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- Sermon Notes
- Scripture
A Rock to Build On
1 Peter 2:1-10
These short letters were written by none other than the famous Peter, one of the three disciples closest to the Lord and perhaps the one we remember most.
Personally, I love Peter's bodacious spirit. It certainly got him in trouble more than once, but you have to love his living full out in whatever he
He was a fisherman by trade, along with his brother Andrew who also became a disciple of Jesus. They were partners with James and John who also became
The life of Peter would be an interesting study all by itself. His failures were famous; but so were his victories. He rebuked Jesus for saying that he
would be handed over to His enemies and crucified, but received a sharp rebuke right back.
After Jesus said that all the disciples would fall away, Peter famously announced that if everyone else should fall away, he would not, in fact, he would
die with the Lord. Then, just hours later, he denied the Lord three times and to be more convincing, he added cussing to his denying.
After asking Jesus if he could come out to Him, walking on the water, he became afraid when he saw the wind and the waves and began to sink. Jesus corrected
him, "O ye of little faith, why did you doubt?"
Yes, he received a correction from the Lord, but you have to give them credit, he got out of the boat while the rest of the disciples stayed back. You've
got a love Peter's boldness and bodacious faith.
So much so that after the resurrection, Peter became a pillar of the church and one of its key leaders. When the infamous Saul, later known as Paul, turned
from being an enemy of the church to becoming a believer in Christ, it was Peter he wanted to talk to first.
Peter had such a reputation for being a leader in the church that many of our humorous stories and jokes about heaven have Peter standing at the pearly
gates receiving people into heaven.
A pope and a politician both died on the same day and showed up at the pearly gates… Although my favorite is when a man dies and comes to the pearly
gates where Peter is waiting for him and tells him that there's a point system for getting into heaven. "You need 1000 points to get in. Tell me all
the good things you've done and I'll give you points for each thing." "I was married to the same wonderful woman for 40 years, I was always faithful,
never even had lustful thoughts." "Great," Peter said, "that's worth three points."…
Peter writes to those 'who reside as aliens' scattered throughout the regions of Asia minor. In many ways that's the theme of this book. He's writing that
we would understand that we've been born-again into the kingdom of heaven and therefore should no longer live like we used to live when we were in
the world. We're strangers and exiles here, our hopes and dreams are fixed in heaven.
He writes to show them what that looks like and how to build your life on the Rock of heaven.
I. Long for the Pure Milk of the Word
- Several times Peter reminds us that we've been born-again because of the significance of what it represents and he connects being born again to the
living and abiding word of God.
1 Peter 1:23, You have been born-again not of seed which is perishable, but imperishable, that is, through the living and abiding word of God.
- Nicodemus, a highly regarded Jewish leader came to Jesus at night, saying, "Rabbi, we know that You have come from God, for no one can do the miracles that You do unless God is with him."
John 3:3, Jesus answered and said to him, "Truly, truly, I say to you, unless one is born again he cannot see the kingdom of God."
- But Nicodemus didn't understand. "How can a man be born when he is old? He cannot enter a second time into his mother's womb and be born, can he?"
- The significance of being born again is that first there comes death and then being born again to newness of life.
Romans 6:3-4, Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus have been baptized into His death? Therefore we have been buried with Him through baptism into death, in order that as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the father, so we too might walk in newness of life.
1 Peter 1:3, Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to His great mercy has caused us to be born again to a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead.
- The point is that there is a division between the old life in the world and the new life in Christ. Can you tell the difference?
- Can the nature of a man change? Is it possible to have newness of life to the point that a man's nature can actually change?
Illus – We had a pet rabbit that used to sit on my shoulder and read books with me. We had a dog that our girls dressed up and we spoke to like a person,
but can their nature change? No, a rabbit will always be a rabbit, a dog is a dog, and a horse is a horse…
- But a person can change because being born again means that they are born of the Spirit, by the living and abiding word of God, by His power in
John 3:6-7, "That which is born of the flesh is flesh and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Do not marvel that I said to you, 'You must be born again.'"
Ezekiel 36:26-27, 29 "I will give you a new heart and put a new spirit within you; and I will remove your heart of stone and give you a heart of flesh. I will put My Spirit within you… And I will save you from all your uncleanness."
- Peter wrote that you were born again through the living and abiding word of God. How does faith begin? God implants His word. "Faith comes by hearing
and hearing by the word of Christ."
- So here, in verse 2, he continues; since you were born again by the living and abiding word of God, like newborn babes, now you should long for
the pure milk of the word, so that by it you may grow in respect to salvation…
- You've been born-again to newness of life, but you have to keep growing. Drinking milk and taking food is a great spiritual analogy because you
can't grow if you don't receive that which nourishes your soul.
Matthew 4:4, Jesus said, "It is written, 'Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceeds out of the mouth of God.'"
- It's a question of what you're receiving, what you're spiritually drinking, what spiritually feeds you. Peter says that you should long for the
pure milk of the word, that by it you may grow in respect to your salvation.
Illus – Through the years I've known several people that absolutely will not eat vegetables, they much prefer Doritos and Ding Dongs. The same is true spiritually, some people can't stand good spiritual food, they much prefer the junk food the world has to offer. But spiritual junk food doesn't just make the soul sick, it brings about death. It will kill you.
- The living and abiding word of God feeds the soul. I've often said that a pastor is like a chef, preparing a tasty meal of meat and vegetables
from God's word. And there's nothing wrong with adding a little sauce and a touch of dessert.
Jeremiah 3:15, "I will give you shepherds after My own heart who will feed you on knowledge and understanding."
B. You have tasted the kindness of the Lord
- Verse 3 – Long for the pure milk of the word, that by it you may grow in respect to salvation… since you have tasted the kindness of the
- You have tasted the kindness of the Lord. He is good and kind and patient and loving to you, therefore, long to taste again and again of His kindness.
Psalm 34:8, O taste and see that the Lord is good; how blessed is the man who takes refuge in Him!
Isaiah 55:1-2, "Ho! Everyone who thirsts, come to the waters; and you who have no money come, buy and eat. Come, buy wine and milk without money and without cost. Why do you spend money for what is not bread, and why do you spend your wages for what does not satisfy? Listen carefully to Me, and eat what is good, and delight yourself in abundance."
- But we also need to make sure that we don't take the Lord for granted and forget how good the kindness of the Lord tastes.
- When Israel was going through the desert, God provided manna for them as their daily provision. It fell like dew and they could harvest enough
for each day every morning. It was sweet and tasted like coriander seed with honey. In other words, it tasted like Krispy Kreme donuts, and
was actually good for them. But they took it for granted even though it was a miracle every day.
- God had to teach them a lesson. They were constantly grumbling; they were tired of manna and kept asking for meat, so God sent quail; they had
so much they were snorting it out their noses.
- Lay aside all malice and guile and hypocrisy and slander and receive the pure milk of the word and have your soul refreshed and your faith made
alive. Never lose the amazing awe of God's word.
- How does the word of God read to you? It's a letter of love. It's the living and abiding word of God and He sent it that it might taste good to
your soul.
II. Build Your Life on this Rock
- Verses 4-5 – Coming to Him as to a living stone, choice and precious in the sight of God, you also, as living stones, are being built up as a spiritual
house for a holy priesthood…
- Notice the distinction. Where are you going to build your house, your life? You're in the kingdom of heaven now. God is building you up as a spiritual
house for a holy priesthood.
- There must be a distinction between the old life in the world and your new life in Christ.
A. You are living stones
- There's a lot of history here and it meant a lot to Peter personally. He was once called Simon, but Jesus gave him the name Peter which means 'little
- At one point Jesus asked the disciples, "Who do the people say that I am?" They responded, "Some say John the Baptist; and others, Elijah; but
still others, Jeremiah, or one of the prophets." He said to them, "But who do you say that I am?"
- Great question. It's the question that rings through the ages. Perhaps the most important question you'll ever answer. The good news is that it's
an open book test, God reveals the truth in advance and then furnishes proof to all men by raising Him from the dead.
- It was Peter who answered the question, "You are the Christ, the Son of the living God…"
Matthew 16:17-18, And Jesus said to him, "Blessed are you, Simon bar Jonah, because flesh and blood did not reveal this to you, but My Father who is in heaven. I say to you that you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build My church; and the gates of hell will not prevail against it."
- Some have taken that to mean that Peter was being installed as the first pope, but Peter is writing in this chapter that we are all living stones
built on the foundation of Christ as our Rock.
- You're a living part of something that God is building. You're never meant to be a spiritual Lone Ranger, you're meant to be part of what God is
building and He wants you to be an active part of it.
- Verse 6 – "Behold I lay in Zion a choice stone, a precious cornerstone, and he who believes in Him shall not be disappointed."
- You build your life on this Rock and you will not be disappointed. You'll never regret giving your life to Christ, you'll never regret walking
away from worldly things. You'll never regret building your life on the Rock of Christ, you'll never regret drawing near to the Lord, you'll
never regret revival.
B. This precious stone is for you
- Verse 7 – This precious value, this precious cornerstone, is for you who believe.
- He is saying, "Do you know who this is? This is the cornerstone on which God has built the plan of the ages. All of the Old Testament Scriptures
and prophecies looked forward to this precious cornerstone.
- The stone which the builders rejected, this has become the chief cornerstone.
Illus – When Israel returned from exile in Babylon, the city of Jerusalem and the Temple of God were destroyed, a mountain of rubble. To rebuild it they must find the cornerstone. They found it, but they didn't recognize it and they rejected it.
Isaiah tells us this is prophetic. God sent Jesus, the only begotten Son of God, but the Jewish leaders rejected Him, blinded by their own selfish self-centeredness, they rejected the chief cornerstone on which the plan of the ages was built.
- This precious value, is for you who believe. On that chief cornerstone God places living stones, you and me… You are a chosen race, a royal
priesthood, a holy nation, a people for God's own possession.
- Your hopes, your dreams, your ambitions, your very life must be built on this Rock. You've been born-again to a living hope to obtain a spiritual
1 Peter 2:1-10 NASB
so that by it you may grow in respect to salvation, 3 if you have tasted the kindness of the Lord.
are being built up as a spiritual house for a holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices acceptable to God through Jesus Christ.
has called you out of darkness into His marvelous light; 10 for you once were not a people, but now you are the people of God; you had not received
mercy, but now you have received mercy.
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New Greek bailout increases the odds that Grexit will actually happen, despite Washington's pressure.
from Mark Weisbrot
It is now clear that the European authorities do not intend to let the Greek economy recover any time in the foreseeable future. The primary surpluses that the government has been forced to agree to—2, 3, and 3.5 percent of GDP for the three years of the deal, 2016 through 2018—will not allow Greece to escape its depression, which is now in its sixth year. Even if they miss these targets, which is likely, just trying to do what they have committed to will keep the economy from recovering.
The Foundation for Economic and Industrial Research in Athens has projected that the Greek economy will not recover in 2016. It is worth noting that since 2010 past projections from official sources, e.g., by the IMF, have almost always projected recovery for the following year – even though it never happened until the tiny, short-lived, recovery of 2014.
One can only speculate on the motives for inflicting this harm on the people of Greece. Clearly it is not about the money – the Financial Times estimated that the primary surpluses will contribute about 4.5 billion euros out of what is now an 86 billion euro package. Punishment is probably part of the motivation for these hateful conditions, as well as a fear on the part of the tormentors that "leniency" could encourage people in other vulnerable eurozone economies to vote for left parties or demand an earlier exit from mass unemployment. And the slower the recovery, the more Greece's creditors—with official creditors (the IMF, ECB, and European governments) now holding 86 percent of the debt—will lose in the debt restructuring that almost everyone now realizes is inevitable. By shutting down the Greek banking system in order to put a gun to Greece's head before the July 5 referendum, the ECB was sacrificing tens of billions of euros owed to its creditors. And since the financial system is still not back to normal functioning, it means they will lose even more.
The guaranteed extension of depression in Greece certainly changes the equation for Greeks with regard to the costs and benefits of remaining in the eurozone. Polls may still show a majority wanting to stay, but what if the question were put this way?: "By remaining in the eurozone, the Greek economy is likely to experience two or more years of depression. Do you think it is worth this price to keep the euro?" A majority might very well say no.
Of course, leaving the euro could be worse than this, but it is very unlikely. A look at financial crises throughout the world over the past two decades shows that Greece has already suffered more damage than nearly any other country. Although the Greek economy would get worse before it got better, given what Greeks are facing under the current program, the end result of leaving would very likely be a faster recovery.
Life after the euro is now being imagined by far more than just euro-skeptics, or economists such as Paul Krugman, who argues that the eurozone countries have never met the conditions for "an optimum currency area."
Others, including François Hollande of France, are pushing for more fiscal and political integration in order to resolve the problem. But this is very unlikely to help, because it is the politics of the eurozone that are the more immediate and pressing problem. As noted above, this is not about money. The Greek debt problem could have been resolved back in 2010 for a small fraction of the money that creditors have already lost. They have increased their losses enormously by putting Greece through its long depression, and now they are willing to sacrifice even more in order to achieve their political goals. What are those political goals?
Former Greek Finance Minister Yanis Varoufakis, after he left the government, wrote that the German finance minister Wolfgang Schäuble wanted to "put the fear of God into the French and have them accept his model of a disciplinarian eurozone."
He could have included most of the Eurozone with France, and although Schäuble is the hard-liner, he is not alone in his vision for a new Europe. For direct evidence, we can look at the thousands of pages produced by the "Article IV consultations" that EU countries have regularly with the IMF. These present a clear story of what appears to be an elite consensus, or at least a majority: For the four years 2008 through 2011 (which include the world financial crisis and recession), there is pronounced pattern of recommendations for fiscal tightening, cutting spending, reducing pensions and health care spending, increasing the labor supply and thus reducing the bargaining power of labor, and cutting public employment.
It is for this vision that the European Central Bank, up until September 2012, repeatedly pushed the eurozone to the brink of a financial meltdown, with markets convinced that the existence of the euro itself was at risk. This game of chicken contributed greatly to the additional two years of recession that the eurozone suffered after its initial recovery from the 2009 recession. It was only in July 2012 that Draghi uttered the three words that put an end to the financial crisis, declaring that the ECB would do "whatever it takes" to preserve the euro.
Of course Draghi and the ECB could do the same for Greece as they did for Italy and Spain in 2012, the "too-big-to-fail" debtors whose bond yields were immediately stabilized by his statement, and began a steady decline to very low levels, without the ECB even having to back up its statement with money. But it has chosen instead to do the opposite, to deliberately cause a severe crisis in the Greek financial system, and push it deeper into recession. Apparently they think that Greece is not too big to fail, and that if it ends up out of the euro, the eurozone will persevere. We may well find out in the next year or so, because the Greek people are unlikely to accept the additional suffering that will occur if the current deal is implemented.
Meanwhile, there is another interest here that has been quietly lobbying the European authorities not to push Greece out of the eurozone: the U.S. government. At an IMF board meeting on July 1, the U.S. forced the release of an IMF analysis showing that Greece's debt was unsustainable. It may have helped Syriza win an overwhelming "no" vote in the July 5 referendum, as the Greek government cited it to prove that their demands for debt relief were reasonable. It was a breach of protocol at the IMF – normally Washington would defer to European wishes on a matter so important to Europe. It was also a shot across the bow, telling the hard-liners especially among the Germans that we (the U.S. government) have our own interests here in not breaking up the eurozone, and we will use our power where necessary and possible to prevent it. Washington does not care about the project for a new, more neoliberal Europe but it does care deeply about the unity of its most important ally – Europe – and has a long and not very proud history of intervention in Greece in order to keep that country within its orbit.
But even Washington's heavy hand may not be enough to keep Greece within the euro, given the European authorities' impossible demands. Even debt relief, if the Germans were to concede to it, is almost certainly going to be too little and too late to allow for a Greek economic recovery in the foreseeable future. And without an economic recovery, this deal may very well collapse.
August 2, 2015 at 2:31 pm
All the commentaries here on how well Greece would do after exiting the Zone compare it to other nations . . . that have NEVER faced the active animosity of other nations well described here and/or have made clear that they cannot afford for Greece to recover and prove an example to other nations considering exit. Perhaps the Europeans in favor of Grexit would let the Greeks go without further damage, but look at their leadership and ask what makes you think such benevolence would be forthcoming. Those who have been closest to the vitriol directed at the country, that is, the Greek leadership, saw the ire and picked staying in rather than getting out. What makes them wrong?
August 3, 2015 at 4:03 am
What makes them wrong is that the people of Greece clearly voted against Tsipras's foolish snatching of defeat out of the jaws of victory.The point of exiting the Eurozone is that benevolence is not necessary. Just business as usual, and after a short transition, Greece should recover robustly. It takes continual hard work to create depression and misery on the scale of Greece's. One doesn't have to speculate with a "Perhaps" – for the negotiations entered Bizarro world – Schauble's offer of a planned exit was far more favorable to Greece than the continued punishment that Tsipras chose over it.
Active animosity is not really what is important here. The degeneration of basic economic understanding which led to the creation of the Euro is. Just what could "active animosity" do to a Greece outside the EZ? Basically nothing. Greece's current problems are entirely due to its membership in the Eurozone, and if/when it leaves, an unchanged Eurozone would simply proceed to destroy the economies of the next weaker members.
Weisbrot has far too little skepticism about the reliably unreliable "polls", which are clearly taking biased samples. Some polls have shown majority support for the drachma over the Euro, but they are generally ignored. Too many outside Greece place unreasonable, excessive trust in polls & pollsters that dramatically miscalled the referendum.

