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Follow-up: Load Balancers and Session Stickiness
My Why Do We Need Session Stickiness in Load Balancing blog post generated numerous interesting comments and questions, so I decided to repost them and provide slightly longer answers to some of the questions.
Warning: long wall of text ahead.
Cool Stuff First
Lukas Tribus introduced me to PROXY, a protocol proposed by HAproxy team and now implemented by several major web servers. With PROXY a load balancer signals the original client's IP address to the application server, and because that information is sent before the original client payload, the solution works even when you terminate SSL sessions on the web server, or when IPv6 clients are accessing IPv4 servers.
Thank you!
Know Thy Problem
Lukas and David Barroso pointed out that you can enormously reduce the complexity of load balancing if you use source address hash to select the destination server. This approach works very well in practice assuming that:
- You're OK with round robin load balancing (potentially using static weights). If you feel you should adapt server load based on its responsiveness you need more complex solution;
- You're OK with occasional session loss, either user session loss – for example losing shopping cart data – or HTTP session disconnect, following a topology change (and rehashing).
There are solutions that minimize the impact of rehashing (like Microsoft's Ananta that I described in SDN Use Cases webinar, or what Fastly did). Yet again, these solutions do introduce complexity. There is no free lunch.
The Enterprise View
Many enterprise **application owners are not willing to accept the limitations of a scalable load balancing solution, so we can't use the simple approaches that introduce little or no state in the load balancing components. This is where the excellent set of questions asked by Steven Iveson comes in:
As most browsers open multiple 'parallel' connections to a single (V)IP/site, I wonder if the complexity introduced from a troubleshooting, tracing and monitoring POV are worthwhile. This might inform your thoughts around TCP and HTTP session equality btw.
More traditional web pages use a simple approach:
- Browser HTTP request triggers a script that creates the HTML page;
- HTML page references tons of additional resources (scripts, images, CSS stylesheets).
Dynamic web pages might start with a simple loader page (or a page showing some initial information) and download additional information in the background (see: AJAX).
In any case, based on information collected by HTTP Archive very small percentage of the payload needed to display a web page is HTML, and the user session state is relevant only to scripts executed on the web server, not to static resources (images…) downloaded from the web server.
Furthermore, web pages commonly download components from multiple domains anyway, which makes troubleshooting both easier (from load balancing perspective) and more interesting at the same time.
Ditto for the overhead of multiple servers being required to perform lookups against the shared state 'database'. Presumably they would have to do so for every request in case the state had changed (via a connection on another server). This obviously won't be an issue with HTTP/2.0 use.
HTTP requests are stateless, and HTTP/2.0 does not change that. Every single web server scripting environment uses the same base approach to implement session state in for the server-side scripts:
- Identify user session ID using a browser cookie or some other mechanism (URL parameter);
- Read saved session state (default: from a disk file, recommended: from a shared in-memory database);
- Execute the script;
- Save the modified session state.
Typical shared state database solutions use memcached or some other high performance in-memory key/value store. These solutions are usually fast enough – a single Memcached instance can handle 200K requests/second, and it's very easy to set up a share-nothing scale-out cluster.
HTTP/2.0 won't help much if you're using process- or thread-based web servers like Apache. These servers consume fixed amount of resources per connection and thus try to close client sessions as soon as the client stops communicating with the server.
The availability of the shared state 'database' itself needs to be addressed. So more HA considerations, more complexity, etc.
True. However, these tools tend to be surprisingly robust and easy to deploy. Also keep in mind that you're looking for best-effort high performance and not transactional consistency anyway.
The load balancer is required (for just the load balancing) anyway (although there are other ways) so why not avoid all the above issues? Perhaps the ability to not lose state when a server fails is enough of a benefit?
I firmly believe you should design your solution in a way that (A) minimizes complexity, (B) minimizes state and (C) handles whatever state is necessary in the right place and in optimal way.
Keeping application-level state in a network component is (IMHO) the wrong architecture, more so when it's relatively easy to get the right solution up and running.
As for not losing state, if you're looking for transactionally consistent user session state, then you need to store the session data (or the parts that matter, like shopping cart content) into a real transactional database.
The ridiculously expensive load balancer option is taken because that's what the CIO/org demand and allow themselves to be sold, not because it's what's needed. That's a whole different subject and problem.
In some cases, you're forced to buy the ridiculously expensive load balancer because that's the only way to make stuff handed over from development work. I just wanted to point out there are other options, so you might want to go and have a chat with app developers (or web server admins) and save your company some money and yourself some extra work (and wonderful troubleshooting experience).
OTOH, I know organizations who bought expensive load balancer instead of using open source software so they'd have someone to sue when it fails. At least some of those same organizations use open source software to run the applications. Go figure...
View from the Other Side
Dmitri Kalintsev (a long-time friend now working for a load balancing vendor) added the perspective from the other side:
Deviating somewhat from the topic of session stickiness and swinging to the question "why would you buy an expensive LB". I'd say there are reasons beyond just distributing traffic to backend nodes that prompt people to spill $$$. LB, or rather "ADC" can, and often does, provide a bunch of additional functionality that either doesn't belong in the app, or is shared. For example, generating server response performance metrics feed for your ops, URI request routing, WAF/DLP, SSO, etc.
As always, I agree with some of his arguments, and disagree with others:
- Generating performance metrics from a load balancer perspective is obviously a very good thing, as it's the device in the application stack closest to the user.
- I wrote about WAFs almost seven years ago and my perspective hasn't changed.
Implementing request routing in front of the application stack might make sense, but then you have to ask yourself:
- Where is your single source of truth?
- Where will you look when you need to figure out how the application stack works?
- Who configures the load balancer (and thus request routing) and who's responsible for what?
- How will you troubleshoot the application errors and how many teams will that involve?
Embedding load balancing and request routing functionality into the application stack makes perfect sense. The best way to implement it is to use a dedicated virtual load balancing instance per application.
Splitting application functionality across centralized devices managed by different teams is what we've been doing for years. We've seen the results, and they are not exactly encouraging.
On apps using open source: you're supposedly setting up an LB to protect your app users from backend failures, which is what your LB is there for. In my book this means that LB's availability is more important than that of an individual scale-out backend server. Which means that you may see risk profiles differently, and be more willing to pay for one and not the other.
That's a perfectly valid argument, but so far I never heard it from end-customers when I asked them that same question. It's also interesting that most people running large-scale web properties use simple open source load balancers.
It seems "it depends" is still the correct answer ;)
More information
You might find the load balancing section in Data Center 3.0 webinar useful, and the slides for my university course are still online.
For a wider view focused on architecture and design, explore the Building Next-Generation Data Center course.
4 comments:
> Embedding load balancing and request routing functionality into the application stack makes perfect sense.
We're in full and complete agreement here. :)
Goes for the WAF, too. The patching argument you made in your linked WAF post is probably less relevant today with software appliances and deployment models that create complete application stack and do blue/green handover. -
Just to clarify my comment about HTTP/2.0 - I was referring to the fact that it only opens a single tcp connection to a site/fqdn and thus there's no need to accommodate for the likelihood of a single client having active connections to multiple different servers (and possibly changing state via those connections).Replies
While I completely agree with that, do keep in mind that Apache-based web servers tend to close connections quickly (because idle connections burn threads), so the next request from the same user might open a new HTTP/2.0 session
Yes indeed, although just using the same settings and not adjusting an Apache configuration to accommodate the differences between how 1.1 and 2.0 work wouldn't be wise. That won't stop many though. Cheers


