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The Different Levels Of Nursing
There are many different levels of nursing. Here, we outline the requirements and provide interviews for the top levels of nursing.
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5 Interviews About the Different Levels of Nursing: CNA, LPN, RN, APRN, NP
More than four million nurses work in the United States. As nurses earn higher degrees, they see their earning potential increase. Demand for nurses continues to grow, making nursing a strong career path.
Though people often equate nurses with RNs, nursing professionals hold various levels of nursing credentials. CNAs or LPNs provide basic nursing care, while APRNs, including NPs, offer advanced specialty care. This article introduces the levels of nursing, from CNAs with a four-week diploma to APRNs with a doctorate.
How Long Does It Take to Become a Nurse - Nursing Timeline
A typical nursing degree can take 2-4 years to complete. Each level of nursing has its own timeline, and that timeline can vary depending upon factors like part-time vs. full-time enrollment, certification, and the type of program.
Below is an overview of the typical amount of time it takes to complete a nursing degree, keep in mind that the length provided is for the amount of time it takes to complete that segment of the degree, not the entire academic path overall:
Nursing Degree Level | Time of Completion |
Associate Degree in Nursing (ADN) | 2-3 years |
Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN) | 1-2 years |
Registered Nurse (RN) | 4 years |
Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) | 4-5 years |
Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) | 1.5-3 years |
Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) | 1-3 years |
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Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)
A CNA assists nurses by providing basic nursing care for patients. In hospitals, nursing homes, and long-term care facilities, CNAs help patients with daily tasks like bathing and dressing. They transfer patients between their bed and a wheelchair. They also report health concerns to senior nurses and measure vital signs.
Of all CNAs, 37% work in nursing care facilities, while another 27% work in hospitals. CNAs also work in retirement communities, assisted living facilities, and home healthcare services. In a typical workday, CNAs spend much of their time standing and moving. Many CNAs work night and weekend shifts.
What are the Requirements to Become a CNA?
CNAs complete a state-approved training program. Community colleges, vocational schools, hospitals, and organizations like the Red Cross all offer CNA programs. These programs typically take 4-12 weeks. During that time, students strengthen their nursing skills through coursework and clinical training. They study basic nursing tasks like bathing patients, repositioning patients, and assisting nurses with medical procedures.
Graduates must pass a CNA exam that tests nursing skills through multiple-choice questions and a clinical skills assessment. With passing scores, CNAs earn a spot on their state registry and begin working.
Frequently Asked Questions About CNAs
Q. Is a CNA an RN?
No, a CNA differs from an RN. CNAs work under the supervision of an RN or LPN. They offer basic nursing care and assist registered nurses.
Q. How many years is a CNA program?
CNA programs generally take 4-12 weeks, depending on the program. Some colleges offer online CNA programs that last as little as four weeks.
Q. How much do CNAs make?
CNAs earn a median annual salary of $30,830, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The field reports much-faster-than-average projected job growth from 2019-2029, at 8%.
Interview with a Certified Nursing Assistant (CNA)
Nicholas McGowan, BSN, RN, CCRN
A critical care nurse with 10 years of experience in cardiovascular, surgical intensive care, and neurological trauma nursing, Nicholas also puts his background in education, leadership, and public speaking to work by helping other nurses.
Nicholas is an online learner who builds on his foundation of critical care nursing — which he uses directly at the bedside — where he still practices. In addition, Nicholas hosts an online course at Critical Care Academy, where he helps nurses achieve critical care certification.
Q. How did you become interested in becoming a CNA?"
My first job out of high school was an entry-level patient care technician at a retirement home. I enjoyed working with the patient residents and wanted to help them more. So the facility trained me and paid for my CNA license.
Q. What does a typical day at work look like for you?
The duties of a CNA depend on where you work (nursing home, rehab center, hospital, etc.), what shift you work (morning vs. evening), and what your state department of health permits.
For day shift, after clocking in, the CNA receives their assignment and briefly reviews the patient's care plan for any pertinent information. Then they assist with patient care, such as helping patients out of bed, dressing, grooming, and feeding. Morning vital signs are also collected at this time, as well as how much the patient ate, and the results reported to the nurse for documentation.
After lunch, the CNA assists with activities, such as range of motion, or helps transport patients to therapy or other procedures. The CNA also stocks medical supplies, changes linens, provides ice water, and answers patient call lights. Different hospitals and facilities will have unique requirements and responsibilities for their CNAs. Essentially, CNAs help perform critical tasks that ensure patients are well-cared-for and safe during their hospital stay.
Q. What are the benefits of being a CNA?
Working as a CNA is a very important role among the healthcare team. One of the biggest advantages of being a CNA is the autonomy. If you enjoy caring for others, keeping a clean environment, and building relationships among your coworkers and patients — all with less than six months of training — then being a CNA is a fantastic option.
Q. What are the challenges of being a CNA?
You need to be able to physically handle people, as well as work with different equipment such as mobility aids, wheelchairs, and therapy beds. You also need to be in decent shape and be able to stay on your feet for long periods of time. Being a CNA is a physically demanding job that requires lifting, pushing, and pulling several patients a day while ensuring proper body mechanics and patient safety.
Q. What advice would you give to students interested in becoming a CNA?
Make a list and visit the resident care facilities and hospitals in your area to inquire about job openings and requirements. Decide where you would like to see yourself working and if there are opportunities for growth and career advancement. It's also important to consider the distance of the facility from home and what the commute would be like during the times you arrive and leave.
Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
An LPN, also known as a licensed vocational nurse (LVN), provides nursing care under RN or physician supervision. They assess patient health by taking vital signs and administer basic care. LPNs maintain records and report information to RNs. In some states, LPNs and LVNs administer medication, start IV drops, and supervise CNAs.
LPNs work in many healthcare settings. Most LPNs work in hospitals, nursing homes, or residential care facilities. They also work in doctors' offices, home healthcare services, and government healthcare facilities. These nurses spend much of the day lifting patients, standing, and moving. LPNs often work long shifts, including night and weekend work.
What are the Requirements to Become an LPN?
LPNs earn a certificate or diploma from an approved program. Community colleges, technical schools, and hospitals offer LPN programs. During their program, nursing students study basic patient care, pharmacology, and clinical nursing skills. Most LPN programs, which blend classroom and clinical training, take around one year to complete.
After completing their program, LPNs must pass the NCLEX-PN exam. Every state requires passing exam scores to receive a practical nursing license and become an LPN. In addition to licensure, LPNs can pursue voluntary certifications. LPNs can increase their earning potential with an LPN-to-RN program.
Frequently Asked Questions About LPNs
Q. What's the difference between an RN and an LPN?
Compared to an LPN, an RN provides more complex patient care. LPNs typically spend less time in school and earn lower salaries than RNs.
Q. How long is an LPN program?
An LPN program typically takes around one year to complete. Some programs offer accelerated pathways that require as little as seven months. Part-time programs may take up to two years.
Q. How much does an LPN make?
According to the BLS, LPNs earn a median annual salary of $48,820. The profession reports much-faster-than-average projected job growth of 9% from 2019-2029.
Interview with a Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
Nicholas McGowan is a registered LPN, you can read more about his background in his bio above.
Q. How did you become interested in becoming an LPN?
After working as a CNA, I wanted to understand more about the health of my patients and provide more advanced care for them. An LPN was the next option. I enrolled in a local community college program, and after one year, I earned my license to be an LPN.
Q. What does a typical day at work look like for you?
Depending on the facility you practice at (clinic, rehab center, long-term care, sub-acute, or hospital), the job duties vary. After clocking in, the LPN gets their patient assignment and reviews the patient's chart and plan of care after receiving a report from the previous shift.
The LPN then conducts patient rounds by checking vital signs and giving morning medications. Advanced procedures such as tracheostomy care, suctioning, and wound care are all performed by the LPN. Some states permit LPNs to start IVs and hang fluids with an advanced IV certification. In the afternoon, the LPN follows up on lab results and any new physician orders for treatment or medication. At the end of the shift, the LPN ensures the patients' plan of care is met and provides a report to the oncoming shift.
Q. What are the benefits of being an LPN?
LPNs enjoy greater autonomy and flexibility in caring for patients. If you want to learn more about the human body, illness, and treatment, as well as provide more advanced care for your patients without going to school for over three years, then becoming an LPN is a great option. Depending on your state, you can earn extra certifications to provide advanced treatment, as well as earn competitive wages and benefits.
Q. What are the challenges of being an LPN?
You need to be able to recognize if a patient is deteriorating and communicate effectively with your colleagues. There is an escalation process, and the patient depends on the LPN to respond well to situations that require critical thinking and communication. This can be a struggle for nurses who don't work well with a team.
Q. What advice would you give to students interested in becoming an LPN?
Make sure you leave yourself opportunity for career advancement. In some states, the pay differential between LPNs and RNs is very large, with the only difference being six more months of school for an RN license. For some who are on a strict timeline and a tight budget, six months might seem like a long time. But for the majority, six months goes quickly when you consider the differences over the lifetime of your career. Nonetheless, if you find a fulfilling role at a facility where LPNs are valued, highly regarded, and well-compensated, you'll never have to "work" a day in your life!
