text:
Qatar Travel Advice
Security travel advice for Qatar
Security information
Threat level: Medium
The current travel safety advice for Qatar is to remain cautious and aware of the local laws and customs. Most visits are without issue and it is classed as one of the safest Middle East countries. The country has been given the privilege of hosting the 2022 Football World Cup, and it is thought that this will bring in millions of visitors during the period. Preparations for the event have already begun.
Qatar has recently made a statement with renewed vigour in the fight against terrorism, with regards to propaganda and financing originating from its country. This may make it a more prominent target due to the international press attention regarding its pledge.
Recent Security Risk Events
Although there is a limited security threat towards visitors in Qatar, there is a high threat of terrorism directed towards western nationals travelling globally especially towards the end of Ramadan and Eid approach. Please be aware of this and take necessary precautions for your itinerary and watch the local news for specific alerts concerning your stay in the Middle East.
Sex outside of marriage is illegal in Qatar and has resulted in prison sentences, even in the cases of rape. Article 281 of Qatar's penal code states: "Whoever copulates with a female over 16 without compulsion, duress or ruse shall be punished with imprisonment for a term up to seven years. The same penalty shall also be imposed on the female for her consent." The penalties can also involve flogging/lashings. The case of rape is hard for females to prove in Qatar, a 2016 case which involved a Dutch visitor was brought into question as she was seen consensually walking with the accused. She evidentially received a suspended sentence and fined £580 after reporting the incident to the authorities.
Security Risks
There is a low risk of violent crime, with some petty crime on an upwards trend, however the country as a whole has a large police presence and strict enforcement. As such the risk of being a victim of serious crime is low and more likely with regards to financial or fraudulent crime. If normal safety precautions are undertaken with regards to the use of ATMs and credit cards then your visit should be trouble free.
Qatar is a Muslim country therefore it is very important you adhere to local customs, laws and traditions, for example dressing respectively and not showing expressions of intimacy in a public place. The latter is illegal and something which should be avoided altogether. Furthermore, homosexuality is also illegal so discretion is advised when travelling to Qatar.
Qatar is a very strict country with many religious laws and traditions. It is very important that visitors respect the cultural of the country at all times.
International Relations
Qatar has grown its international reach since its independence from the United Kingdom in 1971, it now has memberships with many international organisations. However Qatar's support for rebel groups and its coverage of events through its mainline media channel Al Jazeera news during the Arab spring seen its relations strained with Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Bahrain. Since then diplomatic talks have been undertaken, but there is still an underlying political competitiveness between many of the Middle Eastern Oil and Gas producing countries.
Travel considerations
Driving in Qatar is the foremost risk when visiting this country, with many vehicles speeding and having little consideration for others on the road. Be careful when travelling; wear a seatbelt and adhere to the rules of the road. Poor lighting can cause accidents as some drivers do not adhere to good driving practices and standards.
If you are involved in an accident, move the vehicle off the main road if possible and do not leave the scene as it is considered a criminal offence. Please note that some people have been deported due to road accidents.
There is a risk of piracy within the coastal region and the Persian Gulf, prominent near to the islands of Abu Masa and the Tunbs.
Like many Middle Eastern countries, Qatar can suffer with sand and dust storms, please make your way to a safe area inside if this occurs. The heavy rain season occurs from December to January, which can result in localised flooding and travel delays. There are also high levels of humidity and severe heat between June and September, take basic precautions to prevent dehydration and exhaustion.
General information
Religion: Islam
Currency: Riyal
Time now in Doha:
Visa requirements
British citizens can obtain a free 30-day visa-waiver when they arrive in Qatar. Visas can be obtained on arrival for British citizens, as well 34 other countries, however they may need to be requested prior to travel from other countries. Please see Qatar's Embassy advice page for further information.
It is advised that visitors to Qatar are up-to-date with primary boosters such as MMR. You should ensure that you have been further vaccinated against diseases such as Tetanus which is usually administered when you are a young baby. You may also want to consider a Hepatitis A vaccination. Check with your local health professional prior to travel if you are unsure.
Other health risks
Personal hygiene must be paramount, the local water supply avoided at all costs and bottled water inspected prior to consumption. There have been a number of reports of bottled water being refilled with tap water and re-sold.
The general standard of the healthcare facilities are excellent in Qatar however travellers are advised that treatment can be extremely costly, even simple routine procedures. You should therefore ensure that you have purchased adequate health and travel insurance for the entire trip.
Consular information
U.S. Embassy Doha
22nd February Street,
Al Luqta District,
P.O. Box 2399,
Telephone: +974 4496 6000
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
West Bay,
Dafna Area,
Onaiza Zone 66,
Al Shabab Street,
PO Box 3 Doha,
Telephone: +974 4496 2000
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
News Feed
Other useful info
Police emergency: 999
Fire emergency: 999
Medical emergency: 999
KAHRAMAA – Electricity and Water: 991


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For Sale 1596 sq. ft. commercial building in high traffic area in St. Charles City. Presently used as automotive repair shop with small office, three 10'X10' overhead doors, 2 car lifts, air compressor, 2 gas furnaces, 2 restrooms, and outside parking for approximately 12-15 vehicles. All furniture and file cabinets stay . No in-ground tanks or pits to worry about. Tools are not included in the sale. This is an AS IS Sale.
Listing courtesy of SCHNEIDER Real Estate, Inc..
Listings displaying the MARIS logo are courtesy of the participants of Mid America Regional Information Systems Internet Data Exchange. Information From Third Parties, Deemed Reliable But Not Verified

subset: commoncrawl


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Evolution Performance Driving School Phase Two
Evo Performance Driving School
Registration closed May 2, 2018 11:59 PM on May 2, 2018 11:59 PM EDT Registration ends May 2, 2018 11:59 PM on May 2, 2018 11:59 PM EDT Registration opens September 29, 2017 12:00 AM on September 29, 2017 12:00 AM EDT Registration runs from September 29, 2017 12:00 AM to May 2, 2018 11:59 PM
Thanks to the Cincinnati Region of the SCCA, Evolution will be holding a Phase Two at Traders World West Parking Lot in Lebanon, OH on Sunday May 6th, 2018. This program is great for anyone who has taken our Phase One, and is looking to take their driving to the next level. This program features 24 runs on four different course configurations, and all with our team of National Caliber instructors.
Two driver cars are welcomed at all Evolution Schools, although do require two entry fees. One driver will need to register as the Primary Driver, and the other as the Co-Driver. Both drivers will receive the same amount of runs as any other student. Two driver cars are split in the Run/Work order, to allow the car to get a break during the day.
Site Directions: Here
7:00 am Site Opens
7:30 am Tech Inspection
8:30 am Drivers Meeting (Mandatory)
8:45 am Instructed Sessions Begins
12:30 pm Working Lunch
1:00 pm Instructed Session Continue
5:00 pm Wrap-up Meeting
Pricing for each of the Evolution programs at this location is set at $265. For more information on this, as well as other Evolution Performance Driving Schools, please go to our website at: www.evoschool.com or contact Mike "Junior" Johnson at: email@example.com
For more information about the Cincinnati Region of the SCCA, check out their site at: www.cincyscca.com


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International Journal of Polymer Science
Volume 2016, Article ID 1648920, 8 pages
Utilization of Waste Clay from Boron Production in Bituminous Geosynthetic Barrier (GBR-B) Production as Landfill Liner
1Department of Environmental Engineering, Anadolu University, Iki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
2Anadolu University, Iki Eylül Campus, Research Institute of Earth and Space Sciences, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
3Department of Civil Engineering, Anadolu University, Iki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
4Department of Chemical Engineering, Anadolu University, Iki Eylül Campus, 26555 Eskişehir, Turkey
Received 9 December 2015; Accepted 28 January 2016
Academic Editor: Matheus Poletto
Copyright © 2016 Müfide Banar et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Bituminous geomembranes, one type of geosynthetics, include a hot bituminous mixture with mineral filler and reinforcement. In this study, boron production waste clay (CW) was used as filler to produce a geosynthetic barrier with bentonite, waste tire, and bitumen. Bentonite and waste tires were used as auxiliary fillers and bitumen as the binder. CW/bitumen, CW/bentonite/bitumen, and CW/waste tire/bitumen mixtures were prepared by using a laboratory mixer at 100°C. Hot mixtures were extruded into strips by using a lab-scale corotating twin screw extruder (L/D: 40) followed by die casting (2 mm × 100 mm). Glass fleece or nonwoven polyester was used as reinforcement material and while die casting, both sides of the reinforcement materials were covered with bituminous mixture. Thickness, mass per unit area, tensile strength, elongation at yield, and hydraulic conductivity were used to characterize the geomembranes. Among all geomembranes, nonwoven polyester covered with 30% bitumen-70% boron waste clay mixture (PK-BTM30CW70) was found to be the most promising in terms of structure and mechanical behaviour. After that, consequences of its exposure to distilled water (DW), municipal solid waste landfill leachate (L-MSW), and hazardous waste landfill leachate (L-HW) were examined to use for an innovative impermeable liner on solid waste landfills.


