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Apostasy (pronounced /əˈpɒstəsi/) is the formal religious disaffiliation or abandonment or renunciation of one's religion, especially if the motive is deemed unworthy. In a technical sense, as used sometimes by sociologists without the pejorative connotations of the word, the term refers to renunciation and criticism of, or opposition to, one's former religion. One who commits apostasy is an apostate, or one who apostatizes. The word derives from Greek αποστασία (apostasia), meaning a defection or revolt, from απο, apo, "away, apart", στάσις, stasis, "stand", "standing". The term is sometimes also used to refer to renunciation of a belief or cause by (generally facetious) extension of the religious connotation, such as in reference to a political party or a sports team.
Apostasy is generally not a self-definition: very few former believers call themselves apostates and they generally consider this term to be a pejorative. Many religious movements consider it a vice (sin), a corruption of the virtue of piety in the sense that when piety fails, apostasy is the result. Unlike apostasy, heresy is the rejection or corruption of certain doctrines, not the complete abandonment of one's religion. Heretics claim to still be following a religion (or even to be the "true believers"), whereas apostates reject it entirely.
Many religious groups and some states punish apostates. Apostates may be shunned by the members of their former religious group[1] or worse. This may be the official policy of the religious group or may happen spontaneously. A church may in certain circumstances respond to apostasy by excommunicating the apostate, while some Abrahamic scriptures (Judaism: Deuteronomy 13:6-10) and Islam: al-Bukhari, Diyat, bab 6) demand the death penalty for apostates, although capital punishment for any offense is no longer permitted under Judaism.
Hinduism, on the other hand does not recognize the existence of apostasy. The Vedas which form the basic pillars of Hinduism say "Truth is One, but sages call it by many names.",[2] which, in principle, rejects the existence of difference between religions.
The American sociologist Lewis A. Coser (following the German philosopher and sociologist Max Scheler[citation needed]) holds an apostate to be not just a person who experienced a dramatic change in conviction but "a man who, even in his new state of belief, is spiritually living not primarily in the content of that faith, in the pursuit of goals appropriate to it, but only in the struggle against the old faith and for the sake of its negation."[3][4]
The American sociologist David G. Bromley defined the apostate role as follows and distinguished it from the defector and whistleblower roles.[4]
Stuart A. Wright, an American sociologist and author, asserts that apostasy is a unique phenomenon and a distinct type of religious defection, in which the apostate is a defector "who is aligned with an oppositional coalition in an effort to broaden the dispute, and embraces public claimsmaking activities to attack his or her former group."[5]
The United Nations Commission on Human Rights, considers the recanting of a person's religion a human right legally protected by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights: "The Committee observes that the freedom to 'have or to adopt' a religion or belief necessarily entails the freedom to choose a religion or belief, including the right to replace one's current religion or belief with another or to adopt atheistic views [...] Article 18.2 bars coercion that would impair the right to have or adopt a religion or belief, including the use of threat of physical force or penal sanctions to compel believers or non-believers to adhere to their religious beliefs and congregations, to recant their religion or belief or to convert."[6]
In addition to the Jewish tradition inherited through the Old Testament, Christian governments, sometimes with the approval of the Church, have punished both apostates and heretics individually and in campaigns such as the Inquisition and the Albigensian Crusade. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian I instituted the punishment of death for apostasy in the very first law of the Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Civil Law), his code that formed a basis for several European countries' laws for many centuries.
In Islam, apostasy is called "ridda" ("turning back") and is considered to be a profound insult to God. A person born of Muslim parents that rejects Islam is called a "murtad fitri" (natural apostate), and a person that converted to Islam and later rejects the religion is called a "murtad milli" (apostate from the community).[7]
According to most scholars, if a Muslim consciously and without coercion declares their rejection of Islam and does not change their mind after the time given to him/her by a judge for research, then the penalty for male apostates is death, and for women, life imprisonment. However, this view has been rejected by a small minority[citation needed] of modern Muslim scholars (e.g. Hasan al-Turabi), who argues that the hadith in question should be taken to apply only to political betrayal of the Muslim community, rather than to apostasy in general.[8] These scholars regard apostasy as a serious crime, but argue for the freedom to convert to and from Islam without legal penalty, and consider the aforementioned Hadith quote as insufficient justification for capital punishment. Today apostasy is illegal in most Muslim countries, though it may not be subject to the death penalty. Executions for apostasy are rare, but allowed in many Muslim countries such as Iran and Saudi Arabia. Apostasy is legal in secular Muslim countries such as Turkey.[9]
The hadith has been used both by supporters of the death penalty as well as critics of Islam. Some Islamic scholars point out it is important to understand the hadith in proper historical context. The order was at a time when the nascent Muslim community in Medina was fighting for its very life, and there were many schemes, by which the enemies of Islam would try to entice rebellion and discord within the community.[10] Clearly any defection would have serious consequences for the Muslims, and the hadith may well be about treason, rather than just apostasy. It must also be pointed out that under the terms of the Treaty of Hudaybiyyah, any Muslim who returned to Mecca was not to be returned, terms which the Prophet accepted. Despite this historical point, Islamic law as currently practiced does not allow the freedom to choose one's religion.
The Qur'an says:
Let there be no compulsion in the religion: Clearly the Right Path (i.e. Islam) is distinct from the crooked path.
A section of the 'People of the Book' (Jews and Christians) says: "Believe in the morning what is revealed to the believers (Muslims), but reject it at the end of the day; perchance they may (themselves) turn back (from Islam).
But those who reject faith after they accepted it, and then go on adding to their defiance of faith, never will their repentance be accepted; for they are those who have (of set purpose) gone astray.
Those who blasphemed and back away from the ways of Allah and die as blasphemers, Allah shall not forgive them.
Those who believe, then reject faith, then believe (again) and (again) reject faith, and go on increasing in unbelief,- Allah will not forgive them nor guide them on the way.
O ye who believe! If any from among you turn back from his faith, soon will Allah produce a people whom He (Allah) will love as they will love Him lowly with the believers, Mighty against the rejecters, fighting in the way of Allah, and never afraid of the reproachers of such as find fault. That is the Grace of Allah which He will bestow on whom He (Allah) pleases. And Allah encompasses all, and He knows all things.
The Hadith (a collection of sayings attributed to Muhammad and his companions) includes statements taken as supporting the death penalty for apostasy, such as:
Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, a Pakistani Islamic scholar, writes that punishment for apostasy was part of Divine punishment for only those who denied the truth even after clarification in its ultimate form by Muhammad (he uses term Itmam al-hujjah), hence, he considers this command for a particular time and no longer punishable.[11]
In 2006, Abdul Rahman, the Afghan convert from Islam to Christianity has attracted worldwide attention about where Islam stood on religious freedom. Prosecutors asked for the death penalty for him. However, under heavy pressure from foreign governments, the Afghan government claimed he was mentally unfit to stand trial and released him.
Islam Online, a website,[citation needed] contains a fatwa dated 21 March 2004 and ascribed to 'IOL Shariah Researchers' says:
The term apostasy is also derived from Greek ἀποστάτης, meaning "political rebel," as applied to rebellion against God, its law and the faith of Israel (in Hebrew מרד) in the Hebrew Bible.
Other expressions for apostate as used by rabbinical scholars are "mumar" (מומר, literally "the one that is changed") and "poshea yisrael" (פושע ישראל, literally, "transgressor of Israel"), or simply "kofer" (כופר, literally "denier" and heretic).
The Torah states:
Deuteronomy 13:6-10:
The prophetic writings of Isaiah and Jeremiah provide many examples of defections of faith found among the Israelites (e.g., Isaiah 1:2-4 or Jeremiah 2:19), as do the writings of the prophet Ezekiel (e.g., Ezekiel 16 or 18). Israelite kings were often guilty of apostasy, examples including Ahab (I Kings 16:30-33), Ahaziah (I Kings 22:51-53), Jehoram (2 Chronicles 21:6,10), Ahaz (2 Chronicles 28:1-4), or Amon (2 Chronicles 33:21-23) among others. (Amon's father Manasseh was also apostate for many years of his long reign, although towards the end of his life he renounced his apostasy. Cf. 2 Chronicles 33:1-19)
In the Talmud, Elisha Ben Abuyah (known as Aḥer) is singled out as an apostate and epicurean by the Pharisees.
During the Spanish inquisition, a systematic conversion of Jews to Christianity took place, some of which under threats and force. These cases of apostasy provoked the indignation of the Jewish communities in Spain.
Several notorious Inquisitors, such as Tomás de Torquemada, and Don Francisco the archbishop of Coria, were descendants of apostate Jews. Other apostates who made their mark in history by attempting the conversion of other Jews in the 1300s include Juan de Valladolid and Astruc Remoch.
Abraham Isaac Kook,[14][15] first Chief Rabbi of the Jewish community in then Palestine, held that atheists were not actually denying God: rather, they were denying one of man's many images of God. Since any man-made image of God can be considered an idol, Kook held that, in practice, one could consider atheists as helping true religion burn away false images of god, thus in the end serving the purpose of true monotheism.
Controversies over new religious movements (NRMs) have often involved apostates, some of whom join organizations or web sites opposed to their former religions. A number of scholars have debated the reliability of apostate and their stories, often called "apostate narratives".
One camp that broadly speaking questions apostate narratives includes David G. Bromley,[16][17] Daniel Carson Johnson,[18] Dr. Lonnie D. Kliever (1932–2004),[19] Gordon Melton,[20] and Bryan R. Wilson.[21] An opposing camp less critical of apostate narratives as a group includes Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi,[22] Dr. Phillip Charles Lucas[23],[24][25] Jean Duhaime,[26] Mark Dunlop,[27][28] Michael Langone,[29] and Benjamin Zablocki.[30]
Some scholars have attempted to classify apostates of NRMs. James T. Richardson proposes a theory related to a logical relationship between apostates and whistleblowers, using Bromley's definitions,[31] in which the former predates the latter. A person becomes an apostate and then seeks the role of whistleblower, which is then rewarded for playing that role by groups that are in conflict with the original group of membership such as anti-cult organizations. These organizations further cultivate the apostate, seeking to turn him or her into a whistleblower. He also describes how in this context, apostates' accusations of "brainwashing" are designed to attract perceptions of threats against the well being of young adults on the part of their families to further establish their new found role as whistleblowers.[32] Armand L. Mauss, define true apostates as those exiters that have access to oppositional organizations which sponsor their careers as such, and which validate the retrospective accounts of their past and their outrageous experiences in new religions, making a distinction between these and whistleblowers or defectors in this context.[33] Donald Richter writes that this can explain the writings of Carolyn Jessop and Flora Jessop, former members of the FLDS church who consistently sided with authorities when children of the YFZ ranch were removed over charges of child abuse.[34]
Massimo Introvigne in his Defectors, Ordinary Leavetakers and Apostates[35] defines three types of narratives constructed by apostates of new religious movements:
Introvigne argues that apostates professing Type II narratives prevail among exiting members of controversial groups or organizations, while apostates that profess Type III narratives are a vociferous minority.
In popular usage, religious terminology like "apostasy" is often appropriated for use within other public spheres characterized by strongly-held beliefs, like politics. Such usage typically carries a much less negative connotation than the religious usage does, and sometimes people will even describe themselves as apostates. Authors Kevin Phillips (a former Republican strategist turned harsh critic of the Bush administration) and Christopher Hitchens (a former left-wing commentator turned enthusiastic supporter of the Iraq War) are examples of people who are often described as political apostates.[citation needed]
The term "apostasy" is also used by several death and black metal bands to assert the fact that they are removed from, and against, religion.
This is a list of some notable persons that have been reportedly labeled as an apostate in reliable published sources.
See also main article in Wikipedia: Apostasy
|From Poems by Currer, Ellis, and Acton Bell (1846)
This last denial of my faith,
Thou, solemn Priest, hast heard;
And, though upon my bed of death,
I call not back a word.
Point not to thy Madonna, Priest,--
Thy sightless saint of stone;
She cannot, from this burning breast,
Wring one repentant moan.
Thou say'st, that when a sinless child,
I duly bent the knee,
And prayed to what in marble smiled
Cold, lifeless, mute, on me.
I did. But listen! Children spring
Full soon to riper youth;
And, for Love's vow and Wedlock's ring,
I sold my early truth.
'Twas not a grey, bare head, like thine,
Bent o'er me, when I said,
"That land and God and Faith are mine,
For which thy fathers bled."
I see thee not, my eyes are dim;
But well I hear thee say,
"O daughter cease to think of him
Who led thy soul astray.
"Between you lies both space and time;
Let leagues and years prevail
To turn thee from the path of crime,
Back to the Church's pale."
And, did I need that, thou shouldst tell
What mighty barriers rise
To part me from that dungeon-cell,
Where my loved Walter lies?
And, did I need that thou shouldst taunt
My dying hour at last,
By bidding this worn spirit pant
No more for what is past?
Priest--MUST I cease to think of him?
How hollow rings that word!
Can time, can tears, can distance dim
The memory of my lord?
I said before, I saw not thee,
Because, an hour agone,
Over my eyeballs, heavily,
The lids fell down like stone.
But still my spirit's inward sight
Beholds his image beam
As fixed, as clear, as burning bright,
As some red planet's gleam.
Talk not of thy Last Sacrament,
Tell not thy beads for me;
Both rite and prayer are vainly spent,
As dews upon the sea.
Speak not one word of Heaven above,
Rave not of Hell's alarms;
Give me but back my Walter's love,
Restore me to his arms!
Then will the bliss of Heaven be won;
Then will Hell shrink away,
As I have seen night's terrors shun
The conquering steps of day.
'Tis my religion thus to love,
My creed thus fixed to be;
Not Death shall shake, nor Priestcraft break
My rock-like constancy!
Now go; for at the door there waits
Another stranger guest;
He calls--I come--my pulse scarce beats,