Registered Nurse (RN)
RNs provide advanced patient care in hospitals, doctors' offices, and other healthcare settings. They assist physicians during diagnostic tests and surgical procedures. For their daily responsibilities, RNs conduct health assessments, educate patients about medical conditions, and administer doctor-prescribed treatments. RNs also operate medical equipment, create care plans, and train patients at home.
At RN levels of nursing, nurses pursue specialties like pediatric nursing, surgical nursing, emergency care, and cardiac care. A majority of RNs work in hospital settings, where they often work irregular hours and long shifts. In 2019, more than three million RNs worked across the country.
What are the Requirements to Become an RN?
RNs must complete an approved nursing education program and pass the NCLEX-RN exam to earn their license. Community colleges, vocational schools, and hospitals offer RN programs. During nursing school, students take courses in human anatomy, pharmacology, and physiology. Nursing students also complete clinical rotations to strengthen their patient care skills.
In most states, nurses can apply for their RN license with a nursing diploma or associate. Both take around two years to complete. A four-year bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) degree also prepares graduates for RN licensure. RN license candidates typically complete a background check.
Frequently Asked Questions About RNs
Q. What is the difference between an RN and a BSN?
An RN, or registered nurse, may hold an associate degree, a nursing diploma, or a BSN. In New York, RNs must earn a BSN within ten years to renew their license.
Q. Can I become an RN online?
Yes, some nursing schools offer online RN programs, including RN-to-BSN programs. Online learners complete coursework through a distance learning platform while meeting clinical requirements in their local area.
Q. How much does an RN make?
Registered nurses earn a median annual salary of $75,330, according to BLS data. The field reports 7% projected job growth from 2019-2029, faster than the national average.
Interview with a Registered Nurse (RN)
Glenda Hargrove
Glenda Hargrove is a registered nurse living in Atlanta, Georgia. She has practiced in varied clinical settings, including long-term care, inpatient rehabilitation, neurology intensive care, corrections, primary care, and telehealth.
Glenda entered the nursing profession with a diploma, obtained a BSN, and is currently working towards a master of science in nursing (MSN) for nursing informatics. She is the mother of two children, Nya and Noah, and a dog named Harley. In addition to being a registered nurse, she is also a realtor and owner of Pill Apparel, an apparel brand for nurses and everyone who loves them.
Q. How did you become interested in becoming an RN?
My grandmother, Bettie Short, was a nurse, and she inspired me to become one. Her first career was being a homemaker, and after raising her children, she went to nursing school.
Q. What does a typical day at work look like for you?
I have worked in varied clinical settings, and right now I am working in telehealth. A typical day for me includes monitoring a panel of patients with chronic health conditions to help manage these conditions better and prevent hospitalizations. I often review blood pressure, heart rate, weight, and oxygen saturation, amongst other things. Based on trends and abnormalities, I will contact the patient to assess their condition and their physician for follow-up interventions. Trust me, there is never a dull moment, and I enjoy every minute of it.
Q. What are the benefits of being an RN?
The benefits of being an RN are endless. Besides being in the top-ranked trusted profession, you have the option to travel as a nurse, become an entrepreneur, become certified in a specialty, advance in your career and education, and have job security.
Q. What are the challenges of being an RN?
The biggest challenges of being an RN are the physical demands, emotional burnout, inflexible schedules, and long work hours. Plus, at some point, every nurse feels unappreciated by their coworkers and employers.
Q. What advice would you give to students interested in becoming an RN?
To become an RN, I would advise interested students first to seek nursing schools they would be interested in attending. Learn more about their admission criteria, prerequisites, and program requirements. Preparing for nursing school is just as important as attending nursing school.
During nursing school, time management is a priority. Connect with your peers and instructors, be a sponge at clinical learning as much as you can, and never be afraid to ask questions. If you encounter any detours along this journey, that's ok; keep going.
Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN)
An APRN offers primary and specialty care. Nurse practitioners, nurse midwives, nurse anesthetists, and clinical nurse specialists all work as APRNs. Depending on their specialization, these nurses conduct health assessments, order diagnostic tests, and create treatment plans. They advise patients on managing medical conditions and work closely with other healthcare professionals.
Careers at the advanced practice levels of nursing require strong leadership and interpersonal abilities. Like other nurses, APRNs work closely with patients, their families, and healthcare professionals. Nearly half of APRNs work in doctors' offices. They also work in hospitals and outpatient care centers.
What are the Requirements to Become an APRN?
An APRN holds a graduate degree in nursing. Most APRNs complete 1-2 years of work experience as an RN before entering graduate school. APRNs specialize their training at the graduate level. In nurse anesthetist programs, for example, nurses study pathophysiology, pain management, and advanced health assessment. They complete clinical hours to build advanced practice skills.
MSN or doctor of nursing practice (DNP) graduates must pass a national certification exam in their specialization. The program must have included clinical hours. APRNs can then apply for a state license and begin practicing.
Frequently Asked Questions About APRNs
Q. Is an APRN the same as a nurse practitioner?
A nurse practitioner qualifies as an APRN. Nurse midwives, nurse anesthetists, and clinical nurse specialists also qualify. Most levels of nursing that require a graduate degree qualify.
Q. How much does an APRN make?
A nurse practitioner qualifies as an APRN. Nurse midwives, nurse anesthetists, and clinical nurse specialists also qualify. Most levels of nursing that require a graduate degree qualify.
Q. What does an advanced practice registered nurse do?
APRNs diagnose medical conditions, administer anesthesia, provide labor and delivery care, and prescribe medications. They specialize in multiple areas, including family care, women's health, and pain management.
Interview with an Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN)
Dr. Kiiyonna Jones, APRN
Dr. Kiiyonna Jones, APRN, is the owner and founder of Luxe Beauty and Wellness Boutique in Bellflower, California. She worked as a bedside nurse for over 10 years before pursuing her entrepreneurial journey. Her background includes not only bedside nursing but also working as a nurse administrator and nursing faculty at a baccalaureate nursing program.
Dr. Jones obtained her BS in health promotion and disease prevention from the University of Southern California; her MS from the University of California, Los Angeles; her Ph.D. in nursing from the University of San Diego; and her post-master's family nurse practitioner (FNP) certificate from Charles Drew University of Medicine and Science.
Q. How did you become interested in becoming an APRN?
I was always interested in becoming an APRN, but was unsure if it was a good fit since my initial long-term goals did not align with the role of an APRN. At the time, I was not an entrepreneur and really did not know what path I was going to take. I initially thought I wanted to be a chief nursing officer (CNO), but soon realized that was not the best position. I ultimately wanted to leave the hospital setting and work within the community.
Eventually, I started a permanent makeup studio, and an opportunity presented itself for me to open a MedSpa. Although I could open a MedSpa under my nurses' licence with a collaborative physician as my medical director in the state of California, I felt it would be ideal if I obtained my advanced degree as well.
Q. What does a typical day at work look like for you?
As a MedSpa owner, it is definitely not the daily life of a typical APRN. As an entrepreneur, there is a lot of time spent working on the business. For example, it is my responsibility to make sure business financial goals are met, support the team, train the team, and see patients.
On any given day, I see approximately 10-15 patients, and I like to work as a clinician within the business about 3-4 days a week. I have colleagues who work in primary care, and they approximate about 30-40 patients per day, just to give a rough comparison. The upside to that is that they can go to work and not think about the operations of the business; unfortunately, I do not have that luxury.
Q. What are the benefits of being an APRN?
Usually, APRNs work clinic hours, 9 a.m.-5 p.m., with holidays off. There are, however, APRNs who work in the hospital setting and therefore may work 12-hour shifts. The work of an APRN does not require much physical labor, such as pulling up patients, cleaning patients, or repositioning patients. However, seeing 30-40 patients per day is no easy feat. Financial compensation for an experienced APRN is more than an experienced bedside nurse, as an APRN is at the advanced level of or clinical scope of practice.
Q. What are the challenges of being an APRN?
As an APRN, I am often compared to primary care physicians. I believe the reason this occurs is because patients do not have a clear understanding of the difference between an APRN and a physician. Also, I have obtained my Ph.D., and I am referred to as Dr. Jones. So, I constantly educate patients about how I am a medical provider named "Dr. Jones," but I am not a doctor.
Another challenge we face, especially working in non-full practice authority states, is that we have to work with a physician and cannot work independently, even though we do the same work and treat the same patients in primary care settings.
Lastly, the workload in primary care settings can be a challenge, especially since in the same setting, the MD sees the same patients but gets about half the workload as the APRN. I will admit, however, that the benefits of being an APRN far exceed the challenges, especially for nurses who love working in primary care settings instead of hospitals.
Q. What advice would you give to students interested in becoming an APRN?
There are so many different specialties as an APRN. Be sure you select a specialty that is in alignment with who you are, where you will find enjoyment. Although the income level of an experienced APRN is much higher than most registered nurse positions, it is important not to let money be the motivating factor for pursuing an advanced practice degree.
Moreover, be sure to research the specialties being considered in order to make an informed decision about which APRN specialty you are applying to. Lastly, finding a mentor who has experience in their role can provide insight into the profession from the mentor's perspective and may allow the applicant to make a more informed decision.
Nurse Practitioner (NP)