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Molly Taylor is the daughter of Australian rally car driving; her mother, Coral, is currently co-driving with four times Rally Champion Neal Bates and her father, Mark, was a top tier driver for years.
It wasn't until Mark Taylor put her behind the wheel on a rally track at age 16 that she discovered a passion for the unruly challenge that is rally car driving. In the ten years since that day Molly has travelled internationally racing rally cars and becoming the fastest female rally driver on the planet.
Taylor has been a Kumho Tyre Ambassador for two years and so we sat down with her to speak about what drives her racing, the challenge of being a female in a male dominated sport and why Kumho is her tyre of choice.
Kumho: Molly what happened that first day on a rally track that sparked a passion to race?
"It was the feeling of the car moving underneath me. The surface is unpredictable and that sensation, when the car is sliding around and being in control of the slide, is an addictive feeling. It's not like a race track where you learn the braking marker and perfect it. Every rally we go to the surface is different between each stage and each corner so it's a lot of feel that you can only learn through experience. It's a tough sport but that's what makes it so addictive, such a challenge and such a buzz when you do get it right."
Kumho: What's it like being a woman in a male dominated sport?
"I've always been female I have no idea what being a male would be like (Molly says laughing). I grew up in a household where my mum's full-time job was racing so my dad was the one that was dropping us to school and doing those household jobs. So racing was never a male dominated sport to me, I thought every mum was like mine."
Kumho: That is a great way to grow up are there differences in the sport between then and now?
"Since then I've found that the way I'm treated depends on how I approach what I'm doing. If I'm professional and put in the hard work and want to be there for the right reasons then people will respond with nothing but support and respect. That's always been really important to me - to be there because I want to drive and want to compete. When people see that my gender becomes irrelevant."
Kumho: Do you have a message for young female rally and racing enthusiasts?
"The great thing about motor sports is that at the end of the day the results do the talking. You can get caught up in what people think or what people say but if you want to be there and drive then that's all you need to focus on."
Kumho: What has kept you partnering with Kumho each year?
"I'm really happy this is my second year as an ambassador with Kumho Tyre, last year was in the Australian Rally Championship and it was fantastic to join the Kumho Family. You've been a fantastic supporter of rally and that's one of the things I really love about the brand. Also Kumho have a great range of tyres that we use on the rally stages and you're so passionate to keep developing performance. Then on the everyday roads Kumho have a range diverse enough to cater to SUVs, 4WDs and your family cars."
Kumho: Do you have a favourite range of tyres for everyday driving?
The Eco Range are my favourite to use on the roads. Not only do they improve environmental impact they also save everyone money. Kumho tyres are what connect you to the road so you want them to save you money but you also want them to keep you safe! That technology built in is really important to me."
In the first event of the season Taylor will be the only female driver in a 40-person field. What's really great is that this incredible feat won't be congratulated until after the dust has settled. Because looking through the windscreen and the helmet you won't recognise her - and that performance based result is the way she wants it.

subset: commoncrawl


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Chosen by God!
"So faith comes by hearing [what is told], and what is heard comes by the preaching [of the message that came from the lips] of Christ (the Messiah Himself)." (Romans 10:17 AMPC)
You can doubt in your mind but faith in your heart will overrule the doubt in your mind!
This is why it's so important to have a strong foundation of faith!
Join me this evening, 7:30pm - 9:00pm, at Interactive Bible Study on the Green where I will continue in our series, "Faith ABC's - Agree with God, Believe God, and Concentrate on God!"
I will be teaching on how to build your faith. Remember, Hebrews 11:6 tells us:
"But without faith it is impossible to please and be satisfactory to Him. For whoever would come near to God must [necessarily] believe that God exists and that He is the rewarder of those who earnestly and diligently seek Him [out]." (Hebrews 11:6 AMPC)
Let's please him be strengthening our faith together, studying His Word!
This Bible study will take place at Victor's on the Green, a restaurant located on the Heron Lakes Golf Course. The address is:
Victor's on the Green at Heron Lakes 7900 North Sam Houston Parkway West Houston, TX 77064
"Now faith is the assurance (the confirmation, the title deed) of the things [we] hope for, being the proof of things [we] do not see and the conviction of their reality [faith perceiving as real fact what is not revealed to the senses]." (Hebrews 11:1 AMPC)
Be Encouraged! ❤
Leisa Wilkins Ministries
"Encouraging and Empowering you to become who God created you to be, God's Masterpiece, a Divine Original!"
Pastor | Author | Bible Teacher | Speaker | Encourager


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Canada Funds Law Enforcement Training
Basseterre, St. Kitts – Nevis
April 20, 2009
As part of the on-going implementation of the Canadian funded training project for law enforcement and security officers two one week training exercises will be conducted here from 20 April, 2009. This recent training is being facilitated by Mr Paul Jolicoeur and Gordon Gregoire (RCMP retired) as they conclude the RCMP component of the Project.
The first week of training to be conducted from 20th to 24th April,, 2009 will focus on Systems Approach to Police Training. The target audience will be Trainers/Instructors in the police and security forces. Special focus will be on curriculum development of the police training, reviewing the processes and content to ensure that they reflect current realities locally and internationally adopting best international practice and procedures. Topics will include following:
- The training cycle
- Research module
- Design module
- Delivery module
- Testing module
- Civil liability in police training
- Research module
- Evaluation module
- Cost analysis
- Population analysis
The second week of training, 27 30 April, 2009 will see the formal introduction by the police of its Community Policing Training Programme. This effort is designed to provide awareness and sensitization to all its officers. To this end Mr Jolicoeur will deliver a series of training sessions to a wide cross section of police officers in both St Kitts and Nevis in Community Policing orientation. This is expected to take the form of three half day sessions two in St Kitts and one in Nevis. Community Policing strategies and concepts will be taught to all new police recruits at the police training school as part of their initial training and will be a regular component of their training from here on.
Police Press and Public Relations Office


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Data Gumbo Talent Spotlight: Denyel ReneVillia
One of our most recent additions to the expanding Data Gumbo team is Denyel ReneVillia, Director of Customer Success.
Denyel joined Data Gumbo from Silverline, a Salesforce implementation partner headquartered in New York City. She has robust experience leading digital transformation projects and developing powerful results-driven methodologies that leverage best practices for a range of clients across the nation. In her role as Solution Architect and Manager, Denyel supported customers in the implementation and adoption of enterprise-wide software solutions while consulting on business process improvements and change management strategies.
Prior to that role, she was the Manager of Salesforce Products for Love's Travel Stops where she partnered directly with Salesforce to lead the first US-based Accelerated Digital Transformation. The goal of this project was to implement multiple Salesforce cloud solutions across the entire portfolio of Love's companies. These business units included the Commercial, Factoring, Transportation, Commodity Supply, Customer Loyalty and Retail divisions.
Before joining Love's, Denyel served as a Business Analyst for Williams, a mid-stream transportation company, where she was responsible for building out the Salesforce platform for the Commercial, Engineering and Construction teams.
In this blog feature, Data Gumbo adds Denyel to the lineup of talent spotlight blogs including:
- Dinika Byrappa, Product Manager
- Henry Le, Associate Solutions Consultant
- Jack Gibbs, Director, Commercial
- Anna Brown, Director of Knowledge Transfer
Welcome Denyel! We are happy to have you here.
Tell us more about customer success and the role you play.
Customer Success is a relatively new name for an old concept. Companies have known for a long time that it's important to make the customer happy but the discipline of Customer Success takes it a step further to make sure that a solution is as impactful and valuable as possible. Customer Success really begins after a product is purchased. At Data Gumbo, my team and I are responsible for the successful implementation of GumboNet, as well as the training that our customers need to be successful, but that's just the beginning. We also keep customers educated on new product features, make sure they are ready for the latest release and work with them to find new ways to use GumboNet to maximize the value of their investment.
I notice you have done lots of work with Salesforce implementations in the past. How does GumboNet differ from Salesforce and how are they the same?
I've spent most of my career helping companies build out solutions using Salesforce products because I realized that while Salesforce was originally focused on CRM functionality, it was at its core a platform. It's really just a framework where a myriad of other custom solutions can be built. When I learned about Data Gumbo, I instantly saw that same potential in GumboNet. While GumboNet is supported by blockchain technology and Salesforce isn't, both companies aim to streamline and automate business processes. GumboNet automates the terms of a contract and delivers transactional certainty between counterparties, thus filling a universal need.
How do you ensure an excellent experience at Data Gumbo?
We really listen to our customers to find their pain points and the business use cases that are cumbersome for them. Once we know that, we walk them through the process of implementation and educate them along the way so they are empowered to build their own solutions going forward using our network as a base. In Customer Success our work is never done. We always nurture our relationships to make sure that our customers get all of the value possible from our network.


