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Perspective ARTICLE
"Connectomic surgery": diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography as a targeting modality for surgical modulation of neural networks
- Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is being used to treat a growing number of neurological disorders. Until recently, DBS has been thought to act mainly by suppressing local neuronal activity, essentially producing a functional lesion. Numerous studies are now demonstrating that DBS has widespread network effects mediated by white matter pathways. The new science of connectomics aims to map the connectivity between brain regions in health and disease. Targeting DBS specifically to pathways which exhibit pathological connectivity could greatly expand the possibilities for treating brain diseases. This brief review examines the current state of brain imaging for visualization of these networks and describes how DBS might be used to restore normal connectivity in pathological states.
Since its initial introduction in the early 1950s (Delgado et al., 1952), and its refinement in the late 1980s to its current modern form (Benabid et al., 1987), deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been increasingly employed in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. The safety, adjustability and reversibility of this modality have driven widespread adoption, essentially replacing brain lesioning for the treatment of movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (Kleiner-Fisman et al., 2006; Weaver et al., 2009; Bronstein et al., 2011), tremor (Flora et al., 2010), and dystonia (Isaias et al., 2009; Krauss, 2010). The non-destructive nature of DBS has encouraged exploration as a treatment modality for psychiatric disorders such as depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder (Greenberg et al., 2008; Malone et al., 2009; Lozano et al., 2012), obesity (Tomycz et al., 2011), and memory disorders (Laxton et al., 2010), as well as its refinement in the treatment of pain (Bittar et al., 2005). Given the growing number of disorders being treated by DBS, increasing efforts have been dedicated to understanding its mechanism of action. Initially, DBS was felt to act by purely inhibitory influences, mimicking destruction of a brain nucleus (Breit et al., 2004). It is now generally accepted that DBS can have complex influences over widespread areas of the brain (Dostrovsky and Lozano, 2002; Johnson et al., 2008; Montgomery and Gale, 2008; Hauptmann and Tass, 2010; McIntyre and Hahn, 2010), which have implications beyond the straightforward inhibition of a local gray matter structure. DBS is no longer thought of as a simple substitute for lesioning, but is being appreciated as a means to modulate entire neural networks with increasing precision.
Functional imaging has allowed us to peer more deeply into the physiological state of the brain during health and disease and has been used to both guide DBS development (Mayberg et al., 2005) and to better elucidate its mechanisms (Kringelbach et al., 2010). The purpose of this brief review is to examine the current state of knowledge about brain networks and their visualization with modern imaging modalities, and how this information can be used to better guide neurostimulation interventions in treating a broad range of neurological disorders.
Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography
White matter tracts are formed from the axonal projections of cortical and subcortical neurons, creating the structural connective scaffolding of the brain. Using the recent technique of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), these tracts can now be visualized in vivo. DTI takes advantage of the normal diffusion patterns of water molecules through the brain by Brownian motion. Each brain region has a distinct pattern of diffusion, limited by cell membranes, internal cellular structure, and other local factors such as myelin. Water molecules can be magnetically labeled by application of a strong magnetic gradient during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Differences in apparent water mobility determine the signal attenuation in response to these gradients, allowing the directionality of diffusion to be calculated for each voxel (Basser et al., 1994). Water mobility is assumed to be greatest along axon bundles. Given this assumption, white matter fascicles can be traced from voxel to voxel by following the direction of greatest water diffusion (Conturo et al., 1999; Mori et al., 1999; Basser et al., 2000). Jones' 2008 review (Jones, 2008) provides an excellent overview.
Although DTI tractography potentially suffers from a number of limitations (including poor resolution, inaccuracies introduced by poor signal-to-noise ratio, and possible mis-registration with anatomic images) (Mori and van Zijl, 2002), there is increasing evidence that this method provides useful information for locating white matter tracts in the brain. Establishing structural connectivity by this method is thus useful for studying structure-function relationships with functional imaging techniques. Anatomically, DTI tractography still cannot provide resolution comparable to direct fiber dissection in preserved human brains (Peltier et al., 2010) or chemical tract-tracing methods in animals (Lehman et al., 2011). However, stimulation of tractographically defined white matter connections has been successfully employed as a technique for avoiding complications in neurosurgery (Berman et al., 2007; Coenen et al., 2009; Bello et al., 2010; Leclercq et al., 2010), suggesting its utility for guiding therapeutic brain stimulation. Insights from animal studies are already helping to direct DTI tractography studies of DBS mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (Gradinaru et al., 2009) and mood disorders (Lehman et al., 2011).
The "Connectome" Concept of Brain Function
Over the past decade, a number of technologies have converged to make large-scale mapping of the brain possible. With the advent of more advanced imaging methods and the increasing speed and storage capacity of computers, it is now feasible to create large databases of functional and structural connectivity, in a way similar to that pursued for the human genome. The resulting field of "connectomics" aims to map the structure of the brain at several levels from individual neurons to nodes and networks, and to understand how that structure gives rise to the complex functions of the brain (Hagmann et al., 2010).
The relationship between structural connectivity (as demonstrated by physical tract-tracing by chemical or anatomical means, or by imaging methods such as DTI tractography) and functional connectivity [as demonstrated by functional MRI (fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), or electrophysiological measurements] is dynamic over multiple time scales. Several studies have examined connectivity in the brain's resting state (the so-called "default mode network"), demonstrating general concordance between structural and functional connectivity while acknowledging that the correspondence is not absolute (Damoiseaux and Greicius, 2009). Functional connectivity without demonstrated structural connectivity could occur through indirect connections, and it is possible for functional connectivity to change dynamically during task performance even if structural connectivity remains constant (Hampson et al., 2004; Damoiseaux and Greicius, 2009).
While specific brain regions have long been known to subserve specific functions, there is a growing realization that the brain is far less rigidly organized than previously thought. The modern view of brain architecture is that of a flexible, re-configurable network organized into connected modules (Deco et al., 2008; De Benedictis and Duffau, 2011; Zamora-López et al., 2011). Increasingly, the connectivity between brain regions is being seen as dynamic on time scales ranging from seconds (Honey et al., 2007) to years (Uddin et al., 2011), organized around a structural modular scaffolding (Deco et al., 2011). This ever-changing neuronal landscape allows for the flexibility in behavior and thought that is the hallmark of human cognition.
Neural connectivity varies depending on the scale at which it is examined (Deco et al., 2008). At the microscopic scale (i.e., a cortical slice or subcortical gray matter), neurons are densely and homogeneously connected with one another. At larger scales, neuronal ensembles are assembled into less densely connected assemblies such as cortical columns (Mountcastle, 1957). At the scale of the entire brain, white matter tracts sparsely connect these neural ensembles one to another. These large-scale connections between functional units are potential targets for modulation by methods such as DBS.
Specialization of function requires that neuronal pathways remain segregated, but integration of sensory, motor, cognitive, and emotional inputs is required for decision-making at the organismal level. How does the brain segregate and integrate simultaneously? There is still considerable debate regarding whether integration occurs at topographically localized regions (space) or emerges as a consequence of synchronized neuronal activity (time). However, in either case, functional connectivity between regions is likely established via "hubs" in the neural network, representing more richly interconnected areas in the cortex or subcortical nuclei (Zamora-López et al., 2011).
Many of the subcortical structures that have been targeted for the surgical treatment of movement disorders show dense, widespread connectivity, and may represent this kind of integrative hub within an overall less densely connected network. Disruption of integration or segregation within these hubs could lead to abnormalities in connectivity, creating pathological brain states. For example, several studies have demonstrated increased connectivity in Parkinson's disease, using resting-state fMRI (Baudrexel et al., 2011), task-related fMRI (Wu et al., 2010) or PET (Poston and Eidelberg, 2011). In the resting state, increased connectivity between cortex and the subthalamic nucleus (STN) (Baudrexel et al., 2011) mirrors the abnormal electrical synchrony in the beta (13–35 Hz) frequency band, which has been hypothesized to play a role in the generation of Parkinsonian symptoms (Brown et al., 1998; Bronte-Stewart et al., 2009; de Solages et al., 2011). De-synchronization of pathologically synchronized circuits, with consequent normalization of functional connectivity, could therefore represent an underlying theme in DBS mechanisms (Hauptmann and Tass, 2010).
White Matter as the Main Target of Deep Brain Stimulation
It has been known since the 1960s that white matter tracts are, in general, more sensitive to electrical stimulation than cell bodies (Landau et al., 1965). Numerous studies since that time have contributed to the notion that axons are the primary neuronal elements acted on by electrical stimulation (McIntyre et al., 2004; Butson et al., 2007; Gradinaru et al., 2009; Deniau et al., 2010). It seems increasingly likely that DBS affects distant as well as local network nodes, propagated by stimulation of white matter (Deniau et al., 2010). For example, high frequency stimulation of the subthalamic region has been shown to cause physiological effects in numerous nuclei connected to the STN, including SNR, GP, SNpc, striatum, contralateral STN, PPN, thalamus, cortex, and superior colliculus (McIntyre and Hahn, 2010). A study examining the connectivity of two different deep brain targets for depression—the subcallosal cingulate region and the anterior limb of the internal capsule—revealed largely non-overlapping projection patterns, with the subcallosal cingulate projecting to more medial-limbic-striatal regions and the anterior limb of the internal capsule projecting to more lateral cortical-thalamic-temporal regions (Gutman et al., 2009). The widespread connectivity of these regions has been verified by anatomical tracing methods in animals (Lehman et al., 2011). All forms of therapeutic electrical brain stimulation have been found to cause changes in activity throughout widespread networks which differ for each area, as measured by functional imaging techniques (McIntyre and Hahn, 2010).
Although DBS of the subthalamic region for Parkinson's disease has been previously hypothesized to act by suppressing local activity, optogenetic experiments in laboratory animals suggest that antidromic activation of the "hyperdirect" pathway from motor areas to the STN may also play a prominent role (Gradinaru et al., 2009). In a series of patients undergoing subthalamic DBS for Parkinson's disease, this hypothesis was tested by recording from the cortical surface, at a location defined by DTI tractography as structurally connected with the STN. The results, to be published in a separate study, demonstrate functional electrical connectivity between these structurally connected regions, corroborating the findings from functional imaging studies (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Oscillatory coherence demonstrated between cortex and subthalamic nucleus during DBS surgery. A six contact cortical strip recording electrode (open circles) was introduced through a 14 mm burrhole to arrive at the origin of the hyperdirect pathway (denoted in orange) as defined by DTI tractography. Electrocorticographic recordings demonstrate oscillatory coherence at 22 Hz ("beta" frequency range), most strongly between the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the pair of electrodes straddling the origin of the hyperdirect pathway (Henderson et al., 2010).