An NP offers primary and specialty care to patients of all ages. They specialize in family care, pediatric care, psychiatric and mental health, and geriatric care. NPs conduct health assessments, perform diagnostic tests, and diagnose medical conditions. In many states, NPs can order lab tests, prescribe medications, and operate independently of physicians.
Neonatal nurse practitioners work with newborns requiring intensive care. Family nurse practitioners treat children and adults. Women's health nurse practitioners specialize in primary care for women. Most nurse practitioners work in doctors' offices and hospitals, where they act as leaders within their organizations.
What are the Requirements to Become an NP?
An NP holds an MSN or DNP in their nurse practitioner specialization. During a graduate NP program, nurses study primary care, advanced health assessment, and advanced practice nursing. They also complete over 500 hours of clinical training in their specialty. Most NP programs require 2-4 years of study, depending on the specialization.
After earning their degree, NPs complete national certification requirements to receive their state nurse practitioner license. NPs pursue certification from organizations like the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners Certification Board, the American Nurses Credentialing Center, and the Pediatric Nursing Certification Board.
Frequently Asked Questions About NPs
Q. How many years does it take to become a nurse practitioner?
Nurse practitioners typically hold both a BSN and an MSN. Most MSN programs for nurse practitioners require 2-4 years.
Q. Is a nurse practitioner the same as a doctor?
Nurse practitioners provide primary and specialty care. Like doctors, they can diagnose medical conditions, create treatment plans, and prescribe medication. Rather than attending medical school, nurse practitioners hold an MSN degree.
Q. What is the starting salary of a nurse practitioner?
According to the 2020 Medscape APRN Compensation Report, nurse practitioners with under five years of experience earned an average salary of $109,000.
Interview with a Nurse Practitioner (NP)
Dr. Patrice Little
Dr. Patrice Little is a family nurse practitioner, consultant, and writer who leads a lifestyle and educational resource that helps better position NP students for life, career, and business. She is candid about her wins and regrets in life. She also encourages NP students to embrace their own so they can live their best life as healthcare providers.
Q. How did you become interested in becoming an NP?
I became interested in learning about nurse practitioners at the same time that I learned about ecstasy, a club drug also known as "molly." At the time, the concerns of overdosing on ecstasy were similar to the concerns we have about opioids today. Many institutions were forced to address these concerns on college campuses as a form of prevention, and my school's NP facilitated a campus town hall meeting on ecstasy during my sophomore year.
Coming up as a first-generation American, I was only given three options as targeted professions: doctor (physician), lawyer, and engineer. I was on track for my biology/pre-medicine degree, and then this town hall meeting introduced me to another option.
I wanted to learn more about NPs and how they were able to function in the role of a physician without being one. This NP was knowledgeable and spoke with us at a level we could understand as young adults. Luckily, she was married to my chemistry professor, which opened up an opportunity for me to further build my relationship with her. This rapport developed into a mentorship, and I began to volunteer at the student health center to learn all that I could about the day in the life of an NP.
Q. What does a typical day at work look like for you?
I typically begin my day the night before to ensure that the next day I am in a productive mental space for the unexpected, such as procedures or walk-ins. I start with reviewing my appointment calendar to see the various chief complaints for the day. They're also called "patients concern" or "chief concern."
As an FNP, I primarily care for and treat common conditions such as colds, high blood pressure (hypertension), diabetes (diabetes mellitus), and obesity and conduct preventative exams. My patient load and duration of visits depend on the reason for the visits. On average, if there are little to no preventative visits (a review of one's overall health) scheduled, I see 25-30 patients in a day.
For patient visits that are follow-ups, I review their charts from the previous visit or more depending on the level of care they require. For new patients, I review their questionnaires to learn a little about them before I meet them. This practice mentally prepares me for the next day.
The day of the visit, I meet with my nurse to discuss the plan for that day and lay out what tools, tests, or referrals I anticipate for each patient. Of course, what the patient shares, what I assess, and what I decide during the visit may be different from what I anticipate. Then we proceed with seeing the patients for the day. I document the visit and submit prescriptions via e-scripts as I go because it is impossible to remember everything throughout a busy day to document those important details later.
Depending on the visit type and the patient's questions, a visit can last 10-45 minutes. I am intentional about ending each visit with their questions answered. Having patient education handouts ready is a good way to ensure this when you have a full day.
When it comes to self-care, I go to bed early to get at least eight hours of rest so I can be the best for my patients the next day. I bring my lunch to work so I can get the most out of my break, as there is no time to leave the practice to get lunch and come back. I prefer not to work through my breaks to avoid becoming burnt out in the long run.
Q. What are the benefits of being an NP?
The benefits of being an NP are individualized and can vary from the rewarding salary to the impact you have on someone's life. The salary allows me to invest in building a business while living comfortably. It is also a bonus to the pleasure I get helping others become actively involved in the care and witnessing their transformations. I enjoy the flexibility of time so I can also focus on being a wife, a mother, and working on my personal goals.
Q. What are the challenges of being an NP?
The three biggest challenges for today's NP are transitioning into practice, educating the public on the roles of NPs, and finding a collaborative physician.
In any field, transitioning from a student to a professional is challenging because there is a lack of confidence, even though you can do the job. It is even more challenging for NPs because healthcare involves life or death. Although NPs can do many tasks similar to physicians, they have fewer hours of training in doing the same thing, which increases their risk for malpractice. To avoid mishaps, more and more NPs are applying to residencies to get additional training and boost their confidence as new providers. Other new NPs seek out mentors as support during their transition.
Nurse practitioners are master- or doctorate-prepared registered nurses that assess, diagnose, prescribe, treat, order some diagnostic tests, refer, and evaluate patient care. Today, NPs are known as the nation's primary care providers of choice. There are over 290,000 NPs, mostly practicing as family nurse practitioners. Yet, many patients have never experienced receiving care involving an NP. Continuous education provided by NPs at the beginning of their visits with patients is one way to introduce their role. Another way is for practices to introduce new NPs through a newsletter, including the list of services the NP can provide.
Many states require NPs to practice with a collaborative agreement. A collaborative agreement is an agreement between a physician and NP with the same specialty. A collaborative physician does not have to be on-site or actively engage in the patient's care. The challenge is that there has been an exponential growth of NPs entering the workforce in the past ten years, and there are not enough physicians to serve as a collaborative.
Each state has a limitation on the amount of NPs a physician can have an agreement with. For instance, in the state of Georgia, the ratio of one collaborative physician to NPs is 1-to-4. In addition, it is good practice to enter into agreements with physicians you already have a relationship with. Some NPs may not have physicians of the same speciality in their professional network.
Q. What advice would you give to students interested in becoming an NP?
I would advise students to start working towards becoming an NP before you start NP school. This includes shadowing or volunteering with an NP at a local practice to get a feel for what the role will feel like for you. This saves you time and tuition money. It is also important to mention that there isn't an exact formula for becoming an NP, but there are questions students must have an answer to before embarking on the journey, such as:
- Did you do your research (whether it's interviewing an NP or reading credible resources)?
- Did you ask the right questions before deciding on an NP specialty?
- Is this a good time in your life to endure the rigor of a program?
- How will you pay for NP school?
- Do you plan to work full-time?
- What do you plan to do in the next five years with your NP degree?
Becoming an NP was one of the best decisions I made and I hope my experience inspired you to join this rewarding profession.
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text:
Welcome to my blog for "Canned Laughter and Coffee" where I'll be talking about our shows, the books and frankly, about my crazy life.
As it's that time of year (aka Valentine's Day pre/post and for some, "what was that?!), and we've had so many fantastic romance authors on the show already this year (I'm loving 2011 so far!!) I started to think about the nature of my wonderful relationship with my husband.
My husband has A.D.D. My husband is also a romantic.
It's a comical combination that makes my life extremely interesting. Good examples are when he's so sweet and asks if I'd like a cup of hot tea (you can insert any beverage here, really. Cocktail, ice water, orange juice, you name it.) I say yes. An hour later, when I decide to go ahead and seek out said beverage and its handsome bearer, I can find him in the garage working on a project. Because it occurred to him that it would be easier for me to work (and enjoy that cup of tea!) if I had better shelves and more room.
I leave him to his project, get my drink and retreat. Then start to worry about this "improvement" and decide maybe I should have given him a little input to make sure he's on the right track.
Only to find him outside watering the garden. Because he hasn't in a while and since he didn't have all the tools he needed for the shelves, he thought maybe roses would be nice. A sweet gesture to make me feel loved—or at least, it was going to be before the state of the parched garden caught his eye…
I am loved. As consistently as any woman. And instead of one romantic gesture, mine can envision about a dozen a day. Envision, mind you. Not necessarily achieve.
Does it matter?
Not at all. It's the thought that counts.
And that brain of his never stops. So I'm the luckiest woman in the world. 😉
Anyone else have any unusual "love stories" to share? We love to hear from our listeners and of course, if you have a favorite author you haven't heard on the program yet, feel free to let us know! Thanks for tuning in on Tuesday nights and we'll "see" you next week!

