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How to do Kandharasana?
1. Start with your hands and leg straight on floor.
2. Then, fold your both leg touching to your hips.
3. Now, try to catch your ankles with your hands.
4. After this breathe in and lift your stomach from neck to knee and hold as per your comfort.
Benefits of Kandharasana
Kandrasan is very effective for spine relaxing
Effective for stomach and waist pain.
Cures back pain.
It improves digestion by stretching.
Effective for women suffering from menstrual disorder and
uterus problems.
Repetitions for doing kandharasana?
( 7 – 15 times on a daily basis )
1. Do not practice any Asana OR Pranayama in which you don't feel comfortable.
2. Do not over do the exercises if you feel pain in your body.
3. Start exercises mildly and then increase the repetitions as per your capacity.
4. People suffering from Back pain, Slip disc OR chronic disease should only practice Yoga and other exercises under the expert supervision otherwise do not do it.
5. Pregnant women should only practice Yoga and other exercises only under the supervision of an expert otherwise do not practice any exercise by watching videos or website material.
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and logos are copyright their respective owners.

subset: commoncrawl


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(Year Six of Robb's Illustrious Career)
In my day, there was an old saying in Hollywood (or parts of it anyway): You haven't made it in this business until Kenny S____ calls you a "c**ksucker." Well, I guess that means I almost made it in Hollywood.
Let me back up for a minute. Getting your first job in Hollywood is tough. The second one isn't easy either. But after that, getting your third, fourth, fifth jobs in Hollywood, at some point it becomes just plain bizarre.
This is what happens: you're between gigs, surfing the web all day looking for work. Then, at like 8:00 at night, the phone rings. It's someone you've never met or even heard of, but they're looking for you. You see, they hired somebody (someone else you've never heard of) for a 2-week gig, but then the shoot got pushed back so the person they hired got another job and is now unavailable, so then that person recommended someone else for the job (someone else you've never heard of) but they weren't available either, so then that person recommended someone else and on and on and… well, the thing is: can you start tomorrow morning?
This (like everything else) is not unusual in Hollywood. It happened to me more than once.
But there's an important detail here: they got your name through the grapevine, not your resume. Not your experience. They know who you've worked with, but they don't know what you did when you worked with them. So the first time this happened to me, I heard "we got your name, and we got it from Henry," and they offered me more money than I was used to and, well, I thought it was my lucky day. What it was was a big misunderstanding.
You know that nightmare you have, where there's all these people you don't know, and they're all in a tizzy running around with their heads cut off, speaking a foreign language you don't understand, and you're off to the side just relieved you're not involved and then everyone stops and stares at you? Waiting for the answer? And then you slowly realize "wait, I actually do know what they're asking, I just have no idea how to do it, and boy am I glad because that guy who does have to do it,… man that guy is totally screwed!"
The thing was, it wasn't a nightmare. It was real. I was now that guy. And we were taping the next day. I almost quit. Right then, before lunch. I probably should have, but they insisted it would be fine. Besides, they didn't have enough time to find anybody else anyway…
The taping actually went great. It was the easy part, the job I had been doing before, on the other show, with Henry. That was the job I thought I had accepted over the phone. The job I had actually accepted was all in post-production, and it started the day after we taped.
Which is where I met Kenny.
It was me, another guy about my age, and two younger guys in an editing suite. And Kenny. About 10 minutes in, one of the younger guys screwed up. Kenny went off, calling the young guy every name in the book. The next time Kenny left the room, the other guys congratulated him. The young guy had just made it in this business.
My first day with Kenny didn't go well. He'd been at this for decades, and he didn't have patience for somebody learning the job for the first time, figuring it out as I went. Kenny yelled — at everyone. He ranted that he was surrounded by idiots, that he had done this job for too long. He was wasting his time and his talent. He made these ridiculous, outlandish statements — he had invented Saturday Night Live back in the day, he had "made" Chevy Chase, he had invented modern comedy — I just rolled my eyes at this bitter old guy. I was a peon working for Kenny, but I was smart, I had been to school. I didn't have a clue how to do this job, but I knew a load of crap when I heard it.
It got worse from there. On my second day with Kenny, just before lunch, Kenny stopped everything. He picked up the phone and called the executive producer. This was not good. "Bob," he said, "it's Kenny. Look, this Robb kid. He's a nice kid, sweet kid. He's learning, but he doesn't know…, he literally does not know what the f**k he is doing."
Time stopped. I was sitting right next to him. I should have quit before, when I had the chance.
Kenny listened for a moment, then "Yeah, I understand. But we have another show next month. Can we please next time just hire a guy who has done the f**king job before? Jesus."
All the guys looked away, but Kenny looked at me. I held his gaze and nodded.
But here's where it gets interesting. The thing about Kenny… he's an s.o.b., he's a hard-ass… but he's a sweet guy. Really. Kenny S____ is a sweet guy. He had humiliated me — not maliciously, not out of cruelty — but he did what he had to do, which just happened to humiliate me. In front of the other guys. And he knew it. And he knew I knew it. And we still had a week and a half left.
But Kenny was right — I was learning. Soon I had it down. The first few days were hell — if they had anyone else to come in and take over, I would have been fired. But they didn't. And I hadn't shrunken before Kenny. We just had to get this show edited and then they would hire another guy next time.
Except they didn't. Kenny asked me to stay on for the next show. And then the next. After all, I had it down now. The old s.o.b. was still a jerk and full of crap, but he was also loyal.
The 2-week gig turned into 5 or 6 months. I did 3 shows with Kenny, plus a couple of award shows with other producers at that prodco. I hated the guy and openly rolled my eyes when he started talking big (what did I have to lose?), but by the end, he was taking us out for old-school Burbank Chinese food (on Olive I think). He was giving me gifts. Seriously. Gifts. We actually started talking to each other. And I learned something: he wasn't full of crap after all. Everything he said was true. All that bluster about SNL, the movies with Chevy Chase, inventing modern comedy,… all true. I'm serious. I looked it up. I didn't feel so smart anymore.
The shows dried up and I went on to other gigs with other companies for a while. Then I got squeezed out by Reality TV and got the regular day job outside of the industry.
And then one day, about a year after I had last seen Kenny, I got home from the day job to hear a message on my machine. They had gotten another show and Kenny wanted me on the team.
Kenny never called me a "c**ksucker," although he called me plenty other names. I didn't make it in the business, but I guess I got close. I'm sure Kenny doesn't even remember me. But I remember him. Sometimes you work for helpless jerks, sometimes you work for weasels. But sometimes, if you're lucky, you work for Kenny S____. And you learn.


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Before & After Photos
Demonstrating Results of Orthodontic Treatment in Frisco, TX
Orthodontics is a branch of dental care specifically concerned with the alignment of teeth. Tooth alignment has a distinct impact on biting action, speech, and the appearance of a smile. Dr. Jared Corbridge and Dr. Kim Rogers-Raftery are orthodontists providing exceptional care to patients throughout the Frisco, Prosper, and Little Elm areas. This gallery demonstrates what a typical mouth will look like before and after different types of orthodontic treatments, such as palatal expanders. Though care outcomes depend on many different factors, this information will help you prepare for your treatment.
All of the patients shown below are actual patients of Dr. Jared Corbridge and Dr. Kim Rogers-Raftery at Corbridge Orthodontics - we love what we do!
Case 1 - Cassie
Cassie had crowding, a deep overbite, excessive overjet, and an uneven smile. Dr. Corbridge thought we might need jaw surgery to fully correct her bite but with excellent patient cooperation, and Dr. Corbridge using his expertise, they were able to achieve a beautiful smile and excellent bite using braces and elastics.
Case 2 - Shane
Shane had crowding, high canines, a posterior crossbite, and deep overbite. She was treated with an expander and braces and now has a stunning smile!
Case 3 - Luke
Luke had crowding, an uneven smile, and an anterior crossbite. He was treated without removing any permanent teeth and finished with a great smile!
Case 4 - Chloe
Chloe came to us with crowding, a high canine, posterior crossbite, and CL III malocclusion (lower jaw ahead of upper jaw). She told us that she never smiled because she was embarrassed of her teeth. Dr. Corbridge estimated her treatment would take between 2 and 2 1/2 years but Chloe finished in only 22 months-just in time for graduation! She now can't stop smiling and showing off her gorgeous smile!
Case 5 - Clay
Clay started his orthodontic treatment to help correct an uneven smile, protruding teeth, and deep overbite. He was a great patient and did an excellent job wearing his elastics. Together, he and Dr. Corbridge achieved a spectacular smile and proper bite.
Case 6 - Mickey
Mickey came to us concerned about excessive spacing between her teeth. She wore upper and lower braces and chose to go with clear braces (Clarity Advanced) on top. She completed her orthodontic treatment in less than a year and a half.
Case 7 - Jennifer
Jennifer had severe crowding (including her Upper Left canine which was 100% blocked out), an anterior open bite, midlines that did not line up, and an edge to edge bite on the front teeth. Dr. Corbridge was able to save all the teeth and create space for the permanent canine. Jennifer finished with a gorgeous smile and ideal bite.
Phase I (Early Interceptive Orthodontic Treatment)
(Cases 8 - 14)
In some situations, it is valuable to do early orthodontic treatment before all the permanent teeth have erupted. This is known as Phase I orthodontic treatment and is typically begun between ages 7 and 9 and lasts for about 1 year. Phase II treatment follows later once all the permanent teeth have erupted.
Here are some examples of what can be done in early treatment so patients do not have to wait until they are a teenager to begin correcting the alignment of their teeth and jaws.
Case 8 - Madeleine
Madeleine had protrusion of the upper teeth, a deep overbite, misaligned teeth, and crowding. She had Phase I treatment with an expander and partial braces and had dramatic changes in the appearance and function of her teeth.
Case 9 - Allyson
Allyson came to us with an anterior crossbite causing recession on her lower incisor. She also had a deep overbite and crowding. This demonstrates nicely why sometimes it is better to correct a problem early rather than waiting for full braces.
Case 10 - Caden
Caden had excessive spacing between his upper front teeth and protrusion of the front teeth. He wore upper and lower partial braces for 12 months and Dr. Corbridge was able to close the gap in the top and create room for the permanent teeth in the lower.
Case 11 - Leyton
Leyton had an anterior crossbite which was corrected with upper partial braces only for 10 months. This helps prevent recession of the lower teeth commonly seen with anterior crossbites that are not corrected early.
Case 12 - Kelsey
Kelsey had an underbite which Dr. Corbridge was able to correct with only upper partial braces for 12 months. Not only was her bite corrected but her smile now lights up the room!
Case 13 - Kennedy
Kennedy and her mom chose for Kennedy to undergo Phase I orthodontic treatment to correct her protrusion and misaligned teeth. She wore upper partial braces and a headgear for a total of 15 months and you can see how much change she was able to achieve
Case 14 - Lauren
Lauren had an openbite, protrusion of the upper teeth and an uneven smile. She had an expander and upper and lower braces for a total of 14 months. What an incredible change and gorgeous smile!
Orthodontic Problems & Conditions
While the end goal for everyone will be a straight smile, there are many different starting points and paths to get there. Many people are not born with perfectly straight teeth and develop what are called malocclusions (or misalignments in the mouth). Below we describe some of the different malocclusions and oral conditions that affect people and that can be corrected with orthodontic treatment.
- Crowding: In this case, the patient's eye teeth are higher placed than normal. This creates crowding throughout the upper jaw.
- Overlap: The teeth on this patient's upper jaw have spacing and a severe overlap. Addressing both these concerns brings the teeth into a more optimal alignment.
- Openbite: This patient's front teeth do not touch, which impedes comfortable biting and speech. Drawing the teeth into alignment corrects these problems.
- Spacing: This concern is marked by gaps between teeth; here you can see the excess space on the upper jaw. Using strategies like Invisalign®, we can close this space and bring the teeth into proper alignment.
- Overbite: An overbite occurs when teeth on the upper jaw extend over the teeth of the lower jaw. Shifting these into proper position corrects this misalignment.
- Underbite: This alignment problem occurs when the upper teeth are covered by the lower teeth. Corrective treatment on both rows of teeth might be required to return the bite to its proper formation.
Schedule Your Appointment From Frisco, Little Elm, or Prosper!
Dr. Corbridge and Dr. Rogers-Raftery can help you and your child address a wide range of orthodontic concerns. Our clinic offers a complimentary exam to see what type of treatment is recommended for you, and is also a preferred provider for many major insurers. Beyond this, we also offer in-house financing options with low down payments as a way to work with patients who are on a budget. We proudly serve the greater Frisco area and often see patients coming from Little Elm, Prosper, and beyond!
Give us a call at 214.705.6188 to schedule an appointment or to ask questions about any of our services. A complimentary exam can also be scheduled by calling our office or by filling out an online appointment request. We will arrange an appointment on a day and time that suits your schedule. We look forward to fixing your smile soon!
"Corbridge Orthodontics have the best doctors and staff ever! We are always welcomed with a smile, wonderful chair-side manner and communication with my son as well as myself every step along the brace~way! I trust them with my families needs, and am happy to know that they are here for us...especially with three kids, all of which I know will all need braces at some point!" — Stacy T.
"Our family cannot begin to thank Corbridge Orthodontics enough for restoring my son's confidence and beautiful smile! Before orthodontic treatment, Austin was embarrassed by the way he looked and began to lose his outgoing & sunny disposition. Thank you, Dr. Corbridge, for giving my son his silly personality back! If you are looking for a capable and caring orthodontist, go see Corbridge Orthodontics!" — Ericka R.
"We love Dr. Corbridge, Dr. Rogers-Raftery and their staff! We are about to start treatment on our third child to get braces with Corbridge Orthodontics and we wouldn't go anywhere else. The staff treat you like family!" — The Stelling Family


