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NFTs are a new product that can be sold and traded in marketplaces that have exploded in popularity recently. But how do NFTs make money? How do NFT marketplaces make money? How and why are NFTs so popular, and what is an NFT?
These are all commonly asked questions about the exciting trend of NFTs, and rightly so! NFTs and NFT marketplaces can be very confusing for people who do not understand how and why NFTs and NFT marketplaces make money.
That is where we come in, with knowledge and explanations for all of your NFT and marketplace questions! In this article, we will discuss the basics of NFTs, how NFTs are sold and traded, the different marketplaces NFTs are sold, and how the marketplaces make money!
Without further ado, let's get into it!
What is an NFT?
Let's begin with the question on everyone's mind: what is an NFT? Many people think that NFTs are overpriced digital art or media pieces sold online. And while those people are not exactly wrong, they are also not exactly correct.
NFT stands for non-fungible token. Now, what does that mean? It means that an NFT is a unit of data stored within a blockchain. A blockchain is a sort of digital ledger that keeps track of the data, and certain aspects of the data can not be changed, like who created the NFT in the first place.
The NFTs can be sold, transferred, and traded between owners and buyers. NFTs can be various types of data, like art, photos, memes, videos, music, and other types of digitalized media.
To create an NFT, one must get a crypto wallet, exchange fiat money for crypto on an exchange like Coinbase, add crypto funds to the wallet and then use the crypto to pay for gas fees.
Gas fees are the costs associated with minting the NFT and go to "miners." Just a heads up, gas fees do not go to the actual NFT marketplace; they get paid another way which you will see below.
Those of us who create NFTs (like me) on the Ethereum blockchain can expect to pay between $100-200. The fees fluctuate based on demand. I've seen gas fees reach $700.
If you are ready to mint your NFTs, I highly suggest you read these articles to learn ways in which to save money.
- How To Sell NFTs Without Gas Fees (or less) | Complete Guide
- The 3 Cheapest Ways to Mint an NFT: Full Breakdown
Each NFT, when sold or traded, comes with a digital certificate of authenticity to show proof of ownership by the recipient of the NFT (basically, the NFT is the proof of authenticity and that important data is stored in the blockchain).
NFTs, unlike cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin that also run on blockchains, are unique and identifiable because each token is unique. That means you can see each unique NFT as it moves around a marketplace or a blockchain.
So, essentially, an NFT is a unit of data that is sold and/or traded among users in a blockchain marketplace that is unique and identifiable and needs proof of ownership or authenticity.
Because they are all unique, NFTs have different prices, assets, and values, making them not mutually interchangeable at the same and constant rate as Bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies.
How are NFTs Sold?
The majority of NFTs are sold on the Ethereum blockchain. There are other blockchains and specific marketplaces that sell particular types of NFTs as well.
Online in these marketplaces and blockchains is where people make NFTs, or sellers can create accounts that act as stores where other people can come and buy their NFTs.
There are a lot of different marketplaces to look for NFTs on and a handful of incredibly popular marketplaces that we will touch on soon that have specific types of NFTs depending on their media type, like art or music.
The types of NFTs in the marketplace depend on what marketplace you are exploring. Each marketplace has its own pros and cons.
Different NFT Marketplaces
Now, let's explore how different NFT marketplaces make money and what types of NFTs are available in the marketplace!
Below you will find several different popular NFT marketplaces and an explanation of how they make money. You will also learn about the types of NFTs sold in each marketplace.
OpenSea is a digital NFT marketplace that makes money through service fees. We are all familiar with the idea of service fees, but just in case you are not or just need a refresher on service fees, here is a quick explanation!
Service fees are fees that websites or companies can charge for a variety of reasons. Like when you order something from an e-commerce website for $15, your total cost after the service fees are added might be $17.50.
The fees are imposed to cover the costs of other aspects of getting you your order.
It is the same thing with OpenSeas service fees. It is how the marketplace turns a profit. For OpenSea, the service fees are charged whenever an NFT is sold on the marketplace. So every time someone buys an NFT and someone sells an NFT, the marketplace gets a percentage of the sale as a service fee for using their marketplace.
OpenSea has a service fee charge that is equivalent to 2.5 percent of the sale. So if you sell an NFT for $50, the OpenSea gets to take $1.25. Think of it as OpenSea making a commission of your sale like how retail workers that work on commission get paid a portion of their sales.
However, despite these service fees, OpenSea has a marketplace structure that is entirely free to access and use. You do not have to pay OpenSea to list an NFT for sale or to browse the marketplace.
OpenSea is a very popular NFT marketplace which some might even call dominant, which proves that its service fees are reasonable enough that customers and sellers keep coming back for more!
OpenSea has tons of different types of NFTs to pick and choose from, including art, domain/web names, collectibles like CryptoPunks, trading cards, and more!
Another big name in the NFT marketplace game is Rarible, another money-making NFT marketplace that is one of the top dogs in its arena.
Just like OpenSea, Rarible makes money by charging a service fee per transaction on the marketplace. The service fee is 2.5 percent of every individual sale completed on the marketplace.
Through this method, Rarible has exploded in profit, raking in over $16 million and counting since its origination in 2019. This massive amount of money makes Rarible one of the most profitable and popular NFT marketplaces today.
Like many NFT marketplaces, Rarible is built on the Ethereum blockchain, so NFTs are purchased with the token of the Ethereum blockchain, Ether.
Thus, to buy anything on Rarible, buyers need to connect their Ethereum wallets to the marketplace. Wallets like MetaMask or Argent.
Like OpenSea, Rarible has a "Lazy Minting" feature which defers the gas fees to the buyer at the time of purchase. This way, creators don't have to come out of pocket to list their creations. I go way deeper into Lazy Minting with Rarible in this article: How To Mint an NFT for Free | Rarible Style.
Mintable is another NFT marketplace that is popular for the buying and selling of NFTs. Mintable makes money through royalties that are engrained into the contract of the blockchain it was built and exists on.
Because the blockchains are very open and transparent, it is easy for sellers to see when their NFTs are resold. This also means they can see who is the new buyer and how much the NFT was sold for.
Remeber the blockchain stores all this information and that's especially important when collecting royalties for all future re-sales.
Mintable has the option of using Immutable X, which is a secondary layer to Ethereum and doesn't require gas fees for transactions. This cuts the costs for both buyers and sellers and of course NFT creators.
This makes Mintable very accessible and great for people who are new to NFTs and want to learn about the process of buying and selling.
Mintable makes money in a similar way to OpenSea and Rarible, with service fees. However, because they have gas-free items and options, there are some differences in the percentages charged per sale of an NFT.
When normal NFTs are sold on Mintable, there is a 2.5 percent service fee, exactly like OpenSea and Rarible. However, if a gasless or gas-free NFT is sold, there is a 5 percent service fee charged from the total price.
Lastly, when NFTs that are "printable" (created and listed before being minted) are sold, they are charged a 10 percent service fee. Each of these service fees is how Mintable creates revenue and makes a profit.
Nifty Gateway
Nifty Gateway is another NFT marketplace that uses royalties, gas fees, and service or sales fees. However, Nifty Gateway is a little bit different than other NFT marketplaces. Nifty Gateway makes money in a handful of ways rather than one clear-cut money-making fee.
Nifty Gateway, like Mintable, OpenSea, and Rarible, makes money from royalties that are charged as a percentage of every sale made on their marketplace. However, Nifty Gateway also charges secondary sales.
When an NFT on Nifty Gateway is sold, Nifty Gateway takes 5 percent of the total sale price, as well as 30 cents to cover the transaction fees.
When a secondary sale is made, 5 percent goes to Nifty Gateway, and 10 percent goes to the original artist who sold the NFT first. That means it is harder to turn a profit by reselling NFTs on Nifty Gateway.
Not all of the fees on Nifty Gateway are completely clear or transparent, so something to watch out for is rapidly accumulating gas fees that can create a higher cost of using the Nifty Gateway marketplace.
SuperRare makes money similarly to the NFT marketplaces that we have already talked about. Still, it has slightly different rules and percentages of the royalties that are taken for each sale.
The artist or seller's royalties on a primary, or the first sale, of a piece is often called a "mint sale." For a mint sale completed on SuperRare, the artist or seller gets 85 percent of the sale price. SuperRare takes the other 15 percent remaining as a commission fee for using their marketplace to sell.
On a secondary sale, meaning a sale where someone is re-selling a piece that they bought from someone else on SuperRare, the secondary seller gets a 90 percent commission of the sale. The remaining 10 percent is given to the original artist or seller as royalty for their work.
SuperRare also earns money by using a 3 percent network fee on all sales, regardless of whether they are primary or mint sales or secondary sales. This 3 percent is paid by the buyer of the NFT and goes directly to the SuperRare marketplace.
KnownOrigin is another NFT marketplace that is fairly popular among NFT sellers and buyers. The KnownOrigin is known for being easy to list new NFTs, set their selling prices, and quickly sell new NFTs.
KnownOrigin has recently updated its artist royalties rules. For all secondary sales made on KnownOrigin, 12.5 percent go to the creator.
For all secondary sales on KnownOrigin, 85 percent is kept by the secondary seller, 12.5 percent is given as royalties to the original artist or seller, and 2.5 percent is taken as royalty for the KnownOrigin marketplace itself.
That 2.5 percent royalty is how KnownOrigin makes money. On primary sales of NFTs on KnownOrigin, 15 percent is taken as a commission fee by KnownOrigin. This is another, more prominent way that KnownOrigin makes money and turns a profit. The other 85 percent of the primary sale goes to the artist or seller.
It is important to note that secondary sales include all sales made after the second sale. This means that the original artist will still receive 12.5 percent of the selling price as royalties each time that the NFT is resold.
Overall, the main way that NFT marketplaces make money and turn a profit is through the use of royalties, service fees, and commission fees. Most of these fees are communicated upright by the NFT marketplace.
One the biggest challenges with minting, buying and selling NFTs on the Ethereum blockchain is the gas fees. Gas fees fluxatute so budgeting your creative endeavors can be challenging. The cool thing is that I have provided a few guides on this website to help minimize those fees. Check out:
- How To Sell NFTs Without Gas Fees (or less) | Complete Guide
- The 3 Cheapest Ways to Mint an NFT: Full Breakdown
Make sure you research the marketplace you are interested in and enjoy your adventure buying and selling NFTs! NFTs are not going anywhere so be sure to jump in on the digital revolution. Get hyped with this article: 10 Reasons Why NFTs Will Change the World.