subset: commoncrawl


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A new study in Israel compared the protection afforded by vaccine-induced immunity with natural immunity after a previous infection with COVID-19 and showed that the latter provides much better protection against infection, symptomatic illness and hospitalization.
Natural Immunity Provides Much Longer Protection
Directly comparing 16,215 people previously infected with COVID-19 to 16,215 fully vaccinated people, 10 doctors ( Gazit et al., 2021 ) preprint (preprint) that fully vaccinated people (a) are 13 times more likely to be infected with COVID-19, ( b) are 27 times more likely to suffer from symptomatic diseases; and (c) are 8 times more likely to be hospitalized than unvaccinated people with a previous COVID (natural immunity) infection.
"This study demonstrated that natural immunity provides longer and stronger protection against infection, symptomatic illness and hospitalization caused by the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2, compared to the immunity caused by two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine."
Other studies ( Dan et al., 2021 , Turner et al., 2021 ) have also shown that natural immunity acquired after a previous infection provides long-term, even "lifelong" protection against re-infection, or that "individuals who have had a SARS infection CoV-2 are unlikely to benefit from COVID-19 vaccination "( Shrestha et al., 2021 ).
Vaccine efficacy decreases by 56% in just 70 days
A new study, published in The Lancet , reports an initial surge in antibody protection in those who received a second dose of Pfizer vaccine.
Unfortunately, within a few weeks after the last vaccination, the effectiveness of the vaccine begins to decline sharply. In just 2.5 months, Pfizer antibodies dropped 56%.
An exponential decrease in the "effectiveness of the vaccine to 40% per month after the last vaccination
Another new study highlights the rapid drop in antibody protection almost immediately after the second shot.
While people with natural immunity after a previous COVID-19 infection (recovering) lose <5% of their antibody protection per month after COVID-19 infection, only vaccinated people lose up to 40% of their immunity protection every month after the last vaccination.
At this rate, the artificial immunity provided by vaccines diminishes over a period of several months.


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Samsung has today announced that the company will be extending the deadline of the Samsung Pay x Boost QR Payment Launch Campaign deadline to 19 July 2020 due to overwhelming response.
The strategic partnership between Samsung Pay and Boost, as the name suggests, has unveiled a new chapter of Malaysia's cashless payment landscape. Samsung is making cashless payment easier and safer. All it takes is a single swipe up to launch Samsung Pay app with Boost, even with locked home screen!
Samsung Pay x Boost
Here's how you can securely register or link your Boost account to your Samsung Pay:
- Step 1: Install Samsung Pay and sign in to your Samsung Account
- Step 2: Register your fingerprint or iris and create a 4-digit PIN to secure your payment
- Step 3: Add Boost QR card by registering for a new account or link your existing Boost account
- Step 4: Add money with credit/debit cards or via online banking. Upgrade to Premium wallet for higher limit.
- Step 5: Scan QR to launch your camera to scan QR code for payment
- Step 6: Show your QR code and authenticate with fingerprint or Boost PIN to make payment or receive money
Apart from that, to celebrate the partnership, Samsung and Boost has also come together for a special launch promotion. And they're feeling generous as the first prize is a Samsung Galaxy S20+ and more.
Samsung Pay x Boost QR Payment Launch Promotion
Details | Prize | Qty |
Grand Prize | Galaxy S20+, Galaxy Tab S6 and Galaxy Watch Active 2 SS 40mm | 1 |
2nd Prize | Galaxy S20 (128GB) | 5 |
3rd Prize | Galaxy Tab S5e (64GB) | 5 |
4th Prize | Galaxy A51 (128GB) | 10 |
Special Prize | Galaxy Buds | 20 |
Consolation Prize(42nd – 2041th Prize) | 500 Samsung Rewards Points Expiry: Six (6) months from date issued | 2,000 |
Stand a chance to win Samsung devices and more | · Join the contest in Samsung Pay app and complete the Contest question before transacting. · Each Contestant can submit one (1) answer only throughout the Contest Period. · Contestant will be awarded with a random Ten (10) digits unique code in the form of voucher upon completing the required number of QR payment transactions in Samsung Pay app (excluding top-up, refund and peer-to-peer transfer). · A minimum spend of RM5 for each QR payment transaction is required. · Every five (5) QR payment transactions will receive one (1) voucher with unique code as entry. · Contestant can complete as many QR payment transactions to gain more entry voucher(s) throughout the Contest Period. · Contestants will be shortlisted based on the unique code and best answer for the Contest question. · Shortlisted contestant will need to submit proof of QR payment transaction history in Samsung Pay app. · Only unique codes with minimum spend of RM5 for each QR payment transaction (excluding refunds) will qualify as prize winners. · Each Contestant is entitled to win one (1) Prize only in the Contest. · Prizes are given out on an "As Is" basis and are non-transferable, non-refundable, non-exchangeable for cash or with vouchers of other denominations, whether in part or in full. · Samsung is entitled to change the specification and colour of the Prizes or replace the Prizes with items of similar value without prior notice. · Contest period: 21 May – 19 July 2020 · Download and activate Samsung Pay app for further details. · Terms & conditions apply. |


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Paying taxes is a regular yearly deed all working people must complete. Tax is an obligatory fee adults are required to pay to the government. Furthermore, the government uses the collected money to finance certain public facilities or services, such as the police force and road construction.
The United States differentiates two taxation types: state income tax and federal income tax. Federal taxes are obtained by the federal government while state taxes are acquired by individual states. In addition, both types of taxations resemble each other, in the sense that they apply percentage rates to taxable earnings. However, they differ significantly in terms of those rates and how they're applied, as well as the types of income that are taxed along with the deductions and tax credits that are available.
The state of Pennsylvania has a distinctive tax system for personal income. Along with eight other states, it applies a flat rate system, which means all citizens must pay a singular tax rate, no matter their income level.
When filing their yearly tax returns, people sometimes question what income is not taxable, particularly in Pennsylvania. Depending on the source income and special circumstances, there are several non-taxable classes of income.
Pennsylvania Tax System
As previously mentioned, Pennsylvania is one of the nine states employing a flat rate taxation system. Its citizens must pay individual income tax at a 3,07% flat rate. According to The Balance, Pennsylvania is a state with the second-lowest flat rate in the U.S, only above North Dakota (2,9% flat rate).
However, Pennsylvania law does not acknowledge standard deductions or personal exemptions for individuals, spouses, or dependants. For instance, unlike federal laws, it doesn't allow deductions such as medical and dental fees as well as charity aid.
Deductions are restricted to employment-associated expenses, inputs to medical and health saving plans along with particular educational saving plans.
On some occasions, the state government can cancel tax debts, but only if an individual's income is below the required poverty level. For example, if an individual files for bankruptcy, the IRS (the Internal Revenue Service) can legally discharge the mentioned debtor from liability and will not require them to pay future compensations.
Learn here about whether or not does Pennsylvania tax Roth IRA.
Taxable Income
People most commonly receive compensation in three manners: through the property, money, and providable services. In addition, the IRS can collect tax on income that isn't yet in the individual's ownership. For instance, checks an individual has earned but hasn't converted into money are considered taxable for the year the checks were received in.
The state of Pennsylvania evaluates and taxes eight classes of income:
● Compensation
● Interest
● Dividends
● Net gains from a profession, business, or farm work
● Net profit from transferring, selling, or gifting property
● Earnings from royalties, rents, patents rights as well as intellectual property
● Revenue from properties and trusts
● Gambling and lottery prizes (with the exception of non-cash winnings)
Non-Taxable Income
In the category of non-taxable income refer earnings that are received but not subjected to taxation according to the federal and state laws. However, it is important to mention that even if some forms of payment are not susceptible to tax, they still need to be written down on the tax returns.
According to the Personal Tax Income laws by the state of Pennsylvania, the following income is always exempt from tax:
● State-approved private and public pension plans after reaching a specific age
● IRA distributions and Roth IRA income (Check out the 5-year rule for Roth IRA)
● Social Security income
● Government payments for foster care
● Child support
● Alimony
● Income from active military service outside of PA
● Sick leave payments outside of regular earnings, such as third-party insurance
● Financial aid from an employer for the purpose of higher education
● Income received under workmen's compensation or Occupational Disease Acts
● Life insurance income (there are certain exceptions) and settlements
● Income owed to a decedent prior to death (IRD)
● Group term life insurance premiums provided by an employer
● Unemployment reimbursements or public assistance provided by the government
● Private use of employer-owned or leased possessions or services (company vehicles, parking facilities)
● Gifts
● Strike compensation
● GI Bill benefits
● Awards not granted for prior or future services
Finally, Pennsylvania is a state that fully clears all income from retirement plans as well as Social Security payments from tax susceptibility. As such it is an ideal state for retirees looking to relocate or settle down. It would be best to meet with a certified financial consultant in Pittsburgh PA to help you out make the right decisions related to your finances.
Disclosure: Content in this material is for general information only and not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any individual. This information is not intended to be a substitute for specific individualized tax, legal, or investment related advice. We suggest that you discuss your specific situation with a qualified tax or legal advisor.
This material was prepared for The Kelley Financial Group's use.


