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Relative importance of four functional measures as predictors of 15-year mortality in the older Dutch population
BMC Geriatrics volume 19, Article number: 92 (2019)
Decreased physical function is known to raise mortality risk. Little is known about how different physical function measures compare in predicting mortality risk in older men and women. The objective of this study was to compare four, objective and self-reported, physical function measures in predicting 15-year mortality risk in older men and women.
Data were used from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA), an ongoing cohort study in a population-based sample of the older Dutch population, sampled from municipal records. The 1995–96 cycle, including 727 men and 778 women aged 65–88 years, was considered as the baseline. Mortality was followed up through September 1, 2011. Physical function measures were: lower-body performance (chair stands test, walk test and tandem stand); handgrip strength (grip strength dynamometer); lung function (peak expiratory flow rate); functional limitations (self-report of difficulties in performing six activities of daily living). Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the predictive value of each physical function measure for 15-year mortality risk, adjusted for demographic, lifestyle and health variables as potential confounders.
1031 participants (68.5%) had died. After adjustments for confounders, in models assessing single functional measures, peak flow was the strongest predictor of all-cause mortality in men (HR 1.76, CI 1.38–2.26, CI) and lower-body performance in women (HR 1.97,CI 1.40–2.76, CI). In a model including all four functional measures only peak flow was statistically significant in predicting mortality in both genders (men HR 1.54,CI 1.18–2.01 and women HR 1.45,CI 1.08–1.94). In women, lower-body performance (HR 1.66, CI 1.15–2.41) followed by grip strength (HR 1.38, CI 1.02–1.89), and in men, functional limitations (HR 1.43, CI 1.14–1.8) were the other significant predictors of all-cause mortality.
Both objective and self-reported measures of physical functioning predicted all-cause mortality in a representative sample of the older Dutch population to different extents in men and women. Peak flow contributed important unique predictive value for mortality in both men and women. In women, however, lower-body performance tests had better predictive ability. A second-best predictor in men was self-reported functional limitations. Peak flow, and possibly one of the other measures, may be used in clinical practice for assessment in the context of time constraints.
The ageing process is accompanied by the loss of physical function. Physical function is the common term used to describe the combination of endurance, muscle power, balance and coordination which capacity is related to exercise, health status, and genetic and environmental factors. The maximal physical function decreases gradually due to ageing from early midlife.
Physical function can be assessed by many different tests, among which objective tests, such as lower-body performance, hand grip strength and peak flow, and self-reported measures, such as reports of experiencing difficulty in performing activities of daily living (i.e. self-reported functional limitations). Several studies in older persons have linked poorer physical function with negative health outcomes. For example, lower-body performance tests have been associated with hospitalization and increased mortality risk [1,2,3,4,5,6], and poorer hand grip strength have been associated with frailty and an increased mortality risk [7,8,9,10]. Furthermore, it has been shown that peak expiratory flow rate is a strong predictor for mortality risk [11]. Also self-reported measures, such as functional limitations have been associated with an increased mortality risk [12,13,14].
Although many studies examined the predictive value of physical function measures on mortality risk, little is known about how these different physical function measures compare in predicting mortality risk. Two recent studies in older persons compared the ability of four and seven different objective physical function measures in predicting mortality [15, 16], i.e., the Short Lower-body performance Battery (SPPB), the 4-m walk test (4-mWT), the 6-min walk test (6-MWT) and hand grip strength in one study [15] and similar but with chair stands time, leg extension and flexion on top in the other study [16]. In the multivariable analyses, only SPPB and 6-MWT in both studies but also 4-mWT in the second study, showed a significant inverse association with 7- and 4.4-year mortality risk for both genders respectively [15, 16]. One cross-sectional study showed that four physical function tests, including peak flow as well as hand grip strength, leg strength and physical activity, were all associated with impaired physical ability and disability in activities of daily living in older persons (ADL) [17].
Although gender was a significant predictor in most of these studies, men and women were examined separately only in the study by Veronese and colleagues [16]. Stratification by gender may be of importance if there is an indication for gender differences: indeed, pronounced gender influences have been observed regarding the predictive values of lower muscle strength, grip strength and functional disabilities for increased mortality risk in older persons [5,6,7, 9, 11,12,13,14, 16,17,18]. The study by Veronese and colleagues showed gender differences in the prediction of mortality risks of physical function measures specifically because of the influence of malnutrition in women over a period of 4 .4years [16].
Of the two previous studies that assessed the association between self-reported measure of physical function and mortality risk only one study [5] showed a difference between sexes [12].
For screening and in clinical diagnostic and therapeutic decision making it is important to know which of the different physical function measures are the best in predicting mortality risk. The current study is the first study where a comparison is made among four tests including both objective (lower-body performance tests, grip strength, peak flow measured by an observer) and subjective tests (self-reported physical function measures, i.e., functional limitations) in one sample of an older community dwelling population to determine the optimal test for each gender in predicting mortality over a period of 15 years.
Study sample
Data were used from the Longitudinal aging Amsterdam (LASA), an ongoing interdisciplinary cohort study on predictors and consequences of changes in physical, cognitive, emotional and social functioning in the older Dutch population [19, 20]. The LASA study started in 1992 with a random sample of older men and women from municipal records, stratified for age, gender, grade of urbanization and expected 5-yr mortality, drawn from the population registers of 11 municipalities in three regions of the Netherlands (Amsterdam, Zwolle and Oss, and vicinity). The baseline examination in 1992/1993 included 3107 predominantly Caucasian (> 99%) respondents. The sample for the current study consisted of participants aged 65 through 88 years as of January 1, 1996, who took part in the main and medical interview of the second LASA cycle (1995/1996) and from whom data were available on lower-body performance, handgrip strength, peak flow, functional limitations, and mortality status during 15 years of follow-up (N = 1505; 727 men and 778 women). In total, 695 men and 734 women had data on lower-body performance; 727 men and 778 women had data on hand grip strength, 722 men and 751 women on peak flow, and 717 men and 760 women on functional limitations.
The exact number available for analysis further depended on the covariables included in the model. All participants signed for informed consent and the Ethical Review Board of the VU medical center approved the study.
Lower-body performance
Three standardized performance tests were used to assess lower-body performance, i.e., the chair stands test, primarily measuring proximal leg strength, the walk test, primarily measuring a combination of proximal leg strength, coordination and balance, and the tandem stands test, primarily measuring balance. During the chair stands test, participants were asked to fold their arms across their chest and to stand up and sit down from a sitting position five consecutive times as quickly as possible. Scores ranged from one to four corresponding to the quartiles of time required in the total population. These were recoded such that 4 = best and 1 = worst performance. A score of 0 was assigned if the participant was unable to perform the test [21]. During the walk test, participants were asked to walk 3 m along a line, turn around and walk back as quickly as possible without running. Time to complete the test was recorded and scores were assigned in a similar way as the chair stands test. During the tandem stand test, the participant was asked to stand with one foot in front of the other, with their heel against their toe, for 10 s. A score of 2 points was assigned if the participant was able to hold position for 3–9 s; 4 points if able to hold on for 10 s or longer. The score of 0 was assigned if participant held the position for less than 3 s or was unable to perform the test. A lower-body performance score (range 0–12) was computed by summing the scores of the three individual performance tests with a higher score reflecting good lower-body performance.
Handgrip strength
Handgrip strength was measured using a grip strength dynamometer (Takei TKK 5001, Takei Scientific Instruments Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) [22]. Measurements were done in duplicate for both hands and the highest measured result of each hand was used to calculate the average grip strength. Grip strength was recorded to the nearest 1 kg. The dynamometer was adjusted for the hand size of the participant.
Lung function
Lung function was assessed by the peak expiratory flow rate using the Mini-Wright peak flow meter. Peak expiratory flow rate is defined as a person's maximum speed of expiration. For the measurements, the subjects were instructed to take a maximum inspiration and to breathe out with maximum effort into the peak flow meter. The highest score of three measurements in milliliters (ml) was used [17].
Functional limitations
Participants were asked to which degree they experienced difficulties in performing the following activities of daily living: going up and down the stairs, getting (un-) dressed, sitting down and rising from a chair, cutting one's own toenails, walking 400 m, and using own or public transportation. [22] Response categories included "yes, without difficulty; yes, with some difficulty; yes, with much difficulty; only with help; no, I cannot" with corresponding scores ranging from 1 to 5. A functional limitation score (range 6–30) was computed by summing the scores of the individual questions. A higher score indicates more difficulties.
15-year mortality follow-up
Vital status and date of death of participants were acquired through linkage with municipal registries through September 1, 2011. Follow-up data were complete for 1505 out of 1509 persons.
Potential confounders
Potential confounders derived from previous studies included demographic variables (age, gender, educational level, urbanization grade, partner status), lifestyle variables (smoking, alcohol use), and health status variables (number of chronic diseases, medication use, body mass index, cognitive impairment) [23]. Data regarding age, gender and urbanization grade were extracted from population registries at baseline. Education level in years was determined by the respondent's highest completed level of education. Partner status was assessed by self-report. Smoking was assessed by self-report and categorized into never, former, current smoker. Alcohol consumption (does not drink, light, moderate, and excessive drinking) was assessed by the Garretsen Index [24]. Body height was measured using a stadiometer. Body weight was measured without clothes and shoes using a calibrated bathroom balance scale. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight in kg divided by height in meters squared. Presence and number of 7 major chronic diseases was assessed by self- report: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cardiac disease, vascular disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, malignant neoplasms and joint disorders (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis). Medication use was assessed by asking the participants to show their medication containers to the interviewers. The number of medications was used in the analyses. Cognitive impairment was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination [25]. A score below 24 indicates the presence of a cognitive impairment [26].
Statistical analysis
First, survivors were compared with non-survivors using independent samples T-Test for normally distributed variables; Mann-Whitney U test for skewed variables, and Pearson Chi-square test for categorical variables. The data distribution test used was the commonly used Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Second, sex-specific correlation coefficients were calculated between the four physical function measures to assess their interrelation. Both the unadjusted and the age-adjusted coefficients were calculated. Third, the association between the sex-specific tertiles of the physical function measures and mortality was examined using Cox Proportional Hazards Models. Each measure was categorized in tertiles, first, to account for non-linear associations, and second, to be able to compare the hazard ratios across the measures. The tertiles were obtained by considering the frequency distribution of each physical function measure for men and women separately.
Gender was examined as a potential effect modifier by adding an interaction term to the univariable model. In case of one or more statistically significant interaction effects (p < 0.1), all further analyses were stratified by sex. Then, potential confounders associated with both the predictor and the outcome (p < 0.1), were added to the model. Two models are reported, one model adjusted for age and gender (if no interaction was present) and a second model adjusted for all relevant confounders. Finally, the relative importance of the four physical function measures was examined by including all four physical function measures into the adjusted model. This was done on the provision that the age-adjusted intercorrelations between the four measures did not exceed 0.60. All analyses were conducted using SPSS software version 21.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).
The main characteristics of the study sample (N = 1505) are presented in Table 1 according to mortality status on September 1st, 2011. The average age at baseline was 76.0 years (SD 6.6) and females comprised 51.6% of the sample. Through September 1st, 2011, 1031 participants died (68,5%). The mean follow-up time was 15.4 years (±0.3) for survivors, and 7.2 (±4.3) for the deceased.
Participants who died during follow-up differed from those who survived on all covariates: they were older, more often male and living in highly urban areas, had fewer years of education, fewer lived with a partner, they were more often current smoker, more often did not consume alcohol or did so excessively, more often were underweight, and scored worse on all health indicators. Likewise, all measures of physical functioning, lower-body performance (and its components), handgrip strength, peak flow, and self-reported functional limitations, were significantly lower (P < 0.001) at baseline in those who died during follow-up compared to those who survived.
The partial correlations among the four measures of physical functioning, controlling for age, ranged from 0.24 (self-reported functional limitations and peak flow) to 0.58 (performance tests and self-reported functional limitations) for men, and from 0.18 (self-reported functional limitations and peak flow) to 0.58 (performance tests and self-reported functional limitations) for women (Table 2).
Gender differences in the relationship between sex-specific tertiles of the four functional measures and mortality
Significant gender interaction was observed in the association between the sex-specific tertiles of lower-body performance and mortality (interaction term P = 0.003). No significant gender interaction was present for grip strength, functional limitation score, and peak flow (interaction terms P > 0.10). To improve comparability between findings, all further analyses were stratified for sex.
Sex-specific tertiles of the functional measures and mortality
In the crude analyses, all measures of physical function were significantly associated with mortality for both sexes (Table 3, Figs. 1 and 2, left panels). Corrected for all relevant confounders, mortality risk was more than one and a half to nearly twice as high for women in the lowest tertiles of handgrip strength (HR 1.65, CI 1.25–2.16) and of lower-body performance (R 1.97, CI 1.40–2.76) in comparison to women in the highest tertiles. Mortality risk of men in the lowest tertiles of functional limitations (HR 1.62, CI 1.31–2.0) and of peak flow (HR 1.76, CI 1.38–2.26) was significantly higher compared to their peers in the corresponding highest tertiles.
Relative importance of the four functional measures
The models including all four measures (Table 4) showed a marked gender difference in predictive ability with the strongest combination of measures of peak flow (HR 1.54, CI 1.18–2.01) and self-reported functional limitations (HR 1.43, CI 1.14–1.8) in men and peak flow (HR 1.45, CI 1.08–1.93) and lower-body performance (HR 1.66, CI 1.15–2.41) and to a lesser extent grip strength (HR 1.38, CI 1.02–1.89) in women. In men, the hazard ratios of lower-body performance and grip strength were no longer significant. In women, functional limitations were no longer significant.
In this large population-based cohort study, the predictive value of four measures of physical functioning for all-cause mortality risk in older Dutch men and women was assessed, after correction for relevant confounders. The findings demonstrate that although each objective muscle strength measure (lower-body performance, handgrip strength), objective lung function (peak flow), as well as subjective self-reported functional limitations can predict mortality in older people, remarkable differences exist between the strength of the associations for gender and mortality outcome. While decreased lower-body performance was associated with the highest increase of mortality risk in older women, strikingly, in older men lower peak flow showed the highest risk. In a search for the measures with the highest predictive ability, the model including all four measures showed a dominance of functional limitations and peak flow, which were the only two remaining significant predictors of mortality in men. In contrast, in the combined model for women, functional limitations were no longer significant. In women, the lower-body performance and, with a weaker predictive ability, peak flow and grip strength remained as significant predictors.
Peak flow appeared to be the most unique and independent predictor. In both men and women peak flow was least correlated with all other measures while lower-body performance and functional limitations were the highest correlated. Thus, peak flow adds predictive value over the other functional measures.
Adding all confounders to the separate analysis (model 2) reduced the strength of all associations compared to adjusting for age alone (model1). Adding all confounders to the combined tests analysis reduced the importance of peak flow test in both sexes, of functional limitations in men and turned physical performance in men non-significant.
To our knowledge, this is the first study that compares objective measures of physical functioning, including peak flow, and self-reported measures in their predictive value for 15-year mortality risk in a large representative sample of Dutch elderly between men and women. While prior studies also found gender differences in the relationship between mortality risk and handgrip strength [8, 9], self-reported disability in ADL [12] and functional performance [16], we are the first to show that when addressing all four tests the difference in predictive strength for mortality between men and women becomes more clearly apparent.
Our findings support prior observations that objectively measured performance-based tests are better predictors of all-cause mortality than self-reported functional limitations in older community dwelling women [5, 27]. This may tie in with the 'gender-longevity' paradox: Although older women have more disabilities they survive longer than men after a reported onset of disability. The test is easy to perform and has often been used in studies. Paradoxically, but in line with previous studies we show that functional limitations are a strong predictor of mortality in men [28]. It might be speculated that women can cope better with disability in daily living.
A few studies have examined the effect of gender on the association between grip strength and mortality with variable findings [6, 8, 15, 16, 18, 29,30,31]. Among them muscle strength was not predictive of mortality in women in four studies [8, 15, 16, 30], while four other studies [6, 18, 29, 31] reported an increased risk of mortality for women in the lowest quartile or tertile of grip strength. These last results are in line with our observations. The underlying factors that might relate the decline in muscle power to mortality are yet unclear, but seems to be multifactorial including a chronic low-grade inflammation [18].
In this study peak flow was among the strongest mortality predictors in both men and women. This association has been found before, but is not yet understood [11]. One possible explanation [32] is that peak flow is a measure of physical fitness in general. During aging, physiological and structural changes lead to more rigid and less expansible respiratory systems with a declined strength of the diaphragm, compliance of the lungs and inspiratory and expiratory intercostal muscle capacity [33]. Small changes might cause older people to be less physically active, which may have a high impact on physical fitness [34].
Our findings indicate that the use of one measure, i.e. peak flow, possibly combined with one of the other more gender specific measures may suffice to assess physical condition and subsequently mortality risk. Our work also shows the usefulness of separate analysis of both sexes. However, if one should consider only one test, the peak flow test could be considered as the best option for both genders when assessed in an older community dwelling population.
Strengths of the present study include the use of a large population-based, well-characterized study sample, the comparison between four measures separately and combined per gender, the long follow-up period and the examination of and correction for effect modification and various confounders. One of the limitations of our study is that we did not differentiate between cause-specific mortality. Also, our study did not include peak flow tests by spirometry. However, peak expiratory flow rate had been demonstrated to be a reliable predictor of lung function. Furthermore, since participants of the LASA-cohort were predominantly Caucasian, generalization of our findings to non-Caucasian older people needs further investigation. Future studies have to determine whether intervention programs aiming to increase lower-body performance, muscle strength, functional independence and peak flow decrease mortality risk of older people in low performance groups, in order to prove causality.
In addition, from our findings a new study might be developed to design a practical scoring system to predict mortality.
This study investigated the predictive strength and gender differences in predictive strength of four measures of physical functioning for mortality in older men and women. In models including only one functional measure, corrected for all relevant confounders peak flow was the best predictor of mortality in older men and lower-body performance in women. In the relative contribution model, peak flow and functional limitations were the strongest predictors of mortality in older men. In contrast, two objective measures, peak flow and lower-body performance, were better predictors of mortality in older women.
- 4-mWT:
4-m walk test
the 6-min walk test
Activity of daily living
Body mass index
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Longitudinal aging Amsterdam
Short Lower-body performance Battery
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The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam is supported by grants from the Netherlands Ministry of Health Welfare and Sports, Directorate of Long-Term Care. The funders have no role in the study design, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, in the writing of this report, and in the decision to submit it for publication.
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Anonymized participant-level data are available upon request from the authors. For meta-data, see www.lasa-vu.nl
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All authors made substantial contributions to conception (EE, NS, JB, MO, NB,MP,DD) or design (EE, NS, JB, MO, NB,MP,DD), or acquisition of data (EE, NS, JB, MO, MP,DD), or analysis and interpretation of data (EE, NS,MP,DD). All authors were involved in drafting the manuscript (EE, NS, DD) or revising it critically for important intellectual content (EE, NS, JB, MO,RJ,NB,MP,DD). All authors gave final approval of the version to be published (EE, NS, JB, MO,RJ,NB,MP,DD). All authors agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work (EE, NS, JB, MO,RJ,NB,MP,DD).
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The VU University Medical Centre's Medical Ethics Evaluation Committee approved of the study; archive numbers 92/138 (1992-) and 2002/141 (2002-). A written informed consent was obtained from all participants of this study.
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Eekhoff, E.M.W., van Schoor, N.M., Biedermann, J.S. et al. Relative importance of four functional measures as predictors of 15-year mortality in the older Dutch population. BMC Geriatr 19, 92 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1092-4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-019-1092-4