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"Boss, do you serve smaller portion ones? RM33 seemed a bit too big for single person"
"Is ok. I can finish it by myself, so can you". The boss lied.
Baba & Nyonya serve one of the best curry fish head in town. The thick and creamy, with slight sour taste is really appetizing. Goes really well with rice, and yet it's not too spicy rejected some people.
Be sure to order a bowl of Cendol Nyonya to go together with this curry.
088 733 993 / Chef Baba 016 810 8206 / Chef Nyonya 016 810 8205
Restaurant Baba & Nyonya Recipe Sdn Bhd
Block E, Lot 34, Tingkat Bawah, Grand Millennium Plaza, Jalan Baru KK – Donggongon New By-Pass. 88300 Penampang, Sabah.
10am to 10pm daily


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By Liz Madowo on June 15, 2014
Hi people?
First things first, Happy Father's Day to all the fathers out there. Potential fathers, Happy Father's Day to you too.
It's been a whole week. A long one week when I have not been blogging. By the end of this month, I should have a more regular schedule since I will be back in school. Till then, the once or twice a week posts will have to do.
Today, I was home before 3pm ,on a Sunday in a long time. The reason was,all my friends had one commitment or another. I am one of those weird people who can not walk into a restaurant alone and eat. I feel like the whole world will look at you and feel, "this girl has no friends to eat with her." For me eating is one of those things that you just need to do with someone else. And I have had this conversation with three friends so far. Only one, Akisa, feels like she could walk into a restaurant ad eat alone. So I thought I could do it today but when I neared the joint, I chickened out. I just cannot do it! So basically, that is why I was home so early.
I love this outfit. I got this top, worn as jacket last year and I have never worn it. Why you may ask. I was not sure how to style it. Shame on me for thinking it could only work as a top. Apparently today my make up was the star of the whole outfit so you are about to see a whole lot of close ups.
Tony Koros you are awesome. Thank you so much for taking my photos. I may not say it often but you are such a sweetheart.
White tee- Mombasa
Top and Pants- My friend Akisa.
Sneakers- Gift from my brother
Scarf- Gikomba
Bag- Guy at Bellevue
Ring- Dubois
Earrings, Necklace and Bracelet- Bridget's Fashion House
What do you guys think about eating alone? Is it a real fear or I am just being paranoid?
Thank you for reading. Have an amazing week.
June 15, 2014 @ 20:58
Hehe,eating alone depends on where you eat but yes it's a bit of a journey at times…I love love love this look.especially the turban!
June 15, 2014 @ 21:06
Thank you. In restaurant, I just think it is sad to eat alone
June 15, 2014 @ 22:30
That's right. I AM!!!
Liz Wakuraya
June 16, 2014 @ 01:12
Beautiful 🙂 the look is amazing! Always looking forward to your blog posts! Eating out alone is not very common…a meal shared always goes down so well!
June 16, 2014 @ 15:23
Thank you Liz. Yes, the food does taste better when shared.
June 16, 2014 @ 09:01
So digg' this look 🙂 and its not weird eating alone…
June 16, 2014 @ 15:25
Thank you dear.
I don't know how you do it.
June 16, 2014 @ 23:01
When I first joined campus I would starve almost to death because I had no friends to go to the cafeteria with. The fact that I was in a foreign country even made it worse. I eventually overcame the fear and am not afraid of eating alone anymore. Thank goodness I now have friends.
June 17, 2014 @ 00:38
Oh my God, that must have been really awful. Friends do make life much better
June 17, 2014 @ 00:50
They sure do.
July 18, 2014 @ 21:05
I freakin' LOVE your style! Am glad I discovered your blog.Lookin' foward to new posts..
July 19, 2014 @ 17:34
Thank you so much! Working on a new post actually 🙂
July 20, 2014 @ 16:27
Ok.I'm so eager.Better be soon? 🙂
Find Me On Instagram


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Most of the cleaning products you can buy at your local supermarket are riddled with a list of harsh chemicals that can be hazardous to you and your family's health. Long after they've served their purpose they can continue to wreak havoc on our local ecosystems and pollute our water tables. Avoid these dangers and save yourself some money by making your own cleaner at home! Here's a recipe for an extremely useful all purpose cleaner that is cheap, easy to make, and only requires two non-toxic ingredients that are common in most households.
- One large mason jar.
- Several orange (or other citrus) peels, enough to fill the jar.
- White Vinegar.
- Spray Bottle.
Save enough citrus peels to fill a large mason jar or other sealable container. If you plan to make some fresh squeezed orange juice you will quickly end up with enough peels to do the job. If you're saving them up over an extended period of time you can keep them fresh by placing them in a plastic bag inside your freezer until they're ready to be used.
Cut the peels into pieces so that they can loosely fit into the jar, but not so small that they take up the entire volume. We'll want the vinegar to be able to flow easily between the pieces. Fill the jar with vinegar so that all of the peels are completely submerged and secure the lid tightly.
Mark the jar with the date and allow it to sit at room temperature for 6 weeks, shaking the jar vigorously a couple of times each week. The vinegar will gradually extract the oils from the peels and you will be able to notice the vinegar smell diminishing as the citrus smell becomes stronger. Because it takes so long to prepare, you may want to start a new batch every couple of weeks depending on how much you will use.
After six weeks the liquid is ready to use. Strain the citrus-vinegar solution into a spray bottle and mix with equal parts water to clean kitchen and bathroom surfaces, windows, mirrors and more. Use the solution undiluted for tougher jobs like dried stove-tops. Pour a cup or two into bucket of hot water for mopping, or add some to a soaking dish to help cut through baked on grease!


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Facility creates more healthcare jobs in TampaTuesday, May 27th, 2014
The opening of a new facility may lead to the creation of more healthcare jobs in Tampa.
Adult Care and Respite, an adult daycare facility, has opened in St. Petersburg. The move may cause facilities of a similar type to open in surrounding cities, such as Tampa.
An adult day care center, also commonly known as adult day services, is a non-residential facility that supports the health, nutritional, social support, and daily living needs of adults in professionally staffed, group settings.[1] Adult day services centers serve as an emerging provider of transitional care and short-term rehabilitation following hospital discharge.
Most centers operate 10 – 12 hours per day and provide meals, meaningful activities, and general supervision. Operations in adult daycare centers are often referred to as social models (focusing on socialization and prevention services) and/or a medical model (including skilled assessment, treatment and rehabilitation goals).
Adult daycare is an alternative to nursing home or ALF placement.
IT allows the adult to age in their own homes, have their health monitored and managed, socialize, and provide respite to caregivers.
Offering person centered care that focuses on adults' strengths, likes and abilities. The center is a place where adults want to come to have their medical needs attended to, as well as socialize at the same time.
Whether it is someone with Alzheimer's or other forms of dementia including traumatic brain injury, diabetes, CHF, COPD or caregiver respite, Adult Care and Respite helps those "remain an active participant in life."
These daycare centers employ a variety of people such as nurses, CNAs, and sitters.