subset: commoncrawl


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Law Blogger and English lawyer, David Allen Green, writing as Jack of Kent, has posted a robust blog in the defence of law libraries and law librarians. Coming from a lawyer's keyboard, it is a heartening read.
The full post by Jack of Kent can be read here.
It begins with a statement of why the existence of law libraries are in the public interest as a "leveller" in a system often cast askew through various privilege levels. A law library, in essence, gives equal access of good information for all legal practitioners on behalf of their clients.
The post continues with reasons for keeping the proper working usage of library space and it concentrates on the importance of trained information staff within that space.
There is only so much even the most experienced lawyer can know about legal materials and where to find them. An experienced law librarian will not only be familiar with the queries all lawyers tend to have (and so can use that experience to save the time of everyone) but will invariably be able to assist in solving the most esoteric of research problems. A good law librarian is not only responsive; he or she will anticipate the changing needs of lawyers and ensure new materials (physical and electronic) are readily available. And it is a simple truth that one cannot have good law librarians without having good law libraries for them to work in; it is not a "transferable skill" which can be somehow developed just on a training course.
It pinpoints the root of an argument against the over-reliance of online databases:
To rely on electronic databases is to make the lawyer the hostage of the whims of a handful of highly expensive vendors and their licensors.
A view complementing a blog by Ruth Bird on the subject of physical items still having a place on library shelves:
When online subscriptions are cancelled, you may lose access to everything you have paid for over the lifetime of your electronic subscription. People may joke about endless back-sets of National Geographic filling thrift shops, but with those, you subscribed for some years, you cancelled the sub, but you still had the tangible items you had paid for.
If you had bought an electronic subscription to the same magazine in the early 1990s you may have received issues on 5 and a quarter inch floppy disks. By 2000 you would no longer have had a computer that could read these disks. The same sub in the late 90s could have come on the 3 and a half inch floppy, and by 2005 no new computer could read it either.
In all this time your book or magazine in paper could have sat untouched on its bookshelf, but when you came back to it, the technology was still functional."
It is important to understand how information is managed, curated and sensitively balanced in any working library collection. It is vital to understand where information comes from, how it is created and how it is maintained for use. Information professionals are best positioned not only to do this, but for educating library users in these aspects.
The opinion of Jack of Kent, as a whole, is framed in the context of a proposal to alter and substantially reduce the extent and collection of the Inner Temple Library for increased training and consultation rooms. This plan has been highlighted by BIALL and an online petition can still be signed via "Save the Inner Temple library" a site created for support to oppose the alterations.
Once space is taken from a law library, rarely is it replaced elsewhere or returned later.
…… ~ ……
The SLLG Blog would like to take one point Jack of Kent makes yet further, if we might be allowed.
We might change "Finally, a good law library needs law librarians" to rather: "Foremost, law librarians are needed for a law library to be good". Just as a law library improves with resources, so too does the law librarian improve with support, having collaborative input in the design of the service, and the opportunity to develop thinking and skills in any professional direction available.
It is always the SLLG's opinion that most valuable resource of any library is the librarian staff and they should be treated as such.
Bird, R. 2015, Libraries – the Value of Just in Case, Not Just in Time, viewed 15 September 2015.
Green, D.A. 2015, In praise of law libraries, and why defending Inner Temple law library matters, viewed 15 September 2015.


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Primer: federated identity in a nutshell
In Star Wars, they talk about "the trade federation" and we instinctively know what they mean. Separate autonomous planets, galaxies, civilisations etc. that bind together to give themselves a greater force for intergalactic trade than they would otherwise have.
Federations such as NATO, the United Nations, The European Union and so on, though they may be huge organisations, are made up of members and each member contributes to the federation in some way. A typical feature of these federations is that the members have organisational boundaries between them: in the cases I've given above, countries, planets, galaxies, civilisations and so on - but they all aim to achieve a common goal.
And so it is when we talk about federated digital identity. The aim is to create a collection of bodies who all have a common aim, typically to run a collection of applications, but who each maintain control over policy within their own organisations. They create, maintain and delete their own user accounts, set security policy, password policies, make their own decisions about what a user can and cannot access and so on. Sometimes the organisational boundary is obvious – a supplier and 3 customers: each is a separate company. NATO: each is a country. Sometimes it's not so obvious. Why would an organisation set up federation within its own organisational boundaries? In the UK, the National Health Service is made up of many health providers; local surgeries, small hospitals, very large hospitals and so on. They all aim to provide the UK with a common set of health services, but each organisation is responsible for its own service provision, budget, policy, IT etc. These organisations-within-an-organisation may often want to maintain their autonomy and yet still contribute to the greater good of the umbrella organisation. Federated digital identity finds itself in these environments. The different departments within some organisations can be considered as having organisational boundaries between them.
Let's take the simplest federation – between 2 organisations. Imagine one organisation is an aircraft manufacturer. Let's call them "Doying". The other is a general-purpose supplier. Amazingly they can supply everything from a $5 million aero-engine, to a $1 notepad. Let's call them Bolls-Boyce.
In the days before federation
In order to make things simple, Bolls-Boyce want Doying to be able to place orders directly in to their sales system. Their first attempt was a disaster that lost a lot of investor confidence. This is what they did:
Doying had 3 buyers who used Bolls-Boyce's application to place orders. Once the application was configured to face the internet it was simple; Bolls-Boyce simply created user accounts for Sally, Jane and Emma. When they needed to use the application, the ladies logged on and placed orders.
But then it all went badly wrong. Sally was actually a bit of a slacker for Doying and she got fired. The trouble was that she was the buyer who placed orders for the aero engines every time they were manufacturing a new plane. She was very fed up about being fired, and to get her own back, she connected to the net one evening, logged in to Bolls-Boyce's application using the username Bolls-Boyce issued to her and placed an order for six $5m engines; a $30m order!
Bolls Boyce were very pleased, had a big expensive party because of the large unexpected order. It wasn't until the engines arrived on the loading bay at Doying that things started to go awry. Doying insisted they never placed an order. Bolls-Boyce went through their application logs and said "Aha! – we've got you. Your Employee Sally, placed an order on the 25th September and we have proof – get out of that one".
Doying said "she wasn't our employee when she put the order in – nothing to do with us". By now, things had become a political nightmare between Doying and Bolls-Boyce. Bolls-Boyce put a freeze on supply of even minor items like nuts and bolts until Doying had taken delivery of their "order". Doying had put a ban on ordering any major parts (like engines!) but were finding it difficult to carry on manufacturing operations because the simple things weren't there to do the job. Production slowed for Doying and the stock price took a dive. For Bolls-Boyce with a load of capital tied up in 6 aero engines they didn't have a buyer for, their production slowed. The whole sorry tale was played out in the public glare of the press. It was a scandal!
Enter stage left: federated identity
OK – now let's take a look at what happened with Aerocab and engine company Bratt & Britney:
Let's take Bratt & Britney's application. It is "protected" by their Federation Service, which is responsible for creating security tokens that are passed to the application.
The Federation Service in Aerocab trusts the Aerocab identity store. This store might be Active Directory, eDirectory, Sun One Java Directory, IBM Directory, or it might be a database of user accounts based on Oracle or… anything. This federation service creates security tokens that are related to the users in the identity store. For Jane, it might create a security token that specifies her first name, last name, email address and job title for example.
There is also a special kind of trust set up between the 2 organisations called a Federation Trust. Aerocab knows Bratt & Britney is a safe place to send security tokens. Bratt & Britney trusts the tokens issued by Aerocab.
Typically when 2 organisations set up a federation trust, it involves more than just IT. IT is required to set up and configure the services, but there is a higher-level business agreement that also needs to take place. I'll show why this is important a little later.
Now let's take Sally on the same journey with Aerocab, her new employer! Once, before she gets fired, and once after she gets fired.
- Sally connects to the application at Bratt & Britney. The application is "protected" by its local federation service. It sees there is no existing session open with Sally and so it…
- …redirects her web browser to the federation service. The federation service understands that Sally is in fact from a trusted federation partner, Aerocab. So it…
- …redirects her web browser to the federation service in Aerocab. The federation service typically authenticates Sally first and then…
- …gets enough information from her user object in the identity store to create a…
- …data structure called a security token. Well known examples of security tokens that are used in federated environments are:
- SAML 1.0, 1.1 and 2.0: Security Assertion Markup Language. A token format that encapsulates claims or "assertions" about a subject, such as email address, telephone number and job title in an XML document.
- SWT: Simple Web Token. Similar in essence to a SAML token but a much simpler format that is easier to parse.
That "dance" created a security token from Sally's organisation, Aerocab. Now we need to "unwind" the dance and get something back to the application. That's what the next bit is about:
- Sally's web browser is now redirected back to the federation service at Bratt & Britney along with some POST data: the security token issued by Aerocab's federation service. This is typically both signed and encrypted – for safety (if signing and encryption have always confused you – spend a few minutes reading my crypto primer). Bratt and Britney's federation service decrypts the token and checks the signature. Once assured it does genuinely come from Aerocab, it typically copies the claims within the token and…
