad ozone days to try to keep car traffic down because these days are so dangerous to the public. Of course, the major air pollutant behind bad air days is ozone, commonly known as smog. Ground-level ozone or smog makes it difficult to breathe, causes coughing, inflames airways, aggravates asthma, emphysema and bronchitis and makes lungs more susceptible to infection.
That all means asthma attacks, emergency room visits, hospitalizations, which, in turn, result in missed school and work and a burden not only of worry but also a burden on the economy. Smog, of course, forms more quickly during hot and sunny days. So as climate change drives more heat, it increases the number of warm days and the conditions for smog and for bad air days become more common.
Climate change is also prolonging the allergy season. I am sure there are a number of people listening who suffer from hay fever in the late summer and early fall. Some people suffer from it most acutely. It is most often caused by ragweed pollen. Since 1995, ragweed season has increased across the country. It has increased by 13 days in Madison, WI. It has increased by 20 days in Minneapolis, MN. It has increased by almost 25 days in Fargo, ND. The further north you go, the greater the increase in the ragweed season. So for folks in Fargo, for instance, it is 25 more days of sniffling and sneezing and 25 more days that ragweed pollen might trigger a child's asthma attack.
Not only does more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere mean warmer weather and therefore longer pollen seasons, it also means a higher pollen count. At 280 parts per million, which was the concentration of atmospheric carbon back in the year 1900, each ragweed plant would produce about 5 grams of pollen.
At 370 parts per million, which is where we are now--year 2000 levels to be precise--pollen production more than doubles. It doubles again at 72 parts per million, which is the concentration that is now projected for the year 2075. So as we work to improve air quality and to reduce respiratory illnesses and the allergic conditions that trigger respiratory distress, we need to fight the growing trigger, climate change.
Warming oceans and lakes can also harm our health. Higher water surface temperature is associated with harmful blooms of various species of algae. These blooms are often referred to as ``red tide.'' They deplete oxygen, block sunlight, and they produce toxins. The toxins are very often captured by clams and oysters and other shellfish.
When they are consumed, it can result in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, which causes debilitating respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms. A warming climate also is predicted to change the range of disease-spreading parasites, such as ticks and mosquitoes. With longer summers and shorter winters, we will face more exposure to these pests and to the diseases they can carry.
We in New England and Connecticut and Rhode Island and Massachusetts, of course, are very familiar with lyme disease, which is a tick-borne illness that can have very grave and serious effects.
Slow and steady warming is also causing sea levels to rise, which threatens coastal infrastructure and human safety as well. In South Kingstown, RI, Matunuck Beach Road is the only means of access to approximately 500 homes. That road also covers the public water main. For years, the sand erosion has eaten away at the beach. Now the road is immediately vulnerable to storms. Indeed it has been overwashed in recent storms. A breach in Matunuck Beach Road cuts off those 500 homes from emergency services. If it were damaging enough, it could cut off their water.
Our water quality is also threatened. Many of Rhode Island's wastewater treatment plants are in low-lying areas and flood zones near the coast. It is the story in many other States. In California, for example, the rising sea level has put 29 wastewater treatment plants, responsible for 530 million gallons of sewage processing every day, at increased risk for flooding.
As we know, climate change loads the dice for more extreme weather: heat waves, droughts, storms, all serious threats to human health and safety. Climate change has led to an increase in the likelihood of severe heat waves. Extreme heat causes heat exhaustion. It can cause heat stroke. The need for air-conditioning in heat waves also strains the power infrastructure, which can cause electrical brownouts and blackouts. This hinders emergency services and exacerbates wildfires and drought. These are the kinds of conditions--from extreme heat--that led to literally tens of thousands of deaths in the record-setting Russian heat wave of 2010.
Heavy rainfall can cause physical damage, flooding erosion, and sewage overflow. The Environmental Protection Agency estimates that 118,000 sanitary sewer overflows occur annually from storms overwashing through combined sewer systems, overloading those systems, and being released directly into the open, releasing up to actually 860 billion gallons of untreated sewage and wastewater. In 2010, heavy rainfall and flooding caused millions of dollars in damage in spilled raw sewage in Warwick, RI, my home State. The flood led to the temporary shutdown of the local wastewater treatment facility. These overflows, like the one in Warwick, can result in beach closures, shellfish bed closures, contamination of drinking water supplies, and other environmental and public health problems.
Extreme rainfall, meaning both way too little and way too much rainfall, promotes waterborne outbreaks of disease. In the northeast United States, heavy rainfall has increased by 74 percent since my childhood in the 1950s.