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'P'raps he was my father—though on this subjict I can't speak
suttinly, for my ma wrapped up my buth in a mistry. I may be illygitmit, I
may have been changed at nuss.'
In these strange words does Mr. Thackeray's Jeames de la Pluche anticipate
the historical mystery of James de la Cloche. HIS 'buth' is 'wrapped up in
a mistry,' HIS 'ma' is a theme of doubtful speculation; his father (to all
appearance) was Charles II. We know not whether James de la Cloche—rejecting
the gaudy lure of three crowns—lived and died a saintly Jesuit; or
whether, on the other hand, he married beneath him, was thrown into gaol,
was sentenced to a public whipping, was pardoned and released, and died at
the age of twenty-three, full of swaggering and impenitent impudence. Was
there but one James de la Cloche, a scion of the noblest of European royal
lines? Did he, after professions of a holy vocation, suddenly assume the
most secular of characters, jilting Poverty and Obedience for an earthly
bride? Or was the person who appears to have acted in this unworthy manner
a mere impostor, who had stolen James's money and jewels and royal name?
If so, what became of the genuine and saintly James de la Cloche? He is
never heard of any more, whether because he assumed an ecclesiastical
alias, or because he was effectually silenced by the person who took his
character, name, money, and parentage.
There are two factions in the dispute about de la Cloche. The former
(including the late Lord Acton and Father Boero) believe that James
adhered to his sacred vocation, while the second James was a rank
impostor. The other party holds that the frivolous and secular James was
merely the original James, who suddenly abandoned his vocation, and burst
on the world as a gay cavalier, and claimant of the rank of Prince of
Wales, or, at least, of the revenues and perquisites of that position.
The first act in the drama was discovered by Father Boero, who printed the
documents as to James de la Cloche in his 'History of the Conversion to
the Catholic Church of Charles II., King of England,' in the sixth and
seventh volumes, fifth series, of La Civilta Cattolica (Rome, 1863). (The
essays can be procured in a separate brochure.) Father Boero says not a
word about the second and secular James, calling himself 'Giacopo
Stuardo.' But the learned father had communicated the papers about de la
Cloche to Lord Acton, who wrote an article on the subject, 'The Secret
History of Charles II.,' in 'The Home and Foreign Review,' July 1862. Lord
Acton now added the story of the second James, or of the second avatar of
the first James, from State Papers in our Record Office. The documents as
to de la Cloche are among the MSS. of the Society of Jesus at Rome.
The purpose of Father Boero was not to elucidate a romance in royal life,
but to prove that Charles II. had, for many years, been sincerely inclined
to the Catholic creed, though thwarted by his often expressed
disinclination to 'go on his travels again.' In point of fact, the
religion of Charles II. might probably be stated in a celebrated figure of
Pascal's. Let it be granted that reason can discover nothing as to the
existence of any ground for religion. Let it be granted that we cannot
know whether there is a God or not. Yet either there is, or there is not.
It is even betting, heads or tails, croix ou pile. This being so, it is
wiser to bet that there is a God. It is safer. If you lose, you are just
where you were, except for the pleasures which you desert. If you win, you
win everything! What you stake is finite, a little pleasure; if you win,
you win infinite bliss.
So far Charles was prepared theoretically to go but he would not abandon
his diversions. A God there is, but 'He's a good fellow, and 'twill all be
well.' God would never punish a man, he told Burnet, for taking 'a little
irregular pleasure.' Further, Charles saw that, if bet he must, the safest
religion to back was that of Catholicism. Thereby he could—it was
even betting—actually ensure his salvation. But if he put on his
money publicly, if he professed Catholicism, he certainly lost his
kingdoms. Consequently he tried to be a crypto-Catholic, but he was not
permitted to practise one creed and profess another. THAT the Pope would
not stand. So it was on his death-bed that he made his desperate plunge,
and went, it must be said, bravely, on the darkling voyage.
Not to dwell on Charles's earlier dalliances with Rome, in November 1665,
his kinsman, Ludovick Stewart, Sieur d'Aubigny, of the Scoto-French Lennox
Stewarts, was made a cardinal, and then died. Charles had now no man whom
he could implicitly trust in his efforts to become formally, but secretly,
a Catholic. And now James de la Cloche comes on the scene. Father Boero
publishes, from the Jesuit archives, a strange paper, purporting to be
written and signed by the King's hand, and sealed with his private seal,
that diamond seal, whereof the impression brought such joy to the soul of
the disgraced Archbishop Sharp. Father Boero attests the authenticity of
seal and handwriting. In this paper, Charles acknowledges his paternity of
James Stuart, 'who, by our command, has hitherto lived in France and other
countries under a feigned name.' He has come to London, and is to bear the
name of 'de la Cloche du Bourg de Jarsey.' De la Cloche is not to produce
this document, 'written in his own language' (French), till after the
King's death. (It is important to note that James de la Cloche seems to
have spoken no language except French.) The paper is dated 'Whitehall,
September 27, 1665,' when, as Lord Acton observes, the Court, during the
Plague, was NOT at Whitehall.*
*Civ. Catt. Series V., vol. vi. 710. Home and Foreign Review, vol.
i. 156.
Lord Acton conjectured that the name 'de la Cloche' was taken from that of
a Protestant minister in Jersey (circ. 1646). This is the more probable,
as Charles later invented a false history of his son, who was to be
described as the son of 'a rich preacher, deceased.' The surname, de la
Cloche, had really been that of a preacher in Jersey, and survives in
After 1665, James de la Cloche was pursuing his studies in Holland, being
at this time a Protestant. Conceivably he had been brought up in a French
Huguenot family, like that of the de Rohan. On February 7, 1667, Charles
wrote a new document. In this he grants to de la Cloche 500 pounds a year,
while he lives in London and adheres to 'the religion of his father and
the Anglican service book.' But, in that very year (July 29, 1667), de la
Cloche went to Hamburg, and was there received into the Catholic Church,
forfeiting his pension.
Christina of Sweden was then residing in Hamburg. De la Cloche apprised
her of his real position—a son of the King of England—and must
have shown her in proof Charles's two letters of 1665 and 1667. If so—and
how else could he prove his birth?—he broke faith with Charles, but,
apparently, he did not mean to use Charles's letters as proof of his
origin when applying, as he did, for admission to the novitiate of the
Jesuits at Rome. He obtained from Christina a statement, in Latin, that
Charles had acknowledged him, privately, to her, as his son. This note of
Christina's, de la Cloche was to show to his director at Rome.
It does not appear that Charles had ever told Christina a word about the
matter. These pious monarchs were far from being veracious. However,
Christina's document would save the young man much trouble, on the point
of his illegitimacy, when, on April 11, 1668, he entered St. Andrea al
Quirinale as a Jesuit novice. He came in poverty. His wardrobe was of the
scantiest. He had two shirts, a chamois leather chest protector, three
collars, and three pairs of sleeves. He described himself as 'Jacques de
la Cloche, of Jersey, British subject,' and falsely, or ignorantly, stated
his age as twenty-four. Really he was twenty-two.* Why he told Christina
his secret, why he let her say that Charles had told her, we do not know.
It may be that the General of the Jesuits, Oliva, did not yet know who de
la Cloche really was. Meanwhile, his religious vocation led him to forfeit
500 pounds yearly, and expectations, and to disobey his father and king.
*Civ. Catt., ut supra, 712, 713, and notes.
The good King took all very easily. On August 3, 1668, he wrote a longa et
verbosa epistola, from Whitehall, to the General of the Jesuits. His face
was now set towards the secret treaty of Dover and conversion. The
conversion of his son, therefore, seemed truly providential. Charles had
discussed it with his own mother and his wife. To Oliva he wrote in
French, explaining that his Latin was 'poor,' and that, if he wrote
English, an interpreter would be needed, but that no Englishman was to
'put his nose' into this affair. He had long prayed God to give him a safe
and secret chance of conversion, but he could not use, without exciting
suspicion, the priests then in England. On the other hand, his son would
do: the young cavalier then at Rome, named de la Cloche de Jersey. This
lad was the pledge of an early love for 'a young lady of a family among
the most distinguished in our kingdoms.' He was a child of the King's
'earliest youth,' that is, during his residence in Jersey, March-June
1646, when Charles was sixteen. In a few years, the King hoped to
recognise him publicly. With him alone could Charles practise secretly the
mysteries of the Church. To such edifying ends had God turned an offence
against His laws, an amourette. De la Cloche, of course, was as yet not a
priest, and could not administer sacraments, an idea which occurred to
Charles himself.
The Queen of Sweden, Charles added, was prudent, but, being a woman, she
probably could not keep a secret. Charles wants his son to come home, and
asks the Jesuit to put off Christina with any lie he pleases, if she asks
questions. In short, he regards the General of the Jesuits as a person
ready to tell any convenient falsehood, and lets this opinion appear with
perfect naivete! He will ask the Pope to hurry de la Cloche into priest's
orders, or, if that is not easy, he will have the thing done in Paris, by
means of Louis XIV., or his own sister, Henrietta (Madame). Or the Queen
and Queen Mother can have it done in London, as they 'have bishops at
their will.' The King has no desire to interrupt his son's vocation as a
Jesuit. In London the young man must avoid Jesuit society, and other
occasions of suspicion. He ends with a promise of subscriptions to Jesuit
*Civ. Catt. Series V., vii. 269-274.
By the same courier, the King wrote to 'Our most honoured son, the Prince
Stuart, dwelling with the R.P. Jesuits under the name of Signor de la
Cloche.' James may be easy about money. He must be careful of his health,
which is delicate, and not voyage at an unhealthy season. The Queens are
anxious to see him. He should avoid asceticism. He may yet be recognised,
and take precedence of his younger and less nobly born brother, the Duke
of Monmouth. The King expresses his affection for a son of excellent
character, and distinguished by the solidity of his studies and
acquirements. If toleration is gained, de la Cloche has some chance of the
English throne, supposing Charles and the Duke of York to die without
issue male. Parliament will be unable to oppose this arrangement, unless
Catholics are excluded from the succession.
This has a crazy sound. The Crown would have been in no lack of legitimate
heirs, failing offspring male of the King and the Duke of York.
If de la Cloche, however, persists in his vocation, so be it. The King may
get for him a cardinal's hat. The King assures his son of his affection,
not only as the child of his extreme youth, but for the virtues of his
character. De la Cloche must travel as a simple gentleman.*
*Ut supra, 275, 278.
On August 29, Charles again wrote to Oliva. He had heard that the Queen of
Sweden was going to Rome. De la Cloche must not meet her, she might let
out the secret: he must come home at once. If Charles is known to be a
Catholic, there will be tumults, and he will lose his life. Another
letter, undated, asks that the novice, contrary to rule, may travel alone,
with no Jesuit chaperon, and by sea, direct from Genoa. Consulting
physicians, the King has learned that sea sickness is never fatal, rather
salutary. His travelling name should be Henri de Rohan, as if he were of
that Calvinistic house, friends of the King. The story must be circulated
that de la Cloche is the son of a rich preacher, deceased, and that he has
gone to visit his mother, who is likely to be converted. He must leave his
religious costume with the Jesuits at Genoa, and pick it up there on his
return. He must not land at the port of London, but at some other harbour,
and thence drive to town.*
Ut supra, 283-287.
On October 14, d'Oliva, from Leghorn, wrote to Charles that 'the French
gentleman' was on the seas. On November 18, Charles wrote to d'Oliva that
his son was returning to Rome as his secret ambassador, and, by the King's
orders, was to come back to London, bearing answers to questions which he
will put verbally. In France he leaves a Jesuit whom he is to pick up as
he again makes for England.*
*Father Florent Dumas, in a rather florid essay on 'The Saintly Son
of Charles II,' supposes that, after all, he had a Jesuit chaperon
during his expedition to England (Jesuit Etudes de Rel., Hist. et Lit.,
Paris, 1864-1865).
The questions to which de la Cloche is to bring answers doubtless
concerned the wish of Charles to be a Catholic secretly, and other
arrangements which he is known to have suggested on another occasion.
After this letter of November 18, 1668, WE NEVER HEAR A WORD ABOUT JAMES
DE LA CLOCHE.* No later letters from the King to d'Oliva are found, the
name of James de la Cloche does not occur again in the Records of the
Society of Jesus.
*Ut supra, 418-420.
Father Boero argues that James would return to London, under a third name,
unknown. But it would be risky for one who had appeared in England under
one name in 1665, and under another (Rohan) in 1668, to turn up under a