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Giant water balloons, slow motion, unexpected nudity -- the video above has it all.
For their latest instalment of "Giant Balloon June", The Slow Mo Guys decided to put Dan in a six-foot water balloon again -- but this time his whole body gets submerged in the thing.
The final slow motion escape is impressive to behold, but -- as always with The Slow Mo Guys -- the build-up is just as entertaining.

subset: commoncrawl


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Contact: Caroline Brewer, [email protected]
Chevy Chase, MD –Rock Creek Park and Audubon Naturalist Society (ANS) have been selected to participate in a new science education program, Citizen Science 2.0 in National Parks. Made possible thanks to a $1 million Veverka Family Foundation donation to the National Park Foundation's Centennial Campaign for America's National Parks, this new program supports collaborations among select national parks, local environmental science education providers, and local middle and high schools for three years.
Rock Creek Park's partnership with ANS and Montgomery County Public Schools will engage students in investigating watershed health in their own schoolyards and nearby Rock Creek Park. Through a new, hands-on, field-based module, high school chemistry students will explore real-world environmental problems and participate in citizen science water quality monitoring while learning about careers in the National Park Service.
The goal of the program this year is to:
- establish a place-based, science-focused community of practice among national parks, schools, and education partners;
- equip classroom teachers with the tools, training, and opportunity to conduct high quality, experiential science education aligned with Next Generation Science Standards; and
- create student-centered curriculum that connects students to their local national park through hands-on scientific study of water quality and watersheds.
The Director of Education for ANS explained the impact of this grant on the partners and students. "We are thrilled to be recipients of this generous grant from the National Park Foundation and Veverka Family Foundation, and to be partners again with MCPS. It will strengthen the programming we can provide to local schools and enhance the model of outdoor education we've developed with Montgomery County Schools over the past 12 years.
"We're excited the students will be designing solutions to problems that threaten stream health and the long-term sustainability of the Rock Creek Park and watershed. They will test water quality parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, alkalinity, and more. They also will sample the water for benthic macroinvertebrates – tiny creek critters whose presence or absence can tell us about the health of the stream over the long term. Finally, students will investigate the current conditions of the watershed and learn about how our human activities impact it in both positive and negative ways," Lill added
"This represents a great opportunity to augment classroom experience with real world scientific exploration of the watersheds connecting the school yard with their nearby national parks," said Mary Jo Veverka, president of the Veverka Family Foundation. "Students will be tasked with developing actionable programs to improve their local watersheds."
Programs such as Citizen Science 2.0 highlight the expertise for which ANS, now celebrating 120 years of environmental education and advocacy, is known and respected. "We are about to enter our 13th school year of serving MCPS with our award-winning GreenKids program. Since 2005, we have increased access to outdoor environmental education programming for MCPS students – raised more than $2 million to directly support environmental education in MCPS schools – trained hundreds of teachers to take students outside for investigating their local parks, streams, and school gardens," EE Director Lill said.
In addition to Rock Creek Park, this program is also kicking off this 2017-2018 school year at Cabrillo National Monument, Cuyahoga Valley National Park, Great Smoky Mountains National Park.
"Private support from generous partners like the Veverka Family Foundation is making it possible for national parks – some of our richest learning environments – to offer new and innovative education programs like Citizen Science 2.0," said Will Shafroth, president of the National Park Foundation.
To date, the National Park Foundation's Centennial Campaign for America's National Parks, a comprehensive fundraising campaign to strengthen and enhance the future of America's treasured places for the next hundred years, has raised more than $420 million.
"The National Park Service greatly values citizen science. We are excited to work with the National Park Foundation and the Veverka Family Foundation to implement this citizen-science based education project," said Ray Sauvajot, Associate Director, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science at the National Park Service. "It will help us understand our protected resources, foster new connections between the public and their parks, and support students' understanding of and passion for science."
For more information about Citizen Science 2.0, please click here.
ABOUT AUDUBON NATURALIST SOCIETY – Through outdoor experiences, education, and advocacy, the Audubon Naturalist Society inspires residents of the greater Washington, D.C. region to appreciate, understand, and protect their natural environment.
www.anshome.org * www.Facebook.com/Audubon Naturalist SocietyNaturalistSociety * www.Twitter.com/ANStweets
ABOUT ROCK CREEK PARK – Rock Creek Park is truly a gem in our nation's capital. This 1,754-acre city park was officially authorized in 1890, making it the 3rd national park to be designated by the federal government. It offers visitors the opportunity to escape the bustle of the city and find a peaceful refuge, recreation, fresh air, majestic trees, wild animals, and thousands of years of human history.
Media Contact: Dana Dierkes, Chief of Interpretation, Education, and Outreach, Rock Creek Park, 202-895-6222, [email protected]
ABOUT THE NATIONAL PARK FOUNDATION – The National Park Foundation is the official charity of America's national parks and nonprofit partner to the National Park Service. Chartered by Congress in 1967, the National Park Foundation raises private funds to help PROTECT more than 84 million acres of national parks through critical conservation and preservation efforts, CONNECT all Americans with their incomparable natural landscapes, vibrant culture and rich history, and INSPIRE the next generation of park stewards. Find out more and become a part of the national park community at www.nationalparks.org. Media Contact: Alanna Sobel, 202-796-2538, [email protected]


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The Big Four – adventure: cruises in North America
When we told people that we were including cruises to North America within this guide we were met by raised eyebrows. But what's more adventurous than cruising through Alaska, the Mississippi or indeed the eastern seaboard?
We decided to split these cruises between those with a link to music – such as the American Steamboat trip from Memphis to New Orleans or Holland America's New York cruise, with itineraries that had something else to offer.
Following on from the publication of Cruise Adviser's Expedition & Adventure guide 2015-16, each week we will be running our Big Four feature, which gives you a trio of cruise options to choose from. This week it's cruises to North America.
To request a copy of Cruise Adviser'sExpedition & Adventure guide email: firstname.lastname@example.com or read it online here.
For music lovers
Line: American Queen Steamboat Company
Departure port: New Orleans
Departure date: September 4, 2016
Destination: Mississippi
Duration: Nine days
Ship: American Queen
Price: £1,617
Line: Holland America
Departure port: New York
Departure date: September 7, 2016
Destination: New England
Duration: 10 nights
Ship: Zuiderdam
Price: £1,298
And two more
Line: Princess Cruises
Departure port: Vancouver
Departure date: July 2, 2016
Destination: Alaska
Duration: Seven days
Ship: Star Princess
Price: £788
Line: Crystal Cruises
Departure port: Los Angeles
Departure date: January 23, 2018
Destination: Pacific Islands
Duration: 23 days
Ship: Serenity
Price: £5,755
Cruise Adviser top tip
An Alaska cruise could be a good option for those with mobility issues. Despite its rugged terrain, passengers are able to enjoy scenic cruising from on deck