- …creates its own token (which it might also encrypt and sign) and redirect's Sally's browser to the application she went to in the first place with some POST data: the new token. The application trusts the token and says to itself "…there's only one way this user could have got this token – and that's to have gone through the entire process successfully. So I will…
- …give Sally the service she wanted in the first place; to submit an order.
So by setting up a federation trust, the creation, maintenance and deletion of user accounts is in the control of Aerocab, not Bratt & Britney. Security policies associated with these accounts are also under Bratt & Britney's control. So for example, if Sally forgets her password, she calls the Aerocab help desk. If the password policy is for a 30 day expiration and requires 14 characters with at least one uppercase and one number, it is Aerocab that enforces the policy not Bratt & Britney. However Sally can still access the application in Bratt & Britney, a different organisation.
Claims Based Access and Claims Based Applications
When the application receives the token from Sally, it does whatever crypto it needs to do on the token and then extracts the claims. In this case, it's interested in the jobtitle claim and the department claim. It makes an authorization decision based on the claims in the token, rather than say, the groups she is a member of. This pseudocode shows the flexibility of using claims:
if jobtitle == "buyer" and department == "production" then access = true
You see, if using groups, there are probably already groups called "buyer" and "production" but it'd really need a new group called say, buyers_in_production. That's the problem with a discretionary access control system and many such systems (such as kerberos) suffer from group-bloat because of this problem. Role based system give a little more control, but just simply examining a token and making an authorisation decision based on the claims within it is much more flexible. It can take in to account both group and role claims alongside other claims such as jobtitle, department, company, country. This is data that already exists on many user objects in identity repositories such as Active Directory, Novell eDirectory and so on.
But let's just stop for a moment and think about what we've done above. We've definitely factored the authentication out of the application. In the case with Doying and Bolls-Boyce, the authentication was inside the application. We've successfully moved the authentication not only outside the application, but also outside the organisation with Aerocab and Bratt & Britney.
At first glance though, it seems the authorization (the what-you-can-do as opposed to the prove-who-you-are ( authentication)) is still deeply embedded in to the application. For example the pseudocode above lives inside the application.
But with federation, a good deal of it can be factored out of the application and in to the federation service that sits closest to the application. In the diagram above, notice in steps 1 and 2, Bratt & Britney's federation service receives a token from Aerocab and then creates its own token. Instead of copying the claims directly from the input token to the output token, it could perform a little logic on it:
if jobtitle == "buyer" and department == "production" then output_token:spendlimit = "$5m"
Perhaps somewhere else is the logic:
if jobtitle == "buyer" and department == "stationery" then output_token:spendlimit = "$50"
…and yet it still seems as though we've just moved the problem to a different place. OK, so the application's authorization logic is now simpler but there are now 2 systems to look after. Isn't this more complicated? Well, with just one application yes it is. But if there are many applications that want to use a consistent, universal authorisation logic, then it means claims transformation can be applied consistently across the organisation.
Another strong reason for having a federation service which is also capable of claims transformation is to allow for semantic differences. Imagine Bratt & Britney have "purchasers", not "buyers". By transforming the value "buyer" in to "purchaser", the application can conform to Bratt & Britney's internal standards. But it also means if Bratt & Britney start also supplying McDougal Donald, an aircraft manufacturer, with parts, then when their "shopper" turns up at the application, it's a case of making a claims transformation for that particular federation and not having to add logic to the application.
Federation: manage users where the users are, manage applications where the applications are.
OK – let's get back to Sally. Well, she's done a bad job with Aerocab and has to be fired again, which is a sad thing because she had to move all the way from the North West of the USA to Europe to get her job at Aerocab! When Aerocab fired her, they also disabled her account – standard practice.
When Sally got home she was so angry she thought she'd pull the same stunt on Aerocab that she pulled on Doying:
- She went to the application's URL.
- The application, being "protected" by the federation server, redirected her to the federation server.
- The federation server, redirected her to Aerocab's federation server.
- Aerocab's federation server asked her to authenticate, but because she could only give the credentials of her disabled user account, the authentication failed and she was unable to complete the order.
You can see in this scenario, it was the division of responsibilities that led to a better outcome. The supplier, doesn't want to be concerned with user-management, password resets, security policy and so on. The customer-organisation wants to be in control of its users. It wants to determine staff roles and be able to very quickly draft somebody in to replace Sally without having to engage in cross-organisational processes like getting a new user created (as would have been the case in scenario 1: "In the days before federated identity"). All it does in this case is set the relevant claims to the correct values and the employee who now has Sally's old role can place orders.
Business has an impact on technology
I said earlier that a business agreement sits above all this technology when setting up a federation trust. The federation trust is a simple configuration set up in which each side of the trust is informed about the other side's service URLs, and a certificate exchange takes place for the exchange of signed and encrypted tokens. Most of the COTS products which do the federation have endpoints where federation metadata is published to make the whole process of setting up a federation trust easy for technologists.
But now think about the scenario from a business perspective. Because in the case with Aerocab, if Sally had placed an order for $30m worth of aero-engines, she would have most definitely been an authorised employee at the time she did it. Aerocab's processes, if correctly followed, would not have let her place such an order unless she was indeed an employee. So you can see that Bratt & Britney are going to want to be assured, at a business level that the invoice will be paid if such an order gets placed. Or at least that there is some agreed financial remedy in the case of a mistake being made. It should be technologically possible to determine whether the error was made by a Bratt & Britney employee or an Aerocab employee and so the contractual negotiations will need to underpin all the technology that goes on.
You can probably also see that Bratt & Britney might naturally be quite nervous that Aerocab might just renege on their part of the bargain if it came to the crunch. So it is often a case that the partner's business processes are audited. For example do Aerocab just randomly hand out usernames and passwords willy-nilly or is the process locked down and solid? One would give confidence in the setting up of a federation trust, the other definitely wouldn't. Modifying applications, installing and configuring federation services can frequently take a tiny fraction of the time it takes to come to an oganisational/political/legal/financial/business agreement. However, once it's in place it allows both organisations to respond quickly according to their own needs safe in the knowledge that they won't affect the operations of the other organisation.
With all these tokens, redirects and authentication processes happening, there must be standardised ways of achieving this. They differ in minor details but all follow the basic flow I have detailed. Some protocols allow for smart or "active" clients (Windows Cardspace for example) that can query policy for a service and then take action based on the results. Others (most) use dumb or passive clients (usually web browsers) that are simply redirected by the servers. Some protocols require consent to be granted before information is released.
Probably the most confusing protocol for people new to federation is SAML. It's because SAML addresses 2 things: a protocol and a token format. The SAML protocol uses SAML tokens. However other protocols also use SAML tokens. So a good question to clear up in your mind when somebody uses phrases like "SAML exchange" is to ask whether they are talking about a protocol exchange or just the token.
WS-Federation is another popular federation protocol that uses SAML tokens. Shibboleth is yet another protocol. Information Cards (Microsoft's implementation is called Windows Cardspace) use a combination of protocols – WS-Trust, WS-MetadataExchange, WS-Security, WS-SecurityPolicy and others which are orchestrated together to move tokens from one place to another.
From Microsoft, the main technologies in this area are:
- Active Directory Federation Services 1.0: Supports the WS-Federation protocol and uses SAML 1.1 tokens.
- Active Directory Federation Services 2.0: Supports both the SAML-P and the WS-Federation protocol and uses SAML 1.1 and 2.0 tokens
- Access Control Service (in Windows Azure): Supports the WS-Federation, WS-Trust, OpenID, OAuth WRAP protocols. There is a CTP called "appfabriclabs" which removes many of the configuration difficulties with identity stores by having a pre-built list: ADFS, Google, Yahoo, LiveID and Facebook You just click the right button and it's configured!
- And for writing applications that can be protected by a federation service – Windows Identity Foundation (WIF). WIF supports the following protocols:
- WS-Federation
- WS-Trust
- WS-Security
- WS-SecurityPolicy
- WS-Addressing
It looks like there's a SAML protocol disconnect between the app you write using WIF and ADFS 2.0. Although the federation service supports SAML-P, WIF doesn't. So what do you do in that case? Well, the good thing is that ADFS can perform a protocol transition for you. So in the example above – let's imagine Bratt & Britney's application is using WS-Federation (through WIF) and their local ADFS 2.0 Server (federation service) is using SAML-P, while it communicates with the application it's using WS-Federation and while it's communicating with Aerocab's SAML server, it uses the SAML-P protocol. Because the information included in redirects and POST data is common to both protocols (such as the source URL, the target federation server URL, the POST data (the SAML token), etc) it is possible to extract the relevant information and switch protocols.
Product Orientation
Here's a quick couple of orientation diagrams that fit the Microsoft products in to the scenarios I have described:
The diagram above shows how things might work in a pure on-premise environment.
Below I show the application installed in to Windows Azure:
I hope this gives enough of an overview for you to understand the basics of federation.
Technorati Tags: Federation,federated identity,federation trust,local trust,wif,windows identity foundation,adfs,adfs2,Windows Azure,cloud,federation service,saml,swt,planky,plankytronixx


