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Down to Earth - Authentic - Compassionate - Empathetic - Patient - Kind
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In recent years the role of literature as a basic component and source of authentic texts of the language curriculum rather than an ultimate aim of English instruction has been gaining momentum. Among language educators, there has a hot debate as to how, when, where and why literature should be incorporated in ESL / EFL curriculum. Vigorous discussion of how literature and ESL / EFL instruction can work together and ersonal for the benefit of students and teachers, has led to the flourishment of interesting ideas, learning and improved instruction for all. Many teachers consider the use of literature in language teaching as an interesting and worthy concern (Sage 1987:1). In this paper why a language teacher should use literary texts in the language classroom, what of literature language teachers should use with language learners, literature and the teaching of language skills, and benefits of different genres of literature to language teaching will be taken into account. Thus, the place of literature as a tool rather than an end in teaching English as a second or foreign language will be unearthed.
Teaching Literature: Why and What
Literary language is relative rather than absolute, in that certain texts or parts of a text may exhibit more or less of those linguistic features associated with literature than with others. Literary language is therefore not completely separate from other forms of language this has some implications for the use of literature in the classroom.
The use of literature as a technique for teaching both basic language skills (i.e. reading, writing, listening, and speaking) and language areas (i.e. vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation) is very popular within the field of foreign language learning and teaching now-a-days. Moreover, in translation courses, many language teachers make their students translate literary texts like drama, poetry and short stories into the mother tongue. Since translation gives students the chance to practice the lexical, syntactic, semantic, pragmatic and stylistic knowledge they have acquired in other courses, translation both as an application area covering four basic skills and as the fifth skill is emphasized in language teaching. In the following section, why language teachers use literary texts in the foreign language classroom and main criteria for selecting suitable literary texts in foreign language classes are stressed so as to make the reader familiar with the underlying reasons and criteria for language teachers' using and selecting literary texts.
Here are a few points in brief:
w Literature is authentic material. It is good to expose learners to this source of unmodified language in the classroom because they skills they acquire in dealing with difficult or unknown language can be used outside the class.
w Literature encourages interaction. Literary texts are often rich is multiple layers of meaning, and can be effectively mined for discussions and sharing feelings or opinions.
w Literature expands language awareness. Asking learners to examine sophisticated or non standard examples of language (which can occur in literary texts) makes them more aware of the norms of language use (Widdowson, 1975 quoted by Lazar 1993).
w Literature educates the whole person. By examining values in literary texts, teachers encourage learners to develop attitudes towards them. These values and attitudes relate to the world outside the classroom.
w Literature is motivating. Literature holds high status in many cultures and countries. For this reason, students can feel a real sense of achievement at understanding a piece of highly respected literature. Also, literature is often more interesting than the texts found in course books.
w Literature broadens students' horizons by giving them a knowledge of the classics of literature;
w Literature improves student's general cultural awareness;
w Literature stimulates students' creative and literary imagination and to develop their appreciation of literature;
w Literature introduces students to masterpieces in British and American literature as an educative experience, and to add to students' knowledge of the world at large.
Reasons for Using Literary Texts in Foreign Language Classes
According to Collie and Slater (1990:3), there are four main reasons which lead a language teacher to use literature in the classroom. These are valuable authentic material, cultural enrichment, language enrichment and personal involvement. In addition to these four main reasons, universality, non-triviality, personal relevance, variety, interest, economy and suggestive power and ambiguity are some other factors requiring the use of literature as a powerful resource in the classroom context.
Reasons in details
1. Valuable Authentic Material: Literature is authentic material. Most works of literature are not created for the primary purpose of teaching a language. Many authentic samples of language in real life contexts (i.e. travel time tables, city plans, forms, pamphlets, cartoons, advertisements, newspapers or magazine articles) are included within recently developed course materials. Thus, in a classroom context, learners are exposed to actual language samples of real life / real life like settings. Literature can act as a beneficial complement to such materials, particularly when the first "survival" level has been passed. In reading literary texts, because students have also to cope with language intended for native speakers, they become familiar with many different linguistic forms, communicative functions and meanings.
2. Cultural Enrichment: Cultural model represents the possibility Literature brings into the picture as regards the understanding and appreciation of different cultures and ideologies together with the developing of one's perception of feelings and artistic forms.
For many language learners the ideal way to increase their understanding of verbal / non-verbal aspects of communication in the country within which that language is spoken –a visit or an extended stay – is just not probable. For such learners, literary works, such as novels, plays, short stories, etc. facilitate understanding, how communication takes place in that country. Though the world of novel or short story is an imaginary one, it presents a full and colourful setting in which characters from many social / regional background can be described. A reader can discover the way the characters in such literary works see the world outside (i.e. their thoughts, feelings, customs, traditions, possessions what they buy, believe in, fear, enjoy; how they speak and behave in different settings. This colourful created world can quickly help the foreign learner to feel for the codes and preoccupations that shape a real society through visual literacy of semiotics.
Literature is perhaps best regarded as a complement to other materials used to develop the foreign learner's understanding into the country whose language is being learned. Also, literature adds a lot to the cultural grammar of the learners.
3. Language Enrichment: Literature provides learners with a wide range of individual lexical or syntactic items. Students become familiar with many features of the written language, reading a substantial and contextualized body of the text. They learn about the syntax and discourse functions of sentences, the variety of possible structures, different ways of connecting ideas, which develop and enrich their own writing skills. Students also become more productive and adventurous when they begat to perceive the richness and diversity of the language they are trying to learn and began to make use of some of that potential themselves. Thus they improve their communicative and cultural competence in the authentic richness, naturalness of the authentic texts.
4. Personal Involvement: Literature can be useful in the language learning process owing to the personal involvement it fosters in the reader. Once the student reads a literary text, he begins to inhabit the text. He is drawn into the text. Understanding the meanings of lexical items or phrases becomes less significant than pursuing the development of the story. The student becomes enthusiastic to find out what happens as events unfold via the climax; he feels close to certain characters and shares their emotional responses. This can have beneficial effects upon the whole language learning process. At this juncture, the prominence of the selection of a literary text in relation to the needs, expectations, and interests, language level of the students is evident. In this process, he can remove the identity crisis and develop into an extrovert.
Maley (1989:12) lists some of the reasons for reading literature as a potent resource in the language classroom as follows:
1. Universality: Because we are all human beings, the themes literature deals with are common to all cultures despite their different way of treatment-Death, Love, Separation, Belief, Nature—— the list is familiar. These experiences all happen to human beings.
2. Non-triviality: Many of the more familiar forms of language teaching inputs tend to trivialize texts or experience. Literature does not trivialize or talk down. It is about things which mattered to the author when he wrote them. It may offer genuine as well as merely authentic inputs.
3. Personal Relevance: Since it deals with ideas, things, sensations and events which either constitute part of the reader's experience or which enter into imaginatively, they are able to relate it to their own lives.
4. Variety: Literature includes within it all possible varieties of subject matter. It is in fact a battery of topics to use in ELT. Within literature, we can find the language of law and of mountaineering, of medicine and of bull-fighting, of church sermons and nursery talk.
5. Interest: Literature deals with themes and topics which are intrinsically interesting, because part of human experience, and treats them in ways designed to engage the readers' attention.
6. Economy and Suggestive Power: One of the great strengths of literature is its suggestive power. Even in its simplest forms, it invites us to go beyond what is said to what is implied. Since it suggests many ideas with few words, literature is ideal for generating language discussion. Maximum output can often be derived from minimum input.
7. Ambiguity: As it is highly suggestive and associative, literature speaks subtly different meanings to different people. It is rare for two readers to react identically to any given text. In teaching, this has two advantages. The first advantage is that each learner's interpretation has validity within limits. The second advantage is that an almost infinite fund of interactive discussion is guaranteed since each person's perception is different. That no two readers will have a completely convergent interpretation establishes the tension that is necessary for a genuine exchange of ideas.
Apart from the above mentioned reasons for using literature in the foreign language class, one of the main functions of literature is its sociolinguistic richness. The use of language changes from one social group to anther. Likewise, it changes from one geographical location to anther. A person speaks differently in different social contexts like school, hospital, police station and theatre (i.e. formal, informal, casual, frozen, intimate styles speech). The language used changes from one profession to another (i.e. doctors, engineers, economists use different terminology). To put it differently, since literature provides students with a wide range of language varieties like sociolects, regional dialects, jargon, idiolects, etc. It develops their sociolinguistic competence in the target language. Hence, incorporating literature into a foreign language teaching program as a powerful source for reflecting the sociolinguistic aspects of the target language gains importance.
Criteria for Selecting Suitable Literary Texts in Foreign Language Classes
When selecting the literary texts to be used in language classes, the language teacher should take into account needs, motivation, interests, cultural background and language level of the students. However one major factor to take into account is whether a particular work is able to reveal the kind of personal involvement by arousing the learners' interest and eliciting strong positive reactions from them. Reading a literary text is more likely to have a long term and valuable effect upon the learners' linguistic and extra linguistic knowledge when it is meaningful and amusing.
Choosing books relevant to the real life experiences, emotions, or dreams of the learners is of great importance. Language difficulty has to be considered as well. If the language of the literary work is simple, this may facilitate the comprehensibility of the literary text but is not in itself the most crucial criterion. Interest, appeal and relevance are also prominent. Enjoyment, a fresh insight into issues felt to be related to the heart of people's concerns; the pleasure of encountering one's own thoughts or situations exemplified clearly in a work of art; the other, equal pleasure of noticing those same thoughts, feelings, emotions, or situations presented by a completely new perspective: all these are motives helping learners to cope with the linguistic obstacles that might be considered too great in less involving material (Collie and Slater 90: 6-7)
w The period in which the reader lives.
w The class or social position of the reader.
w Reader's background and knowledge of literature
w Reader's awareness and openness towards the different cultural aspects and to what extent can accept the cultural diversity.
Challenges Faced by Learners
There are some of the challenges to be faced when using literature in the classroom.
Literary texts can present teachers and learners with a number of difficulties including:
Text selection – texts need to be chosen that have relevance and interest to learners.
Linguistic difficulty – texts need to be appropriate to the level of the students' comprehension.
Length – shorter texts may be easier to use within the class time available, but longer texts provide more contextual details, and development of character and plot.
Cultural difficulty – texts should not be so culturally dense that outsiders feel excluded from understanding essential meaning.
Cultural appropriacy – learners should not be offended by textual content.
Duff and Maley (2007) stress that teachers can cope with many of the challenges that literary texts present, if they ask a series of questions to assess the suitability of texts for any particular group of learners:
Is the subject matter likely to interest this group?
Is the language level appropriate?
Is it the right length for the time available?
Does it require much cultural or literary background knowledge?
Is it culturally offensive in any way?
Can it be easily exploited for language learning purposes?
Duff and Maley (2007) also emphasize the importance of varying task difficulty as well as text difficulty:
Level 1 Simple text + low level task
Level 2 Simple text + more demanding task
Level 3 Difficult text + low level task
Level 4 Difficult text + more demanding task
Literature and the Teaching of Language Skills
Literature plays an important role in teaching four basic language skills like reading, writing, listening and speaking. However, when using literature in the language classroom, skills should never be taught in isolation but in an integrated way. Teachers should try to teach basic language skills as an integral part of oral and written language use, as part of the means for creating both referential and interact ional meaning not merely as an aspect of the oral and written production of words , phrases and sentences.
Literature and Reading