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art cards
The folded art cards (18 by 13 cm) include a real photograph of an art work of mine. You can send them to a friend as a very special greeting card. With their passepartout, they are also suitable for a small picture frame. The cards come signed by hand and are wrapped individually in a plastic cover for protection.
You can order cards directly and easily in my online shop. I'm sorry but currently only on the german website, I am working on the english version, I promise.
Prices: Each Card costs € 4,50 plus shipping fee.
If you order 3 cards or more, the price goes down to € 4,-.
Please inquire for purchase prices if you sell post cards.


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On this page, we share a variety of resources that we have found to be valuable with regard to diversity, equity and inclusivity.
Diversity in Academics
Diversity in Academia's growing website focuses on the benefits of diversity in academia and resources for increasing the diversity and inclusivity of academic environments. Scientific studies and media reports are referenced.
The Campaign for Southern Equality's website provides a guide to health-related resources and services for trans people living in the South. Available in English and Spanish, the Campaign's team has confirmed all of the providers listed are trans-friendly and trans-competent.
Children's Books
We Need Diverse Books is an excellent website to find books for children of all ages on an array of diversity-related topics.
Older Adults
APA's Multicultural Aging Resource Guide (helpful resource hub)
Journal Articles
Clinical Gerontologist Volume 42, 2019 - Issue 2: Identifying the Needs of LGBTQ Older Adults: From Research and Practice to Education: Two, Four, Six, Eight, Don't Assume Your Grandma's Straight: The Intersectionality of Aging and Sexual Minority Status
Ageism Resources
- Leading Age
- ASA Reframing Aging - (designed to combat ageism)
- World Health Organization
Local Resources
- Center for Positive Aging
- ZAMI NOBLA (National Organization of Black Lesbians on Aging - based in ATL)


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Tune in: Apple Podcast | Spotify | Anchor
Please don't forget to subscribe & give us 5 stars! ⭐✨ Thank you, friend.
Hey! Are you tired of people pleasing?
Click here to learn the #1 way to build your confidence muscle & become who you're meant to be, not who everyone else wants you to be.
Having trouble amplifying your voice at work?
Whether you are already a leader at your workplace or are looking to step into a leadership position, making sure your voice is heard is extremely important.
On today's podcast we hear from Christina Stathopoulos, a certified women's leadership coach who helps women in the workplace amplify their voices.
We'll be answering questions such as:
What does it mean to be a leader?
What does a healthy relationship with feedback look like?
How can leaders benefit from receiving feedback?
How can we solve selfish ignorance?
Why is trusting my team important?
What does a feedback loop look like?
What role does active listening play in leadership?
"If you're secure in who you are then feedback helps you grow. If you're insecure then feedback is very personal."
Let's talk about feedback. It can sometimes be hard to hear right? But it is SO important. Whether you work for someone or have people working for you, feedback is necessary to have open communication and goes both ways! Regardless of your position in work, you will find yourself faced with feedback.
It's up to you whether or not the feedback makes a negative impact on you and is taken as a personal attack or if you use it to your benefit and as a way to grow. That's the difference between having a healthy or unhealthy relationship with feedback. This unhealthy relationship can lead to an ignorance. It's the kind of ignorance we find ourselves in when we stop or give up on educating ourselves because it makes us feel too uncomfortable or stupid so instead we continue to remain stagnant. Don't let that happen to you!
"We were born and bread on achievement culture."
Don't let achievement culture take away your enjoyment. Everyone likes to "win" in whatever they do, but there is a point at which this winning mindset is more of a detriment to your life than it is a good thing. This can especially become an issue when we talk about leading in the workplace.
So many women in the workplace have trouble getting their team to listen to them. You can't control another person's actions, but you can control your own. Trust is a key component here because if we don't trust our teammates to get a task done but we know that we trust ourselves, we end up doing all of the work because we know we can. This in turn shows our teammates that they don't need to put in as much work because they know that we will do it all. Giving and receiving feedback and trust are what break this cycle.
"There is such an opportunity to sit back and listen."
Active listening is necessary in the work place. We all need to show up inquisitive of how others do things and truly listening to what others have to say. Active listening and receiving feedback go hand in hand.
A person may think that they're great at listening to feedback because they don't react negatively to it. However, if you're just waiting for the person giving you feedback to be done so you can brush it off, that still has no benefit to you. Engaging in the conversation and responding to what is said to you is what's going to help you grow.
Don't just assume it's on you to have all the answers all the time. Practice listening and learning from others as much as you practice trying to assert or be heard yourself.
Today's Action Step: Practice noticing how many conversations you have where you are really listening to the other person.
Check out the Emergent Strategy by Adrienne Maree Brown
Christina Stathopoulos, is the Founder and Head Coach of Hear Her Roar. She is a Professional Certified Coach and International Speaker dedicated to coaching women's leadership and amplifying their voices.
Christina has degrees with high honors in Chemistry and English from Mount Holyoke College. In addition to her private practice, Christina also serves as a Leader in Training of Accomplishment Coaching's Coach & Leadership Training Program.
You can connect with Christina on IG @hearxtinaroar or on her website hearherroar.net


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AdvaMed and Georgia Bio Send Letter to Natural Resources & Environment Committee Related to Ethylene Oxide
On behalf of the Advanced Medical Technology Association (AdvaMed) and Georgia Bio, we wrote to the Natural Resources & Environment Committee to share our comments on Senate Bill 426, being considered by the legislature, related to ethylene oxide. As you may know, billions of medical devices each year in the U.S. are sterilized using ethylene oxide. The direct impact of severe restriction on the ability to sterilize medical devices could compromise the medical device industry's ability to provide a consistent, stable, and safe supply of medical supplies to patients nationwide during the COVID-19 pandemic.
As the threat of antimicrobial resistance to disease-causing, mutating microbes continues to rise in the U.S. and around the globe, now more than ever, we need to ensure the medical and surgical equipment health care providers use is sterile. Ethylene oxide allows sterile surgeries to happen.
Please click here to view the full letter to the committee.


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Argentina National Team coach Jorge SAMPAOLI had a lot to say about the Argentina team, from Lionel MESSI to Gonzalo HIGUAIN to much more.
With qualification secured and two friendly matches (supposed to be played) next month, SAMPAOLI has a beat of breathing room. Following the announcement of his latest squad to play Russia and a second team, the coach had this to say:
Jorge SAMPAOLI on Gonzalo HIGUAIN
"HIGUAIN is a player that's always present. He has nothing to prove. It'll be up to us to evaluate if HIGUAIN will be at the World Cup or not.
"Making sure that players are able to play with each other is a coach's job. I don't see it being that difficult for MESSI and DYBALA to be able to complement each other on the pitch.
Jorge SAMPAOLI on Argentina
"The friendly matches are confirmed. We will play against Russia and we are in advanced talks for the second one. Argentina are in the elite. Germany Spain have the advantage becasue they've had the same ideas for years. A coach knows that one day he is insulted and the next he's not. I am aware of that. I had to complete the goal of a country who's main priority is football: That was to qualify.
"The list won't change much from the last one (domestic based list), it'll be four or five players from the domestic league. If there are players from Boca or River Plate, they will travel after the Superclasico.
Jorge SAMPAOLI on Lionel MESSI
"Leo brings what he always brings: Being the best player in the world. I've always had a Leo that was committed, amateur and full of emotions. I've been thrilled to see MESSI. Seeing him committed excites us all.
Jorge SAMPAOLI on Sergio AGUERO and others
"AGUERO gives us a chance of a partnership with Leo (MESSI) on the pitch. I also see him as a number 9. Today, we have the chance to pick among the best forwards in the world. The partnerships between players should be a lot.
"The obligation to win is something that has been generated in football. They've discarded the idea of losing. We must try to relieve the obligation to win and make the team feel happy.
"These matches will help us evaluate PEROTTI and KRANEVITTER. I see ROJO as a central defender and not as an attacking full back. But for ACUNA I do.
"The AFA President has always been by our side.
"I've come for this: To coach Argentina at the World Cup. A World Cup is totally different from the qualifiers. The obligation to win sometimes makes you doubt yourself. Now we have to prepare. We are going to be on top of every player to ensure they reach the World Cup in the best way.
"The World Cup draw brings in a mountain of emotions. It's very important to see what the group brings you. It's not the same to play an Italy or an England in the first round.