third in 1669. To take aliases, often three or four, was, however, the
custom of the English Jesuits, and de la Cloche may have chosen his
fourth. Thus we could not trace him, in records, unless Charles wrote
again to d'Oliva about his son. No such letter exists. In his letter of
November 18, Charles promises, in a year, a subscription to the Jesuit
building fund—this at his son's request. I know not if the money was
ever paid. He also asks Oliva to give James 800 doppie for expenses, to be
repaid in six months.
James did not leave the Society of Jesus, argues Father Boero, for, had he
left, he would have carried away the papers in which Charles acknowledges
him and promises a pension of 500 pounds yearly. But that document would
be useless to James, whether he remained a Jesuit or not, for the
condition of the pension (1667) was that he should be a Protestant of the
Anglican sect, and live in London. However, Charles's letter of 1668 was
in another tune, and James certainly left THAT with the Jesuits in Rome;
at least, they possess it now. But suppose that James fled secretly from
the Jesuits, then he probably had no chance of recovering his papers. He
was not likely to run away, however, for, Charles says, he 'did not like
London,' or the secular life, and he appears to have returned to Rome at
the end of 1668, with every intention of fulfilling his mission and
pursuing his vocation. His return mission to England over, he probably
would finish his Jesuit training at a college in France or Flanders, say
St. Omer's, where Titus Oates for a while abode. No James de la Cloche is
known there or elsewhere, but he might easily adopt a new alias, and
Charles would have no need to write to Oliva about him. It may be that
James was the priest at St. Omer's, whom, in 1670, Charles had arranged to
send, but did not send, to Clement IX.* He may also be the priest secretly
brought from abroad to Charles during the Popish Plot (1678-1681).**
*Mignet, Neg. rel. Succ. d'Espagne, iii. 232.
**Welwood, Memoirs, 146.
These are suggestions of Lord Acton, who thinks that de la Cloche may also
have been the author of two papers, in French, on religion, left by
Charles, in his own hand, at his death.* These are conjectures. If we
accept them, de la Cloche was a truly self-denying young semi-Prince,
preferring an austere life to the delights and honours which attended his
younger brother, the Duke of Monmouth. But, just when de la Cloche should
have been returning from Rome to London, at the end of 1668 or beginning
of 1669, a person calling himself James Stuart, son of Charles II., by an
amour, at Jersey, in 1646, with a 'Lady Mary Henrietta Stuart,' appeared
in some magnificence at Naples. This James Stuart either was, or affected
to be, James de la Cloche. Whoever he was, the King's carefully guarded
secret was out, was public property.
*Home and Foreign Review, i. 165.
Our information as to this James Stuart, or Giacopo Stuardo, son of the
King of England—the cavalier who appears exactly when the Jesuit
novice, James de la Cloche, son of the King of England, vanishes—is
derived from two sources. First there are Roman newsletters, forwarded to
England by Kent, the English agent at Rome, with his own despatches in
English. It does not appear to me that Kent had, as a rule, any intimate
purveyor of intelligence at Naples. He seems, in his own letters to
Williamson,* merely to follow and comment on the Italian newsletters which
he forwards and the gossip of 'the Nation,' that is, the English in Rome.
The newsletters, of course, might be under the censorship of Rome and
Naples. Such is one of our sources.**
*See 'The Valet's Master,' for other references to Williamson.
**State Papers, Italian, 1669, Bundle 10, Record Office.
Lord Acton, in 1862, and other writers, have relied solely on this first
set of testimonies. But the late Mr. Maziere Brady has apparently ignored
or been unacquainted with these materials, and he cites a printed book not
quoted by Lord Acton.* This work is the third volume of the 'Lettere' of
Vincenzo Armanni of Gubbio, who wrote much about the conversion of
England, and had himself been in that country. The work quoted was printed
(privately?) by Giuseppe Piccini, at Macerata, in 1674, and, so far, I
have been unable to see an example. The British Museum Library has no
copy, and the 'Lettere' are unknown to Brunet. We have thus to take a
secondhand version of Armanni's account. He says that his informant was
one of two confessors, employed successively by Prince James Stuart, at
Naples, in January-August 1669. Now, Kent sent to England an English
translation of the Italian will of James Stuart. A will is also given, of
course in Italian, by Vincenzo Armanni; a copy of this is in the Record
*Maziere Brady, Anglo-Roman Papers, pp. 93-121 (Gardner Paisley,
It appears from this will that James Stuart, for reasons of his own,
actually did enjoy the services of two successive confessors, at Naples,
in 1669. The earlier of these two was Armanni's informant. His account of
James Stuart differs from that of Kent and the Italian newsletters, which
we repeat, alone are cited by Lord Acton (1862); while Mr. Brady (1890),
citing Armanni, knows nothing of the newsletters and Kent, and conceives
himself to be the first writer in English on the subject.
Turning to our first source, the newsletters of Rome, and the letters of
Kent, the dates in each case prove that Kent, with variations, follows the
newsletters. The gazzetta of March 23, 1669, is the source of Kent's
despatch of March 30. On the gazzette of April 6, 13, and 20, he makes no
comment, but his letter of June 16 varies more or less from the newsletter
of June 11. His despatch of September 7 corresponds to the newsletter of
the same date, but is much more copious.
Taking these authorities in order of date, we find the newsletter of Rome
(March 23, 1669) averring that an unknown English gentleman has been 'for
some months' at Naples, that is, since January at least, and has fallen in
love with the daughter of a poor innkeeper, or host (locandiere). He is a
Catholic and has married the girl. The newly made father-in-law has been
spending freely the money given to him by the bridegroom. Armanni, as
summarised by Mr. Brady, states the matter of the money thus: 'The Prince
was anxious to make it appear that his intended father-in-law was not
altogether a pauper, and accordingly he gave a sum of money to Signor
Francesco Corona to serve as a dowry for Teresa. Signor Corona could not
deny himself the pleasure of exhibiting this money before his friends, and
he indiscreetly boasted before his neighbours concerning his rich
From Armanni's version, derived from the confessor of James Stuart, it
appears that nothing was said as to James's royal birth till after his
arrest, when he informed the Viceroy of Naples in self-defence.
To return to the newsletter of March 23, it represents that the Viceroy
heard of the unwonted expenditure of money by Corona, and seized the
English son-in-law on suspicion. In his possession the Viceroy found about
200 doppie, many jewels, and some papers in which he was addressed as
Altezza (Highness). The word doppie is used by Charles (in Boero's Italian
translation) for the 800 coins which he asks Oliva to give to de la Cloche
for travelling expenses. Were James Stuart's 200 doppie the remains of the
800? Lord Acton exaggerates when he writes vaguely that Stuart possessed
'heaps of pistoles.' Two hundred doppie (about 150 or 160 pounds) are not
'heaps.' To return to the newsletter, the idea being current that the
young man was a natural son of the King of England, he was provisionally
confined in the castle of St. Elmo. On April 6, he is reported to be shut
up in the castle of Gaeta. On the 20th, we hear that fifty scudi monthly
have been assigned to the prisoner for his support. The Viceroy has
written (to England) to ask what is to be done with him.
On June 11, it is reported that, after being removed to the Vicaria, a
prison for vulgar malefactors, the captive has been released. He is NOT
the son of the King of England.
Kent's letter of March 30 follows the newsletter of March 23. He adds that
the unknown Englishman 'seems' to have 'vaunted to bee the King of
England's sonne BORNE AT GERSEY,' a fact never expressly stated about de
la Cloche. It is not clear that James Stuart vaunted his birth before his
arrest made it necessary for him to give an account of himself. Kent also
says that the unknown sent for the English consul, Mr. Browne, 'to assist
his delivery out of the castle. But it seems he could not speake a word of
English nor give any account of the birth he pretended to.' On Kent's
showing, he had no documentary proofs of his royal birth. French was de la
Cloche's language, if this unknown was he, and if Kent is right, he had
not with him the two documents and the letter of Charles II. and the
certificate of the Queen of Sweden. 'This is all the light I can picke out
of the Nation, or others, of his extravagant story, which whether will end
in Prince or cheate I shall endeavour to inform you hereafter.'
Kent's next letter (June 16) follows, with variations, the newsletter of
June 11:—Kent to J. Williamson
June 16, 1669.
The Gentleman who WOULD HAVE BEENE HIS MAT'YS BASTARD at Naples, vpon the
receipt of his Ma'ties Letters to that Vice King was immediately taken out
of the Castle of Gaetta brought to Naples and Cast into the Grand Prison
called the Vicaria, where being thrust amongst the most Vile and infamous
Rascalls, the Vice King intended to have Caused him to bee whipt about the
Citty, but meanes was made by his wife's kindred (Who was Likewise taken
with this pretended Prince) to the Vice-Queene, who, in compassion to her
and her kindred, prevailed with Don Pedro to deliver him from that Shame
[and from gaol, it seems], and soe ends the Story of this fourb WHO SPEAKS
The newsletter says nothing of the intended whipping, or of the
intercession of the family of the wife of the unknown. These points may be
the additions of gossips.
In any case the unknown, with his wife, after a stay of no long time in
the Vicaria, is set at liberty. His release might be explained on the
ground that Charles disavowed and cast him off, which he might safely do,
if the man was really de la Cloche, but had none of the papers proving his
birth, the papers which are still in the Jesuit archives. Or he may have
had the papers, and they may have been taken from him and restored to the
Jesuit General.
So far, the betting as to whether de la Cloche and the Naples pretender
were the same man or not is at evens. Each hypothesis is beset by
difficulties. It is highly improbable that the unworldly and enthusiastic
Jesuit novice threw up, at its very crisis, a mission which might lead his
king, his father, and the British Empire back into the one Fold. De la
Cloche, forfeiting his chances of an earthly crown, was on the point of
gaining a heavenly one. It seems to the last degree unlikely that he would
lose this and leave the Jesuits to whom he had devoted himself, and the
quiet life of study and religion, for the worldly life which he disliked,
and for that life on a humble capital of a few hundred pounds, and some
jewels, presents, perhaps from the two Queens, his grandmother and
stepmother. De la Cloche knew that Charles, if the novice clung to
religion, had promised to procure for him, if he desired it, a cardinal's
hat; while if, with Charles's approval, he left religion, he might be a
prince, perhaps a king. He had thus every imaginable motive for behaving
with decorum—in religion or out of it. Yet, if he is the Naples
pretender, he suddenly left the Jesuits without Charles's knowledge and
approval, but by a freakish escapade, like 'The Start' of Charles himself
as a lad, when he ran away from Argyll and the Covenanters. And he did
this before he ever saw Teresa Corona. He reminds one of the Huguenot
pastor in London, whom an acquaintance met on the Turf. 'I not preacher
now, I gay dog,' explained the holy man.
All this is, undeniably, of a high improbability. But on the other side,
de la Cloche was freakish and unsettled. He had but lately (1667) asked
for and accepted a pension to be paid while he remained an Anglican, then
he was suddenly received into the Roman Church, and started off, probably
on foot, with his tiny 'swag' of three shirts and three collars, to walk
to Rome and become a Jesuit. He may have deserted the Jesuits as suddenly
and recklessly as he had joined them. It is not impossible. He may have
received the 800 pounds for travelling expenses from Oliva; not much of it
was left by March 1669—only about 150 pounds. On the theory that the
man at Naples was an impostor, it is odd that he should only have spoken
French, that he was charged with no swindles, that he made a very poor
marriage in place of aiming at a rich union; that he had, somehow, learned
de la Cloche's secret; and that, possessing a fatal secret, invaluable to
a swindler and blackmailer, he was merely disgraced and set free. Louis
XIV. would, at least, have held him a masked captive for the rest of his
life. But he was liberated, and, after a brief excursion, returned to
Naples, where he died, maintaining that he was a prince.
Thus, on either view, 'prince or cheat,' we are met by things almost
We now take up the Naples man's adventure as narrated by Kent. He writes:
Kent to Jo: Williamson
Rome: August 31, 1669.
That certaine fellow or what hee was, who pretended to bee his Ma'ties
naturall sonn at Naples is dead and haueing made his will they write mee
from thence wee shall with the next Poast know the truth of his quality.
September 7, 1669.
That certaine Person at Naples who in his Lyfe tyme would needes bee his
Ma'ties naturall Sonne is dead in the same confidence and Princely humour,
for haueing Left his Lady Teresa Corona, an ordinary person, 7 months gone
with Child, hee made his Testament, and hath Left his most Xtian Ma'tie
(whom he called Cousin) executor of it.
Hee had been absent from Naples some tyme pretending to haue made a