ESL / EFL teachers should adopt a dynamic, student-centered approach toward comprehension of a literary work. In reading lesson, discussion begins at the literal level with direct questions of the fact regarding setting, characters, and plot which can be answered by specific reference to the text. When students master literal understanding they move to the inferential level where they must make speculations and interpretations concerning the characters, setting and theme and where they produce the author's point of view. After comprehending a literary selection at the literal and inferential levels, students are ready to do a collaborative work. That is to state that they share their evaluations of the work and their personal reactions to it- to its characters, its themes, and the author's point of view. This is also the suitable time for them to share their reactions to the work's natural cultural issues and themes.
The third level, the personal/evaluative level stimulates students to think imaginatively about the work and provokes their problem solving abilities. Discussion deriving from such questions can be the foundation for oral and written activities (Stern 1991: 332)
Literature and Writing:
Literature can be powerful and motivating source for writing in ESL /EFL, both as a model and as subject matter. Literature as a model occurs when student writing becomes closely similar to the original work or clearly imitates its content, theme, organization, and / or style. However, when student writing exhibits original thinking like interpretation or analysis, or when it emerges from or is creatively stimulated by, the reading, literature serves as subject matter. Literature houses in immense variety of themes to write on in terms of guided, free, controlled and other types of writing.
Literature as a Model for Writing:
There are three main kinds of writing that can be based on literature as a model.
Controlled Writing
Controlled model based exercises which are used mostly in beginning level writing typically require rewriting passages in arbitrary ways to ersonal specific grammatical structures. For instance, students can be reporters doing a live newscast, or they can rewrite a third person passage into first person from a character's point of view.
Guided Writing
This activity corresponds to intermediate level ESL / EFL. Students respond to a series of questions or complete sentences which, when put together, retell or sum up the model. In some cases, students complete the exercise after they receive the first few sentences or the topic sentence of a summary, paraphrase, or description. Guided writing exercises, especially at the literal level, enable students to comprehend the work. Model approach and scenario approach are very beneficial in this respect.
Reproducing the Model
This activity comprises techniques like paraphrase, summary, and adaptation. These techniques are very beneficial ESL / EFL writing exercises. In paraphrasing students are required to use their own words to rephrase the things that they see in print or hear aloud.
Since paraphrase coincides with the students trying to make sense of the poem, it is a strikingly useful tool with poetry. Summary work goes well with realistic short stories and plays, where events normally follow a chronological order and have concrete elements like plot, setting, and character to guide student writing. Adaptation requires rewriting prose fiction into dialogue or reversely rewriting a play or a scene into narrative. This activity enables students to be aware of the variations between written and spoken English (Stern 1991:333)
Literature as Subject Matter for Writing
Finding appropriate material for their writing classes is some times difficult for compositions teachers since writing has no subject matter of its own. One benefit for having literature as the reading content of a composition course is that the readings become the subject matter for compositions. In a compositions course whose reading content is literature, students make inferences, formulate their own ideas, and look closely at a text for evidence to support generalizations. Thus, they learn how to think creatively, freely and critically. Such training helps them in other courses which require logical reasoning, independent thinking, and careful analysis of the text (Spack 1985: 719).
There are mainly two kids of writing based on literature as subject matter: writing "on or about" literature, and writing "out of" literature. These categories are suitable and useful ESL/EFL.
Writing "On or About" Literature
Writing "on or about literature" comprises the traditional assignments – written responses to questions, paragraph writing, in-class essays, and take-home compositions – in which students analyze the work or in which they speculate on literary devices and style. Writing "on or about' can occur before students begin to read a work. The teacher generally discusses its theme or an issue it raises, and the students write about it with reference to their own life experience. This helps interest them in the work and makes them ready for reading and writing about it. Most writing assignments done during as well as after the reading, however, derive from class discussion. They take many forms, such as questions to be answered, assertions to be debated, or topics to be expanded, discussion groups to be established.
Writing "Out of" Literature
Writing "out of" literature means making use of a literary work as a spring board for composition – creative assignments developed around plot, characters, setting, theme, and figurative language. There are many forms of writing out of literature, such as Adding to the work, Changing the work, Drama inspired Writing and A Letter Addressed to Another Character, etc.
Adding to work: This comprises writing imaginary episodes or sequels, or in the case of drama, "Filling in" scenes for off-stage actions that are only referred to in the dialog.
Changing the Work: Students can make up their own endings by comparing the author's ending to their own. Short stories can be rewritten in whole or in part from the point of view of a character versus a third person narrator or of a different character.
Drama Inspired Writing: It is possible to derive drama inspired writing activities from plays, short stories, novels and sometimes poetry. The students step into the consciousness of a character and writes about the character's attitudes and feelings.
Letter Addressed to Another Character: The student can write a letter to one of the characters, in which he / she gives the character personal advice about how to overcome a particular problem or situation (Stern 1991: 336)
Literature, Speaking and Listening
The study of literature in a language class, though being mainly associated with reading and writing, can play an equally meaningful role in teaching both speaking and listening. Oral reading, dramatization, improvisation, role playing, pantomiming, reenactment, discussion and group activities may center on a work of literature.
Oral Reading
Language teachers can make listening comprehension and pronunciation interesting, motivating and contextualized at upper levels, playing a recording or video of a literary work, or reading literature aloud themselves. Having students read literature aloud contributes to developing speaking as well as listening ability.
Moreover, it also leads to improving pronunciation. Pronunciation may be the focus before, during, and or after the reading.
Needless to say, literature based dramatic activities are valuable for ESL / EFL. They facilitate and accelerate development of the oral skills since they motivate students to achieve a clearer comprehension of a work's plot and a deeper comprehension and awareness of its characters. Though drama in the classroom can assume many forms, there are three main types, which are dramatization, role-playing, and improvisation.
Dramatization requires classroom performance of scripted materials. Students can make up their own scripts for short stories or sections of novels, adapting them as closely as possible to the real text. Based on the story, they must guess what the characters would say and how they would say it. Scripts written by students are also probable with plays. Poems comprising one or more personae may also be scripted by students. Students should attentively read assigned sections of dialog in advance and be able to answer questions about characters and plot. They should indicate vocabulary, idioms or dialog they don't understand and words they cannot pronounce. Students next realize the scenes with their partners. Although they don't memorize it, they learn it well enough to make eye contact and say their lines with meaning and feeling. Moreover, they discuss semiotic aspects of staging the scene (i.e. facial expression, gestures, and the physical aspects). At last the dramatization is presented before the class.
Improvisation and Role playing
Both improvisation and role playing may be developed around the characters, plot and themes of a literary work. Improvisation is a more systematic activity, i.e., a dramatization without a script. There is an identifiable plot with a beginning, middle and end in improvisation. However, in role playing, students picture characters from the work being read and join in a speaking activity other than a dramatization, such an interview or panel discussion.
Group Activities
Making each student responsible for facts and ideas to be contributed and discussed, group activities stimulates total participation. All students are involved and the participation is multidirectional. When teaching English through literature, some of the group activities used in language classroom are general class discussion, small group work, panel discussions and debates. All of these group activities both develop the speaking abilities of the students and give importance to pronunciation practice. Teachers indicate pronunciation errors of the students during the act of such activities so as to correct such errors (Stern 1991: 337).
Benefit of Different Genres of Literature to Language
Different genres of literature contribute different ways in language learning. For instance, poetry, short story, drama, novel etc. play an innovative diverse role in students' learning language; briefly discussed below.
Benefit of Using Poetry to Language Teaching
Poetry can pave the way for the learning and teaching of basic language skills. It is metaphor that is the most prominent connection between learning and poetry. Because most poetry consciously or unconsciously makes use of metaphor as one of its primary methods, poetry offers a significant learning process. There are at least two learning benefits that can be derived from studying poetry:
w The appreciations of the writer's composition process which students gain by studying poems by components.
w Developing sensitivity for words and discoveries that may later grow into a deeper interest and greater analytical ability.
w Sarac (2003: 17-20) also explains the educational benefits of poetry as follows: Provides readers with different viewpoints towards language use by going beyond the known usages and rules of grammar, syntax and vocabulary.
w It triggers unmotivated readers owing to being so open to explorations and different interpretations.
w Evokes feelings and thoughts in heart and in mind.
w It makes students familiar with figures of speech (i.e. simile, metaphor, irony, personification, imagery, etc.) due their being a part of daily language use.
w Students may read each other the poem aloud at the same time, checking for each other's pronunciation and rhythm. Do a whole class choral reading at the end.
w Students may rewrite the poem, changing the meaning but not the structure.
w Students can write or discuss the possible story behind the poem. Who was it for? What led to the writing of this poem?
w Students may have a discussion on issues the poem raised and how they relate to the students' lives.
As Cubukcu (2002:1) mentions poetry is a rewarding and enjoyable experience with the properties of rhyming and rhythm both of which convey "love and appreciation for the sound and power of language." At this juncture it can be stated that students become familiar with the supra-segmental aspects of the target language, such as stress, pitch, juncture, intonation by studying poetry.
Through poetry, students can also study the semiotic elements in the target language. Semiotic elements constitute a cultural training as well. As Hiller (1983: 10) states, poems should be seen as hyper signs of which constituents, "semiotic signifiers", come together in their common relationship and lead to the "symbolic level" and this level is the one inclined to be signified in a poem. This notion can be described as follows:
Semiotic level———— Signifier
Poem –Hyper sign— Symbolic level Signified
Moreover, poetry employs language to evoke and exalts special qualities of life, and suffices readers with feelings. It is particular lyric poetry which is based on feelings and provides still another emotional benefit. Poetry is one of the most effective and powerful transmitters of culture. Poems comprise so many cultural elements- allusions, vocabularies, idioms, tone that are not easy to translate into another language (Sage1987: 12-13).
Benefits of Using Short Stories to Language Teaching
Short stories are often an ideal way of introducing students to literature in the foreign language classroom. For the teacher they offer many immediate and striking advantages. Short fiction is a supreme resource for observing not only language but life itself. In short fiction, characters act out all the real and symbolic acts people carry out in daily lives, and do so in a variety of registers and tones. The world of short fiction both mirrors and illuminates human lives (Sage 1987: 43).
The inclusion of short fiction in the ESL / EFL curriculum offers the following educational benefits (Ariogul 2001: 11-18):
w It makes the students reading task easier due to being simple and short when compared with the other literary genres.
w It enlarges the advanced level readers' worldviews about different cultures and different groups of people.
w It provides more creative, encrypt, challenging texts that require personal exploration supported with prior knowledge for advanced level readers.
w It motivates learners to read due to being an authentic material.
w It offers a world of wonders and a world of mystery,
w It gives students the chance to use their creativity,
w It promotes critical thinking skills,
w It facilitates teaching a foreign culture i.e. serves as a valuable instrument in attaining cultural knowledge of the selected community,
w It makes students feel themselves comfortable and free,
w It helps students coming from various backgrounds communicate with each other because of its universal language,
w It helps students go beyond the surface meaning and dive into underlying meanings,
w It acts as a perfect vehicle to help students understand the positions of themselves as well as the others by transferring these gained knowledge to their own world.
w It asks students to write what they think will happen next, or what they think happened just before.
w It asks students to write a background character description of one of the characters which explains why they are the way they are.
w It asks students to improvise a role play between two characters in the book.
In brief, the use of a short story seems to be a very helpful technique in today's foreign language classes. As it is short, it makes the students' reading task and the teachers' coverage easier. An important feature of short fiction is its being universal. To put it differently, students all over the world have experienced stories and relate to them. Moreover, short fiction like all other types of literature, makes contribution to the development of cognitive analytical abilities by bringing the whole self to bear on a compressed account of a situation in a single place and moment (Sage 1987: 43).
Benefits of Using Drama to Language Teaching
Using drama in a language classroom is a good resource for language teaching. It is through the use of drama that learners become familiar with grammatical structures in contexts and also learn about how to use the language to express, control and inform. The use of drama raises the students' awareness towards the target language and culture. In this context, the use of drama as a tool rather than an end gains importance in teaching a foreign language. Yet there is one obvious dange