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- Home
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Mike Salisbury 09 May 2019
Anstey Chess Club welcomed Syston's John Robinson to our club last night for a simul that John and I had agreed to play. Our thanks as a club go to John for giving our squad the opportunity to play such a well known and excellent quality player. All he asked is that we buy him a drink or two, which we were only too pleased to do.
Results wise, it wasn't so good, as you can imagine. We aren't the strongest club in the County! I managed to get a draw, which I am sure was given to me out of charity, as he won all of the other games against Mick Squire, John Derry, John Whitmore and Oskar Rudczenko.
Once again, many thanks to John Robinson for agreeing to play us all in such a fashion. The invite for a simul is extended to anybody in the County if you would like to do so. I am sure there are more of you out there that would be up for a simul - come along and help a fledgling club! It was an invaluable learning experience for our squad that is largely new to over the board chess. From Ben Vaughan - Anstey Chess Club
Paul Mottram 29 Apr 2019
The county U9 team placed a respectable 8th out of 15 teams in the National Final at Notts High School on Sat 27th April which builds on last year's U11 team performance where the team placed 12th (out of 15).
Full Report
Paul Mottram 17 Mar 2019
A powerful U9 team swept into the National Final in fine style by placing 2nd out of 10 counties in the Northern Semifinal finishing a single point behind last year's national medallists Warkwickshire. Full Report...
Paul Mottram 17 Jan 2019
Jason Lv & Sasha Kerbel finished joint 1st= on 5/6 in the Open section of the junior congress that took place at Leicester Grammar School on Sunday 13th January.
Other Leicestershire Juniors to win Gold (5pts and over) were Joshua Tang in the Minor U80 section and Catharine Lv, Josh Crook and Arav Ajayjumar in the Minor.
A fuller report and detailed results can be found on the junior site
Paul Mottram 03 Jan 2019
The Leicester Junior Congress takes place on Sunday 13th January at Leicester Grammar School.
This is a junior six round swiss rapidplay chess competition (all players play in all rounds) in three sections (Open, Major and Minor). Full details and online entry is here.
Note that the Minor section would be ideal for school chess players not previously experienced in playing chess tournaments.
Current Entries: Open, Major, Minor
Andy Morley 25 Oct 2018
We have a new County Champion. Alan Agnew and Martin Burrows tied for first place over the 6 rounds of the tournament, but Alan won the rapidplay 2-game play-off to claim the County Champion title for the first time. Congratulations to Alan, who finished unbeaten in the tournament.
Paul Mottram 06 Oct 2018
Major U165
Intermediate U140
Minor U115
Junior U80
Junior U40
Mike Salisbury 27 Sep 2018
It is with great sadness that we have to report the death of Barry Read who played for the Braunstone club for over 30 years. He passed away last week after a long battle with prostate cancer.
Barry will be greatly missed by those of us who have known him during his long association with Braunstone Chess Club which was the only chess club he's ever belonged to. Barry's quiet, unassuming manner has meant that he has been universally liked.
Andy Morley 26 Sep 2018
There was a good turnout for the annual presentation of trophies, followed by a 5 round rapidplay tournament for the BTH SMITH Charity shield (10 minutes per player).The event raised £106 for the President's charity, and was won by an impressive Syston side whose average grade was 201. They finished ahead of a strong Wigston team (average grade 193), with Syston 2 finishing third.
There was a larger entry than we have had for a few years, with 13 teams competing. This meant there was a 3-team jamboree pairing each round which caused plenty of confusion and, I hope, fun!
The Harold Boot handicap trophy was won by Latimer.
Thanks to the Syston Club for hosting the event.
Paul Mottram 05 Sep 2018
Sections: Open, U165, U140, U115, Junior U80, Junior U40
Paul Mottram 25 Aug 2018
Shyam Modi (13th= 6/9 in the Major Open), Tom Brown (winner of the U1900 section 5/5) and Jason Lv (2nd= Weekend U1600 section 4/5) were among the highlights.
A full round-up of all the results are here
Mike Salisbury 04 Aug 2018
This years annual prize giving and charity quick play event will take place on Wednesday 26th September at the Syston club, starting at 7.30pm
After the prize giving, the quick play will be teams of 4, everyone welcome, teams may be made up on the night.
Paul Mottram 14 Jun 2018
The 2nd Leicester HE Atkins Memorial Rapidplay will take place on Sunday 7th October 2018 at Leicester Grammar School. It's an ECF graded 6 round Swiss rapidplay (20 mins + 10 sec) in Open, U165, U140, U115 and Junior U80/U40 sections.
Click here for Online Entry and full details
Any queries to Andy Morley (email: email@example.com Tel. 0116 2831488/0776 9721980) and Paul Mottram (Junior sections) (email: firstname.lastname@example.com tel: 0798 9151175)
Stewart Gordon 16 May 2018
All matches in the 2017–18 League season have now been played. Syston 1 are the overall winners, taking the Division 1 title from Wigston 1, who had won it every season since 2006–07. Congratulations Syston!
Congratulations also to the other Division winners:
- Division 2: Ashby 1
- Division 3: Market Harborough 1
- Division 4: Ashby 3
- Division 5: Market Harborough 2
Paul Mottram 06 May 2018
The H.E. Memorial Atkins Rapidplay 2018 will take place on Sunday 7th October at Leicester Grammar School. As last year, it will be a 6 round swiss (time control 20 mins + 10 secs) with the following sections:
Open, U165, U140, U115 and junior only U80, U40
An online entry system and further details will be available shortly.
Stewart Gordon 01 May 2018
The LRCA now has a brand new website. This website contains general LRCA information, news, committee lists, club information, fixtures and results, all in one place.
Paul Mottram 23 Apr 2018
Leicestershire finished 12th out of the 15 teams that competed in EPSCA (English Primary Schools Chess Association) U11 final in Birmingham on the 21st April. Read More
Paul Mottram 27 Mar 2018
Leicestershire achieved a comprehensive victory against Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire in the Junior U130 12 board competition that took place in North Hykenham on Sunday 25th March.
It was a good weekend coming the day after the U120 result. A full report can be found on the juniors website.
Paul Mottram 20 Mar 2018
Leicestershire's 20 board U11 team (10 of whom are U9) pulled off a remarkable 2nd place in the EPSCA Northern Zonal on the 17th March behind the victors Warwickshire shading the Midland U11 champions Notts into 3rd place on tie break. Read More
Paul Mottram 08 Mar 2018
The juniors chess website has reports of the Leicester Juniors performance in the ECF U18 County Team Championship which took place on the 25th February.
Paul Mottram 17 Feb 2018
The junior chess website has reports of the Leicester Junior Congress and the Midland Team Championships, where Leicestershire picked up Bronze in both the U9's and U11 Girls.
Stewart Gordon 05 Feb 2018
Two people who, in their eras, were well known and respected in Leicestershire chess circles have died, both well into their 90s - one recently and the other just over a year ago.
Andrew Finch, a man of considerable intellect, was a member of the Wigston club for almost 20 years, from the early 1980s until 2000. Allan Castle gave up chess in 1972, or thereabouts. However, he was a prominent player, a fixture in the county team in the 1950s and 1960s, reaching a grade of over 180 in his prime, and an important organiser for the Leicester chess club.
Mike Salisbury 11 Jan 2018
Carl Portman, who writes a regular column in Chess magazine, recently visited Leicester Prison. There is an interesting article on his visit on the ECF website.
Mike Salisbury 11 Jan 2018
There have been amendments to the FIDE laws of chess which came into force on January 1st 2018, these relate to "illegal moves".
7.5.1 An illegal move is completed once the player has pressed his clock. If during a game it is found that an illegal move has been completed, the position immediately before the irregularity shall be reinstated. If the position immediately before the irregularity cannot be determined, the game shall continue from the last identifiable position prior to the irregularity. Articles 4.3 and 4.7 apply to the move replacing the illegal move. The game shall then continue from this reinstated position.
7.5.2 If the player has moved a pawn to the furthest distant rank, pressed the clock, but not replaced the pawn with a new piece, the move is illegal. The pawn shall be replaced by a queen of the same colour as the pawn.
7.5.3 If the player presses the clock without making a move, it shall be considered and penalized as if an illegal move.
7.5.4 If a player uses two hands to make a single move (for example in case of castling, capturing or promotion) and pressed the clock, it shall be considered and penalized as if an illegal move.
7.5.5 After the action taken under Article 7.5.1, 7.5.2, 7.5.3 or 7.5.4 for the first completed illegal move by a player, the arbiter shall give two minutes extra time to his opponent; for the second completed illegal move by the same player the arbiter shall declare the game lost by this player. However, the game is drawn if the position is such that the opponent cannot checkmate the player's king by any possible series of legal moves.
7.6 If, during a game it is found that any piece has been displaced from its correct square, the position before the irregularity shall be reinstated. If the position immediately before the irregularity cannot be determined, the game shall continue from the last identifiable position prior to the irregularity. The game shall then continue from this reinstated position.