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Using ¹⁰Be cosmogenic isotopes to estimate erosion rates and landscape changes during the Plio-Pleistocene in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa
Dirks, Paul H.G.M., Placzek, Christa J., Fink, David, Dosseto, Anthony, and Roberts, Eric (2016) Using ¹⁰Be cosmogenic isotopes to estimate erosion rates and landscape changes during the Plio-Pleistocene in the Cradle of Humankind, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution , 96. pp. 19-34.
PDF (Published Version)
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Concentrations of cosmogenic Be-10, measured in quartz from chert and river sediment around the Cradle of Humankind (CoH), are used to determine basin-averaged erosion rates and estimate incision rates for local river valleys. This study focusses on the catchment area that hosts Malapa cave with Australopithecus sediba, in order to compare regional versus localized erosion rates, and better constrain the timing of cave formation and fossil entrapment. Basin-averaged erosion rates for six sub-catchments draining the CoH show a narrow range (3.00 +/- 0.28 to 4.15 +/- 0.37 m/Mega-annum [Ma]; 1 sigma) regardless of catchment size or underlying geology; e.g. the sub-catchment with Malapa Cave (3 km(2)) underlain by dolomite erodes at the same rate (3.30 +/- 0.30 m/Ma) as the upper Skeerpoort River catchment (87 km(2)) underlain by shale, chert and conglomerate (3.23 +/- 0.30 m/Ma). Likewise, the Skeerpoort River catchment (147 km(2)) draining the northern CoH erodes at a rate (3.00 +/- 0.28 m/Ma) similar to the Bloubank-Crocodile River catchment (627 km(2)) that drains the southern CoH (at 3.62 +/- 0.33 to 4.15 +/- 0.37 m/Ma). Dolomite- and siliciclastic-dominated catchments erode at similar rates, consistent with physical weathering as the rate controlling process, and a relatively dry climate in more recent times. Erosion resistant chert dykes along the Grootvleispruit River below Malapa yield an incision rate of similar to 8 m/Ma at steady-state erosion rates for chert of 0.86 +/- 0.54 m/Ma. Results provide better palaeo-depth estimates for Malapa Cave of 7-16 m at the time of deposition of A. sediba. Low basin-averaged erosion rates and concave river profiles indicate that the landscape across the CoH is old, and eroding slowly; i.e. the physical character of the landscape changed little in the last 3-4 Ma, and dolomite was exposed on surface probably well into the Miocene. The apparent absence of early Pliocene- or Miocene aged cave deposits and fossils in the CoH suggests that caves only started forming from 4 Ma onwards. Therefore, whilst the landscape in the CoH is old, cavities are a relatively young phenomenon, thus controlling the maximum age of fossils that can potentially be preserved in caves in the CoH.
Item ID: | 45483 |
Item Type: | Article (Research - C1) |
Keywords: | sediba, Cradle of Humankind, landscape, erosion, caves |
Funders: | Australian Research Council (ARC), Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (AINSE), University of the Witwatersrand (UW), James Cook University (JCU) |
Projects and Grants: | ARC #DP140104282, AINSE #ALNGRA1301 |
Date Deposited: | 03 Aug 2016 07:36 |
FoR Codes: | 37 EARTH SCIENCES > 3703 Geochemistry > 370303 Isotope geochemistry @ 50% 37 EARTH SCIENCES > 3709 Physical geography and environmental geoscience > 370901 Geomorphology and earth surface processes @ 50% |
SEO Codes: | 97 EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE > 970104 Expanding Knowledge in the Earth Sciences @ 100% |
Downloads: |
Total: 6 |
More Statistics |


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Muhamed Ćatić received his BSc from University of Sarajevo in theoretical mathematics & physics and his MSc from the University of Zagreb in information systems development. He is also an alumnus of the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He received intensive executive training at MIT Sloan Management School and Harvard Business School and was former Industry Fellow to ECNM Group at University of Cambridge,UK.
Muhamed Ćatić is a strategic advisor, with a strong interest in sustainability within circular economy and long-standing business experience in the Mediterranean region, Asia and Africa.His expertise lies in international business, circular economy and sustainable development, innovation and technology management, and international public relations. He is currently the executive adviser of IFFCO after two decades of holding the position of Group Director for Int'l Development, a business based in
UAE, that manufactures and markets consumer products.Muhamed Ćatić also serves as a special adviser to United Global SDG Index Institute (UNGSII)and strategic adviser to McDonough Innovation.
Executive Adviser, IFFCO Group
International business development, innovation & technology management, and international public relations


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People of Newcastle: find your entrepreneurial spark at Spark Festival 2018!
There is so much going on in Newcastle and surrounds in terms of innovation and entrepreneurship. And this is a city that knows how to do community. So it's no surprise that when the opportunity arose to get involved in Spark Festival, the good people of Newcastle well and truly rose to the occasion and put forward a two week program of eight different events, most of them free, and all of which would be great ways to learn more about the local startup scene.
Things will be kicking off with an event that's going head to head in terms of timing with the official Spark Festival Opening Night, on October 19: if you're in Newcastle, head along to Watt St Arc to be part of the unofficial Newcastle Spark Opening Night: An angel seeded a series of my early-stage capital adventures.
Pop by the newly refurbished Newcastle railway station to catch a fresh Start House cohort pitching their innovative business ideas and ventures.
Don't be up too late though, because the next morning you will want to be bright eyed and bushy tailed to get to I2N Hub Hunter Street for a Breakfast Startup Story with Birth Beat's Edwina Sharrock. Get your mojo going by hearing Edwina's inspirational story of building an empire while helping expectant mothers give birth all across the country.
It's no secret that Newcastle has been making strides on the smart cities front. Find out more and be part of it by participating in the Urban IoT Hackathon happening at Eighteen04 over the middle weekend of Spark Festival. Whether your background or interest is in IT, business, design, sociology, IoT, engineering or environmental science, come along and help imagine IoT insertions, activations, integrations and solutions which benefit citizens, business, community and government. Never been to a hackathon before? Come and check it out - you'll find friendly and welcoming fellow travellers, and you never know what might come of it.
Need to understand more about what innovation really is and how it can transform your organisation from within? Join the Dots and meet collaborators at this I2N Hunter St Event. The very next day there's an opportunity to follow up by popping down to I2N Williamtown and finding out about Innovation Champions & Your Business.
Then there's time for one more Startup Story to finish off the Spark Festival Newcastle edition: this time featuring Cindy Luken of Luken & May fame. Find out how Cindy built and exited an outrageously successful biscuit empire!
See ya there!
View all news


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Substantive questions in empirical social science research are often causal. Does voter outreach increase turnout? Do political institutions affect economic development? Are job training programs effective? This graduate-level class will introduce students to both the theory and the practice behind making these kinds of causal inferences. We will cover causal identification, potential outcomes, experiments, matching, regression, difference-in-differences, instrumental variables estimation, regression discontinuity designs, sensitivity analysis, dynamic causal inference, and more. The course will draw upon examples from political science, economics, sociology, public health, and public policy. Taught with R, with a mix of lectures, discussion, and in-class computing.
Lecture notes:


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Mokup is available to be promoted instantly and easily on the ClickBank affiliate network. ClickBank track all your clicks and conversions and send out your commissions every week! Opening a ClickBank account is FREE.
Create a FREE ClickBank Account
if you don't have one yet, click here to create your free ClickBank account.
Enter your ClickBank ID below, copy your link and start sending traffic to earn your recurring commissions
Below are web banners you can use to promote Mokup.com. You are welcome to create your own banners if you have the resources.
Click on a banner to get it's web URL, or you can save it to your website and host it yourself
If you've made over $500 in commissions, you can request us to create a unique set of banners just for you. Just contact us when you've qualified
Dear Affiliate Marketers,
We're thrilled you've decided to promote our software and help other marketers save time and money by providing them with tools to create their own marketing creatives. But before you start sending traffic, please review and agree to the terms below
All Affiliate advertising must NOT include content that is deceptive, misleading, untruthful, unsubstantiated, or otherwise fails to comply with applicable federal and state consumer protection laws, regulations, and guidelines.
All affiliates (regardless of their country of domicile) MUST be in compliance with all applicable laws, regulations, and guidelines, including without limitation the Federal Trade Commission Act ("FTC Act"), the Controlling the Assault of Non-Solicited Pornography and Marketing Act of 2003 ("CAN-SPAM Act"), Federal Trade Commission ("FTC") regulations and guidelines implementing the FTC Act and the CAN-SPAM Act, the FTC's Guides Concerning the Use of Endorsements and Testimonials in Advertising ("FTC Testimonials Guide"), the National Advertising Division decisions of the Better Business Bureau, and other federal and state consumer protection laws, regulations, and guidelines.
Affiliates running PPC campaigns are prohibited from bidding on "Mokup" keyword. You must add the term Mokup to your negative keyword list. As a result, your ads should not show up for any searches with the word "mokup", such as "mokup review" or "mokup coupon"
Affiliates are not allowed to use any negative terminology or words that are similar to "scam" or "fraud" in paid ads, landing pages, review pages, social media platforms, or any other types of web pages appearing in organic search results.
Affiliates cannot create customer incentives for purchasing or subscribing to Mokup (through cash rebates or 3rd party bonus offers).
Affiliates are forbidden from creating webpages, social media pages or accounts that falsely represent themselves as the creators or owners of the Mokup.com and must make it clear that the page is a REVIEW page and you're being compensated for the review.
Affiliates are not allowed to publish or distribute Press Releases about Mokup in any way, shape, or form on any press release platform, website, in printed media, or on any other press release service.
It is strictly forbidden to create apps for sale or for giveaway using the Mokup brand. You are also not allowed to create any other products using our brand name, for sale or for giveaway. Do not represent a product created by you or someone hired by you as ours.
Affiliates may not bypass Mokup pages to generate orders. In other words, no direct linking to cart or order forms from any ads or landing pages. The customer must see our offer as presented by us prior to landing on the cart.
Affiliate agrees to indemnify, defend and hold harmless Mokup from any lawsuits, investigations, claims, or complaints arising from any such violation or alleged violation of the terms above. Mokup shall not be responsible to approve any Affiliate Ads. Compliance is solely with the Affiliate and the Affiliate represents and warrants that it shall have legal review of all Affiliate Ads for all necessary and required compliance. Affiliates take full responsibility for their advertising.