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Bad Breath or Halitosis affects substantial number of people in all countries.85-90% of the bad breath causes originates from the mouth itself. Read more
Month: July 2018
How toothpaste helps in maintaining proper dental health?
Brushing is a routine activity but most of the people doesn't know the chemistry behind the cleansing of teeth.Here are the mechanism of toothpaste that helps in the proper cleaning of the teeth. Read more
Proper teeth brushing techniques
Brushing is our everyday activity but no one including adults doesn't know the correct method of brushing the teeth. Improper brushing is the starting of all dental problems like Plaque, Calculus, Bleeding Gums, Halitosis(Bad breath), Gum diseases, Caries, Tooth discoloration. Read more
Sanitizing your tooth brush
Sanitization of tooth brush is important since tooth brush is the store house of millions of bacteria which may lead to infectious diseases. Some times you may also catch reinfection from the diseases like mouth infection or cold since the bacterias from these diseases may accumulate on your tooth brush. Read more
Dental problems caused by smoking
Your teeth are some of the first things people notice when they meet you, and therefore people with dental issues often feel uncomfortable about their smile which consequently results in a lack of self-esteem and self-confidence. According to a recent survey in U.S, the majority of the pointed that crooked teeth leave a negative first impression. And, almost all people agree that those with healthy straight teeth are treated better in social situations than those with perceptibly crooked teeth. Read more
Activated charcoal whitening agents for teeth than can be bleached
A shining snow-white smile became an indispensable attribute of a successful image, and therefore in recent years a variety of teeth whitening agents have been very much in demand. The aesthetic dentistry is also making tremendous progress in this field, and today a wide range of professional methods of bleaching, pharmacy preparations for independent procedures, as well as various folk medicine that provide a radiant smile is offered to all comers.
Special whitening pastes
Activated charcoal pastes are sold, as a rule, in pharmacies. Their composition can include both abrasive substances that help remove the persistent plaque and the active substances penetrating the layers of the enamel. And although in most cases the concentration of such substances is low, to get the proper charcoal toothpaste benefits you should be applied strictly in accordance with the instructions, usually once or twice a week. Otherwise, you can cause serious damage to the enamel of teeth in children and adults.
Home whitening pastes
Toothpaste with activated charcoal powder, which helps clarify the enamel of teeth by two or three tones, can be done independently and be adding wood tar to it, this substance contains potassium hydroxide, which effectively copes with a persistent plaque.
Folk teeth whitening products
Traditional medicine advises the use of conventional activated charcoal powder, sifted through a sieve, to bleach teeth to remove large fragments of coals. This way people have been using since the very beginning of time. However, it is much more convenient to replace the ashes with crushed activated carbon tablets, which can be purchased at any pharmacy.
For home bleaching, also use soda, which is cleaned teeth twice a week, rubbing the surface of the enamel with lemon, hydrogen peroxide, appliques from strawberries or strawberries. Keep reading http://www.thecharcoalfire.com/eight-good-foods-teeth-help-us-maintain-good-oral-health/
With the help of folk remedies, it's hard to whiten your teeth, it takes a lot of time, and your teeth will bleach for a maximum of two or four tones, depending on their initial state. But the damage to the enamel can be very quick, and then you have to treat cavities and establish seals.
How to choose whitening agents for teeth
When choosing a whitening agent, it is necessary to take into account the initial state of your teeth, for example, teeth covered with a strong coating or naturally having a yellow enamel, it is impossible to whiten using home methods. Do not engage in bleaching in inflammatory processes in the oral cavity and carious lesions. Also, many drugs are contraindicated for hypersensitivity or thinning of tooth enamel.
The most optimal option is to take advice from your dentist, even if you want to whiten your teeth with some sort of, at first sight, harmless household method.
Activated charcoal
A reliable and proven method of teeth whitening for centuries. Simply pound the coal pellet and carefully clean the powder with your teeth. The method is ineffective if a strong change in the color of the enamel is observed, but it will help to remove the persistent plaque and lighten the teeth by one or two tones.
Teeth Whitening? First You Should Read This!
Everyone desires to have a excellent smile. For any killer smile, one must have sparkling, bright, and shiny the teeth.
These days, a whole lot of people are spending much more cash just to possess their the teeth whiter. They make use of the best teeth whitening remedies and go through procedures to attain the brilliant white teeth.
The teeth lightening had been an efficient method to lighten the colour with the the teeth, without having taking away any of the tooth area. It'll not totally whiten the entire set of teeth; it will just lighten the current shade with the the teeth.
Only a couple of are blessed with pearly white teeth, and our teeth usually grow to be discolored as we grow up.
Our teeth may also be stained on the outer component as a result of the food and drink. Coffee, tea, blackcurrant and red wine have effect for the discoloration of our the teeth. Smoking is one more cause of teeth discoloration. Many people might encounter staining beneath the surface area which is brought on by tiny cracks inside the teeth or certain antibiotics that absorb the stains.
But what are these the teeth lightening treatment options and procedures? And are these accomplished?
Bleaching. This really is most frequent form of the teeth whitening method. Your dental professional will suggestions you if this is the best teeth whitening treatment appropriate for you.
Bleaching is accomplished by placing a gel or rubber to shield the soft tissue of the gums. Then, the lightening merchandise is going to be applied in your the teeth by making use of a unique tray which shapes into your mouth like a gum shell.
The best teeth whitening product usually consists of carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide because the 'active ingredients'. When these elements break down, the oxygen enters the enamel of the teeth thus, creating the colour lighter. The whole remedy may be finished in 3 to 4 weeks time.
For those who wish to go through to this therapy, you will need no less than 3 visits for the dentist. On your first visit, the dentist will produce a mouth-guard and take a caricature or impressions of it. Once the remedy has started out, it is suggested which you continue it at home. You must regularly apply the teeth whitening merchandise over 4 weeks, for a minimum of 30 minutes at a time.
Most from the recognized and best teeth whitening products could be used for as much as several hours at a time. The treatment could be done even while you are sleeping. Ideally, a great result can be attained in as small as a single week.
Laser Whitening. This can also be known as the "power whitening". Even though expensive, a whole lot of folks particularly artists consider it since the best teeth whitening method.
Throughout this method, a rubber dam is placed above your the teeth to shield the gums, as well as the whitening product is then painted on your own the teeth. A laser will be employed to stimulate the chemical. The light will help increase the chemical reaction with the bleaching item, hence the shade transform may be attained much more rapidly.
Dentists feel that the end result of laser whitening therapy is excellent. It can make your the teeth as much as six shades lighter.
Unfortunately, not every person can get a chance to undergo laser treatment. The dental professional will need to verify your teeth and ensure that you are fit for that therapy. The total process is usually accomplished in an hour.
The results of this strength whitening is mentioned to last approximately 3 many years based on the particular person. The dental professional even now suggestions not to smoke, eat and consume goods that may possibly trigger a stain in your teeth. Others may possibly locate their the teeth vulnerable to cold after the treatment. But these symptoms usually vanish inside a couple of days.
They are just two of the famous and best teeth whitening procedures available. In spite of the reality that they might price a lot, the impact is even now worth it. Through these procedures, you'll surely flash everybody a perfect smile.
Choosing a Toothbrush-Points to remember
For your dental health, the toothbrush has got greater importance than a toothpaste as suggested by the dentists. The selection criteria for the toothbrush for most people is its design and color. But there has got no importance in cleansing your teeth as claimed by the toothbrush manufacturers.
The most popular disbelief among the people is about the powered or electric toothbrush, in which they think that the electric toothbrush will help in better cleansing of the teeth. Actually, the powered toothbrush will make the process easier but there is no evidence to suggest that they are significantly better at cleaning your teeth than a normal toothbrush.
Selecting a toothbrush
- Buy toothbrush which has soft bristles since hard bristles will tend to cause a gingival recession. Soft bristles are flexible and help to clean beneath the gingival margin and also protect your gums from damage.
- The head of the toothbrush must be small that helps you to clean all areas of the teeth and inner mouth with much ease.
- The handle should allow comfortable gripping
- The shape of the neck or handle does not play any significant role in the quality of the toothbrush even though as it is claimed by the manufacturers.
- The powered toothbrush doesn't have any advantage over a manual toothbrush. The powered or electric toothbrush should be used for handicapped or bedridden patients, children etc. So this kind of toothbrush is selected on mere personal choice.
Replacing a toothbrush
- A toothbrush must be replaced every 3 months or when the bristles start to wear, whichever comes first.
- Overzealous brushing, especially by children, must be discouraged as it causes the bristles to wear off and moreover it causes gingival recession, bacteremia, painful ulceration of the gingiva.
- There are a few color-coded toothbrushes in the market which indicates the replacement time for toothbrushes by fading the color. The color code in the toothbrush is produced by a dye.
- Another important point to remember is that you have to replace your toothbrush after you were infected with infections like cold, flu, sore throat or mouth infection. The microbes can accumulate on the brush leading to reinfection.
Natural methods for teeth whitening
Everybody knows that the first impression is the best impression. So you can impress people with your beautiful glitzy smile. For this, you have to ensure that you have got beautiful white teeth which also improves your confidence. You can make your teeth sparkle with the help of simple natural teeth whitening using baking soda [Sodium Bicarbonate] toothpaste which you can make at home.
You don't have to spend a lot on this baking soda toothpaste. You can also brush with baking soda alone, but it will be a little unpleasant, though very effective and this is also often recommended by dentists. The other method to avoid this unpleasantness is to make a homemade solution that also keeps your breath fresh.
Method 1
Recipe to make this solution
Step 1
Mix 6 teaspoons of baking soda with four teaspoons of glycerin
Step 2
Add a 1/3rd teaspoon of salt in it
Step 3
10 drops of peppermint extract
Mix all this thoroughly and keep it in an airtight container. Replace your toothpaste with this solution and feel the difference.
Method 2
Another method for whitening your teeth is to use hydrogen peroxide along with baking soda. You can use hydrogen peroxide only after diluting and then mix the few drops of hydrogen peroxide with a teaspoon of baking soda. Then brush your teeth with this solution.
Method 3
Another way of using hydrogen peroxide and baking soda:-At first you have to brush your teeth with the toothpaste made by using baking soda, glycerin, and salt (Method 1).Then gargle your mouth with the mixture of hydrogen peroxide and water. The solution must be 50% hydrogen peroxide and 50% water.
Points to remember
- Hydrogen peroxide that you use must be food grade so that it is safe to use as a rinse.
- Don't swallow hydrogen peroxide
- Rinse your mouth after using hydrogen peroxide
- You can also seek the guidance of a dentist before using this method
6-month Orthodontic braces-Its treatment and reviews
6-month smiles or 6-month orthodontic braces treatment are very effective to most of the orthodontic complaints in a very short period of 6 months.
The common orthodontic problems are crowding (teeth are closer to each other), spacing(space between teeth), overbite, underbite, overjet(bulging out of the front teeth), crossbite, open bite, misplaced midline (center lines of upper and lower teeth misalign). All these orthodontic complaints can be rectified in only a short period of six months.
Merits of 6-month orthodontic braces
- wires are small,tooth colored and hence virtually almost invisible.
- Treatment time period is comparatively very less
- Total treatment cost is almost half of traditional or train track braces or invisiline braces
Treatment methods
At your first visit to the orthodontist he will take your impressions of your teeth and sometimes also take some photographs,X-rays which are the usual procedures.Then according to your conditions of your teeth the orthodontist will suggest you about the 6-month smiles treatment and tell you also about the cost of the treatment.
Then you will be fitted with the 6-month braces which consists of special wires,white brackets that are made from 6-month smiles laboratory in the United States Of America.The treatment using these braces are a complete success in America.
Usually you have to visit to the orthodontist every month inorder to tighten the wires of the braces which is a very simple procedure and takes only upto 10-15 minutes.
6-month orthodontic braces are using nickel-titanium wires along with the white brackets and so there is only less chance to visible it properly.It can be only visible at close-up.So there is no need of any embarrassment for wearing this braces.
Every braces have some discomforts and pain at the starting of the treatment and then you will be used to it.Orthodontists will prescribe you to take some pain killers like Ibuprofen or Paracetamol at the beginning.
you have to put retainers after the completion of the treatment inorder to reduce the risk of relapse. The teeth has the tendency to retain the natural position after the treatment, so the orthodontists will provide you with retainers like night time removable retainers or permanently bonded retainers on the back surfaces of your teeth.