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But, such institutes are different. They are actual places that you can get trained and where you can get certified in various fields as far as medical practice is concerned.
One such center that you can go to if you want to learn about the subject matter of medical practice is the University of Phoenix. It is a very well known name in this field and that is why you can actually enroll yourself in this institute. After you get enrolled in this institution, you can actually attend classes at any time of the day. You can even start your career as soon as you complete your studies in this institute.
In this institute, you will be able to learn about all aspects of the medical field, including the legal aspects and everything else that goes along with it. There will also be courses that are taught in which you will learn how to be an internist or what is involved with that job.
Many people may also think that assessment centers are only there to make money out of you. That is not necessarily true. These centers will actually teach you how to better manage your time in a way that you can actually do better work.
Another reason that assessment centers are becoming popular is because of their training programs. You will learn how to conduct examinations on patients and how to analyze things from various angles. If you want to become a better doctor, then you will be able to do that.
You might even find some students who are interested in joining assessment centers, especially those who are going to do an internship in this field in order for them to have a solid foundation for their careers. You should be aware of the fact that this is also a good way for them to earn enough money to pay their way through college, too.
Do you know that you can actually get the training you need in this type of course and get the right path to your goals? This is a great way for you to learn the subject matter that you need in order to move forward and be a good doctor.
If you really want to know more about this, you can always search the Internet for websites that offer information about medical practices. There are actually websites that will help you get in touch with the most reputable ones in your area so that you can know what these centers have to offer you.
If you are really interested in what assessment centers have to offer, you can look into how you can get started. The best thing to do is to go online and research so that you can get the best information about how you can get started on the right track in this field.
If you are looking for the best assessment centers to join, then you should look into how many different ones there are in your area and which ones they are. There are many types that exist today.
What you should keep in mind is that there are some that are cheaper than others but not as good as the other ones. You will have to choose wisely depending on how much you can afford.
You will also want to read up on how you should treat assessment centers before you decide on any of these. These are important so that you can be sure you are doing the right thing in this area.


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away: 07 September 2000
This obituary has been written by Bernadette Conlon, a former student of Yashkevich and also an accordionist who is very visually impaired. Even so, Bernadette travelled from Australia to the Ukraine for lessons with Yashkevich in 1999 and lived in his home.
When I told people I had studied with Ivan Jashkewich, they would say "the Ivan Jashkewich?", so great was his legend. His transcriptions are renowned showpieces and have become standards in the advanced bayan repertoire. His students, who come from all over the world, proclaim his teaching through their music. Those who have been touched by him know his power, but for the rest, who exactly was he? In April 1999, I had the privilege to study with Professor Jashkewich, one of the world's most extraordinary accordionists. I had the great fortune to live with him and his wife Raya in Kiev, and to grow to know and love the man behind the legend. The following is based on discussions I had with him and the impression and impact he had on my life. I believe it is a unique perspective, as I was told I was the only student ever to be invited to stay with the Jashkewiches. Unfortunately, the biographical details are limited to my memory of conversations I had with him. They are not complete, but I feel that the accordion world should be made aware of his wonderful legacy. He was a true inspiration. Born in 1924, of Lithuanian parents, John Joseph Jashkewich spent his early childhood in the Bronx, U.S.A.. He was a normal, energetic, fun-loving boy, like millions of his age. At the age of nine, due to the great depression of the 1930s, he, along with his parents and his elder brother and sister, moved to Russia. They soon found that the conditions were much worse than in America, but the Iron Curtain had gone up and they were forced to stay there. Nevertheless, he survived these Spartan conditions, although his father died of appendicitis and inadequate medical treatment and his sister disappeared and was abducted by the Russians and taken to Siberia, only being released a few months before her death to be reunited with her family, as she was too frail to work. The trauma of these experiences left deep emotional scars on Professor Jashkewich and made him into the impenatrably strong character I came to love. As a small boy, he had played the harmonica, along with his father, but it was not until he moved to Russia that he began learning the bayan. These years, although fraught with tragedy, were essentially happy "we survived - we had to," he told me. At the age of 17, he went totally blind with Glaucoma, also as a result of inadequate medical treatment. He told me he believed it would never have occured if he were in the West. This meant that, at the age of 17, he had to learn Braille from scratch and became very proficient. As well as learning Braille music, incredibly, he taught himself the Russian, Lithuanian, German and English Braille alphabets and contractions, a remarkable feat. He was always fond of languages and read constantly. In his old age, and with the constraint of a heart condition, he turned to books more often. He received magazines from all over the world; music, current affairs and Readers Digest, and had many friends with whom he communicated. His other love was the radio. The Kiev radio played all day in the kitchen and he had a short wave radio in his bedroom. From it, he listened to music and caught up with current affairs around the world. It was through the BBC broadcasts that he kept up his English. He commenced his formal musical studies in Moscow and, (I believe) Moscow was his first post as bayan lecturer. His time in Moscow led to collaboration with, among others, Nicolai Tchaikin, of whose Sonata No. 1, he gave the premier performance. Here followed countless concert tours with orchestras, brass bands and other ensembles, accompanied by his devoted, visually impaired wife, Raya, herself a bayan student of Professor Jashkewich and a professional choir mistress. He spoke with great pride of the arrangement that was made of the Tchaikin Concerto No.1 for brass band. At concerts, audiences and critics alike were astounded by his intonation with the ensemble and were struck with disbelief that he was blind. As a concert artist, Professor Jashkewich devised his now famous transcriptions. He was the first Russian school bayanist to use the thumb of the right hand and his unbelievably difficult, Liszterian transcriptions remained his trademark. He spoke with pride and nostalgia of concerts where he had performed the whole set of Chopin Waltzes and/or Mazurkas. However, he was also a champion for his Russian and Ukrainian contemporaries. He gave inumerable radio broadcasts, which gained popularity for his instrument, as he was essentially a pioneer in his field. Although he played many transcriptions, he never tried to present works written for some other instrument as a work he had transcribed from the original, but played on accordion. His piano transcriptions, for example, never mirrored the piano, but brought out the beautiful sonorities of the accordion for what they were. This had remarkable results and many works of Beethoven or other romantic composers which may seem unaccordionistic, became possible. Unfortunately, few of his performances were recorded and by the time I came to know him, his heart condition was serious enough that he was forbidden from playing. Whilst studying with him, I learnt how important phrasing was. His meticulous attention to detail was incredible. Each phrase had to be carefully considered and then put back into context. His teaching style, also, was gruellingly unforgiving. He would tell me: "you play with your fingers, but not your head." Every note had to be scientifically scrutinized and the motion of playing with the correct touch and dynamics put into place, before any real emotion from the player could be added to the overall performance. Maybe this is normal precedure, but I have never found such attention to detail with any other professor/tutor with whom I have studied. It made me look at music in a completely different light. Life had taught him not to believe anything of which he wasn't sure. He saw things in black and white - good or bad. His intellegence led him to sum up a problem and draw a conclusion. This came through in his teaching. He would suggest ways to fix the problem and, if one idea didn't work, he would try again and again until he reached the desired result. Nevertheless, he had a human side as well. He took a keen interest in his students. His amazing memory stored the details of every student and he could tell you all about the family and what they wanted to do in the future. He kept in contact with many of his students and cared for their well being. But the person was always aside from the musician. When teaching, Professor Jashkewich had a single-minded, scientific approach. He also had an insatiable curiosity - a curiosity for life and for music. This is why his interpretations are so full, rich and complete. He would try every possibility. He also wanted to know all about what went on around him. If we walked to the Botanical Gardens, Raya would tell him everything that went on. He loved animals and was content with the simple things in life. He would smell the flowers and listen to the children playing. In music, this came through in the fact that there was simplicity in each layer of the interpretation. He was also immensely practical. He fitted the large, heavy deadlock to his front door, made the sliding door to the bathroom and fitted the front door bell, just to name some of the incredible things to which he turned his hand bearing in mind that he was totally blind. Their house was something in which they both took pride. He was a man who respected and listened to his contemporaries. He was a loyal friend and passionate about his teaching. But it was his strength of character that shone through. His courage was inspirational. Despite all odds, he became one of the world's greatest bayanists. Despite discrimination, (even in later years), because of his blindness, he became a famous artist. As a pioneer in his field, he was subject to criticism for fighting for recognition for the bayan. This made him strong beyond belief. Despite living in the former U.S.S.R. for 66 years, he still retained an interest in his homeland, America. He remembered different places he had visited as a child and asked about the Statue of Liberty. When he had left America, the statue was not yet affected by polution and he remembered it as being brown. He indignantly denied that it could possibly now have a greenish hue! He remembered ice-cream carts and Herschie bars he never saw again. After Glasnost, he applied for and finally, after four years, received an American passport. This was a great joy for him. Despite having a ticket to America, he realised that it would be impossible for him to go back, after so many years. The world had changed so much and it was impossible for an elderly, blind man to find his way around a country, the likes of which he had never seen. He also realised that it would be impossible for his wife to help him get around because, although she knew her way around Kiev, she did not speak English and everything would be new to her. Besides this, he realised he did not have enough money to travel and, even if he did, there were not many posts in America for him as a Professor. But there is no law against dreaming. Professor Jashkewich ended his dazzling career at the Ukrainian National Tchaikovsky University of Music in Kiev. Among his contemporaries at the University were Nicolai Rizol and Vladamier Besfamilnov, adding to a formidable team of early pioneers of the bayan. As a visually impaired accordionist myself, I appreciate, even more acutely, what his contribution has been. It may be nearly a cliche to say how even more phenominal his work was, knowing that he was blind. Blindness aside, he was a wonderful ambassador for our instrument. We can all learn from his strength and humanity. We will miss and remember you, Ivan Adamovich. Bernadette Conlon |
© Copyright 2000 Accordions Worldwide. All rights reserved. |