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Bitcoin has traded consistently above $10k over the last eight weeks, a pattern of consolidation that many analysts believe may eventually give way to a bull run later this year. Peter Goodrich offers insights into the performance of bitcoin for Finance Magnates. Click here to read the article: Read More
Will bitcoin hit $20k in 2020? All eyes on BTC as consolidation
Company News | | Sep 25, 2020


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Despite the threat of Hurricane Isaias strafing coastal Florida with brutal weather, NASA and SpaceX are "go" to return the first commercial astronauts to planet Earth this weekend.
SpaceX made history in May when it became the first company to launch a crewed spaceship to the International Space Station. In doing so, Elon Musk's rocket company also revived the United States' ability to launch its own astronauts into space, which hadn't been possible since the Space Shuttle program ended in 2011.
Two months later, the Demo-2 mission's astronauts, Bob Behnken and Doug Hurley, are about to come home in the same spaceship, which they have named Endeavour. Their journey includes a fiery return through Earth's atmosphere.
NASA will stream that flight, as well as the process in which the spaceship undocks from the space station, live this weekend – historic events you can watch below via NASA TV.
The agency's undocking coverage began Saturday at 5:15 pm ET, a couple of hours ahead of the astronauts' scheduled undocking at 7:34 pm ET.
Assuming all goes well, the Crew Dragon should splash down in the Gulf of Mexico on Sunday around 2:41 pm ET. NASA's coverage will conclude later in the day with a news conference around 4:30 pm ET.
You can watch NASA TV's continuous coverage of the return above via the embedded YouTube player.
What to expect during the Crew Dragon's return
The first phase of the astronauts' return journey, undocking, calls for them to enter the Crew Dragon, after which the spaceship should retract the hooks that connect it to the ISS.
Assuming all goes according to plan, it's engines would then gently propel the ship away from the station. Once it's flying free, the ship is programmed to fire its engines more aggressively to put it on the path toward its splashdown location off the Florida coast.
Then after it's en route, the ship is expected to shed its trunk, which should burn up in the atmosphere. After the separation is complete, Crew Dragon should hurtle towards Earth at up to 17,500 miles per hour, or nearly 23 times the speed of sound.
During this fall, the spaceship's heat shield will have to protect the hardware and crew from temperatures of up to 3,500 degrees Fahrenheit. Musk has called this part of the journey his "biggest concern."
After the Crew Dragon reenters the thicker parts of Earth's atmosphere, it is programmed to deploy two sets of parachutes. The first opens at 18,000 feet, then another set comes at 6,000 feet. After that is the splashdown: The capsule is expected to land in the ocean some 22 to 175 nautical miles off of Florida's coast.
Right now, NASA is targeting a landing just off the coast of Panama City, Florida, in the Gulf of Mexico. At least one other of the seven total landing sites must be clear for Crew Dragon's splash down too, though.
This article was originally published by Business Insider.
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To Energy Enhancement Meditation Homepage Previous Next Index Table of Contents |
A Treatise on Cosmic Fire - Section Two - Division D - Thought Elementals and Fire Elementals |
We are but seeking to emphasize the fact of the
interdependence of all atoms and forms, to lay stress upon the reality of the variety of
influences which play upon all [802] that is manifesting, and to call attention to the
fact of the karma of the past aeons, kalpas and that unknowable period in which the
initiatory impulses were set up which are still persisting, and which God, man and atoms
are still working out and off. Influences or vibrations, calling forth response, play upon
every form and atom in the solar system and all that can be predicated of them is that
they tend to develop consciousness of some kind, impose certain rhythms according to that
conscious response, and produce aggregations or group activity. The liberation from karma about which would-be occult students so glibly talk is after all but the freeing of the atom from its own personal problem (the problem of response to unitary sensation), and its conscious acquiescence in group response and work. It marks the dissociation of the human atom from the rhythm imposed upon him by the lower "influences" which find their channel of approach through his vehicles, or lunar bodies, and his consequent willing recognition of the will-impulse of his greater whole, or the life of the egoic group - a center in the planetary body. It involves atomic control, but involves also conscious subjection to the karma of the Heavenly Man. Man is no longer the slave of the rhythm of matter per se, but controls it in the three worlds of his endeavor; he is still nevertheless controlled by the group karma of the planetary center, by its influence, life and vibratory impulse. The same can be predicated of a Heavenly Man, and of a solar Logos. We might, in closing, express the same thought in terms of fire, remembering that words only limit and confine the thought, and that the main reason for this mode of approach is to bring pictorially before man some aspects of the central idea. "Electric fire, or will-impulse" in conjunction with "fire by friction" produces light or "solar fire." Electric fire is force or energy of some kind, and hence in [803] itself is fundamentally an emanation. "Fire by friction" is substance with the quality of heat as its predominant characteristic; it is latent heat or sensation. Both these ideas, therefore, convey the idea of duality. An emanation must have its originating source, and heat is but the result of friction, and is necessarily dual. Both these concepts involve facts long antedating the solar system, and hidden in the Universal Mind. All that we can scientifically ascertain is the nature of that which is produced by their approximation, and this is solar fire or light. These thoughts may make clear somewhat the significance of the number five, esoterically considered. Electric fire, being an emanation is essentially dual in concept, and so is fire by friction; they together produce solar fire, and thus the esoteric fifth. It will be apparent that when a man speaks of karma, he is dealing with something much wider than the interplay of effect and cause within the sphere of his own individual routine. He is, in all things, governed by causes originating in the aggregate of lives which form his egoic group, by the aggregate of groups which form one petal in a center of a Heavenly Man, by force or purpose circulating through a triangle of centers, and by the life energy or purposeful will of the planetary Logos Himself. Finally he is governed by the will of the solar Logos as it demonstrates itself in initiatory activity. Beyond this we need hardly go, but enough has been said to show that every human atom is under the dominance of forces outside his own consciousness, which sweep him and others into situations from which there is no escape, and which are to him incomprehensible. This has been at no time better illustrated than in the event of the late war and in present world conditions; these are effects of causes having their origin in the renewed activity of a certain planetary triangle, and in the vibration set up by our planetary Logos on the moon-chain, [804] and which had a faint beginning in an earlier solar system. This vibration impinged primarily upon certain atoms and groups of atoms in His body, principally those composing the human and animal kingdoms, and produced the apparently dire results which we have been witnessing. So great was the effect of His energy, that the vegetable kingdom was somewhat (though not so much) affected, and the mineral kingdom felt the effect in a startling manner, far more than the vegetable kingdom and almost as much as the animal. Here we have a setting of circumstances outside human and even group control, which illustrates the helplessness of man in certain conditions, and which serves to bring in factors apparently apart from the individual vibration of the fourth kingdom. Nevertheless, within limits, man definitely does "control his destiny," and can initiate action which produces effects recognizable by him as being dependent upon his activity along a particular line. He does, on a miniature scale, repeat the procedure of the Logos on a vaster scale, and thus is the arbiter of his own destiny, the producer of his own drama, the architect of his own home, and the initiator of his own affairs. Though he may be the meeting place of forces outside his control, yet he can utilize force, circumstance and environment and can turn them, if he so will, to his own ends. |
To Energy Enhancement Meditation Homepage Previous Next Index Table of Contents |
Last updated Monday, June 1, 1998 Energy Enhancement Meditation. All rights reserved. |