As we have seen with Superstorm Sandy, Hurricane Irene, and Hurricane Katrina, storms can very quickly affect millions of people and require tens of billions of dollars to clean up. The threat gets worse as sea- level rise allows storm surges to reach farther inland and create more damage than just a few decades ago. Much of the east coast was fearful of flooding during Superstorm Sandy last year, including, of course, southern Rhode Island. Because of erosion and sea-level rise, the storm surges on our shores can reach homes that were originally built hundreds of feet from the coastline.
I had the experience of standing with a man who had a childhood home that had been through at least three generations of his family. He was now actually older than me, and that childhood home--which had stood well back from the beach--was canting toward the sea and tumbling into the ocean. The ocean had claimed his home of multiple generations as its victim.
This map shows by ZIP code where the 800,000 people displaced by Hurricane Katrina sought refuge after that terrible storm. Hundreds of thousands of people were strewn across every corner of the country. Hundreds of thousands of lives were disrupted as a result.
Thankfully, not everybody is sleepwalking through these alarming realities. In 2010, Rhode Island created our Climate Change Commission, which has identified risks to key infrastructure and is analyzing data from events such as Hurricane Sandy and the 2010 flood. Other States have formed similar commissions.
I brought last night to our President's State of the Union Address Grover Fugate, who is executive director of our Coastal Resources Management Council, which has to look at and address every day and plan for the effects of our rising sea level, increased storm activity, and the risk that that portends to the shores of our ocean State.
For the past 3 years, Rhode Island has also been part of a regional greenhouse gas initiative nicknamed ReGGie, along with our neighbors in Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, [[Page S692]] New York, and Vermont. Our region caps carbon emissions and sells permits to emit greenhouses gases to powerplants. This has created economic incentives for both the States and our utilities to invest in energy efficiency and in renewable energy development. And consumers have reaped the benefit of lower prices. In 2012, regional emissions were 45 percent below the annual cap, so just last week the State announced an agreement to cap future emissions at the 2012 rate.
I am proud of the work done in my State, and I know the Presiding Officer's home State of Connecticut is working equally hard on this issue. We are working to both slow climate change and to prepare for what are now its inevitable effects. But sadly, when it comes to this particular threat to our national security and our prosperity, Congress is asleep. It is time for us to wake up. The health and safety of Americans and of people all over the world is at risk. We must awaken to what is happening in the world around us and to the fact that the carbon pollution we are emitting is causing it. This is our responsibility. This is our generation's responsibility. It is, indeed, our duty. It is time for us to wake up.
Mr. President, I yield the floor, and I suggest the absence of a quorum.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.


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Bike Rides & Hikes
Fresh Tracks: American River Canyon Overlook Park earns its popularity
Not that it matters, given the totality of Yogi Berra's malapropistic production, but it's doubtful he was the first to utter this twisted truism: "It's so crowded, nobody goes there anymore."
Sage words, nonetheless. Berra may have been talking about a certain overexposed New York restaurant back in the day, but does the same hold true when it comes to hikers, runners and equestrians thinking about starting their adventures at the American River Canyon Overlook Park in Auburn?
The park – or, at least, its parking lot – is packed well before noon most weekends, and widely used on weekdays as well. It is a high point, literally and figuratively, for those seeking to enjoy the many trail options of the Auburn State Recreation Area. You can start at this spot and run clear to Lake Tahoe, if the mood strikes, or go south through the Folsom Lake Recreation Area and reach Sacramento. It serves as a central point for any number of choose-your-own-adventure routes on trails too numerous to name here. With such a prime location, it's no surprise that many trail races use the Overlook as either start-finish points or major aid stations.
But do a lot of the trail users in the know actually avoid Overlook Park because of its popularity with the masses?
From my experience, no.
I remember once speaking with ultra-running veteran Bill Hambrick, who was then organizing a race farther up the river along the South Fork American River Trail. He said he and his trail buddies always begged off the newer SFART, because "it was one of those things where everyone I'd run with just said, 'Ah, let's just meet at the Overlook.' You know how that goes. We always go to the same places."
Close (to downtown Auburn, that is), convenient (parking is free in the main lot and along the street just beyond, though a state park pass is required to park in the equestrian lot) and considerate (real bathrooms, not portables, ones that are actually kept reasonably tidy, given the extensive use), the Overlook almost is too nice for those who like their outdoor experiences harsh and rustic. (Not to worry, though, the trails themselves provide more than enough back-to-nature verisimilitude.)