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Inergy is on a mission to "deliver affordable solar power to the world" and the company is well on its way, to say the least. From their office in Pocatello, Idaho, Inergy creates generators, solar panels and accessories that are quickly becoming some of the best in the industry.
Inergy's primary product, the Kodiak Solar Generator is portable and powerful. The Kodiak is 66 percent smaller than its closest competitor and weighs just 20 pounds. The compact generator can power a smartphone for over 100 hours, a tablet for over 40 hours, a laptop for over twenty hours, a microwave for 1 hour, a refrigerator for 33 hours, and a basecamp LED light for 183 hours. With that much power, it's no wonder The Kodiak has been used in so many ways. Inergy's customers use The Kodiak in tiny homes, camping, during power outages, while tailgating, and in disaster relief.
Recently, Inergy launched Empower Puerto Rico – an initiative to bring power to families affected by Hurricane Maria. Nearly 3.4 million residents were left without power after the hurricane. Inergy knew that they had to do something to help. In July, the company launched Empower Puerto Rico, where they donated a full kit to a family in need for every Inergy kit sold.
Since then, 46 families now have power thanks to The Kodiak and the Inergy customers that made the donations possible. Inergy is a company that is proud to be based in Idaho and provide affordable, renewable power to the world.


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After a day of glory, Telefix Communications Holdings Inc (OTCMKTS:TLFX) shed much of its previous day's gains. The stock of the company dipped by over 10% to $0.00340 after the impact of the news of the company's engagement with Verizon faded away. As many as 20.53 million shares changed hands during the last session.
The latest happening
The company published a press note last week, where it highlighted that it has embraced the Verizon's M2M (Machine to Machine) Network under an agreement. As a result of the deal, Telefix Communications Holdings Inc (OTCMKTS:TLFX) said that its users of documentation system and workflow process management will interact through machine to machine video communications.
Additionally, the company informed that its arrangement with Verizon will assist it to co-market products through sales distribution, which in turn, will enable industry leaders to provide the best of the solutions and mobile experiences to their clients. At the same time, the network will help the users to access remote work sites on a real-time basis.
Unappealing financials
Telefix Communications Holdings Inc (OTCMKTS:TLFX) proudly claimed that the agreement will help it to resolve day-to-day common issues that emerge in the service industries. The company's CEO Mezuan Norman stated that the agreement will be a 'game-changer' for them. He called it as an interesting development that will pave the way for the company to lead in a new direction. While all that sounds affirming, the company's financial direction is unfortunately not so appealing.
As per the most recent report, the company held only $250,000 in cash as on December 31, 2014 apart from $478,000 in current assets. These numbers are no match to the company's total liabilities of $1.2 million. Other than this, the company recorded quarterly revenues and net loss at $16,000 and $75,000 respectively. Such financial numbers are self-explanatory as to where the company is actually heading.


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1. What's your name and where are you from?
Hey, everyone! My name is Sherelle and I live in NYC. 2. What is your hair type? I'm mainly a 3C curly gal with a front middle portion of my edges that have a mind and curl of their own.
3. When did you go natural and what made you do it?
I decided to go back to natural in 2011 after being inspired on Tumblr by HeyFranHey. And also out of the sheer laziness of no longer wanting to spend my Sunday evenings frying my hair with a flat iron. 4. What was the most challenging thing about going natural? Finding products, establishing a routine, and figuring out which styles worked well with my lifestyle took quite a bit of time. I only figured out my hair could last in a wash n go for more than a day a year and a half ago and I've been natural for nearly five years! 5. What is your weekly regimen? I have more of an every-five-days-regimen right now, haha! Every five days, I cleanse/co-wash my hair, deep condition after every cleanse (ranging from 10 min-3 hours depending on time), apply a leave-in/curl styler, allow my hair to soak in the product and air dry for 30 minutes, diffuse, fluff, then go! 6. What is your daily morning regimen? While pretending to be the lead singer at a sold out concert and vibing to my music, I fluff my fro while my hands are coated in a hair oil. If my hair isn't feelin' it that day, I'll throw it up in my go-to half up-do and bang style. 7. What is your daily night time regimen? I tie a simple silk scarf around my hair to create a pineapple. 8. Do you use heat on your hair at all? About once or twice a year during the cooler months: Once to straighten and once to make a curling rod style.
9. Do you braid your hair? If so, how often do you do so in a year?
I create my own braided/twisted protective style without extensions about once a season. And once a year for the past two years I've gotten either box braids or Senegalese twists. 10. Wide-tooth comb or Denman brush? Denman brush all the way. Or, better yet, fingers. They're free! 11. Is your hair normally loose or in a protective-do? About 99% of the time, my hair is down in a wash n go style. 12. Have you ever had a hair tragedy? What was it? How did you recover from it? During my last texturizer (and you'll see why it was my last), I got burned so badly that I couldn't undo my doobie wrap the next morning since my scalp had oozed so much that my hair was stuck to it. LAST TEXTURIZER/PERM EVER. After that I stopped going to salons to get my hair straightened altogether and went down the route of self-care and I haven't looked back since. 13. What's your biggest tip for maintaining healthy or long hair? Consistency, moisture, deep conditioning, satin pillow cases, and trimming fairy knots/split ends. I know that's several tips but they're all super important! 14. Where can we find you online? (blog, Facebook, Twitter, YouTube etc).
Get your FREE ebook on How To Grow Long, Healthy Natural Kinky or Curly Hair.
Want to be featured as a Queen of Kinks, Curls & Coil? Here's how to apply. Leave a Reply. |
Who's The Queen of Kinks?You are! Everyone is the queen of their own kinks, curls & coils. On this blog you can enjoy the natural hair journeys of dozens of curly queens. Categories
December 2017


text: We are an active, non-smoking, semi-retired couple living in Sunset Beach, NC, USA. Jack was a university professor and a corporate exec in charge of global web design for a major computer company. Patti enjoyed a fulfilling career as a special eduction teacher. We have been homeowners and pet owners for many years, so know how to care for your home and your pets. We love to housesit to experience life from the local residents' perspective, rather than staying a hotels or B&Bs. We're interested in most locations and short- to long-term opportunities, so we'd love to hear from you. Jack & Patti Scanlon