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The Auburn School District Board of Directors last Monday selected six semifinalists to interview for the superintendent vacancy.
Preliminary interviews will be held during special board meetings starting at 3:30 p.m. Tuesday and Wednesday. Those meetings are open to the public.
The six semifinalists are as follows:
• Patricia Adams, Superintendent, St. Helens School District.
• Elaine Beraza, Director of Department of Defense Domestic Elementary and Secondary Schools, Department of Defense Education Activity.
• Dennis Carlson, Superintendent, Lynden School District.
• Mark Davidson, Deputy Superintendent, Federal Way Public Schools.
• Dennis (Kip) Herren, Deputy Superintendent, Auburn School District.
• Michael Newman, Associate Superintendent, Auburn School District.
Final interviews and visitations are tentatively set for May 13 to 15.
School board President Craig Schumaker said the board will pare the semifinalists to three. Further interviews and public forums will follow. The board should make its final decision by the third or fourth week of May.
"It will probably be a special board meeting. We haven't actually finalized it yet," Schumaker said.
Auburn School Superintendent Linda Cowan set the process in motion in January when she announced her pending retirement.
The school board hired Northwest Leadership Associates of Spokane, headed by consultant Dennis Ray, to conduct the candidate search.
Controversy flared recently when an Auburn resident invoked the state Open Meetings Act to challenge the board'splan to conduct interviews in closed executive sessions with 24 community members and district employees invited.
Schumaker said the board's plan was based in part upon the advice of its consultant.
"There were actually some concerns from our board about the legitimacy and legality of doing that, and we did consult legal counsel, and they assured us that it was appropriate to do that, based on their reading of state law concerning executive sessions and the opinion that was contained in the policy manual from the Attorney General's office. We thought we were on solid ground," Schumaker said.
"There was some conflicting information coming out of the Attorney General's office," said School Board Member Janice Nelson. "We were acting on what we thought was legal and what had been done in many other districts across the state and not been challenged."
Schumaker said that Monday night Auburn School District Attorney Curtis Leonard laid out for the board a number of legally-defensible options: it could hold closed meetings with the board only, closed meetings with the board and a chosen panel of residents, or fully open meetings.
"We came down on the side of doing what was in the best interest of the district, its students and the community and decided to go with a completely open interview process," Schumaker said.
Robert Whale can be reached
at 253-833-0218, ext. 5052,
or firstname.lastname@example.com


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Gaining an edge on the competition can be challenging in the online advertising arena. If Google Ads are a part of the marketing strategy, just gaining more clicks is not enough, gaining more high-quality clicks is important. The average Google Ad converts just 4.40 percent of the time. Google Ads extensions are a great way for your ads to stand out from the competitors in a crowded online market place. These extensions not only improve the quality of your ad campaigns, but also offer more insight into what is working and what isn't working. They can add an edge to any campaign, helping to separate the top online performers from the mediocre.
If the Google Ads account is not structured or managed effectively, the click through rates (CTR) of adverts would be low. This would be like giving your competition a helping hand by increasing their ads click through rates. If implemented in the right way, Google Ads can help businesses meet their goals to increase brand awareness and revenue. Businesses looking to enhance their brand reputation can utilize the services of a reputable search engine optimization company to get their Google Ads ready.
What Are Google Ads Extensions?
Ad extensions can help claim or take up more real estate on search engine result pages (SERPs) and provide additional link and other information to a website that can draw people in and increase the click through rates (CTR). When implementing a new ad extension, Google finds there can be about 10-15 percent (on an average) uplift in CTR. There are different types of Google Ads extensions, each doing different things, For instance, with some it is possible to add reviews or a call button, while others can be used to add a discount or brief testimonials. This is probably the reason that we get sponsored results that look different from each other, when searching on Google for something. Google Ads extensions not only focus on making the search results look presentable, but there are several other benefits they offer-
- More Ad Space – Google Ad space is limited. But with extensions, it is possible to claim more real estate by adding content and CTAs. For instance, in the below ad, company 1 has a long, detailed ad that offers viewers more options, while company 2 only has a one-line ad with little detail.
- Provide More Information – Larger ad text allows making a stronger case to targets about why they should click on a particular ad.
- Increase Visibility on SERPs – The larger size of extended ads makes them more impressive on the search engine result pages.
- High-quality Leads – When more information is provided in the extended ads, people who are interested have a higher chance to respond. In fact, 50 percent of people who visit a site from paid ads are more likely to buy than those coming from an organic link.
- Offers Better Ad Ranking – Google uses a variety of factors to determine the ad position, including expected CTR, relevance and landing page experience. Using ad extensions will automatically improve page ranking, as it allows Google to offer a better variety of ad formats.
- Better Use of PPC Budget – As extensions improve click through rates, they can also contribute to lower cost-per-click (CPC), which in turn means you're getting more out of your paid ad spend.
Types of Google Ads Extensions
In order to improve conversions from paid campaigns, Google Ad campaigns are important. However, to derive the best possible results, it is important to make sure that the right extensions are utilized. Here discussed are the different types of Google Ads extensions
- Location – Reports suggest that 46 percent of all Google searches are for local information. Ideal for businesses that rely on in-person visits for transactions, location extensions lets you add the physical address in the ad. These include – phone number or call button for mobile users, a map to the location, or the distance to it. This extension works for any businesses that primarily operate online and depend on in-person transactions, including restaurants, retail locations, and service providers like beauty salons.
- Product – Product extensions are a unique way to enhance products listing. This is a useful tool for any campaign wherein goods related to target keywords are sold. As products are more specific than location or phone number, it is important that the campaigns be more granular, particularly in cases where a wide variety of products are sold.
- Site links – Reports from WordStream suggest that advertisers have seen an 8 percent improvement in their click-through rate by using site links Google ads extension. These extensions are ideal for directing users to other pages on a website and allow target users to choose whether they would like to visit a website page. Common pages used with site links include – Contact Us pages, pricing pages, sale pages, and testimonials pages. It is important to choose whether site links need to be added at the account, campaign and ad group level. Only four links can be added at a time; therefore, make sure that the site link extensions added reflect a specific website.
- Structured Snippets – Identified by colons, structured snippets are perfect for highlighting products, services and popular features users may be searching for. In this way, it is possible to list a few different options the visitors will have if they click through to a website. Adding structured snippets not only helps provide value before the click, it can also help disqualify poor leads that may be taking up time and budget.
- Call Extensions – As per reports, about 63 percent of organic searches take place from a mobile device. Call extensions are a simple way to add a phone number and a direct calling option in an ad. By adding the call button, you can tell the target customers that a specific service is just a phone call away. For a business that operates in different locations, call extensions can be used along with location extensions to attract even more qualified traffic.
- Callout Extensions – These are 25-character snippets used to highlight important selling points, sales or any other key points about a business, products, or services. For instance, if a business website wants to promote 25 percent off sale, free delivery etc. callout extensions are perfect. The best callout extensions tend to use numbers and specifics. These extensions are quite easy to customize and makes it even easier to highlight some key business offerings.
- Affiliate Location Extensions – As per reports, about 76 percent of consumers who do a local search on their mobile phones visit a physical store in the next 24 hours. Therefore, it is important to make sure that target customers have the right information (including the location) when they are searching for products. Affiliate location extensions are useful for companies that sell their products through third-party retailers. With this type of extension, Google will display the nearest location where the product is sold, either as an address or on a map.
- Price Extensions – Pricing is one of the most important factors when they shop online. This type of extension is suitable for businesses that offer different products, sell service packages and have variable pricing. These extensions let set cost expectations upfront and help build trust with searchers. As a result, users remain informed and are more likely to buy by the time they search a specific website.
- App Extensions – Data suggests that 85 percent of mobile users prefer apps over mobile sites. App extensions offer a unique user experience that help increase the likelihood that target customers will spend more time using it and potentially find something that arouse their interest. By providing a download link in the text ad, app extensions make it easy for users to download it and this in a way could boost conversions.
- Promotion Extensions – The promotion Google ad extension involves highlighting sales and promotional offers a company makes available. This can include – price, discount percentage, sales offers, and other data on specific dates, days, or even hours – to attract customer attention.
Google Ads extensions are an excellent tool for those businesses who are looking for an easy way to increase click-through rates, attract more visitors and increase brand awareness and revenue. With different types of Google Ads extensions available, it is important to choose the most relevant one that suits your specific business goals. When applied properly, these extensions help generate quality leads and make the most of the PPC budget. Businesses looking to enhance their reputation and brand can benefit from the services of a reliable digital marketing services company to get their Google Ads ready.