Given the growing body of evidence implicating white matter as the main target for DBS, direct tract targeting guided by DTI might be hypothesized to provide efficacy equivalent to, or even possibly better than, targeting of nuclei. In a patient with Parkinson's disease undergoing thalamic DBS for tremor, Coenen and colleagues demonstrated, using image fusion of postoperative lead position and preoperative DTI imaging, that the dentatorubrothalamic tract (DRT) was included within the area influenced by the electrical field (Coenen et al., 2011b). Noting that the DRT has long been hypothesized to play an important role in the neurosurgical control of tremor, his group went on to directly target this tract with good symptomatic results (Coenen et al., 2011a). Several studies have suggested that the posterior subthalamic area or the caudal zona inserta may be superior as a target for tremor (Plaha et al., 2004; Hamel et al., 2007; Sandvik et al., 2011; Coenen et al., 2011b). Given the course of the DRT, it is likely that all of these targets (posterior subthalamic region, caudal zona incerta, and Vim nucleus of the thalamus) lie along the same white matter pathway. In fact, deviation from this tractographically defined target (as may occur during electrophysiologically guided DBS of the Vim nucleus of the thalamus, the traditional target), can lead to poor tremor control, as demonstrated in a patient with bilateral DBS for essential tremor (Figure 2).
Figure 2. Postoperative CT scan demonstrating deep brain stimulation electrodes placed in the Vim nucleus of the thalamus for the treatment of tremor. DTI tractography of the dentatorubrothalamic tract (DRT) is superimposed on the CT scan, and is indicated in green on the left side (corresponding to the radiographic right side of the brain) and in red on the right side (radiographic left side of the brain). Note the position of the DBS lead on the right side of the brain lies within the DRT and provided symptomatic relief, whereas the DBS lead on the left side of the brain is located outside the DRT and did not provide symptomatic relief.
Network Surgery: Modulation of Widespread Connections in the Minimally Conscious State
Following severe brain injury, some patients may show waxing and waning of consciousness with relative preservation of integrative brain networks in what is called the minimally conscious state (MCS), characterized by intermittent awareness of self and surroundings (Schiff et al., 2007). This state is hypothesized to reflect a localized lesion to the ascending systems responsible for arousal, with sparing of cortical integrative circuitry. The central thalamus receives ascending connections from brainstem "arousal centers" and sends projections to widespread regions of the forebrain. Disconnection from these deeper centers may produce decreased resting tone throughout the cortex (Schiff, 2009). A study of resting state connectivity using fMRI in patients with disordered consciousness found reduced functional connectivity in posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, temporoparietal regions, and parahippocampal gyrus in patients in the MCS vs. normal, healthy controls (Vanhaudenhuyse et al., 2010).
The central thalamic nuclear group thus likely represents an important network hub, which might serve as a target for neuromodulation to address deficits in attention and/or arousal (Schiff, 2009). In 2007, Schiff and colleagues reported on a patient in the MCS who improved with DBS of the central thalamus, including the anterior intralaminar thalamic nuclei and adjacent paralaminar regions of thalamic association nuclei (Schiff et al., 2007). During active DBS, the study participant demonstrated increased periods of arousal, functional object use and intelligible verbalization (which had not been present before). The authors hypothesized that this participant suffered from underactivation of cortical networks subserving consciousness with relatively preserved structural connectivity, and that DBS served to activate these connected regions. The necessity of maintained structural integrity in the face of functional loss is suggested by a similar study which was carried out in a large number of patients in a persistent vegetative state, without success (Schiff, 2009). Presumably, these patients lacked the structural connectivity necessary to produce widespread activation and increased arousal with central thalamic stimulation.
DBS for the MCS is thus aimed purposely at activating large-scale networks throughout the brain, rather than inactivating a single localized area. The initial success of this modality adds yet more evidence suggesting that network effects may dominate over local effects in therapeutic DBS.
Connectomics and Current DBS Targets
In light of the foregoing evidence, it is clear that current DBS targets share several features, including their location along white matter pathways and their influence on distributed networks, which allow them to be naturally considered within the framework of connectomics. Stimulation of the STN for Parkinson's disease affects distant targets through both antidromic and orthodromic projections (Gradinaru et al., 2009; McIntyre and Hahn, 2010), and may exert its therapeutic effect by normalizing functional connectivity. Several effective DBS targets for tremor lie along the DRT, suggesting that they are all modulating the same structural pathway to achieve a similar functional result (Coenen et al., 2011a). DBS of the subgenual cingulate region acts by changing not only local metabolic activity, but also the activity of functionally connected distant targets (Mayberg et al., 2005). Thalamic DBS for treatment of the MCS activates widespread areas of cortex by virtue of their connectivity with the target site in the central thalamus (Schiff et al., 2007; Schiff, 2008). Finally, DBS of the fornix for the treatment of memory disorders is specifically targeted at a white matter structure which connects directly to the hippocampus, long known to be intimately involved with memory storage and retrieval (Laxton et al., 2010).
There is growing evidence that stimulation of white matter tracts connecting functional hubs within brain networks can restore normal patterns of activity in widespread brain regions. Although suggested by preliminary studies, it remains to be definitively demonstrated whether these modulatory influences are due to changes in connectivity, and whether connectivity normalization can be related to other markers such as oscillatory synchronization or frequency of DBS. However, the suggestion that altered functional connectivity is a hallmark of many brain diseases, and that normalizing abnormal connectivity with electrical stimulation can lead to symptomatic improvement, introduces a new and exciting way of thinking about DBS (Kringelbach et al., 2011).
To fully evaluate the potential of "connectomic surgery," a number of challenges remain to be met. There is a need for further refinement of DTI tractography methods, particularly with respect to improving signal-to-noise ratio, reducing voxel size, reducing distortion with the consequence of better co-registration with anatomic MR, and the development of better techniques for dealing with crossing fibers and multiple fiber directions. There is also a need to refine methods of reliably relating structural connectivity to functional connectivity, since DBS requires an intact structural pathway to modulate. Connectomic research has made great strides in a few short years, but there are still large gaps in connectomic databases which will require continued effort to fill (Hagmann et al., 2010). DBS electrodes and stimulation paradigms could be better optimized for tract stimulation as opposed to introduction into deep brain nuclei. Finally, the way of thinking about brain diseases amenable to DBS treatment may need to be altered. Approaching further study of brain network abnormalities with an eye toward neuromodulatory therapies might provide new insights which could guide future efforts.
In the same way that sequencing of the genome has already led to advances in the understanding of disease states, further definition of the connectome of the human brain could allow individualized connectivity mapping, perhaps leading to patient-specific maps of dysfunction in disease states (Hagmann et al., 2010). If DBS can indeed reliably alter functional connectivity, it could be a powerful tool for leveraging the insights of connectomics for the treatment of neurological disease.
Conflict of Interest Statement
The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
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McIntyre, C. C., Grill, W. M., Sherman, D. L., and Thakor, N. V. (2004). Cellular effects of deep brain stimulation: model-based analysis of activation and inhibition. J. Neurophysiol. 91, 1457–1469.
Montgomery, E. B., and Gale, J. T. (2008). Mechanisms of action of deep brain stimulation(DBS). Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 32, 388–407.
Mori, S., Crain, B. J., Chacko, V., and van Zijl, P. (1999). Three−dimensional tracking of axonal projections in the brain by magnetic resonance imaging. Ann. Neurol. 45, 265–269.
Mori, S., and van Zijl, P. C. M. (2002). Fiber tracking: principles and strategies - a technical review. NMR Biomed. 15, 468–480.
Mountcastle, V. B. (1957). Modality and topographic properties of single neurons of cat's somatic sensory cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 20, 408–434.
Peltier, J., Verclytte, S., Delmaire, C., Pruvo, J.-P., Godefroy, O., and Le Gars, D. (2010). Microsurgical anatomy of the temporal stem: clinical relevance and correlations with diffusion tensor imaging fiber tracking. J. Neurosurg. 112, 1033–1038.
Plaha, P., Patel, N. K., and Gill, S. S. (2004). Stimulation of the subthalamic region for essential tremor. J. Neurosurg. 101, 48–54.
Poston, K. L., and Eidelberg, D. (2011). Functional brain networks and abnormal connectivity in the movement disorders. Neuroimage. [Epub ahead of print].
Sandvik, U., Koskinen, L.-O., Lundquist, A., and Blomstedt, P. (2011). Thalamic and subthalamic DBS for essential tremor: where is the optimal target? Neurosurgery 70, 840–846.
Schiff, N. (2009). Central thalamic deep-brain stimulation in the severely injured brain. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1157, 101–116.
Schiff, N. D. (2008). Central thalamic contributions to arousal regulation and neurological disorders of consciousness. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1129, 105–118.
Schiff, N. D., Giacino, J. T., Kalmar, K., Victor, J. D., Baker, K., Gerber, M., Fritz, B., Eisenberg, B., Biondi, T., O'Connor, J., Kobylarz, E. J., Farris, S., Machado, A., McCagg, C., Plum, F., Fins, J. J., and Rezai, A. R. (2007). Behavioural improvements with thalamic stimulation after severe traumatic brain injury. Nature 448, 600–603.
Tomycz, N. D., Whiting, D. M., and Oh, M. Y. (2011). Deep brain stimulation for obesity—from theoretical foundations to designing the first human pilot study. Neurosurg. Rev. 35, 37–43.
Uddin, L. Q., Supekar, K. S., Ryali, S., and Menon, V. (2011). Dynamic reconfiguration of structural and functional connectivity across core neurocognitive brain networks with development. J. Neurosci. 31, 18578–18589.
Vanhaudenhuyse, A., Noirhomme, Q., Tshibanda, L. J. F., Bruno, M. A., Boveroux, P., Schnakers, C., Soddu, A., Perlbarg, V., Ledoux, D., Brichant, J. F., Moonen, G., Maquet, P., Greicius, M. D., Laureys, S., and Boly, M. (2010). Default network connectivity reflects the level of consciousness in non-communicative brain-damaged patients. Brain 133, 161–171.
Weaver, F. M., Follett, K., Stern, M., Hur, K., Harris, C., Marks, W. J., Rothlind, J., Sagher, O., Reda, D., Moy, C. S., Pahwa, R., Burchiel, K., Hogarth, P., Lai, E. C., Duda, J. E., Holloway, K., Samii, A., Horn, S., Bronstein, J., Stoner, G., Heemskerk, J., and Huang, G. D. (2009). Bilateral deep brain stimulation vs. best medical therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson disease: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 301, 63–73.
Wu, T., Chan, P., and Hallett, M. (2010). Effective connectivity of neural networks in automatic movements in Parkinson's disease. Neuroimage 49, 2581–2587.
Zamora-López, G., Zhou, C., and Kurths, J. (2011). Exploring brain function from anatomical connectivity. Front. Neurosci. 5:83. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2011.00083
Keywords: deep brain stimulation, connectomics, diffusion tensor imaging, default mode network, tractography
Citation: Henderson JM (2012) "Connectomic surgery": diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography as a targeting modality for surgical modulation of neural networks. Front. Integr. Neurosci. 6:15. doi: 10.3389/fnint.2012.00015
Received: 23 February 2012; Paper pending published: 19 March 2012;
Accepted: 03 April 2012; Published online: 24 April 2012.
Edited by:John T. Gale, Cleveland Clinic, USA
Reviewed by:Antonio Pereira, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Ken Sakaie, Cleveland Clinic, USA
Copyright: © 2012 Henderson. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License, which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited.
*Correspondence: Jaimie M. Henderson, Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Dr., Edwards Bldg./R-227, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com