My heart fails in my breast.
Again that voice--how far away,
How dreary sounds that tone!
And I, methinks, am gone astray
In trackless wastes and lone.
I fain would rest a little while:
Where can I find a stay,
Till dawn upon the hills shall smile,
And show some trodden way?
"I come! I come!" in haste she said,
"'Twas Walter's voice I heard!"
Then up she sprang--but fell back, dead,
His name her latest word.
|This work published before January 1, 1923 is in the public domain worldwide because the author died at least 100 years ago.
'APOSTASY' OaTaves, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander), a term generally employed to describe a complete renunciation of the Christian faith, or even an exchange of one form of it for another, especially if the motive be unworthy. In the first centuries of the Christian era, apostasy was most commonly induced by persecution, and was indicated by some outward act, such as offering incense to a heathen deity or blaspheming the name of Christ.' In the Roman Catholic Church the word is also applied to the renunciation of monastic vows (apostasis a monachatu), and to the abandonment of the clerical profession for the life of the world (apostasis a clericatu). Such defection was formerly often punished severely.
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Categories: ANU-APT | Religion and mythology
(apo, from, and stasis, station, standing, or position).
The word itself in its etymological sense, signifies the desertion of a post, the giving up of a state of life; he who voluntarily embraces a definite state of life cannot leave it, therefore, without becoming an apostate. Most authors, however, distinguish with Benedict XIV (De Synodo di£cesanâ, XIII, xi, 9), between three kinds of apostasy: apostasy a Fide or perfidi£, when a Christian gives up his faith; apostasy ab ordine, when a cleric abandons the ecclesiastical state; apostasy a religione, or monachatus, when a religious leaves the religious life. The Gloss on title 9 of the fifth book of the Decretals of Gregory IX mentions two other kinds of apostasy: apostasy inobedientiæ, disobedience to a command given by lawful authority, and iteratio baptismatis, the repetition of baptism, "quoniam reiterantes baptismum videntur apostatare dum recedunt a priori baptismate". As all sin involves disobedience, the apostasy inobedientiæ does not constitute a specific offense. In the case of iteratio baptismatis, the offence falls rather under the head of heresy and irregularity than of apostasy; if the latter name has sometimes been given to it, it is due to the fact that the Decretals of Gregory IX combine into one title, under the rubric "De apostatis et reiterantibus baptisma" (V, title 9) the two distinct titles of the Justinian Code: "Ne sanctum baptisma iteretur" and" De apostatis " (I, titles 6, 7), in Corpus juris civilis ed. Krueger, (Berlin, 1888); II 60-61. See München "Das kanonische Gerichtsverfahren und Strafrecht" (Cologne, 1874), II, 362, 363. Apostasy, in its strictest sense, means apostasy a Fide (St. Thomas, Summa theologica, II-II, Q. xii a. 1).
Perfidiæ is the complete and voluntary abandonment of the Christian religion, whether the apostate embraces another religion such as Paganism, Judaism, Mohammedanism, etc., or merely makes profession of Naturalism, Rationalism, etc. The heretic differs from the apostate in that he only denies one or more of the doctrines of revealed religion, whereas the apostate denies the religion itself, a sin which has always been looked upon as one of the most grievous. The "Shepherd" of Hermas, a work written in Rome in the middle of the second century, states positively that there is no forgiveness for those who have wilfully denied the Lord. [Similit. ix. 26, 5; Funk, Opera Patrum apostolicorum (Tübingen, 1887), I, 547]. Apostasy belonged, therefore, to the class of sins for which the Church imposed perpetual penance and excommunication without hope of pardon, leaving the forgiveness of the sin to God alone. After the Decian persecution (249, 250), however, the great numbers of Lapsi and Libellatici, and the claims of the Martyres or Confessores, who assumed the right of remitting the sin of apostasy by giving the Lapsi a letter of communion, led to a relaxation of the rigour of ecclesiastical discipline. St. Cyprian and the Council of the African Church which met at Carthage in 251 admitted the principle of the Church's right to remit the sin of apostasy, even before the hour of death. Pope Cornelius and the council which he held at Rome confirmed the decisions of the Synod of Carthage, and the discipline of forgiveness was gradually introduced into all the Churches. [Epistolæ S. Cypriani, 55 et 68; Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum (Vienna, 1871), III, ii, ed. Hartel, 624, 666; Eusebius, Church History, VI, xliii, 1, 2]. Nevertheless, the Council of Elvira, held in Spain about the year 300, still refused forgiveness to apostates. [Harduin, Acta Conciliorum (Paris, 1715), I, 250; Funk, Kirchen-geschichtliche Abhandlungen und Untersuchungen (Paderborn, 1897), I, 155-181; Batiffol, Etudes d'histoire et de théologie positive (Paris, 1902) 1st series, 111-144]. When the Roman Empire became Christian, apostates were punished by deprivation of all civil rights. They could not give evidence in a court of law, and could neither bequeath nor inherit property. To induce anyone to apostatize was an offence punishable with death [Theodosian Code, XVI, title 7, De apostatis; title 8, De Judæis; "Corpus juris romani ante-Justinianæi" (Bonn, 1840), 1521 - 1607; Code of Justinian I, title 7, De apostatis l. c. 60, 61]. In the Middle Ages, both civil and canon law classed apostates with heretics; so much so that title 9 of the fifth book of the Decretals of Gregory IX, which treats of apostasy, contains only a secondary provision concerning apostasy a Fide [iv, Friedberg, Corpus juris canonici (Leipzig, 1879-81), II, 790-792]. Boniface VIII however, by a provision which was amended in the sixth book of the Decretals [V, title 2, De h£reticis, 13 (Friedberg, II, 1075)], merely classes apostates with heretics in respect of the penalties which they incur. This decretal, which only mentions apostate Jews by name, was applied indifferently to all. The Inquisition could therefore proceed against them. The Spanish Inquisition was directed, at the end of the fifteenth century, chiefly against apostates, the Maranos, or new Christians, Jews converted by force rather than by conviction; while in 1609 it dealt severely with the Moriscos, or professedly-converted Moors of Spain.
Today the temporal penalties formerly inflicted on apostates and heretics cannot be enforced, and have fallen into abeyance. The spiritual penalties are the same as those which apply to heretics. In order, however, to incur these penalties, it is necessary, in accordance with the general principles of canon law, that the apostasy should be shown in some way. Apostates, with all who receive, protect, or befriend them, incur excommunication, reserved speciali modo to the Sovereign Pontiff (Constitution Apostolicæ Sedis, n=B0. 1). They incur, moreover, the note of "infamy", at least when their apostasy is notorious, and are "irregular"; an infamy and an irregularity which extend to the son and the grandson of an apostate father, and to the son of an apostate mother, should the parents die without being reconciled to the Church [Decree of Gratian, Distinction L, xxxii; V, tit. 2, ii, xv of the sixth book of the Decretals (Friedberg, I, 191, II, 1069 and 1075)]. Most authors, however, are of opinion that the irregularity affects only the children of parents who have joined some particular sect, or who have been personally condemned by ecclesiastical authority [Gasparri, De sacrâ ordinatione (Paris, 1893), II, 288 and 294; Lehmkuhl, Theologia moralis (Freiburg im Br., 1898), II, 725; Wernz, Jus decretalium (Rome, 1899), II, 200; Hollweck, Die kirchlichen Strafgesetze (Mainz, 1899), 162]. Apostates are debarred from ecclesiastical burial (Decretals of Gregory IX, Bk. V, title 7, viii, Friedberg, II, 779). Any writings of theirs, in which they uphold heresy and schism, or labour to undermine the foundations of faith, are on the Index, and those who read them incur the excommunication reserved, speciali modo to the Sovereign Pontiff [Constitution of Leo XIII, Officiorum et munerum, 25 January, 1897, i, v; Vermeersch, De prohibitione et censurâ librorum (Rome, 1901), 3d ed., 57, 112]. Apostasy constitutes an impediment to marriage, and the apostasy of husband or wife is a sufficient reason for separation a thoro et cohabitatione, which, according to many authorities, the ecclesiastical tribunal may make perpetual [Decretals of Gregory IX, IV, title 19, vi; (Friedberg, II, p. 722) ]. Others, however, maintain that this separation cannot be perpetual unless the innocent party embraces the religious state [Decretals of Gregory IX, ibidem, vii (Friedberg, II 722). See Gasparri, "Tractatus canonicus de matrimonio" (Paris, 1891), II, 283; De Becker, "De matrimonio" (Louvain, 1903), 2d ed., 424]. In the case of clerics, apostasy involves the loss of all dignities, offices, and benefices, and even of all clerical privileges (Decretals of Gregory IX. V, title 7, ix, xiii. See Hollweck, 163, 164).
This, according to the present discipline of the Church, is the abandonment of the clerical dress and state by clerics who have received major orders. Such, at least, is the definition given of it by most authorities. The ancient discipline of the Church, though it did not forbid the marriage of clerics, did not allow them to abandon the ecclesiastical state of their own will, even if they had only received minor orders. The Council of Chalcedon threatens with excommunication all deserting clerics without distinction (Hardouin, II, 603). This discipline, often infringed indeed, endured throughout a great part of the Middle Ages. Pope Leo IX decreed, at the Council of Reims (1049): "Ne quis monachus vel clericus a suo gradu apostataret", all monks and clerks are forbidden to abandon their state (Hardouin, VI, 1007). The Decretals of Gregory IX, published in 1234, preserve traces of the older discipline under the title De apostatis, which forbids all clerks, without distinction, to abandon their state [V, title 9, i, iii (Friedberg, II, 790-791) ]. Innocent III had however, at an earlier date, given permission to clerks in minor orders to quit the ecclesiastical state of their own will (Decretals of Gregory IX, III, title 3, vii; see also x, Friedberg, II, 458-460). The Council of Trent did not restore the ancient discipline of the Church, but deemed it sufficient to command the bishops to exercise great prudence in bestowing the tonsure, and only laid the obligations involved in the clerical state on clerks who have received major orders and on those who enjoy an ecclesiastical benefice (Session XXIII, De Reformatione, iv, vi). Whence it follows that all other clerks can quit their state, but, by the very fact of doing so, lose all the privileges of the clergy. Even the clerk in minor orders who enjoys an ecclesiastical benefice, should he wish to be laicized, loses his benefice by the very fact of his laicization, a loss which is to be regarded not as the penalty, but as the consequence, of his having abandoned the ecclesiastical state. These considerations suffice, it would seem, to refute the opinion maintained by some writers [Hinschius, System des Katholischen Kirchenrechts (Berlin, 1895), V, 905], who think that a clerk in minor orders can, even at the present day, be an apostate ab ordine. This opinion is rejected, among others, by Scherer, [Handbuch des Kirchenrechtes (Gratz, 1886), I, 313; Wernz, II, 338, note 24; Hollweck, 299].
Today, after three ineffectual notices, the apostate clerk loses, ipso facto, the privileges of clergy [Decretals of Gregory IX, V, title 9, i; title 39, xxiii, xxv (Friedberg, II, 790 and 897)]. By the very fact of apostasy he incurs infamy, which, however is only an infamy of fact, not one of law imposed by canonical legislation. Infamy involves irregularity, and is an offense punishable by the loss of ecclesiastical benefices. Finally, should the apostate persist in his apostasy, the bishop may excommunicate him [Constit. of Benedict XIII, Apostolicæ ecclesiæ regimine, 2 May, 1725, in Bullarum amplissima collectio (Rome, 1736), XI, ii, 400].
Monachatus is the culpable departure of a religious from his monastery with the intention of not returning to it and of withdrawing himself from the obligations of the religious life. A monk, therefore, who leaves his monastery with the intention of returning is not an apostate, but a runaway, and so is the one who leaves it intending to enter another religious order. The monks and hermits of the early Church made no vow always continuing to live the ascetic life upon which they had entered. The rule of St. Pachomius, the father of the c£nobitical life, allowed the religious to leave his monastery [Ladenze, Histoire du cénobitisme pakhomien (Louvain, 1898), 285]. But from the fourth century onwards the religious state became perpetual, and in 385 Pope Siricius, in his letter to Himerius, expresses indignation against religious men or women who were unfaithful to their propositum sanctitatis (Hardouin, I, 848, 849). The Council of Chalcedon decreed that the religious who desired to return to the world should be excommunicated, and the Second Council of Arles called him an apostate (Hardouin, II, 602, 603, 775). Throughout the Middle Ages numerous councils and papal decretals insisted on this perpetuity of the religious life, of which Peter Damian was one of the great champions (Migne, P.L., CXLV, 674-678). Paul IV, at the time of the Council of Trent, instituted very strict legislation against apostates by his Bull Postquam., dated 20 July, 1558. These provisions were, however, recalled, two years later, by Pius IV, in the Constitution, Sedis apostolicæ, of 3 April, 1560 (Bullarum amplissima collectio [Rome, 1745], IV, i, 343, and IV, ii, 10).
As the law stands today, the canonical penalties are inflected only upon apostates in the strict sense, that is, those professed with solemn vows, with whom Jesuit scholastics are classed by privilege. Religious belonging to congregations with only simple vows, therefore, and those with simple vows in orders which also take solemn vows, do not incur these penalties. 1. Apostasy is a grave sin, the absolution of which the superior may reserve to himself [Decree "Sanctissimus" of Clement VIII, 26 May, 1593, "Bullarum ampl. Collectio" (Rome, 1756), V, v, 254]. 2. The religious is suspended from the exercise of all orders which he may have received during the period of his apostasy, nor is this penalty removed by his return to his monastery [Decretals of Gregory IX, V, title 9, vi (Friedberg, II, 792)]. 3. He is bound by all the obligations laid on him by his vows and the constitutions of his order, but if he has laid aside the religious habit, and if a judicial sentence has pronounced his deposition, he loses all the privileges of his order, in particular that of exemption from the jurisdiction of the ordinary and the right of being supported at the expense of his community (Council of Trent, Session XXV, de regularibus, xix). 4. The fact of laving aside the religious habit involves the penalty of excommunication [III tit. 24, ii, of the sixth book of Decretals (Friedberg II, 1065)]. 5. In several religious orders apostates incur the penalty of excommunication, even when they have not laid aside the religious habit, in virtue of special privileges granted to the order. 6. The apostate is bound to return to his monastery as soon as possible, and the Council of Trent enjoins bishops to punish religious who shall have left their monasteries without the permission of their superiors, as deserters (Session XXV, de regularibus, iv). Moreover, the bishop is bound to take possession of the person of the apostate monk and to send him back to his superior [Decree of the Congregation of the Council, 21 September, 1624, in "Bullarum amplissima collectio" (Rome, 1756), V, v, 248]. In the case of an apostate nun who leaves a convent enjoying pontifical cloister, she incurs the excommunication reserved simpliciter to the Sovereign Pontiff [Constitution Apostolicæ Sedis, n=B0, 6. See Vermeersch, "De religiosis institutis et personis" (Rome, 1902), I, 200; Hollweck, 299; Scherer, II, 838. See also HERESY, IRREGULARITY, CLERIC, RELIGIOUS ORDERS].


