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Integrating ethics, health policy and health systems in low- and middle-income countries: case studies from Malaysia and Pakistan
Intégration entre éthique, politique sanitaire et systèmes de santé dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen : études de cas en Malaisie et au Pakistan
Integración de la ética, la política sanitaria y los sistemas de salud en los países de ingresos bajos y medios: estudios de casos de Malasia y el Pakistán
Adnan A HyderI, 1; Maria MerrittI; Joseph AliI; Nhan T TranI; Kulanthayan SubramaniamII; Tasleem AkhtarIII
IBloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
IIFaculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
IIIDepartment of Research and Academic Advancement, Fatima Memorial System, Lahore, Pakistan
Scientific progress is a significant basis for change in public-health policy and practice, but the field also invests in value-laden concepts and responds daily to sociopolitical, cultural and evaluative concerns. The concepts that drive much of public-health practice are shaped by the collective and individual mores that define social systems. This paper seeks to describe the ethics processes in play when public-health mechanisms are established in low- and middle-income countries, by focusing on two cases where ethics played a crucial role in producing positive institutional change in public-health policy.
First, we introduce an overview of the relationship between ethics and public health; second, we provide a conceptual framework for the ethical analysis of health system events, noting how this approach might enhance the power of existing frameworks; and third, we demonstrate the interplay of these frameworks through the analysis of a programme to enhance road safety in Malaysia and an initiative to establish a national ethics committee in Pakistan. We conclude that, while ethics are gradually being integrated into public-health policy decisions in many developing health systems, ethical analysis is often implicit and undervalued. This paper highlights the need to analyse public-health decision-making from an ethical perspective.
Les progrès scientifiques sont un préalable important à l'évolution des politiques et des pratiques dans le domaine de la santé publique, mais sur le terrain, les individus investissent aussi dans des concepts chargés de valeur et répondent quotidiennement à des préoccupations sociopolitiques, culturelles et évaluatives. Les concepts qui influent le plus sur les pratiques de santé publique sont ceux façonnés par les murs collectives et individuelles définissant les systèmes sociaux. Le présent article s'efforce de décrire les processus éthiques en jeu lors de la mise en place de mécanismes de santé publique dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen, en se concentrant sur deux cas dans lesquels l'éthique a influé de manière cruciale sur l'apparition d'une évolution institutionnelle positive de la politique sanitaire.
Nous commençons par donner une présentation générale de la relation entre éthique et santé publique ; en second lieu, nous apportons un cadre conceptuel pour l'analyse éthique des événements touchant les systèmes de santé, en notant dans quelle mesure cette approche peut renforcer le pouvoir des cadres existants, et enfin, nous démontrons les interactions entre ces cadres à travers l'analyse d'un programme d'amélioration de la sécurité routière en Malaisie et d'une initiative pour établir un comité national d'éthique au Pakistan. Nous parvenons à la conclusion que si l'éthique est intégrée progressivement aux décisions de santé publique dans nombre de systèmes de santé en développement, l'analyse éthique est souvent implicite et sous-évaluée Cet article attire l'attention sur la nécessité d'analyser les décisions de santé publique sous un angle éthique.
El progreso científico es un motor importante de la evolución de las políticas y prácticas de salud pública, pero en ese terreno se aplican también diversos valores y hay que responder diariamente a problemas sociopolíticos, culturales y evaluativos. Las ideas que orientan gran parte de las prácticas de salud pública se ven conformadas por costumbres colectivas e individuales que definen los sistemas sociales. La finalidad de este artículo es describir los procedimientos éticos que entran en juego cuando se establecen mecanismos de salud pública en los países de ingresos bajos y medios, centrando la atención en dos casos en los que la ética contribuyó de forma decisiva a propiciar cambios institucionales positivos en las políticas de salud pública.
En primer lugar presentamos una panorámica de las relaciones entre ética y salud pública; a continuación, ofrecemos un marco conceptual para el análisis ético de eventos en los sistemas sanitarios, indicando cómo podría este enfoque reforzar las posibilidades de los marcos existentes; y, en tercer lugar, demostramos la interrelación entre esos marcos analizando un programa de mejora de la seguridad vial en Malasia y una iniciativa de creación de un comité nacional de ética en el Pakistán. Llegamos a la conclusión de que, si bien las decisiones de política en materia de salud pública están incorporando gradualmente principios éticos en muchos sistemas de salud en desarrollo, con frecuencia los análisis éticos se realizan de forma implícita y están infravalorados. En este trabajo se subraya la necesidad de analizar la adopción de decisiones de salud pública desde una perspectiva ética.
High-income countries can learn vital lessons from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) which, through persistence, manage to form much-needed public-health structures that harmonize with pre-existing local public-health systems.1 Crucial to this developmental process is the extent to which concepts of ethics are incorporated, in meaningful ways, into determinations of which public-health structures are to be formed, how they are to be created, why they need to be prioritized over others, and who should be their beneficiaries and trustees. Scientific progress is a significant basis for public-health change, but the field also invests in value-laden concepts and responds daily to sociopolitical, cultural, and evaluative concerns. The concepts that drive much of public-health practice are shaped by the collective and individual mores that define social systems.
This paper seeks to describe the ethics processes in play when public-health mechanisms are established in LMICs by focusing on two cases where ethics enjoyed a crucial role in producing positive institutional change in public-health policy. Our specific aims are threefold: first, we introduce a view of the relationship between ethics and public health; second, we provide a conceptual framework for ethical analysis of health system events, noting how this approach might enhance the power of existing frameworks; and third, we demonstrate the interplay of these frameworks through the analysis of a programme to enhance road safety in Malaysia and an initiative to establish a national ethics committee in Pakistan. We conclude that while ethics is gradually being integrated into public-health policy decisions in many developing health systems, it is often implicit and undervalued. We hope that this paper will highlight the need for both analysing public-health decision-making from an ethical perspective.2
Ethics and health systems
Health systems are defined by WHO as "all the activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health".1 This definition focuses on those initiatives taken with the main intent of health production (e.g. a vaccination programme), as opposed to external initiatives that have a positive effect on health (e.g. education). In LMICs, these systems face several challenges including under-investment, lack of human capacity, lack of public satisfaction, inadequate utilization and poor health outcomes.3-5 Health policy-making and public-health practice in such a context involves complex processes where a mix of experiences, politics, evidence, finance, values and ethics all interweave; the failure of any one component can be fatal to any policy.
The search for value-based and ethical policies has recently gained momentum and the global literature has called for further exploration of the role of ethics in public health.6 In particular, consideration of the situation in LMICs and analysis of case studies has been advocated.2,7 While there have been extensive explorations of public-health policy in LMICs (such as by WHO), they have tended to focus on the attributes of specific health policies and systems rather than the role of ethics in the policy process.
Several prominent ethicists have provided useful frameworks for analysing public-health programmes,8 research activities,9 health policy reforms10 and public-health practices.11-13 Drawing from this previous work, we propose that ethics can also be viewed and studied more broadly as an integral component of health systems development. In this form, ethics is an organizational, development-oriented force that provides both methodological and motivational support to public-health practitioners and policy-makers. Crucial to this conceptualization of ethics through the lens of public-health and health systems is knowledge of society and social institutions, which differs from knowledge of diseases or nature-society interactions.8 As bioethics increasingly straddles both medical care and public health on the global terrain6 we see greater necessity for revisiting core public-health values and concerns, particularly those that arise most commonly in LMICs.
Conceptual framework for ethical analysis
Three core concerns frequently arise at the formative stages of public-health policy development: prevention, accountability and social justice. We will briefly characterize each and indicate how a systems approach to ethics and public health might enhance the power of existing frameworks to deal with these concerns, a point to be illustrated in our case studies.
The core mission of public health as a profession is to promote the health of populations by identifying risk factors for disease, disability, injury and death and by implementing measures to reduce people's exposure to these risk factors.14 The term "prevention" captures the essential concern to intervene systematically in the causal processes by which risk factors threaten health and survival in human populations. A classic example is the provision of sanitation and clean water to protect a population from waterborne diseases. "Accountability" refers to the notion that people and organizations should be held responsible for the plans, behaviours and foreseeable results of commitments that they willingly pursue. A promising approach to promoting accountability in health sector reform proposals comes from the work on benchmarks of fairness tested in several LMICs.10,15 The role of monitoring accountability with respect to policy proposals and implementation warrants careful health systems analysis. Information from LMICs is particularly scant; difficulty in accessing relevant information (i.e. lack of transparency) often hinders accountability.16
Notions of "social justice" often play an important role in public-health policy and are usually applied out of a concern for equity.17 Social justice may also be understood as fairness in the distribution of the benefits and burdens of social cooperation.18,19 Benefits of social cooperation include improved health and survival resulting from effective public-health interventions. The concern for equity is to ensure that such benefits are fairly distributed within the population, reducing as much as possible the extent to which people's health status and lifespan are determined by morally arbitrary attributes such as race, ethnicity or socioeconomic status. Burdens of social cooperation include the imposition of constraints on behaviour that might adversely affect members of the population. For example, when public-health interventions are implemented at the population level through law enforcement, as in the case of seatbelt or helmet laws, the effect is to limit the freely chosen actions of some individuals who might otherwise willingly accept their own exposure to the risks in question. Issues of social justice may arise in this context when burdensome public-health measures are not adequately counterbalanced by benefit or when they target some segments of the population but not others.8 Policy processes can also be deficient in social justice when they include some perspectives at the expense of others; research suggests that perspectives of the poor and marginalized are often excluded.20,21
By emphasizing these three core domains in public-health ethics, we seek to extend, not to replace, leading conceptual frameworks to better reflect the experiences of public-health professionals working in LMICs. Insofar as existing frameworks of public-health ethics were constructed with high-income countries in mind, they tacitly take for granted an advanced health system and functioning services, supported by relatively stable economic, political and social conditions. Accordingly, the main professional role assigned to public-health policy-makers and practitioners is to decide how to use and direct the suite of available public-health institutions. Ethics is typically viewed as a tool to inform and constrain such decisions. By contrast, public-health professionals in LMICs often need to make decisions about which public-health institutions ought to be constructed or reformed, and in what form, while at the same time attempting to use those institutions. As a result, the function of public-health ethics in LMICs involves a far more delicate and dynamic balancing act requiring the identification of local values and public-health policies through valid research, and the provision of complementary support and guidance to promote social justice, accountability and preventive practices in an inherently unstable environment (Box 1). The application of this approach is illustrated using two case studies based on recent work done by the authors in low- (Pakistan) and middle-income (Malaysia) countries.