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Sprawling Maya network discovered under Guatemala jungle
(extracts from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-42916261)
Researchers have found more than 60,000 hidden Maya ruins in Guatemala in a major archaeological breakthrough.
Laser technology (called Lidar "light detection and ranging") was used to survey digitally beneath the forest canopy, revealing houses, palaces, elevated highways, and defensive fortifications. (Most notable is) a fortification wall running for kilometers.
The landscape, near already-known Maya cities, is thought to have been home to millions more people than other research had previously thought. The researchers mapped over 810 square miles (2,100 sq km) in northern Peten. Results suggest that Central America supported an advanced civilisation more akin to sophisticated cultures like ancient Greece or China.
Hidden insights
Maya civilisation, at its peak some 1,500 years ago, covered an area about twice the size of medieval England, with an estimated population of around five million.
"With this new data it's no longer unreasonable to think that there were 10 to 15 million people there," said Mr Estrada-Belli, "including many living in low-lying, swampy areas that many of us had thought uninhabitable."
Most of the 60,000 newly identified structures are thought to be stone platforms that would have supported the average pole-and-thatch Maya home. The archaeologists were struck by the "incredible defensive features", which included walls, fortresses and moots. One of the hidden finds is a seven-storey pyramid so covered in vegetation that it practically melts into the jungle. Another discovery that surprised archaeologists was the complex network of causeways linking all the Maya cities in the area. The raised highways, allowing easy passage even during rainy seasons, were wide enough to suggest they were heavily trafficked and used for trade.
The Lidar survey was the first part of a three-year project led by a Guatemalan organisation that promotes cultural heritage preservation. It will eventually map more than 5,000 sq miles (14,000 sq km) of Guatemala's lowlands.
Image copyright Wild Blue Media/Channel 4 Image caption (BBC)
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Hire Bouncy Castle in Castlewellan
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About: At csk entertainment we provide everything to make your day or night fun. From bouncy castles to rodeo bulls, sheep even Rudolf for christmas. We also have confetti canons foam machines and can even do a popcorn party. for something a bit different why not try Nerf wars sumo suits, bungee runnin
About: Blossom Bell Tent Hire is a family run business, based in the beautiful Scottish Borders and covering the whole of the UK. Born with a love of the great outdoors, we are regular campers taking our three children on an amazing outdoor adventure. Living in the beautiful Scottish countrysid
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About: So....whether you're planning a team competition day or a staff participation event, or maybe a family fun day - there are just so many games to choose from at Games2Hire, that no-one will be bored! We will deliver anywhere in the UK and we have a great deal of experience in organising and runni