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Recoil Automatic Cord Winder is simply the most proficient in getting rid of tangled cords and cables. It is the perfect solution you can ask for if you are sick with disorganized lightning, USB and even headphone cables. Recoil cord winder three-pack is priced at $27.99.
The automatic cord winder generally comes at $9.99 excluding at least $3 shipping price. It features a spring-loaded code holder that lets it quickly spin up cables.
The spring-loaded trigger works equally efficiently while letting you dispense the cables.
Recoil Automatic Cord Winder: Most Proficient Way to Get Rid of Tangled Cords And Cables
The automatic code winder comes in three sizes – small, medium, and large. The good-looking combo packs either contain one small, one medium and one large or two medium and one small cord winders.
They come with a durable plastic stand to let you keep the Recoils neat and clean.
- The spring-loaded trigger
- Three sizes-small, medium and large
- Plastic stand to keep Recoils
Easy To Wind
To spin up the cord or cable, just fold it in half, place the bend on the hook and pull the code downward and you've done it so easily! To detach it, grab the cords from the middle, pull upward, let the cords slide off when it is unbound and you are done! So simple.
No more mess
There are times; we are so annoyed to find the cables or cords lying restlessly disorganized. It becomes too frustrating when we have to spend a lot of time-solving their tangle.
Quite often, they are disjointed as well due to very complicated tangle. That's where this Recoil cord winder can be pretty handy.
If ultra-convenience is the right word to describe the way it functions, the code winder will more than just stand up to your expectation.
No more disorganized, tangled cords at the risk of being destroyed abruptly. You would have to say the Recoil cord winder is efficiently cool!
Price: $27.99 for combo pack, $9.99 for single winder.
Click here to buy it.
That's all I had to say!
Do you want to explore more accessories? Make sure to download our app and stay tuned with us via Facebook, Twitter, and Google Plus to never miss our latest stories.