text:
Fake Britney Spears Manager Swindles RCA Records (UPDATE)
Britney Spears
Impostor Swindled Label
Swiped Unreleased Music
Some crook pretended to be Britney Spears' manager and got her record label to send a bunch of yet-to-be-released music … TMZ has learned..
According to docs obtained by TMZ … the suspect impersonated Larry Rudolph, Brit's longtime manager, and emailed RCA Records to ask for tracks that at the time were unreleased. The person went so far as to create firstname.lastname@example.com … which is not Larry's actual email address.
Didn't matter … RCA reps got duped and uploaded 49 digital files.
In all, law enforcement says he nabbed 12 tracks intended for Britney's album, "Glory," which was released in August 2016 … shortly after this caper.
Law enforcement obtained search warrants in October 2016 and June 2017 to search AOL and Microsoft records for the suspect's email account — and they now have a suspect. They say he's an attorney who's studying intellectual property law at UCLA. There goes the Dean's List.
The case is still under investigation.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
By Sweta Singh
(Reuters) - Bank of America Corp (BAC.N) reported a profit for the third quarter, compared with a year-earlier loss, as Chief Executive Brian Moynihan's cost-cutting efforts helped the bank mitigate the impact of weak revenue in three of its four main businesses.
BofA has been slashing billions of dollars in costs in its commercial lending, investment banking and wealth management businesses as overnight fund rates remain near zero and worries about China's economy and uncertainty over the timing of a U.S. rate hike prevent traders from making big bets.
Shares of the No.2 U.S. bank by assets rose as much as 2.6 percent in morning trading on Wednesday.
The bank's non-interest expenses fell by a third to $13.81 billion, mainly due to an 83 percent drop in costs in its legacy assets and servicing unit, which houses many of the bad loans inherited from Countrywide Financial.
Consumer banking was BofA's only business to report a rise in revenue as the lender restructured its branch network, grew active accounts and issued more credit cards.
"We continue to make good progress in a tough revenue environment due to low interest rates and a sluggish economic recovery," Moynihan, who won the backing of shareholders last month to remain chairman, said on a conference call.
"The late summer's volatility, especially in the fixed income trading markets, (remains) challenging," Moynihan said.
BofA is seen as the most sensitive to interest rate changes among the big U.S. banks.
Deutsche Bank analyst Matt O'Connor wrote in a note this month that BofA's 2016 earnings would be 7.1 percent lower than his current estimates if interest rates don't rise. In contrast, Wells Fargo & Co (WFC.N) earnings would be 3.6 percent below his current estimates.
Wells Fargo, the biggest U.S. residential mortgage lender, reported a rise in profit for the first time in three quarters on Wednesday, helped by its purchase of commercial loans from General Electric Co.
BofA's total revenue fell 2.4 percent to $20.91 billion on a fully taxable equivalent basis in the quarter ended Sept. 30, but beat the average analyst estimate of $20.77 billion, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.
"Although revenues declined modestly in a tough operating environment, BofA made another solid step forward in maintaining the stability and predictability of its earnings by holding costs flat, improving credit, and further strengthening its capital position," RBC Capital Markets analyst Joe Morford said in a note.
Net interest income declined 6.7 percent to $9.74 billion on a fully taxable equivalent basis, while bond trading revenue fell 10.9 percent to $2 billion.
JPMorgan Chase & Co (JPM.N) also reported a fall in quarterly bond trading revenue on Tuesday and warned that market expectations for the current quarter appeared to be too high in light of slow market trading.
Excluding litigation costs, expenses fell 4 percent as the bank cut jobs and restructured.
BofA said its headcount fell 6 percent from a year earlier.
Moynihan, who took the top job in 2010, shook up the bank's management in July, replacing Chief Financial Officer Bruce Thompson with longtime executive Paul Donofrio.
BofA, which has paid more than $70 billion in legal expenses since 2008, said its legal costs fell for the third straight quarter, dropping to $231 million from $6 billion a year earlier.
BofA's non-interest income, which includes mortgage banking, rose 1.6 percent to $11.17 billion.
Provision for credit losses increased 26.7 percent to $806 million.
BofA reported net income of $4.07 billion, or 37 cents per share, attributable to shareholders. Analysts on average had expected earnings of 33 cents per share.
In the year-earlier period, the bank had a loss as it took a $5.6 billion charge related to the mortgage settlement.
BofA shares were up 1.6 percent at $15.77. Up to Tuesday's close, the stock had fallen about 13 percent this year, while the KBW bank index (.BKX) had fallen about 5 percent.
(Reporting by Sweta Singh and Anil D'Silva in Bengaluru; Editing by Kirti Pandey)