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"Do not fear, for I am with you, do not be afraid, for I am your God. I will strengthen you; I will help you; I will hold on to you with my righteous hand." Isaiah 41:10 CSB
I recently had the privilege of attending a special Father's Day service. It was on prayer and talking to God. The pastor used the Lord's prayer found in Matthew 6:5-10. He was illustrating the point of who God is to us and who we are in God. To do this, he brought his young son up to help him. He asked his son what he wanted from him? His son listed video games and candy, things a child would ask for from their father. It was a wonderful illustration, one I had never seen before. It reminded me of how juvenile my prayers can be to my Father in heaven. As I watched this scenario play out before me, I saw how this father would do anything for his son. I could see the love in his eyes as he looked at him. I realized, the boy wasn't asking the right questions. He could have anything he wanted and he asked for a candy bar. Granted, I do not think God is a vending machine in the sky. I do think He can do anything He wants, but that doesn't mean He should. Romans 1 says judgement is God giving people what they want. It's God letting us have our way: "They exchanged the truth about God for a lie, and worshiped and served created things rather than the Creator—who is forever praised. Amen" (Romans 1:25 NIV).
There was another thing I witnessed this day, I realized, the son didn't know what to ask. As he looked to his father before he answered, I could see the uncertainty in his face. The unspoken question was evident in his face; could he really ask for whatever he wanted? As he began to answer with minor things, he became more confident as his father encouraged him to ask for more. The look on his face went from uncertainty to confidence that he was doing the right thing, exactly what his father wanted him to do. We are to do the same with our heavenly Father. He wants us to ask for His help, He wants us to be bold in our prayers, He wants us to remember He is there to help us when we are facing our fears. He's holding our hand, looking at us lovingly and saying, "How can I help?"
Let's do that today, let's approach Him with boldness as we face our fears.
Lord, thank You for always being with us. Thank You that You are holding our hands as we face our fears. Thank You for giving us Your strength and Your help. Forgive us for forgetting You are there, help us always remember, You never leave us nor forsake us. (Isaiah 41:10 CSB). In Jesus name we pray. Amen