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hroughout the postwar years, Jewish photographers continued to play a pivotal role in the advancement of photography. Whereas in the first half of the century their predecessors had achieved prominence by recording historical events and exposing injustice, in the hands of such masters as Arnold Newman, Philippe Halsman, Richard Avedon, and Annie Leibovitz, photography would become a medium of psychological investigation, revealing as much about the photographer as the subject.
Arnold Newman--Changing the Face of Portraiture
Before I took a single shot, I thought, "Arnold, it's not the same as painting, it's not the same as drawing. It's entirely psychological."--Arnold Newman
In the 1940s, a photographer still in his early 20s would revolutionize portraiture. Rather than using "the artificial atmosphere of a studio," Newman photographed his subjects in their professional or private surroundings and infused the portraits with his own reaction to the subject, thus creating an unspoken dialogue.
Moving to New York City in 1941, Newman focused his lens on artists, painters, sculptors, and other photographers--people "who graphically lent themselves to my concept." Marc Chagall, Pablo Picasso, and Georgia O'Keeffe were among the subjects who populated his 1945 "Artists Look Like This" exhibition at the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Five years later, Newman's portrait of composer Igor Stravinsky sitting at his grand piano with its gracefully curved lid was hailed by photographers and art critics as one of the most artful photographs ever created. "My approach has become popularly known as 'environmental portraits,'" Newman wrote, "but this suggests only part of what I've been trying to achieve. The fact is often overlooked that the work is also 'symbiotic'....I am not so much interested in documentation as in conveying my impressions of individuals....I am interested in what motivates individuals, what they do with their lives, their personalities, and how I perceive and interpret them....Inevitably there is a great deal of the photographer in his finished product. If there isn't much of him, then there isn't much of a portrait."
In 1963, Newman traveled to Bonn, Germany to photograph Alfred Krupp, the industrialist known to have collaborated with the Nazis and issued the order that Jewish and other slave laborers be chained to machines during Allied bombings to prevent them from running for cover. At first Newman refused the assignment--"I think of him as the devil," he protested--but he changed his mind when he envisioned the photo he would create. As he explained in a 1984 Reform Judaism interview: "I chose a location in one of the factories with welding torches and an eerie light falling from above. I asked Krupp to lean forward. When he did, my hair stood on end. This whole hideous image suddenly came together, one I'm as proud of as any picture I ever did. Krupp was furious (he looked like the devil) and tried to have me declared persona non grata in Germany. As a Jew, it's my own little moment of revenge. It enabled me to nail him down in history visually."
Widely regarded as one of the foremost portraitists in the world, Newman, who feels "very strongly about being Jewish," has photographed many Israeli leaders, including David Ben Gurion and Golda Meir, as well as numerous US presidents. His works have been exhibited worldwide and become part of the collections of the Museum of Modern Art, the International Museum of Photography, the Israel Museum, and other major institutions. At 86, he maintains his studio in New York City, where he continues to explore the intimate relationship between subject and photographer.
Philippe Halsman--Creator of the "Psychological Portrait"
Every face I see seems to hide--and sometimes fleetingly to reveal--the mystery of another human being. Capturing this revelation became the goal and passion of my life.--Philippe Halsman
Philippe Halsman caught the "photography bug" at the age of 15 in his native Latvia. Discovering an old camera in the family attic and consulting a how-to book, he taught himself how to take pictures by practicing on his sister and developing images in the bathroom. "[That first image]," he later said, "was one of the most magical moments of my life."
In 1928, the 22-year-old amateur photographer began his studies in the Technische Hochschule in Dresden, Germany. During a vacation break he joined his parents in the Austrian Alps. While hiking, his father stumbled and fell down a ravine; Halsman ran to a nearby inn for help, but by the time a rescue party returned to the accident site, his father had been robbed and murdered. In this intensely antisemitic environment, Halsman was falsely convicted of manslaughter. During his two-year incarceration, he read the Talmud and during Passover found solace in recalling the resilience of the Jewish people. Meanwhile, "the Austrian Dreyfus Affair" prompted interventions by such renowned figures as Albert Einstein, Thomas Mann, and Sigmund Freud--an effort that eventually succeeded in winning his release.
Halsman moved to Paris and soon established himself as one of the most successful photographers in Europe. "I considered the human face the most interesting subject to photograph," he wrote, "[and] hoped I could explore it the way my favorite writers, Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, had explored human nature--with psychological depth and honesty." It was then that he developed his signature trademark--"psychological portraits"--in which he insinuated into the image something of the subject's "inner person," something not known to the general public. Reaching for that fleeting moment when his subjects would truly reveal themselves, Halsman engaged them in conversation in order to swing attention away from the camera. Sometimes he asked them to jump into the air. "When you ask a person to jump, his attention is mostly directed toward the act of jumping and the mask falls away so that the real person appears," he explained. Among the scores of luminaries who leapt for Halsman's lens were the Duke and Duchess of Windsor, Robert Oppenheimer, and Richard Nixon.
In 1940, the Nazis invaded Paris, and Halsman found refuge in the United States (Albert Einstein had once again come to his aid, this time appealing to Eleanor Roosevelt). He never spoke publicly about "the Austrian Dreyfus Affair"--even his autobiography makes no reference to it--preferring to project an optimistic view of America's post-World War II culture by photographing Hollywood celebrities (Marilyn Monroe and Groucho Marx) as well as world leaders (Winston Churchill and John F. Kennedy). His portrait of Albert Einstein, which appeared on the cover of Time magazine's "Person of the Century" edition in January 2000, is perhaps his most famous. "I don't want to show anybody that I, Halsman, made this picture," he said. "I want to show Einstein the way Einstein was. A true portrait should, a hundred years from today, be the testimony of how the person looked and what kind of human being he was."
Halsman died in 1979 at the age of 73, leaving a huge body of work, including an estimated 100 Life magazine covers. Ironically, the man who kept secret his false imprisonment had perfected the art of unmasking some of the most memorable figures of the 20th century.
Richard Avedon--Revolutionary of Portraiture and Fashion Photography
Sometimes I think all my pictures are just pictures of me. My concern is...the human predicament; only what I consider the human predicament may simply be my own.--Richard Avedon
Richard Avedon's portraits demonstrate that a unique reality is more interesting than a rendering conjured by stylists and retouchers. He emphasizes his sitter's real physical attributes--facial lines, scars, posture, weight, skin--almost as an act of rebellion against artificial representation. Through his lens, Avedon casts light on features of his subjects commonly kept in the dark, and, in the process, has expanded the notion of beauty in fashion photography and portraiture.
Born in 1923 to Jacob Israel Avedon, an orphaned Russian Jewish immigrant, and Anna Polonsky, the owner and operator of the women's specialty shop Avedon's Fifth Ave., Avedon became fascinated with photography at the age of 12, when he joined the YMHA Camera Club and used his Kodak Box Camera to take pictures of his younger sister Louise (photos which would become the prototype for his early fashion images). During World War II, he dropped out of high school and joined the Merchant Marine's photographic section, where he was assigned the job of taking servicemen's ID pictures. "I must have taken pictures of maybe one hundred thousand baffled faces before it occurred to me I was becoming a photographer," Avedon recalled. Returning from the service in 1944, he enrolled in design classes at The New School in New York, where he met Alexey Brodovitch, who would become his mentor and open his eyes to the idea that commercial and advertising photography need not be devoid of artful expression.
Following his creative instincts, Avedon began experimenting with depth of field and focus. Sometimes he staged his models as if they were actors in a movie--sitting in a café or running in the rain. Imaginative images such as these elevated fashion photography to an art form and soon catapulted Avedon to celebrity status. He also broke all the rules of photographic presentation, including size. In his Marlborough Gallery exhibit in 1975, for example, some of his portraits took up an entire 100-foot-long wall--a first for a photographic exhibition.
In his studio Avedon also experimented with positioning his subjects in front of a white background. The absence of props or "environment," he found, allowed the graphic elements of clothing, hairstyle, gesture, and other visual clues to assert themselves, helping his subjects become what he called "symbolic of themselves." In one such picture, Avedon focused on Andy Warhol's chest, zigzagged with scars from his multiple surgeries, thereby showing America one of its most influential artists as never seen before. Fascinated with what he called the "unresolved mystery between reporting and storytelling," Avedon also challenged himself to seek out the deepest part of his subject's nature: "I often feel that people come to me to be photographed as they would go to a doctor or fortuneteller--to find out how they are. So they're dependent on me. I have to engage them. Otherwise there's nothing to photograph." At the same time, he says, his images are "less a portrait of [my subjects] than...what I think of them."
From 1969-1973, Avedon made a series of portraits of his father. Jacob Israel Avedon was suffering from cancer, but Avedon made no attempt to camouflage his father's pain. His father was disturbed by the harshness of the images, but Richard refused to violate his photographic principles in fashioning anything less than an image that faithfully expressed how he viewed and felt about his father. If the observer remains somewhat in the dark about the nature of their relationship, so be it; for Avedon, photography alone is his spokesman. Rarely does he use words to convey opinions or emotions. Even his autobiography is a wordless compendium of photographs.
From revolutionizing fashion photography to broadening the parameters of what constitutes an unmasked portrait, Richard Avedon's influence on the art form has been monumental.
Annie Leibovitz--Purveyor of Style and Popular Culture
I've had a good, solid background in journalism, and I've gone into this portrait work and I've applied it, and it's as simple as that. I don't think there's any hocus-pocus.--Annie Leibovitz
Annie Leibovitz got her big break in 1970 at the age of 21 when she was hired by Rolling Stone magazine after showing its art director, Robert Kingsbury, photographs of people and of a ladder in an apple orchard which she had taken while on a work study program in Israel. This was not the kind of thing that photographers usually took to Kingsbury, but Leibovitz came in with a background in journalism and as a devotee of photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson, whose capture "the decisive moment" philosophy permeated her work.
Her first assignment was to create a portrait of John Lennon. This experience became "the basis of how I was to approach everyone from then on," she would later tell an interviewer. "Lennon was honest and straightforward and cooperative; he made me feel human right away....It meant so much to me at the time to be treated well by someone who was so famous, who stood out as a legend in my mind. He made me realize we were all people and we were all here on earth, and it was the basis of how I was to approach everyone from then on."
From her earliest work, Leibovitz differed from most photographers in preferring to work behind the scenes. "It seemed to me that a concert was the least interesting place to photograph a musician," she said. "I was interested in how things got done. I liked rehearsals, backrooms, hotel rooms--almost any place but the stage. I had an idea at that point about how musicians lived, but when I went on the road with the Rolling Stones in 1975, I learned how music is made." Her Rolling Stones covers became the most talked-about photos in the business, not only for their intimate nature, in which the stars appeared accessible, but also for their editorial potency (they seemed to give voice to an inside story) and for their sense of relationship, perhaps because Leibovitz made sure to establish a rapport with each of her subjects during their photographic encounter.
In the decades that followed, Leibovitz began staging portrait sessions by exaggerating her celebrity subjects' public personas, as seen in her image of Clint Eastwood bound in ropes in what appears to be an old deserted town. Her trademark "choreographed" portraits signaled a move away from the psychological approach that had dominated photography throughout the postwar years. For Leibovitz, the subjects became incarnations of what they did--the dancer, actor, musician--rather than who they were.
In 1981, Leibovitz was invited to work on the prototype for Vanity Fair and soon became the magazine's principal contributing photographer. Ten years later she became the first woman to receive her own photographic exhibition at the Smithsonian's National Portrait Gallery. Today, this editorial, advertising, portrait, and fine-art photographer continues to exhibit her work in galleries and museums worldwide.
From Alfred Stieglitz' achievement in elevating photography to an art form to the bold photojournalism of Robert Capa to the revolutionary fashion and portrait photography of Richard Avedon, Jewish photographers have transformed the art of photography. As Jews, they were outsiders; yet, through the lens, they became consummate insiders, capturing images that would define their times.
Rose Eichenbaum is an award-winning photographer (The Number on My Grandfather's Arm, UAHC Press) whose photo-essays have appeared in Dance magazine, Dance Spirit, and other publications. Her book, Masters of Movement: Portraits of America's Great Choreographers, will be published by the Smithsonian Institution Press this fall.
Reform Judaism Magazine Home Page
Copyright © 2004, Union for Reform Judaism