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A super-exciting thing happened the other week... I was featured on Closer Online!
The lovely folks at PETA UK contacted me a little while ago about my weight loss story and I was of course happy to help spread the vegan message and how a plant-based diet can benefit our health and our waistlines. Me and two other lovely vegan ladies were included and they even featured some of our favourite recipes - go and check the article out here if you're that way inclined!
I mentioned about a month back that I was starting out Fitness Blender's Eight Week Fat Loss Challenge for Busy People - aka FB30. I'm now four weeks into the programme somehow (?!) so I thought I'd check in and give you an update in case you're thinking of giving it a go for yourselves.
If you're completely new to Fitness Blender, the team are husband and wife, Daniel and Kelli, they're qualified trainers who make workout videos on YouTube. They have over 400 videos, so for people who feel a little intimidated by just what videos to pick, or who just want to be told what to work on what day by someone who actually knows what they're doing, they also make workout programmes which instruct you on which videos to complete each day.
FB30 is one of these programmes, it's an eight week challenge designed to help you lose fat and build lean muscle in under 30 minutes a day, so it's perfect for people who work full time or have a really busy schedule - everyone can find 30 minutes in their day to exercise. EVERYONE. Even you.
The workout programmes are not free - the one I'm doing cost $9.99 which is about £6. Let me assure you that this programme is worth waaaaay more than £6. I have seen other online workout programmes which are £100+, and don't forget, all of the videos are free, so once you've paid your £6, you're set and good to go.
The workouts themselves vary each day so you never get bored and neither do your muscles. Broadly speaking they are a combination of high intensity interval training (HIIT) cardio and strength training. You need very little equipment - a basic workout mat and a set of dumbbells will cover off most things but the workouts also include kettlebells so it would be handy to pick up a set.
Here's what I'm using at the moment, none of these links are sponsored, this is genuinely the equipment I'm using for those who are interested:
- Workout mat (you can of course use a yoga mat or a thinner mat than this, but there are quite a few moves in which you have to prop yourself up on the elbows and this helps cushion those bad boys)
- Kettlebell set (unfortunately not available any more but to give you an idea of the kinds of weights I'm using - these set me back about £20)
- Powerblock Sport 2.4 adjustable dumbbells - my one extravagance! I'm not going to lie, these were expensive, but I love them.
In terms of weight loss I have fluctuated throughout the four weeks. I've gone up and down by a few pounds and ended up back at the same weight I was when I started, but my body composition has already begun to change. My shoulders and arms are much stronger and more defined, my waist, thighs and hips are all trimmer and firmer, and my bootayyy has been lifted and toned. Aside from this my stamina has improved, my mood has improved (the mental health benefits of exercise cannot be overstated), I recover quicker and I sleep better.
What's most surprising to me is that I genuinely have never missed a work out because I actually look forward to them now. No matter how busy or stressful life can be during the day, I know I have that 30 minutes when I'm working out and I can forget about everything else and just focus on me, and that keeps me going. I can't wait to see what happens in another four weeks!
Emily x