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I just want to THANK YOU for your patience and confidence and walking us through this together. It's been a pleasure working with a PRO. I'd love to do another transaction with you down the road.
Again, many thanks!
John Williams
I just want to THANK YOU for your patience and confidence and walking us through this together. It's been a pleasure working with a PRO. I'd love to do another transaction with you down the road.
Again, many thanks!
John Williams
Annika has been a pleasure to work with. I've been in Real Estate for almost 20 years, and have had experience working with many different agents. Annika has been a team player, looking to find a winning solution for everyone and that has been a breath of fresh air. She has kept her sellers' interest at heart while I keep my buyer's best interest as the top priority. It is a delicate balance when an agent is able to do this well.
Thank you so much for the most beautiful transaction I have been involved with in a long time. Your level of
professionalism and care are so rare in this business. I am very grateful for your efforts in communication,
knowledge of contracts, and the handling and care you took with your clients and mine. We really put this together and
worked as a team so everyone was happy at the close of escrow. I look forward to many more transactions
with you.
Annika is not only an incredible Realtor, she is an even better person! She has so much integrity and works so hard to do the best job for her clients while building good relationships with her fellow agents.
I love Annika, she brought the buyers to my listing in Nellie Gail and got the deal done!! We also had fun doing it! She is so smart and always thinks outside of the box to make things happen!
First of all, let me say that it was a pleasure working with you again on another transaction. You make
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I hope to cross paths with you again on another transaction.


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Windshield repair…
…is accomplished with a high-tech resin that is cured with ultraviolet light in a similar fashion used by your dentist for durable teeth repairs. You'll want to fix that small chip or crack before it grows into a major safety hazard and costs you lots more than needed. Call us for all and any auto glass repairs! We also do window tinting for automotive, boats, residential and commercial windows.
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Register's Auto Glass has been replacing and repairing windshields for years. We've seen what other companies do to save a nickel. We've found customers' windshield frames that were cut with knives during windshield extraction and not properly sealed. These installations ultimately leaked and rusted the windshield frame on the car, causing hundreds of dollars of additional bodywork damage. Unfortunately, you'll never know that they skipped an important step until years later, and well, that's just not right. Rest assured that will not happen here.
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Osaka photo report
Published: by lloyd.
This Archive was originally published as part of Lloyd's blog which closed in 2008. Some of the links to other sources such as images, videos and external websites may be missing.
A photoreport of the Osaka concert can be found here at the Smashing Mag website.


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Sending Artwork
Have questions?
Raster Images (Bitmaps)
jpeg (jpg), tiff (tif), bitmap (bmp), or portable network graphics (png) to size at a minimum of 300 DPI or more. (600 dpi preferred)
Vector Images (Preffered)
pdf, svg, cdr, ai, plt, IL, eps vector (windows version) Postscript: eps, ps, pdf or prn (embed your fonts or send fonts or change fonts to curves, lines or paths)
Ryder Engraving uses a Windows operating system with the latest version of Corel Draw to produce graphics and art. Please save files appropiately for the Windows system.
A 300 dpi logo (dots per inch) at 100% to size or larger (600 dpi preferred) will produce a sharper, cleaner image. If you are not sure how to check your dpi… try printing your logo on your laser printer. If it dosn't have nice clean look, the dpi is too low and you need to have your art person or supplier make a new file.
Click image for a more detailed example.
Please do not send images or logos that you retreived from the internet. In most cases the images are only 72 dpi. A computer monitor only needs 72 dpi to produce a good looking image. A printer needs a minimum of 300 dpi to size to print a good, clean image. The better the camera-ready art the better your final product will look. Do not take a 72 dpi image and convert it to 300 dpi. The image will still only be 72 dpi. An additional charge may be incurred if your logo requires a lot of time to clean up, or if the colors need to be separated for screen printing.
Please use your company, university, or organization name for your file.
Ryder Engraving receives hundreds of logos per week… please do not name your file "logo". We might run into problems knowing which logo file belongs to whom. Please make sure no two logos have the same name. This will prevent the 2nd logo from being saved to the hard drive over the first "saved" logo. Example of file name (businessname.jpg). If you have more than one file with the same name put a number 2 on next file (businessname2.jpg) for the second logo.
If appropiate artwork can not be supplied Ryder Engraving can often recreate or sharpen the image. You may also send a printed copy and we can recreate a digital print ready version. A fee of $30.00 may be applied to fix or recreate the artwork.
Ryder Engraving creates hundreds of new logos for special events, trips, or company promotions. Send us your ideas and we can create art that will suit your needs. This will include the files needed for your local printer and will also be made to work on your computer. You can see some samples of our work by following the this link: Logo or Artwork Design.
The logos contained in this website are the property of the various corporations or entities shown. Their appearance in this website is not an indication of a endorsement of Ryder Engraving, but merely a representation of what Ryder Engraving is capable of producing.


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On August 30th, at 9:36pm EDT, the Sun opposes the Moon in 7.5 degrees of Pisces. The Moon in creative, free-flowing Pisces makes an opposition to the Sun in detail-oriented, practical Virgo — the entrance of the Moon into Pisces on Wednesday morning (Aug. 30th) starts the energetic build-up towards this Full Moon.
If you are currently a Member of my online community, you may also want to watch my video on the subject, here.
This is the third of four Super Full Moons in a row where the Moon is closer to the Earth, increasing its tidal and electromagnetic effects. It is also the second Full Moon in the same calendar month (in this case, August) and thus an example of the famous "Blue Moon"!
On Aug. 30th, we can ask ourselves: How far have we come since the Aug. 16th New Moon? What can we see now that was not apparent then?
This Full Moon has seven planets in Retrograde motion: Mercury, Venus, Saturn, Chiron, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. This indicates a strong need for inner processing and aligning ourselves with those planetary energies from within.
It's a necessary phase of re-evaluation, restructuring, and letting go. It also reminds us that internal shifts are required before changing our life or the world.
Often, things appear to slow down during a retrograde passage because internal shifts have to happen before we can progress; once a planet turns direct, though, we feel ready to move forward in that area of life.
Of those seven retrograde planets, Mercury & Venus will start to go direct in September (September 3rd & 15th); we will then get the opportunity to bring our inner discoveries to the outside world.
With this Full Moon, we are also dealing with an exalted Venus, Jupiter & Uranus — they are exalted because they are reducing their speed in preparation to change directions.
Venus in Leo comes to a halt on Sept. 3rd, ending her Retrograde phase that started on July 22nd.
To discover your own authentic Venus, feel free to get my webinar: "Venus Retrograde in Leo: Embracing & Expressing Your Venus Energy for Love & Abundance". Available for the Special Price of only $15 until Sept. 1st! (Valued at $98.00).
Jupiter in Taurus comes to a halt on Sept. 4th, starting its yearly 4-month Retrograde phase that will last until Dec. 30th.
Here, we are getting ready to re-evaluate old beliefs and perspectives or attitudes, as well as our cultural conditioning (Jupiter Retrograde in Taurus); between Sept. 4th and Dec. 30th, this will focus on our finances, our ability to create abundance and see ourselves as worthy.
For a more in-depth interpretation of how this applies to your own birth chart, join us live for the Forum on Friday, Sept. 1st, or get the mp4-video presentation of the live event. Either way, register here now (unless you are already a Star Member — in that case, you are automatically registered). Early Bird Pricing is still available until Aug. 30th at midnight EDT!
Uranus in Taurus comes to a halt only two days before the Full Moon becomes exact, on Aug. 28th!, starting its yearly 5-month Retrograde phase that will last until January 27th, 2024.
Since Uranus represents things like breaking away from traditional structures, moving towards a new future that serves others and ourselves, inner and outer freedoms, etc. — these themes will be in our awareness, for better or worse.
Ask yourself: If I'm being completely honest, how free do I feel with my body, finances, and talents? Am I honoring my individuality? My differences? Am I connecting to a larger vision for the future? Is anything holding me back?
Now let's address this Full Moon's polarities…
ALREADY A MEMBER? Scroll down & keep reading (make sure you are logged into your Member's account)!
GET IT ALL! Get the whole Forecast with all the Full Moon questions — as well as other awesome and exclusive content — become a site member (still, for the price of a cappuccino!) 😉
Do you have your Ascendant, Career Point (or personal planets) in 5-10 degrees of Pisces, Virgo, Gemini, or Sagittarius? If so, you are more affected by this Full Moon — this is also true for those of us who have our Ascendant or Sun-sign in Leo or Cancer (the Sun rules Leo; the Moon rules Cancer).
Sonja's passion is for connecting with people and helping them transform their lives. This led her to train as a life coach, in addition to her lifelong study of Astrology. With her Readings, her coaching and her Soul-Based Astrology Courses she aims to empower and support people in fulfilling their life's potential and aligning with Soul Purpose.