journey into France to visit his Mother, Dona Maria Stuarta of His Ma'tie
Royall Family, which neernes and greatnes of Blood was the cause, Saies
hee, that his Ma'tie would never acknowledge him for his Sonn, his mother
Dona Maria Stuarta was, it seemes, dead before hee came into France. In
his will hee desires the present King of England Carlo 2nd to allow His
Prince Hans in Kelder eighty thousand Ducketts, which is his Mother's
Estate, he Leaues Likewise to his Child and Mother Teresa 291 thousand
Ducketts which hee calls Legacies. Hee was buried in the Church of St.
Fran'co Di Paolo out of the Porta Capuana (for hee dyed of this Religion).
He left 400 pounds for a Lapide to have his name and quality engrauen vpon
it for hee called himself Don Jacopo Stuarto, and this is the end of that
Princely Cheate or whatever hee was.
The newsletter of September 7 merely mentions the death and the will. On
this occasion Kent had private intelligence from a correspondent in
Naples. Copies of the will, in English and in Italian, were forwarded to
England, where both copies remain.
'This will,' Lord Acton remarked, 'is fatal to the case for the Prince.'
If not fatal, it is a great obstacle to the cause of the Naples man. He
claims as his mother, Donna Maria Stewart, 'of the family of the Barons of
San Marzo.' If Marzo means 'March,' the Earl of March was a title in the
Lennox family. The only Mary Stewart in that family known to Douglas's
'Peerage' was younger than James de la Cloche, and died, the wife of the
Earl of Arran, in 1667, at the age of eighteen. She may have had some
outlying cousin Mary, but nothing is known of such a possible mother of de
la Cloche. Again, the testator begs Charles II. to give his unborn child
'the ordinary principality either of Wales or Monmouth, or other province
customary to be given to the natural sons of the Crown;' to the value of
100,000 scudi!
Could de la Cloche be so ignorant as to suppose that a royal bastard might
be created Prince of Wales? He certainly knew, from Charles's letter, that
his younger brother was already Duke of Monmouth. His legacies are of
princely munificence, but—he is to be buried at the expense of his
By way of security for his legacies, the testator 'assigns and gives his
lands, called the Marquisate of Juvignis, worth 300,000 scudi.'
Mr. Brady writes: 'Juvignis is probably a mistake for Aubigny, the dukedom
which belonged to the Dukes of Richmond and Lennox by the older creation.'
But a dukedom is not a marquisate, nor could de la Cloche hold Aubigny, of
which the last holder was Ludovick Stewart, who died, a cardinal, in
November 1665. The lands then reverted to the French Crown. Moreover,
there are two places called Juvigny, or Juvignis, in north-eastern France
(Orne and Manche). Conceivably one or other of these belonged to the house
of Rohan, and James Stuart's posthumous son, one of whose names is
'Roano,' claimed a title from Juvigny or Juvignis, among other absurd
pretensions. 'Henri de Rohan' was only the travelling name of de la Cloche
in 1668, though it is conceivable that he was brought up by the de Rohan
family, friendly to Charles II.
The whole will is incompatible with all that de la Cloche must have known.
Being in Italian it cannot have been intelligible to him, and may
conceivably be the work of an ignorant Neapolitan attorney, while de la
Cloche, as a dying man, may have signed without understanding much of what
he signed. The folly of the Corona family may thus (it is a mere
suggestion) be responsible for this absurd testament. Armanni, however,
represents the man as sane, and very devout, till his death.
A posthumous child, a son, was born and lived a scrambling life, now
'recognised' abroad, now in prison and poverty, till we lose him about
*A. F. Steuart, Engl. Hist. Review, July 1903, 'The Neapolitan
Stuarts.' Maziere Brady, ut supra.
Among his sham titles are Dux Roani and 'de Roano,' clearly referring, as
Mr. Steuart notices, to de la Cloche's travelling name of Henri de Rohan.
The Neapolitan pretender, therefore, knew the secret of that incognito,
and so of de la Cloche's mission to England in 1668. That, possessing this
secret, he was set free, is a most unaccountable circumstance. Charles had
written to Oliva that his life hung on absolute secrecy, yet the owner of
the secret is left at liberty.
Our first sources leave us in these perplexities. They are not
disentangled by the 'Lettere' of Vincenzo Armanni (1674). I have been
unable, as has been said, to see this book. In the summary by Mr. Brady we
read that (1668-1669) Prince James Stuart, with a French Knight of the
Order of St. John of Jerusalem, came to Naples for his health. This must
have been in December 1668 or January 1669; by March 1669 the pretender
had been 'for some months' in Naples. The Frenchman went by way of Malta
to England, recommending Prince James to a confessor at Naples, who was a
parish priest. This priest was Armanni's informant. He advised the Prince
to lodge with Corona, and here James proposed to Teresa. She at first held
aloof, and the priest discountenanced the affair. The Prince ceased to be
devout, but later chose another confessor. Both priests knew, in
confession, the secret of his birth: the Prince says so in his will, and
leaves them great legacies. So far Armanni's version is corroborated.
Mr. Brady goes on, citing Armanni: 'At last he chose another spiritual
director, to whom he revealed not only his passion for Teresa Corona, but
also the secret of his birth, showing to him the letters written by the
Queen of Sweden and the Father General of the Jesuits.' Was the latter
document Oliva's note from Leghorn of October 14, 1668? That did not
contain a word about de la Cloche's birth: he is merely styled 'the French
gentleman.' Again, the letter of the Queen of Sweden is now in the Jesuit
archives; how could it be in the possession of the pretender at Naples?
Was it taken from him in prison, and returned to Oliva?
The new confessor approved of the wedding which was certainly celebrated
on February 19, 1669. Old Corona now began to show his money: his new
son-in-law was suspected of being a false coiner, and was arrested by the
Viceroy. 'The certificates and papers attesting the parentage of James
Stuart were then produced....' How could this be—they were in the
hands of the Jesuits at Rome. Had de la Cloche brought them to Naples, the
Corona family would have clung to them, but they are in the Gesu at Rome
to this day. The rest is much as we know it, save, what is important, that
the Prince, from prison, 'wrote to the General of the Jesuits, beseeching
him to interpose his good offices with the Viceroy, and to obtain
permission for him to go to England via Leghorn' (as in 1688) 'and
Armanni knew nothing, or says nothing, of de la Cloche's having been in
the Jesuit novitiate. His informant, the priest, must have known that, but
under seal of confession, so he would not tell Armanni. He did tell him
that James Stuart wrote to the Jesuit general, asking his help in
procuring leave to go to England. The General knew de la Cloche's hand,
and would not be taken in by the impostor's. This point is in favour of
the identity of James Stuart with de la Cloche. The Viceroy had, however,
already written to London, and waited for a reply. 'Immediately on arrival
of the answer from London, the Prince was set at liberty and left Naples.
It may be supposed he went to England. After a few months he returned to
Naples with an assignment of 50,000 scudi,' and died of fever.
Nothing is said by Armanni of the imprisonment among the low scum of the
Vicaria: nothing of the intended whipping, nothing of the visit by James
Stuart to France. The 50,000 scudi have a mythical ring. Why should James,
if he had 50,000 scudi, be buried at the expense of his father-in-law, who
also has to pay 50 ducats to the notary for drawing the will of this
'prince or cheate'? Probably the parish priest and ex-confessor of the
prince was misinformed on some points. The Corona family would make out
the best case they could for their royal kinsman.
Was the man of Naples 'prince or cheate'? Was he de la Cloche, or, as Lord
Acton suggests, a servant who had robbed de la Cloche of money and papers?
Every hypothesis (we shall recapitulate them) which we can try as a key
fails to fit the lock. Say that de la Cloche had confided his secret to a
friend among the Jesuit novices; say that this young man either robbed de
la Cloche, or, having money and jewels of his own, fled from the S. Andrea
training college, and, when arrested, assumed the name and pretended to
the rank of de la Cloche. This is not inconceivable, but it is odd that he
had no language but French, and that, possessing secrets of capital
importance, he was released from prison, and allowed to depart where he
would, and return to Naples when he chose.
Say that a French servant of de la Cloche robbed and perhaps even murdered
him. In that case he certainly would not have been released from prison.
The man at Naples was regarded as a gentleman, but that is not so
important in an age when the low scoundrel, Bedloe, could pass in Spain
and elsewhere for an English peer.
But again, if the Naples man is a swindler, as already remarked, he
behaves unlike one. A swindler would have tried to entrap a woman of
property into a marriage—he might have seduced, but would not have
married, the penniless Teresa Corona, giving what money he had to her
father. When arrested, the man had not in money more than 160 pounds. His
maintenance, while in prison, was paid for by the Viceroy. No detaining
charges, from other victims, appear to have been lodged against him. His
will ordains that the document shall be destroyed by his confessor, if the
secret of his birth therein contained is divulged before his death. The
secret perhaps was only known—before his arrest—to his
confessors; it came out when he was arrested by the Viceroy as a coiner of
false money. Like de la Cloche, he was pious, though not much turns on
that. If Armanni's information is correct, if, when taken, the man wrote
to the General of the Jesuits—who knew de la Cloche's handwriting—we
can scarcely escape the inference that he was de la Cloche.
On the other hand is the monstrous will. Unworldly as de la Cloche may
have been, he can hardly have fancied that Wales was the appanage of a
bastard of the Crown; and he certainly knew that 'the province of
Monmouth' already gave a title to his younger brother, the duke, born in
1649. Yet the testator claims Wales or Monmouth for his unborn child.
Again, de la Cloche may not have known who his mother was. But not only
can no Mary, or Mary Henrietta, of the Lennox family be found, except the
impossible Lady Mary who was younger than de la Cloche; but we observe no
trace of the presence of any d'Aubigny, or even of any Stewart, male or
female, at the court of the Prince of Wales in Jersey, in 1646.*
*See Hoskins, Charles II. in the Channel islands (Bentley, London,
The names of the suite are given by Dr. Hoskins from the journal (MS.) of
Chevalier, a Jersey man, and from the Osborne papers. No Stewart or Stuart
occurs, but, in a crowd of some 3,000 refugees, there MAY have been a
young lady of the name. Lady Fanshaw, who was in Jersey, is silent. The
will is absurd throughout, but whether it is all of the dying pretender's
composition, whether it may not be a thing concocted by an agent of the
Corona family, is another question.
It is a mere conjecture, suggested by more than one inquirer, as by Mr.
Steuart, that the words 'Signora D. Maria Stuardo della famiglia delli
Baroni di S. Marzo,' refer to the Lennox family, which would naturally be
spoken of as Lennox, or as d'Aubigny. About the marquisate of Juvigny
(which cannot mean the dukedom of d'Aubigny) we have said enough. In
short, the whole will is absurd, and it is all but inconceivable that the
real de la Cloche could have been so ignorant as to compose it.
So the matter stands; one of two hypotheses must be correct—the
Naples man was de la Cloche or he was not—yet either hypothesis is
almost impossible.*
*I was at first inclined to suppose that the de la Cloche papers in
the Gesu—the letters of Charles II. and the note of the Queen of
Sweden—were forgeries, part of an impostor's apparatus, seized at
Naples and sent to Oliva for inspection. But the letters—handwriting
and royal seal apart—show too much knowledge of Charles's secret policy
to have been feigned. We are not told that the certificates of de la
Cloche's birth were taken from James Stuart in prison, and, even if he
possessed them, as Armanni says he did, he may have stolen them, and
they may have been restored by the Viceroy of Naples, as we said, to the
Jesuits. As to whether Charles II. paid his promised subscription to
the Jesuit building fund, Father Boero says: 'We possess a royal letter,
proving that it was abundant' (Boero, Istoria etc., p. 56, note 1),
but he does not print the letter; and Mr. Brady speaks now of extant
documents proving the donation, and now of 'a traditional belief that
Charles was a benefactor of the Jesuit College.'
It may be added that, on December 27, 1668, Charles wrote to his sister,
Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans: 'I assure you that nobody does, nor shall,
know anything of it here' (of his intended conversion and secret dealings
with France) 'but my selfe, and that one person more, till it be fitte to
be publique...' 'That one person more' is not elsewhere referred to in
Charles's known letters to his sister, unless he be 'he that came last,
and delivered me your letter of the 9th December; he has given me a full
account of what he was charged with, and I am very well pleased with what
he tells me' (Whitehall, December 14, 1668).
This mysterious person, the one sharer of the King's secret, may be de la
Cloche, if he could have left England by November 18, visited Rome, and
returned to Paris by December 9. If so, de la Cloche may have fulfilled
his mission. Did he return to Italy, and appear in Naples in January or
February 1669? (See Madame, by Julia Cartwright, pp. 274, 275, London,