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Segway Ninebot Minipro Hoverboard Review 2023: Best Self Balancing Scooter?
Riding a hoverboard is an exciting way to cruise around your neighborhood or in urban areas. The feeling of riding on a deck with two wheels makes you feel like you are actually hovering, hence the name.
Walking may be an excellent way of getting from point A to point B, but some people would prefer getting to their destination with style. Ever since hoverboards were introduced in the market, people are getting hyped to experience the ride.
These days, kids are asking their parents for one on their birthdays instead of the typical toys, and parents and adults even buy one for themselves. Moreso, a hoverboard, depending on its specs, can be used as an alternative way of transportation.
The Segway Ninebot Minipro hoverboard can be fast enough with the right amount of range to make short commutes to school or work. If you are familiar with a Segway, this hoverboard is like a mini version of that ride. If you haven't seen one yet, don't forget to catch the "Paul Blart: Mall Cop" movie.
Want to learn more about this Segway hoverboard? Keep on reading to get to know this product better in this Segway Ninebot Minipro hoverboard review.
Speed and Power output
First off, let's talk about the speed and power that this hoverboard has to offer. The Segway Ninebot Minipro hoverboard is equipped with a massive 800-watt motor, which allows the board to run at max speeds of 10 to 12 miles per hour depending on the weight of the rider.
Since the Minipro hoverboard was manufactured by Segway, a well-known company that makes some of the best electric rides, you can assure yourself that this board is packing power. The Minipro can comfortably ride through smooth surfaces and steep inclines, thanks to its high power output.
The Minipro might be expensive, but in terms of speed and power, the price is justified. If power and speed is an important factor for you, the Segway Ninebot Minipro might be worth checking out.
Range and Battery Performance
With high power comes the need for long hours of usage, and the Segway Ninebot Minipro self-balancing scooter does not disappoint. In the range factor, the Minipro hoverboard can reach a maximum distance of 14 miles on a single charge.
With the amount of distance it can reach, this hoverboard can make an excellent alternative for transportation. You can skip riding through traffic during rush hour. Moreover, you can avoid walking and get to work or home faster, which gives you more time to do other activities.
Keep in mind that some factors, such as rider weight, terrain, and incline, can affect the range. If your commute is over 10 miles back and forth, this hoverboard might not have enough battery power to make the whole trip, depending on the route and other factors.
If your daily commute is around 3 miles one way, the Minipro hoverboard can make a fantastic choice. Charging takes about 4 hours to get a full charge from zero percent. If your commute is a bit further, make sure you can charge the board at work so you can get home.
Design & Construction Quality
One of the most unique characteristics of the Segway Ninebot Minipro hoverboard is its design. This hoverboard does not look like most conventional hoverboards. The Minipro has an innovative design with features you won't find in other hoverboards.
The Ninebot Minipro did a great job in terms of style and design, but they also did a better job with the quality of construction. Not only is the design functional, but it is also built with high-quality materials that are built to last and withstand daily use.
For better handling, Segway included a knee control bar, which can be quickly removed for easy storage. The knee control bar makes the ride more comfortable, and it makes handling better. The smart self-balancing technology of this board even without the knee control bar is already close to perfect.
This board is pretty lightweight, considering its construction quality. Weighing at 28 lbs, the Minipro is made with lightweight magnesium fusion, covered with anti-rust materials. To have full control over its handling features, the recommended weight of the rider is 88 to 220 lbs.
The board is well-designed and built to last. At first glance, riding the Minipro hoverboard can look really intimidating, but after a few tries, you will get comfortable riding. It features a training mode, so beginners and first-time riders can get used to handling the Minipro hoverboard.
The deck, including the knee control bar, makes the ride more comfortable, especially for longer durations. This hoverboard is meticulously designed to make handling easier with less fatigue. The control bar is also height-adjustable for added comfort.
If you are used to riding a conventional hoverboard design, turning on the Minipro is slightly different. Instead of leaning on your toes and heels, you will need to sway your knees to the direction you wish to go. The addition of the control bar gives the rider precise control and handling.
It might sound challenging, but a lot of riders find it easier to ride the Minipro compared to other models.
The Segway Ninebot Minipro self-balancing scooter is ready to use right out the box. It would already be pre-assembled, and all you need to do is attach the knee control bar, which you can do in a matter of seconds.
Make sure that everything is tightly attached first before powering the device. Usually, everything is attached properly with nothing loose, however, you can never be too careful.
The board will come pre-charged so you can test everything, pair your phone, and try the board out. After testing it out for a few laps, make sure you do the initial full charge and practice safe charging habits to extend its battery life.
Additional Features:
One of the most innovative features equipped on the Minipro is the all-in-one remote app for your smartphone.
This app does it all. You can unlock the riding tutorial, which will thoroughly explain and show you hot to ride the Minipro hoverboard. You can also do all sorts of functions, such as recalibrating the unit and changing the LED colors. Plus, with the app, you can remotely control the hoverboard within the Bluetooth range.
Unfortunately, the anti-theft system has its limitations. It only works if the Bluetooth app is within range. If you happen to leave your unit outside, the thief can quickly run away with your unit and get out of range. The best security is keeping your hoverboard stored in a secure location.
Tires & Braking System
The Segway Ninebot Minipro Hoverboard is equipped with large 10.5-inch pneumatic air-filled tires. These tires are essentially shock-resistant and durable enough to withstand small road obstacles without getting punctured or flat.
They are so much better than solid rubber tires because they are air-filled. The tires absorb shock better for a more comfortable ride. Compared to other hoverboards, these wheels are extra large for a smoother ride. Segway was able to equip larger wheels without adding too much weight, thanks to the board's lighter materials.
Aside from its safe handling and braking, the Minipro is also UL 2272 certified. This certification ensures that your hoverboard has undergone a series of fire-safety tests, making it safe to use.
You probably heard about fire-related hoverboard incidents in the past (1), and because of these incidents, companies are making sure that their hoverboards are UL-certified. This certification does not only apply to the board's battery, but it also ensures that the electrical components and chargers are also safe to use.
Swegway did their part in making their product extra safe. You can do your part by gearing up with a helmet to avoid serious injuries.
Brand & Customer Service
Segway is a well-known company that manufactures some of the best and innovative electric rides. They make the best electric scooters, and of course, they are responsible for inventing the Segway Personal Transporter.
They truly broke new ground with their innovative personal transportation vehicles, but they didn't stop there. Up to this day, they continue dedicating their time to researching and developing the best e-rides.
Most products, including the Segway Ninebot Minipro self-balancing scooter, comes with a 1-year warranty period that covers manufacturer's defects except for normal wear and tear.
If you have any questions about their products, warranty, or any other concerns, you can contact them via live chat on their website. (2) You can also call their technical support hotline at 1-(866)-4SEGWAY.
- Expensive
- Can be too bulky
- Not suitable for younger kids
Who Should Buy the Segway Ninebot Minipro Self Balancing Scooter?
The Segway Ninebot Minipro hoverboard is for people looking for a durable option that can be realistically used for commuting. Some hoverboards, although more affordable, have limited features and mediocre performance. The Minipro, on the other hand, is a board capable of doing commutes.
Because of its minimum weight requirements, the Minipro hoverboard is not suitable for younger kids. The Segway Ninebot Minipro hoverboard is designed for teens and adults who want a fast and reliable hoverboard for commuting and leisure purposes.
This hoverboard is also suitable for beginners and riders of any skill level. If you have money to spend on a high-end hoverboard, the Minipro is the way to go.
Final Verdict
The Segway Ninebot Minipro is an excellent hoverboard. Just like any other product, it does have some downsides. However, in this case, there are so much more good things with this hoverboard than bad, which is why we gave it a 4.2 out of 5 on our score charts.
This hoverboard is all about quality and performance, and it can be worth the price depending on how much you are willing to spend on a quality hoverboard.
Segway Ninebot Minipro Hoverboard Video Review
Segway Ninebot Minipro Specifications | |
Top Speed | 10 to 12 MPH |
Motor | 800 watts |
Range | 14 miles |
Battery | 310 WH Lithium-ion battery |
Charge Time | 4 hours |
Max Load | 80 to 220 LBS |
Weight | 28 LBS |
Wheel Size | 10.5 inches |
Tires | Air-filled pneumatic tires |
Brake System | Electronic braking system |
Warranty | 1-year warranty |
Price | $$$ |
- https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/07/06/484988211/half-a-million-hoverboards-recalled-over-risk-of-fire-explosions
- http://www.segway.com.ph/countact-us.html
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By William Wagner
When Thomas Jefferson decided to make freedom of religion the very first provision of the Bill of Rights to the U.S. Constitution, it was protection against legislation like H.R. 5, mislabeled the "Equality Act" by its current sponsors, that he had in mind.
Introduced in the House of Representatives on Feb. 18 and expected to be joined soon by a companion bill in the U.S. Senate, this proposal would "prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation," without any meaningful exceptions.
This would seem at first glance to be hard to argue against. Certainly, all human beings need access to housing and other essential accommodations, along with respect for their basic civil rights as image-bearers of God.
If such issues constituted the entirety of this legislation, it would and should indeed be unobjectionable in any enlightened society. But that's not the case. You don't have to dig very far into the details of H.R. 5 to realize that it is concerned with tangible equality to about the same extent as Kim Jong-un's Democratic People's Republic is concerned about genuine democracy for the people of North Korea.
Which is to say: not much. It's about power.
There is a significant faction in American politics that is aggressively unwilling to accept the notion that traditional Christians, Muslims, Jews and other believers find today's innovative interpretations of human sexuality to be incompatible with their sincerely held religious beliefs. These progressive activists will not stop until they have crushed such dissent by all means at their disposal.
Reflect for a moment on how that which was once considered culturally unfathomable in our society – say, "Drag Queen Story Hour" for young children at public libraries – has progressed through the realm of the avant garde and into the commonplace in just a few decades. The Equality Act represents the logical next step: mandating universal endorsement of non-traditional sexual morality under federal law.
Under its provisions, churches unwilling to perform same-sex marriages, or appoint cross-dressing Sunday school teachers, would lose their tax-exempt status as houses of worship. Biological men who announce that they identify as women would be permitted to use fellowship hall women's restrooms and dressing facilities. Sexual conduct like marital fidelity, or even traditional marriage at all, would no longer be a legitimate consideration for clerical hiring decisions. Christian colleges unwilling to abide by similar requirements would lose their academic accreditation and access to student loans. These examples are just the tip of the proverbial iceberg.
With their First Amendment protections removed, many religious institutions would ultimately face a choice between bowing to the secular god of prevailing culture … and being sued out of existence.
It's a serious business. But here's the good news. Colonial Americans had faced similar conflicts, from being forced to pay taxes to support the Church of England all the way back to the flight from oppression that first sent the Pilgrims across the Atlantic. And so it was not by accident that the Founders chose, of the many precious liberties outlined in the Bill of Rights, which to cite as the "First Freedom."
What they really sought to protect included the right to hold no religious faith at all. In a modern context it is perhaps better understood as freedom of conscience: the right to think for oneself and live accordingly.
They may not have predicted today's sexual politics, but generally speaking – as with so many other attempts at oppression in America's history – the Founders saw this coming. They knew that the price of liberty is eternal vigilance. And they gave us the democratic tools to respond appropriately to protect the rights they rightly regarded as not just endowed by government, but inherent and unalienable.
Do your part to stand up for the First Freedom. Upon it all others depend.
Professor William Wagner is president of the Great Lakes Justice Center. He is a former federal judge and is Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Western Michigan University Cooley Law School, having taught ethics and constitutional law for more than 20 years.
Content created by the WND News Center is available for re-publication without charge to any eligible news publisher that can provide a large audience. For licensing opportunities of our original content, please contact [email protected].