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Muncie Power Products Inc. introduces its RS6S-P89M Series rear-mount power take-off (PTO).
- Features integral hydraulic mount for structural support of hydraulic pumps up to 60 lbs. without additional transmission support
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I have a data.frame
and I want to write it out. The dimensions of my data.frame
are 256 rows by 65536 columns. What are faster alternatives to write.csv
2Either get a faster hard drive or, if your data can be converted to a matrix, use
. May 8, 2012 at 20:05 -
but when I first import it into R use read.table, it automatically uses dataframe, so I need to use as.matrix after I finished my calculation? May 8, 2012 at 20:16
1do you need to write it out as a CSV or could you simply save it as an RData object or other compressed form?– ChaseMay 8, 2012 at 20:28
I want the out files looks like a matrix, it will be have separated columns and rows. May 8, 2012 at 20:47
@lolibility - I guess my question is more around why you need it to look like a matrix? Are you going to be opening this in another program or feeding it into something else? Or do you just need to save so you can pull it up in R at a later date. As I show below, native R objects are faster to save and take up less space. For the example below, the CSV file takes ~275MB compared to ~80MB for the RData object.– ChaseMay 8, 2012 at 21:30
6 Answers
was contributed by Otto Seiskari and is available in versions 1.9.8+. Matt has made additional enhancements on top (including parallelisation) and wrote an article about it. Please report any issues on the tracker.
First, here's a comparison on the same dimensions used by @chase above (i.e., a very large number of columns: 65,000 columns (!) x 256 rows), together with fwrite
and write_feather
, so that we have some consistency across machines. Note the huge difference compress=FALSE
makes in base R.
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# function | object type | output type | compress= | Runtime | File size |
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# save | matrix | binary | FALSE | 0.3s | 134MB |
# save | data.frame | binary | FALSE | 0.4s | 135MB |
# feather | data.frame | binary | FALSE | 0.4s | 139MB |
# fwrite | data.table | csv | FALSE | 1.0s | 302MB |
# save | matrix | binary | TRUE | 17.9s | 89MB |
# save | data.frame | binary | TRUE | 18.1s | 89MB |
# write.csv | matrix | csv | FALSE | 21.7s | 302MB |
# write.csv | data.frame | csv | FALSE | 121.3s | 302MB |
Note that fwrite()
runs in parallel. The timing shown here is on a 13' Macbook Pro with 2 cores and 1 thread/core (+2 virtual threads via hyperthreading), 512GB SSD, 256KB/core L2 cache and 4MB L4 cache. Depending on your system spec, YMMV.
I also reran the benchmarks on relatively more likely (and bigger) data:
NN <- 5e6 # at this number of rows, the .csv output is ~800Mb on my machine
DT <- data.table(
str1 = sample(sprintf("%010d",1:NN)), #ID field 1
str2 = sample(sprintf("%09d",1:NN)), #ID field 2
# varying length string field--think names/addresses, etc.
str3 = replicate(NN,paste0(sample(LETTERS,sample(10:30,1),T), collapse="")),
# factor-like string field with 50 "levels"
str4 = sprintf("%05d",sample(sample(1e5,50),NN,T)),
# factor-like string field with 17 levels, varying length
str5 = sample(replicate(17,paste0(sample(LETTERS, sample(15:25,1),T),
# lognormally distributed numeric
num1 = round(exp(rnorm(NN,mean=6.5,sd=1.5)),2),
# 3 binary strings
str6 = sample(c("Y","N"),NN,T),
str7 = sample(c("M","F"),NN,T),
str8 = sample(c("B","W"),NN,T),
# right-skewed (integer type)
int1 = as.integer(ceiling(rexp(NN))),
num2 = round(exp(rnorm(NN,mean=6,sd=1.5)),2),
# lognormal numeric that can be positive or negative
num3 = (-1)^sample(2,NN,T)*round(exp(rnorm(NN,mean=6,sd=1.5)),2))
# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# function | object | out | other args | Runtime | File size |
# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# fwrite | data.table | csv | quote = FALSE | 1.7s | 523.2MB |
# fwrite | data.frame | csv | quote = FALSE | 1.7s | 523.2MB |
# feather | data.frame | bin | no compression | 3.3s | 635.3MB |
# save | data.frame | bin | compress = FALSE | 12.0s | 795.3MB |
# write.csv | data.frame | csv | row.names = FALSE | 28.7s | 493.7MB |
# save | data.frame | bin | compress = TRUE | 48.1s | 190.3MB |
# -------------------------------------------------------------------------------
So fwrite
is ~2x faster than feather
in this test. This was run on the same machine as noted above with fwrite
running in parallel on 2 cores.
seems quite fast binary format as well, but no compression yet.
Here's an attempt at showing how fwrite
compares with respect to scale:
NB: the benchmark has been updated by running base R's save()
with compress = FALSE
(since feather also is not compressed).
So fwrite
is fastest of all of them on this data (running on 2 cores) plus it creates a .csv
which can easily be viewed, inspected and passed to grep
, sed
Code for reproduction:
ns <- as.integer(10^seq(2, 6, length.out = 25))
DTn <- function(nn)
str1 = sample(sprintf("%010d",1:nn)),
str2 = sample(sprintf("%09d",1:nn)),
str3 = replicate(nn,paste0(sample(LETTERS,sample(10:30,1),T), collapse="")),
str4 = sprintf("%05d",sample(sample(1e5,50),nn,T)),
str5 = sample(replicate(17,paste0(sample(LETTERS, sample(15:25,1),T), collapse="")),nn,T),
num1 = round(exp(rnorm(nn,mean=6.5,sd=1.5)),2),
str6 = sample(c("Y","N"),nn,T),
str7 = sample(c("M","F"),nn,T),
str8 = sample(c("B","W"),nn,T),
int1 = as.integer(ceiling(rexp(nn))),
num2 = round(exp(rnorm(nn,mean=6,sd=1.5)),2),
num3 = (-1)^sample(2,nn,T)*round(exp(rnorm(nn,mean=6,sd=1.5)),2))
count <- data.table(n = ns,
c = c(rep(1000, 12),
rep(100, 6),
rep(10, 7)))
mbs <- lapply(ns, function(nn){
DT <- DTn(nn)
microbenchmark(times = count[n==nn,c],
write.csv=write.csv(DT, "writecsv.csv", quote=FALSE, row.names=FALSE),
save=save(DT, file = "save.RData", compress=FALSE),
fwrite=fwrite(DT, "fwrite_turbo.csv", quote=FALSE, sep=","),
feather=write_feather(DT, "feather.feather"))})
png("microbenchmark.png", height=600, width=600)
par(las=2, oma = c(1, 0, 0, 0))
matplot(ns, t(sapply(mbs, function(x) {
y <- summary(x)[,"median"]
main = "Relative Speed of fwrite (turbo) vs. rest",
xlab = "", ylab = "Time Relative to fwrite (turbo)",
type = "l", lty = 1, lwd = 2,
col = c("red", "blue", "black", "magenta"), xaxt = "n",
ylim=c(0,25), xlim=c(0, max(ns)))
axis(1, at = ns, labels = prettyNum(ns, ","))
mtext("# Rows", side = 1, las = 1, line = 5)
legend("right", lty = 1, lwd = 3,
legend = c("write.csv", "save", "feather"),
col = c("red", "blue", "magenta"))
2what about
? would be nice to add it to benchmarks. Apr 7, 2016 at 22:29 -
3@DmitriySelivanov on a quick test run,
was slower thanwrite.csv
... Apr 7, 2016 at 23:23 -
is super slow here because it uses a poor strategy for turning doubles in to strings, see github.com/hadley/readr/issues/387.– hadleyApr 8, 2016 at 12:18 -