text:
a. Thm: For any finite set of congruencies of the form:
$x\equiv a_{1} \mod m_{1}$
$x\equiv a_{2} \mod m_{2}$
$x\equiv a_{n} \mod m_{n}$
where all $x,a_{i},m_{i}$ are integers and $m_{1},m_{2}, ... m_{n}$ are coprime, there exists a unique solution for x modulo the product $m_{1} \cdot m_{2} \cdot ... \cdot m_{n}$.
Pf: First, we must prove the theorem works for a set of two congruences satisfying all of the properties described. Consider a generic pair of congruencies of this form. By definition, $x\equiv a_{1} \mod m_{1}$ and $x\equiv a_{2} \mod m_{2}$ imply that $x=m_{1}b_{1}+a_{1}=m_{2}b_{2}+a_{2}$. From this result, we may simplify to get $m_{1}b_{1}-m_{2}b_{2} = a_{2}-a_{1}$. Since $m_{1},m_{2}$ are coprime, there exists a unique linear combination of the two equaling 1. And since $a_{2} - a_{1}$ is an integer and therefore a multiple of 1, we know there exist unique solutions for $b_{1}$ and $b_{2}$. Now, having solved for $b_{1},b_{2}$, we can derive some $x$ that fits congruencies 1 and 2. Since all $m_{i}$ are coprime, this solution will be equivalent to any solution in the coset of $m_{1}m_{2}$.
Next, since we have proven the theorem for two congruencies, we can prove it for any finite number, as the two-congruence process can be repeated sequentially through all the remaining congruences, since the numbers all remain integers and all $m_{i}$ remain coprime, as the product of two integers coprime with a third remains coprime with that third integer.
b. Bandit solution
c. Generic solution: In this case, we would need to prove that there is a bijective homomorphism between the two quotient rings
a. Prove that for any finite set of congruences of the form
$x\equiv a_{1} \mod m_{1}$
$x\equiv a_{2} \mod m_{2}$
$x\equiv a_{n} \mod m_{n}$
where all $a_i, m_i, x \in \mathbb{Z}$ and $GCD(m_{1}, m_{2}, ... , m_{n}) = 1$, there exists a unique solution for $x$, modulo the product $m_{1} \cdot m_{2} \cdot ... \cdot m_{n}$.
Pf: We may consider a single pair of congruences, generically $x\equiv a_{1} \mod m_{1}$ and $x\equiv a_{2} \mod m_{2}$. From these facts, we may determine that $x=b_{1}m_{1}+a_{1} = b_{2}m_{2}+a_{2}$. From this, we may derive $b_{1}m_{1} - b_{2}m_{2} = a_{2} - a_{1}$. Since $a_{1},a_{2} \in \mathbb{Z}$, $a_2 - a_1 = c\cdot 1$ for some integer $c$. Since $m_1, m_2$ are relatively prime, there exists some linear combination equal to 1, and therefore, the linear combination $b_{1}m_{1} - b_{2}m_{2} = c \cdot 1$ also exists, as it is in proportion to the linear combination equal to 1. Therefore, we can be certain that some $x$ exists satisfying both congruences.
Next, we must show that this solution is unique modulo $m_{1}m_{2}$. Let $a'$ be a generic solution satisfying both congruences. This implies that $a' \in \underline{a_1}_{m_1}$ and $a' \in \underline{a_2}_{m_2}$, that is $a'$ is contained within the coset of $a_1$ in quotient ring $\mathbb{Z}/m_{1}\mathbb{Z}$ and the coset of $a_2$ in quotient ring $\mathbb{Z}/m_{2}\mathbb{Z}$. Since all members of a coset are equivalent modulo the ideal dividing the quotient ring, all $x$ satisfy $x \in a' + m_{1}\mathbb{Z}$ and $x \in a' + m_{2}\mathbb{Z}$. The intersection of these two sets is all integers equal to $a'$ plus a multiple of of both $m_1$ and $m_2$. Since $GCD(m_{1},m_{2}) = 1$, the only integers that are multiples of both $m_1$ and $m_2$ are the multiples of their product. Therefore, the set of all satisfactory solutions in precisely defined by $a' + m_{1}m_{2}\mathbb{Z}$. Equivalently, $x \equiv a' \mod m_{1}m_{2}$.
Since we have proven that $x\equiv a_{1} \mod m_{1}$ and $x\equiv a_{2} \mod m_{2}$ yield a unique result modulo $m_{1}\cdot m_{2}$, and the greatest common divisor of all $m_i$ is 1 by definition, we may simply repeat the process with the new congruence $x \equiv a' \mod m_{1}m_{2}$ and the next congruence from the original set. This may be repeated all the way through to the final congruence.
b. Bandit problem. Boils down to solve for $x$ modulo $17\cdot 16 \cdot 11 \cdot 7$ for $x$ satisfying the following congruences:
1. $x \equiv 3 \mod 17$
2. $x \equiv 10 \mod 16$
3. $x \equiv 4 \mod 11$
4. $x \equiv 0 \mod 7$
First, let's solve for 1 and 4. We'll do this by finding the intersection of the sets defined by 7n and 17m + 3 up to the product of 7 and 17, or 119. These sets are: $\{0,7,14,21,28,35,42,49,56,63,70,77,84,91,98,105,112\}$ and $\{3,20,37,54,71,88,105\}$. The common element is 105. Therefore, we have $x \equiv 105 \mod 119$. Let us simplify some of our calculations by using the equivalent $x \equiv -14 \mod 119$.
Now, let's perform the same for 2 and 3. The sets we must compare are those generated by 16n + 10 and 11m + 4, up to the product 16x11=176. Here are those sets: $\{10,26,42,58,74,90,106,122,138,154,170\}$ and $\{4,15,26,37,48,59,70,81,92,103,114,125,136,147,158,169\}$. This solution is 26, giving us the equivalence $x \equiv 26 \mod 176$.
Finally, let's compare in the same manner the two new congruences. We will use the sets generated by 119n - 14 and 176m + 26, up to the product 119x176 = 20944. For the sake of space, that solution is 2842.
Therefore, all possible x satisfy $x \equiv 2842 \mod 20944$. The least number of coins the bandits could have stolen is 2842.
c. Prove the more generic statement that for $R$, a commutative ring with identity, and $I,J$, two coprime ideals of $R$ such that $I+J = R$, $R/IJ \cong R/I \times R/J$.
To prove this theorem, we may start by defining a map $\phi: R/IJ \rightarrow R/I \times R/J$ by $\phi(a) = (a+I,a+J)$. This map can be proven to be a homomorphism:
Multiplication: $\phi(ab) = (ab+I, ab+J)$. $\phi(a)\phi(b) = (a+I,a+J)\cdot(b+I,b+J)$. Multiply pairwise modulo $I$ and $J$ respectively. $(a+I,a+J)\cdot(b+I,b+J) = (ab+I, ab+J)$
Addition: $\phi(a+b) = (a+b+I, a+b+J)$. $\phi(a) + \phi(b) = (a+I,a+J)+(b+I,b+J)$. Add pairwise: $(a+I,a+J)+(b+I,b+J) = (a+b+I,a+b+J)$.
Suffice it to show that the homomorphic map $\phi$ is bijective. This can be done by proving injectivity in both directions. For $R/IJ \rightarrow R/I \times R/J$, since we know that $I$ and $J$ are coprime, we know that elements of $R$ that are equivalent under $R/I$ and $R/J$ must also be equivalent under $R/IJ$ and therefore are the same element of $R/IJ$. Thus, every element of $R/IJ$ has a unique image. For the reverse direction, we may see simply that $(x+I,y+J) \rightarrow (xy + IJ)$, a unique image.