I long had wondered why such an elaborate facility was built when most trailheads or staging areas are comparatively spartan. The answer, turns out, is deliciously ironic.
According to the tome "Western States Trail Guide," whose historical information was provided by equestrian legend Hal Hall, Overlook Park originally was built in the 1970s so that people could get a bird's eye view of the construction of a dam in the canyon below. Yes, the same Auburn dam that would've buried that same canyon under fathoms of water, wiping out such splendors as the No Hands Bridge and many lush trails and whitewater kayaking put-ins and take-outs. You know how the story turned out: The dam construction was abandoned (seismic fears, citizen and ecological outrage) and the trails, bridge and meandering river spared. The scarred hillsides are the the most obvious evidence of the dam's aborted existence.
Proponents and opponents continue to debate resurrecting the dam plan, but all that kerfuffle is way beyond "Fresh Tracks' " purview. I'm just here to tell you about the trail options from the Overlook.
If you are a newcomer, or only have one chance to visit the Overlook, perhaps the best hike or run is a (relatively) simple 8.6-mile out-and-back to No Hands Bridge – officially called the Mountain Quarries Railroad Bridge, built in 1912 – at the confluence of the American River's north and middle forks. (Quick aside, regarding the sobriquet "No Hands": According to the definitive third edition of "The American River Insider's Guide," by Protect American Rivers Canyons, "No Hands" was coined by stout-hearted horsewoman Ina Robinson who rode over it, sans reins, before guard-rail construction.)
Starting at the northernmost part of the parking lot, near the equestrian staging area, follow the trail straight (turning right at that initial junction, will take you, eventually, to the Pioneer Express Trail) as it swoops down. Almost immediately you're enveloped in tree-canopied shade, the gurgle of a creek off to your right. You mostly descend the first mile, bearing left at a couple of junctions (look for arrows and, occasionally, signs saying "Western States Trail"). When you emerge from the grove, you are afforded your first real look at the canyon below, the winding American River, the deep quilt of trees on the other side of the north fork and, yes, the torn-up hill of the aborted dam construction.
About a mile and a half in, you reach a critical juncture. A sharp left will take you up to Robie Point; don't go there. Instead, continue downhill for a few more feet and then make a left and follow a roller coaster fire road for slightly under a mile, beyond a sign on your left for the Robie Point Fuel Break Trail. In less than 0.3 of a mile, you'll veer right at a small sign saying "Mountain Quarries Bridge." It's easy to miss, so look for another, brighter sign with a red slash through a sketch of a mountain biker.
You now enter the best part of the jaunt. It's only another two miles or so to the bridge, but this section contains crazy switchbacks and, even in summer, can be muddy and slippery. It's great fun. You'll see a waterfall or two, cross a stream. Ignore trail offshoots, such as signs saying "Tamaroo Bar" and "Riverview." The foliage is so dense in this section that occasionally you don't immediately see bears crunching around in the brush. Once, during the latter stages of the Western States 100 Mile Endurance Run, the leading women were stopped in their tracks by a recalcitrant mama bear in a tree protecting cubs.
In any event, bear encounters aren't that common and eventually the single-track ends and a firm, slightly downhill double-track parallels the river and leads down to the confluence. One highlight is a waterfall with a covered footbridge constructed by volunteer trail crews. You'll pass by some remains of railroad trestles but, really, your attention will be focused down to the confluence. Some mornings, low clouds give the scene and otherworldly aspect, but I like it when it's clear and the water running under No Hands simply glistens.
Crossing the bridge is the turnaround point. Enjoy the 1,500-foot elevation gain back to the Overlook.
Of course, you can continue on the Western States/Wendell T. Robie Trail into Cool and beyond. Then again, the Overlook can send you on any number of routes – as short as 3 miles and to as long as ... well, long as you've got the energy to traverse. Grab a map at the Auburn State Recreation Area headquarters or buy "The American River Insider's Guide" and get moving.
American River Canyon Overlook to No Hands Bridge
Trail length: 8.6 miles, out and back
Directions to trailhead: From Sacramento, take Interstate 80 to the Newcastle exit. Head straight on Indian Hill Road, make a left on Auburn-Folsom Road, then a right on Pacific Avenue to Overlook Park.