Case studies
Malaysia: research for policy change
Malaysia, like many of its neighbours in the region, is completing its transition from non-motorized to motorized modes of transport. With the high prevalence of motorcycles, it is not surprising that they constitute the majority of road traffic fatalities and injuries in Malaysia. Of 6268 fatalities resulting from road traffic crashes in 2003, almost 60% (3635) were motorcyclists,22 a dramatic increase from the 981 motorcyclists killed in 1980. In addition, 46 455 motorcyclists suffered injuries from a crash the same year.22 While the alarming data and strong public interest in road traffic injuries was motivation for policy-makers to take action, their primary interest was in implementing programmes and campaigns, research was secondary.
The Department of Road Safety within Malaysia's Ministry of Transport is responsible for carrying out road safety initiatives. As a newly established department, it was highly motivated to carry out activities that would demonstrate its effectiveness; however, senior staff had limited resources and held reservations about investing in research. They were concerned about the time required to carry out what they viewed to be a long research process. Further, as is the case for all research endeavours involving intervention testing, there was the possibility of the intervention having no impact.
Researchers and policy-makers negotiated a mutually beneficial research direction. As motorcyclist fatalities constitute more than half of all traffic-related deaths in Malaysia, the chosen goal for the initiative was to reduce motorcycle crashes, injuries and fatalities. The specific objectives included testing an intervention using visibility enhancement materials (reflectors); since other interventions had been explored by local researchers.23,24 The focus on a field trial was appealing to policy- makers because it was more practical and, as part of the trial, an intervention would be implemented in one district. From a policy perspective, launching an intervention represented a tangible outcome that was evidence of work towards the prevention of motorcycle injuries and fatalities and it addressed the "how to" questions that policy-makers are often confronted with every day.
Initially the Department of Road Safety wanted to develop a national campaign focusing on motorcycle reflectors; therefore it was beneficial for it to know the effectiveness of the reflectors in preventing motorcycle crashes. If the reflectors were effective, the Department could move forward knowing that its campaign would result in reductions in motorcycle injuries. If the field trial turned up negative findings, it would save money since the cost of the field trial would be far less than the cost to launch a nationwide campaign. Highlighting the benefits of potential negative findings was critical in convincing policy-makers to invest in research.
Following the planning of the field trial, a public launch of the intervention sponsored by the Department of Road Safety and the Ministry of Transport was held in the Klang District. Ongoing discussions regarding the implications of this work are taking place between researchers from Universiti Putra Malaysia and Johns Hopkins University and local policy-makers. Results are being disseminated with the aim of informing all stakeholders and community representatives as well as policy-makers in other ministries within the Malaysian government. This process has strengthened the relationship and opened the channels of communication between academic researchers and policy-makers and will serve as the basis for future collective research and practice in the country.
Pakistan: institutionalizing research ethics
Pakistan Medical Research Council (PMRC) was formed in 1962 to spearhead the promotion and development of health research in the country, linking it to national development. To facilitate its work, the Council was given an autonomous status through an executive order and has endeavoured to achieve its objectives by forming collaborations within country and abroad. PMRC has established a network of 18 research centres throughout Pakistan and works with international agencies such as WHO. It fully participated in the events of the 1990s which focused on boosting health research in LMICs and bringing to world attention the gross "10/90" disequilibrium.25 The "10/90 gap" is a term given to the disparity that approximately only 10% of the world's expenditure on health research and development seems to be devoted to problems relevant to the poorest 90% of the world's population.
The global effort to help LMICs reduce the 10/90 gap also brought into clearer focus many ethical issues in the conduct of health research and the need for establishing oversight mechanisms nationally and globally to address these issues. PMRC recognized the need for such a mechanism in Pakistan and, in collaboration with national and international partners, organized a series of lectures and seminars to create awareness for bioethics. One such seminar in July 2002 recommended the development of a National Bioethics Committee (NBC) in Pakistan.
The recommendation for the constitution of a NBC was successfully pursued by PMRC with the Ministry of Health. A small group of experts and policy-makers gathered in September 2002 under the chairmanship of the Director-General of Health to discuss the terms of reference and scope of work. Nominations for a broad-based NBC were invited from all relevant medical, health, media, legal, human rights, industrial and social institutions in Pakistan. These nominations were reviewed by a special committee and the ministry's approval was received in January 2004. The NBC was thereafter officially inaugurated.
Analysis of case studies
A cardinal achievement of the Malaysia road safety initiative was to engage the joint efforts of policy-makers and researchers around a shared public health goal: reducing motorcycle crashes, injuries and fatalities through preventive practices. In particular, policy-makers and researchers negotiated a shared approach to collecting and interpreting relevant evidence. This approach supported accountability in: (i) the allocation of limited public resources, and (ii) the formation and use of an evidence base. This case also illustrates how existing analytic tools for public-health ethics may be extended for application to the policy-research interface in LMICs.
Under Kass's framework, policy-makers ought to examine existing data to determine the likely effectiveness of a proposed programme in achieving public-health goals of reduced morbidity and mortality.8 Kass's rationale for this requirement emphasizes the ethical obligation to limit unwarranted burdens on the public. The Nuffield Council in England echoes the same rationale.13 More to the point for LMICs, accountability in the allocation of limited resources requires that the opportunity-cost of a public-health programme be justifiable by reasons that include evidence of its effectiveness.26
When existing data are uninformative, research is needed. But this raises a further question of accountability. Given that a public-health problem might be seen by the public as urgent, how does one justify the expenditure of limited time and resources on research that may produce negative results? Rather than dismiss or ignore this entirely reasonable concern on the part of policy-makers, researchers in the Malaysia case engaged it directly by: (i) designing a field trial to include the implementation of an intervention in a district, and (ii) clearly communicating the ways in which either positive or negative results would contribute to the desired public-health outcome.
While Emanuel et al.'s ethical benchmarks are designed primarily for use in clinical research, the principle of "collaborative partnership" is also relevant to public-health intervention research in LMICs.9 Under the complex economic, political, and social circumstances that characterize LMICs, research results have little chance of influencing policy or resource allocation unless policy-makers are sufficiently engaged with research programmes.9 At the same time, in order for public-health policy to be truly evidence-based, the conduct of research must be protected from entanglement in the politics of policy-making. Assuming that political interests will naturally produce pressure to affirm existing or planned policy choices, the Nuffield Council notes the dangers posed by inadequate standards of evidence. For example, appeals to "evidence" collected and interpreted by means not subject to independent peer review; the inappropriately selective use of peer-reviewed evidence; and the risk that scientific experts may be urged to endorse conclusions more definite or precise than the evidence base can support.13
In the Malaysia case, several procedural elements might mitigate such risks and promote accountability. First, the design and conduct of research in a manner sensitive to policy-makers' reasonable concerns is, in principle, fully consistent with the highest standards of scientific peer review to which the field trial was subjected. Second, convincing policy-makers that the field trial results would have tangible value, whether or not the tested intervention proved effective, may have weakened any tendency to identify their political self-interest exclusively with positive results; consequently, the risk of bias in subsequent use of the evidence may have been reduced. Third, plans for disseminating trial results to local community representatives and to policy-makers in other Malaysian government ministries can include measures to reinforce the understanding that the results have value for public health regardless of efficacy.
The two salient concerns of public-health ethics in our Pakistan case are social justice as a background motivation and accountability as the primary operational objective. The formation of Pakistan's NBC resulted from PMRC's active involvement in documenting the under-distribution of global health research benefits to populations in LMICs. While this disparity might be seen as a failure of social justice on a global scale, redressing the 10/90 gap is in part a matter of domestic social justice, i.e. of how the benefits and burdens of social cooperation are distributed within each sovereign state. Closing the gap would require governments of LMICs, such as Pakistan, to participate in dramatically increasing the amount of health research undertaken for the benefit of their own populations. Ensuring accountability for the conduct of this research with human subjects requires that protocols undergo independent ethical review.9,27 In the absence of existing national institutions for independent ethical review, the PMRC and the Director-General of Health established the NBC.
The NBC's terms of reference include preparing national ethics guidelines for health research in Pakistan, reviewing research proposals for studies to be undertaken at the national level, and accrediting, monitoring and coordinating other research ethics committees. This complex combination of responsibilities raises the question of whether accountability would be improved by a greater division of labour. Hindering such division is a typical challenge to institutional design common to LMICs experiencing a net out-migration of highly trained professionals.28 The same labour-market dynamics that make human resource capacity-building a pervasive concern in some national health systems also carry over to the formation of research ethics institutions.7 As a result, capacity building in research ethics has become very important in countries like Pakistan, and several organizations, including the Fogarty International Center of the National Institutes of Health in the United States of America, have responded.29
At present, awareness of the need for some metric to assess ethics accountabilities, or the ethical quality of research ethics review, is only beginning to enter the field of research ethics.30 Taylor demonstrates the need for such a metric and outlines a process for developing one. Notably, she recommends starting with an exploration of how quality is defined and measured "in fields closely related to human subjects' research such as health care delivery".30 Applying a systems approach to institutionalizing research ethics in LMICs amounts to doing exactly that. Thus, the challenges faced by national bodies like Pakistan's NBC represent promising opportunities for emerging experiences in LMICs to inform practice at the leading edge of research ethics.
We have not mentioned one aspect of ethics that might be considered relevant to public-health policy - human rights.31 Frameworks for the analysis of public-health policies in terms of human rights ramifications are available;32 however, the cases used in this paper did not call for a detailed application of human rights frameworks and space did not permit a conceptual analysis. The rapidly evolving nature of public-health systems in LMICs necessitates substantial use of novel approaches to study and improve existing processes. Such analysis might be performed using a combination of conceptual frameworks for public-health ethics. This paper provides one such method and two illustrations, analysing health systems events in LMICs. It has highlighted three core public-health values - prevention, accountability, and social justice - that frequently arise at the ethics/public-health policy interface. Additional methodological techniques and creative partnerships are required to further analyse this interface. Ethical innovation in public-health policy-making will come from multiple sources including international organizations and leaders, as well as local partnerships and practitioners responding to local challenges. We welcome further dialogue from all parties involved.
Competing interests: None declared.
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(Submitted: 10 January 2008 - Revised version received: 8 May 2008 - Accepted: 3 June 2008)
▲ Correspondence to Adnan A Hyder (e-mail: email@example.com).