text:
Right-wing socialism
Conservative or right-wing socialism[1][2]:80 is a term used by some right-wing movements and politicians to describe support for social solidarity as opposed to individualism, commercialism, and laissez-faire economics.[3][2]:79-80 According to the Austrian School economist Jesús Huerta de Soto, the fundamental objective of "right-wing socialism" is to maintain the status quo by preventing the free exercise of entrepreneurship and creative human action from disrupting the pre-established framework of social organization[2]:98 It supports state promoted social hierarchy and certain people and groups to hold higher status in such a hierarchy.[2]:79
The term is also used, more commonly but distinctly, to refer to moderate, social democratic forms of socialism when contrasted with Marxism–Leninism and other more radical left-wing alternatives. In the Communist Manifesto, Marx and Engels criticised the Philosophy of Poverty by the anarchist writer and theorist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon as representing "Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism". Military socialism, guild socialism, agrarian socialism, and some forms of Christian socialism are also termed "right-wing socialism" by various authors.[2]
Usage of "conservative socialism" by various authors
The term "conservative socialism" was used as a rebuke by Karl Marx for certain strains of socialism, but it has also been used by proponents of such a system.[3]
An early proponent of self-described "conservative socialism" was 19th century Austrian politician Klemens von Metternich as early as 1847.[3] Monarchists had begun to use "socialist" as an antithesis of "bourgeois laissez-faire" indicating reliance on a "social conscience" as opposed to pure individualism.[3] Metternich said the aims of such a conservative socialism were "peaceful, class-harmonizing, cosmopolitan, traditional".[4] "Monarchic socialism" promoted social paternalism portraying the monarch as having a "fatherly" duty to protect his people from the effects of free economic forces.[5] Metternich's "conservative socialism" saw liberalism and nationalism as forms of middle-class dictatorship over the masses.[5]
Johann Karl Rodbertus, a monarchist conservative landowner and lawyer who briefly served as minister of education in Prussia in 1848, promoted a form of state socialism led by an enlightened monarchy supporting state regulation of the economy.[6] Rodbertus supported the elimination of private ownership of land, with the state in control of "national capital" rather than redistribution of private capital.[6] In the 1880s, Rodbertus' conservative socialism was promoted as a nonrevolutionary alternative to social democracy and a means to justify the acceptance of Bismarck's social policies.[6]
Right-wing Catholic socialism
In Europe, right-wing Catholic socialism was created by Catholic Church officials in the 19th century in response to widespread deterioration of social conditions and rising anti-clerical and democratic tendencies amongst artisans and workers.[7] It mixed "social commitment, paternalistic social welfare, and authoritarian patronage from above, it was also based on deepening popular piety".[8] In France, the influence of these doctrines can be seen in the conservative socialism of Albert de Mun and René de La Tour du Pin. The German conservative Lutheran figure Adolf Stoecker founded the Christian Social Workers' Party in 1878 that aimed to align workers with Protestant Christianity and the German monarchy.[9] Stoecker respected existing social hierarchies but also desired a state that would be active in protecting the poor and vulnerable citizens.[10] Stoecker on occasion used antisemitic rhetoric to gain support, though he urged supporters to practice Christian love, even towards Jews.[10]
"War Socialism" during World War I
During World War I, the German government issued total mobilization of the economy and social sphere for war, resulting in government regulation of the private and public sector.[11] This was referred to in Germany as the war economy (Kriegswirtschaft) or "War Socialism" (Kriegssozialismus).[11] The term "War Socialism" was created by the prominent proponent of the system itself, General Erich Ludendorff.[12] War Socialism was a militarized state socialism in which the state exercised controls and regulations over the entire economy.[13] The German War Socialist economy was operated by conservative military men and industrialists who had historically been hostile to socialism.[14] Its goal was to maximize war production and to control worker discontent that was growing amongst the organized labour movement.[15] A leading proponent of War Socialism in Germany was General Wilhelm Groener who insisted against objections of business leaders, that labour union representatives be included in factory labour committees as well as regional food and labour boards; this was achieved and gave German unions collective bargaining rights and official functions in the German state for the first time in history.[16]
War Socialism also existed in other European countries involved in the war. In the United Kingdom a number of public figures promoted the adoption of War Socialism, including Winston Churchill and was adopted by Prime Minister David Lloyd George.[17] Tsarist Russia had War Socialism.[18] Sociologist Pitirim Sorokin claims that Tsarist Russian War Socialism had existed for two hundred years in support of the Tsarist regime until their overthrow in 1917.[18] The War Socialist economy of Russia was based upon that in Germany, was supported by non-socialist and socialist parties alike.[19]
Fascism has been described by historian Ze'ev Sternhell as a nationalist socialism associated with anti-bourgeois, anti-democratic, anti-liberal, and anti-Marxist views.[20] The original Italian Fascism has origins in the revolutionary syndicalism of Georges Sorel, who promoted an anti-materialist, voluntarist, and vitalist revolutionary socialist movement to produce a general strike to overthrow bourgeois society and establish a proletarian society.[21] Sorelianism split from Marxism and adopted a national, moral, and psychological revolution rather than class revolution.[22] Georges Sorel himself became associated with the political right by supporting Charles Maurras' French nationalist and royalist Action Française and turned to Maurrasian nationalism.[23]
Right-wing socialism in France
Charles Maurras and National Syndicalism
French right-wing nationalist and monarchist Charles Maurras held interest in merging his nationalist ideals with Sorelian syndicalism as a means to confront liberal democracy.[24] Maurras famously stated "a socialism liberated from the democratic and cosmopolitan element fits nationalism well as a well made glove fits a beautiful hand".[25] Georges Sorel himself was impressed by the significant numbers of "ardent youth" that enrolled in Maurras' Action Française and turned to Maurrasian nationalism.[23] In 1911, on the issue of Sorelian syndicalism, Georges Valois announced to the Fourth Congress of Action Française that "It was not a mere accident that our friends encountered the militants of syndicalism. The nationalist movement and the syndicalist movement, alien to another though they may seem, because of their present positions and orientations, have more than one common objective."[24] Valois and Sorel founded the Cercle Proudhon in 1911, an organization that Valois declared to provide "a common platform for nationalists and leftist antidemocrats".[26] Cercle Proudhon announced that it supported the replacement of bourgeois ideology and democratic socialism with a new ethic of an alliance of nationalism with syndicalism, as those "two synthesizing and convergent movements, one at the extreme right and the other at the extreme left, that have begun the siege and assault on democracy".[26] Cercle Proudhon supported the replacement of the liberal order with a new world that was "virile, heroic, pessimistic, and puritanical—based on the sense of duty and sacrifice: a world where the mentality of warriors and monks would prevail".[27] The society would be dominated by a powerful avant-garde proletarian elite that would serve as an aristocracy of producers, and allied with intellectual youth dedicated to action against the decadent bourgeoisie.[28]
Right-wing socialism in Germany
Bismarckian state socialism and Kathedersozialismus
19th-century German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck adopted policies of state-organized compulsory insurance for workers against sickness, accident, incapacity, and old age in what has been nicknamed "Bismarckian socialism".[29] Bismarck himself was not a socialist and enacted the Anti-Socialist Laws, his actions were designed to offset the growth of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.[29] Bismarck's policies have been viewed as a form of state socialism.[30] The state socialism of Bismarck was based upon Romantic political thought in which the state was supreme and carried out Bismarck's agenda of supporting "the protest of collectivism against individualism" and of "nationality against cosmopolitanism" and stated that "the duty of the State is to maintain and promote the interests, the well-being of the nation as such."[30]
The academic equivalent of Bismarck's state socialism at the time was Kathedersozialismus of Gustav Schmoller and Adolf Wagner.[30] Schmoller was an opponent of both liberalism and Marxian proletarian socialism.[30] Wagner had originally been a Manchester liberal but had developed into a far-right conservative and antisemite.[31] Kathedersozialists held in common three tenets: that "economic freedom cannot be absolute, the economy must obey ethical as well as practical demands, and that the state must intervene to provide a degree of social justice".[31] Schmoller denied that free trade and laissez faire economics were suitable for Germany, instead advocating state intervention in the economy to foster industrialism and improving conditions for labourers.[30] Schmoller endorsed the Prussian monarchy as historically being a "benevolent and socially mediating institution".[31] Schmoller stated "A firm monarchy is a great blessing when it is bound up with traditions like those of the Prussian monarchy, which recognizes its duties."[30]
National Socialism
During World War I, sociologist Johann Plenge spoke of the rise of a "National Socialism" (German: Nationaler Sozialismus) in Germany within what he termed the "ideas of 1914" that were a declaration of war against the "ideas of 1789"—the French Revolution.[32] According to Plenge, the "ideas of 1789" that included rights of man, democracy, individualism and liberalism were being rejected in favour of "the ideas of 1914" that included "German values" of duty, discipline, law, and order.[32] Plenge believed that ethnic solidarity (volksgemeinschaft) would replace class division and that "racial comrades" would unite to create a socialist society in the struggle of "proletarian" Germany against "capitalist" Britain.[32] He believed that the "Spirit of 1914" manifested itself in the concept of the "People's League of National Socialism".[33] This National Socialism was a form of state socialism that rejected the "idea of boundless freedom" and promoted an economy that would serve the whole of Germany under the leadership of the state.[33] This National Socialism was opposed to capitalism due to the components that were against "the national interest" of Germany, but insisted that National Socialism would strive for greater efficiency in the economy.[33] Plenge advocated an authoritarian rational ruling elite to develop National Socialism through a hierarchical technocratic state.[34]
Plenge's arguments at the time were recognized by a diverse group of people as an important argument in favour of social justice promoted within a strong state, including: right-wing Social Democrats Konrad Haenisch, Heinrich Cunow, Paul Lench and Kurt Schumacher; Conservative Revolutionaries including Arthur Moeller van den Bruck and Max Hildebert Boehm; and Nazis including Ernst Krieck, Gottfried Feder and Eduard Stadtler.[34] Plenge's ideas formed the basis of Nazism.[32]
Werner Sombart wrote of a "national socialism" in which he emphasized the "new spirit" in Germany that was both "national" and "social".[35] Sombart denounced the French Revolution and Chartism for having created "mammonism, selfishness, and forgetfulness of obligations" and for these being a "eudenmonistic utilitarian philosophy".[35] Sombart said that these should be replaced by "pragmatism", "faith", and "social interest".[35]
Sombart described the "capitalist spirit" as a combination of two main "spirits": First, the "spirit of enterprise" that is "a synthesis of the greed of gold, the desire for adventure", "the love of exploration." Second, "the bourgeois spirit" identified by its "calculation, careful policy, reasonableness, and economy".[35] He said that socialism in turn should be conceived of as "a definite manner of forming a socially united life which deeply imbeds itself in social institutions".[35] Sombart asserted that there are two main types of socialism: an egalitarian socialism and a non-egalitarian socialism.[36] While "egalitarian socialism" such as Marxism says "that all should be partners".[36] "non-egalitarian socialism" views the community as a whole, from a concrete organizing idea (Gestaltungsidee), whose realization consists in assigning a definite place to the individual in the strata of the whole. This leads to an organized association of individuals and, accordingly, to inequality."[36]
Sombart describes his concept of socialism in his 1934 book Deutscher Sozialismus ("German Socialism").[37] Sombart announces that "'a new spirit' is beginning to rule mankind", a spirit that marked the end of the "economic age" that he viewed as the epoch of capitalism and proletarian socialism that was atheist, materialist, and egotistic in its values.[37] The "new spirit" was embodied in what he called "German Socialism".[37] He said that German Socialism was not confined to an economic sphere but to all aspects of social life and supported the "total ordering of life" as well as coordination of people according to their estates.[35] He said "there can be no universally valid social order but only one that is particularly suited to a particular nation."[37] He contrasted German Socialism with liberalism where German Socialism places "the welfare of the whole over the welfare of the individual".[37] He attributed past exponents of this form of socialism to Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Ferdinand Lassalle, Friedrich Nietzsche, Plato, Lorenz von Stein, Adolf Stoecker, and Adolf Wagner.[37] Sombart said the contemporary exponents included Italian Fascists and the German Nazis.[37]
In 1919, Oswald Spengler in the book Preussentum und Sozialismus ("Prussiandom and Socialism") traced German socialism to 1914 during WW I, which united the Germany in a struggle that he said was based on socialistic Prussian characteristics, including creativity, discipline, concern for the greater good, productivity, and self-sacrifice.[38] Spengler said that these socialistic Prussian qualities were present across Germany and that the merger of German nationalism with this form of socialism while resisting Marxist and internationalist socialism would be in the interests of Germany.[39]
Spengler condemned English liberalism and English parliamentarianism while advocating a national socialism that was free from Marxism that would connect the individual to the state through Corporatism.[40] He opposed Marxism for having developed its socialism from an English perspective, while not understanding Germans' socialist nature.[41] Spengler said that Marxism sought to train the proletariat to "expropriate the expropriator", the capitalist, and then to let them live a life of leisure on this expropriation.[41] He concluded that "Marxism is the capitalism of the working class" and not true socialism.[41]
Spengler described socialism, stating "The meaning of socialism is that life is controlled not by the opposition between rich and poor, but by the rank that achievement and talent bestow. That is our freedom, freedom from the economic despotism of the individual."[42]
Spengler's "Prussian socialism" was popular among the German political right, especially the revolutionary right who had distanced themselves from traditional conservatism.[39] His notions of Prussian socialism influenced Nazism and the Conservative Revolutionary movement.[42]
Juan Perón in Argentina founded the Peronism movement, which is widely regarded as a form of corporate socialism, or "right-wing socialism".[43]
After his return from exile in Spain, Peron regained power in Argentina. The left wing of his movement opposed both liberal democracy and political pluralism. The right wing Peronism supported the Peronist return to a "Christian and humanist, popular, national socialism" and corporatism.[44]
In Post-World War II Japan, there was a self-described "Rightist Socialist Party," which received over 10% of the vote in the 1952 and 1953 elections.[45][46]
See also
- Communitarianism
- Compassionate conservatism
- Red Toryism
- National anarchism
- National-Social Association
- Yellow socialism
- Third Position
- Traditionalist conservatism
- Tory socialism
- ↑ Rothbard, Murray N. Left, Right, and the Prospects for Liberty. Auburn, Alabama, US: Ludwig von Mises Institute, 2010, p. 19.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Huerta de Soto (2010)
- 1 2 3 4 Viereck (2006), p. 74.
- ↑ Viereck (2006), pp. 74-75.
- 1 2 Viereck (2006), p. 75.
- 1 2 3 Marshall S. Shatz. Jan Waclaw Machajski: A Radical Critic of the Russian Intelligentsia and Socialism. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989, p. 86.
- ↑ Eley (1997), p. 174.
- ↑ Eley (1997), pp. 174-175.
- ↑ Gottfried Dietze. In Defense of Property. Lanham, Maryland, US; London, England, UK: University Press of America, 1995, p. 97.
- 1 2 Albert S. Lindemann. Esau's tears: modern anti-semitism and the rise of the Jews. First paperback edition. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, US; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Madrid, Spain: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 145.
- 1 2 Robert George Leeson Waite. The psychopathic god: Adolf Hitler. Da Capo Press, Inc., 1977, 1993, p. 304.
- ↑ Paxton (1997), p. 106.
- ↑ Robert George Leeson Waite. The psychopathic god: Adolf Hitler. Da Capo Press, Inc., 1977, 1993, pp. 304-305.
- ↑ Carter Vaughn Findley, John Alexander Rothney. Twentieth-Century World. Seventh edition. Belmont, California, US: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 66.
- ↑ Paxton & Hessler (2011), p. 89.
- ↑ Paxton & Hessler (2011), pp. 89, 95.
- ↑ Marshall Cavendish Corporation. History of World War I, Volume 3. Tarrytown, New York, US: Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2002, p. 697.
- 1 2 Silvio Pons, Andrea Romano, Fondazione Giangiacomo Feltrinelli. Russia in the age of wars, 1914-1945. English translation. Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) e della Fondazione Cariplo, 2000, p. 68.
- ↑ Donald J. Raleigh. Experiencing Russia's civil war: politics, society, and revolutionary culture in Saratov, 1917-1922. Princeton, New Jersey, US; Oxfordshire, England, UK: Princeton University Press, 2002, p. 24.
- ↑ Sternhell (1998), pp. 30-31.
- ↑ Sternhell (1998), p. 31.
- ↑ Sternhell (1998), p. 32.
- 1 2 Sternhell et al. (1994), p. 80.
- 1 2 Sternhell et al. (1994), p. 82.
- ↑ Douglas R. Holmes. Integral Europe: fast-capitalism, multiculturalism, neofascism. Princeton, New Jersey, US: Princeton University Press, 2000, p. 60.
- 1 2 Sternhell (1986), p. 11.
- ↑ Sternhell (1986), pp. 11-12.
- ↑ Sternhell (1986), p. 12.
- 1 2 Alan John Percivale Taylor. The course of German history: a survey of the development of German history. London, England, UK; New York, New York, US: Routledge, 1988, 2001, p. 149.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harris (1989), p. 442.
- 1 2 3 Marcel Stoetzler. The State, the Nation, & the Jews: Liberalism and the Antisemitism Dispute in Bismarck's Germany. University of Nebraska, 2008, p. 241.
- 1 2 3 4 Martin Kitchen. A history of modern Germany, 1800-2000. Malden, Massaschussetts, US; Oxford, England, UK; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2006, p. 205.
- 1 2 3 Bernd-Rüdiger Hüppauf. War, violence, and the modern condition. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1997, p. 92.
- 1 2 Thomas Rohkrämer. "A single communal faith?: the German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism", Monographs in German History. Volume 20. Berghahn Books, 2007, p. 130.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Harris (1989), p. 444.
- 1 2 3 Harris (1989), p. 447.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Harris (1989), p. 430.
- ↑ Weitz (2007), p. 336-337.
- 1 2 Weitz (2007), p. 337.
- ↑ Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California, US: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006. p. 628.
- 1 2 3 H. Stuart Hughes. Oswald Spengler. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Transaction Publishers, 1992, p. 108.
- 1 2 Heinrich August Winkler, Alexander Sager. Germany: The Long Road West. English edition. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006, p. 414.
- ↑ Buenos Aires Journal The New York Times Jan 13, 1990
- ↑ Political Parties and Party Systems By Alan Ware; Oxford University Press 1996, page 395
- ↑ Japanese Economic Development: Markets, Norms, Structures Carl Mosk; Taylor & Francis, 2007; 394 pages, page 239
- Eley, Geoff. Society, Culture, and the State in Germany, 1870-1930. First paperback edition. University of Michigan, 1997.
- Harris, Abram Lincoln. Race, radicalism, and reform: selected papers. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Transaction Publishers, 1989.
- Huerta de Soto, Jesús. Socialism, Economic Calculation and Entrepreneurship. Fourth edition. Glos, England, UK; Northampton, Massachusetts, US: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1992, 2010.
- Paxton, Robert O. Europe in the twentieth century. Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1997.
- Paxton, Robert O.; Julie Hessler. Europe in the Twentieth Century. Belmont, California, US: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2005, 2011.
- Sternhell, Ze'ev. Neither right nor left: fascist ideology in France. 2nd edition. Princeton, New Jersey, US: Princeton University Press, 1986.
- Sternhell, Ze'ev; Mario Sznajder; Maia Ashéri. The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution. Princeton, New Jersey, US: Princeton University Press, 1994.
- Sternhill, Ze'ev. "Fascism", in Roger Griffin (ed). International Fascism: Theories, Causes, and the New Consensus. London, England, UK; New York, New York, US: Arnold Publishers, 1998.
- Viereck, Peter. Conservative thinkers: from John Adams to Winston Churchill. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Transaction Publishers, 2006.
- Weitz, Eric D. Weimar Germany: promise and tragedy. Princeton, New Jersey, US: Princeton University Press, 2007.