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Gotta agree, Rick. This tea party crap is pointless. What the Repuke party needs is people who are brave enough to start speaking the truth about who and what we are facing. As we stare down the barrel of the Socialism gun being pointed at our hearts, we continue to engage the enemy on their ground, using their rules, and bound hopelessly by their PC speak. We are still so afraid of terms such as "racism", and "neocon", etc, that any "criticism" of the idiot now ruining the country is weak as, well, tea...Comment Posted By JWS On 1.03.2009 @ 14:41
Sara came real close, but can't say it, can't actually say what it is that is dragging this country into socialism and reparations, in the name of fairness of course...Comment Posted By JWS On 21.02.2009 @ 16:09
Everyone gets thisclose to saying out loud what the problem is, and then backs off, for fear of being labeled a racist. We are "allowed" to, ever so gently, and in as sterile a manner as possible, discuss the damage that affirmative action, violent crime, out of wedlock births, welfare, drug use, violent "protest", gangs, drop out rates, thought and speech "policing", etc, are doing to this country. We have become so neutered and PC, that we have elected an absolutely unqualified, racist, Marxist, as POTUS, simply as an attempt to further placate those who, face it, will never be placated.Comment Posted By JWS On 21.02.2009 @ 10:37
We ARE a nation of cowards...
"...The point being, Democrats were willing to sit on this story until the stimulus vote was safely passed..."
It's a good point, but not at all relevant in the country's current condition. It assumes that anything at all could have possibly stood in the way of this Socialist bill; it assumes that they have any shame at all.
Conservatives need to face a simple fact: the new guy in charge is an enemy of everything this country was founded on, and he has the shameless backing of his party to do whatever the hell he wants. And he will.
It's a new game, and Conservatives have not woken up to it, and probably won't, until it's way too late. These people, and their leader Obama, are not the old "save the whales and raise taxes" crowd. They hate this country, and are now, finally, in position to do what they have always wanted to do. They need to be approached as the enemy that they are, as if they were indeed a foreign enemy, and not merely some misguided political adversaries...Comment Posted By JWS On 18.02.2009 @ 09:51
I love to be right all the time. All the conservative phonies who called me a racist for pointing out that Barry IS a racist are now shocked, SHOCKED, at this sh....stuff. "How could Barry talk to Hamas???" Uhmmm, maybe the Wright thing had something to do with this? Naaaa. Barry said he was through with that, an sh*t, and that was good enough for all you idiots. Great job, boyz...Comment Posted By JWS On 9.01.2009 @ 23:42
"...The game was much different back then. The players were much smaller, faster, better with the puck, and probably dirtier. The game itself was more wide open with speed being the key to victory..."
AS a former player and coach, I can say that one out of four ain't bad. The players certainly were much smaller back then. Today, fourth liners are faster than most of yesterdays stars; almost everyone today can handle the puck well, as opposed to years (decades- I'm getting old...)ago, when the top stars were about it for "hands"; Dirty? I have to give that to todays group also, as years ago, most everyone respected everyone else, mostly because of being helmet-less.Comment Posted By JWS On 1.01.2009 @ 19:25
Todays game was fun to watch, even for a Ranger fan. Maybe especially for a Ranger fan, as Detroit is everything the Rangers wish they were as a franchise...
Nice change of pace entry...
You know, as with most things, this can be distilled down rather easily: Hamas/ Palestine bad, Israel good. For libtards, it's easiest understood as a sort of rock, paper, scissors game: good beats bad.
This is a perfect example of needing adults to be, well, adults. "Look at all those dead Hamasians (ok, whatever)!!!", the child (liberal) screams. "Yup, look at em...." the adult (conservative) says...Comment Posted By JWS On 30.12.2008 @ 21:38
As a thought experiment, is the constant, never ending portrayal of whites in the media as bumbling, ineffectual, cowardly, brutal, humorless, ugly, nerdy, etc, racist? On the flip side, is the portrayal of blacks as super-cool, intelligent, in charge, handsome, debonair, etc, racist? (yes you do know what I mean. If not, just listen to the radio for half an hour, or watch TV for a bit, and pay attention)
Also, no one disagrees more with Moran than I do, but you imply that he is a racist?! That is why that word is meaningless anymore...Comment Posted By JWS On 28.12.2008 @ 16:38
Racism is one thing and one thing only: the belief that a race is genetically, or inherently (choose one if you're into semantics nonsense), either inferior or superior. Mocking, jokes, etc, may be perceived by some as hurtful, insensitive (my favorite), etc, or even bigoted. But you have to be able to read minds to ascribe "racism" based on a joke. One of my favorite things is to ask the sensitive, thoughtful, liberal why mocking ebonics is racist, but mocking how all those vanilla white people speak isn't. Or, for that matter, why a white who faithfully attends white separatist "services" is a racist, while a black who faithfully attends black separatist "services" isn't.Comment Posted By JWS On 28.12.2008 @ 13:11
Liberals are not responsible for cutting off debate, conservatives are. Liberals are truly childlike, and almost primitive in their thought process. We know that. The problem here is not that they have defined everything as racist. The problem is that, to one degree or another, 99% of white conservatives have gone merrily along. The same white who will belly laugh at a black "comic" making fun of the way "whites" speak, will brand any white who makes fun of "ebonics" a racist; the same white who would instantly-and accurately-label a white man who spent 20 years of his life in a white-separatist "church" a racist, will shrug his shoulders at the racist that has been elected POTUS; don't want to "assemble" with blacks? Racist!! attend an all black HS or college? Proud!! And on and on. The logic of this column is the same as that which would say buy the tantrum throwing child whatever he wants so he'll shut up. It's the child's fault, right? Not the parent's. The child is saying "this is how it's gonna be!" Nothing you can do, right? Wrong. The essential problem is not liberals labeling conservatives as racists, it's conservatives labeling conservatives as racists.Comment Posted By JWS On 28.12.2008 @ 11:55
Pages (2) : [1] 2