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|MFG. Part #
|On Hand
|Price From
|RGDAT is a device designed to be installed in the MV bays of remote controlled secondary substations in order to detect the presence of faults and power failures on the line. The MV line is monitored by means of 3 current transducers (CT), supplied with the device, and using the voltage signals delivered by 3 capacitive dividers, supplied as an optional feature together with the support and fastening kit. The purpose of RGDAT is to signal the status of the section of MV line monitored via relay outputs and to provide, via a 4/20 mA analog output, an indication of the current value on one of the phases. RGDAT can be completely configured and programmed from a portable Personal Computer connected by means of the RS232 serial port. The RGDAT application program can also be updated from the PC. RGDAT is based on a powerful 32 bit microprocessor belonging to the latest generation (ARM), capable of executing 60 million instructions per second; this allows a Fourier analysis to be performed on all analog inputs, acquired at a frequency of 3000 samples per second. RGDAT includes 3 alarm relays and 8 LED status indicators, visible on the outside of the enclosure.
|The DV966A2NCI is an in-line processing and control device to be installed in Primary Substations (conversion from high to medium voltage) by ENEL Distibuzione managed with isolated or compensated neutral. The main purpose of the DV966 is to ensure, by means of the automatic functions of the neutral state controller (NSC), the correct arrangement of the IMS in relation to the layout of the compensation coils. The DV966 performs local processing of medium complexity such as: NSC logic, minimum continuous voltage protection, interface with portable PC management software. The DV966 is fully configurable and programmable by means of a portable personal computer connected via ETHERNET. The DV966 application program can also be updated on site via ETHERNET.
|Digital Fault Recorder
|The Fault Recorder is a digital recording device capable of acquiring and simultaneously memorising up to 32 analogue and 128 digital inputs. All analogue and digital inputs, as well as the power supply are galvanically isolated (from one another and in relation to earth) for up to 2kVRMS. The digital fault recorder is fully configurable and programmable using a personal computer connected via serial port or Ethernet. The application program of the device can be updated locally and remotely. The housing is made entirely of steel and fitted with handles; its dimensions are standard for a 19" rack (9 units high, 400mm deep) and it can be supported purely by the fastening screws on the front. The protection level is IP30 in the front and IP20 in the other areas. Connections are executed by means of screw terminals suitable for receiving flexible conductors up to 4mm2 for analogue inputs and up to 2.5mm2 for other inputs.
|The TPT-2000 is a device for the remote control and supervision of the Primary Substation (conversion from High Voltage to Medium Voltage) by ENEL Distribuzione. The TPT-2000 communicates with central ENEL equipment (Centre) for: forwarding remote controls received from the Centre to the field; acquiring and making available to the Centre the information relating to the status of manoeuvre components and to the safety and check devices installed in the systems; send the value of the analog measurements from the system to the Centre. TPT-2000 implements local processing of medium complexity, aimed at correlating input signals and transmitting to the Centre the signal of the synthetic event that generated them. Communication between TPT-2000 and Centre uses standard Internet protocols and is based on the following types of vector: Ethernet on optic fibre; modem on dedicated 2- or 4-wire lines; modem on dial-up telephone network (PSTN) or GSM.
|The DV928A2NCI is a monitoring device to be installed in Primary Substations (conversion from High Voltage to Medium Voltage) by ENEL Distribuzione managed with isolated neutral or compensated neutral. The main purpose of the DV928 is to evaluate the efficacy of ground fault blow-out systems (Petersen coil, shunt, etc.), on MT networks with isolated or compensated neutral and to perform several system monitoring functions useful for diagnostic purposes (checking of MT switch opening and shunt times). The DV928 implements local processing of medium complexity, aimed at correlating input signals and transmitting synthetic event word signals to the Centre, via the TPT-2000. The DV928 is entirely configurable and programmable via a portable Personal Computer connected via ETHERNET. The DV928 application program can also be updated on site via ETHERNET.
|The DV902A2 is a transducer for remote measurement and monitoring of the directional energetic parameters to be installed in Primary Substations (conversion from High to Medium voltage) by ENEL Distribuzione. It provides a display for instant and easy reading of measurements, current loop outputs 4-20mA for monitoring, one switching contact for some plant function control; ModBus RTU protocol on Rs485 isolated line, and its power supply can be in AC or DC.
|BCU (Bay Control Unit)