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Today Scout.com released its list of the top 100 prospects in the minor leagues. Kiley McDaniel, who comprised the list, explains that he excluded any player expected to be a starter opening day which is why Mets fans won't find Travis d'Arnaud anywhere on the list.
Three Mets however did make their way onto the list, with the obvious choice, Noah Syndergaard, landing at number 16 overall. As nearly everyone knows, Syndergaard is one of the most highly respected pitching prospects in baseball right now, possessing a skill set that could project him as a #2 or better. He is likely to slot into the team's rotation mid-summer and could be the punctuation mark on a rotation that includes he, Zack Wheeler and Matt Harvey for years to come.
From there you have to scroll all the way down to 74 where you'll find first baseman, Dominic Smith. This is a strong showing for Smith who has played only 51 games of professional baseball after being drafted last summer in the 2013 Amatuer Draft. He figures to be the team's best position prospect for some time as he navigates the minor league system.
The final Mets prospect to appear is Rafael Montero at 78. Montero too is expected to make an impact on the 2014 season and could be ready to contribute by mid-summer as well. Although he doesn't project as high as Syndergaard, he could round out what is an already formidable starting rotation. If nothing else, he figures to be a comfortable backup plan should a starter go down to injury as the season progresses.
Three in the top one hundred probably seems a little short, but its fair to note that d'Arnaud would have joined this group if he wasn't expected to break camp with the team. Its also worth nothing that this is a Mets system that recently graduated Matt Harvey as well. Overall, while the organization's farm system remains in a state of repair is has already and looks as if it will continue to contribute to the big league roster.


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Plant Sale Sign up Sheets
Attached is the sign-up sheet for the La Plata Garden Club's May Plant and Yard Sale. Please sign up to help out if at all possible. You can just send your responses to me and I will pass them along as appropriate.
Star Garden Sign Up Plus a Request
Spring is here and it is time to plan for maintaining the Star Garden for this year. Attached is a blank calendar. Choose the week you Spring would like to volunteer and either email the dates to me or sign up at our next meeting March 23rd. Also, we will be having general work days at the garden throughout the year. The first work day will be April 5th at 1 PM. Come prepared to prune, dig, weed, fertilize and maybe do some planting. Bring necessary tools to do the work, please. Also note the schedule for garden duty will not begin until the middle of April.
Thank you for you part in keeping the Star Garden a place for all to enjoy!
Sherie Zimmer
Also, Dianne Shisler has asked if you have garden tool(s) that someone gave you and you never used and you would like to donate them for sale at the Kent Russell Show that you please bring them to the meeting on Thursday.
See you Thursday.
Attachment: Blank Calendar
Program: Bees , Bats, and Snakes , OH MY!
When: Thursday, March 23 -- note date
Where: La Plata Firehouse
911 Washington Ave
When: 7:00 PM
Presenter: Kerry Wixted, Wildlife Education Specialist,
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Come and learn about some of the beneficial, although unappreciated, wildlife in our area.
There will be a business meeting after the presentation. This will consist of any old business we have, new business that anyone wants to bring before the club and a report from our Committee Chairpersons. We will be presenting a budget for approval and also bring forth any proposed donations from the club.
Also, if you have not already done so, bring $5 for Dianne Shisler for April's bus trip. And don't forget to buy tickets for April's Garden Design Show.
Garden Club Update
There is an error in our yearbook. Our October meeting will be on MONDAY, OCTOBER. 16. Please make the correction in your book.
Also, if you plan to go on the trip for the April meeting please call Diane Shisler to reserve your seat on the bus.
Kathy Pedersen
Babikow Greenhouses is sponsoring a Garden Club Day on April 8 from 7:30 until 11:30 am. Babikow is a supplier to many retailers so here is a chance to buy at great prices!
See the attached flyer for more information.
Happy Spring!
As President of the Garden Club of Annapolis, I would like to extend to you and your club my personal invitation to attend our annual May Day Event at the Annapolis Yacht Club. You will find all information on the attached flyer. I hope to see you there.
Mary Gatanas
May Day in Annapolis Flyer
March 2020


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Here are titles and citations for peer-reviewed articles I've written to date. You can access full-text versions of many of these at my academia.edu profile by clicking on the link at the top right of the page.
Brooks, J. S. & Normore, A. N. (2015). Qualitative research and educational leadership: Essential dynamics to consider when designing and conducting studies. International Journal of Educational Management (29)7: 1-9.
Fraise, N. J. & Brooks, J. S. (2015). Toward a theory of culturally relevant leadership for school-community culture. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 17(1): (6-21) Avalable at: http://ijme-journal.org/index.php/ijme/article/view/983/1042
Brooks, J. S. & Sutherland, I. E. (2014). Educational leadership and poverty: A case study of the Philippines. Planning & Changing, 45(3/4): 339-355.
Brooks, M. C. & Brooks, J. S. (2013). What can school leaders do about violence in schools? Journal of Curriculum and Pedagogy, 10(2): 115-118.
Diem, S. L. & Brooks, J. S. (2013). "Integration was a solution to segregation, but integration does not address quality education": A conversation about school desegregation with Dr. Michael A. Middleton. Teachers College Record, 115(11).
Diem, S. L. & Brooks, J. S. (2013). Introduction to the issue on segregation, desegregation, and integration: From history, to policy, to practice. Teachers College Record, 115(11): 1-6.
Brooks, J. S., Arnold, N. W. & Brooks, M. C. (2013). Educational leadership and racism: Second-generation segregation in an urban high school. Teachers College Record, 115(11): 1-27.
Ruffin, V. & Brooks, J. S. (2011). Leadership for community schools: An emergent model of cross-boundary leadership. Journal of School Public Relations, 31(3): 238-250.
Cabezas, C. T., Killingsworth, M. F., Kensler, L. A. W., & Brooks, J. S. (October, 2010). The gender dynamics of educational leadership preparation: A feminist postmodern critique of the cohort experience. Journal of Research on Leadership in Education, 5(12.9): 532-567.
Brooks, J. S., Reed, C., & Reames, E. (October, 2010). Preparing educational leaders: A conceptual and empirical exploration of a preparation program's redesign. Journal of Research on Leadership in Education, 5(12.1): 333-338.
Brooks, J. S., Havard, T., Tatum, K., & Patrick, L. (October, 2010). It takes more than a village: Inviting partners and complexity in educational leadership preparation reform. Journal of Research on Leadership in Education, 5(12.4): 418-435.
Williams, C. & Brooks, J. S. (2010). Sowing seeds of oppression for African American education: Destiny or design? International Journal of Urban Educational Leadership, 4(1): 173-186.
Brooks, J. S. & Normore, A. H. (2010). Educational leadership and globalization: Toward a glocal perspective. Educational Policy, 24(1): 52-82.
Hesp, G. & Brooks, J. S. (2009). Heterosexism and homophobia on fraternity row: A case study of a college fraternity community. Journal of LGBT Youth, 6(1): 1-21.
Jean-Marie, G., Normore, A. H. & Brooks, J. S. (2009). Leadership for social justice: Preparing 21st Century school leaders for a new social order. Journal of Research on Leadership in Education, 4(1): 1-31.
Saka, Y., Southerland, S. A., & Brooks, J. S. (2009). Becoming a member of a school community while working toward science education reform: Teacher induction from a cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) perspective. Science Education, 93(3): 1-30.
Brooks, J. S. & Tooms, A. K. (2008). A dialectic of social justice: Learning to lead through reflection and dialogue. Journal of School Leadership, 18(2): 134-163.
Young, M. D. & Brooks, J. S. (2008). Supporting graduate students of color in educational administration preparation programs: Faculty perspectives on best practices, possibilities, and problems. Educational Administration Quarterly, 44(3): 391-423.
Brooks, J. S., Hughes, R., & Brooks, M. C. (2008). Fear and trembling in the American high school: Educational reform and teacher alienation. Educational Policy, 22(1): 45-62.
Brooks, J. S., Normore, A. H., Jean-Marie, G., & Hodgins, D. (2007). Distributed leadership for social justice: Influence and equity in an urban high school. Journal of School Leadership, 17(4): 378-408.
Brooks, J. S., & Jean-Marie, G. (2007). Black leadership, white leadership: Race and race relations in an urban high school. Journal of Educational Administration, 45(6): 756-768.
Williams, D., Brooks, J. S., & Lang, L. (2006). Improving student achievement in reading: Research and resources for Florida educational leaders. Florida Educational Leadership, 7(12): 50-53.
Brooks, J. S., & Miles, M. T. (2006). From scientific management to social justice...and back again? Pedagogical shifts in educational leadership. International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning.
Brooks, J. S. (2006). Tinkering toward utopia or stuck in a rut? School reform implementation at Wintervalley High. Journal of School Leadership, 16(3): 240-265.
Gomez, J., MacNamara, P. & Brooks, J. S. (2006). But it all happened online—Where do we stand as a school? Student rights in non-instructional matters. Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership, 9(1): 35-43.
Brooks, J. S. & Normore, A. H. (2005). An Aristotelian framework for the development of ethical leadership. Journal of Values and Ethics in Educational Administration, 3(2): 1-8.
Brooks, J. S., Scribner, J. P., & Eferakorho, J. (2004). Teacher leadership in the context of whole school reform. Journal of School Leadership, 14(3): 242-265.