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An interview with Laura Baker, Experience Design Lead at This Place, about working in agency vs in-house in the Creative industry.
In this 'agency vs in-house' interview series led by Salt Senior Consultant for Creative, Holley Potts, we speak to customers from all different sectors within the world of digital to answer the age-old question – agency or in-house? This series is designed to give you a snapshot of creative career journeys and insights into what are currently happening in their businesses. Over to Holley…
We're taking a walk down memory lane onto agency side with the fab Laura Baker, Experience Design Lead at This Place. Laura shares a brilliantly detailed view of the nuances of agency life, upcoming trends, and the type of designer she sees coming up! Take us away Laura!
Holley – Always a pleasure to have you here Laura, as someone who has worked at both in-house and agency, I can only imagine you have a wealth of experience and things to say on this topic, naturally there is a rise towards in-house these days, what's your view on this?
Laura – It's interesting as I have heard similar things around agency life vs in-house life. The feeling I have is that it's good to test both out, but people do tend to work more in one area. Traditionally, the in-house life is a bit slower and in agency you are more engaged for a shorter period.
I find there are 2 ways that agencies work. Either you are in there as a consultant or you are in there doing a project, generally sitting externally rather than being embedded in your team and working with the client, which is interesting to hear.
When I moved to agency, it wasn't a tangible thought process, it was more the transition from industrial design over to UX design. I started off with an industrial background and as I spent more time in the area I felt I wanted to expand out of industrial design, so I followed into UX. This Place came onto my radar and it gave me the opportunity to explore UX, what it meant and whether it was something I saw myself doing, as opposed to making a conscious decision to go agency.
Looking at my first few years of working at This Place, it was very traditional agency working life. We would work with a client but wouldn't have that consulting side with them, it was quite a separate way of working. Now, we have transitioned over the years to be more part agency and part consultancy, looking at which way works best for the client.
For instance, the project that I am on now feels like I am an in-house designer as I spend much more time with the client and with the teams, acting on more of a consultancy level. Sometimes I must remind myself that I am still at an agency!
Depending on the agency itself, it can give a person a balance of the two, so there are overall pros and cons. I guess there is an overall variety at an agency, as there are so many projects going on and you can move from fashion eCommerce to banking, whereas at a fashion brand, it will be mainly fashion that you are working on.
Holley – Design is a big word, is there an area within design you see taking a new direction this year as opposed to just the aesthetic of it?
Laura – Our team sell by doing, that's the best way to get things done as it's showing people the value rather than talking about it. It was a push at the beginning, as when people think of design, they think of people who will come in at the end and fill in the wireframes and make the dev effort pretty, which isn't how it works, obviously.
People are quite comfortable with the notion, or at least more comfortable, in these big areas of product design with having that person who can work cross functionality with the developers and the product managers.
The area I see having so much more potential is in Design Strategy, where you have design in there from the beginning, not to make decisions but helping to inform decisions. They'd work with the key stakeholders to help find the right problem, so you are not only solving the problems in the right way with the Product Design and usability, but actually finding the right problem at the beginning. Giving design a seat at the table a lot earlier on in the process is where the challenge lies in these bigger established areas and being able to measure the impact of design.
Holley – With the ever-rising escalator of the Product Designer, a question that must be asked, what are your thoughts on this monumental rush of this sector?
Laura – It's interesting because I think the rise of the Product Designer has been dramatic over the last year, traditionally I always viewed it as more industrial! What is interesting is the seniority of designers at the moment, partly because of the times we are in, but I feel there is more of a stakeholder management piece that comes with design. For a junior coming in stakeholder management is not the easiest thing to deal with so more people are looking for more experienced designers to be able to manage that.
Something I have been thinking about is with product design you see all levels, but if you think about service design, it's very rare to see junior service design roles. I feel service design is something you transition into more. The benefit of being a Junior Product Designer is that it gives you more breadth than service design would, but I also think it's that stakeholder management and the business piece that comes from the organisational part of service design. You see more junior strategists but not so much in the design area for some reason, at least I haven't.
Holley – I personally found that motion design was huge last year, with so many requirements asking for Digital Designers who can do motion too, what trends have you seen rise this year?
Laura – Motion will be interesting to see how it evolves with Product Design more, especially as the more agile and cross-functional ways of working mature. Historically, people used to think that designers need to code, but now designers don't need to code but they do need to use business design which is moving completely to the other side of the spectrum, to the more agile ways of working. As the design and tech relationship matures, we will see products come in to fill that space so obviously you have design software that everyone is fighting over to use as the one type of tool to use, from your Figmas to your Sketch's to your Framers, to bridge the gap between design and development.
Holley – I hear more people are looking for the T-designer these days, someone with a core specialism who can understand the language of other sectors too, is this something you look for?
Laura – Yes, I think the need for more of a Swiss-army designer is on the rise, especially amongst agency as you need someone who can be adaptable. In agency, you never know what the next project is going to be so you need a team that can jump on anything, whereas in-house you have a better idea of where people sit long term, I guess that's the difference between where perm and contract come in.
If you need someone to come in for a specific area, then there is less need for that hybrid approach. Most people are T-shaped designer by nature or profession anyway. I have heard now that there is an E-shaped designer which is new the T-shape designer! There is very little one size fits all in design these days.
Well, what a brilliant talk! Slightly meandering off my usual short and sweet content pieces I usually do but what a solid piece of content it was!
I particularly loved Laura's quote of "Our team sell by doing". A powerful statement indeed, and as they say, actions speak louder than words!
Stay tuned for more interviews, coming your way. If you would like to find out more about the series or find out how we can help you with your hiring, get in touch with Holley via firstname.lastname@example.com.
Read more of our agency vs in-house interviews here.


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Wyoming's Prison Education Programs Keep Recidivism Rates Low
By Aaron Schrank Wyoming's prison system boasts the second-best recidivism rate in the country. Twenty-five percent of offenders in the state will return to prison for a parole violation or new crime—compared to 40 percent nationally. The Wyoming Department of Corrections credits its education programs—including a mandatory G.E.D course for all inmates without a high


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What's in a Name?
The common names for plants can be fun – Monkey Flower, Bear's Britches, Mother-in-law's tongue. Even some official plant names can cause a snicker or two – Silybum, or given the wrong pronunciation – instead of superb-um, you say super-bum.
But we all know the reason for using the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. It is based on the system developed by Linnaeus and ends confusion about exactly which plant is being talking about.
Today, names are again becoming confusing and in some cases unhelpful to buys and growers alike. There are times when people cannot identify the plants they want because their names have changed. Some people acknowledge the changes while others don't – even within botanical spheres. The system has broken down.
So, why is this happening? Some of it has always happened as plant families or genera were studied more closely. They found plants that had either been placed incorrectly to start with, or earlier classifiers had missed an important differentiation. Sometimes, the same plant grown under very different conditions will appear to be different species, when in fact it was nothing other than a mechanism for coping or for attracting different pollinators.
But today, there is another, much bigger reclassification happening. In the past, genera and species were defined based on appearance. The primary differentiator was the pollination strategies and thus the structure of the flowers, and the ways in which the plants sexually propagated themselves. That is no longer the case.
Researchers now have access to many more tools than they had in the past, including being able to look at the entire DNA sequence of the plants. Botanists now want to organize plants based on their evolutionary relationships to each other. This is leading to mass re-organizations and thus name changes.
I am an amateur gardener and quite frankly I am getting sick of it. I totally see the value of what they are doing, but they need to do it in their world. They need to create their own naming system and language but leave the one that exists alone, at least for now. They can just as easily create their new hierarchies and come to consensus within the scientific community without changing the current names.
If and when they come to a complete consensus, then maybe a switch can be made between the old and new. Then provide a transition period when both sets of names are used. Until then, we should use the current names that identify plants, and the botanists can create a cross index. This is exactly the same as the one that exists between common names and scientific names today.
So leave Rosemary as Rosmarinus officinalis instead of Salvia Rosmarinus. You deal with moving it in your tree and leave our tree alone.


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The Swix Cross Jacket is a mid-weight, soft-shell hybrid jacket for ski touring and training. Swix's lightweight, membrane-free softshell panels in the front and on the arms repel wind and water, while maintaining stretch and breathability. Woven stretch panels on the back and under arms wick away sweat and provide a very comfortable fit. Reflective detailing and two zippered hand pockets make it a versatile piece for just about any active winter sport. An ideal cross country ski jacket for women!
Check out the matching Swix Cross Pants to make it a complete outfit!
© Cross Country Ski Headquarters 2023. All rights reserved.