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By Zuby Eusofe Female Circumcision or Sunat Perempuan has been debated for many years till today. Some religious scholars assert that female circumcision is not FGM (Female Genital Mutilation) and it is Sunnah to follow according to the ahadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH). However, many scholars of Islam have found that most of these…Read More
All articles filed in Sunat Perempuan
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By Zubaida Ali When my daughters were born, I made the decision not to have them circumcised. Female circumcision is one of the most puzzling birth rituals in Muslim society. It has no health or aesthetic value whatsoever. Circumcision was usually performed by a traditional midwife but now it is performed by a medical doctor at the…Read More
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By Afiqa Ab Rahman Recently I attended a workshop where participants from Singapore, Malaysia, India, and Thailand shared their experiences and discussed about Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). Variations of the term include Female Genital Cutting (FGC) or "Sunat Perempuan". It was intriguing to hear the experiences and research findings from various countries. But what intrigued…Read More
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subset: commoncrawl


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May 28, 2012
Just Call me 'The Bill Cunningham of Brimfield'
With a tip 'o the fascinator to Bill Cunningham (photographer and author of the New York Time's iconic 'On The Street' weekly column), I'm straying from our usual topics (home improvement, home despair, etc). I know - I'm really milking this one Brimfield excursion for posts, but I just HAVE to share a few pictures. It was a rainy day and I kept spotting all these amazing looking women dressed in wonderfully chic rainy weather garb!
4 comments:
Hey, if you're going to haul junk you might as well look good doing it! Wait, I know it's not junk..that was my husband's term. (he's the one who usually hauls the "junk" home for me!)ReplyDelete
Now I feel like I need some wellies!ReplyDelete
HA! I love it.ReplyDelete
And those boots are NOT cheap. I too noticed the trend and not being immune to influence (I mean, to an extent) I thought, "Why I'd LOVE a pair!" only to discover they are close to $100. For a pair of RUBBER boots!
I decided I'd stick to my LLBean duck boots I've had since 1989.
Can't wait to see your finds!
I missed you!
The girl in the second photo looks just like Miller Gaffney from the PBS show Market Warriors!ReplyDelete
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Like everyone, when i think of Bermuda, i think of the Bermuda Triangle- with so many missing vessels, I wondered if I would too be missing. A mysterious island cast away in the Atlantic Ocean has a lot to offer. Though the island is not too big itself, there are a good number of conservationists and birders as its a really good place to bird. The island itself is prone to hurricanes…Bermuda embraces on average 4-8 per year, hence a continual effort made to restore habitats destroyed by hurricanes.
I was lucky to be able to land on Nonsuch island and shown how White-tailed Tropicbird and the critically endangered Bermuda's Petrel nest. along with seeing the different types of spiders, flora and fauna.. I understand that to be a naturalist, you really need to have a good knowledge of everything!
I was also lucky to meet the birdman of Bermuda- Dr David Wingate who rediscovered black-capped petrel and spent lifelong efforts bringing back Bermuda Petrel from extinction. He showed us around Spittal Pond, one of many sites he restored. At 81, he walked faster than me, and I had a hard time catching up.
And of course, besides birdwatching in Bermuda, its a spectacular place to dive! A deep passion of mine and though I admire and am inspired by avid birdwatchers, their knowledge of birds and their habitat.. i think if I put them diving suits, and take them down under, they are probably clueless! 😛
The invasion of Lionfish constantly poses a major threat to Bermuda's marine ecosystem- with a huge appetite (30 times their stomach volume) and fast reproduction – 1 year as compared to native fish, 3-5 years. Anyone interested in helping to cull lionfish or support the Bermuda Marine ecosystem can read more info here.
I am glad I have not just one passion but more, for which I can look at myself and say "You're doing not too bad yourself".
Below are some birds seen, of course I do find the white-tailed tropicbird very elegant.
Last but not least- Bermuda's Petrel. Here's more info about the ongoing recovery project! Click here