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Diversity & Community
Friday, July 20, 2018
Project by Katz Alumnus Highlights Young Black Leaders, Creates Community Ties
Brian Burley (BUS '13G) continues the social enterprise he started with the launch of his book "YNGBLKPGH" (Young Black Pittsburgh). The book features more than 140 African-American professionals under the age of 40.
Tuesday, April 17, 2018
Manufacturing Assistance Center Connects Communities With Technical Skills, Careers
Recently relocated to Pittsburgh's Homewood neighborhood, Pitt's Manufacturing Assistance Center offers classes, programs and workshops in precision manufacturing, providing skills needed to work in a range of technical industries.
Tuesday, March 27, 2018
Dance Competition Benefits Free Clinic
Dhirana, a dance competition fundraiser founded by Pitt students in 2012, recently raised $10,000 for the Birmingham Free Clinic, which helps community members access health care.
Friday, February 16, 2018
Biologist Who Champions Diversity in Science Wins Recognition for Career Achievements
Professor Sandra Murray was recently named a lifetime fellow by the American Society for Cell Biology — the first African-American woman to be honored with the recognition.
Wednesday, February 14, 2018
High School Partners With University Archives to Teach Local History, Give College Credit
A U.S. history teacher partnered with Pitt's College in High School and the Pitt-Assisted Communities and Schools programs to help students learn local history — and earn college credit.
Tuesday, February 13, 2018
Delegation Brings Pitt Pride to Los Angeles
The visit to Southern California was the University's latest endeavor to celebrate accomplishments, strengthen ties with alumni, meet with University supporters and other partners and build awareness across the country of the best public university in the Northeast.
Tuesday, February 6, 2018
Coming of Age Ceremony Brings Japanese Tradition, Pittsburgh Community Together
In Japan, the age of 20 is considered the beginning of adulthood. A group of Japanese women studying English at Pitt were away from home during the traditional national holiday, so the University and the community threw the students a party.
Friday, January 26, 2018
Photos, Personal Stories Featured in 'I Am_' Project on Transgender Young Adults
Undergraduate student Kate Koenig created the "I Am_" Project to chronicle the lives of transgender young people through in-depth Q&A interviews and photos. Her work was awarded the Iris Marion Young Award for Community Engagement.
Tuesday, January 16, 2018
Young Students Learn Leadership, Conflict Management Skills in Social Work Program
The Just Discipline Project, created by social work assistant professor James Huguley, teaches fifth- and sixth-graders strategies for defusing peer conflicts.
Friday, January 5, 2018
Social Justice Week Events Celebrate Service and Inclusion Throughout the Community
All members of the Pitt community are invited to participate in events honoring the spirit and legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.


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GO Nitrimax
GO NitriMax is a proprietary blend of the amino acids L-Arginine and L-Citrulline malate, as well as branched chain amino acids, vitamins and antioxidants. These nutrients form a turbo-charged energy cycle which aids in the production of nitric oxide in the body. Nitric Oxide assists the body in supporting powerful healthy function, cardiovascular health and building lean muscle mass. GoNitrimax ingredients have been shown to increase energy production and decrease recovery time after physical exertion. Go Nitrimax is the perfect choice for everyone that wants to perform at optimum levels.


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Wow – I can't believe I'm already at the point of teaching my third child how to read!
We use a traditional phonetic approach to learning how to read (there are lots of great FREE resources on our phonics page), but we also use the Dolch Sight Word lists to quickly learn the most common words and the words that don't quite follow all of the "rules".
All of the Dolch Sight Word lists are downloaded to our family iPad (there are lots of sight word apps, just search the app store for "sight words"), but my 2 year old likes to commandeer the iPad whenever he sees one of the other kids doing something on it.
So I decided to make a powerpoint presentation to use to learn and review the sight words on any of the computers in the house (or using the projector on the wall)!
I've put together presentations for all of the levels (Pre-Primer, Primer, Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, and Nouns) in powerpoint format and am offering them for FREE to Facebook fans of How To Homeschool For Free!
All you have to do is head over to the How To Homeschool For Free Facebook Page here, click on "Like" if you're not already a fan, and then you'll be able to download the .zip file with all of the presentations!


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INSIDE STORY: The Dramatic Rescue of Capt. Richard Phillips
Jittery pirates, a failed escape – and Navy SEALs who dropped from the night sky
Drug-craving pirates, parachuting Navy SEALs and split-second heroism: new details about the high-seas rescue of Capt. Richie Phillips seem straight out of an episode of 24 – with Phillips, a gruff ex-cabbie and snowboarding Celtics fan, in the role of Jack Bauer.
One of the 19 crewmen aboard the Maersk Alabama – the U.S.-flagged container ship attacked by Somali pirates in the Indian Ocean April 8 – tells PEOPLE that Phillips's quick thinking helped avert a bigger tragedy. "He put his life completely on the line for us," says the crewman, John (who requested that his last name not be used). "He's a very stubborn guy from Vermont. He lets you know he's the captain of the ship."
Grappling Hooks
The four armed Somali pirates, none older than 19, used grappling hooks to board the Alabama under cover of darkness. They quickly sank their own speedboat – a common tactic meant to cut off escape options. But by then, the crew, which had been dodging the speedboat for days, had gone into emergency mode, cutting off the Alabama's power and locking themselves in rooms below deck.
Phillips and two others stayed on deck to confront the pirates. "They threatened to kill him if he didn't bring the crew up," says John. When one pirate went below deck to search for hostages, a crewman jumped him and another stabbed him in the hand with an ice pick. They dragged the wounded pirate into one of their safe rooms and kept him there while Phillips negotiated with the other Somalis on deck. Says John, one of the crewmen minding the captured pirate, "I spent 12 hours in a room that was about 130 degrees."
Risky Proposal
Then things came to a head. Phillips tried to broker a deal: He would go with the pirates as they escaped aboard the Alabama's lifeboat, then be set free at the same time his crew released the captured pirate. But things didn't go as planned: Once Phillips got into the lifeboat with the pirates, the fourth Somali broke free, jumped overboard and got in the boat with them. Phillips, now a hostage, spent the next five days in the sweltering fiberglass lifeboat – while his wife Andrea, an ER nurse, and his two children, Daniel and Mariah, held a vigil in at home in Underhill, Vt.
At one point, Phillips tried to escape, jumping out of the lifeboat and swimming towards the USS Bainbridge, a Navy warship now on the scene. "That sounds like something Richie would do," says friend and fellow captain, James Staples. "It shows he was still thinking, still on top of his game, still being resourceful." But the pirates caught him, dragged him back and tied him up. Not much later, a military plane flew over the Bainbridge in the dead of night, and a squad of Navy SEALs parachuted into the Indian Ocean. Once aboard the U.S. warship, three snipers took positions on the ship's fantail and trained their night-vision scopes on the tiny lifeboat below.
'No More Options'
Inside the lifeboat, say Navy negotiators, the pirates were becoming agitated. One of them came aboard the Bainbridge to be treated for an injury, and told officials his fellow pirates were prepared to kill Phillips. A Navy source told PEOPLE that the pirates – jittery from a lack of sleep, food and water – were possibly also in withdrawal from khat, an addictive leaf chewed by many Somalis. Believing Capt. Phillips was in imminent danger, Navy officials looked for any way to end the stalemate. Says the Navy source, "We ran out of options."
They got their chance when the pirates briefly became visible through the hatches of the lifeboat. The three snipers fired, and all three pirates were killed with a single shot to the head. Phillips, safe and sound, was brought aboard the Bainbridge, given a shower and change of clothes – and a chance to call his wife. "Words cannot explain the courageousness of what Richie did," says James Staples. "Ninety-eight percent of time nothing happens on this job. It's the other two percent that shows the make of the man. And Richie put himself in harm's way for the safety of his crew."
• Reporting by MARK DAGOSTINO, SUSAN KEATING and NICK WADHAMS
For more on the pirate attack, including details of the ordeal endured by the American seamen's families back home, pick up the latest PEOPLE, on newsstands Friday


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Leony Aprill and Vivien are throwing themselves a little party for two, and while initially it may seem somewhat innocent with the party hats and decorations, as soon as the booze comes out these chicks are on a whole-nother level, and their bladders are getting mighty full as the bottle gets damn near empty! Sure enough, instead of giving birthday spankings or something normal like that these babes start getting horny with each other, and soon enough Leony is pulling her panties aside and pissing all over Vivien's jeans and white shirt! Of course Vivien has to return the favor, golden showering all over the one and only Leony, and from their it's all about the lesbo partying, with party hats getting shoved inside pussies and some piss drenched 69ing as Vivien puts her ass in the air and lets the piss flow down on her freaky friend! Leony always knows how to party right, so grab your party hat and join in on the piss fun with these two amazing, fun-loving babes!
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Christmas is fast approaching, and you need something for the technology lover on your list. Check out this holiday tech guide for great picks that any mobile device junkie will love:
The iPad Air
Apple devices make the list almost every year, and 2013 is no exception. While the new iPad Air is expensive (starting at $499) compared to its competition, that's hardly unexpected for an Apple. The huge app ecosystem and Retina display are standouts as always, but the real game changer here is the weight. It's called Air for a reason — the tablet comes in at one pound for the WiFi version, and only 10 grams more for the cellular-enabled option. For a full-sized tablet, that's almost an impossibility.
The Google Nexus 5
Google has been storming up the smartphone charts for the past several years ,and its latest release, the Nexus 5, is a winner. With a 1080p screen, Android 4.4 (KitKat), and substantial battery life, this $349 (16GB) or $399 (32GB) option is a great call for anyone in your family looking to upgrade their phone. While the screen is slightly dimmer than competitors and its camera isn't the best on the market, the Nexus 5 more than makes up for any small shortcomings with a great price and high performance.
The LeapFrog LeapPad2
Kids are mastering touch-enabled devices earlier and earlier, and they may soon be after your iPad or iPhone to watch cartoons, play games, or even surf the Web. Unfortunately, tiny hands have a habit of dropping expensive devices or searching content that isn't exactly age-appropriate. If you're looking for a great tech gift for the age 4-9 crowd, the LeapPad2 offers 4GB of memory, a camera, and a host of learning and entertainment apps. Best of all, its rugged design will take far more abuse than any delicate Apple or Google product. At $199, it's a surefire winner.
The Apple iPad Smart Case and Wireless Keyboard
This gift is great for any iPad owner looking to protect his/her investment. At just under $80, the light, thin magnetized Smart Case clings to your iPad with just the right amount of tension and wakes up your iPad when removed, meaning you don't need to bother with the Home button. Fold it, and you've got a nifty little stand; pair it with a Wireless Keyboard ($69) and you've got a winning combination. The aluminum keyboard looks great, feels fantastic under the fingers and lasts for months on a single set of batteries—together the iPad, case, and keyboard act as a viable alternative to heavy laptops or bulky, aging desktops.
Mobile technology and accessories always make great gifts, and this holiday tech guide gives you a great starting point to find the best fit for your family and friends.
Photo credit: Wikimedia Commons