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The ground and first floors of Istanbul's Arter – Space for Art is the venue for a major exhibition curated by Eda Berkmen, which pays tribute to the pioneering work of Nil Yalter (born in Cairo, 1938; resident in Paris since 1965). Since the very early nineteen seventies Yalter has been breaking down the barriers between the various languages of art to create polyphonic and transcultural devices, interlacings and intersections which evolve into fusions, transfusions, sources both multi-ethnic and multicentric. Alongside the important retrospective at 49 Nord 6 Est – the Regional Contemporary Art Fund of Lorraine (05/02–05/06/2016) – Off The Record constitutes a further opportunity to examine the work of Nil Yalter, a focus that sheds light on her lively intellectual journey (after all, one of her extraordinary videos, La Femme sans Tête ou La Danse du Ventre (1974) has been in the Istanbul Modern collection since 2008), her sophisticated oeuvre which combines ethics and aesthetics, the political with the ontological, the phenomenological with the patosophical, hospitality with every kind of diversity, sociological knowledge with anthropology and ethnography, personal life with the weave of interpersonal relations.
As the visitor enters the exhibition space, the first visual encounter is a structure consisting of ten monitors, which hijacks the gaze and immediately marks a territory of reflection that gets to grips with certain issues of relevance today, yesterday and tomorrow. Immigrants (1976-2016) is actually not only a work completed over four decades, but also a radical analysis of the uncertainties, preoccupations and disturbances of human culture and its history.
From video to painting, drawing to photography, collage to performance and installation, Yalter's work evolves in a powerful mixing of mediums, a linguistic polyglotism which springs from a mongrel world, from a human condition in which man is not merely an ontic being, but a historical complex.
Still on the ground floor, a series of documents – the collective title of the works is Deniz Gezmiş (1972) – tells the moving story of several young Turkish revolutionaries who devoted their lives to the socialist cause (the best-known are Deniz Gezmiş, Yusuf Aslan and Huseyin Inan) and were hanged in Ankara on 6 May 1972. This is followed by Orient Express (1976), in which the journey becomes a place of experience, knowledge and discovery; the aesthetic reflection of Pixelismus (1996) and the video Shaman (1979), a video performance produced at the Museé de l'Homme in Paris. Among the works scattered on the upper floor – including, for instance, Temporary Dwellings (1974), Family Album (1977), Le Chevalier d'Éon (1978), Harem (1979-1980) and Exile in A Hard Job (1983) – La Roquette, Women's Prison (1974) tells the story of Mimi, her totally institutionalised life, her thought and her journey.
In the exhibition there's one work, Circular Rituals (1992), which pierces the viewer's gaze and reveals the artist's elusive poetry. This is a dual-language text in French and English, telling the story of a voyage, a nomadism, an exile, a life lived studying the world in which people write their stories in the unforeseeable vision of a future yet to be made.
[nggallery id=96]
image (all) Nil Yalter, Off The Record, 2016, exhibition view, ARTER – Space for Art (Istanbul), photo by Aras Selim Bankoǧlu.


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If you are the parent of a daughter or a son with long hair you will know how fast their hair grows.
Some little ones love washing it, some not so much and then it's the same thing all over again when it comes to brushing. For parents, it can be a struggle, to say the least, to look after your child's long hair.
But how can we effectively and more importantly efficiently look after our child's long hair?
How to look after your child's long hair.
Do not wash every day.
Just like us, the oils in your child's hair are important. They give nourishment to the hair. Shampooing the hair every day will strip it of those much-needed nutrients and cause the hair to become dry and damaged.
Condition once a week.
It is a great idea to deep condition the hair once a week. Even children's hair needs a hydration top up every once in a while.
Trim regularly.
Trim your little one's hair about ½ an inch a month. This will prevent split ends from brushing and styling.
Don't use warm water.
After shampooing, rinse your child's hair in lukewarm water, not hot. Using hot water can cause damage to the cuticles.
Don't rub with a towel.
Again, rubbing the hair with a towel can cause damage to the hair. Try letting the hair dry in a turban or squeezing the moisture from the hair before drying.
Long hair can often get tangled and when it does, it really does! Combing through tangled wet hair can be painful for you and damaging for your little one's hair. Using a detangler can make the process much easier and less painful for both of you!
Wash it all out.
Make sure to rinse all of the shampoo out after washing. If your child has been swimming, it is important to wash the chlorine out after.


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Well, the convention restarted a while ago, but this time I actually felt reasonably happy about going.
The roads seemed quite full; I rarely got up to the speed limit except on the last leg of the way back, and ended up taking some diversions to avoid very heavy traffic.
Apart from chatting with people I haven't seen for several years, there was also gaming, starting with Stone the Crows, a very simple RPG of larcenous gangster birds pinching the Crown Jewels. (The Raven Mafia were also involved. "You come to me, on my daughter's hatching day…")
Then some Lemminge, and to bed. (The new venue isn't co-located with a hotel, and the nearest one is ten minutes' walk away; not ideal, but at least I can leave my car at the venue rather than driving back and forth. And it's not so central that there are lots of people about during the walk.)
In the morning, more role-playing, this time a Cortex System version of Blake's 7. As Tarrant, I felt this shower clearly needed some proper discipline… Interesting system which I should explore more.
Then on to Flash Point, with two comprehensive losses, but really enjoyable ones.
The new Sentinels of the Multiverse, with some very poor card draws playing Captain Cosmic, Bunker and Ra against Baron Blade; a rematch (and I switched from the Cap to Wraith) worked rather better.
A quick round of Zombie Dice to break the mood. (In the penultimate turn, I went from 3-7 down to 13-7 ahead; then my opponent got to 14…)
Some slightly more heavyweight racing with Rallyman: GT, one of the few times I've got the physical game to the table in public.
And more Lemminge for a sillier race.
Went to bed disgustingly early, because I had a long drive to look forward to on Sunday. But first, more Flash Point!
It was great to see people again, and some excellent gaming too.
[Buy Flash Point at Amazon] [Buy Sentinels of the Multiverse: Definitive Edition at Amazon] [Buy Zombie Dice at Amazon] [Buy Rallyman GT at Amazon] and help support the blog. ["As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases."]
It was good to see you too, and thanks for the games!
I don't know what it is about that red dice in Flash Point. It just kept on turning up those 2's on Saturday so the fires were coming back quicker than we could extinguish them.
You felt comfortable going just as the BA.4/BA.5 wave is peaking? I wouldn't.
John – reminds me, I must try the salt trick and see how it comes out…
Owen – yes, for a small convention run by sensible people rather than a big commercial event that tries to cram as many as possible into a small space.
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View all Ask a Priest |
"Ask a Priest: How Can I Cope With a Disturbed Husband?"
Q: Hello. I do not know how to cope with schizotypal personality disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, PTSD [post-traumatic stress disorder] and insomnia that have been diagnosed in my husband. I need to act in truth, and I have failed to do so. I need to love him regardless, but it is so very hard when I can't go visit family without him thinking the worst. I feel doubted, dishonored and blamed for my choices because he doesn't like the choices. I am still going strong on the rosary, still going to church. Thank you. -C.
Answered by Fr. Edward McIlmail, LC
A: My heart goes out to you as I read about your husband's problems. Our Lord has allowed a heavy cross in your life. Just the fact that you are making an effort to love and support your husband is a powerful testimony to your fidelity and charity.
It is noticeable that your husband has been diagnosed with so many conditions. The biggest diagnosis is the PTSD, which means that he has suffered from a traumatic event or events. This is what is likely making him so difficult to live with.
It would be helpful for you to be included in the psychological treatment your husband is receiving. There might even be some kind of couple's therapy available, such as Emotionally Focused Therapy for Couples (EFT). A good place to start is this website.
The therapy is geared toward helping spouses understand each other more and see the good in each other. It is focused on keeping marriages together and helping spouses to experience each other in a new way.
In the meantime, take things one day at a time. Try to stay close to the sacraments. Look for spiritual counseling, at least for yourself; a spiritual director or regular confessor could be helpful. Continue to stay close to the Blessed Virgin Mary. She knows the heart of a woman and will intercede for you.
I hope this helps. Count on you and your husband being included in one of my Mass intentions.
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A new U.S. Environmental Protection Agency website lets Hoosiers see occurrences of PFAS chemicals around the state.
An interactive website called the PFAS Analytic Tools compiles information on PFAS chemicals gathered from federal, state and industrial sources and places it at one spot where the info can be mapped and viewed in charts.
The site contains drinking water sampling data from 59 public water systems collected by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, data from Superfund sites and other sites overseen by the federal government, data submitted by industrial sources and data from the U.S. Department of Defense.
According to information on the site, three facilities reported being PFAS chemical manufacturers or importers; PFAS was detected at one Superfund site, the Gary Development Landfill; 14 federal sites have known or suspected PFAS presence; and four spills involving PFAS chemicals have occurred since 1994.