text:
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The UnityPoint Foundation is currently seeking an Executive Assistant to join our dynamic team! This person should have strong personal and professional integrity, energy, creativity, a strong work ethic and a desire to make a difference for patients and families at UnityPoint.
Performs office manager functions, including greeting visitors, managing mail, printing donor receipts, managing RSVP lists for events, donor data entry and extraction, maintaining office hours and security, and reporting payroll & PTO.


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Racing SeriesShow details
Formula E is a class of motorsport that uses only electric-powered cars. The series was conceived in 2011, and the inaugural championship commenced in Beijing in September 2014. The series is currently in its fifth season. It is sanctioned by the FIA. Alejandro Agag is the founder and current chairman of Formula E Holdings. ... Read more on wikipedia


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1. Open a Student record and select the Enrollments tab
2. Underneath All Enrollments, highlight the enrollment to delete, and click the delete button (red X)
3. Click Yes to the prompt "Are you sure you want to delete this enrollment and all related status log entries?"
4. Save and close the student record
Please note that if an enrollment is marked as active, it cannot be deleted. If there is only one enrollment listed, it is considered the active one and cannot be deleted.
Blackbaud Community
Connect and collaborate with fellow Blackbaud users.


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🎧 Why Worldviews Matter
Subscribe: Apple Podcasts | Android | Google Podcasts | Stitcher | RSS
Tricia Powell presents the strong case for why Christians need to understand the different worldviews so that they "have a seat at the table." Listen to this spunky Puerto Rican mother, wife and Apologia worldview teacher explain the basic fundamentals of Marxism, and postmodernism contrasted to a biblical worldview. Learn how the Secular Humanists set out in the early 1900s to Christian values out of schools, media, government, etc. According to Tricia, it is time to stop with the holy huddles and get out into the world and join the conversation of worldview in every aspect of life.
Tricia explains that Christians shouldn't isolate themselves from this upside down world nor should they become tolerant. They should be equipped to boldly speak the truth with love.
Tricia Powell, a bi-lingual native of Puerto Rico, graduated Magna Cum Laude with a degree in Business Administration and is a graduate of the 2014-2015 Chuck Colson's Fellows Worldview Program. Before answering the call to motherhood, she managed large-scale projects and worked on programs for major corporations.
Tricia discovered her love of teaching when she volunteered and mentored students in the youth group at her local church. Her desire to inspire continued when she worked for a foreign exchange program where she supervised 40+ students from around the world. She hosted seven students of her own during her four year tenure with this program. She proceeded to redirect her energy to her first ministry, her family, and began homeschooling her own children. She has taught History, Government and Classical Literature at her children's co-op. In addition, she is a frequent speaker serving on the Hosea Initiative team teaching worldview and its impact on social issues. She is currently teaching worldview to high school students.
For Further Insight:
Follow on Twitter: https://twitter.com/sassyPRgirl
Website: http://www.apologiaonlineacademy.com/
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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The foundation for healthy life. We companion with over 1,000 hospitals all through North America to supply and serve meals which might be produced, processed, and transported in methods which could be protective of public and environmental well being. Our advocacy work with 1000's of properly being professionals has resulted inside the creation of sustainable meals purchasing policies, environmental well being curricula, and advocacy for wholesome food protection at federal, state and native ranges.
As a result of excessive focus of athletic and well being‐oriented clientele, the fitness center is a good place to offer dietary dietary supplements equivalent to protein powders, nutritional vitamins, minerals, creatine, amino acids, pre-workout, intra-workout, and publish-exercise diet. To really enhance income one will need to set up their own supplement brand. The supplement storefront will likely be contained in the Tri-County Well being & Fitness facility. The product providing will begin small however expansion will proceed to grow as demand will increase. Intra-Workout Nutrition could be very trendy within the bodybuilder neighborhood. Intra-Workout Diet is scientifically backed to help promote health endurance and help in muscle recovery. There is a high client demand for dietary dietary supplements however minimal customized order requirements are $10,000. Tri-County Health & Fitnesswill purpose to deploy our first nutritional complement product by the tip of the second working yr.
2. Periodically We Should Pause, Replicate, and Rejoice! In many of our communities slipping slightly below the radar of notoriety are well being and fitness applications which have had significant constructive impacts on the folks they serve, Dixie Stanforth, Ph.D., FACSM and Kelsey Graham, MEd, CHES, share three of these tales in their feature article, "Rejoice Success!" I'm positive you will enjoy reading these extraordinary stories and will be taught from them as I have.
Our worst threat is the complement trade leaders and the brand new native YMCA that will be constructed in the near future. The potential for development as a nationwide company will likely be our essential driving force. Tri-County Well being & Fitness' future will rely on the scalability of our nutritional supplement products and our retail meals sales. By combining presents like this we can compete in 2 growing industries providing Tri-County Well being & Health with immense opportunity to grow.
Drive your health ahead at Edward-Elmhurst Health & Fitness. No matter in case your goal is to run your tenth marathon or stroll 10 ft across the room, our medically-based health centers and skilled group of trainers and workers will allow you to reach your Wholesome Driven targets.