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An increase in media business helped the marcomms industry compensate for a rough 2020 for their creative agencies, resulting in a 5.8% decline in business overall, according to new business data from R3, an independent marketing consultancy. Media new business revenue for the period of January to December 2020 increased by 6.9%, making up for a much weaker creative market (-12.6%), according to the firm.
"The numbers tells us something deeper than a desire for greater efficiency," says Greg Paull, co-founder & Principal at R3. "Technology has made media a key driver of marketing. Creative is reliant on media for form, visibility, and engagement. Marketers recognise the shift and are looking for partners who can lead."
In the creative table, Droga5 moved up 10 places in the past 12 months, winning global accounts for Airbnb and Huggies. VMLY&R leapt from 20th to third, finding its stride since restructuring in 2018. Havas Worldwide is the top performing agency globally in creative new business, moving up from third place the previous year. Overall, creative saw 14% more pitches, but 12% less revenue in 2020.
Though the media new business landscape has been resilient, revenue from wins for the top five media agencies decreased by 27% compared to the previous year. MediaCom leads in new business wins, followed closely by Initiative, Wavemaker, Starcom, and OMD. This marks a shift in top performers, as MediaCom was the only agency to maintain a top five position from the previous year.
Despite the churn among individual agencies in both the creative and media markets, WPP continues to dominate the network rankings. WPP outperformed its peers, winning twice the revenue and twice as many new business wins as its closest contender, Publicis Groupe. WPP's direction, which is more aligned to the fast-digitalising marketplace, has enabled the holding company to surpass its previous year's creative revenue by 134% and media revenue by 161%, according to R3. Interpublic, Omnicom, and Dentsu round out the top five performers. Dentsu ranks second in total number of wins.
In APAC, meanwhile, WPP's agencies were dominant in both the creative and media rankings. While Ogilvy maintained its position atop the creative league in the region, Mindshare topped the media market. Check out the year-end APAC New Business League results here.


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- On
- 31 Mar 2021
- Reading time
- 3 minutes
Beer and wine are the top alcoholic beverages gaining traction in the market currently. At pubs, restaurants, and diners, they are in hot demand. Even at home, people love to stock up on their favourite brands for a refreshing drink after a long day's work.
You'll also find them as a common choice when you read up on some reviews about food and drinks companies. Nonetheless, other than their names and the fact that they contain alcoholic properties, little is known about these drinks.
Fortunately, that's about to change.
In this article, we'll be taking a close look at the definition of these alcohols, their similarities, and differences. We'll throw in a couple of fun facts too. So, don't take your reading glasses off just yet; things are about to get interesting!
Comparison between Wine and Beer Companies
For starters, wine, in simple terms, is a drink with alcoholic properties, usually made from grapes that have undergone the fermentation process. With wine companies constantly churning out drinks with different flavours, it shouldn't come as a surprise why this beverage has become the "go-to" option for celebrations.
Beer, on the other hand, is an alcoholic drink that's made from fermented yeast. It goes through the fermentation process just like wine and shares similar make-up properties. However, beer companies engage in a production process known as "Brewing."
It's pertinent to note that beer has its extracts from cereal grains such as wheat, corn, maize, and sometimes rice. Wine, on the other hand, makes use of fermented grape juice.
Another noticeable difference is evident in their history. While beer has been on the scene since 9000 BC, wine is a newer alcoholic beverage coming to the fore in 6000 BC.
Now, let's look at a difference in regards to value and social class. Here, wine is much more eloquent and established, as it's the "go-to" option for events like weddings, award-winning nights, galas, and lots more. That said, beers are regarded as the "masses" drink, holding relatively lower prestige.
Finally, beers are almost the same across the board, whereas wine features a plethora of options with unique tastes and flavours.
Why Alcohol is Called Spirits?
We've established that wine and beer are largely different from each other. However, as with all alcoholic drinks, they are often referred to as spirits. Which leads one to wonder why alcohol is called spirits?
The nomenclature "spirits" in modern times refers to liquids featuring distilled ethanol and water from alcoholic mash.
However, the terminology dates back centuries. Apparently, it stems from the facts that these liquids are extracted from their source, whether grapes or barley - sort of like taking away the essence of the substance.
That's probably not the answer you were expecting, but it's certainly a cool fact to learn about these beverages.
How To Order Wine Online
With this brief beer and wine 101, you're probably already thinking of how to order wine online in Toronto, Vancouver, or Montreal?
Wherever you are, the process is the same:
- Read some wine and beer company profiles to see what's available on the market.
- Select the product you want to purchase
- At this point, you can choose to pay online or on delivery
- Complete the transaction and wait for the courier to arrive at your address.
You'll find that many companies also provide delivery services for their products, so you may not need to go through a middleman.
Remember that real customer reviews are the best way to select a reliable company. Take a peek at the reviews of Beringer or Beaulieu Vineyard reviews to see how fellow Canadians are rating popular wine and beer companies. You'll discover that customer experiences give a clearer picture of which services best accentuate your needs.


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We were unable to provide opening hours. Please contact the Church for more information
Getting here
The Church of St Mary Burgh Parva, was errected as a tempoary corrugated iron church in 1903, to provide a church for the new railway village of Melton Constable. Over 100 years later this "Tempoary" church is still in use and much loved. The village of Melton Constable was build for workers on the M&GN Railway which was closed in the 1960's, and retains much of its Victorian Character. The parish is part of the United Benefice of Briston, Burgh Parva, Hindolveston and Melton Constable. We have a mixture of services and would love you to join us.
Melton Constable
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Saturday, October 17, 2020 - Episode 099
By: Leslyn Keith, OTD, CLT-LANA
A New Drug Could Treat Dercum's Disease and Lipedema
- Today I'd like to tell you about a post on October 6 titled "A New Drug Could Treat Dercum's Disease and Lipedema" published by a lipedema blogger Carol Nogueira.
- Carol talks about a clinical trial that is currently underway testing this new drug.
- There is great hope that this new drug will be a more permanent treatment for painful lipomas associated with Dercum's and lipedema.
- For more information, you may follow the links posted here that will take you to the blog post as well as to the clinical trial website.
- https://medium.com/@thecarolnogueira/a-new-drug-could-treat-dercums-disease-and-lipedema-2fedfcb5c3be
- https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04229030