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I'm a Trekkie since I can think but in last time I didn't had much time for my favorite hobby. I search for near nice contacts to talk about Star Trek but not only. And perhabs I will find my dream woman (would be nice if it's near but mustn't) who feels as lonely as I do. Please only near...
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Hallo. Ich bin der Christian und suche neue Bekanntschaften. Mit meinen 35 Jahren bin ich schon eine Ewigkeit Fan und genieße das Con Leben. Wenn du möchtest, können wir uns gerne zusammen unter die Leute mischen!
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Hi, I'm Jan from Berlin, Germany. I'm 27 years old and a freelance journalist. I also play bass and sing in a little post punk band. So English is not my native language but no small thanks to watching Star Trek I'm fluent in it. I also speak some French and I studied Chinese at the University....
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City versus Liverpool not long ago would have meant one thing and one thing only- damage limitation. How many goals would we be beaten by and 'we're not really here' come the inevitable last minute winner- for them.
Things change though thankfully and for the first time in along while now City fans are going to games full of belief and expectation. In fact it speaks volumes for how far we have come that the trip to Chelsea next week is the first league game I have feared all season.
That's not because City themselves are poor but due to the obvious supremacy of a Chelsea side that can only throw the title away in many peoples mind this year.
Yet that same aura of invincibility that Liverpool used to have over most teams has vanished along with the scousers' title hopes this season and one can only wonder why it has come to this after so many years of success.
The answer of course lies in Jack Sparrow's famous question, 'Where's all the rum gone?' The answer Jack of course being that the well has dried up and the replacement water stinks!
But there is more to the Liverpool mess than a few dollars as a certain Spaniard has been at the helm for more than a few years and has made some interesting buys to say the least.
Just ask any Liverpool fan how many of the current squad deserve to put on the famous red shirt on and they'll probably reach for the nearest can of Carlsberg hand a quivering.
For where quality Carling Premier once was, there is now Bud Light and well it just isn't what the passionate Liverpool wants to see.
Gone are the likes of Hypia, Alonso, Anelka (they could have kept him) and Arbeloa and in are the likes of Lucas, Insua, Babel and Riera who don't exactly make you quiver with fear at the prospect of facing them.
Its a great shame as I like Liverpool a club full of passion and a history of winning and not to mention the team that carried the fight to the rags whilst God's own club was having a kip for a few decades or so.
City now of course have well and truly awoken from their slumber and have the only unbeaten home record in the Premiership other than Chelsea.
We are fourth on merit and also have their game in hand still to play after tomorrow. So for us we still have that safety net and that should help us come the whistle tomorrow.
It is Liverpool who should be quivering in their boots with the likes of the past it Carragher and not ready for it Insua perhaps losing a bit of sleep at the thought of facing Bellamy, Wright-Phillips, Johnson and Co.
Liverpool have everything to lose, none more so than their Champion's League status and although there are those in Merseyside playing down the importance of today's battle, come the end of May, everyone on the City side knows that this is a six-pointer for them.
For Liverpool a loss would be devastating to both morale and their top four aspirations. Of course there is also the ill-advised guarantee of a top four finish that Rafa Benitez has promised to live up to.
Most Liverpool fans must be wincing at the thought of going to City tomorrow and their players should be feeling the pressure too.
City must get at them from the start and hope for an atmosphere as hostile as a few we've been accustomed to recently.The crowd will be a huge factor as we noticed at Goodison Park and The Britannia Stadium.
It is our time now to step up to the plate and the only thing that is really missing is the self-belief. By beating Liverpool tomorrow we will have beaten all of the 'Big Four' at home and sent a message to the whole league that we are the real deal.
More importantly it will give the player the confidence they need going into games against Stoke and Chelsea away and Tottenham. For Liverpool it will mean looking over their shoulders at Spurs and Villa and playing catch up for the remainder of the season.
So let the games begin and may the best team win .. as long as they're playing in Sky Blue of course.
Let The Games Begin
City versus Liverpool not long ago would have meant one thing and one thing only- damage limitation. How many goals would we be beaten by and 'we're not really here' come the inevitable last minute winner- for them.