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Using Drift to capture referral information is ideal for customers using Drift's awesome chat bots for lead capture and nurturing. We'll go step-by-step through the setup needed to redirect referrals to your website and convert referrals once your Drift bot receives an email address from them.
Setting up the Referral Redirect Page
Step 1: Obtain the link to your site where Drift is installed.
Step 2: Now that you have the link that you want to send referrals to, it's time to set this as the referral page in Referral Rock.
- In your program editor, navigate to the Referral Page or click here and choose Redirect for Referral Capture.
- Click on the Redirect URL button and paste the form link from step 1.
- Click save.
Alternatively, you can use the Landing option to send referrals first to landing page that you design in Referral Rock, followed by a redirect to your own site after referrals click a call to action.
Tracking New Email Conversions in Drift
The next step in setting up Referral Rock to work with Drift is tracking conversions that occur with your Drift bot when your Drift bot successfully collects an email. This will tell us which referral interacted with your drift bot and which member sent them. Usually, customers integrating with Drift use a referral update further along their sales process to add information or qualify or approve the existing referral record. The nice thing is, once we have the referral email linked to the member who sent them, we can use just the email address for all future updates and we don't have to worry about member attribution ever again.
In this example, we'll install the conversion tracking site-wide to ensure that every conversion is captured, but you can limit the scope to certain pages, subdomains, etc. if you would like.
- Login to the back-end of the site with Drift where you are sending referrals.
- Navigate to wherever you put your Drift JavaScript code snippet. In WordPress, this is likely within the Drift Plugin itself in the box titled "Drift JS Code Snippet".
- In the same box where the Drift JS Code Snippet is, add the Drift Email Capture Script located below.
- Update the script with your business name in the function at the bottom.
Drift Email Capture Script
window.drift.on("emailCapture", function(e) {
window.rrSpace = (
rrSettingsConversion = {
debug: "false",
parameters: {
email: e.data.email
(function (f, r, n, d, b, y) { b = f.createElement(r), y = f.getElementsByTagName(r)[0]; b.async = 1; b.src = n; b.id = 'RR_DIVID'; y.parentNode.insertBefore(b, y); })(document, 'script', '//yourbusinessname.referralrock.com/webpixel/beta/universalv03.js');


text: I ordered my Model S for January or February delivery so that it would be a 2016. Thank you for all the help picking options. I received a call a couple of weeks ago asking if I'd be willing to take the car in December with a 2016 model year. Of course, I agreed. Well, It entered production on 12/8 and the delivery estimate shows 12/17 to 12/31. Looks like it's time for me to get everything ready! Couple of questions - 1 - I have a trade in that I feel like they are giving me too little for. Has anyone used a dealer courtesy trade? I may have another dealer willing to give me more for the car, but want to get the sales tax credit for the new purchase. 2 - Tesla lending quoted me 2.59% for 72 months with 10% down through TD Bank. What are other people getting currently? Is the resale guarantee worth going through Tesla's preferred banks? Thanks, Jin


text: Key ingredients: - BELLFLOWER: A symbol of gratitude, the rarest species of the porcelain-like, bell shaped flower , grown of mount Olympus, the home of the ancient Gods. A sweet, delicate floral scent loved by magical creatures and mortals alike. - TANGERINE: The bright orange fruit offered as a new year gift in the orient parts of the world for hundreds of years. Associated with good fortune and prosperity, this native citrus of Tangier, tangerine, intensely orange and sweet, has a deeper, spicy side despite its honeyed facet. - PINK PEPPER: A great currency for Ancient Greeks, Baie Rose – or else Pink Pepper- is a flavoursome, mildly sweet berry that combines rose and discreet spice notes. Native to Peruvian Andes, it is named for its colour and its shape yet not its sweet taste. Suitable for vegetarians/vegans.


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Our signature handmade scarves with pompons are timeless, elegant and comfortable.
Composed 100% wool, the Nancy scarf was imagined in Brussels and handmade in Nepal.
The dimensions of the Nancy scarves are: 85 x 180 cm.
For the maintenance, we only recommend dry cleaning.
Our delivery time is between 3 and 7 working days. Feel free to contact us on [email protected] for any request.


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TSA's New Security Bag
Getting through airport security these days isn't easy. Business travelers have to take off their shoes; rid themselves of anything that might set off a metal detector; place any bottles of liquid, properly bagged, in a bin; have their identification and boarding pass in hand; and remove their notebook computers from their bags so they can be scanned by security.
There might not be much that the Transportation Security Administration can do about the shoes or the bottles, but TSA is trying to make carrying a notebook onto a flight easier for the 25 percent of all air travelers who do.
In March, the TSA issued a request for information (RFI) to manufacturers of notebook bags, asking them to develop prototypes of bags that would be able to make it through an airport security scan. The goal is to create a bag that will go through a scan with a computer inside and still let TSA officers see what they need to see. Travelers who use such a bag wouldn't have to take out their notebooks and send them through unprotected.
Manufacturers had until April 17 to submit their bag designs to the TSA. The agency now will choose the designs it likes best, and the manufacturers selected will have until the end of May to produce prototypes.
The TSA specified the following basic requirements for the bags in its RFI:
- The carrying bag cannot exceed any one of the proposed dimensions —16 inches in height, 24 inches wide and 36 inches long.
- The materials that make up the bag cannot degrade the quality of the X-ray image of the notebook.
- No straps, pockets, zippers, handles or closures of the bag can interfere with the image of the notebook.
- No electronics, chargers, batteries, wires, paper products, pens or other contents of the bag can shield the image of the notebook.
That all sounds simple enough, but the actual creation of a bag that meets the TSA's needs has proved to be complicated for manufacturers. One big issue, manufacturers say, is that it's the notebook itself, not the bag that it's in, that causes problems with scans.
"The question isn't always what's in a laptop but what's behind the laptop," says Al Giazzon, vice president of marketing at Targus Group International, a bag maker based in Anaheim, Calif. "It just blocks visibility to other areas of the bag, and that's one of the TSA's issues. Machinery allows TSA officers to see the laptop and its components but not past it."
Manufacturers aren't divulging much about their designs yet, given the end-of-May deadline for the prototype, but Giazzon hints at one idea: a separate enclosure that very quickly unhinges from the rest of the bag, lays flat and can be scanned. It's a one-second uncoupling, but there's still just one piece.
There's more to consider than design, though, says Jeff Warde, director of marketing at Case Logic, a bag manufacturer based in Longmont, Colo. The TSA's set of requirements is "a little obtuse," he says.
Warde says TSA requires that the materials that make up the bag cannot "degrade" the quality of the image of the notebook. But it's not clear what that means.
"Are the materials going to be that much different from what we're using now?" Warde poses. "I would tend to think not, but you never know."
Nevertheless, business travelers are excited about the prospect of keeping their computer equipment protected and eliminating at least a little bit of hassle in crowded airport security lines.
John Elmer, vice president of information services and controller at The Rodgers and Hammerstein Organization, a New York–based company that manages intellectual property for composers of musicals, would love to see the TSA help bring the curtain down on security hassles.
"I've run down the jet way with two laptops tucked under my arm and a bag over my shoulder," Elmer says. "A laptop brings the security-travel thing to a whole different level."
Elmer manages about a dozen employee notebooks at R&H. He says he hasn't experienced any notebook damage from an airport screening, although the notebooks have sustained damage on airplanes. For the most part, though, "people are pretty careful with them," he says.
Still, he says he'd buy scan-safe bags for employees as long as the bags came at a reasonable price. "If it were available as an option, we'd take it," he says. "If it was three times the price, we probably wouldn't. If it were in the same range, we would."
TSA spokeswoman Ann Davis says the primary goal of a TSA-recognized notebook bag would be to enhance the security process. "Allowing passengers to leave the laptop in the bag would be a time saver," she says.
A scan-safe bag would be a boon not just for travelers but also for the TSA itself. Davis says that other goals for the bag project include reducing stress for TSA security officers — and reducing the number of claims the TSA receives every year for lost or stolen notebooks.
Manufacturers also see opportunity in producing a bag that will immediately catch the eye of a TSA agent at the airport as being suitable for a scan. Warde says Case Logic sees the TSA's initiative as a chance to open a new profit center led by scan-safe bags: "It's a great challenge, but it's also a great opportunity," he says.
As for Elmer — and probably most travelers — the idea of not having to take a notebook out of its bag at airport security is "tremendous." Elmer says that he'd absolutely buy a bag that would make that possible. "I certainly would use one," he says, "and I think that most people would."