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Movie Review: Taxiwaala
Vijay Deverakonda, Priyanka, Malavika Nayar, Madhunandan, Sijju and others
Director - Rahul Sakrityan
Producer - SKN
Banner - UV Creations, GA 2 Pictures
Music - Jakes Bejoy
Vijay Deverakonda, Priyanka, Malavika Nayar, Madhunandan, Sijju and others
Director - Rahul Sakrityan
Producer - SKN
Banner - UV Creations, GA 2 Pictures
Music - Jakes Bejoy
Vijay Deverakonda's latest film Taxiwaala is a cross genre movie that has supernatural, science fiction elements mixed into an entertaining story. It is a concept based film with an interesting plot and fairly engaging screenplay.
What is it about?
A jobless youth Shiva (Vijay) buys a vintage car and turns cab driver. But the car turns out to be a haunted one. Why is the car possessed and how can Shiva get rid of it?
Vijay Deverakonda plays a simpleton Shiva who is relatable and lovable too. He carries off the role without any starry attractions despite his rising popularity. Looks like the film was shot much before Geetha Govindam. He looks young and leaner than what he looks now. Priyanka is adequate. Malavika Nair is a fine actress and makes a lasting impression in her brief role. Madhunandan is good in a supporting role. So is the guy who played Hollywood.
Rahul Sankrityan picks up a strong storyline and sticks to its strengths. He makes sure to sprinkle good doses of humor. He has very good command over all crafts of the film and made a quality film on his debut. He handled the emotions well too.
Music by Jakes Bejoy is impressive. Maate Vinadhuga is a catchy song and the background score is captivating. Sujith Sarang does a great job behind the camera. Production values are good. SKN must be lauded for picking up a story based film as his debut production.
Thumbs Up:
Vijay Deverakonda
Thumbs Down:
Drags in the second half
Taxiwaala is a concept based movie that relies on a good story. Vijay Deverakonda is a bigger star now, but his choice of scripts is very impressive. He believed in the story and did his part to make it work. It starts off on an entertaining note and slowly gains momentum when the invisible spirit in the car takes the center stage. A sequence of entertaining moments and thrilling episodes keeps the audience invested in the movie.
First half ends well with a super thrilling interval sequence. The graph goes down after the back story of the spirit is revealed. Flashback is slow but highly emotional. Director succeeds in making us sympathize with Malavika's character. However, there are a few unnecessary comedy episodes post flashback scenes that they could have done away with. Climax is a feel good one with emotions that tug our heartstrings.
It is a simple film that sticks to the basics and doesn't go off track at any point. It never gets boring in spite of the absence of Vijay for a long flashback sequence. However, the director's inexperience is shown in the second half where he loses grip over the narration. Taxiwaala works on a whole in spite of few hiccups in the middle. It is a different film amid so-called commercial entertainers that are putting the audience's patience to the test. It is a ride worth taking.
Verdict: Fun, Thrilling and Emotional Ride!


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A simple, hassle free way to find festival tickets
The King and I at the Manchester Opera House: In Review
For a show as old as The King and I, we must now view it in a modern frame of mind and see where it sit in contemporary theatre. Read our review of The King and I here.
In Review: Dirty Dancing the Musical
The story of 'Baby' and 'Johnny' is magically adapted for stage - check out our review of Dirty Dancing at Manchester's Palace Theatre.
Papa Roach at the Manchester Academy: Review
We went to review Papa Roach as they brought their 'Who Do You Trust?' tour to Manchester Academy - read our thoughts here.


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By Stephanie Nebehay
GENEVA Myanmar looks set to escape an international investigation into alleged atrocities against its Rohingya minority, after the European Union decided not to seek one at the U.N. Human Rights Council, a draft resolution seen by Reuters showed on Wednesday.The United Nations said in a report last month that the army and police had committed mass killings and gang rapes of Rohingya Muslims in northern Rakhine state and burned villages in a campaign that may amount to crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing.Setting up a full international commission of inquiry into the findings - similar to those for Syria and North Korea - has been seen as a test of international resolve at the main annual session of the Council that ends on March 24.The draft resolution from the EU suggests it may fail that test. The European Union, which has historically taken the lead on issues relating to Myanmar on the Council, takes note of "the very serious nature of the allegations" and "current investigations conducted at the domestic level".But it stops short of the probe sought by U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad al-Hussein.
Zeid, in a renewed appeal on Wednesday, told the Council that the severe violations follow "longstanding persecution" of the stateless Rohingya minority in majority-Buddhist Myanmar and warranted a review by the International Criminal Court."I therefore urge the Council, at minimum, to establish a Commission of Inquiry into the violence against the Rohingya, particularly during security operations since 9 October 2016," he said.Some 70,000 people have fled Rakhine state to Bangladesh since Myanmar's military began a security operation last October in response to what it says was an attack by Rohingya insurgents on border posts in which nine police officers were killed.
The EU draft calls for the U.N. special rapporteur on Myanmar, Yanghee Lee, backed by Zeid's office, to investigate "allegations of gross human rights violations by military and security forces" and try to "ensure full accountability for perpetrators".EU diplomats told a meeting on Tuesday that they preferred using an existing mechanism that had received good cooperation and access from Myanmar's government, rather than a new approach, and to give more time to the domestic process.But human rights monitors have voiced serious doubts that several investigative commissions set up by the Aung San Suu Kyi government and its security forces had the tools and independence needed for an impartial probe.
Activists said that security forces continued to carry out serious crimes demanding an international probe."Our research indicates that it (the abuse) is systematic, and the idea that the government could or would be able to participate in a proper investigation of what is going on simply isn't realistic," said Louis Charbonneau of Human Rights Watch."An investigation needs to be independent, credible and international." (Additional reporting by Antoni Slodkowski in Yangon; Editing by Tom Miles and Hugh Lawson)
This story has not been edited by Firstpost staff and is generated by auto-feed.
Your guide to the latest seat tally, live updates, analysis and list of winners for Lok Sabha Elections 2019 on firstpost.com/elections. Follow us on Twitter and Instagram or like our Instagram or like our Facebook page for updates from all 542 constituencies on counting day of the general elections.
Updated Date: Mar 09, 2017 01:46:14 IST


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For your convenience, Tamalpais Internal Medicine has made the following forms available online. Please print and fill out all applicable forms and present them at the reception desk upon arrival. If you are a new patient visiting our office for the first time, please complete the following forms to provide our doctors with all the information they need, and to ensure sufficient time to address all your concerns:
- New Patient Registration Form (English | Spanish)
- Medical Record Release Form (English | Spanish)
- Privacy Practice (English | Spanish)
- Privacy Practices Acknowledgement and General Consent (English | Spanish)
- Terms and Conditions (English)
- Medication Policy
- Routine Annual Preventive Physical Exam Policy


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Duration : 6 Hours
Bodrum has a rich 3000-year history, replete with military campaigns, naval victories, knights and conquests. Starting the tour from very well preserved architectural complex Bodrum Castle, the most fascinating site to visit in Bodrum. The castle was used by the knights to carry out raids in the Aegean Coast and served as a refuge for Christians fleeing Turkish captivity. The castle today houses the Museum of Underwater Archaeology. After the castle, you will visit the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus which is walking distance from the castle. What remains of the mausoleum is- a foundation, a jumble of masonry and tumbled columns- belies its original greatness as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. A short walk from the Mausoleum will bring us to the amphi-theatre with a splendid view of the town and the castle.
Included :
• Transfer from port and back
• Transportation by a comfortable AC non smoking Luxurious car / Van with professional driver.
• Snorkel a WW1 craft & relax on the beach.
• A good chance to search for relics along the shoreline.
• Professional and experienced licensed guide during the tours.
• Entry fees to the museums and sites.
• Parking fees.


text: Teriparatide Accelerates Lumbar Posterolateral Fusion in Women With Postmenopausal Osteoporosis: Prospective StudyOhtori, Seiji, MD, PhD; Inoue, Gen, MD, PhD; Orita, Sumihisa, MD, PhD; Yamauchi, Kazuyo, MD, PhD; Eguchi, Yawara, MD, PhD; Ochiai, Nobuyasu, MD, PhD; Kishida, Shunji, MD, PhD; Kuniyoshi, Kazuki, MD, PhD; Aoki, Yasuchika, MD, PhD; Nakamura, Junichi, MD, PhD; Ishikawa, Tetsuhiro, MD, PhD; Miyagi, Masayuki, MD, PhD; Kamoda, Hiroto, MD, PhD; Suzuki, Miyako, MD; Kubota, Gou, MD; Sakuma, Yoshihiro, MD; Oikawa, Yasuhiro, MD; Inage, Kazuhide, MD; Sainoh, Takeshi, MD; Takaso, Masashi, MD, PhD; Ozawa, Tomoyuki, MD, PhD; Takahashi, Kazuhisa, MD, PhD; Toyone, Tomoaki, MD, PhDSpine: November 01, 2012 - Volume 37 - Issue 23 - p E1464–E1468 doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e31826ca2a8 Surgery Buy Abstract In Brief Author InformationAuthors Article MetricsMetrics Study Design. Prospective trial. Objective. To examine the clinical efficacy of teriparatide for bone union after instrumented lumbar posterolateral fusion using local bone grafting in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Summary of Background Data. Intermittent parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatment increases bone mass and reduces the risk for osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Recombinant human PTH (1–34) has already been approved as a treatment for severe osteoporosis. Preclinical data support the efficacy of PTH for lumbar spinal fusion. However, clinical results of PTH for spinal fusion have not yet been reported. Methods. Fifty-seven women with osteoporosis diagnosed with degenerative spondylolisthesis were divided into 2 treatment groups, a teriparatide group (n = 29; daily subcutaneous injection of 20 μg of teriparatide) and a bisphosphonate group (n = 28; weekly oral administration of 17.5 mg of risedronate). All patients underwent decompression and 1- or 2-level instrumented posterolateral fusion with a local bone graft. Fusion rate, duration of bone union, and pain scores were evaluated 1 year after surgery. Results. Pain scores improved after surgery; however, no significant difference was noted between the groups after surgery. The rate of bone union was 82% in the teriparatide group and 68% in the bisphosphonate group. Average duration of bone union was 8 months in the teriparatide group and 10 months in the bisphosphonate group. The rate of bone union and average of duration of bone union in the teriparatide group patients were significantly superior to those in the bisphosphonate group. Conclusion. Daily subcutaneous injection of teriparatide for bone union using local bone grafting after instrumented lumbar posterolateral fusion in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis was more effective than oral administration of bisphosphonate. 57 osteoporotic postmenopausal women with degenerative spondylolisthesis underwent instrumented posterolateral fusion surgery with 10-month daily subcutaneous injection of teriparatide. This teriparatide treatment significantly improved bone union after surgery compared with oral administration of bisphosphonate. From the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan Address correspondence and reprint requests to Seiji Ohtori, MD, PhD, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1–8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260–8670, Japan; E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Acknowledgment date: April 30, 2012. Revision date: July 24, 2012. Acceptance date: July 28, 2012. The manuscript submitted does not contain information about medical device(s)/drug(s). No funds were received in support of this work. No benefits in any form have been or will be received from a commercial party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this manuscript. © 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.