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Run To Change Lives Templates
Asking your family and friends can be a little intimidating for some- here's some text you can use on your social media posts, or emails to your circles!
Dear [Name/Friends],
I am so excited to participate in Cardinal Cushing Centers' Virtual Run to Change Lives Run, Walk, or Roll as a [runner/walker].
I will be [running 3.1 miles/walking 1 mile] and helping to raise important funds for the students and adults with intellectual disabilities served by Cardinal Cushing Centers.
I would be honored to have your support in the form of a donation to my fund-raising page.
[insert link]
Every gift, no matter the size, helps me get closer to my goal of raising [$X].
Interested in learning more about the event?
Visit www.cccruntochangelives.org.


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- Research
- Open access
- Published:
Hyperglycemia related to high-dose glucocorticoid use in noncritically ill patients
Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome volume 5, Article number: 18 (2013)
Glucocorticoids commonly cause drug-induced diabetes. This association is well recognized but available evidence does not answer clinically relevant issues in subjects without diabetes.
Thirty-five individuals without diabetes with a recent diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma on high-dose glucocorticoid therapy were studied. Close systematic monitoring of fasting and postprandial glycemia and fasting insulin determinations, HOMA-insulin resistance and HOMA β-cell function were performed. The primary objective was to define the incidence of secondary diabetes in patients treated with high-dose glucocorticoids. Secondary objectives were to specify the intensity, the moment it appears and the evolution of hyperglycemia, in addition to the risk factors, mechanisms and impact of continuous and cyclical glucocorticoids on the development of hyperglycemia.
Mean age of patients was 38.4 ± 18.7 years. The incidence of diabetes was 40.6% and was found after the first week; half the time it occurred between the second and fourth. Two-thirds spontaneously normalized by eight weeks. Continuous glucocorticoid administration had a higher incidence of fasting hyperglycemia (P = 0.003). Mean peak insulin levels were significantly higher in cases of diabetes.
High-dose prednisone for 2 to 3 months produced an elevated incidence of diabetes, usually with mild hyperglycemia occurring between the second and fourth week, normalizing spontaneously in all cases. Hyperglycemia was more frequent with continuous doses and occurred in cases with increased insulin resistance. The clinical and therapeutic characteristics of our participants, who were otherwise healthy, could represent the clinical setting of many patients with illness from other medical areas that might require high doses of GC for six to twelve weeks.
Drug-induced hyperglycemia is a clinical condition that can occur as a result of impaired insulin secretion or action or the destruction of pancreatic beta cells [1]. The administration of glucocorticoids (GC) is a common cause [2]. Gulliford et al. found 2% of newly diagnosed cases of diabetes mellitus (DM) due to orally administered GC [3]. Its use is associated with multiple side effects with DM being one of the most important [4, 5]. In cases of DM prior to the use of GC, worsening of glycemic control is typical; however, in patients without DM, glucocorticoids may transiently or permanently induce hyperglycemia [5–7].
Two mechanisms are predominantly responsible for hyperglycemia secondary to GC: a decrease in insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity [5, 7, 8]. Although the link between GC and hyperglycemia was identified more than 50 years ago, clinically relevant questions remain unanswered [2, 5, 7, 9]. The incidence of DM secondary to the use of GC, the profile of subjects in whom it occurs, the consequences of comorbidities, the moment it becomes apparent, its intensity, and its evolution in the short and medium term are not well defined. An incidence of 2% to 50% has been reported [3, 10]. Published studies have used methodologies accountable for this broad range. Most are retrospective with a very large GC dose range, different DM diagnostic criteria, comorbid conditions that affect insulin sensitivity, and with no description of the course of hyperglycemia [3, 5, 9–16]. It is important to find answers to clinical scenarios in which GC are used. A common setting is the administration of high dose (>1 mg/kg/day) GC for one to three months in a patient without comorbidities and in whom DM can occur. Obtaining this information would allow appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic strategies [5, 9, 17].
With the aim of defining the incidence of secondary DM, we designed a prospective, longitudinal, observational study in patients with a recent diagnosis of hematological diseases without DM and in whom treatment with GC would be initiated. Secondary end points were to identify the intensity of hyperglycemia, the moment it develops, its progression, and the risk factors, possible mechanisms responsible for the occurrence of hyperglycemia, and the impact of a continuous glucocorticoid regimen (CGC) vs. a cyclic glucocorticoid regimen (CyGC).
Subjects and methods
We studied 35 consecutive patients of the Hematology Service of the "Dr. José E. Gonzalez" University Hospital. Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board and all participants signed an informed consent. Male or female patients between 18 and 80 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) who needed treatment with a dose of GC equal to or greater than 1 mg/kg/day of prednisone were included. Pregnant women, those with a personal history of DM and a fasting plasma glucose level ≥5.60 mmol/L at enrollment and use of GC for more than 7 days in the last two years or the use of medications that cause secondary DM were excluded.
Study protocol
After baseline blood sampling, patients were started on GC treatment for their hematological disease. The possibilities were twofold: CGC or CyGC with prednisone. In CGC, the study period was eight weeks, taking a weekly blood sample for determination of fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin. In addition, participants kept a weekly record of three 2-hour postprandial capillary glucose determinations. For ALL cases, a prednisone dose of 100 mg/day was used daily only during the first 6 weeks (CGC). In NHL cases, follow-up was for 12 weeks with a fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin determination every 20 days, at baseline and then before each GC cycle (CyGC). In addition, participants kept a weekly record of one fasting and three 2-hour postprandial capillary glucose determinations. The cycle was 100 mg of prednisone daily for five days followed by 15 days off. This was repeated five times. To contrast this with the other group (CGC), the participants were also evaluated at eight weeks. At this moment, CGC subjects had received 42 days of GC and were evaluated 14 days after interruption. Those with CyGC had received three cycles, with 11 days free from GC.
Diagnostic categories of hyperglycemia
Fasting hyperglycemia was defined as a plasma glucose ≥5.60 mmol/L. Prediabetes and DM were defined as a fasting plasma glucose ≥5.60 and <7.00 mmol/L and ≥7.00 mmol/L, respectively [1]. A postprandial capillary glycemia ≥11.10 mmol/L was considered abnormal [18]. Any fasting plasma glucose result ≥5.60 mmol/L was confirmed with a new determination. Any postprandial capillary glycemia ≥11.10 mmol/L was confirmed by another capillary determination. Any participant who developed prediabetes and DM during the study, was classified as having DM.
Risk factors for diabetes mellitus
The risk factors considered were age ≥45 years, a body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2, a waist-hip ratio (WHR) ≥0.8, hypertension, acanthosis nigricans and a history of type 2 DM in a first-degree relative.
For the measurement of plasma glucose, the glucose oxidase method (Adiva 1650 Chemistry System, Bayer, Leverkueusen, Germany: Intraassay CV <2%) was used. For serum insulin an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN; Intraassay CV <2%) was used. Capillary glycemia was determined with test strips and a glucometer (Accu-Chek Active, Roche Diagnostics Corp., Basel, Switzerland). The homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) insulin resistance (IR) and HOMA β-cell function (β-cell) were calculated as previously described [19].
Statistical analysis
All results are reported as means ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated. We conducted a descriptive statistical analysis for quantitative variables, measures of central tendency and dispersion. In the case of quantitative variables, frequencies were obtained. In quantitative comparative data, we used Student's t test, paired or unpaired, depending on the case. For dichotomous variables we used the X2 test. For the magnitude of association we used odds ratio. A P ≤ 0.05 or an odds ratio different from 1 was considered significant. The statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics 17.0 (SPSS, Inc., Armonk, NY).
Study population
Thirty-five patients were enrolled and 32 (91%) completed the study. Three participants were excluded, two due to death because of hematological complications and a third due to poor protocol compliance. Table 1 shows the baseline clinical characteristics of the total group and by CGC and CyGC groups. Mean age was 38.4 years. Fifty-three percent were women. NHL was the most common disease. Mean BMI was 27.1 ± 5.7 kg/m2 and 63% had a family history of type 2 DM. There were no statistical differences between groups (CGC vs. CyCG) at baseline.
Development of hyperglycemia and secondary diabetes mellitus
Fasting glycemia
The incidence of fasting plasma hyperglycemia at 8 weeks was 68.7% (22 out of 32 cases) (range, 5.60 to 17.72 mmol/L) (Table 2). The incidence of DM and prediabetes by fasting glycemia criteria was 34.3% in each category (11 of 32). All cases without fasting hyperglycemia (10 cases) were on CyGC. The cumulative dose of prednisone was significantly higher in those who developed hyperglycemia (2972 ± 1376 vs. 1500 ± 0 mg, respectively) (P = 0.002). The cumulative dose of prednisone in DM cases was 3218 ± 1362 vs. 2727 ± 1410 and 1500 ± 0 mg/day in prediabetes and in the group without fasting hyperglycemia (P = 0.67 and 0.0008), respectively. Only one subject developed fasting hyperglycemia between 8 and 12 weeks with a glycemia of 6.66 mmol/L.
Postprandial capillary glycemia
By week eight, the incidence of postprandial capillary hyperglycemia was 15.6% (5 out of 32 cases) (Table 2). Three also had a fasting plasma glycemia ≥7.00 mmol/L. There were eight subjects with a fasting glycemia ≥7.00 mmol/L without postprandial hyperglycemia. At 12 weeks, no new cases of postprandial hyperglycemia occurred. The cumulative dose of prednisone for cases with and without postprandial hyperglycemia was not statistically different.
Characterization of hyperglycemia
Prediabetes occurred in 34.3% (11 out of 32 cases) (Table 2). Fifty-four percent of the cases occurred in the first week. DM also occurred in 11 of 32 cases (34.3%). Five cases occurred between the second and fourth week (9.25 ± 2.90 mmol/L), and six afterwards (7.37 ± 0.40 mmol/L). Eleven cases had prediabetes without developing DM. Treatment was not started in any case and values normalized spontaneously.
Of the 22 participants with fasting hyperglycemia, 15 normalized by the eighth week. The other seven cases had a fasting glycemia between 5.60 and 7.94 mmol/L (6.50 ± 0.93 mmol/L). Two belonged to the CGC group (7.94 and 6.72 mmol/L). Of the other five cases, at week 12, three normalized and two continued with prediabetes. All cases of postprandial hyperglycemia normalized at 8 weeks.
Risk factors
A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, which detected that only the CGC scheme (OR 2.0, 95% CI, 1.29–3.1) was an independent risk factor for developing DM (P = 0.003). Other risk factors studied did not show significant differences (Table 3).
CGC vs. CyGC