subset: commoncrawl


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We use Magicad to source 3D content and calculate pipework pressure losses, ventilation sizing and noise levels. This enables us to include the actual sizing data in the Revit file.
BIM allows us to collaborate much more efficiently with clients and design partners in the design, development and creation of building services. Through the use of 3D modelling, immersive visualisations and innovative digital design, we can effectively coordinate a design between everyone working on a project.
Our team was quick to adopt BIM, and as a result, we have considerable experience of delivering BIM Level 2 projects, including the implementation of COBie data inputs to meet the client's needs and requirements.
We implement a structured BIM strategy to ensure that M&E services are incorporated with minimal clashes, which in turn reduces re-working on site. We utilise our own document naming convention which complies in full with BS1192, but we can also adopt the naming conventions of clients where required. We have developed our own drawing templates and utilise worksets on most projects to control views, sections etc.
We use Magicad to source 3D content and calculate pipework pressure losses, ventilation sizing and noise levels. This enables us to include the actual sizing data in the Revit file.
BIM Standards: Internal standards have been developed in compliance with PAS1192 & BS8541. We use our standards on projects when the client has no preference. However, in cases where the BIM Execution Plan (BEP) is part of the contract, we will adopt the requirements of our client. We will also adopt the common data environment used by the client and the associated management team. Where required, we will provide COBie data information. Experienced in all formats of information exchange, from IFC to NWC files. We also provide DWF and NWD files from Navisworks. Our preferred methods of collaboration are BIM360, Revizto, and Navisworks. We will work with our clients and other team members in all formats.


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Bae Doona and Jim Sturgess Spotted Together All Around Seoul
Bae Doona and Hollywood actor Jim Sturgess have been spotted together in Seoul!
Recent posts were made on online community forums that stated, "Bae Doona and Jim Sturgess were going around town in Seoul during the Lunar New Year holidays."
The post also contained a photo of Bae Doona and Jim Sturgess' backs at a certain bakery in Korea. They were waiting in line to pay for their purchases.
Many SNS users also posted their eyewitness accounts of spotting these two stars on February 2 and February 3.
One netizen tweeted, "I saw Bae Doona today. She came to the bell tower with Jim Sturgess, whom she was rumored to be dating."
Another netizen tweeted, "I saw Bae Doona and Jim Sturgess at Fashion Five in Itaewon… Yes, they are dating. I'm so jealous."
Bae Doona and Jim Sturgess were co-stars for the Hollywood film "Cloud Atlas" in 2012. Ever since, they were rumored to be dating, even being photographed holding hands together. However, they denied the rumors, saying that they were just close friends.