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Fall 2019
SIX (6) individual meets took place in the 2019 FIYA Cross Country Season in the Fall! Schools were able to participate in as many as all 6 meets or as few as 1 meet as long as teams were registered prior to the deadline. We had 37 schools and over 600 student athletes participate this season!
Thank you to all of our schools for coming out and helping make this season one for the books: American Martyrs, Beverly Vista Middle School, Century Community Charter, Coeur d'Alene Avenue, Corpus Christi, Culver City Middle School, El Segundo Middle School, Good Shepherd, Hale Charter Academy, Holy Trinity, Intellectual Virtues Academy (Long Beach), John Adams Middle School, Larchmont Charter (Lafayette Park), Larchmont Charter (Selma), Lincoln Middle School (Santa Monica), Mark Twain Middle School, Milken Community School, Mirman School, Monsenor Oscar Romero, New West Charter, Notre Dame Academy Elementary, Oakwood (North Hollywood), Para Los Ninos Charter, Pilgrim School, Prepa Tec Los Angeles, PUC Excel Charter Academy, Santa Monica Alternative, Saints Felicitas & Perpetua, St. Anastasia School, St. Brendan School, St. Mark School, The City School, The Episcopal School of Los Angeles, Vaughn Next Learning Center, Visitation School, WISH Charter, and Wilder's Preparatory Academy.
Times & Places from each meet are posted online on FIYA's Page on athletic.net, and links to all team and individual results can also be found in the column to the right of this page! You can read up on all results and highlights HERE from this year's meets (9/25 at Edward Vincent Park, 10/2 at Kenneth Hahn, 10/8 at Cheviot Hills Rec, 10/16 at Kenneth Hahn, 10/23 at Cheviot Hills Rec, and 10/30 at Edward Vincent Park)!
We hope you all had as much fun as we did! See details below on our 2019 meet dates and how to register for FIYA Cross Country Meets in the future on athletic.net. All additional FIYA Cross Country Program rules, schedule of events, courses, divisions, scoring details, and other information can also be found below.
PHOTOS from the 2019 XC Season:
All photos from each meet of the 2019 XC Season are available for purchase on our Sellfy Page! If you have a special request to order individual photos of a specific runner, please email conent coordinator Mallory Rawson at email@example.com. Proceeds from photo sales will be going towards our fundraising efforts for next year's sports programs!
For the first time ever, this season FIYA crowned a Division 1 Girls and Division 1 Boys Cross Country Seasonal CHAMPION for Cross Country! Similar to our Track & Field Program, scores are taken from all six (6) FIYA Cross Country meets and to qualify, a school must participate in at least 50% of the FIYA Cross Country meets during the season.
The team winner of each Division 1 race at a meet is determined by adding up the Top 3 place finishers from the school's maximum five (5) runners and the lowest total number wins. You had to have at least three (3) Division 1 runners compete in the race to qualify for a team score in that particular meet. For this seasonal award, a team must finish in the Top 5 team scores from the entire season based on accumulating points at any five (5) of the six (6) 2019 FIYA Cross Country Meets. A school's team earned points by finishing in the Top 5 Team Scores in Division 1 (8th Grade & Below) at each meet as follows: 5th Place - 1 point, 4th Place - 2 points, 3rd Place - 3 points, 2nd Place - 4 points, and 1st Place - 5 points.
Congratulations to FIYA's 2019 Division 1 Boys Cross Country Champions,
ALSO Congrats to FIYA's 2019 Division 1 Girls Cross Country Champions,
Oakwood will receive championship trophies and individual medals for both their Boys and Girls Cross Country teams to mark the achievement. This is Oakwood's FIRST year participating in FIYA Cross Country, so congratulations again on your successful seasons and we look forward to having you in the future!
2019 Division 1 Boys Final Team Standings:
1st Place: Oakwood School, 21 points
2nd Place: Larchmont Charter Lafayette Park, 19 points
3rd Place: Culver City Middle School, 15 points
4th Place: Larchmont Charter Selma, 10 points
5th Place: Beverly Vista Middle School, 7 points
6th Place: Pilgrim School, 6 points
7th Place (tie): El Segundo Middle School, 1 point
7th Place (tie): St. Brendan School, 1 point
2019 Division 1 Girls Final Team Standings:
1st Place: Oakwood School, 21 points
2nd Place: Intellectual Virtues Academy, 18 points
3rd Place: El Segundo Middle School, 14 points
4th Place: Culver City Middle School, 12 points
5th Place: Larchmont Charter Selma, 6 points
6th Place: Mark Twain Middle School, 5.5 points
7th Place (tie): Holy Trinity, 5 points
7th Place (tie): Para Los Ninos, 5 points
8th Place: St. Mark School, 3 points
Congratulations and thank you again to ALL of our schools for an awesome 2019 Cross Country Season, and we look forward to next year!
1st Meet: WEDS, SEPTEMBER 25TH @ Edward Vincent Park
2nd Meet: WEDS, OCTOBER 2ND @ Kenneth Hahn State Park (The Bowl Loop)
3rd Meet: TUES, OCTOBER 8TH @ Cheviot Hills Rec Center
4th Meet: WEDS, OCTOBER 16TH @ Cheviot Hills Rec Center
5th Meet: WEDS, OCTOBER 23RD @ Kenneth Hahn State Park (The Bowl Loop)
6th Meet: WEDS, OCTOBER 30TH @ Edward Vincent State Park
Tuesday @ 8PM (8PM the night before the cross country meet)
*Click on the meet locations above to see addresses / view on google maps
*All Updated Course Maps can be found/downloaded with the links to the right
*All other important info and FAQ on our Cross Country Program should be read below!
4PM: Coaches/Volunteers' Meeting
Following Coaches' Meeting: Division 3 Races (Boys then Girls)
Following D3 Races: Division 2 Races (Boys then Girls)
Following D2 Races / Last Races: Division 1 Races (Boys then Girls)
We use a stagger start for each division. Boys start first and then the girls start a few minutes after the boys take off.
Cross Country Registration will OPEN on MONDAY SEPTEMBER 9. For the 2019 season, Cross Country registration MUST be done through www.athletic.net (which is the same registration procedure we have used for Track & Field). Unfortunately, your school will NOT be able to participate in FIYA Cross Country in 2019 if it does not register online through athletic.net. AGAIN, THIS IS NEW FOR 2019!
So if your school has NOT participated in a FIYA Track & Field meet the last two years, you will likely need to first create a free account at athletic.net. See instructions below on how to create a free account.
Once you create your account, you can then register for any of the FIYA Cross Country Meets. If you're unfamiliar with our registration process through athletic.net please see instructions below on how to register.
$10 per athlete per member school and $12.50 per athlete per non-member school.
Upon conclusion of the cross country season, FIYA will issue one invoice per school covering all meets that your school athletes participated. Payment should be made after receipt of the invoice.
Division 3 (4th Grade and Below): 1 Mile Course
Division 2 (6th Grade and Below): 1.5 Mile Course
Division (8th Grade and Below): 2 Mile Course
COURSE DESCRIPTIONS: For each FIYA meet, all of our division races are held at the same locations, modified to their distances as distinguished above. To see/download course maps for each meet this season, please view the links to the right. The 2019 Cross Country season will consist of 6 meets, and the level of difficulty for our courses will increase from the first meet to the last. Note: We'll be having 2 meets at both Kenneth Hahn and Edward Vincent, and each meet at these locations will have a different course. Again, both course maps can be found to the right.
It's also important to note that FIYA Cross Country courses are moderately hilly, with Cheviot Hills being our 'flattest' course this season. All of our courses are designed to fit the ideal Cross Country standard but are also age appropriate and have been reviewed by Cross Country coaches. We've provided a brief breakdown/description of each course below to give a better idea of what to expect for your athletes. Note: The level of difficulty will vary depending on your athletes' training and experience.
EDWARD VINCENT COURSE: Hilly Course, Home of the "Monster Hill"
Community park with 55 acres of picnic areas, sport courts, soccer fields, baseball fields, playgrounds, an amphitheater, and 3 parking lots located in Inglewood. A Moderate-to-Difficult course consisting of mostly hills and inclines. Course #1 (links to the right) refers to the course that we'll be running for our 1st meet of the season. Course #2 refers to the course we'll be running at the last meet of the season. Starts flat, on a trail the entire race, and depending on the age division, runners will be making 1-2 loops through the park. Contains what we call the "Monster Hill/Corner" which will only be used in the last meet of the season.
KENNETH HAHN COURSE: The Bowl Loop, 'Traditional' Cross Country Course
A traditional Cross Country experience, Kenneth Hahn is a beautiful LA park full of great trail running. For our course, we use "The Bowl Loop" which is located at the top half of the park (past the main entrance, follow the road all the way until you make it up the big hill). An Easy-to-Moderate course, The Bowl Loop has both flats and hills with a 48 ft. elevation gain all taking place on an actual trail. Course #1 (links to the right) refers to the course that we'll be running for our 2nd meet of the season which includes just The "Bowl Loop". Course #2 is a new variation that refers to the course we'll be running at the 5th meet of the season. Kenneth Hahn is a FIYA/fan favorite in our Cross Country program, and Fun Fact: The Bowl is where many movie/TV scenes have been filmed including the Teletubbies intro! Note: Parking is VERY limited where The Bowl is located, so most spectators will have to park in the lower lots and walk up the big hill to get to the course (See Parking Map in links on the right).
CHEVIOT HILLS COURSE: Golf Course, Our Flattest Course and Mostly on Grass
The Cheviot Hills Rec Center is a great Westside LA park full facilities and runs alongside the Rancho Park Golf Course. This is considered our flattest/ "easiest" meet of the season being an Easy-Moderate course that takes place mostly on grass with some road trails. This meet has the most changes in courses for our various age divisions. Aside from having the same starting and finish lines, Division 1 runs two full 1-mile loops back to start, Division 2 runs half the loop trail + one full loop back to start, and Division 3 runs one full 1-mile loop. This is a great "beginner's" course to Cross Country and is perfect for ALL of our elementary/middle school teams. This is typically our largest meet of the season.
4PM: Coaches/Volunteers' Meeting
Following Coaches' Meeting: Division 3 Races (Boys then Girls)
Following D3 Races: Division 2 Races (Boys then Girls)
Following D2 Races / Last Races: Division 1 Races (Boys then Girls)
We use a stagger start for each division. Boys start first and then the girls start a few minutes after the boys take off.
All meets have a team competition as well as an individual competition. **Meaning, individuals can still compete regardless if their school has enough runners to qualify as a team.**
5th Place - 1 point
4th Place - 2 points
3rd Place - 3 points
2nd Place - 4 points
1st Place - 5 points
MEET REGISTRATION INSTRUCTIONS - Please Read
In order to ensure that your school's Cross Country team is familiar with how FIYA conducts its XC meets, please make sure that your coaches carefully read the information above. To understand our program, rules, and how to register, it is very important that XC coaches read all our information. This serves as a checklist of sorts:
1. Please read the dates above for our 2019 season and our FIYA Cross Country FAQ on our meets.
2. Once you've read through that, you are ready to actually register for each FIYA Cross Country meet that your school team desires to participate. Cross Country registration for the 2019 season is being handled through Athletic.net. Assuming your school does not already have an account with Athletic.Net, the FIYA Cross Country registration process becomes a two part process: The first part is to create a free account and the second part (after you receive an email and confirm activation) is to actually register for each FIYA XC meet your school desire to participate.
The 2018 Cross Country Season is in the books!
Congratulations to the following runners / schools for having the
Top Times of the 2018 FIYA Cross Country Season:
Thank you so much to all of our coaches, spectators, schools, and student-athlete participants for making this season such a blast.
We want to take this time to give A HUGE SHOUT OUT to all of our schools and student-athletes who
participated in the 2018 FIYA Cross Country Season, you guys rocked!
American Martyrs School
City Charter School
Corpus Christi
Culver City Middle School
Environmental Charter
Episcopal School Los Angeles
Equitas Academy
Good Shephard School
Holy Trinity School - San Pedro
Intellectual Virtues Academy
Larchmont Charter - LaFayette Park
Larchmont Charter - Selma
Magnolia Public Schools
New West Charter
Notre Dame Academy Elementary School
Para Los Ninos
Pilgrim School
Santa Monica Speed Academy
St. Anastasia School
St. Brendan School
St. Felicitas & Perpetua School
St. Jerome School
St. Mark School
Visitation School
WISH Charter
And a special thank you to our race day "Rabbits" from Culver City High School's Cross Country Team!