The incidence of fasting hyperglycemia at eight weeks was 100% with CGC vs. 50% with CyGC (P = 0.003) (Table 4). Of these, seven and four had DM, respectively. Five of the seven cases of DM in CGC occurred between the second and fourth week. All four cases in the CyGC group occurred after the fourth week. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postprandial hyperglycemia between groups (P = 0.62).
Basal insulin, HOMA-IR and ß-cell were not statistically different between groups (Table 5). The mean values of serum insulin levels increased during follow-up. When the two groups were compared, there was no significant difference. Average baseline insulin, HOMA-IR, and HOMA ß-cell of the participants with and without DM in the CGC group compared with the values of the CyGC group were not statistically different. However, the average peak value for insulin in both groups (CGC and CyGC) was statistically significant when cases with and without DM were compared (P = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Average peak values of insulin between CGC and CyGC groups showed significant differences (238.21 ± 73.62 vs. 150.71 ± 70.14 pmol/L, respectively; P = 0.002).
In a noncritically ill adult population, using a high dose of prednisone (>1 mg/kg/day) for 6 to 12 weeks, in two classical schemes of GC administration, under close monitoring of fasting and postprandial glycemia, we identified a high incidence of prediabetes and DM. At eight weeks, by fasting and postprandial glycemia, a DM incidence of 40.6% was found. For prediabetes, the incidence was 34.3%. The incidence of DM did not increase at 12 weeks. Unlike other series, in this study fasting glycemia was more sensitive in identifying DM than postprandial determinations [5, 11, 12, 20]. Only two cases that had DM by postprandial hyperglycemia did not meet fasting plasma glucose DM criteria. Series of patients on high doses of GC have found a DM incidence in the range of our study, between 12.6% and 52% [11, 13–16]. Despite methodological problems such as: different populations with heterogeneous comorbidities, diverse diagnostic methods for DM, a lack of close monitoring of glycemia and varying patterns of high doses of GC, the incidence of DM in most of these studies was between 15% and 25%, less than the incidence of DM of 40.6% that we found in our study [11, 13–16]. This difference can be attributed mainly to the retrospective design and lack of close systematic monitoring of fasting and postprandial glycemia. Contrary to our study, the study with the highest incidence (52%) is a retrospective series in which all cases of DM were detected solely by postprandial glycemia [11].
When starting high-dose GC in a subject without DM, there are two interesting clinical issues for making appropriate decisions: the intensity that hyperglycemia can reach and when it may occur. With regard to the intensity, acute complications of DM have been reported in a few critically ill cases [14, 21–24]. In this study, most of the time hyperglycemia was not intense, deciding, under close supervision, not to start management of hyperglycemia, which allowed recording its evolution. The average fasting glycemia of patients with DM was 8.89 mmol/L and only four of 32 patients had a fasting glycemia greater than 8.33 mmol/L. Besides our study, no other has prospectively and closely evaluated the intensity of hyperglycemia. The second issue is the time it takes for hyperglycemia to occur. Of the 13 cases of DM, none occurred in the first or after the eighth week, and half appeared between the second and fourth week. Therefore, it is advisable to search for it during the second, fourth and sixth week of exposure to high doses of GC. This finding is consistent with the results of other authors that have also identified most cases of DM in early stages of exposure to GC [12, 14, 15]. Recently, a clinical practice guideline on the management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients, suggested that monitoring of glycemia in individuals without diabetes exposed to GC can be interrupted if glycemia is less than 7.78 mmol/L for a period of at least 24 to 48 hours [25]. Our results in noncritically ill patients show that hyperglycemia occurs after the first week or even until the eighth week of exposure to GC, coinciding with findings in other retrospective series [12, 14, 15]. It is likely that other comorbidities that are present in hospitalized patients alter the action or secretion of insulin and anticipate the onset of hyperglycemia.
Another question that has not been carefully evaluated in previous studies is the course of hyperglycemia. In this study, two-thirds of subjects with prediabetes or DM normalized spontaneously by the eighth week. The rest, at 12 weeks, showed normal glycemia or were in the range of prediabetes. This spontaneous remission in the majority of the participants could be attributed to the absence of other comorbidities, which might impair insulin secretion or action. Many cases of severe hyperglycemia related to GC use, occurred in subjects with an aggregated acute disease [14, 23, 24].
Some authors have proposed that in individuals with a prediabetes state, GC could precipitate the onset of DM [2, 5, 6]. In our study, mean basal serum insulin and HOMA-IR were not different between participants with CGC or CyGC or when comparing subjects with and without DM. These findings suggest that at the beginning there was no difference in insulin resistance between the groups. However, in participants on CGC and CyGC who developed DM there was a significant increase in insulin secretion compared with those who did not. This finding suggests that the primary mechanism involved in the onset of DM is most likely, increased insulin resistance, associated to a limited compensatory ability of the pancreas.
In a noncritically ill population, without other comorbidities, the use of high doses of GC for two to three months, as a CGC or CyGC dose, caused a high incidence of DM with non-severe hyperglycemia, most often with CGC, which appeared after the second week of GC treatment and resolved spontaneously without treatment in the next six weeks. Even though these results reflect glucose behavior in two specific hematological disorders, the clinical and therapeutic characteristics of our participants, who were otherwise healthy, could represent the clinical setting of many patients of other medical areas that might require high doses of GC for six to twelve weeks. It would be useful to perform prospective studies in other clinical situations that use GC, such as patients with multiple comorbidities, long-term low dose GC, or in critically ill patients.
Diabetes mellitus
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Continuous glucocorticoid regimen
- CyGC:
Cyclic glucocorticoid regimen
Body mass index
Homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance
- HOMA β-cell:
Homeostatic model assessment β-cell function
Waist-to-hip ratio.
American Diabetes Association: Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2012, 35 (Suppl 1): S64-71.
Izzedine H: Drug-induced diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2005, 4: 1097-109. 10.1517/14740318.104.22.1687.
Gulliford M, Charlton J, Latinovic R: Risk of diabetes associated with prescribed glucocorticoids in a large population. Diabetes Care. 2006, 29: 2728-29. 10.2337/dc06-1499.
Schäcke H, Döcke WD, Asadullah K: Mechanisms involved in the side effects of glucocorticoids. Pharmacol Ther. 2002, 96: 23-43. 10.1016/S0163-7258(02)00297-8.
Saigí Ullastre I, Pérez PA: Hiperglucemia inducida por glucocorticoides. Semin Fund Esp Reumatol. 2011, 12: 83-90. 10.1016/j.semreu.2011.04.004.
Pandit M, Burke J, Gustafson A, Minocha A, Peiris A: Drug-induced disorders of glucose tolerance. Ann Intern Med. 1993, 118: 529-39. 10.7326/0003-4819-118-7-199304010-00008.
Clore JN, Thurby-Hay L: Glucocorticoid-induced hyperglycemia. Endocr Pract. 2009, 15: 469-74. 10.4158/EP08331.RAR.
Rizza RA, Mandarino LJ, Gerich JE: Cortisol-induced insulin resistance in man: impaired suppression of glucose production and stimulation of glucose utilization due to a postreceptor defect of insulin action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982, 54: 131-8. 10.1210/jcem-54-1-131.
Donihi AC, Raval D, Salul M, Korytkowski MT, DeVita MA: Prevalence and predictors of corticosteroid-related hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients. Endocr Pract. 2006, 12: 358-62. 10.4158/EP.12.4.358.
Montori VM, Basu A, Erwin PJ, Velosa JA, Gabriel SE, Kudva YC: Posttransplantation diabetes. A systematic review of the literature. Diabetes Care. 2002, 25: 583-92. 10.2337/diacare.25.3.583.
Iwamoto T, Kagawa Y, Naito Y: Steroid-induced diabetes mellitus and related risk factors in patients with neurologic diseases. Pharmacotherapy. 2004, 24: 508-14. 10.1592/phco.24.5.508.33355.
Uzu T, Harada T, Sakaguchi M: Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus: prevalence and risk factors in primary renal diseases. Nephron Clin Pract. 2007, 105: c54-c57. 10.1159/000097598.
Walczak DA, Calvert D, Jarzembowski TM, Testa G: Increased risk of post-transplant diabetes mellitus despite early steroid discontinuation in Hispanic kidney transplant recipients. Clin Transplant. 2005, 19: 527-31. 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2005.00383.x.
Ha YJ, Lee KH, Jung SJ: Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes mellitus in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus treated with high-dose glucocorticoid therapy. Lupus. 2011, 20: 1027-34. 10.1177/0961203311402246.
Kim SY, Yoo CG, Lee CT, Chung HS: Incidence and risk factors of steroid-induced diabetes in patients with respiratory disease. J Korean Med Sci. 2011, 26: 264-7. 10.3346/jkms.2011.26.2.264.
Mathew JT, Rao M, Job V, Ratnaswamy S, Jacob CK: Post-transplant hyperglycemia: a study of risk factors. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2003, 18: 164-71. 10.1093/ndt/18.1.164.
Braithwaite SS, Barr WG, Rahman A, Quddusi S: Managing diabetes during glucocorticoid therapy. How to avoid metabolic emergencies. Postgrad Med. 1998, 104: 163-6.
Schrot JR: Targeting plasma glucose: preprandial versus postprandial. Clinical Diabetes. 2004, 22 (4): 169-172. 10.2337/diaclin.22.4.169.
Haffner SM, Miettinen H, Stern MP: The homeostasis model in the San Antonio heart study. Diabetes Care. 1997, 20: 1087-92. 10.2337/diacare.20.7.1087.
Lansang MC, Hustak LK: Glucocorticoid-induced diabetes and adrenal suppression: How to detect and manage them. Cleve Clin J Med. 2011, 78: 748-56. 10.3949/ccjm.78a.10180.
Haggerty RD, Bergsman K, Edelson GW: Steroid-induced diabetic ketoacidosis. Pract Diabetol. 1995, 14: 24-5.
Kirkman MS, Wittle B, Benzing M: Hyperosmolar non-ketotic state as first manifestation of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Spectr. 1997, 10: 175-6.
Cagdas DN, Aysenur Pac F, Cakal E: Glucocorticoid-induced diabetic ketoacidosis in acute rheumatic fever. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2008, 13: 298-300. 10.1177/1074248408326609.
Banac S, Persic M, Cvijovic K: Steroid diabetes in children with Crohn disease. Acta Med Croatica. 2002, 56: 35-8.
Umpierrez GE, Hellman R, Korytkowski MT, Kosiborod M, Maynard GA, Montori VM, Seley JJ: Management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients in non-critical care setting: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012, 97: 16-38. 10.1210/jc.2011-2098.
We wish to thank Sergio Lozano-Rodríguez, for his critical reading of the manuscript.
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The authors declare they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
JGGG, LGMZ, RRG served as the principal investigators and contributed to study design, data collection, and manuscript preparation. DGA and FJLG contributed to study design, data collection and manuscript preparation. HETP participated in statistical analysis and manuscript preparation. GSG contributed to data collection and manuscript preparation. JZVP contributed to the coordination and helped draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Gonzalez-Gonzalez, J.G., Mireles-Zavala, L.G., Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R. et al. Hyperglycemia related to high-dose glucocorticoid use in noncritically ill patients. Diabetol Metab Syndr 5, 18 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-5-18
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1758-5996-5-18