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Game review Nevaeh
Nevaeh is an entertaining MMORPG app where the user must fight in the dungeon. Similar projects often appear on the playmarket, but they can not differ much from each other. The same application offers the gamer to gradually develop the skills of his hero, mastering new abilities and buying additional armor.
Game mechanics are familiar to most of the admirers of the genre represented: we have a joystick in charge of managing the character, as well as buttons for activating the available abilities. So we will not have difficulties in understanding management.
Already, the number of users online is great, so that it will be possible to play online PvE and PvP. Gamers have the opportunity to help other players in various ways by concluding alliances and alliances. So much more interesting to go through the gameplay.
Here, as in most similar applications, there is the possibility to play the game in the so-called automatic mode, which allows the gamer to clear the dungeon, simply by watching his character. Thanks to this mode you can rest and just enjoy the graphics of the application.
Download a game Nevaeh
Android 3.0+
Caution All files are posted with permission of the authors or applications found in the public domain on the Internet, if any of the files violates your rights, please let us know


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Nashville, TN – November 29, 2021 – Multiple GRAMMY ® and Dove Award winning artist-songwriter Chris Tomlin and GRAMMY ® and Dove Award winning producer-songwriter Jason Ingram have joined forces to create a new Nashville based music publishing company, TIM Publishing (Tomlin, Ingram, Music), to become strong advocates for songwriters to help amplify their gifts. Publishing veteran Stacey Wilbur has been tapped to helm the team with her vast experience at EMI CMG, EMI Nashville & Capitol.
The publishing endeavor was created in 2021 and has signed some of the brightest songwriters that Nashville has to offer: Steffany Gretzinger, Jess Cates, Tommy Iceland, Benji Cowart, and Chris Davenport.
"What a dream come true, to be able to come alongside great songwriters, and help cultivate songs that make a difference in this world," shared Chris. "Jason and I have been thinking of partnering together for some time now. We believe songs matter and will do everything we can to create a publishing company that champions this vision. I am beyond grateful for the writers that have already said 'yes' to being a part of this with us. Truly some of the very best!"
Jason shared, "Chris and I have been friends and co-writers for many years now and it's truly special for me to be able to start this company with someone I have so much respect for both personally and professionally. And as a songwriter I've often thought of songs as 'life rafts' and I've given my life's work to building them. The chance to help other songwriters maximize their opportunity and potential is the best way I know to throw more 'life rafts' into the world."
"I am honored to be part of this team alongside Jason & Chris," said Stacey. "I have the utmost respect for them both as creatives and as leaders in the industry. They are trailblazers, visionaries & dream makers. This is an amazing opportunity to serve this team and songwriters. My hope is that we can encourage songwriters in a way that inspires them to be creative in their craft of songwriting."


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The Snow Knows
by Jennifer McGrathThe snow knows where the rabbit goes. It knows the hush-shush of the owl's wing.
In this deceptively simple children's picture book, a pair of award-winning storytellers share the joys of winter. A lyrical prose poem, The Snow Knows introduces readers of all ages to animals both domestic (a tabby cat by the wood stove) and wild (a slinking lynx; a choir of coyotes), celebrating wilderness and outdoor play.
With whimsical hide-and-seek illustrations, readers will love following footprints and catching a glimpse of an owl's wing or pheasant's feathers, suggesting what appears on the following page. A beautiful book, destined to be a perennial winter favourite, and read aloud by a crackling fire.
Jennifer McGrath, author
Jennifer McGrath is a professional writer and award-winning children's author from Moncton, New Brunswick. Her two middle grade adventure books, Chocolate River Rescue and White Cave Escape, are popular with teachers and students alike. Jennifer is known for her enthusiastic storytelling style, her fascination with fairytales, and her fondness for sparkly things. She loves animals (especially dogs and ponies), the outdoors, and curling up in front of the fire with a good book. You can find out more about Jennifer and her stories at jennifermcgrath.ca.
Josée Bisaillon, illustrator
As a young girl, Josée Bisaillon loved drawing cats and houses. She enjoyed school and always returned home full of stories to tell (and to draw!). She pursued her education all the way to university, where she fell in love with illustration. Since then, scissors and brushes in hand, Josée has been illustrating children's books, magazines, and newspapers. Josée lives just outside of Montreal with her spouse, their three children, one hairless cat, and many paper characters.
- "The Snow Knows" reveals what Robert Frost might have seen had he entered those lovely, dark and deep woods on that snowy evening: the busy, mysterious and often dramatic lives of the forest animals. - Canadian Children's Book News
- Shortlisted, Lillian Shepherd Memorial Award for Excellence in Illustration, Atlantic Book Award
- Shortlisted, Excellence in Children's Writing, New Brunswick Book Awards
- Winner, Marilyn Baillie Picture Book Award, Canadian Children's Book Center Awards
Rights Holder
Rights Holder: Nimbus Publishing Ltd.
email: firstname.lastname@example.com
website: https://www.nimbus.ca/
rights sold: Canada
rights available: World
Additional Information
age range: 6 - 9
number of pages: 32
publication date: 09/07/2016
Original language of pub: English
Materials Available: finished book


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Two Distinct Laws
The Scriptures teach that there are two separate and distinct laws – God's Law and Moses' Law. Let's examine some references:
1-Moses wrote, "And he declared unto you his covenant, which he commanded you to perform even ten commandments, and he wrote them upon two tables of stone. And the Lord commanded me at that time to teach you statues and judgments, that ye might do them in the land wither ye go over to posses it" (Deuteronomy 4:13,14). Here, Moses separate between the Ten Commandments, which "he commanded you," from the statues which "the Lord commanded me" to give the people.
2-Again, the Lord spoke of the law "I have commanded" and also the "law … Moses commanded." "Neither will I make the feet of Israel move anymore out of the land which I gave their fathers; only if they will observe to do according to all that I have commanded them and according to all the law that my servant Moses commanded them" (2 Kings 21:8).
3-Also, Daniel gave the same distinction when he prayed for the desolated sanctuary of his nation. "Yea, all Israel have transgressed thy law, even by departing, that they might not obey thy voice; therefore the curse is purged upon us, and the oath that is written in the law of Moses the servant of God because we have sinned against him" (Daniel 9:11). We can see clearly the phrases "thy law" and "the law of Moses."
God's Law and Moses' Law
Called "the law of Moses" (Luke 2:22). | Called "the law of the Lord" (Isaiah 5:24). |
Called "law … contained in ordinances" (Ephesians 2:15). | Called "the royal law" (James 2:8). |
Written by Moses in a book (2 Chronicles 35:12). | Written by God on stone (Exodus 31:18 32:16). |
Placed in the side of the ark (Deuteronomy 31:26). | Placed inside the ark (Exodus 40:20). |
Ended at the cross (Ephesians 2:15). | Will stand forever (Luke 16:17). |
Added because of sin (Galatians 3:19). | Points out sin (Romans 7:7 3:20). |
Contrary to us, against us (Colossians 2:14-16). | Not grievous (1 John 5:3). |
Judges no one (Colossians 2:14-16). | Judges all people (James 2:10-12). |
Carnal (Hebrews 7:16). | Spiritual (Romans 7:14). |
Made nothing perfect (Hebrews 7:19). | Perfect (Psalms 19:7). |
The Mosaic Laws that pointed to Christ's ministry and death (the priesthood, sacrifices, rituals, meat and drink offerings, etc.) were temporary as they foreshadowed the cross. When Christ died, they came to an end. Because of sin Moses' law was given (or "added" Galatians 3:16, 19) till Christ should come and die. Also, the yearly or annual feasts (which were also called sabbaths) or holidays of Leviticus 23 were nailed to the Cross (Colossians 2:16).
But God's Law has existed at least as long as sin has existed (Romans 4:15). When people sin they break God's moral law (1 John 3:4). Unlike the Mosaic Law, the Ten Commandments (God's law) "stand fast for ever and ever" and therefore, are binding today (Psalms 111:8). And the weekly seventh-day Sabbath of the fourth commandment remains in effect (Matthew 5:17,18; Luke 16:17; Romans 7:12; Hebrews 4:9…etc.).
Paul confirms that God's Moral Law is still in effect: "What shall we say then? Is the law sin? God forbid. Nay, I had not known sin, but by the law: for I had not known lust, except the law had said, thou shalt not covet" (Romans 7:7); "Do we then make void the law through faith? God forbid: yea, we establish the law?" (Romans 3:31).
In His service,
BibleAsk Team


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Browse Our Design Inspiration Gallery!
Create a kitchen of ultimate comfort, convenience, and functionality with our high-quality and sustainable kitchen products. From countertops, cabinets, sinks, to kitchen appliances, we have your kitchen remolding needs covered.
Browse our bath inspiration collections to see how they can add comfort, value, and personal style to your home. Our extensive selection of bathroom natural stone countertops, vanity cabinets and shower products.
We offer a variety of pre-assembled or custom vanity cabinets including American styles and European styles. Discover your favorite cabinet styles from more than 20 collections.
We carry more than 100 styles of stone slabs, providing a wide range of options to meet multifarious remodeling needs. Matching countertops and kitchen islands are in stock.
Bar Countertop
Natural or engineered stone slabs with various edge options.
Available in quartz, quartzite, granite, composite granite, and marble.
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Just the sound of the term bathtub surrounds invokes comfort and grace. Polished or honed, the elegance of a natural stone tub surround can turn any bathroom into an oasis.
Stone Empire offers fireplace kits and also a diverse array of veneers to cover the fireplace in veneers of natural stone and manufactured stone.
Natural stone is one of the most durable building material choices for commercial construction. The best commercial buildings are designed to enhance the brand, attract more customers and increase brand loyalty.