Route: From the bathrooms at the north end of the parking lot, go straight on the Western States Trail. Make a few slight lefts to stay on main trail. After about 1 1/2 miles, at the Robie Point junction, stay straight downhill for about 20 feet, then go left on a fire road. About 2.4 miles into the route, just beyond the Robie Point Fire Break Trail, veer right at the sign for Mountain Quarries Railroad Bridge (also a sign prohibiting mountain bikers) and follow the winding single track trail until it ends at a double track, paralleling the American River, that takes you to No Hands Bridge. Cross and then retrace steps to the Overlook.
Parking: Free.
Toilets: Yes
Water: Yes.
Dogs: (No signs prohibiting)


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January 21, 2015
Gallery: A3C 2011
Big K.R.I.T. glances back for a little affirmation from DJ Wally Sparks as if to say...
The HoodHype Event Flix are some of our favorite photos taken at events we visit. Skillfully shot by our friends Big D or Matt Stocker.
View More Photos in this gallery Here
View More Photos in this gallery Here


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'Repeat Performance' ~ CFDb Movie Review
Repeat Performance
Sean Purchase has known heartache since birth. Now, a fatal auto accident sets him on the run from a family torn apart, a back stabbing friend, the law and maybe from life.
Repeat Performance peers into the soul of a lost generation in need of an ever-elusive forgiveness. The rolling hills and jagged cliffs of New Zealand provide an emotional backdrop to this powerful drama and it's surprise ending.
This is another Billy Graham Classic Film will be released on August 27, 2013 on DVD. This film is a powerful example of forgiveness and how to find God's peace.
POWERFUL all around and really helpful to those who are truly suffering.
Purchase on DVD


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Cornwall House Clinic
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Gateway: Living
The Third Thursday performances at the Harbor History Museum have had a strong following since the program's debut.
Last week's performance by Trio Guadalevín was no exception.
The Trio is made up of percussionist par excellence Antonio Gomez; stringed instruments player August "Gus" Denhard, and vocalist and stringed instruments player Abel Rocha. Violinist Sophia El-Wakil, a University of Puget Sound graduate, added to the beauty of the sounds on some productions.
Denhard, Trio Guadalevín's executive director of the Early Music Guild of Seattle, played a variety of plucked instruments at the July 28 concert.
"It was a pleasure to see so many people who were ready to be engaged not only in the music, but in the ideas that flowed from it," Denhard said. "I love being part of Trio Guadalevín for the beauty of music, of course, but even more so because it represents a kind of dialogue we need to develop with those around us."
How do we collaborate across cultural divides to support and uplift each other with so many negative forces at work? This musical dialogue, which we have had to nurture to create Trio Guadalevín, is a touchstone for me. If we can pass that message on through our music, it's a start."
"We were delighted with the wonderful concert." said Alphild Dick, the museum's marketing & events coordinator. "The entire experience — from the delicious canapes by our caterer, Kiona Forsyth, to the fascinating history of the music we heard, to the music itself — was a joy. We have had a fantastic series of performers at our monthly concerts this year, but the sense of history and community at this one was really special."
Declared Gomez: "We were absolutely thrilled to share an evening of music and stories, accompanied by delicious food and wine, with the welcoming audience at the Harbor History Museum. Each of us enjoyed the privilege of the audience's enthusiasm and it inspired us to offer more musically."
Trio Guadalevín is dedicated to exploring the deep currents of cultural dialogue that connect Latin American song to its inspirations in Indigenous Meso-American, Southern European, Arabic, African and Sephardic Jewish music, Gomez said.
"Along the way, we are honored to share historical accounts, poetry and stories that remind us how various societies — though seemingly distinct — have common threads which weave them together," he said.
For more information, contact Gómez, at 510-484-5168. The Trio's website is trioguadalevin.com/.


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22 Copy No.
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY Office of Research and Reports
Preliminary foreign trade returns1 recently released by the USSRill show that total Soviet foreign trade1 amounted*illion,ercent more than the level Thus, for the secondyear, Soviet foreign trade failed to register the significant Increases of thes. The decline in Soviet trade with Communist China was an important factor in the relatively small growth of trade, aa it had beennd Soviet trade with the Sino-Soviet Blochole actually declined The increase ln over-all trade was, therefore, largely attributable ubstantial growth ln Soviet trade with non-Bloc countries (see Table 1)
The decline ln Soviet trade with Communist China5 million09 million1 stemmed from declines0 million in exports (chiefly machinery and equipment)0 million in Imports (principally products of agricultural/ The decline0 million ln Sino-Sovlet trade more than offsot the increase0 million in Soviet trade with its European Satellites, resultingrop in Soviet trade with the Sino-Sovlet Bloc1 compared 8 billion leveln fact, was approximately the same as that 9 ln spite of an Increase in Soviet-Satollite trade of more thanillion lnear period.