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China adoption has become an extremely popular way for childless couples and singles to create a family. The number of children adopted from China has risen from 61 in 1991 to almost 8000 in 2005.
China's popularity as a country of origin for adoption stems from several key issues. First, China has had a large number of children, almost exclusively girls, available for adoption, meaning that waiting time for a referral has been less than a year, averaging about seven months at this time. China's one-child policy means that families who birth girls are driven to give up their daughters in favor of a male heir who is obligated to care for his parents as they age. Secondly, China accepts couples and singles who are older and single parents. Third, Chinese adoption is government-controlled, which means that while the process is rigid, it is also fairly predictable.
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Chinese adoption fees are around $15,000-$25,000 including travel to the country. The process is relatively smooth, but requires attention to detail and patience.


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Merit's love for story-telling, creating, and the arts runs deep. They enjoy tabletop gaming, writing flash fiction, training in stage combat and more. Originally from Texas, Merit moved to Minnesota in 2014 seeking out a sense of transformation. By 2018, they began pushing their boundaries even further and found many exciting and challenging opportunities as a writer, improvisational street theatre, director and performer of performance in stand-up comedy, and traditional stage work. Sasparella Trauffea is Dancing! is Merit's GREAT debut.


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Now Im lucky because I know some of these people so very well, that Im very much at ease with them – which of course makes everyones job so much easier. I've said it before and I'll say it again; spending time with our clients, getting to know them; developing that relationship will end up with MUCH better photos!
So before I skip to the photos, here is my list of directive posing tips for other photographers for great photos and happy, comfortable clients.
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Maternity Photos!
Makeup and hair in the first series is done by the ever talented Alana Wagner MUA (Who also happens to be an equally amazing photography assistant!)
Jacket – Danier Leather
Lace Blouse, skinny jeans and raspberry sweather – Motherhood Maternity
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This first one is by Dawna Cox Photography
Photo By Terri Kristine
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Another by Terri Kristine. I like the pose Im working here, and the rim light is awesome! I also like the movement in the sweater. Plus, my boots… I mean seriously? They steal the show.
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Group photo pull back by Mark Evers Photography
From my shoot with fellow Alliston Photographer, and close friend of mine
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Gown: Baby In Vogue
Flower Crown: Kristin
Necklace: Tiffany and Co.
Hair & Makeup: Me.
I could go on about this session forever, as it was perfect – the temperature for early March, my secret location, getting to hang with my friend; the overall mood and organic fee… it was all on point. To see more of this session go to Kristin's blog post here.
Thank you to everyone who sent me photos – likely my last baby, I truly appreciate the experience, and the love I recieved from all of you xo
While I focus primarily on wedding and engagements, I will be available for the occassional fine art portrait session June 2016.
For a few examples of how I apply the tips from todays post to a real life session, and the outcome; take a look at these posts.


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01/01 2006
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