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The Bad Beginning: Or, Orphans! (A Series of Unfortunate Events, Book 1) Paperback by Lemony Snicket
a:2:{s:8:"username";s:10:"Elda-Jonas";s:4:"name";s:9:"EldaJonas";}: Elda-Jonas
Category: Adventures
Edition Date: 05/07/2007
Time left: Unlimited
Quantity: 66
Shipping by: By Buyer
Imagine tales so terrible that as many as fifty million innocents have been ruined by them—tales so indelibly horrid that the New York Times bestseller list has been unable to rid itself of them for seven years. Now imagine if this scourge suddenly became available in a shameful new edition so sensational, so irresistible, so riddled with lurid new pictures that even a common urchin would wish for it. Who among us would be safe?
Begin at the beginning—even if it is a bad one—with the first in A Series of Unfortunate Events, now even more disposable in paperback!
About author: British actor Tim Curry, whose reputation for playing dastardly villain types precedes him, is terrific in this adaptation of the intentionally over-the-top, slightly scary tale of the Baudelaire orphans. As narrator/author Snicket, Curry relates the sad saga with pity and enlightenment sparked by dashes of humor. When the Baudelaire children, Violet, Klaus and baby Sunny, learn that their parents have perished in a fire at the family mansion, the children's rocky course is s