Perhaps the most significant feature of the foreign trade of the USSR1 was the precipitate increase in ita trade with non-Bloc countries. Although Soviet trade with the Bloc has stagnatedrade with the non-Bloc countries has increased by30 million1 alone. Most of the stimulus for the growth In Soviet trade with the non-Bloc world8 has been the Increase in Soviet commercial exchanges with the industrial West stemming largely from Sovietof capital goods for Its Seven Year. In the meantime, Soviet trade with the underdeveloped countries has been more or less stagnant, with theof Cuba, Although preliminary datay the USSR provide no breakdown of Soviet trade with individual countries or areas, it ls believed that this trade with the underdeveloped countries increased asoi more than trade With the Industrial West. This Increase was chiefly attributableise of approximately
illion ln Soviet trade with Cuba, thus making Cuba the leading non-Bloc trading partner of tbe USSR. If trade with Cuba is deducted, it is estimated that Soviet trade vith the other undeveloped areas increased only marginally above the level
Soviet exports to non-Bloc countries Increased by more0 millionhile imports from that area increased by less0 million. Consequently, the USSR mitigated considerably its adverse trade balance0 (see In that year,esultonsiderable increase in imports from the non-Bloc world, particularly the industrial West, the USSRrade deficit unprecedented in the postwar period. Collateral evidence suggests that, aside fromubstantial part of the increased exports1 (chiefly products such aswood, and grains) were destined for the industrial Vest, and the USSR restored its traditional export surplus with that area (see Imports from the industrial West appear to have increased only marginally, and the bulk, if not all, of the increase ln imports from the underdeveloped areas originated ln Cuba. Cubaubstantial share of Increased Soviot exports to the underdeveloped areas.
The USSR traditionally relies on foreign exchange earned from its trade with such countries of the Industrial West as the UK to help flnanco purchases of raw materials from overseas sterling areas and other underdeveloped areas with which it normally incurs large deficits. This deficit Is believed to have amounted to0 million1 (see The easing of the deficitowever, failed to havo much Impact on the level of gold sales by the USSR, at least in the first half1 when the bulk of the estimated total for the year of0 million was sold. On the other hand, many of these sales early1 may have been occasioned by tbe need to settle short-term obligations incurred In that year the USSR sold little more0 million ln gold ln spiteounting trade deficit, and it Is believed that much of the deficit was financed through medium-term credits, short-torm borrowing on the European money market, and the drawing down of foreign exchange holdings earned from exceptionally large gold sales
In tho latter halfery little gold was sold, and except forillion sale inhere
June 2
were no reports of Soviet gold nppaaring on Western markets until This situation apparently la aof the successes of tbe USSR in expanding its merchandise exports1 and of the continuing availability of medium-term credits from Western suppliers. Western medium-term government-guaranteed credits to the USSRbyillion in the first half/ If the performance0 vas repeated, there ls every reason to believe that anillion actually was utilized by the USSR ln the latter half
Soviet Foreign Trade01
Million PS $
Exports Imports Balance Exports Imports Balance
Satellites Communist China Asian Satellites
Vest Underdeveloped countries Unaccounted for
J- Because ol rounding, components may not add to the totals sho
Table 2
Soviot Balance of Trade with the Industrial West and the Underdeveloped
Million US $
6 8 9 0 1 a/
Industrial 0
Underdeveloped countries 2 5 2 0
Page 4
Central Statisticalodu (USSR ln Figures,
USSR, Ministry of Foreign Trade, Scientific Research Market Survey Institute. Byulleton' lnoatrannoy kommorcheakoy lnf ornuitsll, pri lozhenlye no 4 (Bulletin of Foreign Commercla 1 Information, Supplement No. oscow,.. * i
IOriginal document.
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We address influences today most effectively through asking ourselves a series of questions; not everyone will need to contemplate every one of these, but most of us will need to consider more than one, in order to address issues.
- What do I care about from the past, so much that I want to bring it into the future?
- In what ways do I instinctively express power? Consciously extrapolate on the potentials here, and then go after what you want using those instinctive expressions to their fullest. You'll be successful, but there's no guarantee you'll be happy with the results (that is, with what you actually achieve, including with your reputation). Gaining complete empowerment right now, in whatever form, will have its drawbacks.