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Mathematical headaches? Problem solved!
Hi, I'm Colin, and I'm here to help you make sense of maths
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Ockham's Razor: Entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily
- William of Ockham
Colin is a Weymouth maths tutor, author of several Maths For Dummies books and A-level maths guides. He started Flying Colours Maths in 2008.
He lives with an espresso pot and nothing to prove.
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Sign up for the Sum Comfort newsletter and get a free e-book of mathematical quotations.
No spam ever, obviously.
I teach in my home in Abbotsbury Road, Weymouth.
It's a 15-minute walk from Weymouth station, and it's on bus routes 3, 8 and X53. On-road parking is available nearby.
Use this handy list to determine whether your journey is essential: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Esse…
Yesterday at 7:17 pm
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March 30, 2020 8:59 am
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With the kickoff of the Church's Light the World Christmas initiative, the Church is beginning a new campaign December 1 to help participants serve each of the 25 days leading up to Christmas: 25 Ways Over 25 Days.
"The whole purpose of this initiative is to celebrate and share the Light of Christ," Elder David A. Bednar told Mormon Newsroom. "What we hope people will do is not simply think about the Savior during this Christmas season, or even just learn more about Him. What we hope is that they will come to know Him by doing what He did."
A unique service advent calendar for the Light the World initiative is available at mormon.org and includes the service theme of the day along with a few ideas of how to serve.
Along with this calendar, inspiring videos for each day, as well as more ideas for ways to serve, are also available. As you serve, the Church has encouraged participants to share their experiences spreading the Savior's light and love with #LIGHTtheWORLD.
Here are some highlights and service ideas from the first few days of the Church advent calendar to get your Christmas of service started off on the right foot:
December 1
- Pray and ask Heavenly Father to make you more aware of those around you that need help carrying their burdens.
- Read Matthew 11:28–30 and then discuss with others how the Savior can help us through life's most difficult challenges.
- Snowing outside? Lift up your shovel to clear an elderly neighbor's driveway.
- Share an experience on social media of when prayer helped you carry a burden.
- Do you know a caregiver for an elderly or disabled adult? Take some time to visit the caregiver. Ask if there are any errands you can run for him or her.
- Students: Offer to carry someone's backpack for him or her. Try to think of someone who could really use some kindness.
- Visit justserve.org for more ways to #LIGHTtheWORLD in your community (U.S. and Canada only).
December 2
- Send a handwritten note to your parents or in-laws.
- Learn about an ancestor and share that ancestor's story. For help, visit familysearch.org.
- Call (not text) your parents.
- Ask your parents for advice on parenting your own children.
- Create an audio recording of your parents' life stories.
- Set up a weekly video chat with your parents.
- Digitize a stack of old photos for your parents.
- Post on social media a positive characteristic that you inherited from your parents.
December 3
- Point out virtues in others that they don't see in themselves.
- Read and share this account of Christ giving sight to the blind.
- Promote a vision charity on social media. You could even use the eyeglasses emoji.
- Take a disability awareness course.
- Use this app to be eyes for a blind person.
- Read a book to an elderly person with impaired vision.
- Use social media to help people see the good in the world.
Find the rest of the calendar and more inspired ways to serve at mormon.org.


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| 4.8°C Dublin
Kanye West launched his movie debut, and compared his work to that of Michael Jackson.
The hip hop star directed and starred in short film Runaway, which he presented at Bafta in London, to a star-studded audience which included Alexandra Burke, Mr Hudson and Marina and The Diamonds.
Kanye told them: "With the passing of Michael Jackson, I feel a responsibility to bring things to our generation that can inspire and bring real culture to pop culture. I don't sleep any more thinking how we are going to fill this gap, and create something to inspire on the level he did."
The 33-year-old singer went on: "With everything I've been through in the past year, it was divine intervention that helped the making of this."
Kanye revealed he would like to work with Star Wars creator George Lucas on future projects.
The troubled star, who lost his mother in 2007 and last year made headlines when he interrupted Taylor Swift's acceptance speech at the MTV VMA's, went on to reveal he had received death threats over the incident.
And while he has since apologised, he said of Taylor, "She still hasn't hit me up [called me back]). I'm over that. I'm an artist and I'm all about my movie now and am leaving that behind."
Kanye also said: "I promised I wouldn't tear up... but have you heard of a little thing called Lindsay Lohan's Ungaro collection? That was like the 9/11 of fashion. It was game over for me after that as no one would take a celebrity trying to do fashion seriously."
PA Media


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September 7, 2011
Well, it has been a while don't you think? Without further delay, enjoy reading! :)
Facebook is an eagle-eye, it takes about a minute, to capture about 1 million people around the world just to sign up. The mastermind behind this successful social network is Mark Zuckerberg with his college roommates, and fellow computer students.
Do you think Facebook is the positive thing that ever happened to us? Well, let's investigate.
To keep the call rolling, Facebook is such a useful social network to us. We can contact our relatives and friends by chatting on the Facebook wall or by chat box. Furthermore, Facebook also rises up our communicating skills. Although it's just a social network site, it brushes up our communicating skill in writing and also our use of language.
Have you ever heard a phrase 'thinking out of the box'? Sure you do. What I mean is you can do something useful in Facebook. It's not just included 'sign in' and 'sign out' place. What you can do is advertise in Facebook about your business. For an artist, it keeps in touch with fans but most importantly, you can get to know a person outside your country.
In contrast of pros are cons. The negative things about Facebook are, it can be so addictive. Most of the teenagers spend a lot of their time on Facebook rather than studying. Moreover, it can cause a cyber bullying. In 14 January 2010, a 15 years old, name Phoebe Prince died. Although the bullying doesn't start with the social network but it start to spread onto her Facebook wall.
In addition, is about our own safety.
Yes, Facebook does give you a choice either to stay private or public but don't get to comfy. There are a lot of genius out there can hack your profile and get all your information like where did you stay, working and your favourite hang-out places. So, don't sell out all of your information to social networking, it might harm you.
Technologies are an important thing in this 20th century. From huge computer with keyboard, now becoming a touch screen LCD, we become more developed. Yes, we are developed but how it takes to protect our luxurious technologies? We do have a choice and now it depends on our upcoming generation to handle the situation.
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The course consists of both practical and theoretical sessions split between the classroom, Mud Logging unit, and workshops. The classroom sessions will be run with experienced professionals providing an in-depth explanation of Mud Logging services, coupled with hands on practical learning centered in a state of the art Schlumberger training environment.
The practical sessions will utilize the Mud Logging unit, acquisition sensors and sample analysis equipment, geological laboratory, and rig based training.
The course will provide participants with a clear understanding of the primary objective of Mud Logging services, which is the surface measurement of drilling parameters, gas data, and geological information. The objective of this 5 days course will be to build in participants an understanding of drilling operations, as monitored through a Mud Logging system. It will also aim to help participants understand the principles of gas measurement and to have an understanding of how geological descriptions are done together with the process of building a lithostratigraphic column.
By the end of the course, participants will have a better understanding of the added value of mud logging data, the elements in relation to data quality control, and the skills needed to challenge the data quality.
Day 1
Introduction to Mud Logging and Geology
The first day will give participants and introduction to mud logging and geology. After defining mud logging, participants will learn about geology and sedimentology. Specific topics that will be covered include the main rock types, geological structures, geological ages, and hydrocarbons generation and migration. Geological phenomena and drilling problems with examples will also be covered.
Day 2
Practical Session and Acquisition Chain
Day two will cover a practical session and the acquisition chain. The practical section will be a geological laboratory based practical covering the use of microscopes, sample preparation, analysis, and descriptions. The day will move onto the acquisition chain where participants will learn about the different types of sensors, signals, and systems. A workshop practical will show attendees what a sensor will look like and how it will fit into the acquisition chain. Monitoring drilling operations, drilling aids, and reporting will also be covered.
Day 3
Acquisition Chain and Gas Detection
The acquisition chain and gas detection will be the focus of day three. Participants will learn about the end of the acquisition chain. Gas detection will be covered, focusing on specifics such as the origin of gas in mud, degassing process, degassing technologies and types of gas analysis. Attendees will participate in a practical workshop showing what the degassing and analyzing equipment are comprised of and how they work.
Day 4
Gas Detection (Cont.)
Day four will be a continuation of the gas detection discussion on day three. This day will focus on interpretation generalities, as well as gas in and out. The day will end with classroom based case studies demonstrating the use of gas data collected at a rig site and how this data will be reported and logged.
Day 5
Gas Detection and Close Out
The last day will focus on gas detection and close out. The added value of mud logging and the top end services will be covered on this day. The day will end with a discussion over close out.
Geoscientists and engineers wishing to have hands on training in mud logging.
Participants should have some drilling knowledge and basic geological knowledge. This is not required, but preferred.