subset: commoncrawl


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We would like to thank Jill and Sue for the fantastic work they have done and for their longevity to Beeston Fields, as they relax into their retirement this week.
Jill and Sue have worked for Beeston Fields Golf Club for a total of 33 years between them. They began their long and happy retirement this week, and all of the staff surprised them and celebrated with a little gathering to say farewell, with food and prosecco!
We would like to wish them all the best for a long and happy retirement.
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I decided to have a play over at Purple Pumkin this month. There sketches are always fun, and this month if you complete the sketch, you get a FREE packet of buttons!!! So why not give it a go!!!!
So here is my page.....
Such a delight
On my page I have used an orange spotty button and also some twine!
Please leave some love if you pop by!
Back soon
Kel :)
Friday, July 15, 2011
Purple Pumkin Sketch
10 comments:
Stunning, Kellie!!ReplyDelete
im thinking this is scrapliftable!!!!ReplyDelete
Wow, this is stunning!ReplyDelete
Wow Kel, I am super impressed - beautiful work hun xxReplyDelete
You have been scrapping up a storm haven't you! Love everything you do, as always. xxReplyDelete
Gorgeous take on the sketch Kel, the colours are stunning.ReplyDelete
Beautiful layout!!!! Love the way you inked the button. Thanks so much for playing with us at Purple Pumpkin. :-)ReplyDelete
WOWEEEE This is GORGEOUS!!! Love the banners and how you have inked the PP button!! Thanks for playing at along at PP :))xxReplyDelete
Fab take on the sketch, it's gorgeous and Congrats on the Guest Dt spot!!ReplyDelete
Fabulous LO and congratulations on the DT Spot. Can't wait to see what you come up with.ReplyDelete
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"Charmed, I'm Sure…" – Pg. 14on January 28, 2012 at 12:00 am
What's that? The sound of all your dreams coming true… or fading to dust. Depending on your perspective. XD
I know rather late but I thought about this. A new (possibly) sexier genie and all id have to do is rub the lamp hmmm. Never unlike alan id never give up time with ship for someone else.
I love your tags Mace xD "poot" and "rub rub" xD You forgot "foosh" 😛
So purpley genie… maybe she's a flatchestie? 😛 *laughs at self*


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First, I just want to say that I was so excited for a chance to collaborate with Happiness Boutique again! I truly love this brand.
In case you haven't read my previous review of Happiness Boutique, I'll give you a little background on them first. They're a fashion brand with a purpose. They're "a place where people would not only look good but also feel good, because our customers would resonate with our purposes – to be happy and spread happiness every day."If you're looking for an authentic fashion brand with a positive message behind them, Happiness Boutique is it! Click To Tweet
Their mission is to spread happiness and positivity for women – something I think we can all agree with! So, if you're looking for an authentic and affordable jewelry and accessories brand with a positive message behind them, Happiness Boutique is it!
The first item I received was this pretty gold leaf necklace.
I love long necklaces and I thought this one was perfect for fall and winter! Once again, I love the quality of Happiness Boutique jewelry, especially for the price. This necklace is so simple but so pretty!
The second item I received were these pink pom pom earrings.
I love pom poms and pink is my favorite color so these were perfect for me! They're so cute and they're a great way to add some color and personality to a plain outfit.
But no matter what your personal style is like, Happiness Boutique definitely has something for everyone. Their jewelry would also make great Christmas gifts for the women in your life!
Remember that they also have a reward program and other interesting things on their website, plus free worldwide shipping.
If you see something on their site that catches your eye, you can use the discount code "theinspirationlady" at checkout for 10% orders over 19 € (or $22.28) between November 22 and December 22, 2017! Just in time for the gift-giving season! 😉
What is your impression of Happiness Boutique? Let me know in the comments!
Follow me! – Pinterest | Instagram | Facebook | Twitter | Bloglovin'


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Australia's Voyages Adds New Outdoor Dining Experience
Hotel & Resort March 13, 2012
Voyages' new "under the stars" dining experience at Ayers Rock Resort will be launched on April 1. Aptly named Beautiful Dune in local Ananu language, Tali Wiru is reserved to a group of 20 people. The evening begins with French champagne and canapés around the fire while guests are serenaded by a didgeridoo. As the sun sets over Australian icon Uluru, Tali Wiru guests will make their way to the private dune top to take in the local landscape's changing color and begin an intimate, four-course dinner coupled with premium Australian wines.
"We are genuinely excited about launching this new experience," said Voyages Executive General Manager Ray Stone. "Our first endeavor into 'under the stars' dining, Sounds of Silence, has seen extraordinary success through the years so it's great to offer something which builds on that legacy. Tali Wiru serves as a spectacular option to those who are looking for a more intimate option that is dedicated to fine dining in Australia's outback."
Tali Wiru's bush tucker-inspired menu features everything from wattleseed rubbed kangaroo carpaccio to macadamia and lemon myrtle crusted barramundi fillet. A local storyteller will share celestial creation stories while coffee, tea and dessert wine is served. Tali Wiru will run every day of the week except Tuesdays and Thursdays. Cost is $295 per person and lasts approximately four hours.
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The Xero Dashboard
Welcome to Flow, the Cloud Accounting Experts. We're Xero Gold Partners, which means we know Xero inside out.
With so much going on in your business, wouldn't it be great to see how its performing at a glance. The Xero dashboard puts the most important information right where you need it.