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Round Brilliant Pavé Halo with Milgrain Sides
A vintage-inspired engagement ring – this design features a round brilliant centre stone secured in four-claws. Delicately framed by a single halo, pavé and milgrain details are set around the halo and continues to flow through the shoulders to either side of the band. A combination of classic and modern, this stunning piece of jewellery will have people stopping in their tracks.
Collaborating with our master jeweller, this design is customisable to suit your requirements. To make your dream ring a reality, we can tailor the centre stone's cut and size to suit your preference. This ring can also be designed in platinum 18kt white gold, yellow gold and rose gold.
Please call one of our stores to speak to a specialist or make an appointment to visit one of our boutiques.


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The Department of Entomology is committed to providing students opportunities with an international focus. Students may take courses and conduct research as part of their graduate program or earn international credentials through dual-title degrees.
These opportunities allow students to take courses and conduct research as part of their regular Penn State graduate program. In addition, dual-title graduate degrees are offered to provide international credentials to our students.
Dual Title Offerings
The Department participates in two dual-title programs that provide international education, experience and authentication.
The Comparative and International Education Program offers a dual title through the College of Education. The dual-title degree program is offered through participating graduate programs in the College of Education and, where appropriate, other graduate programs at Penn State. The option enables students from different graduate programs to learn the perspectives, techniques, and methodologies of comparative and international education, while maintaining a close association with their program areas of application.
The College of Agricultural Sciences offers a dual title graduate degree program called International Agriculture and Development (INTAD). The goal of INTAD is to provide a new curriculum at the Master's and Ph.D. levels that complements a student's primary discipline with documented knowledge and experience in their discipline's application to global agriculture and development.


text: When it comes to tasty fast food, there is no better place in the Los Angeles area than Cruz'N Corn. Whenever you're out and about in the area, the street food aroma is in the air. With our delicious menu, we remain a favorite for folks looking to share our food with friends and family in the convenience of your home. Cruz'n on by to the bottom of this page for more info. Thinking of contacting us?.... okay, wait, just keep on reading.


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The Canberra Climbers' Association (CCA) was founded in 1998. Membership is steadily growing and CCA is now a respected body representing climbers' interests across the ACT region. The CCA has a broad membership base and supports all types of climbing: rock climbing, mountaineering, sports climbing, aid climbing, etc.
The CCA aims to:
- Promote the image of climbing in the ACT
- Educate climbers and the public about climbing
- Foster our local climbing areas
- Provide social activities for ACT climbers
- Maintain and ensure access to our crags with the help of local government agencies
- Keep climbing safe by maintaining fixed protection.
Access and consultations
CCA is involved in many consultations with the ACT and NSW parks and conservation government services, about access to climbing areas. We work closely with the ACT Parks and Conservation Service to repair and maintain access tracks to climbing areas, particularly in the aftermath of bushfires.
Read more about CCA's access and consultation work
Member activities
CCA members meet regularly to discuss local issues, catch up on recent exploits, as well as see and hear from a range of speakers about their climbing experiences in Australia and overseas. Members follow a diversity of climbing beliefs, styles and techniques, keeping the club lively. The CCA provides an opportunity for local climbers to network, organise trips and find new climbing partners.
Canberra climbers also get together on the CCA's social climbing days, from visiting the traditional granite heartland of Booroomba Rocks to modern cragging around Canberra, as well as nearby areas such as Blue Lake in Kosciuszko National Park.
CCA committee
President | Zac Zaharias |
Vice President | Brian Mattick |
Secretary | John Wilson |
Treasurer & Membership Secretary | Jack Pezzey |
Public Officer | Costanza Maffi |
Social Officer & Community Co-ordinators | Janice Ho, Matthew Clark |
Bouldering Officer | James Lister |
Website & Facebook Manager | Costanza Maffi |
General Members | Justin Ryan, Rob Douglas, Peter Cunningham, Daniel Grant, Phil Thomas, Monty Nixon, Ben Hayes |
First Nations sub-committee
The CCA's First Nations sub-committee undertakes research on Indigenous cultural lore and how this impacts climbers in the ACT. The sub-committee also examines lessons learned from the Grampians, Arapiles, Nowra and other popular climbing areas in Australia that have been the subject of Traditional Owner claims under heritage/cultural protection banners, in order to inform the CCA's aims and activities.
If you would like to be involved, please drop us a line via our website:


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Saturday, May 22, 2010
The Question of a House's Legacy
8 comments:
Since our cottage was new construction, we didn't get to have such a wonderful adventure. I think you could frame a copy of one or two of the wonderful poems the previous owner wrote and leave it with a note as a housewarming gift to the new owners. That way, you leave a piece of history with them but you can take the rest of the possessions you've come to love with you.
ReplyDeleteWhen we remodeled our kitchen I was hoping we would find something, anything, tucked away. All we found was a Garth Brooks type shirt in the ceiling! Not what I was hoping for! So, before we closed up one of the walls, we left a little time capsule between the studs for whoever owns this house one day and decides to renovate it again. It had a note from us to the new owner wishing them happiness in this house, a photo of my husband and I, and a photo of our little dog, Bubba. I only hope the new owner will appreciate it.
I have a different philosophy than you do. I don't believe we own things that outlast us. We just take stewardship of them and pass them along. The home I'm in is old and as stated there are things here that belong to the house, with the house, that we would never consider taking out of it. I'm sure many of these things were not original to it and added along it's 130 year span of standing. The Fairfield House was not always old. At some point it was the age of your home. History and traditions need starting points. You can't concern yourself with what if they don't appreciate the item, the house like I do? I think giving the house back it's history makes people appreciate it more -- it becomes more than shelter and takes on its own life. I'm sure you will discover things in your new old home. Consider how disappointing it will be if you find none.
DeborahOur house was sold to us by the original owner and his children. Like you, the children/grandchildren took what they wanted and put the rest in a storage shed in the yard. They weren't able to move it all before closing so it conveyed with the house. There were lots of vintage/antique items that I can't believe no one wanted. My favorite was a huge antique mirror that we cleaned up a bit and placed over our fireplace.
ReplyDeleteMy house is about 160 years old. I was hoping to find cool things when we renovated. We haven't found anything.
It is a shame that her children didn't care about the "real" treasures. Perhaps her grandchildren or great grandchildren might some day...
BTW...I live in Canandaigua, NY...about 65 miles north of Horseheads, NY so I think the document is interesting.- firstname.lastname@example.com 24, 2010 at 1:03 AM
Just my thoughts, but if the children did not want these things then I am sure they will not want them later on.
I would say the new owners will probably buy based on location, I could be wrong but dealing in real estate most people buy for the location and the house is filled with their own things and any thing left behind becomes discarded.
I would ask the new owners if they want any of the old peices that were found in the house when you moved in and I would leave a few but I truly think that some have become a part of your family and should be taken with you.
I am sure the lady who passed away would want someone who will take good care of her belongings to have them,that would be your family.