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Find a home
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You can get details about all homes available to rent and buy in our find a home pages.
The developments are at:
New homes by the sea
Whitby - Chancel Meadows
We're developing a new site in Whitby called Chancel Meadows.
We are building 190 homes on the site which will include:
- two, three and four-bed houses for outright sale – Help to Buy will be available
- two-bed bungalows for outright sale
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- two, three and four-bed houses and two-bed bungalows for rent.
The scheme is mainly for home ownership with half of the site being for outright sale and a significant number for shared ownership.
Showhomes will be available to view in the spring of 2018.
You can register your interest by contacting us.
You can also find more details on the Chancel Meadows website.
Find directions to the Chancel Meadows site:


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(→KDE Frameworks Coordination: spelling)
Carlsymons (Talk | contribs)
m (→Building KDE Frameworks)
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= Building KDE Frameworks =
= Building KDE Frameworks =
* [[Frameworks/Building|Building KDE
* [[Frameworks/Building|Building KDE ]]
= KDE Frameworks Coordination =
= KDE Frameworks Coordination =
Welcome to the main coordination page of the KDE Frameworks teams!
This area of the wiki is organized around two main sections:
Important: We're still busy bees working on KDE Frameworks 5.0, so only the global section is in effect for now. Help is welcome to complete KDE Frameworks 5.0.
TBD, KDE Frameworks 5.0 being on-going work, please check the Epics Dashboard.
On the Meetings page you find more information about recent and future meetings and their logs.