text:
Define Fire
Fire is defined as a rapid chemical reaction in which heat and light are evolved.
Gramalaya equips and capacitates Communities
Gramalays works towards enhancing communities capacity through improved training and influencing their experiences on fire & safety performance, as an integral part of the daily Home activities. Psychological First Aid (PFA) is a practical, flexible, and recommended approach to helping people in the immediate aftermath of trauma. It can be delivered & imparted to the communities.
In case of a Man Made Disaster – 5 basic things are be strictly, adhered viz
- The term Health indicates both physical and mental state.
- Hazard holds the potential to cause harm. Example: Cables running across streets or in the house.
- Risk is defined The risk is the probability of the harm occurring, coupled with severe consequences.
- Accident is an unplanned, undesired event that results in death, injury or damage to property.
- Near miss incident is an unplanned, undesired event that could have resulted in death, injury or damage to property.
Responding to Fire Accident
- The first action should be informing the fire station about the emergency through Tool Free no: "101".
- Should be aware of emergency exit routes to exit the building.
- All l electric devices are to be disconnected, including main box at house connection and should insist the same to be done by the neighbors.
- STOP----->DROP------->ROLL -----> in case of body cloths get fire, Try to stop burn from the cloths.
- For tackling the emergency buckets of water and bed sheets are to be ready recon.
- Loose cloths should be avoided; else fire can easily capture our cloths.
- Wounds in body should not be covered by the dress cloths or any other towel cloths.


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Scholarly writing and how to get it done. / And a workshop for my own ideas, scholarly and poetic
Featured Post
I am posting this as a benchmark, not because I think I'm playing very well yet. The idea would be post a video every month for a ye...
Saturday, November 11, 2017
5 comments:
- Leslie said...
I remember when my dissertation committee suddenly demanded a chapter of biography of the poet. Biographical information wasn't as easy to get then, and biography wasn't the focus of my research, and what they wanted was a retelling of what had already been said. It wasn't easy to figure out what to do, especially given that so much of what had been said was so mythologizing, and not to repeat was some sort of violation of something sort of sacred. I felt the whole thing verged upon plagiarism but they did not; it is one of the reasons I experience academia as a place where you are coerced to do things you know are wrong.
- November 12, 2017 at 3:08:00 PM PST
- Jonathan said...
Interesting. I rarely mention any biographical fact at all! Biography is original research in its own right--or else recital of basic facts in the public domain, or of careful citing of other sources. I cannot have an original biographical thought about Lorca or Vallejo without citing a source, since i've done no research.
- November 12, 2017 at 3:12:00 PM PST
- Leslie said...
Right. To this day I cannot figure out what their deal, or fixation was on this. But then that whole dissertation experience was disappointing. I had written things on about that level in 6th grade, and they wanted it at that level; *so much less* was desired than ever before, or in other words you seemed to have to regress so much to do something passable. And *then* they went on about my beautiful prose, "It reads like a book," etc., but what did they expect at that point, with all of the writing practice we had by then? It just all seemed super negligent and abusive, but their explanation was that I wouldn't finish anyway or get a job anyway, so why should they do more than hit me a few times and ignore me the rest of the time? This, I suppose, was the moment at which I began to truly dislike academia and professors.
- November 12, 2017 at 4:34:00 PM PST
- Leslie said...
(Although since I have commented under my name I must qualify and say that once I got back from Brazil FRM did read, and read in a timely manner, and make comments that were at least in part useful; that GK should have been the director of it and was nice; and that TC was *right* about certain parts of it and I still have his comments archived for when I get back to that mss. to do it in a serious way -- it is such a shame, the people who hated it, him and JO, are the people others do not believe, and I do not think they made negative comments to be mean but because they were taking it seriously, and I think the actual negative comments were made by others, and they were about what the professors surmised I was and not about my work, and they tended to be about things like clothes/hair/health, I looked like I had slept well and so on and therefore I could not be a serious student, GOD. Sickening. I hate Easterners.
Notice how upset I still am about all of this.
- November 12, 2017 at 4:39:00 PM PST
- Leslie said...
...but that is off topic. It's just that I notice there are a lot of instructions to copy, and I get a lot of students from foreign countries who have been taught they SHOULD copy because if not, they are not honoring their elders. Of course they cite, but at the same time they have very odd ideas about what they should cite, and it is all about having the right to an opinion or not, or the right to an independent voice.
And it's not an excuse for Bialoksy. I just have my blood rise in the other direction, having spent my life being told not to be straightforward, not to have views of my own, etc., barely to have my own words, and having been told THAT was scholarship.
- November 12, 2017 at 4:56:00 PM PST


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It is really cold today; it was about 21 degrees when I headed for the barn. I bundled up, and the turbo heater was blowing, so it wasn't too bad until we moved to the arena.
Ok - today was one of the absolute worst lessons I've had since I started riding. Blondie was being a pill, and when D threw me up on her, he mentioned that she hadn't been worked the day before. He wanted to see how I handled a fresher horse. This should have been my first clue that things weren't going to go well today.
We started trotting, and as D was getting her aired up, she spun around, and I lost my balance. I fell off. My foot was caught in the stirrup, and I was dragged about 10 feet before the stirrup leather detached from the saddle. Parental units, don't be alarmed! I'm fine, as Blondie was thoughtful enough to leap over me instead stepping on me after I hit the dirt.
I don't know if the lighter D was firing off freaked her out, or if it was the steaming pile of horse crap she deposited in our path the prior time around. I really think it was the horse poop, because she kept jumping every time we passed another mound of the stuff. Now I am feeling pretty low, as I was dumped in front of not one, but two of my instructors.
After spitting all of the dirt out of my mouth, shaking as much of it out of my pants as possible, and wiping the muddy snot off of my upper lip, I got back on her. The lighter was mysteriously absent for the rest of the lesson...
When we moved on to the canter, I got it both ways, but she fell out of it the second way of the ring. Then I couldn't get her to pick it back up again. D had me try just going back and forth along the rail, but she wasn't taking the cue. Then he got on her and worked the crap out of her, literally. I think she pooped three times while he was trying to remind her of the wisdom of cantering when asked the first time.
After putting the steaming Blondie away, he had me get Wild Child ready, and we just worked on cantering. She wasn't co-operating with me, either, even though I was asking her correctly. By this time, I was frustrated and cold, and just wanted to go back home and pretend the lesson was all a bad dream. I wonder if Blondie will still be going to the academy show? I really need to ride her more often, and Harley less often, if I'm ever going to get any better!


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My baby brother came home from Shul this Shabbat with a new black hat. A Borsilino, too. (He seemed to find that significant. I don't even know if I've spelled it right!)
Someone in the community had a bunch of gently worn hats that he no longer needed for some reason. The one my brother brought home was in such good condition that it could have been sold for a good profit. Instead, he chose to give them all away– not to a charity, or to a poor person specifically, but to anyone who needed or wanted a new, good hat.
The Torah talks about the crown of a good name. Give away a simple (or not so) hat, and get a crown. Hm, let's see if I have any hats to give away!


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Do you have an app for an iphone to manage account see bills do readings
The First Utility App is pretty good - but we've just switched
Hi Shirley,
We don't have an app yet - we are looking to make one. We have made the website as mobile friendly as possible so you can do everything online. We'll notify you guys (the community) when we have concrete plans to start rolling out an app for our customers.