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Dining at the Blomidon Inn, a favourite, Wolfville, Nova Scotia Restaurant.
BREAKFAST is served from 7:30 a.m. – 10:00 a.m. for Inn Guests. Coffee is usually available a little after 7 a.m.
LUNCH is from 11:30 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. Everyone is welcome for lunch and dinner!
DINNER is served from 5:00 p.m. – 9:00 p.m. RESERVATIONS are recommended for lunch and dinner.
Blomidon Inn Does Local
Here at the Blomidon Inn we grow our own herbs year round and source our produce/ingredients from the local area as much as possible.
The Library dining room
This elegant dining room is the smaller of two dining rooms and is perfect for private parties.
Blomidon Inn offers complete facilities for private parties and functions….
- Weddings
- Stand-up receptions
- Corporate Meetings/Gatherings
- Anniversary Celebrations
- and more!
breakfastServed from 7:30 am - 10:00 am for Inn guests.
Coffee available at 7:00am.
lunchServed from 11:30 am - 2:00 pm. Everyone is welcome for lunch and dinner!
View our lunch menu
dinnerServed from 5:00 pm - 9:00 pm
View our dinner menu
Reservations are recommended for lunch and dinner.


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Responsible TourismAs we speed into the 21st Century, zooming on the highway of quick fix holiday packages and group traveller destinations where guests are herded into rooms in big hotels and unnecessary pitstops at emporiums and shops selling mass produced 'handicrafts', it may be a good time to stop a while and think about what it is that makes a holiday .... a holiday.
Fuel surcharges are rising, lifestyles are changing and increasingly, environments are being landscaped to suit the busy holiday maker. It is time to make a change, and that's where responsible tourism comes into mind. It takes 2 to make the change : the traveller and the operator. Here are some tips on how we can enjoy our holiday and at the same time make sure that we contribute to the environs we visit.
What is Responsible Tourism
We all know that in all situations, tourism is bound to have an impact on the Environmental, Social and Economic status of that destination. Quite often with a negative impact. Responsible Tourism aims to counter such negativities by addressing the issues which involve conservation of the environment, its people and its culture. The guidelines for responsible traveller and operator falls under several categories and they are ... to protect the environment ? its flora, fauna and landscapes ; to benefit the local communities - economically and socially; to respect local cultures ? traditions, religions and built heritage ; to conserve natural resources - from home to location ; to minimise pollution - through noise, waste disposal and congestion (AITO - The Association of Independant Tour Operators)
Tips for the Responsible Traveller
Planning your travel :
- It is now common knowledge that the biggest environmental impact of travelling is the flight. Minimising flight time and stopovers can lower carbon emissions. Taking off and landing emits the most carbon. If possible, take alternative travel methods such as the train, public transportation and avoid short haul domestic flights. There are travel sites that can help offset the CO2 emissions by calculating the amount of CO2 generated on a flight and provide the traveller the opportunity to offset their CO2 emissions through investing in projects which lower carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. For example, projects that encourage replanting of trees or reforestation; encouraging the use of alternative energy such as solar power and hydropower; and using alternative fuel such as biodiesel from planting jatropha instead of invasive plantations such as palm oil where fertiliser and insecticide contamination is high.
Homework before travel:
- Learn a few useful words in the local language. This is helpful to break barriers and normally the locals will warm up to you quickly
- Religious customs and local traditions vary greatly from one country to another and even within the country there are often a mix of different cultures and races. It is important to respect the local way of life even if you may not totally agree with it. In Asia especially, be aware that the local concept of time may not be as punctual and harried as yours. Patience is a virtue...
- When packing for your trip, best to minimise on disposable goods and packaging. Places you go may not have efficient refuse system and quite common in rural areas and on islands where refuse is disposed of in an open fire which may add to toxic fumes.
- Ask your operator what would be an ideal gift to bring along if you were to visit local villagers and the headman of the village, local schools or orphanages and sanctuaries
- Ask your operator if there are any local conservation or social projects nearby of which you can contribute to or visit on your trip
When you're there:
- Respect local cultures, traditions and religions. If you are unsure, please ask especially upon entering holy places
- Buy local produce, help the local economy
- Don't buy products made from endangered species, hardwood from our rainforests and ancient artifacts which will be regarded as national treasures. No harvesting of endemic flora from the forest especially priceless orchids species.
- Choose local guides to bring you around. They usually have better knowledge of the surroundings and of course, its history, folklore and culture.
Once back home:
- It's good to provide some feedback to the operator so that this may help them improve or streamline their work to operate in a more responsible fashion.
- Continue with the good work you have done with the communities or any causes and projects that you were involved or participated in whilst at location.
How To Be Qualify As A Responsible Operator
There are generally several factors to look into as a responsible operator. The Social, Economic and Environmental factors.
The Social Factor
It is encouraged to support local development and also help maintain their cultures and traditions by introducing them to guests so that they may understand and respect their way of life. In turn, the local communities such as the natives will continue to respect their forefathers' beliefs and not shy away in shame of their heritage. This has happened in many communities such as the Kelabit community in Bario and Ba'kelalan where older generations have snipped off their hanging earlobes after having been encouraged by their children to do so for fear at being ridiculed by outsiders.
The Economic Factor
It is encouraged that operators engage local people under their payroll and provide them with training so that they have the opportunity to build a life for them and their families. Operators should also be encouraged to buy local produce to help the local communities such as vegetables and fruits from local farms.
The Environmental Factor
This involves minimising negative impacts to the locale such as noise and energy pollution, waste disposal and congestion. In providing a holiday destination that is environment conscious, the operator is also encouraged to share their passion by educating guests on the local environment and issues .


text: Rapidly increasing urbanization in the world, especially in developing countries, let to increasing urban extents. Rapid urban growth causes to appearance many problems such as wasting environmental resources, inability of providing necessary services for citizens and unplanned growth. Urban mangers and planners need tools for understanding amount and size of future urban growths to prevent these problems. Urmia as capital city of west Azerbaijan province, in the last decades has considerable growth in both extent and population. This rapid growth caused to lose most high value agricultural resources in its surrounding. It has also caused many problems for urban management. Therefore, how city managers and urban planners can be aware of magnitude and location of Urmia city's future growth and what is the best growth scenario for Urmia city? This paper uses a quantitative analysis research methodology to prediction and evaluation of growth scenarios for Urmia city. In this paper, SLEUTH model was applied to predict future urban growth of Urmia until 2050. Two different scenarios were employed include: Historical Growth Scenario (HGS) and Environment Protection Scenario (EPS). The result highlight that if the city continues its growth based on HGS scenario, in compare with growth based on EPS scenario, it would occupy more area. In this paper, we concluded that the EPS scenario can be more sufficient than HGS scenario. In addition, SLEUTH urban growth model can be used as a planning support model for urban planners and managers decisions for Urmia city based on scenarios.


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The November 9, 2011 Edition of NXT is a Professional wrestling television show of the WWE, which took place at the Echo Arena in Liverpool, England, on November 8, 2011.
- Numbers in parentheses indicate the length of the match.
- (c) refers to the champion(s) heading into the match.
- Tyson Kidd defeated Trent Barreta
- Jimmy Uso (w/ Jey Uso) defeated JTG (w/ Tamina)
- Derrick & Johnny (Derrick Bateman & Johnny Curtis) (w/ Maxine, see BateMax and Curti-Max) defeated Percy & Titus (Percy Watson & Titus O'Neil)
Other on-screen talent
Image Gallery
See also
External links
Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.