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Currently I have two microcontrollers setup in which entire ports are connected to each other (P1.1 connected to P1.1, P1.2 connected to P1.2, etc). I also have two pairs of extra GPIO pins connected as signal lines.
What I want to achieve is a way to send and receive a byte in as little time as possible.
Let's assume that the master requests the slave to add 1 to a number and the slave responds:
Here's my code so far for the slave microcontroller:
SLAVEDATA equ P1
SLAVEACK equ P2.0
SLAVECMD equ P2.1
jnb SLAVECMD,$ ;wait for command
mov SLAVEDATA,#0FFh ;tristate to allow input
nop ;wait how many uS?
mov A,SLAVEDATA ;see what number came in
inc A ;add 1
mov SLAVEDATA,A ;produce result
setb SLAVEACK ;send acknowledgement
jb SLAVECMD,$ ;wait till remote lowers comand line
clr SLAVEACK ;clear acknowledgement
;transaction complete
And here's the code for the master:
MASTERDATA equ P0 ;Master's P0 connects to slave's P1
MASTERACK equ P3.0 ;Master's P3.0 connects to slave's P2.0
MASTERCMD equ P3.1 ;Master's P3.1 connects to slave's P2.1
mov MASTERDATA,#20h ;Set number to 32
setb MASTERCMD ;tell slave to increment
jnb MASTERACK,$ ;wait until its done
mov MASTERDATA,#0FFh ;tristate port to allow input
nop ;delay by how many uS?
mov A,MASTERDATA ;Get result here
clr MASTERCMD ;tell slave were done
jb MASTERACK,$ ;wait until slave understands this
While I believe this code mostly works, I'm just not sure how long to make the program wait between the time the port pins are set to high and the time valid data is read on the pins.
If I don't wait at all, then I will get incorrect data. I believe it has to do with the FET's inside my AT89C4051 and AT89S52 that I am using but the manual does not indicate how long I should wait.
Both micros have the same crystals, capacitors and PCB track arrangements for the crystals and capacitors.
Each capacitor is 33pF ceramic
Each crystal is 22.1184Mhz which came out of the same package
Each PCB track in which the leads of the crystal are connected to is 1.9mm wide.
How do I calculate the minimum number of NOPs in my code so that valid data can be captured on the port pin after tristating it?
Also, because each micro has the same clock driving circuitry, could I replace the stalls (waiting for acknowledgements for example) with three nops? or will I still experience a minor clock drift?


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The Manufacturing Procedure of Raw Unrefined African Shea Butter
Shea butter is available on a very wide scale in Africa and it has long been used for skin care and hair care as well. Shea butter in its raw form can serve as an effective hair conditioner and skin moisturizer. In Africa, shea butter is also used for making candles, coating products made of wood and for preparing food. Shea butter contains the basic nutrients required by the skin to stay in perfect condition. It is only because of this reason that the use of raw unrefined African shea butter has increased throughout the world. It is one of the most common ingredients being used in almost all sorts of cosmetics being manufactured these days. However, it is to be noted that all the different varieties of shea butter available in the market are not the same. In order to get the best benefits of products made using shea butter, it is important for you to have a basic understanding of the difference between ultra-refined, unrefined and raw shea butter. At African Fair Trade Society you can get this product with very low price.
The Basic Procedure of Making Shea Butter
You will be able to understand the difference between unrefined, ultra-refined and raw shea butter by getting a clear idea about the manufacturing procedure of shea butter. Shea butter is actually obtained from the nut found inside the fruit borne by Shea Trees. These nuts are quite large and they appear very similar to chestnuts. There is a step-by-step procedure followed in drying, crushing, roasting and then grounding the nuts to be kneaded into shea butter.


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ERIC Number: ED461819
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 2002
Pages: 17
Abstractor: N/A
Impediments to Enhancing Availability of Mental Health Services in Schools: Fragmentation, Overspecialization, Counterproductive Competition, and Marginalization. ERIC/CASS-NASP Premier Partnership Paper.
Adelman, Howard S.; Taylor, Linda
Concerns about enhancing availability and access to mental health services in schools range from sparse resources to the proliferation of piecemeal and overspecialized interventions arising from categorical funding. This paper discusses such concerns and stresses that they must be addressed from a perspective that fully appreciates the degree to which school policies and practices marginalize student support programs and services. Changing all this is discussed in terms of reframing school reform to fully address barriers to student learning. Finally, a proactive agenda addressing the implications for new directions for pupil personnel professional is suggested. (Contains 40 references.) (Author/JDM)
Descriptors: Counseling Services, Counselors, Delivery Systems, Elementary Secondary Education, Mental Health Programs, Mental Health Workers, School Health Services, School Policy, School Restructuring, Student Personnel Services, Student Personnel Workers
ERIC Counseling and Student Services Clearinghouse, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 201 Ferguson Building, P.O. Box 26171, Greensboro, NC 27402-6171. Tel: 800-414-9769 (Toll Free); Fax: 336-334-4116; e-mail: email@example.com. For full text: http://ericcass.uncg.edu/naspERIC.pdf.
Publication Type: ERIC Publications; Reports - Evaluative
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: ERIC Clearinghouse on Counseling and Student Services, Greensboro, NC.; National Association of School Psychologists, Bethesda, MD.
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A
Note: Document prepared especially for the National Association of School Psychologists National Convention (Chicago, IL, February 26-March 2, 2002).


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Xinhua Net: The World Health Organization (WHO) launched its updated edition of drinking water guidelines here on Monday to push water suppliers to systematically manage the potential risk of contaminants entering water, from the catchment to the consumer.
The WHO said the new guidelines, launched at the Singapore International Water Week, can help governments strengthen their management of drinking water quality by adopting water safety planning.
"Countries have an opportunity to make substantial public......
Read Complete Article at Water Conserve: Water Conservation RSS Newsfeed
WHO releases new guidelines on drinking water quality
Posted by Xinhua Net: None Given on July 5th, 2011
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The present invention relates to assay assemblies, components of assay assemblies, methods of determining one or more properties of a sample liquid, and methods of making components of assay assemblies. The present invention allows the properties of very small volumes of sample liquid to be probed, by providing a first surface having at least one sample liquid wettable surface region defined by a sample liquid repelling boundary, and a second surface, opposed to the first surface, having analyte binding agent immobilised thereon.
Original language | English |
Publication status | Published - 26 Sept 2013 |


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White Matte Agate and Gold Beaded Bracelet
- Regular Price
- $ 26.00
- Sale Price
- $ 26.00
- Regular Price
Sold Out
- Unit Price
- Translation missing: en.general.accessibility.unit_price_separator
Shipping calculated at checkout.
White Matte Agate and Gold Beaded Bracelet
White matte Agate beads accented with gold rings and gold crystal and gold polished faceted beads.
Center beads measure 8mm amongst 6mm beads.
Stretch bracelet.
Great for layering!
Due to the many variations in monitors and browsers, color may appear different on different monitors


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2016 — named to UI Dean's List… Academic All-Big Ten… did not compete… letterwinner
2014-15… Competed with the 1V4+ crew as coxswain at the Head of the Des Moines… competed with the V8+ crews against Indiana and Kansas in the fall… competed with the 3V4+ crew at the Big Ten Double Dual, B1G/Big 12 Challenge, and the Big Ten Championships… helped the team finish second at the B1G/Big 12 Challenge… helped the team to a sixth place finish, the second highest scoring performance at the Big Ten Championships in program history, and the highest since 2003.
2013-14… Coxswain of the 2V4+ that earned Big Ten Boat of the Week recognition after finishing first (7:40.60) in season-opening competition at Clemson… guided the 2V4+ crew to a third place (8:09.20) result in Iowa's home opener at Lake MacBride, 15 seconds ahead of fourth place Indiana… came in second (8:49.10) and first (8:05.40) in day one and two, respectively, of the Clemson Invite… ended the regular season with a first place result (7:53.70) by 35 seconds at Tennessee… concluded the year with a sixth place finish (7:55.662) at the Big Ten Championship at Eagle Creek Park, finishing more than eight seconds ahead of seventh place Michigan State.
Before Iowa… Participated in club gymnastics… national qualifier in 2010… place fourth on uneven bars, eighth on floor, and sixth in all-around… four year honor roll member… club coach was Teri Crumley
Personal… Born August 12, 1994 in Chicago… daughter of Tim Chambers and Donna Primack… mother, Donna, is an Iowa alum… elementary education major.
Why Iowa… I chose to attend the University of Iowa because I loved the overall atmosphere of the campus and all of the people here made me feel welcome instantly. It gives me the experience of a Big Ten school, while also giving me the comfort of knowing that I can have individual help and small class sizes if I need them. Additionally, I have always been a Hawkeye fan because my mom attended the university in part of her undergraduate years.