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(WASHINGTON) — A convicted felon jailed on weapons charges resembles a sketch of a murderer wanted in a suburban Washington, D.C. town, police told ABC News.
Anonymous tips led police in Alexandria, Va., to Charles Severance, who was arrested Thursday in West Virginia. He is currently being questioned in three slayings, though investigators haven't directly tied him to them.
"It is premature to name him as the only possible suspect," police said in a press release.
Severance bears a resemblance to a man pictured in a police sketch that was released in connection with the shooting of piano teacher Ruthanne Ladato. She was shot in her home in February after opening her door to a stranger. Her caretaker also was shot, but survived.
Alexandria police said the killing was similar to last year's slaying of Ron Kirby, a local transportation official, and the 2003 killing of Nancy Dunning, a police chief's wife. The similarities of the three shootings have made police consider the possibility that they are linked, investigators said during a February news conference.
"Everybody is talking about it," said Ellen Epstein, a local resident. "That's the only thing. It's really affected everyone but nobody knows the facts."
Severance is currently being held at the Northern Regional Jail in West Virginia, according to Wheeling, W. Va., law enforcement. Severance has an extradition hearing on Monday that could lead him to being transfered to Virginia.
He is being held on a $100,000 bail.
Copyright 2014 ABC News Radio
Recent posts in National News


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If you are a pastor or some other kind of Christian leader would you say that you drive your schedule or that your schedule drives you? How much control do you exercise over external demands and expectations?
Furthermore, what does your schedule do for you? Does it function to facilitate organisation and activity or Sabbath, spiritual life and wisdom? If you are anything like me you tend to use it for the former rather than the latter. It is very telling that my diary organises my meetings and appointments rather than my spiritual life. I don't know many people who use it for both, or indeed for spiritual life.
Our diaries describe our normalised patterns of life. And and normal patterns or habits reveal what's most important to us. Its worth looking carefully at our diary to see what it reveals about our spiritual walk with God. How can we use them to help us live lives of quality and depth rather than massive running around.
Our diaries might show we are really good at organisation. Many pastors juggle a huge number of difference commitments and people with amazing multitasking skills. But what would a diary look like that schedule enough space for praying, worshipping and seeking God? What would a diary look like that is being used well to produce a spiritual life of quality? As the Bible says, like a tree planted by streams of water whose roots go very deep?
Most pastors I know work up to the limit of their capacity pretty much all the time. They believe - rightly - that it is good to work hard for the Lord in the service of the gospel. But many struggle with the sheer subjectivity that plagues so much of the work. It is very difficult in pastoral ministry to know when you have done enough or to evaluate whether it is good or bad work. The frequent answer is simply to do more hoping that means it is better. This leads to living at the outside limit of capacity, with no margins, all the time. Of course it only takes an unexpected pastoral crisis or two to push us over the edge.
I've read a few books recently about Getting Things Done time management principles. They all work with the idea that working efficiently frees up more time, reducing exhaustion and providing space. The trouble of Getting Things Done material for pastors is that it assumes there is a finite workload that can simply be managed better. If we perceive there to be an infinite workload - or at least an impossibly large one - so that no amount of efficient working will ever free up time then there is no incentive to work efficiently. Any time freed up will always immediately get refilled. The demand perpetually exceeds supply and eliminating the truly unnecessary is difficult because there is always a real person on the other end of it.
I think the answer is to use the diary to demarcate the spiritual input part of our lives before we put in other things. To prioritise life with God before meetings and to normalise sabbath, prayerfulness and worship. And space for thinking. Wisdom is a by-product of seeking the Lord with faith and fear. And seeking the Lord is a product of deliberately making space to do so.
We get spiritual input from one of 5 places:
- Directly from God
- Care that we do for ourselves or in small groups of friends
- Within our church or ministry environment
- From wider networks, for example at conferences
- From specialist pastoral carers
What is your mechanism or system for ensuring you are getting appropriate spiritual input in each of these areas (or at least 1-4)? What is your lifestyle in each? How do you use your diary for each? Or what is stopping you and what will you do about it? Note that number 4 alone will not sustain you if 1-3 aren't working for you.
Over the weekend I spent a few hours with a man who builds networks for pastoring pastors in Latin America. For him the key was accountable groups of friends who deliberately, intentionally pastor each other. I wish everyone in pastoral ministry would have a group like that. But whether you choose that method or some other, we all need some accountable system for maintaining spiritual vitality whether it one to one, in a small group or some wider context. Without it eventually running out of steam is practically inevitable and with it goes our discipleship, wisdom, worship and the ability to do the job. When our discipleship dries up we can't fulfill our pastoral calling either.
Ministry can be so busy that there are potentially an uncontrollably large number of inputs into our lives. And it is so people-oriented that a large number of those inputs lead to situations that remain open loops rather than leading to closure. Allow an ever increasing number of inputs and open loops and life eventually overwhelms us. We start to run just to stay standing still and eventually we can't sustain it any more. Our diaries can be a critical tool for a wise, God-directed life if we use them to help us be proactive, not reactive, about our life-choices and spiritual-life-choices.


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18 Nov 2017 14:56
Know your reasons. Create a list of the reasons you want to Free Training. You may want to ask a trusted friend or family member to help you make the list complete. Maintain this list so that you can renew your commitment from time to time.You will also most likely want to routine an appointment with you doctor. There are new anti-craving medicines, Naltrexone in particular, that can simplicity the pangs for the first few months. Meds on your own, of course, won't fix anything for lengthy, but you can most likely use a respite throughout the early going.It's just that for most individuals drinking in moderation is even much more tasking than complete abstinence. Ask for assist if you want to easy way to stop drinking. There are companies that assist alcoholics quit consuming.If you lately found out that you have cancer, be certain to stop cigarette smoking and Free Training. These routines are bad for a healthy individual, but in a most cancers affected person, it can promote the growth of new cancer cells or spread the existing ones. Speak to your doctor about quitting techniques.Karen began off just having 1 drink at dinner and 1 following function to allow some of her steam off from a active day buying and selling in stocks. Before Karen understood it, her consuming elevated after work because she felt more calm with the much more she drank, Karen discovered this the best way to cope with her frantic working day to working day lifestyle.Karen has been sober for 7 many years now and back enjoying her lifestyle the way it was. She is also in the process of writing a guide on how to cope with taking the tension out of working day to day lifestyle.Never offered to the urge or idea that one puff won't be dangerous, because it will. That 1 puff will turn into 1 entire cigarette, and that 1 entire cigarette will flip into 1 entire pack. And soon enough, you will be correct back again into the dangerous cigarette smoking lifestyle that has plagued you mostly all your life.Healthy living is buckling up anytime you are in a vehicle. Using seat belts have saved seventy five,000 lives during a four year time period. If you ride a motorcycle or a bike by all indicates put on a helmet. The NHTSA statements that helmets saved one,829 motorcyclists in the yr 2008. Make sure you put on a helmet if you roller skate, ice skate, do off street ATV using or go snowmobiling.Most individuals are social by character. Have you observed a lack of curiosity in getting out at all? If you were as soon as gregarious and outgoing, sudden seclusion or an inability to offer with others might be a sign that you might have an habit and are struggling some of the bodily results thereof.The loss of life of Farrah Fawcett was tragic but her lifestyle was glamorized, as is so frequently the situation when a celebrity dies. Redman, the son that she and Ryan O'Neal experienced together without the sanction of marriage has struggled with drug and alcohol addiction all of his life. He seems to be a very tragic and lonely figure.To Free Training you should total a plan. Publish this date on your refrigerator or bathroom mirror, anyplace you can see it frequently. If it will assist you can also consider placing it in much more than one location. A good idea is to put it in your purse or wallet on a card.This is absolutely nothing new. The Osbournes have been wrestling with drug and alcohol addiction all their married lives. "It's a illness that not only hurts the individual that has the illness but it hurts the family. It hurts people who love you," she said. But it's great to know they each deny divorce is pending. Of course, in Hollywood families, that denial can carry on right up the courthouse actions.Again, you can consider actions these days to quit consuming. Remember that your initial stage may be to get in touch with a assistance team, see your physician, or established a date in the close to future to quit. While some individuals can stop consuming on their own, other people require healthcare assist to handle the physical process of withdrawal. It is up to you although, to consider that first step.When a person is addicted to drugs, it can turn out to be not possible to feel regular with out them. Are you able to get via your day with out the substance in query? Does the prospect of time period with out your substance of option make you feel nervous or angry? If the concept of heading without unnerves you, it is definitely time to sit down and determine what to do subsequent. Recreational medication should not offer you with a baseline of existence.Maybe you're someone who likes to celebration. This is another purpose that a individual's consuming can get out of control. Sure, it's enjoyable to go out and have a great time and have a couple of beverages, but sometimes the consequences are not extremely great. Case in point, not only will it cause a weight issue in many instances, it can also make you extremely sick. So quit partying for awhile so you can easy way to stop drinking and lose excess weight.