- In what ways are my thoughts/ thought processes short-circuiting taking effective action or making clear choices? OR, Why am I so messed up around the issue of violence? OR, Why do I become so angry when I see others take action without guilt?
- What is cutting me off from my creativity at this time?
Today's word image is a thief in the night. 'In the night' describes not just a nocturnal taking of assets, but one that generally will go unanswered; a thief who acts under cover of darkness is unseen and then gone, and we are typically unable to redress the wrong, either by re-claiming our assets or by being able to punish the taker. How to address not just the material loss, but the disrespect shown us by another human Being? Let it go. That's right–don't think about it. Let the Universe do its balancing thing, and know that, though you might not witness it, the culprit gets exactly what they deserve, in the end.
Here's a good, concise bit of advice from Numerologist Christine DeLorey
Many thanks to all those who have recently contributed to supporting the blog through donations, book purchases, and by purchasing services, as well as a big Thank You to all my readers–enjoy your Friday!


text: tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25318980.post183672036876631067..comments2019-03-18T04:04:10.821-04:00Comments on Riding with Equitation Star Maria Schaub: WORKING AS A YOUNG PROFESSIONAL AT THE WINTER CIRCUIT IN WELLINGTONEquiSearch.comhttp://firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-25318980.post-63403400710081255442008-03-11T18:27:00.000-04:002008-03-11T18:27:00.000-04:00This blog is about Maria, not her trainer's person...This blog is about Maria, not her trainer's personal life.<BR/>Thank You Maria for taking the time to continue updating your blog, I've seen you show the one hunter in the Non-TB's, and you are a very talented rider. Good Luck in the email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-25318980.post-3029849718329766522008-03-09T17:30:00.000-04:002008-03-09T17:30:00.000-04:00I am a huge fan of you're riding and I'm always ha...I am a huge fan of you're riding and I'm always happy to hear of your success! Congradulations and good luck in the remainder of the winter firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-25318980.post-86458426505134069422008-03-09T17:28:00.000-04:002008-03-09T17:28:00.000-04:00Divorce? Yes, we would like to know.Divorce? Yes, we would like to firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-25318980.post-23689089739604454362008-03-07T12:12:00.000-05:002008-03-07T12:12:00.000-05:00Why are you staying with Frank versus Stacia?? Wh...Why are you staying with Frank versus Stacia?? What happened? I have only heard rumors... One would appreciate the email@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-25318980.post-53936658248720733272008-03-05T16:45:00.000-05:002008-03-05T16:45:00.000-05:00Frank Madden Show Stable? In NY? I knew somethin...Frank Madden Show Stable? In NY? I knew something happened, but why did he move farms? firstname.lastname@example.com:blogger.com,1999:blog-25318980.post-37056210805599039302008-03-05T15:51:00.000-05:002008-03-05T15:51:00.000-05:00Thank you so much for answering the question that ...Thank you so much for answering the question that so many people have been asking! It's so exciting to hear what you are getting to do now as a young professional and what yuor future plans are. Good Luck with the rest of the winter circuit and as an up and coming professional at Frank Madden's stable! Thank you for taking the time to continue to write this blog despite your busy email@example.com


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Friendswood survives Clear Springs 42-35
October 12, 2015
FRIENDSWOOD — It was closer than it should have been, but the Friendswood Mustangs survived a late comeback by the Clear Springs Chargers to get a hard-fought 42-35 victory to stay perfect in District 24-6A with a 3-0 mark.
Friendswood improves to 4-2 on the season while Clear Springs drops to 3-3 overall and 2-1 in league action. The Mustangs are tied atop the district leaderboard with Dickinson and Clear Creek.
The Mustangs rode the athleticism of junior QB Tyler Page as he rushed for a game-high 220 yards on 30 carries and four touchdowns. The all-purpose athlete scored on runs of 54, 1, 1, and 17 yards to lead the 'Stangs to the crucial league win.
It didn't take long for the Mustangs to let both crowds know they were in the house as Friendswood head coach Robert Koopmann turned to a little trickery on the first play running a sweep with Tyrick Ramirez getting the ball and sending Nick Dehoyos deep down the left sideline.
The Chargers reacted to the sweep but left Dehoyos all alone as Ramirez tossed a beautiful pass for the 30-yard touchdown and a quick 7-0 lead following the PAT by Cody Williamson with 10:54 left in the opening quarter.