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VideoScribe Crack Free Download
Table of Contents
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President Trump tells supporters why he didn't want a "poor person" running the economy https://t.co/7eshI3B0Ng pic.twitter.com/DHWoEv1LNg— CNN (@CNN) June 22, 2017
President Trump tells supporters why he didn't want a "poor person" running the economy https://t.co/7eshI3B0Ng pic.twitter.com/DHWoEv1LNg
By Jeffrey Rodack | Thursday, 22 June 2017 09:25 AM EDT
President Donald Trump strongly defended his selection of wealthy former executives to keys posts and said he just doesn't want a poor person running the economy.
"I love all people — rich or poor — but in those particular positions, I just don't want a poor person," he said at a rally in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. "Does that make sense? If you insist, I'll do it — but I like it better this way."
CNN noted Trump named billionaire Wilbur Ross as commerce secretary and former Goldman Sachs executive Steven Mnuchin was named Treasury secretary
"Somebody said, 'Why'd you appoint a rich person to be in charge of the economy?'" said Trump. "I said, 'Because that's the kind of thinking we want.'"
And he added: "They're representing the country. They don't want the money. They're representing the country. They had to give up a lot to take these jobs. They gave up a lot."
He noted chief economic adviser Gary Cohn, a former Goldman Sachs president, was at the rally with him.
"When you get the president of Goldman Sachs, smart," Trump said. "Having him represent us, he went from massive paydays to peanuts."
Newsweek reported Cohn left Goldman Sachs with a $285 million payout.
His net worth is at least $600 million, according to financial disclosure forms, the magazine reported.
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By Kayla Nelsen
A Harvard historian's book about slavery in Detroit- – the last stop on the Underground Railroad – examines how that history was influenced by the region's geography.
Author Tiya Miles, a Cincinnati-born history professor at Harvard University, recounts how the European settlement of the Detroit River and the economic ventures in the "City of the Straits," shaped slavery in Michigan. The fertile trade connection to the Great Lakes was ultimately an invitation to settle for fur traders who were slaveholders..
The Dawn of Detroit: A Chronicle of Slavery and Freedom in the City of the Straits (New Press) was published in 2017. It is among the books selected by the National Museum of the Great Lakes to launch Toledo institution's new regional book club.
Recently Great Lakes Echo caught up with Miles. While she declined to be interviewed, she agreed to answer questions by email. The following are her responses, edited for length.
Echo: How did growing up in Ohio, in the Great Lakes region, influence you?
Miles: I grew up in Cincinnati, a city dependent on and culturally marked by the Ohio River. However, I never really thought of the river as an important entity or aspect of my environment until I read Toni Morrison's Pulitzer prize-winning novel, Beloved, about an enslaved woman's escape across the Ohio River.
I read that novel for the first time in a college class on Black women's history, but it would take three reads and graduate school before I felt that I had a grasp of its many layers and insights. As I reflected on the Ohio River as a permeable liquid boundary between the "slave states" and "free states," I began to think more about the meanings of waterways to Midwestern communities and to African American history and to imagine the potential for these historic rivers to contribute to empowered identities and shape a sense of eco-cultural consciousness that might strengthen collective resilience in the present and future.
Echo: What does your work in environmental humanities entail?
Miles: I am interested in exploring the role of nature and the environment in U.S. culture and history, especially with regard to Black and Native American women's ideas and actions of the past. I am also committed to creatively exploring geographical and ecological questions and issues in public facing humanities projects, such as the ECO Girls project and Mapping Slavery in Detroit project.
The Detroit slavery map and website developed into my book, The Dawn of Detroit: A Chronicle of Slavery and Freedom in the City of the Straits. That book begins with the geography and topography of the Detroit River and with the environmentally based economic enterprise of beaver fur trade in and around Detroit.
Echo: How are Native American and African American history intertwined in the Great Lakes region?
Miles: There are multiple strands of interrelationship between Black and Indigenous peoples in Great Lakes histories. One of those strands is enslavement, since members of both groups – in the case of Native peoples, we are talking about multiple nations within this generalized reference to "groups" – could be held, traded and sold as slaves by Europeans in the region.
I detail this complex circumstance and how it changed over time as well as describing a diversity of experiences of bondage in The Dawn of Detroit.
Another strand of interrelationship was marriage and family formation. For readers who want to learn more about this subject of interrelated histories, I recommend an excellent new book by the Ojibwe historian Michael Witgen: Seeing Red: Indigenous Land, American Expansion, and the Political Economy of Plunder in North America. A key figure in Seeing Red is the Afro-Ojibwe fur trader and political actor George Bonga.
Echo: What was the most poignant thing you found in your research for The Dawn of Detroit?
Miles: I was disturbed and saddened to uncover the extent of the enslavement of Indigenous women and girls in Detroit. Native American women made up the largest subgroup of enslaved people mentioned in the St. Anne Church records in Detroit, a major primary source for my research. There is ample evidence indicating that these women and girls were subjected to sexual abuse and coercion, as were Black women in the slaveholding South. Numerous babies with no recorded fathers were born to enslaved Indigenous women in and around Detroit; these children were unfree because they followed the condition of their mothers.
It is, at the same time, important to note that sexual relationships between European men and Indigenous women did exist on a spectrum. Sometimes intimacies and marriages were chosen by free Indigenous women. Through the exploitative "possession" of Native women and girls, as well as through consensual cross-cultural couplings and marriages, French, British, and American male settlers in Detroit were able to maintain their households and farms, increase their access to Native communities for trade and political purposes, procure and produce commercially appealing trade items, and more.
Echo: What do you hope readers take away from The Dawn of Detroit?
Miles: I hope readers appreciate that the system of slavery and contributions of enslaved people – both Native and African American — were essential to the development and success of Detroit as a fur trading post and to Detroit's identity as an American place in the years preceding the War of 1812.
I also hope readers see that what happened in Detroit didn't stay in Detroit, to borrow a familiar tagline. Pressure from merchant-elites and Michigan territorial leaders in Detroit, along with the desires of federal officials in Washington, led to the dispossession – through treaties born of histories of violence – of Potawatomie, Ojibwe, and Odawa people in and surrounding Detroit, and later across the state.
The influence and wealth of some of Detroit's earliest merchant-slaveholder families contributed to the establishment of the University of Michigan in 1817. The state of Michigan and city of Detroit benefitted from the losses of generations of Native and Black families, which is sobering to consider.
The Dawn of Detroit, published by the New Press, is available online and in bookstores in hardcover, paperback, Kindle and audiobook editions.


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A PUB hit by a drop in takings may be closed if it doesn't pay a £2,200 electricity bill, a court heard yesterday.
Llandudno Magistrates were told that Y Bedol pub landlord Keith Boothby owed the money to utility company Opus.
Opus representative John Christie told the court the last payment for electricity from the pub in Tal y Bont in the Conwy Valley was made on September 1 last year.
Mr Christie said he visited Mr Boothby on January 4 this year but Mr Boothby did not offer to pay the full amount.
Representing himself in court, Mr Boothby told magistrates his brewery owes Y Bedol £5,700 for work done on the pub, minus various fees and charges.
He said he could currently only afford to pay £500 or £600, but Opus wanted the full sum.
Magistrates authorised a warrant over the disconnection to be executed on Friday January 22. Bench chairman Philip Evans said: " Hopefully, the matter can come to a conclusion without the drastic effect of closing down the village pub."