3I also think that
write/reads columns of classDate
correctly whereasfwrite()
currently don't. So a fair comparison would be againstdouble
types alone.. at this point.– ArunApr 14, 2016 at 14:01 -
Performance comparison could be extended with extra procedures (rpubs.com/demydd/170957). Tests are done on theoretical sample and retested on actual data.– Dimon D.May 17, 2016 at 15:12
If all of your columns are of the same class, convert to a matrix before writing out, provides a nearly 6x speed up. Also, you can look into using write.matrix()
from package MASS
, though it did not prove faster for this example. Maybe I didn't set something up properly:
#Fake data
m <- matrix(runif(256*65536), nrow = 256)
#AS a data.frame
system.time(write.csv(as.data.frame(m), "dataframe.csv"))
# user system elapsed
# 319.53 13.65 333.76
#As a matrix
system.time(write.csv(m, "matrix.csv"))
# user system elapsed
# 52.43 0.88 53.59
#Using write.matrix()
system.time(write.matrix(m, "writematrix.csv"))
# user system elapsed
# 113.58 59.12 172.75
To address the concern raised below that the results above are not fair to data.frame, here are some more results and timing to show that the overall message is still "convert your data object to a matrix if possible. If not possible, deal with it. Alternatively, reconsider why you need to write out a 200MB+ file in CSV format if the timing is of the utmost importance":
#This is a data.frame
m2 <- as.data.frame(matrix(runif(256*65536), nrow = 256))
#This is still 6x slower
system.time(write.csv(m2, "dataframe.csv"))
# user system elapsed
# 317.85 13.95 332.44
#This even includes the overhead in converting to as.matrix in the timing
system.time(write.csv(as.matrix(m2), "asmatrix.csv"))
# user system elapsed
# 53.67 0.92 54.67
So, nothing really changes. To confirm this is reasonable, consider the relative time costs of as.data.frame()
m3 <- as.matrix(m2)
# user system elapsed
# 0.77 0.00 0.77
So, not really a big deal or skewing information as much as the comment below would believe. If you're still not convinced that using write.csv()
on large data.frames is a bad idea performance wise, consult the manual under the Note
write.table can be slow for data frames with large numbers (hundreds or more) of
columns: this is inevitable as each column could be of a different class and so must be
handled separately. If they are all of the same class, consider using a matrix instead.
Finally, consider moving to a native RData object if you're still losing sleep over saving things faster
system.time(save(m2, file = "thisisfast.RData"))
# user system elapsed
# 21.67 0.12 21.81
4That's a bit of an unfair comparison... the as.data.frame takes considerable time. Furthermore, the data the OP has are already in data.frame.– JohnMay 8, 2012 at 20:48
@John - good points, though the relative overhead of
is negligible compared to the overhead of usingwrite.csv()
and friends on adata.frame
vis-a-vis amatrix
.– ChaseMay 8, 2012 at 21:25 -
I know it's less, but it's better to have the answer that will probably be accepted not leave that question open for the naive reader.– JohnMay 8, 2012 at 21:26
1@John - yes, I agree completely. Thanks for the nudge in the right direction. I was honestly just being sloppy but wanted to give more than the
response. And also the overhead ofas.data.frame()
will increase will smaller data objects...– ChaseMay 8, 2012 at 21:33 -
2In the final
it's MUCH faster addingcompress=FALSE
. 14 seconds vs 0.2 seconds on my machine. Apr 12, 2016 at 6:41
Another option is to use the feather file format.
df <- as.data.frame(matrix(runif(256*65536), nrow = 256))
system.time(feather::write_feather(df, "df.feather"))
#> user system elapsed
#> 0.237 0.355 0.617
Feather is a binary file format designed to be very efficient to read and write. It's designed to work with multiple languages: there are currently R and python clients, and a julia client is in the works.
For comparison, here's how long saveRDS
system.time(saveRDS(df, "df.rds"))
#> user system elapsed
#> 17.363 0.307 17.856
Now, this is a somewhat unfair comparison because the default for saveRDS
is to compress the data, and here the data is incompressible because it's completely random. Turning compression off makes saveRDS
significantly faster:
system.time(saveRDS(df, "df.rds", compress = FALSE))
#> user system elapsed
#> 0.181 0.247 0.473
And indeed it's now slightly faster than feather. So why use feather? Well, it's typically faster than readRDS()
, and you usually write the data relatively few times compared to the number of times that you read it.
#> user system elapsed
#> 0.198 0.090 0.287
#> user system elapsed
#> 0.125 0.060 0.185
3see gist.github.com/markdanese/28b9f5412df55efceba754fee2363444 for a gist for anyone who wants to test it out. FWIW, fwrite is fast for a CSV but not in the same league as feather. Apr 7, 2016 at 18:38
is great, but not relevant to original question. Because it is binary format... Apr 7, 2016 at 22:31 -
4@DmitriySelivanov I just re-read the original question and I don't see where it requests a plain text format.– hadleyApr 8, 2016 at 12:17
The fst
A more recent option for very fast reading and writing of data files is the fst
package. fst
generates files in a binary format.
Use write.fst(dat, "file.fst", compress=0)
, where compress
can go from 0 (no compression) to 100 (maximum compression). Data can be read back into R with dat = read.fst("file.fst")
. Based on the timings listed at the package website, it's faster than feather
, data.table
and base R readRDS
and writeRDS
The package development site warns that the fst
data format is still evolving and that fst
should therefore not yet be used for long-term data storage.
You can also try 'readr' package's read_rds (compare to data.table::fread) and write_rds (compare to data.table::fwrite).
Here is a simple example in my dataset (1133 rows and 429499 columns):
write dataset
fwrite(rankp2,file="rankp2_429499.txt",col.names=T,row.names=F,quote = F,sep="\t")
read dataset (1133 rows and 429499 columns)
system.time(fread("rankp2_429499.txt",sep="\t",header=T,fill = TRUE))
user system elapsed
42.391 0.526 42.949
user system elapsed
2.157 0.388 2.547
Hope it helps.
i think you should use fwrite()
it is much faster, and helped me a lot:
fwrite(x, file = "", append = FALSE, quote = "auto",
sep = ",", sep2 = c("","|",""),
eol = if (.Platform$OS.type=="windows") "\r\n" else "\n",
na = "", dec = ".", row.names = FALSE, col.names = TRUE,
qmethod = c("double","escape"),
logical01 = getOption("datatable.logical01", FALSE), # due to change to TRUE; see NEWS
logicalAsInt = logical01, # deprecated
dateTimeAs = c("ISO","squash","epoch","write.csv"),
buffMB = 8L, nThread = getDTthreads(),
showProgress = interactive(),
verbose = getOption("datatable.verbose", FALSE))


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