The play was set up after Clear Springs fumbled the ball on their opening possession and recovered by Friendswood's Matt Russo.
It took the Chargers just over a minute to answer as Adrion Smith found a hole in the middle of the Friendswood defense and used his speed to race to a 62-yard score to tie up the game 7-7 at the 9:36 mark of the first quarter.
The Mustangs had a quick answer as Page scored after breaking several tackles, juking other defenders, and finally finding open spaces to complete a sensational 54-yard jaunt to give Friendswood a 14-7 lead.
With only 21 seconds left in the first, Clear Springs scored again on a 2-yard run by Kristian Lyons to tie up the game 14-14.
Friendswood scored the only touchdown of the second quarter as Mason Barnes broke free on a 14-yard scoring sprint to take a 21-14 lead into the dressing room at intermission. The score capped a 74 yard, 11-play drive at the 8:24 mark. The big play in the drive was a 22-yard pass from Page to Ramirez to set up the score four plays later.
The second half began with an eight-play, 72-yard drive by the Mustangs with Page scoring from the 1-yard line giving Friendswood a 28-21 lead. The drive was highlighted by a 39-yard run by Barnes.
"I kept saying if we could get two scores up on them, we'd be pretty good. Then, all of a sudden, they got locked in and started throwing the ball around, and we were having a hard time," Koopmann said.
Clear Springs closed the gap at the 7:13 mark when Smith got untracked again on a 44-yard scoring jaunt to bring the Chargers within 28-21.
Friendswood answered with a 10-play, 70-yard drive with Page scoring on a 1-yard sneak to put the Mustangs up by 34-21 with 11:57 left in the fourth quarter after the PAT was hooked left of the mark.
The Mustangs increased their lead to 42-21 with 8:21 remaining in the game as Page scored his fourth TD of the contest. The two-point conversion was good as Page hit Nick Swaney with a pass.
But the game was far from over as the Chargers came roaring back.
With 6:12 left in the game, Clear Springs scored on a 3-yard pass to close the gap to 42-28.
Clear Springs failed to cover the onside kick, but the defense forced Friendswood to punt. However, the punt was partially blocked leaving the Chargers with a short field at the Mustangs 36.
The Chargers scored again on a 23-yard run with 3:11 still remaining in the game to narrow the score at 42-35.
Their second attempt at an onside kick worked giving the Chargers the ball at the Friendswood 45.
That's when Friendswood got some help as Clear Springs imploded. Instead of moving forward, they went backward starting with a snap by the center that got past the quarterback for a 21 yard loss.
Friendswood's defense stepped up forcing a fourth-and-28. The pressure from the Mustangs forced a wild throw that was intercepted by Matt Russo to seal the win for the Mustangs with just seconds remaining in the game.
Barnes had an outstanding game to compliment Page as he had 131 yards rushing on 21 carries and one score.
Page also had an efficient 5-for-7 passing for 62 yards to go with his 220 yards rushing.
Ramirez had two catches for 51 yards and one TD. Swaney had two grabs for 22 yards and a two-point conversion catch.
The schedule only gets tougher as the Mustangs face the Clear Creek Wildcats (5-0, 2-0) on Saturday, October 17 at 1:00 p.m. in League City in a battle of district unbeatens.


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A: It's a resource and outlet to share with you, my 20 years of experience working with clients and athletes 40-50 hours per week. Everything from training with your bodyweight, mobility drills, strength training, plyometrics, and the training tools we use… its all in HERE. This site will be a consistent means for you to find new exercises, workouts, and training techniques in ONE place. Plus, you have access to a private Facebook Group (and private online Forum, if you don't use Facebook), where you'll have direct access to myself, my colleagues, and other members to have all your questions answered.
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A: There's no up-sells and no catch. I truly wanted to create a true no-brainer resource for my clients and athletes. My goal is to help as many people as I can both in and beyond my training locations, this site will help me to do that.