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Acquiring and retaining customers is always difficult and costly for any kind of business. It is almost 5-25 times more expensive to acquire a new customer than it is to retain an existing customer. Additionally, a mere 5% increase in customer retention can increase company revenue by 25%-95%. So, retaining customers becomes a big concern for Saas companies as they want to improve their ROI at all times.
In a competitive industry like SaaS, this task becomes even more challenging. It doesn't offer a physical product that you can look at, touch, and sell using traditional marketing strategies. At an enterprise level, it is estimated that it can take anywhere from 6 to 18 months to go from the initial touch-point to a closed deal with these services, according to Semgeeks Digital Marketing Agency. Additionally, you have to constantly compete against and differentiate your product from established traditional software licensing vendors. That is why even after conversion, subscriber retention is extremely important in this industry.
Here are 5 digital marketing techniques that can help you maintain a higher subscriber retention rate:
Measure And Monitor Customer Engagement
SaaS solutions are an ongoing service by nature. So, you should ensure that your sales and support processes are always aligned to the customer's goals and add a constant value to them. If there are any changes in their goals, you need to modify/update your software to meet their growing needs. For this purpose, you can use behavioral analytics to determine usage rates and gain insights into customer information. It will help you make your customer engagement strategy more effective.
Always Sell
You can't afford to simply stay on your customers' radar in this competitive industry. That does not mean you have to pitch all the time to your customers. However, you need to prioritize customer service and sell the excellent relationship that you offer and the value your SaaS provides. In all your customer communication and interactions, they should not feel that you are not in tune with their needs, or else they might get vulnerable to sales overtures from your competitors.
Focus On Customer Feedback
Listening to your customers plays a much more important role in customer retention than talking to them. In your communication, you can use several effective tools to measure customer satisfaction. It will help you identify the problems your subscribers are encountering at the earliest stage and will allow you to immediately fix them.
Employ Case Studies During The Sales Process
With case studies, you can better demonstrate your product's ability to solve prospective customers' most protracted problems. If your customers understand how you communicate with them, prioritize customer service, and proactively troubleshoot problems, they will always know you are a good fit for them.
Reward Your Customers
One more effective way to increase customer retention is to incentivize the use of your SaaS. You can reward your active and long-term users to keep them engaged. You can offer them a free month, let them test new features, or create VIP tiers with discounts and other features. Rewarding your customers this way will increase their satisfaction level and reduce the risk of unsubscribing. Check out our Semgeeks Digital Marketing Funnel for technology and SaaS for more information.
While the number of competitors for SaaS companies starting around 2012 was less than three on average, this number increased to almost 10 by the end of 2017, according to Price Intelligently. Additionally, the number of products offering SaaS marketing solutions has increased from 500 in 2007 to 8,500 in 2017. In this stiff competitive market, retaining your customers is one of the best ways to increase your business's profitability. Contact Semgeeks Digital Marketing Agency to help your business grow!


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Fire Safety Act 2021
What is the new 2021 Fire Safety Act and what does it mean for your business?
The new Fire Safety Act was introduced in 2021 in the aftermath of the tragic events of Grenfell Tower, in which 74 lost their lives. The British government was under significant pressure from the public to introduce legislation to prevent a catastrophe of this kind from happening again, and so this bill was tabled and consequently passed. Prior to the introduction of the Fire Safety Act 2021, legislation had been based around the Reform Fire Safety Order of 2005.
The Fire Safety Act 2021: How did we get here?
Public outcry against a backdrop of the Grenfell Tower incident resulted in the commissioning of an independent report on fire safety in the UK. The findings of this report saw the Royal Institute of British Architects proposing that the current Fire Safety Guidelines were insufficient and putting forth a new set of recommendations to the government.
One such recommendation was the Fire Safety Bill, which outlines the duties of the 'responsible person' when managing fire risks. Unbelievably, this bill was rejected by the government five times before coming into law in 2021!
What does the Fire Safety Act include?
The act applies to all residential buildings in which there are "two or more sets of domestic premises." There is includes buildings of any height.
The act will give recommendations and new guidance on the responsibilities included in carrying out a risk assessment. The purpose of these guidelines is to help the responsible person assess and identify the risk to occupants – with a particular focus on the external areas of a building including cladding. It will be the responsible person's duty to conclude whether further fire prevention treatment is required for a building.
It also offers an amendment to the 2005 Fire Safety Order which now requires all responsible persons to manage, assess and reduce the risks of fire in areas including structure, the external of the building (including balconies and windows) as well as any areas of the building in common use.
Unlike the Fire Safety Order, the new act now allows fire and rescue authorities to enforce against non-compliance regarding external walls and common doors of a building
Why is The Fire Safety Act important?
The Fire Safety act insists that if the responsible person(s) fail to comply with its requirements, the fire service can enforce action. The introduction of the act places further responsibilities on the responsible person(s) and those who fail to comply with the guidance are liable to criminal prosecution or a fine. In short, the remit of a fire risk assessment has increased, and it is essential that these responsible persons(s) fully understand what is expected of them, and that they understand that if they do not fully understand this, there may be far-reaching legal consequences.
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With increasing pressure on leaseholders to adhere to fire safety regulations, never has there been a more important time to bring your fire prevention activity into the 21st century. Firecloud365 is a digital technology that manages fire safety in any building. We are widely acknowledged as the #1 choice for hotels worldwide, meaning we have experience in a wide range of multiple occupancy buildings.
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In this tutorial, We will be teaching you How to clean install Windows 7 without data loss? We urge you to read this article till the end to avoid any inconvenience and time wasting.
Watch Video Tutorial
How To Download Windows 7 ISO Image File Without Product Key?
You need to have a Windows 7 installation DVD or bootable USB flash. If you don't have one of both things, Download Windows 7 ISO image and create a bootable USB flash drive yourself.
Microsoft does not let you download Windows 7 ISO image file. Download this ISO image downloader. Click here to download.
It doesn't need to be installed. Just double click to open it up.
Tick mark Windows 7 August 2018.
Choose your desired version and language from drop down menu and click download.
How To Create A Bootable USB To Clean Install Windows 7?
Download is complete. You need to convert downloaded ISO image file to a bootable USB. Insert the flash drive with 8GB of disk space into a USB port on your computer.
Click here to download Rufus.
Open up Rufus.
Locate downloaded ISO image file We have downloaded earlier.
Choose MBR from Partition scheme drop down menu and leave everything default.
Click on start button to begin the process. Please keep in mind, this will remove all data stored in USB flash drive. We recommend backup your all data.
This process will take 5 to 10 minutes.
USB is now ready to use.
3 Important Things To Do Before Clean Install Windows 7
- Before you begin installing Windows 7, Please don't forget to do three important things.
- Move or transfer all data from drive C to another partition or storage device.
- Download all important device drivers such as Wifi, Ethernet, graphic and other drivers.
- Note down Windows 7 product key If you have. As well as Note down serial keys If you use any paid software. You can use any good key finder to extract license or serial keys.
How Boot From Bootable USB Flash?
You now need to enter the boot menu in order to boot from USB flash. There is a key, You can use to enter the boot menu.
How To Know What Is Boot Menu Key?
Usually F12 enters you boot menu, But It could be different in your brand or model. You can Google to know about what is the boot menu key of your brand and model.
Let's Begin Clean Installing Windows 7 Without Data Loss
Restart your computer.
Go to boot menu and boot from USB flash.
Press space or any other key to boot from USB drive.
Choose language and other things and click Next.
Click install now.
Check mark accept license terms and click next.
Click on custom advanced option.
Expand drive options advanced.
This step requires your full attention. Make sure you're formatting on-target partition. Your one wrong click could wipe out your data from other partitions.
Highlight Drive C or any other partition, where Windows is installed and click format.
Click OK.
The format is complete and the set up is ready for the final step. Click Next.
It's installing. It will take 10 to 20 minutes If hard drive's speed and health are normal.
After restart, Choose a username and PC name and click next.
Choose a password. You may skip if you don't want to set a password. Click Next.
Type in your product key to activate your copy of Windows 7. Otherwise You may skip the activation.
Click Next.
Choose your desired update settings. But this option is of no use. As you might know that Microsoft has stopped providing Windows 7 updates.
You click on Ask me later to exit this section.
Set date and time and click next.
Click on anyone of three options.
Congratulations! Windows 7 clean installation is complete. You now need to install device drivers, third party web browsers and your other desired programs.
Final Words
Hopefully this quick tutorial helps you clean install Windows 7 without data loss and without any annoying problems. In the comment section, You can ask Team Soft Suggester Or Simple Tutorials for any explanation and additional assistance. We will try to help you as soon as possible.
Do use the comment section, If you have got any question, feedback and suggestions.


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Civil Officer Law and Legal Definition
Any person who is appointed by the government and who holds executive, legislative or judicial authority is called a civil officer. A senator of the United States is not a civil officer.
Legal Definition list
Related Legal Terms
- Adjudicative Officer [Education]
- Administrative Officer
- Agreement Officer [Aeronautics and Space]
- Agreement on Trade in Civil Aircraft
- American Civil Liberties Union
- American Civil Rights Movement
- Antitrust Civil Process Act
- Appropriate TTB Officer
- Arduous of Hazardous Positions [Civil Service Regulations]
- Assaulting a Federal Officer