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Hello Gardeners, I'm Amanda McNulty with Clemson Extension and Making It Grow. Cycads have been used as emergency food in many cultures. In Florida, however, Seminole Indians relied on starch made from the native cycad, Zamia floridana, as a primary source of calories. This plant, which covered portions of Florida, became the backbone of the arrowroot flour industry which flourished from 1850 to the 1920's.
Millions of these plants were taken from their native habitat. The rivers that received the waste water from processing became so polluted with toxic compounds that cattle drinking from those sources were poisoned – a condition called Zamia staggers. In the South Pacific, a neurological condition called Guam Disease was traced to ingestion of this plant 15 to 20 years earlier, even though those individuals used a traditional native method thought to leech away the toxins. Even skin exposure to brightly colored seed, sometimes used by children in play, can be dangerous.


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EL SEGUNDO – The Los Angeles Lakers have signed forward Johnathan Williams to a two-way contract, it was announced today. In a related move, the Lakers have requested waivers on forward Travis Wear.
Williams (6-9, 230) played in all six preseason games for the Lakers, averaging 6.8 points (.516 FG%) and 4.3 rebounds in 14.5 minutes per game.
Read more: https://www.nba.com/...ive-travis-wear


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DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES! Dubai airport was the world's busiest for worldwide
travelers in 2017 for the fourth year running, with 88.2 million travellers, the United Arab
Emirates' state news organization WAM said Monday.
Worldwide traffic at the UAE airport expanded by 4.6 million travelers contrasted with the earlier year, WAM said, despite a laptop ban temporarily imposed on its long-haul flights to the United States.
A noteworthy transit hub situated on transcontinental air courses, Dubai is one of a few Gulf-based airports to have encountered prodigious development in recent years.
Dubai airport, the base for UAE bearer Emirates, outperformed London's Heathrow airport in terms of international passengers in 2014 and has kept up its lead since.
The United States in March a year ago forced a restriction on laptops and tablet PCs inside the cabin on inbound flights from a few Middle Eastern and North African countries including the United Arab Emirates.
But Emirates airline in July reported it had won an exception from the restriction for flights from its Dubai hub after implementing new safety efforts.