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One More
Scene I: Opening
The stage is a bedroom with a window to the right with a dark silhouette in the back left. The sound of wind and rain can be heard as an ambient backdrop. Sitting on the edge of the bed with his head hung down, Danny stares at the floor with his elbows on his knees and a football in his hands. For about twenty seconds, Danny listens to the weather and the sound of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird," fading out to the rise of the lights.
Danny: (Still looking at the floor) Listen, I know we haven't always gotten along the greatest, but I was really hoping we had moved passed all that. I guess what I'm trying to say … is, I'm sorry. (Looks out over the audience) I can't help but think that I could've done more to help.
It's been almost two years and I really miss you and the way we used to hang out. When you left, I … well; (One breath pause) after you died, I wanted to go with you. I know, it sounds stupid that I thought if I died too, somehow everything would have been better. I just had a hard time adjusting to you never answering my calls or stopping by to give me a hand fixing something. I'm still having a hard time with that. It sucks that I never realized just how much you meant to me – – until it was too late.
(Danny stands, still holding the football, and turns toward the silhouette. With his left hand, he rubs his temples between his thumb and middle finger for a moment then turns back towards the audience looking off into the distance.)
If only you could have known how much I looked up to you.
(Danny walks over to the window and with both hands on the football leans on the sill looking into the would-be darkness. The sound of wind and rain get louder for a moment then fade back out as Quinn stands back from the window and turns toward the silhouette.)
You know – I can't remember a time I didn't look up to you for one reason or another: even as kids in elementary school I wanted to be like you. You were the cool, good-looking jock football player that everyone liked. It was a character trait that you never lost. (Danny manages a subtle smile for a moment.) And there were always girls, but that's a whole-nother story.
(Danny manages a small chuckle before returning to a more somber expression as he turns back towards the audience and scans as if looking for someone.)
You were only a couple years older than me … but you will always be – my big brother.
(Danny turns towards the window and watches the would-be storm for a moment as the sound of thunder, wind, and rain intensify before fading back out as he begins to speak.)
Why? … I don't understand. Why couldn't it have been someone else, anyone else who died? Why you? (Danny's voice begins to break as he fights back the urge to cry.) Why can't you be here now, the way it used to be?
Scene II: Reflection


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Update 7-23: rebuttal post that basically says I suck by Carla Muss-Jacobs. Click here. But to those that read that post, this has nothing to do with sellers that decide they NEVER want to list on the NWMLS. It has to do with marketing BEFORE it hits the NWMLS, which appears to be a strict violation.
Update 7-22 4pm: If you are interested in helping me start a PreMLS.com group (virtual coming soon group for agents only, like the 1200 in Virginia) in your area, start by Facebook friending me at www.Facebook.com/FrankLLosa
Update 7-22 11pm Inman News did a story on my PreMLS.com service.
The NWMLS in Seattle Wa, appears to be the most strict MLS in the country with rules that appear to forbid all "Coming Soon" or premarket advertising.
"No Promotion/Advertising When Listing Not Published: Members shall not promote or advertise any property in any manner whatsoever, including, but not limited to yard or other signs, flyers, websites, e-mails, texts, mailers, magazines, newspapers, open houses, previews, showings, and tours, unless a listing for that property has been delivered to NWMLS, or input by the member." (emphasis added) Source
Wow! Can anybody help me understand what happened in Seattle to make them throw down the gauntlet?
Banned Scenario: A dumpy homes hits the MLS in a hot area. A seller down the street wants to sell their home, but it isn't ready for the MLS because it needs staging, photos etc. Apparently (please correct me if I am wrong), if the seller signs a listing agreement, the agent can NOT post a "Coming Soon" sign out front to let potential buyers know that the dumpy house is not the only option out there. We aren't talking about premls showings, or premls offers, or pocket listings (where the agent is trying to get both sides).
I get that "Pocket Listings" (which I define as a home sold by the same agent or the same firm, before the MLS, and not just every home that sells before the mls) might have been a problem. But to ban commerce and ban ways agents do business that might benefit their clients, just because some agents might do wrong or frowned upon tactics, seems like they have gone overboard. I guess it is like the gun debate, do you regulate guns or regulate the people using them.
And couldn't this have DOJ implications? I can easily envision an agent offering a LOWER commission if they are able to get the client a great price via premls marketing. However this rule will keep commissions propped up. Limiting consumer options and business models, is not good in my opinion.
The other amazing thing is that the long time customary fireside chat office meetings can no longer end with the "ok everyone, stand up and brag about the listings you have coming up."
Why do I care, all the way from Virginia about what Seattle is doing.
1) I fear that other MLSes might see this as the way to go
2) I started a service called PreMLS.com that took the best part of the Tuesday morning meetings, the "Coming soon" announcements and put it online so that any agent, in any firm, can have access to the same information.
Here are some common arguements and my response
Naysayer Comment 1: Sellers will net more with maximum exposure and that is what they must get.
Response: Have you ever sold a home before an Open House? Got a crazyhigh offer to sell it immediately. We did. We got an offer $20k over list, no appraisal contingency, IF and only IF we sold it before the open. The agent scurried to shop the offer around and see if there was any other interest, or rumblings/interest from agents. NONE. We sold it! Did 100% of the buyer pool see it? Probably not. If we waited to let 95-100% see it, it was our professional opinion that the offer would come in $30k lower and there was a good chance of no other offers. Would you risk $30k for your client to make sure more people saw it? Exactly! It isn't YOUR risk, it is THEIR risk and decision based on our analysis of the situation.
Naysayer Comment 2: Using Premarketing to sell your home before it hits the MLS is always bad for the seller.
Response: See above, but one HUGE assumption is being made. That "Pre marketing" (before it hits the MLS) means that you must show the home and or accept offers. This is wrong. A listing agent can use the PreMLS.com marketing to let 1,000 agents "Mark Your Calendars" to get their clients ready, approved, available for when it hits. How is selling a home in 3 or 4 days going to get you maximum exposure? It isn't. Allowing 1000 agents to have a heads up, that INCREASES exposure.
Naysayer Comment 3: Restricting pre-marketing is meant to level the playing field amongst agents.
Response: Give me a break, every class the local association has, and tries to sell us tools, are all designed to make the agent BETTER than the next agent. What are we going to ban blogging? Too unfair of an advantage?
Naysayer Comment 4: It is bad for the industry, imagine having to look in multiple places for homes.
Response: This is one thing that I don't debate. Not because it is rioght, but because NAR is not my client. My fiduciary duty is to my client, not to NAR. If this helps my client, either a buyer or seller, then that is all that matters to me.
I have reached out to multiple persons at NWMLS, but have yet to get a response or clarification on the new rule. Please share this post so others can chime in and potentially result in clarificaiton from NWMLS.
Agents! Please add your comments, either for or against this policy. Thanks
Written by
Frank Borges LL0SA Esq.
Broker Frankly Real Estate Inc VA DC MD
Founder PreMLS.com Know Before. The #1 agent-only network of agents announcing coming soon homes.
Inman News, Innovator of the Year 2009
Update 7-22 4pm: If you are interested in helping me start a PreMLS.com group (virtual coming soon group for agents only, like the 1200 in Virginia) in your area, start by Facebook friending me at www.Facebook.com/FrankLLosa
Update 7-22 1pm NVAR banned/rejected this ad that I wanted to run in the local association magazine. Meanwhile they sell "Coming Soon" riders in the Realtor shop.