text:
Product DetailsIn pre-World War II London, Spanish agent Denard struggles to close a high-level business deal that will strike a blow against fascists in his native country. But industrialists not yet alert to the threat of fascism reject him. A teenage ally caught up in his efforts is murdered. And the mission itself seems a failure. Yet neither the story nor Denard will stop there. Charles Boyer plays Denard and Lauren Bacall is a jaded industrial heiress who assists him in this intricate spy drama. For her second screen appearance, Bacall took a critical thumping, yet her presence smolders. The film itself still satisfies, thanks in no small measure to James Wong Howe's atmospheric cinematography and the story craft of source novelist Graham Greene.
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text:
By Swati Verma
BENGALURU (Reuters) - Gold rose to its highest in more than five weeks on Tuesday as the dollar sagged after the United States and China agreed a 90-day pause on fresh trade tariffs, while palladium hit a record high, leaving it about $4 short of parity with bullion.
Palladium rose more than 2 percent to $1,231.50 per ounce by 1310 GMT, after scaling an all-time high of $1,235.
"The market is structurally in a significant deficit, so there are clearly concerns about that. We've got a lot momentum and positive investor sentiment flowing into the market at the moment," said Capital Economics analyst Ross Strachan.
The metal, used mainly used in emissions-reducing auto catalysts for vehicles, has gained about 48 percent since mid-August, but not all analysts think the price is justified.
"The high price premium on palladium is not justified in our opinion because car sales have been fairly weak on all key markets of late," Commerzbank analysts said in a note. "What is more, U.S. tariffs have been threatened on imports of cars and car parts from the European Union."
Palladium's 14-day relative strength index (RSI) was around 77. An RSI above 70 indicates a commodity is overbought and could lead to a price correction.
Meanwhile, spot gold rose for the second straight session, up 0.6 percent at $1,238.90. Prices touched $1,241.10 earlier in the session, their highest since Oct. 26.
U.S. gold futures were up 0.4 percent at $1,244.70 per ounce.
The dollar weakened against its major peers, pressured by a thaw in trade tensions between Washington and Beijing, making gold cheaper for holders of other currencies. [USD/]
"Primarily it is the weaker dollar that is providing assistance and that will be the key driver in the short term," Capital Economics' Strachan said.
"However, it is going to find it difficult to sustain the current rally unless there is even more dollar weakness, simply because the (overall) investor sentiment for riskier assets has improved and that would prove to be a drag in the short term."
The temporary freeze on further hostilities in the trade war sparked a global rally in equity markets on Monday.
Global trade tensions over the past few months have seen investors opt for the safety of the U.S. currency rather than bullion, a traditional safe haven asset.
"After the G20 summit, safe haven buying in the dollar index has reduced (and) therefore gold is looking very strong," said Vandana Bharti, assistant vice-president of commodity research, SMC Comtrade Ltd, adding $1,250 is the next target for bullion
Among other precious metals, spot silver rose 1 percent to $14.52 per ounce, while platinum dipped 0.4 percent to $803.50.
(Reporting by Swati Verma; additional reporting by Eileen Soreng in Bengaluru; Editing by Adrian Croft and Kirsten Donovan)


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Free entries to accredited professionals.. Online registration will be made available soon to avoid unnecessary waiting times. .
How to register?
If you're thinking about going to FIMMA – Maderalia, we provide the registration form below in this section.
To register, you will be requested to fill out the details asked in the registration form..
VISITORS ENTRYFree registration for professionals
Admission is free but remember to access must be professional in the business. Once you have gained the access to the Fimma Maderalia fair, you will also be able to visit other fairs that are celebrated jointly, simply stating in its registration.
The entrance to FIMMA – Maderalia (6-9 February) allows free access to Cevisama (5-9 February)
You can find information here.(Service not available yet)


text: I was surprised at my delivery that the DS's job consisted of taking a photo of us with the car, then disappearing for an hour while someone else delivered the car to me (introduction, walk-arounds, etc), then showing up at the end again to sign the paperwork. I was directed to one guy for the questions about the car, and to the service manager for questions about the service plans and extended warranty. Is that normal that they are so hands off? I wasn't impressed by her in the lead-up to my delivery, and then wasn't impressed by her involvement considering her title.