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When I was in college I started a business called College Card. It was 1987. Hedge fund manager (then Morgan Stanley chief strategist) Barton Biggs invested $30,000. It was combined with a delivery business. I delivered everything from pizza to gyros. College Card was a debit card that offered discounts to every store that accepted our card. The movie theater in town used to be a beautiful opera house. They offered a 75% discount to anyone using a college card. They made most of their money on the popcorn. College Card lasted for a semester. It didn't work out.
My first girlfriend, Tracey, once took my popcorn from me and threw it all over that same opera house theater in anger at me right before the beginning of the movie. Everyone looked at us. She said, "I HATE your popcorn and I HATE you!" I walked out and told the woman at the concession stand I dropped my popcorn. She gave me another one. A large. I then sat on the opposite side of theater from Tracey. That relationship didn't work out. But not for another two years.
(the State Theater in 1915)
I went to graduate school in computer science. While there, when I was supposed to be in classes, I played the game Go for 10 hours a day. Other times, I wrote novels for ten hours a day. I got thrown out of grad school. They told me I could come back when I had "maturity". Every few months they still ask me if I'm mature enough. It didn't work out.
I wanted to be a digital artist. I worked in the art department at the same school that threw me out. I wanted to merge art with computers. It didn't work out.
I was employee #10 at Fore Systems. I wrote their manuals. I made the game, missile command, using their chips. I hitchhiked every morning back and forth from work which resulted in a date or two. They IPO-ed a few years after I left there. I hated everyone there. Hate's a very strong word. Maybe I shouldn't use it. But I hated them. I would've made millions at a very young age. Maybe 25. It didn't work out.
I went out with, Sue. My dad asked me, "are you going to marry her?" On our second year anniversary of dating, Peter helped me go shopping for a wedding ring for Sue. We went downtown to a department store. We watched tihe office workers n their tight skirts. All the salesgirls showed heavy cleavage. I was 23 years old. I found a ring with an emerald. But my body started to shake. "Can I think about it?" I asked permission from the salesperson. Think about what? I knew it wasn't going to work out. So I didn't buy the ring. Sue left for Sardinia. Bad things happened.
I started work at HBO. There were eight levels of hierarchy between me and the CEO of Time Warner. I thought maybe I had a chance to become CEO if I worked hard every day. I was confident. I worked in the IT department in a division of the largest media company in the world. Eventually I had too many conflicts of interest. Everything became a ripped spider web of conflicts. I had to leave. It didn't work out.
I wanted to do a TV show for HBO. "III:am". I did it as a website for three years. It didn't work out. Sheila Nevins said to me, "for HBO, you either have to show me someone killing his mother while naked or you need to show me your neighbors fucking at three in the morning." She's now the head of HBO Family Productions, the shows for kids. It didn't work out.
(part of my III:am website)
I pitched another TV show, "Blind Date". It was about me spying on people while they were on a date and videotaping the whole thing. One guy said afterwards, when he found out that we were spying on him for the purposes of making a TV show, "life is to be lived, not televised!" He was crying on the message he left for me. Dave Bartis at HBO loved it. Sheila Nevins thought it was "too mean". Then they stopped returning calls. There was a political battle and I had lost. It didn't work out.
I helped someone write a spec script for MTV. It didn't work out.
I wrote a comic book script for DC Comics. There's a character called "Dream" that's very popular in the Sandman comics. I had an idea for a spinoff comic based on his sister "Delirium". I knew one of the editors, Lou Stathis. He died of a cerebral aneurism at a young age while sitting in his apartment watching TV, shortly after I showed him my script. I never followed up with whoever replaced him. It didn't work out.
(Delirum from the "Sandman" series)
I got married. 13 years later I was divorced. It didn't work out.
I started a company, Reset. We sold to a company, Xceed. I stayed at Xceed a year. At the end I disappointed everyone when I quit to start a new company. Two years after that Xceed was bankrupt. The guy who brokered the deal to sell my company went to jail. Nothing in that whole chapter worked out.
I bought a 5000 square foot penthouse loft in Tribeca. Hugh Jackman lived across the porch next door. He would jump over and play peek a boo with my little kid. Eventually I couldn't afford the $40k a month in mortgage and maintenance and was forced to sell right before I hit $0. It took 18 months to sell and we switched real estate brokers three times.I had no job or money during this period. It didn't work out..
(Hugh Jackman as Wolverine)
I started trading for various hedge funds. One year I was up 100%. I thought I would be able to raise a huge amount of money based on that. Some people said because I was up so much I was too volatile so they couldn't put money with me. "There's zero chance I'm going to put money in someone up 100% in a year. You can be down 100 % in a year also!" Many of those same people (including that guy) put money with Bernie Madoff instead. He was consistent. I was too erratic. I was reality. It didn't work out. One of my old investors still wants to put money with me. He doesn't know I stopped a long time ago. It just didn't work out.
I started some friendships. We played Scrabble every morning at six am. I played until about 8:30am when I knew my kids were done with their morning ritual and off to school. Then I went home to work when it was empty and my mind could just be quiet. All of those friendships are spread out now and gone. I haven't played Scrabble in years. Nothing worked out.
I traded for a hedge fund manager for a few years. One time at a dinner with his mistress and daughter I asked the daughter what she thought of the mistress. The daughter has produced some excellent movies. She turned to the mistress and said, "I think she's a money hungry slut" and walked out of the restaurant (the Four Seasons in NYC). The mistress started to cry. I was no longer trading for that manager a month later despite being up over 100% for him. It didn't work out.
I started a fund of hedge funds. My main investor threw a chair at me even though we were up 10% for him in the first three months. The chair missed. He had a disability and couldn't throw very well. He had an uncontrollable tick and he was overweight. He needed his money back because he was running what I now suspect was a Ponzi scheme. On the last day of each month someone told me he'd buy way out of the money long-dated currency options that were illiquid so he could mark them way up and show fake returns to his investors. His CFO called me crying because he was afraid of the FBI. Nothing worked out for any of us. My lawyer, Jay, said sometimes you just have to give up. I yelled at him: I don't give up! Eventually that fund of funds didn't work out.
I started a company, Stockpickr, and sold it to thestreet.com. We had a million users a month. We were very profitable. One person told me to block his account because he was addicted to Stockpickr and needed to get off his addiction. Thestreet.com basically got rid of me after two years. Stockpickr now languishes on their site with no real care and love behind it. It didn't really work out. I had written for thestreet.com for seven years. I had done 100s of videos for them. I really loved them. I told them I would write for free. It didn't work out.
I wrote for the Financial Times every Tuesday without missing a deadline for five years. The editor in chief at a party once told me, "we're going to make you a star". Some gut reflex in me blurted out, "I don't want to be a star" and later that night I regretted it because I was afraid I insulted him. In March, 2009, at the bottom of the financial crisis when I was most bullish, they got rid of me. I told them I would write for free. It didn't work out.
At that time I used to live at the corner of Wall Street and Broad Street. The same building JP Morgan worked in 90 years earlier, across from the New York Stock Exchange. I would wake up in the morning, go outside , and hand out chocolate to the people going into the New York Stock Exchange. I wanted them to cheer up before they began trading. This was on March 9, 2009. I single-handedly stopped the bear market with chocolate. I don't even like chocolate. I get a gag reflex when I taste it.
(the first terrorist/bomb attack on US soil occurred at my future home on Sept 16, 1920 - 36 people died)
I wanted to be a world-class chessplayer, go player, poker player, scrabble player, novel writer. None of those things worked out. I daydreamed about traveling the "Europe Circuit" just playing games. I liked all the game players I knew. They lived alternative lives. Always scratching the surface of the fake snow globe where everyone else lived. They couldn't get in even if they tried. The people in the snow globe can't get out. Its nice and pretty and snowing and everyone is pretty. Why would they want to leave?
I've written five books published by major publishers. Other than one fateful coincidence, most of them have not worked out.
I started a few more companies. One was JungleSmash which I wrote about here. None of them worked out. For no particular reason. Sometimes I would just lose interest. I've made 12 investments since then. We'll see.
Its 7pm and I have an article I need to write for Marketwatch. My daughters were here for the weekend and now they are gone so I miss them. I hear some band playing music in the background, probably near the gazebo at the river. What else can I even say about today? I hear birds. Cars go by about one every minute. I have this painting staring right at me. I have a talk I have to prepare to give in Chicago next week to an audience of about 600. I'm a little nervous for that one since I'm going to try a few new tricks.
Tomorrow, like I always do, I'll do my Daily Practice. I'll try and imagine all the things I'm grateful for. All the people I forgive, all the ideas I can come up with, all the people I love to be around. All of the people I want to be around. All of the things I want to do and all the things I want to keep doing.
Most of those things won't work out…I don't know. But I like to keep trying.
Read more posts on The Altucher Confidential »


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Ah! Welcome to Chez le Moneytight! We serve only the finest gourmet cuisine, but at unbelievably low prices! That's right! A 5 star restaurant with affordable deals! Today's daily special is to die for! It features a piece of crunchy, burnt toast with a choice of either blackberry jelly or hummus spread! Yes what a mouthwatering meal! And you haven't lived until you've sipped our crystal H2O a la Cheap! Every thirst quenching drop will have your taste buds screaming for more minerals and sediment! This whole backage for the amazing price of $25.99! Bet you can't match that price with any other 5 star resturant!
……wait…where are you going? Come back!! A great meal awaits you! I'll even throw in half a Poptart! DON'T LEAVE!\(`0´)/


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The EU must urgently reform damaging farming subsidies to stand a chance of saving nature, preventing the worst effects of climate change and reviving small farms and our rural regions, according to a new report released today.
At the moment, there are 175 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) who we consider to be far-right, or who represent far-right national governments. They are members of three political blocs - the European Conservatives and Reformists, Europe for Freedom and Direct Democracy, and Europe of Nations and Freedom, as well as a number of 'non-attached' MEPs who don't sit with any bloc.
Europe's prime ministers met today in Sibiu, Romania, for a largely symbolic summit intended to renew commitment on the 'issues that really matter to people'.
Copyright Friends of the Earth Europe
Genuine, just solutions to climate change
Less is more: reducing energy consumption for a safer planet and better homes
Oil and gas exploration, and mining
Delivering a just transition to a 100% renewable, no nuclear, super energy-efficient, zero-fossil-fuel Europe by 2030
Creating a future powered by clean, fossil-free, community owned energy
Making multinational companies accountable for harm they cause anywhere in the world
When EU and international policy-making is overly influenced by business and interest groups
Our rights, and how we can shape society
The weakening of vital protections to please big business
EU trade and investment policy should start to put people before profit
Food and farming in Europe and its global impacts
Genetically modified crops and organisms
Standing up for our right to nature
Rethinking plastic, and reducing, reusing and recycling resources
Europe's consumption of land, materials, water and carbon