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State Wildlife Officer Anthony Lemle, assigned to Guernsey County, received a call from the Turn In A Poacher (TIP) hotline earlier this fall.
A suspect had been seen hunting deer with a shotgun during the archery season. Officer Lemle responded to the call and was able to locate the subject, who was found to have harvested a 7-point buck with a 12-gauge shotgun.
The deer and firearm were seized as evidence and the individual was cited for taking a deer by unlawful means.
The individual was found guilty in Cambridge Municipal Court and was ordered to pay $265 in fines and court costs and received a one-year hunting license suspension. The deer was forfeited to the state.
Earlier this year, State Wildlife Officer Wes Feldner, assigned to Monroe County, was patrolling Monroe Lake Wildlife Area when he noticed a vehicle parked close to the lake. Officer Feldner found two individuals fishing on the shore of the lake.
Both individuals admitted to catching fish but neither possessed a valid fishing license.
Officer Feldner explained to both individuals that Monroe Lake is a public fishing area and a fishing license is required by anyone over 16 years old.
Both individuals were issued a summons for fishing without a license and both posted the $125 bond amount in the Monroe County Court.


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- Read 1 Corinthians 7:17-24. What do you think Paul means when he tells Christians, "let each of you remain in the condition in which you were called? What's your response to how Paul applies this teaching to slaves? How might this teaching apply to those who are married and single?
- Read 1 Corinthians 7:25-31. What do you think Paul means when he speaks of 'the present crisis, and says 'the time is short,' and that 'this world… is passing away'? What might this have to do with what he says about marriage and what he said earlier in verses 17-24?
- Read 1 Corinthians 7:32-40. Compare what Paul says here with Jesus' words in Matthew 10:37-39 and Luke 9:57-62. What does this say about the kind of devotion we are to give to Jesus and God's kingdom?
- Consider what Paul says in 7:38 'the one who marries… does well; and the one who refrains from marriage will do better.' What do you think of Paul's views on sexuality and marriage now that you have read through all of 1 Corinthians 7?
To make sense of what Paul is saying in 7:17-40 it's important to remember that central to Paul's beliefs is the statement he makes in Galatians 3:26-28 "For in Christ Jesus you are all children of God through faith. As many of you as were baptized into Christ have clothed yourselves with Christ. There is no longer Jew or Greek, there is no longer slave or free, there is no longer male and female; for all of you are one in Christ Jesus." (NRSV) For Paul, all of the old divisions in ancient Mediterranean society are healed and all are made one and equal in Jesus: Jew and Gentile, slave and free, male and female.
But just as important for Paul is the fact that unity and equality should not be reduced to sameness. Jesus calls all people, and the church must always be made up of people of all kinds. Paul taught unity in diversity. He taught that Gentiles should continue to be Gentiles and not seek to become Jewish and that Jews should not give up their Jewish identity and become Gentiles. This is what he says in 7:17-20. Here he makes no exceptions. The church must contain both Jews and Gentiles.
However, when it comes to slaves Paul does make an exception. In the context of a Roman Empire made up of slaves and free people, Christ's church ideally should always include both slaves and free to show that this false division is broken down in Jesus. This is why he tells slaves not to worry about their status as slaves - when it comes to their relationship with Jesus and their place in the community of his disciples their slave status doesn't matter.
That being said Paul does make an exception here because out in day to day life in the Roman Empire being a slave meant one had a very different life from those who were free. And so he tells them that "if you can gain your freedom, use the opportunity." (7:21) The trouble is that the Greek of this verse is a bit unclear: it can be taken to mean 'gain your freedom' or it can possibly mean 'make use of your status as a slave more than ever' (ie. stay a slave even if you can be free). The King James Version kept the ambiguity of the verse in it's translation (which is why slave owners in the 18th and 19th Centuries were able to point to it as justification), but most modern translations have favoured the 'gain your freedom if you can' reading. The only major translation that gives the alternate reading is the NRSV - which is my preferred Bible translation, but on this verse I believe it is wrong.
So here we have Paul giving the general rule, 'stay in the same life state you were in when you were called by Jesus' and a basic example with no exceptions (Jews and Gentiles), followed by an example of a life state where exceptions to the rule apply (Slaves and Free). This sets us up for what Paul will say about celibacy and marriage. General rule: it is best to stay single and celibate, it will allow you to do more for God's Kingdom and it will also make it easier for you to be a disciple of Jesus in this age of crisis. Exception: not everyone can do this - marry if you don't have the spiritual gift of celibacy. While Paul is often described as being too caught up in big ideas, here as elsewhere in his letters he shows that he is deeply practical and familiar with the needs of day to day life in the world.


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I'm a big fan of the faux right-wing pundit persona of Stephen Colbert and his show, The Colbert Report. One could argue that he's bound to appeal to the comic-book reader demographic, as he's shown he's not afraid to get his geek on. Both The Colbert Report and its parent program, The Daily Show, have frequently incorporated comics and animation references in their political and social satire. Colbert has also had Marvel editor-in-chief Joe Quesada on the program twice, once even "bequeathing" the late Captain America's shield to the comedian (granting the comic icon surprisingly high visibility in every subsequent episode of the show).
Colbert's over-the-top persona is no stranger to the world of comics either. Oni Press launched Stephen Colbert's Tek Jansen last year, featuring the show's animated sci-fi spoof, and Marvel Comics has been incorporating Colbert's pseudo-presidential candidacy into the background of its super-hero comics for months. Last week, Amazing Spider-Man #573 featured a backup feature teaming the would-be political figure with Marvel's best-known, webslinging super-hero.
Those comic-book connections beg the question: why aren't Colbert's viewers hearing about them right from the horse's mouth?


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The Supreme Court has, for the first time in 100 years, comprehensively reviewed the law surrounding penalty clauses. The decision in Cavendish v Makdessi[1] considers the long established principles in Dunlop v New Garage[2] and recasts them.
The law concerning penalty clauses has a long and detailed history stretching back to the 16th century practice of taking defeasible bonds to secure contractual performance. The judgment given by Lords Neuberger and Sumption traces the history back through the developments within the Courts of Equity and Common Law. In essence, the position prior to Cavendish was that a liquidated damages clause was actionable if it constituted a genuine pre-estimation of a party's losses and unenforceable if it was not.
The Supreme Court considered that the rules gave rise to two primary considerations:
The answer to the first consideration is set out at paragraph 14, thus:
'This means that in some cases the application of the penalty rule may depend on how the relevant obligation is framed in the instrument, ie whether as a conditional primary obligation or a secondary obligation providing a contractual alternative to damages at law. Thus, where a contract contains an obligation on one party to perform an act, and also provides that, if he does not perform it, he will pay the other party a specified sum of money, the obligation to pay the specified sum is a secondary obligation which is capable of being a penalty; but if the contract does not impose (expressly or impliedly) an obligation to perform the act, but simply provides that, if one party does not perform, he will pay the other party a specified sum, the obligation to pay the specified sum is a conditional primary obligation and cannot be a penalty.'
The second consideration is one which is ordinarily answered by a consideration of the 4 factors identified by Lord Dunedin in Dunlop. Those factors are set out at paragraph 21 of the judgment. They had over the 100 or so years following Dunlop 'achieved the status of a quasi-statutory code'. That was something which Lords Neuberger and Sumption described as 'unfortunate'. The essential question is whether the clause is one which can properly be described as 'unconscionable or extravagant'. Whilst the four steps propounded by Lord Dunedin may be a useful tool for determining straightforward cases, they do not readily applicable to more complex ones.
The position now is that wider commercial interests, certainly in more complex cases, can be taken into account. The first step is to ask whether in fact the clause amounts to a penalty, ie whether it is in excess of a genuine pre-estimation of loss. If it is not then it is enforceable. If so, then consideration must be given to whether 'it can properly be justified by some other consideration than the desire to recover compensation for a breach'. That, as paragraph 28 of the judgment makes clear, 'must depend upon whether the innocent party has a legitimate interest in performance extending beyond the prospect of pecuniary compensation flowing directly from the breach'.
There has therefore been a distinct unshackling of the hitherto strict approach governed by Lord Dunedin's 4 tests. Whilst those tests are still likely to prove determinative in more straightforward cases, there is now an area of uncertainty over applicability in more complex scenarios. Consideration of such cases is going to be fact sensitive and parties to such contacts, whether negotiating or litigating them, ought to be aware of the dangers.
[1] Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal el Makdessi 2015 [UKSC] 67
[2] Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage and Motor Co Ltd [1915] AC 847


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Join us for our monthly ladies' breakfast! This is a time when we share some food, listen to a short talk, and have a great time of discussion. These are always excellent mornings, and those who attend are always belssed by the fellowship and by what is shared. We hope to see you there!
This month, the ladies of Newlife will be gathering for a social on Monday 15 December for some Afternoon Tea in the evening!
We have enough people signed up to bring food, so all we need is you to be there! As usual, we encourage you to invite/bring a friend: this will be a great occasion to do so, as we are simply gathering to socialise and hang out together!
Ladies, make sure you can make our monthly breakfast!
-Time: 10:30am
-Date: Saturday 27 September
-Location: Andrew & Anne's, 360 Sackville Street, Toronto, M4X 1S4
-Please bring $2 to contribute towards the food!
See you then!
This month, the men will be gathering for a Game's Night!
-Time: 7:30pm
-Date: Friday 19 September
-Location: The Game's Room, Tafari & Bimbo's (Dundas & Sackville)
-225 Sackville Street, Unit 507, buzzer 3370 or 3371
We hope to see you there!
We will be heading to Riverdale Park (2 minute walk from St. Martin's) for a post-meeting BBQ.
The last BBQ was great, with plenty of food and lots of conversation, so make sure you come along!
As with the last BBQ, there will be an online sign-up for food items so please keep an eye out for this!