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The Birks Rolex Watches Launch Event at the CORE
Timeless Luxury Rolex Watches Showcased at Birks at the CORE
We were fortunate enough to join Birks at their store in Downtown Calgary in the CORE for their Rolex Launch event. Pioneering wristwatch's for over 100 years and having some of the worlds most coveted luxury timepieces, the skilled and knowledgeable Birks sales professionals are the perfect group to be representing this launch for Rolex. This event marks a new milestone in a long-standing relationship the two companies have shared together. Birks & Mayors President & CEO remarked "By offering an exceptional assortment of Rolex products, and exclusive access to the Rolex brand, we are making sure our customers will enjoy an unparalleled luxury shopping experience"
Accessing the Photos from Rolex Launch Event
An online gallery of all the images will be available once they are finished. If you click on the link below you will be able to sign up to receive an email notification once the photos are ready. From the online gallery, you are able to download a free copy of the images, tag your favourite images, order prints and share the gallery with your family and friends. The gallery can be accessed via the link below.
Birks Launch Event Photos Posted to Social Media
I have created a Facebook gallery of some of the best images and we will be sharing some of them to Instagram too. I invite you to visit your preferred stream and share your favourites with your family and friends.
Some of my Favourite Photos from the Rolex Launch Event at Birks
Want to share in the experience? Contact us today to book your family session, photobooth, corporate and event photography, or to set up your free wedding consultation with Jeremy!
Images by JM Photography – Calgary Event Photography © 2018
Birks Rolex Launch Event Credits
Date | 6.5.18
Host Company – Maison Birks (Canada's Diamond & Fine Jewellery Leader)
Venue – Birks Store at the CORE
Decor – Red Events
Catering – Nicole Gourmet
Photography by Jeremy Martel
Learn more about our studio
JM Photography offers Calgary families the very best in portrait, event, and wedding photography! Our unique style and best in class experience is one of a kind. Each session is treated with the greatest of care and creativity, resulting in breathtaking imagery. We also offer Calgary newborn photography, capture maternity sessions, portraits and Calgary Wedding Photography.
We are one of the top studios in Western Canada, servicing the Calgary area, including but not limited to, Canmore, Banff, Cochrane, Chestermere, Airdrie, Lethbridge, and Red Deer. We also offer coverage in Edmonton, Vancouver and to destinations worldwide.


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Toshiba and Sandisk have filed separate lawsuits seeking damages from SK Hynix, and have alleged that the company has profited from the theft of data relating to NAND flash memory technology. Toshiba and SanDisk have been partners for a number of years on the production of flash memory chip technology for mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets. Toshiba currently …Read More »
Tag Archives: SK Hynix
Large Fire At SK Hynix Fab Facility In China — Could Drive Up Both DRAM And NAND Prices
SK Hynix Inc., one of the top global producers of memory chips (both DRAM and NAND), was forced to suspend operations at its Wuxi, China fabrication facility due to a large fire. Billowing smoke from the fire was visible many miles away. Image source: KitGuru.com The fire reportedly started a bit before 4:00 pm local time while equipment was being …Read More »
Flash Memory Summit 2013 Show Preview – Exclusive Pre-Show Piks!
As you can see by this shot, the wrappings aren't even off of the Flash Memory Summit 2013 display case yet and we have some great shots to give a bit of an idea what we are in for this year. Get ready for it folks because the world of flash technology is about to explode! Here are a …Read More »
Hynix Acquires Link_A_Media Devices
Korean semiconductor fabricator SK Hynix has announced a deal to acquire California's Link_A_Media Devices. Hynix manufactures NAND flash memory for SSDs and mobile applications in addition to other memory and semiconductor products. Hynix is the second largest memory products manufacturer by revenue behind fellow Korean firm Samsung. Back at Computex, Corsair announced announced a new line of high performance SATA III …Read More »


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What's Included
What's included?
That's a very good question, my friend.
The exact contents fluctuate depending on what program you enroll in but the basics are listed below:
First and foremost, you'll receive instruction from a mentor, who is solely dedicated to teaching you.
You will be put into a strictly structured curriculum designed to fully immerse you in your chosen field.
You will receive all your course books (we even ship them to at no cost to you).
In addition to your mentor, you will get a Student Services Representative assigned to you. They will be available to help you with homework or answer questions five days a week.
You will also receive a course in Internet Marketing and Self-Promotion
You will be automatically enrolled in our Stay Connected employment assistance program.


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Most people in the world are familiar with the standard 24-hour Western time system. It goes something like this:
HH is a number of hours from 00 to 23,
MM is a number of minutes from 00 to 59, and
SS.DD… is a number of seconds, also from 00 to 59, followed by a decimal fraction where additional precision is required. Immediately, several issues jump out.
It is inconsistent with normal Western numbers.
The Western numbering system is decimal, base-10. For consistency, surely our time should also be base-10? Indeed, scientific disciplines tend to eschew the full Western time system altogether in favour of simply using multiples of seconds.
However, decimalisation of time and its numerous proponents throughout the ages have always failed. Why? Perhaps because base-10 time systems do not divide well? It is very convenient to be able to divide time units 'smoothly' and thence keep the denominators small: we often speak of 'three quarters of an hour', but how often have you heard someone talk about 'ten twelfths of an hour', 'fifty minutes', or even 'a fifth of an hour'? It is not usually necessary because we have the 'quarter of an hour' measurement, which is close enough for almost all everyday purposes. I propose, without any particular evidence, that fractions in general are difficult to intuit, or perhaps even impossible: learning each new denominator requires an extra cognitive fact. You can probably picture a quarter or maybe even a third of a cake quite easily, and thence three quarters or two thirds, but how much extra effort does it take you to picture four fifteenths of a cake?
Base-10 time limits us to the denominators 2 and 5 (and multiples thereof). Not only is 5 a denominator people do not tend to use, it is quite small: the base is not 'smooth'. There is a clear and large gap between a half and a fifth that is not easily filled by any simple base-10 fraction, and this issue is compounded by the fact that the decimal hour, minute, and second are all rather much larger than their mixed-base counterparts. To wit, the difference between half a decimal hour and a fifth of a decimal hour is $\frac1{20} - \frac1{50} = \frac3{100}$ of a day, or almost three quarters of a base-24 hour — far too large a time difference to be negligible in day-to-day life.
It is inconsistent within itself.
The numbers of hours and minutes are not the same — it doesn't even read like a number. It is what is known as a mixed-base positional system: each position has a value, but those values are not the same, nor even regularly predictable. In terms of numbers of seconds, it looks something like this:
Like the similar irregularities with the Imperial system of measurements, now largely obsoleted by the more regular metric system, this makes arithmetic using times very difficult, requiring consideration of various compound constants. For example, 100000₁₀ seconds does not yield 100₁₀ days, and nor does 1000₆₀ seconds yield one day: to make the conversion to days, there is no simple procedure. Instead, one must break down the value, first into 24ths, then into 60ths, and then into 60ths again (and then into 10ths if one also needs to consider fractions of seconds). The same issues apply when converting to time intervals smaller than a second, since…
It is limited in range.
We have hours, minutes, and seconds — but beyond that, there is no further appropriate measurement, and people must resort to decimal fractions of seconds, introducing a new base. Why does it not continue down past the second in a regular base? I suspect the answer is that in ancient times people had no reliable way of measuring times smaller than a second. That is not the case today, of course, so why should we continue to support the legacy limitations of an old system?
It is wasteful of space.
The use of a sub-base aids arithmetic by allowing one to relate to the native decimal base, but introduces considerable redundancy due to the use of multiple characters to represent one value: the first digits of the minutes and seconds will only ever go up to 5, and of the hour, only 2! Furthermore, a separator must be inserted to make it clear when the mixed-base digits begin and end.
On closer inspection, a more subtle problem surfaces:
The lengths of the units are not well-suited to everyday usage.
There are two scales on which time is specified in everyday life: the larger scale, used for arranging synchronised times of events such as meetings, in which leeway of perhaps a dozen minutes is permissible; and the smaller scale, used for precision tasks such as cooking, in which permissible leeway is perhaps a dozen seconds either way. These very specifications reveal the intrinsic unsuitability of our units for these tasks: the unit boundaries should be such that one unit is sufficiently precise for the task at hand. As it is, we often have to mix our units in specifications, such as 'meet me at 15:30' or 'cook the noodles for 3:15': the hour is insufficiently precise but the minute excessively precise for the former, and the minute too vague but the second too specific for the latter. With a well-considered time unit, this can be avoided.
A Solution?
Sexagesimal (base-60) time solves problems 2, 3, and 5, though problem 1 can only be solved by using a sexagesimal base for native arithmetic (however, it is mitigated considerably by using a similar base, such as dozenal). The sexagesimal 'hour' and 'minute' are equivalent to twenty-four mixed-base minutes and seconds, respectively. This gives a single unit a precision of precisely ±12₁₀ of the next equivalent mixed-base unit on either side, which, it turns out, is roughly the sort of precision appropriate for the two everyday scales mentioned above. The system, being consistent, can be logically extended indefinitely in pure powers of 60, to any precision required for sciences and other extremely precise measurements.
The use of an intentionally-designed pure sexagesimal digit set, rather than a sub-base, allows times to be specified much more concisely: almost all everyday times can be represented with only two characters, rather than the four to eight required by the mixed-base system. This I intend to cover in a separate post.
The main problem of large number bases, the difficulty of multiplication and division, does not apply with times, since it makes no sense to multiply together two times. Considering this and the existing sexagesimal nature of most of our current mixed-base system, I would argue that sexagesimal is the ideal base for our time, and the units that arise from a sexagesimal division of the day are the ideal units for the specification of time as we use it in our everyday lives, as well as being less cumbersome in a technical context.
I have created a simple example of a software sexagesimal clock using Javascript and the
<canvas> element; it may be found here. Insofar as I am aware, the full clock does not currently work in Internet Explorer.
Problems that remain with this implementation are digit design and vocal specification of times: I hope to cover these topics in later posts.