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Norman Sherwood Wehman was born in the Bronx, N.Y., on June 4, 1929.
He was born to Frederic Mortimer Wehman and Eleanore Sherwood Wehman.
He passed away Jan. 28, 2018 in Clovis, Calif.
He was married to Barbara Wehman on Oct. 27, 1956. His children include Diana Hancock (Randy), Matthew Wehman (Angela), John Wehman ( Jean) and Sara Wehman.
He also leaves behind five grandchildren, including Andrew Hancock, Lindsey Quilter (Carolyn), Zachary Wehman, Christopher Wehman and Emily Wehman.
Norman served in his churches in San Jose and Mariposa in various capacities, including as business administrator, associate pastor and Bible teacher. He also served as a volunteer with Helping Hands in Oakhurst, Calif.
Prior to that, he worked in the insurance industry.
He was preceded in death by his parents, Frederic and Eleanore, as well as his brother, Frederic M. Wehman, Jr.
A celebration of life memorial service is scheduled March 3, 2018, at 2 p.m. It will be held at New Life Christian Fellowship, located at 5089 Cole Road in Bootjack.


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Perspectives on Corporate Social Responsibility
Edited by Nina Boeger, Rachel Murray and Charlotte Villiers
Chapter 10: Engaging Individuals
Sally Wheeler
Sally Wheeler INTRODUCTION In this chapter I want to consider the relationship of the individual citizen to CSR initiatives and NGO activism. My starting point is the popular disenchantment with traditional political structures that is evident in many national democracies. In that disenchantment I see an opportunity, if not an obligation, for the individual to adopt a position of political and ethical responsibility towards those who find themselves less advantaged and to give effect to that opportunity or obligation, with some caveats, through an interaction with and a subsequent shaping of CSR and NGO activities. The chapter falls into four sections. In the first section I examine the decline of traditional political participation and speculate as to why this might be. In the second I look at ways of inspiring personal political and ethical responsibility. I draw on the work of Iris Marion Young, Paulo Freire and Emmanuel Levinas to construct these ideas of political and ethical obligation. I see it as essential that individual citizens engage and determine the nature of CSR and NGO activity and I explore the reasons for this in the third and fourth sections. There my concern is with the democratic deficit that occurs in both CSR policy and NGO activity if there is mere passive endorsement of these activities and not positive citizen engagement. My theme throughout this chapter is that despite their apparent power, corporations are merely instruments of the will of the wider public in which they are situated. Political commitment at...
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text:
Milkshake - Part 24
July 25th, 2013, 2:02 pm
Posted by Gigi19972010
Imagine when you have a problem like that, and someone tells you that nothing needs to be done about it.
Posted at July 25th, 2013, 2:02 pm
Posted by Advertisement
Posted at May 22nd, 2019, 3:06 pm
Posted by Ryjora
GIGI SHOULDN'T YOU BE STUDDYINNNGGG/g?1?1?112?11/1?1!/1@21/3!@4234?@#$12
Posted at July 25th, 2013, 2:27 pm
Posted by SkyyKirby44
@Ryjora: I'd agree, but that logic is partially broken.
Posted at July 25th, 2013, 2:48 pm
Posted by Luigi_96
@Gigi19972010: Professor Layton is an amazing series. None of them made me cry (I've played the first 4), But Unwound Future made me want to. SO SAD. ;n;
Posted at July 25th, 2013, 3:16 pm
Posted by Light/Pokemon the hedgehog
@Gigi19972010: I've been thinking of trying the Professor Layton series soon. It sounds pretty good from what I've heard... I was GOING to buy the new Fire Emblem but decided against it, since I need to replace my copy of Kid Icarus Uprising (I lost it in the city. I HAVE TO BEAT IT ALL OVER AGAIN. I HAD ALL THE WEAPONS *Breaks down sobbing* T_T). And the Dual Scream ringtone IS catchy, ain't it? I just finished the game last month, and now I'm wishing I had the original to play on my Wii. But I'm not getting any new games until I finish the 999 series. IT ROCKS, PERIOD.
Posted at July 25th, 2013, 5:13 pm
Posted by Plazem
hmmmmm, this is sounding familiar ......... ALL HAIL THE MAGIC CONCH!
Posted at July 25th, 2013, 7:38 pm
Posted by Jarkes
This kind of reminds me of that one episode of Avatar: The Last Airbender... you watch and wait for the right moment to strike.
Posted at July 25th, 2013, 9:56 pm
Posted by Trevor the Hedgehog (Guest)
@Gigi19972010: Something tells me that that little memory wipe Panee gave Marx is going to wear off soon...judging by what Meta Knight is saying...but that's just me. (Also, I take it you read my apology letter..? Because honestly, if losing the contest is the only way to learn a lesson from all this, then that's the price I have to pay... <:/)
Posted at July 26th, 2013, 8:49 am
Posted by Sapar
Yeah, Marx can't just be left to rot like that. He has no memory, so he has all of his innocence back. Probably.
Posted at July 26th, 2013, 10:02 am
Posted by MixMagi365
Magi: ZZzZ uff, how long has it been?
Posted at July 26th, 2013, 11:08 am
Posted by Over 9000 (Guest)
What shall we do now, oh Meta Conch?
Posted at July 26th, 2013, 4:36 pm
Posted by kirbylubber (Guest)
Daisy is talking less and less and Grace is talking more and more.
Posted at July 27th, 2013, 10:09 pm
Posted by Gigi19972010
Posted at August 5th, 2013, 11:57 am
Posted by 44Cinder44
Posted at August 10th, 2013, 3:51 pm


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Northwood women let another close one slip away
For the second straight day, the Timberwolves let opportunities slip away, losing 57-51 to Northern Kentucky at the Bennett Center.
By Fred Kelly
After a promising start to the women's basketball season, Northwood finished 2004 with a whimper Friday.
For the second straight day, the Timberwolves let opportunities slip away, losing 57-51 to Northern Kentucky at the Bennett Center to finish the GLIAC/GLVC Classic with an 0-2 record.
Southern Indiana of the GLVC edged the GLIAC's Ferris State 82-81 in Friday's first game to win the tournament at 2-0. Ferris State and Northern Kentucky both finished with records of 1-1.
On Thursday, Northwood matched Southern Indiana point-for-point for 33 minutes before falling apart down the stretch in a 65-58 loss. On Friday, the Timberwolves allowed a five-point second-half lead to slip away against the Norse.
"It's got to be mental focus more than anything," said NU coach Jeff Curtis. "That's been our biggest issue all year. If we can focus mentally, we can be pretty good. We can play with teams. But if we don't focus mentally, we're pretty (darn) bad. Unfortunately, I don't think we were real focused today."
The Timberwolves outrebounded Northern Kentucky 44-40 overall and 20-9 on the offensive end. But poor shooting both from the floor and from the foul line doomed NU, which managed only 31 percent (20 of 55) and 50 percent (8 of 16), respectively.
"Offensively right now, I feel we're getting very, very good looks," Curtis said. "We're just missing lay-ups, we're missing free throws, we're missing open shots. Somebody has to step up and hit some shots, bottom line.
"We had zero presence in the post today," he continued. "We were missing point-blank lay-ups, and we were missing free throws when we needed them. That's the game. If you miss your free throws, you lose."
Northern Kentucky engineered an 18-0 run early in the game to go up 20-6, and the contest appeared to be getting out of hand. But Northwood later began to make things happen in transition, going on a 20-4 run that stretched from the 3:17 mark of the first half to the 15:45 mark of the second.
That run gave the Timberwolves a 37-32 lead and plenty of momentum.
The Norse responded, however, with runs of 9-0 and 10-2 and eventually built a 51-45 lead with 3:49 to play.
Northwood closed to within three points on two occasions down the stretch but could get no closer.
"We can't continue to play catch-up every game," Curtis noted. "When you're playing catch-up, every possession is so big, and the game is teetering on each (possession). … We're getting the shots I want to get. We just need the confidence to make those shots."
Connie Myers had 17 points and 13 rebounds to lead NKU (5-7), while Brittany Winner had 13 points and eight boards. Karyn Creager added seven points and six rebounds.
NU's Maureen Elliott led all scorers with 19 points on 7-of-25 shooting, while also grabbing a team-high nine rebounds. Payge Salquist had 11 points and Kate Deupree seven points and seven boards.
"We took care of the ball, we handled their pressure, and defensively I can't ask for anything more than (how we played today)," Curtis said. "We're defending well, and we're giving ourselves a chance in every game because of our defense. But we've got to get more offense than just Mo (Elliott)."
Northwood (5-7) heads to Ashland on Thursday to resume its conference schedule.
In Friday's first game, Southern Indiana (10-2) had five double-digit scorers, led by Jamie Truitt's 19 points. Sabrina Brandon had 17 points, Andrea Engleking 14 points, Tiara Brown 12 points and seven assists, and Megan Nelson 11 points.
For Ferris State (3-8), Bridget Horwitz had 20 points and 11 rebounds, Kristin Reinhart 20 points and nine assists, and Lucie Cenkova 16 points.