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Looking for a particular topic? Use our Keywords page to locate the sermons by popular topics.
Sermons (7)
|He Will Give You Rest
|Matthew 11:28-30 (Part of the Miscellaneous series).
|It doesn't matter what the issue is, what the burden is or what the problem might be, God will give you rest. We are just as a child, rebellious, thinking we know what's best for our lives. But just as a loving parent teaches a child, God teaches and is patient with His children. He loves through our rebellious nature. If you are a child of God, He goes with you every step you take. Why would you choose to take Him to places that you would be ashamed of taking Him? God carries your burdens if you will allow Him to. There is no reason or excuse to carry your own burdens. It doesn't matter how many times you have to ask Him for help, He just wants you to trust in Him and ask Him. Just as a child asks their parents for help, the parents that loves will do whatever it takes to help their child because they simply love them.
|Preached by Bruce Whitehead on March 30, 2016 (Wednesday).
|Don't Get Comfortable
|Revelation 3:14-22 (Part of the Miscellaneous series).
|God is the one that deserves all the honor and glory because He is the provider of all things. We get prideful and comfortable in ourselves and slowly stop relying on God. The things we accumulate in this life, money, goods and works will burn up in the end of time. One can't live one way and expect another so when you are teetering between Gods way and the worlds way God will not bless. God blesses us with things to bless others, not to fill our lives with things. So when God blesses with an abundance of food we are not to eat until we can't move. We are to share that food with others. Just the same with money, we are not to be selfish with our money and use it only for ourselves. Bless others by showing them that God loved you, therefore we love them. Someone that is prideful will not humble themselves to others or to God. When was the last time you repented, humbled yourself before God? God is always there and all we have to do is ask Him. It doesn't matter who you are or what you think, there will come a day that you WILL bow before Jesus Christ and worship Him. Whether you want to believe in Him or not in this life, you WILL at your death.
|Preached by Matthew Adams on March 16, 2016 (Wednesday).
|The Hard Journey Home
|Ruth 1:19-22 (Part of the Ruth 1 series).
|Sometimes it's hard to go home. The flesh sometimes doesn't want to go back because of shame and hurt. The journey back home can't start until you turn back. The chastening of God is not pleasant but it's needed because He loves us. If you're saved and living outside of the will of God then you are living a dangerous lifestyle. God will not allow His children, the saved to live outside of His will for very long. Those that are living outside of the will of God should be viewed by the church (saved) as those that need love with compassion. Sin WILL take your life. We've all at some point thought we could do it on our own without Gods help. When the children of God are in trouble we should not punish them because it's Gods job to do so. The hard part of having to go back home is the repenting, apologizing for turning your back on God. Being broken is the first step in turning back to God. Repentance to God is the second fruits of going back home. Confession to those they have wronged would be the third step. One can't be fixed until they realize they are broken. Are you not tired of the bad stuff? You can't live in sin and expect God to bless you with the good stuff.
|Preached by Tommy Boring on March 13, 2016 (Sunday Evening).
|Turning Away
|Ruth 1:1-7 (Part of the Ruth 1 series).
|Some think they can figure it out on their own without the help of God. But, what you sow you shall reap. Some will turn their back on the church for the smallest thing thinking they've made a good decision but, when they turn their back on the church they e turn towards the enemy. If one stays out in sin, there is a price to pay. If one has made a decision to turn their back on God, they've made a choice to take the consequences for their actions. One may think they'll just lay out of church this one time or do this one thing just once but it slowly turns into a long time, a more than once occasion. If a parent raises a child with the sins of the world, you'll raise a child thinking it all right to compromise God's Word. The devil will take everything you've got if you give him a little. Have you ever heard anyone say it was a good idea to turn from God?
|Preached by Tommy Boring on March 2, 2016 (Wednesday).
|Got Grace?
|James 4:6 (Part of the Miscellaneous series).
|Grace is only given to the humble. Pride will lead you to hell. Have you ever thought about what grace is? A perfect story of grace is the story of the prodigal son. A father gave his son a lot of money but the son wasted on frivolous things. The son finally came to his senses while eating the hogs slop. The sons plan was to ask for forgiveness and to be a simple servant for being disobedient. But the father had other plans for his son. The father had grace, shown grace and gave grace. Not only was the father happy his son returned but gave him the best he had, the family ring, a rob and the best calf for a prepared feast. Just as this father did for his son, Jesus Christ has done the same to each of us. He stands calling for his child to come home. With outstretched arms, begging for His children to return. But His children sit and wallow in the worlds slop and in their own pride.
|Preached by Bruce Whitehead on February 24, 2016 (Wednesday).


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Will Smith and Jaden Smith Promote 'After Earth' in Taiwan (Video)
Hundreds of screaming fans welcomed Will Smith and his teenage son Jaden to Taipei on Friday where the proud father spoke about 'the family business' of making movies.
The father-son duo will continue their Asian 'After Earth' promotional tour on Monday with a public event hosted by the Taiwan Fund for Children and Families, at the Taipei 101, where he will present gifts to 100 underprivileged kids and then join them in a promotional exercise designed to drum up support for the protection of the environment.
'After Earth' hits theaters in the US on May 31. The film will be released in Taiwan the following week.


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It's inevitable given my lifestyle that I'll run into some tall people from time to time. Having played basketball and been a model for a decent portion of my life, both fields were going to bring me in close contact with the lanky folk. Many of my "normal" friends can't believe it when I tell them that amongst my circles I am not the tallest. Currently, I have a team mate who is 6ft 6in! And last season I had quite a few gorgeous women around the 6ft 5in mark in my daily activities. Models vary of course, just as basketball players do – it's a myth that all models and all basketball players are tall. Both can come in very small packages as well!
But enough of that! The reason I am here is because I want to talk about Height Goddess! I have a basketball pal from Sydney who is an ambassador for Height Goddess – a clothing line for tall girls, who put me onto their jeans collection (see pics). I also am wearing one of their comfy tees! I love that I can wear heeled boots with the bootleg jeans as they are actually long enough for once! Something you cannot always rely on when buying mainstream! The tee sits at a nice length too, and instead of billowing out like most shirts do when all you really want is length, this one keeps its shape.
My little niece (who definitely doesn't need to shop at Height Goddess yet) couldn't understand how she wasn't involved in the action (a camera isn't pointing at ME? WHY!). Anyway, I thought her little bombing pic was cute so I actually ending up using it.
I definitely recommend taking a peek at the Height Goddess website if you're struggling to find style to fit your long limbs!
Mel xo


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12 Feb 2018 17:50
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Bella Jovan is a professional international award winning dance artist and choreographer!!Facebook Tweet Linkedin Pinterest Google +
Bella Jovan is an international dance artist. She's traveled all over the world to dance in exotic places like Egypt, Turkey, China, France, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Hawaii! Bella Jovan has won competitions and has the best costume designer costumes from Bella in Turkey! Bella also has studied with the best belly dancers in the world! Bella Jovan teaches locally and her classes are in high demand! Bella looks forward to another exciting year of dance, travel, and teaching!


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Search › vocabulary 2 theology thesis | Quizlet
Pneumatology is the study of the . () is for "", which metaphorically describes a non-material being or influence. In Christian theology pneumatology refers to the study of the . In , the Holy Spirit (or Holy Ghost) is the of . Within mainstream (Trinitarian) Christian beliefs he is the third person of the . As part of the , the Holy Spirit is equal with and with . The Christian theology of the Holy Spirit was the last piece of Trinitarian theology to be fully developed.
One of the best-known Indian authors in the field of ethics and morality, he holds a Master's degree in Political Science from the University of Mysore, a Licentiate degree in Theology from Pontifical Gregorian University, Rome and a Doctoral degree in Moral Theology from the Alphonsian Academy, Rome.
Masters of Theology Thesis Ideas | The Classroom | Synonym
St. Thomas was born toward the end of 1226 and was born in Italy. St. Thomas was an Italian scholar and the most influential theologian in the Catholic Church. In 1243 he joined the Dominican order which was not like by his parents and they put him in jail for two years....


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Good news in the long run maybe for Blackpool fans??
https://www.blackpoolgazette.co.uk/spor ... -1-9593879
Blackpool FC
Chat about any non-Posh related football matters here.
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Blackpool FC
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Will John Roberts get a do-over?
…it is significant that both Ilya and Josh agree that the insurance "requirement" is now clearly unconstitutional under Chief Justice Roberts' "saving construction" approach. If a court so holds, the entire statute would then be in the same posture as it would have been if he had sided with the dissenting justices in the first place. In that eventuality, four justices thought the whole law was inseverable, and the Obama administration conceded the mandate would be inseverable from at least two key provisions of the Act. So the key issue in the new litigation is likely to be whether the fact that Congress zeroed out the penalty somehow changed this analysis such that the mandate is now severable from the rest of the ACA when it was not before. I look forward to reading much more on this question.
This would be great, if this legislative atrocity can finally be struck down via this method, considering all of the legislative legerdemain and chicanery the Democrats had to use to pass it in the first place.


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