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a) Everybody (for some definition of everybody) needs it or can use it.
b) Those who use it (everybody, by definition above) want to improve it (for some definition of improve).
c) Significant business value associated with the use of the software does not reside in the software itself.
d) It's cool.
R0ml examines four major focus areas within the IT department at AT&T Wireless with respect to these criteria, and explores reasons why there aren't any credible open source projects around these; whether there should (or should not) be; and what they might look like.
[Full title: "(More) Missing Open Source Projects." This keynote presentation was recorded at the Open Source Business Conference 2004 held in San Francisco, CA. A PDF file of this presentation's graphics is available. See the complete list of OSBC 2004 presentations on IT Conversations.]
Robert M. "r0ml" Lefkowitz is the Chief Technical Architect and Vice President of Data Services for Information Technology at AT&T Wireless.
In these capacities he divides his time between trouble-shooting and causing trouble. [Editor's note: r0ml likely does more of the latter.] He is new to the telecommunications industry, having previously spent over 20 years on Wall Street as an IT professional, first as an infrastructure developer, and then as a software architect, and most recently as the Director of Open Source Strategy for a major investment bank. In 1990, he was selected as a member of the Wall Street Computer Review's All-Star DP/MIS team. He graduated from MIT with a B.S. in Computer Science. r0ml's interest in Open Source software grows out of his fascination with language(s) and education.
This free podcast is from our Open Source Business Conference series.


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Find your transcript request card in the small brown box located on the right corner of Cynthia's desk. If you do not have a card, blank cards are at the back of the box.
If requesting an official transcript, you must attach a stamped envelope that has the address of the college or organization. Do not include a return address.
Place the request card in the black bin to the left of the brown box.
Former Da Vinci students can send an alumni request form. Please include an addressed, stamped envelope as shown in the previous image. This form is also available in the Da Vinci High School office.


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We love to help Washington visitors to find the very best activities and most unique things to do in DC. Of course, everyone has different interests and preferences, so we suggest you browse through this list of our top suggestions and choose one or more of these sunny summer events to enjoy during your stay with us in Washington DC.
Giant National Capital Barbecue Battle
Instead of simply having a cookout, come to the greatest competition in the capital: The Giant National Barbeque Battle. Benefiting USO-Metro and the Capital Area Food Bank, this delicious two-day event also features 30 bands performing live on three stages – along with lots of free food samples as well as fabulous plates of freshly made food from area restaurants. The competition itself has marked the start of summer for tens of thousands of folks who've flocked to DC to experience the perfect BBQ for themselves. And don't worry – there are plenty of wines and micro-brews to sample as well, along with classic Anheuser-Bush beverages and non-alcoholic options.
Smithsonian Folklife Festival
Since 1967, the Smithsonian Folklife Festival has honored today's living cultural traditions and celebrates all those who practice and sustain them. Produced each year by the Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage, the Festival brings together participants from all 50 US states and over 100 countries for a two-week, free celebration that overlaps the 4th of July. Chock full of educational presentations, master artisan demonstrations, traditional foods, cultural song and dance, craft workshops, and games, you'll find plenty of things to enjoy. The large market features pottery, textiles, clothing, toys, sculptures, books and more – all ready to take home as lasting souvenirs of this incredible cultural exchange.
Citi Open
Washington DC's own signature professional tennis tournament is coming back for its 50th year at the Rock Creek Park Tennis Center. The Citi Open is one of just 13 prestigious ATP World Tour 500 tournaments, and it features top-tier tennis talent from all over the world competing for the prestigious trophy. This year, a special charitable option has been introduced, with 25% off of specially discounted tickets going to support the American Experience Foundation, which works to improve the lives of low-income students through inspirational travel and educational opportunities.
Capital Fringe Festival
Held along the scenic Washington DC waterfront in SW, the edgy Capital Fringe Festival offers exceptional, out-there performances from local creatives, featuring plays, improvisational performances, punk rock shows, and colorful artwork. Focused on expanding audience interest in independent theater, music, art, dance, and other unclassified forms of live performance and visual art, the Capital Fringe Festival is truly one of the most unique modern cultural experiences in the city.
Comcast Xfinity Outdoor Film Festival
Benefiting children's charities for NIH, this year the 22nd outdoor film festival returns to Strathmore for four nights under the stars. With a lineup that is sure to please all ages, the free event opens with concessions at 7:30 p.m. and the film begins at dusk – around 8:30 p.m. each night. The inspiring and entertaining films this year include Coco, Black Panther, The Lion King, and Wonder Woman. Moviegoers should bring blankets or low beach chairs and plan to take advantage of the concessions for delicious food, wine, and beer in order to donate to the worthy causes while enjoying the summer nights in DC.
Whatever exciting Washington DC events bring you to the area, we invite you to relax and settle in to our restful, relaxing accommodations close to all the action at The Wink. We're sure you're going to have a fabulous stay!
June 2019
Invisible App Zone
Drag apps


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Hello! I'm Tiffany, a designer from Los Angeles.
Explore my work below or filter by project type:
DYR: Matching Pets to People
Netflix: Discover and Share With Curated Lists
Heem: Find Furniture That Fits.
Fast Facts About Lasik
Moderate-to-Severe AD: More Than Skin Deep
Talking Peanut Allergy
AAPD Infographics
Karma Tequila
Tracfone Valentine's Day Cards
What is Your WaterMark?
RAD Adoption Program
The Power of Many


text:
Previous Challenge Entry
Topic: Insulted (11/01/04)
TITLE: Insults "and injuries"
By Michael Aubrecht
The sound of his father's voiced echoed in the background as the entry door to the rink swung open. Pretending not to hear, Dylan tried to skate into the crowd on his way back to the locker room. Sweat poured down his face as he removed his mask. His head hurt and his body ached from head to toe.
Entering the locker room, he dropped his stick, glove and blocker, falling onto the bench. Before he could even get his gear off, his father entered and immediately began again.
"What happened out there? You had them. What did I tell you about breakaways? You have to stay up. I can't believe you blew that lead."
It was a familiar speech. Dylan had been playing hockey since he was nine. In that time he had gone from a kid who could barely skate backwards to one of the top goaltenders in the league. It was a fluke actually. Never intending to play in net, Dylan had been asked by the coach to stand in for his regular goalie after a knee injury ended his young career.
It was a playoff game, for a ticket to the league championship, and all the coach asked is for someone to "stand in there." Amazingly, Dylan showed a talent and tenacity that would eventually take his team all the way to the title.
Over the next few years he continued to work hard and grow. He went to five more championships, won several awards, attended multiple USA Hockey clinics, was invited to college camps for youths and even played in a few tournaments. Some games he dominated – others he struggled – but he never stopped trying. His room was filled with trophies and medals. He had a custom mask designed and the best gear available. Goalies were cool BUT good goalies were really cool. Often he would question himself for picking the most unforgiving and stressful position in all of sports.
You see in most sports it's a total team effort, but certain positions ultimately dictate the wins and losses. If the pitcher or quarterback or goalie has a bad day – you can pretty much predict the outcome. Still he loved the pressure and the feeling of responsibility he had. His skills had made him popular and he felt like a true champion.
His father was always supportive, but also strict when it came to practice and performance. Over the years, he had spent a great deal of time and money on his son and Dylan never wanted to let him down. Recently he had been playing poorly, not terrible, but certainly not up to the caliber he was used to.
As a result, dad was becoming a real drag. The post-game lectures in the car were getting old and the term "slump" became a painful insult. It was a game after all and he was only thirteen. High School was on the horizon and tryouts for the JV and Varsity teams were creeping up too. Dylan looked forward to the opportunity, but lately he wasn't having "fun" anymore.
After getting undressed Dylan walked out to the car dreading the drive home. Looking up at his father he said, "Dad I said a prayer before the game today and it didn't work."
"I prayed for a win too son, but not all prayers are answered."
"No dad, I didn't pray for a win, I prayed that you would be proud of me. I don't like it when I lose and you insult my play."
His father stopped in his tracks. A look of sadness and realization spread across his face.
"Oh Dylan I'm so sorry. I thought I was helping you, but I guess all I did was make things worse. I didn't mean to insult you. And you're absolutely right. This is about having fun and I forgot that."
"That's OK dad, Let's just try to relax and take this for what it is, a game."
And from that day forward, both father and son played together and prayed together. This time however, it was for all the right reasons.


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TAVIA GORDON; WILLIAM B. KANNEL, M.D., F.A.C.P.; MARTHANA C. HJORTLAND, Ph.D.; PATRICIA M. McNAMARA
A rise in coronary heart disease incidence after menopause and a dramatic increase in the severity of the presenting disease are noted in a cohort of 2873 Framingham women who were followed up for 24 years. No premenopausal woman developed a myocardial infarction or died of coronary heart disease. Such events were common in postmenopausal women. Even in women under age 55, 40% of the postmenopausal coronary heart disease presented in these more serious forms, whether menopause was natural or surgical. The contrast was especially marked in the age group 40 to 44 years. In the age groups 45 to 49 and 50 to 54 years, incidence rates in menopausal and postmenopausal intervals were more than double those in premenopausal intervals, whether menopause was natural or surgical. In surgical menopause there was excess incidence whether the ovaries were removed or not. Postmenopausal women on hormones had a doubled risk of coronary heart disease.
GORDON T, KANNEL WB, HJORTLAND MC, et al. Menopause and Coronary Heart Disease: The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med. 1978;89:157–161. doi: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-89-2-157
Download citation file:
© 2020
Published: Ann Intern Med. 1978;89(2):157-161.
Cardiology, Coronary Heart Disease.
Copyright © 2020 American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.
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