text:
Stenhousemuir boss Brown Ferguson continued his squad reshaping this week by signing right back Alan Reid from Albion Rovers.
Reid joins former Livingston and East Kilbride midfielder Kieran Gibbons as the latest new recuits to the ranks at Ochilview.
Warriors have been further boosted by the re-signing of Ruaridh Donaldson and Thomas Halleran while Alan Cook and Nicky Paterson have also agreed new deals.
On latest acquisition Reid, Ferguson said: "He's steady, experienced, professional.
"He spent 11 years at Albion Rovers which tells you about his character, a loyal guy who's seven out of 10 week in week out.
"I am also pleased to add Kieran to our squad ahead of next season.
"He was identified through our recruitment plan and watched on a number of occasions last season. At 23 he has a lot of potential to develop and I am confident he will show further progress at the club and have a positive impact next season."
Ironically one of new boy Reid's first games could be against Albion Rovers after last week's Betfred Cup group stage draw.
The two are in the same group as Championship trio Partick Thistle, Ayr United and Morton.


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< Prior | Surnames | Next >
|My line:
Sir Thomas Jones (1580-1614) m. Jane
Edward Jones (ca. 1612-1690) m. Mary
Edward Jones (ca. 1656-1730) m. Deborah Exum
Edward Jones (1702-1751) m. Abigail Sugars (1702-1790)
Robert Jones (1752-1815) m. Ann Duke (d. 1810)
Elizabeth Swann Jones (b. 1783) m. Robert Jones -- a second Jones line!
Mary Ann Jones (1815-1859) m. Doctor Cole (1798-1859)
John N. Cole (1852-1915) m. Elizabeth M. Jones (1855-1925) -- a third Jones line!
Lucy Cole (1882-1958) m. Plato Tracy Durham (1873-1930)
Lucy Cole Durham (1925-2008) m. Roscoe Lee Strickland, Jr. (1917-1997)
Roscoe Lee Strickland III
|This genealogy is based upon
the evidence cited by John Bennett Boddie in his book, Historical Southern
Families, Vol. IV. He wrote that the Edward Jones (ca. 1612-1690) was the
brother of Rev. Rowland Jones, Vicar of Wendover, Bucks County, England, and the
uncle of Rev. Rowland Jones of Bruton Parish, Virginia. He said Edward Jones
came over to York County, Virginia, and had a son named Edward Jones of Isle of
Wight County.
According to Van Jones, in his work Isle of Wight County, Virginia, there were several men named Edward Jones who came from England to the colony during the early years, making it very difficult to positively identify which one was which. He believes that this Edward Jones was not the father of Edward Jones of Isle of Wight County, although he cannot explain the evidence that tends to show a family relationship.
Alethea Jane Macon, in her book Gideon Macon of Virginia and Some of His Descendants, wrote that this Edward Jones was the son of Rev. Rowland Jones, Vicar of Wendover.
Family tradition has been that the first member of the Jones family to immigrate to America had to come, because he was a brother-in-law of Cromwell and a member of "The Commission of Forty" who condemned Charles I to death in 1649. When Charles II came to the throne in 1660, this Jones had to "stand not upon the order of his going, but go at once." This story is possible, but probably not true. Our Edward Jones was probably already in America by the time Charles I died, and most certainly here by the time Charles II came to the throne. Unfortunately, with such a common name, there is no way to know for sure when he came over.
On June 24, 1635, Captain Adam Thorowgood was granted 5350 acres on the Chesapeake Bay for the transportation on a French ship in 1629 of 105 persons, including an Edward Jones. On October 12, 1653, Gregory Perrott was granted 150 acres described as bordering on land owned by Edward Jones.
Edward Jones acquired several hundred acres of land in Isle of Wight County. He did not name a son Edward in his will, but Boddie said that was because Edward, Jr., had already received his portion. The will was written in York County on October 14, 1690, and it was probated there on November 10, 1690.
|Edward Jones (ca. 1656-1730) signed the Royalist Petition in 1677. His will was dated January 15, 1722, and it was probated July 27, 1730, in Isle of Wight County, Virginia. It named wife Deborah; sons Edward, William, and Joseph; daughters Jane, Sarah, Deborah, and Mary. Excecutors were wife and sons Joseph and William Jones. Witnesses were Thomas Lane, John Brown, and Peter Basser (Isle of Wight County Will Book III, page 210).
|Around the mid to late
1730's, Edward Jones (1702-1751) and his wife, Abigail Sugars, came from Isle of
Wight County, Virginia, to North Carolina. They were some of the earliest
settlers of the western frontier of Bertie County. Edgecombe County was formed
in 1741, and largely through the efforts of Edward Jones, Granville County came
into existence in 1746. The justices of the first Court of the new county met on
September 3, 1746, at the home of Edward Jones on Shocco Creek was. They chose a
site for a courthouse near Boiling Springs, a landmark on the Jones estate, a
seething little jet of water with a bitingly pungent taste. It was later known
as Jones Springs and White Sulphur Springs. It was located in that part of
Granville County that later became Warren County in 1779.
Edward Jones was a colonel in the militia and served as a Burgess in the Colonial Assembly in New Bern, North Carolina, from 1746 to 1751. He died there during a session, and his will, dated November 16, 1750, was probated in Granville County.
|Robert Jones (1752-1815) was born five months and eleven days after his father's death. He was a Revolutionary soldier, and he became a large land and slave owner. Bishop John Early of the Methodist Church, who married his daughter, Ann Winifred Jones, said in his diary that the Joneses were a refined, christian family. Robert Jones's plantation, White Sulphur Springs, is where the Jones Family Cemetery is located.
< Prior Surname | Home | Genealogy | Next Surname >


text:
This is a placeholder topic for anything Raspberry Pi.
- I might still use this as a media centre, but I haven't explored that direction yet.
I now use a CubieTruck
Table of Contents [hide]
Topics ∞
- Raspbian (Debian for the Raspberry Pi)
- SSH with the Raspberry Pi
- rdesktop > Remote desktop with the Raspberry Pi
- xpra > xpra on the Raspberry Pi
- Raspberry Pi troubleshooting notes
Issues ∞
See also Raspberry Pi troubleshooting notes
There seems to be a lot of electromagnetic radiation coming off of it. I'm getting my old-fashioned headaches. I'll have to keep an eye on it.
- I may want to get an aluminium case to solve this issue.
- Sticking it in the corner of the room should help.
Resources ∞
Stores ∞
I don't know where my other store links went.. bah
Distributions ∞
- https://distrowatch.com/search.php?category=Raspberry+Pi
- Tiny Core runs on the RPi too.
- Raspbian = Debian
- PiBang Linux -- uses systemd!
Media center distributions ∞
Random uncategorized links ∞
- http://www.berryterminal.com/doku.php/rasprazor
- http://www.berryterminal.com/doku.php/berryboot
- http://raspi.tv/
3d-printed cases:
Hardware notes ∞
32BM is a safe bet, but I see references going all the way up to 512 GB!


text:
Create Content in MinutesGet Started For Free
Get information about solar eclipses and total eclipses, and get news, facts, and photos from National Geographic.
Watch video! A total solar eclipse will make for an eventful afternoon in the skies above North America Aug. 21. this 'article' and video will give you all the information you'll need to know about a solar or total eclipse.
Later today, all of North America will witness a total solar eclipse for the first time in 99 years, where the Moon will pass in front of the Sun, casting darkness across swathes of the Earth's surface with up to 14 states shrouded in complete blackout.


text:
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This is a great activity that I found on the SMART Exchange website about living and non-living things. I would love to use this activity to support learning and collaboration throughout the unit as a pre-assessment, practice or assessment tool.
If you do not have SMART software on your computer, use the SMART Express link to view this activity.
This activity corresponds with the Grade 1 Saskatchewan Curriculum Outcomes of Life Science: Needs and Characteristics of living things.