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This rustic, ranch-style home is located in Kansas City, Kansas – just a block from Schlitterbahn Water Park and minutes from Providence Medical Center and the Legends Shopping Center!
This single family home is situated on a 1-acre treed lot, has central air and heat, and washer/dryer hook-ups located in the laundry room.
~Private dead end street gives you lots of privacy!~


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May Ball is one of the most highly anticipated events of the year and I was looking forward to my first time at this event (especially after organising an intense queuing schedule for tickets that involved me getting up at 4am). Unfortunately, the normal classic ticket holder (such as myself), didn't entitle you to much. Aside from access to Kinkell itself the only bonus you got was access to the three fairground rides, one of the bigger highlights of the evening.
I spent about an hour of my night in different lines for the rides (if you don't like queueing then this probably isn't the ball for you) but if you are with the right group of people (as I was!) it makes the experience much better and I enjoyed making friends in the queue, bumping into old tutorial friends, and dancing to some old school tunes. Inside Kinkell itself was the "main stage" which was disappointing in its choice to have very similar electronic music throughout the night. Where were the songs I could sing along to?? My VIP ticket holder friends told me that the music in their separate area was a lot more dancing/singing friendly with some classics that everyone knew the words to and even some jazz music to have a boogie to. The lack of songs I could recognise or even dance to properly was probably the most disappointing part of my night and although this may have been to the taste of some of the audience, the lack of variety meant that a large proportion of people were severely disappointed by the music choices.
Despite this one major setback May Ball was set up to try to ensure that everyone had a wonderful night. Buses ran quickly and efficiently from town and back again, Kinkell looked as stunning as ever and the evening air was warm enough for people to be outside eating food or watching their friends on rides. Drinks were sold at reasonable prices and there were enough staff that I never had to wait for particularly long for a good old vodka cranberry. Being with the right group of people was so important for this event and luckily I was with some great fun-loving friends and we had a wonderful mid-revision fortnight treat, getting dressed up in our finery and bumping into various friends!
£40 did seem a lot for a ticket to an event that didn't give you anything substantially different or more than any other ball in St. Andrews but as it is for charity I don't feel I can complain too much about this point and VIP tickets do seem better value for money as you have access to the site before everyone else, get free Jannetta's, pick and mix, cava, and your own stage (with more eclectic music).
Overall, the event was expertly organised and with some changes to the music and a VIP ticket, I'll definitely be willing to give May Ball another chance. It is a great way to celebrate the end of the year and the start of summer.
And at the end of the day isn't that what May Ball should be all about?
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Owl Eyes.
For more pictures of May Ball click here.
All images used are property of Owl Eyes Magazine.


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As an eight year old Nicholas Jones read in his Ladybird Book of Aircraft how an Englishman, Sir Frank Whittle, invented the jet engine.
Nicholas never imagined that twenty years later, by then a TV producer, he would spend two days actually filming Sir Frank in person, telling the incredible story of how he took jet aviation from an idea to reality.
This spring, it is 90 years since Whittle first began work on the concept of a jet engine. To mark this anniversary, Nicholas is releasing the DVD version of his 71 minute film documentary, Whittle – The Jet Pioneer.
The core of this film, which Nicholas first made for the History Channel, is his interview with Whittle. But it contains much else besides, including sequences filmed at Lutterworth.
Nicholas said: "It's amazing this small town is the crucible of jet aviation. Hence we had to film at the old Ladywood Works in Lutterworth, for it's there Whittle turned his basic pioneer jet engine into the model for all today's airliners", says Nicholas.
"We filmed Sir Frank's old office at Ladywood. To ease the stress, he sometimes tried to pot rabbits with his RAF revolver. Today, he'd hit the M1."
Other locations include Leamington Spa, and Rugby where Whittle built and tested the first jet engine in 1937.
The pioneer Whittle jet aircraft, the Gloster E28/39, first flew at Cranwell, on May 15, 1941. Archive footage shows this fight in Mr Jones' documentary, supported by Sir Frank's recall of this momentous event - and also by that of a witness, test pilot Eric "Winkle" Brown.
Mr Jones had got to know Sir Frank through working on a book about the jet engine. Before filming him, Nicholas took him out to dinner.
"He was modest and easy to get on with – but very sharp, intellectually. You had to know your stuff when talking to Sir Frank.
"I think he was sure about his legacy. He not only changed the face of the Earth. He enabled us to see what it actually looks like, each time we fly."
Mr Jones hopes Sir Frank's story will live on via his film Whittle - The Jet Pioneer.
It's for sale now as a DVD with extras from Quanta Films, for £15.99 plus £1.99 postage. To order a copy, please call Nicholas Jones at Quanta on 07435 973397 or 01666 826366.


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way back in 2011 i went to barry island to take some photos for a university project. only now am i blogging about it, haha! not really, i just wasn't into blogging at the time, but i was looking through old photos recently and came across these and wanted to share them.
i want to get out to different places and take more photos this year, so i'm essentially using these photos to encourage myself. i keep using the excuse of having no car/being unable to drive, but then i realise that's silly because there's quite a few places near-ish by that are quite easily accesible by bus and/or train, plus a bit of walking.
barry island, penarth, merthyr mawr, st fagans, and cosmeston lakes to name just a few. all of which i've been to before, besides merthyr mawr. it is an absolute dream to go to portmeirion one day, but that requires more travel and i would love to stay for a couple of days, so more money too.
if anybody reading this wants to come join me in some photography based travels at any point, you are more than welcome, and it would be ace to have a photography buddy.


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How to Delete Files on Mac Safely
How to delete files on Mac in a safe way? Here you will get two methods to erase files on Mac.
MacClean – Free Mac Cleaning Tool
Free download MacClean on your Mac computer to delete unwanted files on Mac after reading this guide on how to delete files on Mac.
At any time, you can freely deleted unwanted files on a Mac. If you are a Mac newbie and wondering how to delete files on your new Mac, you can get two easy ways in this guide.
You'd better turn on Time Machine before you deleting any unwanted files on your Mac to store a backup copy on in case that you change your mind and want the item later.
How to Delete Files on Mac
How to Delete a File on Mac Directly
Step 1. Find the folder you want to delete, and drag the item to the Trash. Or select the item, right click your mouse, and select Move to Trash.
Step 2. Right click the Trash, then click Empty Trash. You can also choose Finder > Secure Empty Trash to completely delete files on Mac.
Step 3. When you see a warning message, click Empty Trash to erase files on your Mac.
Another alternative way to erase files on Mac is using a free Mac cleaning software named MacClean, which manages to safely erase the files you unwanted on Mac and quickly empty the trash in one click. Besides this, MacClean also supports find out the duplicates on your Mac and allows you to delete them. Better still, it makes you more room by removing kinds of junk files including Internet junk, user junk, system junk, and application junk from your Mac.
Related Reading: Why Is Your Mac Running Slow >
How to Erase Files on Mac with MacClean
MacClean is a free and easy-to-use cleaning tool made for all Mac computers. Now free download it before reading the step-by-step tutorial below.
Step 1. Run MacClean and select Cleanup Tools, and then choose File Eraser.
How to Erase Files on Mac with MacClean – Step 1
Step 2. Click Add Files to add a file or folder you want to delete from Mac. Or you can drag folders you need to delete to MacClean directly.
How to Erase Files on Mac with MacClean – Step 2
Step 3. Click Erase to remove files from your Mac.
How to Erase Files on Mac with MacClean – Step 3
The Bottom Line
Deleting unwanted files on Mac is a quite simple task, and to keep your Mac always in its best state, you should try MacClean. If this guide helps, you can share it with your friends. If you have any questions on this guide or MacClean, please let us know in the comment section.
Top Posts on Cleanup and Speed Up Mac Computer
2017 Top 4 Mac Cleaners for Mac Computer > Joy. May 26th, 2017
How to Delete iMessages on Mac Permanently > Joy. May 23rd, 2017
Why is My Mac So Slow And Speed It Up > Joy. May 23rd, 2017
3 Methods to Clear Cache on Mac >Joy. June 14th, 2016
8 Tips to Free Up Space on Mac > Joy. July 12nd, 2017
How to Optimize Your Mac to Make It Faster > Joy. Sept 28th, 2016
Find & Delete Temporary Files on Mac > Joy. March 28th, 2016
More Related Articles You May Like
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- How to Delete Duplicates in iPhoto – This guide will show you a quick way to delete duplicates in iPhoto. Read more >>


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Tesla is building an enormous battery manufacturing facility in Nevada.
It could cost $5 billion and provide the electric-car startup with enough lithium-ion battery cells to achieve its ambitious goals of building half a million cars by 2020.
On Friday, reports surfaced that the so-called "Gigafactory" was experiencing construction delays.
But according to Bloomberg's Dana Hull, those reports are bogus. "Tesla Motors Inc. said construction of massive battery factory in Nevada remains on schedule, following a report in a local newspaper that the effort has been delayed."
Hull relayed a statement from Tesla, in which the car maker said that the Gigafactory is on schedule to fire up operations in 2016.
Tesla has been somewhat battered by negative opinion in the past few months, sending the stock down from a peak of $291, reached last September. Analysts have questioned the company's ability to achieve its production and sales goals over the next three years.
Get the latest Tesla stock price here.