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Destination Search
- The UK's largest accessible holiday specialist
- Guaranteed accessible accommodation
- Many properties personally audited
- Flights, adapted transfers & equipment hire
- Full financial protection
Multiple Award Winners
Award Winners 2019
We pride ourselves on offering our customers the best value for money. If you find the same holiday for a cheaper price we will refund the difference.
Terms and Conditions.
At a glance
Please quote code 63855 in all correspondence.
- Accommodation: Villas
- Board basis: Self Catering
- Holiday type: Beach Holidays
- Sleeps: 13
- Bedrooms: 5
Facilities available
Facilities available for hire
This spacious villa is perched on top of its own hill set above the Algarve coast overlooking far-reaching views to the sea. The villa is a traditional Algarvian style, providing spacious accommodation for up to thirteen people. Outside there are several sun terraces and a rock garden with a heated swimming pool which is topped up from its own well.
Room specifications
The villa comprises living accommodation on three floors, with a private balcony on the first floor, and a large sun terrace on the ground floor, including a shaded eating area. The ground floor sun terrace leads to a sweeping outside staircase, which is safely gated, down to the terraced pool area which has a large covered dining/bar area.
The villa sleeps 10 people in five bedrooms, plus an extra three people on Z beds, making a total max capacity of 13. An ideal location for mixed group holidays, multi-family holidays and bringing the grandparents too!
Accessibility facilities
- Wheel-in shower
- Shower seat
- Grab rails
- Hoist can be hired for pool
- Indoor hoist can be hired
- One electrical tilt bed
- Private garden
- Private swimming pool
- Towels and linen provided
- Air conditioning fitted to all five bedrooms. They can also act as heat generators in the winter)
- Ceiling fans
- Parking and garage
- Heating
- Internet
- Iron and board
- Telephone
- Washing machine and tumble dryer
- TV/video with a number of Sky channels
- Daily maid
- Laundry room
- Barbeque
- Wi-Fi
- Dishes and utensils
- Dishwasher
- Freezer
- Microwave
- Oven
- Refrigerator
- Hob
- Child's highchair
- Books
- DVD player
- Games
- Table tennis
- Satellite / cable television
- Toys
- Bathroom 1 - Toilet, Bath (no shower), Shower Enclosure
- Bathroom 2 - Toilet, Bath (no shower), Shower Enclosure, Bidet
- Bathroom 3 - Toilet, Bath (no shower), Shower Enclosure, Bidet
- Bathroom 4 - Toilet, Bath (no shower), Shower Enclosure, Bidet Shower room 1 - Shower Enclosure
- Bedrooms 1, 2 and 3 all en-suite
- Separate bathroom for bedroom 4 and separate shower room for bedroom 5, all newly installed
- Boat
- Terrace
- Golf
- Garden
- Barbecue
- Veranda
- Parasols
Area information
Things to do nearby
Inside the villa is a reference book with contact details for restaurants and directions etc. Faro airport is 25 minutes' drive. Car hire essential. There is also a very reliable local taxi firm. Nearest beach: 25 minutes. Nearest shop: 5 minutes.
There are a variety of lagoon beaches all within a 40 minutes' drive. Notably these are to be found in Tavira, Pedras del Rei, Fuzetta and Cabanas - a short boat trip or train ride across the lagoon is a feature of the experience in some cases.
Shops and restaurants
Located in and around the town of Sao Bras de Alportel you will find many reasonable priced restaurants. Sao Bras de Alportel is known for its local markets providing fresh fish and vegetables; in this town you can also find supermarkets.
Golf is available nearby at Benamor and other courses are all within a 35-minute drive. There is a tennis court two minutes away from the villa which can be hired out. The villa provides its own table tennis table, which is stored in the garage.
Flights are available from most UK airports. Our travel consultants can also arrange free airport assistance for you should you require it. We will advise airports and airlines in advance of any special requirements you may have, as well as any equipment you may wish to take abroad. Medical seats will be reserved for you where possible, should you need them.
To really start your holiday in style, book an airport lounge with DisabledHolidays.com - avoid the queues, enjoy the luxury and relax in complete comfort before your flight!
Airport transfers
Need assistance getting to the airport? Our partner Driving Miss Daisy® provide a safe, caring and reliable adapted transfer service to for disabled holidaymakers. Read more here. Or call 0161 804 9898 to book your Home to Holiday assisted transfer service today!
Equipment hire
We can arrange the hire of commode shower chairs, mobile hoists, wheelchairs and other mobility equipment in most locations. Our consultants will discuss what is available with you and ensure it is delivered and waiting for you upon your arrival.
For a great package deal guaranteed to meet your accessibility needs, call us on 0161 804 9898. Our holidays abroad come with full ATOL protection.
Please note: Tourist tax may apply at this location. Please check the relevant embassy information for this country. Tourist taxes are payable at your destination.
Passports and Visas
Please note that we can only provide general information about passports and visas. You will need to check and fulfil the passport, visa, health and immigration requirements applicable to your itinerary. More information on passports and visas
Adapted transfers
Need assistance getting to your holiday accommodation? Our partner Driving Miss Daisy® provide a safe, caring and reliable adapted transfer service for disabled holidaymakers. Read more here Or call 0161 804 9898 to book your Home to Holiday assisted transfer service today!
Information last updated: 21/01/2020 12:20:36
Book with the UK's Favourite
For exceptional service, fantastic prices and a holiday which meets all your needs, book with DisabledHolidays.com - the UK's largest accessible holiday specialist!
Enquire about Panoramic sea view accessible villa
Prices, enquiries, availability & bookings
For all booking enquires and holiday quotes, please call us or contact us via our Holiday Booking Enquiry form below. One of our specialist travel consultants will call you back at your convenience to discuss all your requirements and help find your perfect accessible holiday.
If you have a more general query, please call us or contact us via the General Question tab below.
We aim to respond to all email enquiries within 24 hours - please allow an extra day over weekends.


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Hi! I'm Kari and I've been a Christian (hate using that term sometimes!) for a long time. I've found that sometimes we tend to mix up the Grace of God with our own efforts. Which doesn't work! So 100percentgrace means 100%grace, 100% of the time, for 100% of everything. All because of Jesus!
1 thought on "What does 100percentgrace mean?"
Absolutely! Great blog! Check my blog out too please: http://www.bigsneezers.com


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In the past few years I have used Goal Guide app for many of my escapades, a job interview, presentations, and setting goals of course. The Cognitopia website has helped me exponentially with these ventures and I hope they will help you with yours.
Using Goal Guide to Find Yourself
Cognitopia stated out as an idea, much like a seed, now it has grown into a beautiful tree with flourishing branches that give ideas, encouragement and motivation. Continue reading


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When I was in the US, I was constantly surprised at all the things I was talking about, assuming that they'd know what I was going on about only to find that they didnt most of the time. LOL an example is, for some odd reason I was craving Curly Wurlys... but they had no idea what they were! It was a little frustrating because I'd turn to make a comment or share a thought but they couldnt relate! It was then that I realised that I assumed nothing was actually Australian and that it had come from the rest of the world or I assumed they'd have been exposed to what I have. They do say travelling broadens the mind hehe. So anyways, this started me thinking, there's the obvious Vegemite and Fosters beer thats typically Australian, what else? It really opened my eyes that I took so many things for granted! Tim Tams, Milo etc. Couldve been the homesickness setting in but I'm glad it made me think and for that I'm so much more appreciative of what is "Australian".
In keeping with tradition, this Australia Day we had a BBQ... but we also had a special little extra BBQ too!
I made a cake based off an Australian classic, the lamington. My cake, as I like to call it, was "inverted" lamington flavoured, i.e. chocolate cake with vanilla coconut icing.
Still had the 'snags'
Chicken wings
Shish Kebabs... gosh thats another thing I found out! Americans call kebabs, kebobs LOL! Made me laugh
The stereotypical stubbie holder and BBQ .... see peeps no "shrimp on the Barbie"
Our lovely Australia Day lunch spread
Hope everyone had a great Australia day! ♥
(ps if anyone listened to the top 100 on Triple J ... what a disappointment! No.1 was predictable and the lead up was kinda shameful.. what happened to the FOOIES????)


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Switch to RevResponse's FeedBurner Alternative $1,000 Bonus ends Nov. 12th
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How it works
I have created my RSS to email news letter can you please let us know how this offer works.
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I have already shifted feedburner to RR from 10th Oct 2012, now two months over on 10th Dec. May I know when we will receive this bonus Payment ?
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Size: 270cm x 150cm
Sail: Soft Parachute cloth
Frame: carbon rods.
Lights: Sun Glaze Design, 80 LED Bulbs with circult board, rechargeable battery and charger. Available in different colour combinations. Actual colour of kite might differ from picture.
Kite can by kept in bag without removing the LED Velcro.
Kite can be folded in a length of 0.8m