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Recent Posts
One Step Running
Ok, so you have a race coming up. You have trained for the past 10-18 weeks, put in the long runs, and now it is time to race. Everyone knows to "carbo-load" right? So the night before a race you're … Continue reading
Run your Race! That is easy to say, hard to do. Before every race, make a plan. You need to know the route and weather. Study the route, is it hilly, lots of turns, how big is the race (# … Continue reading
The tapering phase is a critical part of your training plan. During the last couple of weeks of your training, it's important that you taper, or cut back your mileage, to give your body and mind a chance to rest, … Continue reading


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Law by itself is the practice of seeking justice for all and sundry for the benefit of contentment of the society. Any person feeling that he/she has been wronged would thereby be entitled to go to a court of law to ensure that he/she has been compensated to the full. Law as it is has many constituents therefore anyone can seek a specific North Providence family law in a specific setting. All of them are a constituent of law, therefore, a person can decide to concentrate on a certain degree to a specific one
For family disagreements then there is an equal field of law that deals with. They help in pacifying a feud to a certain degree until the family in question reaches an accord. The feud may be because of the will intending to distribute a certain amount of inheritance which might have some form of disparity, therefore, a family lawyer can be called to enable restore parity and try to translate the will accordingly. They also help a couple in getting to an agreement on how the divorce would be work. The court would give a ruling according to which partner would be in the wrong. The couple, therefore, have to argue their case appropriately since the gavel falling against someone means that the person in question has to pay for compensation to a certain degree.
Two partners if they wish would want to share their property in any way they wish before they wed. This would require a defense North Providence personal injury lawyer to be able to see to it that the agreement goes as planned. They would enable them to share everything in the unfortunate event of a divorce. In the event that the lawyer would feel not contented then he/she would be entitled to revisit the case. A partner can appeal in the event that he/she isn't contented. The case would then be judged on the basis of the evidence presented to the panel.
The judge would ensure that justice prevails in the long run. Injury lawyers defend people who claim they have been inflicted injury from the other persons negligence. If the court finds the other party at fault then he/she would need to pay for the expenses.
Evidence is vital in any field of law. Settling of disputes is adequately solved in a court of law. Landlord tenant law would basically be involved in solving feuds between landlords and tenants . The landlord -tenant disagreement may be as a result of a myriad of conflicts, but it usually revolves around unpaid arrears' . The attorney would see to it that the arrears are paid promptly, therefore, enabling any disagreement to end effectively. The landlord-tenant law is made for the purpose of reaching an accord between the two parties involved.


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Hi and welcome to the third instalment of the 31 days of lists challenge. If you've missed my previous posts, you can find it here. Today I'll be cover day 11 to 16.
Day 11
Things I miss
- My nana.
- My cat saffi.
- Old recipe Irn Bru.
- My nana's cooking.
- Being a kid and not having a care in the world.
- Being on the back of a motorbike.
- Working the the cinema with my besties.
Day 12
Places I want to travel to.
- Tokyo
- New York
- Boston
- Italy
- Australia
- Vietnam
- Amsterdam
- Iceland
- Finland
- Lapland
- Canada
Day 13
Modes of transport i want to take.
- Hot air ballon
- Concord
- Steam train, Hogwarts Express or the Orient Express
- Tram
- Helicopter
- Cruise ship
- Bullet train
Day 14
I want to learn to
- Love me for who I am
- Learn to let things go
- A new language
Day 15
Events I want to time travel to.
As far as historical events, there isn't really anything that I'd want to travel back to see. Maybe ancient Egypt or the 1920s for the fashion.
There are a few personal events that I would like to go back to relive.
- Our wedding. I'd love to go back and do it all over again. We left early and didn't do a lot of dancing which bothers me a little.
- Our first holiday abroad. We went to Dominican Republic, it was so lovely I'd love to go back and spend more time at the beach and relaxing.
Day 16
Halloween costume ideas
We don't dress up for Halloween but with Alex starting nursery soon I guess we will need to get the costume thinking cap on.
- Harry Potter
- A wee zombie
Thanks for reading and let me know of any events you would time travel to.
N x


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Federal regulators will consider new rules to tighten internal controls within mutual fund companies and will open to public review the idea of creating a self-policing organization for the powerful mutual fund industry.
News on Tuesday of the planned actions by the Securities and Exchange Commission came less than a week after the SEC voted, over industry objections, to force mutual funds to tell investors how they voted on decisions at the companies whose shares they hold.
The SEC said it was putting the new issues on the agenda for a meeting Tuesday of its five commissioners.
The mutual fund industry has in the past opposed the idea of a self-policing arm, which potentially could bring stricter oversight for mutual funds than under current SEC regulation.
The SEC move appeared to take the mutual fund industry by surprise.
"The fund industry supports strong regulation in the interest of mutual fund shareholders," said John Collins, a spokesman for the Investment Company Institute, the industry's lobbying group. "The fund industry will carefully consider the SEC's proposals."
Regarding SEC rules for internal controls, industry advocates have said most large mutual funds already have systems in place to ensure compliance with securities laws.