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This is from the Glenbard e-News. It's a pretty good explanation of what maxing the levy is all about and the essentially universal position of all Illinois school administrators and most rubber-stamp Board members.
Note that there isn't a word said about what they actually need. It's all about what they can get.
"2018 tax levy hearing. We have calculated our projected extension consistent with the Property Tax Extension Limitation Law, commonly referred to as the Tax Cap. This law limits the increase in our total property tax extension to 5% or the Consumer Price Index (CPI), whichever is less, not counting new construction or Bond and Interest obligations. We have prepared two calculations.
Most Likely:
We have calculated our most likely extension based on a 2017 calendar year CPI of 2.1% and an estimated new construction amount of $35 million. This calculation represents the total tax extension that we believe the district will most likely receive. We believe our total property tax extension revenue will increase by $3,351,890 or 2.7%. We have estimated an increase in property equalized assessed valuation of 4%.
Manual Override/ Submitted Levy:
School districts will generally levy a dollar amount higher than the expected or "most likely" amount for two primary reasons: 1) If the district's levy request is lower than what the county calculates, the district is only entitled to up to the amount requested; 2) We have not finalized our required levy allocation by fund. Therefore, we intend on requesting higher amounts in each fund to make sure that when we finalize our levy allocation by fund (March/April 2019) we have the opportunity to levy up to the requisite amount.
FUND Most Likely Override
Educational purposes 101,026,635 102,482,330
Operations, Building & Maintenance purposes 17,500,000 18,000,000
Transportation purposes 5,000,000 5,300,000
IMRF purposes 600,000 700,000
Social Security & Medicare purposes 1,800,000 2,000,000
Total: $125,926,635 $128,482,330
Year over Year Increase: 2.7% 4.8%
Our proposed property tax levy submission, excluding the Bond and Interest Levy, is $128,482,330 which represents a 4.8% increase over the prior year's aggregate tax extension ('Override Amount').
DuPage County will calculate our actual property tax extension pursuant to the tax cap, taking into account the CPI and new construction. "


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Im in need for some new foamy goodness so Ive just ordered some of the below:
The reviews for it are that it does not create as much foam as others do but it does clean much better than them.
Ill post up a wee vid and my thoughts once Ive used it, hopefully at that weekend.
Rocky aint been touched since before The SCS so itll be a great test for it.
If its as good as their Auto Wheel cleaner it should do a great job.
To be continued...
Sent from Yorkshire wi a hint o sarcasm.


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The passion handed down from generation to generation for the tailored garments urges us to constantly search for the best laboratories able to make dresses sewn with the skill that has always distinguished Italian tailoring.
Thanks to the collaboration with the most prestigious Italian tailors, we produce tailored garments in about four weeks. Our customers can choose from a wide selection of high quality fabrics such as Loro Piana, Ariston, Vitale Barberis Canonico, Caccioppoli, Drapers, Zegna, Woodhouse, Thomas Mason, Albini and Scabal.


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Kings Golf Academy, founded in 1996, provides world class instruction in the heart of downtown Toronto,
year round and climate controlled.
This allows you to maximize your
time and improve your game. The
convenience and comfort of Kings
location is enhanced using "state of
the art" teaching equipment. Kings
also provides the best in outdoor,
short game and playing lessons
through associations with Angus Glen
GC and Royal Woodbine Golf Club & Copper Creek.
Clubs and equipment are provided for lessons and practice.
A 25% improvement in a player's handicap is remarkable. Any study of golf ads will show you that the industry as a whole is selling quick fixes. "Pay $700.00 for a driver and achieve your distance and accuracy goals. Pay a $1,500.00 and attend a four-day golf school. Pay up to $400.00 for a single lesson with a Tour guru." The gadgets and breakthroughs are endless yet golfers rarely improve. That is not the case at Kings.
Ben Hogan wrote that anyone of average athletic ability is capable of maintaining scores in the 70's. We agree! Everyone who proclaims to be a golfer has from time to time produced Tour level shots. The addictive nature and personal challenge of the game is to reproduce those shots on command. To be a golfer is to strive to unlock mysteries of the game and become the great player within.
"Quick fixes" DO NOT WORK! Focused regular practice while applying specific personalized drills DOES WORK. Kings feels that real change comes from gradual incremental development. Kings programs are tailored to each student's schedule. Change occurs over weeks and months. The greatest players in the world are continually looking to improve. Swing changes are introduced in manageable amounts. The success rate of Kings students far exceeds industry standards. Your quest to improve is a lifetime journey, let Kings be your guide.


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Create A Realistic Candle & Flame In 3D Studio Max
In this tutorial, regular author of cg tuts Chandan Kumar will show you how to create a realistic candle and flame in 3d Studio Max. The candle's flame will be made entirely in 3dsmax using built-in tools, rather then expensive third-party plugins!
Final Product What You'll Be Creating..
Let's take a look!


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Mosaic Creator is professional mosaic tool with full user control. There is full range of options to control image rendering and creating clickable thumbnails. There are supported non-rectangular cell shapes as puzzle, hexagon, triangle and more photo mosaic create web graphics pattern cell mosaic photo mosaics thumbnails
Mosaic Creator - DOWNLOAD
Mosaic tool and thumbnailer with non-rectagular cell support


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Today I had an amazing time at my environmental water class with Camille Jones. Our project was to bring a liquid and solid to class; then we contaminate the water and try to make it as clean as possible by using simple kitchen products and filters. We split up into two teams and competed to see who could clean their water better. When we mixed everyone's liquids and solids into a bucket, it turned a disgusting brown color, but we then had to add food coloring.
It was hard to figure out how we were going to clean the water and what materials we should use first and last. We started by taking out larger solids and then focused on taking out smaller particles from the water. Although it was a slow and challenging process, my team and I had an amazing time trying to work together to beat the other team; even though the other team didn't want to admit it, we won.
After our competition, we had a town council meeting where each pair of people took a different position in conserving water. The groups consisted of environmentalist, developers, residents, parks and recreation, and education. It was fun debating and working alongside other groups to find a solution to conserving water in a newly developing town.
I have had such an amazing time doing so many different activities that relate to very important topics that I am interested in. By the end of the day, the group realized how difficult it is to come to a concise agreement with all five groups on a topic that is very contested now in the world. It was such a fun experience in Camille's class. I can't wait for the next one!
-Rosette Evangeline


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Marchak star ruby, carved emerald and diamond ring. Set with a natural unenhanced oval cabochon star ruby displaying strong asterism with an approximate weight of 30.00 carats in a raised open back claw setting, encircled by a collet set with fifteen natural unenhanced cabochon emeralds in open back claw settings with an approximate combined weight of 15.00 carats, interspersed with eleven round old single cut diamonds in claw settings with an approximate combined weight of 0.22 carats. All set to a structured yellow gold form with intricate backholing and ornate carving to the emeralds of a foliate design, conforming to the finger and leading to a tapered diagonally ribbed shank. Marked yellow gold with white gold, signed Marchak, Paris, circa 1960.


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When we stepped out of the airport our driver Ricardo was waiting for us, holding up a sign with Mrs. Pereira name on it. We got into our van and after that our eyes were wide open. Immediately we could feel the heat. We could only imagine how hot it would be in the day! On our drive to our side of town we saw a lot. Every American fast food franchise you could imagine is here. David was most excited to see that you can buy 3 pizzas for $5 at Pizza hut. All the boys were happy to see so many pretty girls and we all agreed that Panama is the place where old American school buses come to get pimped out. You´ve seen the pictures already but what you haven´t seen is the flashing lights that they have at night!
Each pair was dropped off to their host families and so far everyone is very happy with their host moms (and even happier if they have a host sister). Caleb loves his Panamanian host mom and dad and said that they are already spoiling him. They all said that breakfast was good. Amadou and Jabir said they thought I was exaggerating when I said that food is important. Their host mom watched them eat every bite, and was happy that they liked the food. In the morning they walked to school, David and Robert were driven. We are studying at Ileri Spanish Institute. There is also a big group of students here from Bermuda. If you don´t know where that is look it up!
Right now everyone is in class making sure they have can say what they need to say in Spanish once they are done, off we go to the next stage of our adventure. Oh yea, did I mention that it is HOT?!