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Lawrence Lessig and I have been writing about the link between publisher contributions to members of the House Judiciary Committee and their support for H.R. 801 -- a bill that would end the newly implemented NIH public access policy that makes all works published as part of NIH-funded research freely available online. On Friday, House Judiciary Chairman John Conyers (D-MI) -- lead sponsor of the bill -- responded in a letter on Huffington Post.
The first several paragraphs of Conyers' letter contain an outline of his record as a progressive politician. But no record, no matter how distinguished, is an excuse for introducing an atrocious piece of legislation that sacrifices the public interest to those of a select group of publishing companies.
Conyers would have us believe that it is just a coincidence that his bill would erase a government policy vehemently opposed by publishers who have contributed to his campaigns. But his response to our letter -- like the bill itself -- is taken straight from the publishers' playbook.
Conyers trots out the publishers' two favorite lines of attack against the policy: 1) that the NIH policy is taking a right (in this case a copyright) away from publishers, and 2) that making taxpayer-funded research available to taxpayers will bankrupt publishers and thereby destroy science.
Both arguments are specious and reflect fundamental ignorance about how science and scientific publishing work. The accusation that the policy is bad for science because it will drive publishers out of existence is the more serious one, so I will deal with it first. Here is what Conyers wrote:
... on the narrow merits of the issue, Professor Lessig and proponents of "open access" make a credible argument that requiring open publishing of government-funded research information furthers scientific inquiry. They speak out for important values and I respect their position.
While this approach appears to further and enhance access to scientific works, opponents argue that, in reality, it reverses a long-standing and highly successful copyright policy for federally-funded work and sets a precedent that will have significant negative consequences for scientific research.
These opponents argue that scientific journals expend their own, non-federal resources to manage the peer review process, where experts review academic publications. This process is critical because it provides the quality check against incorrect, reckless, and fraudulent science and furthers the overall quality and vigor of modern scientific debate. Journal publishers organize and pay for peer review with the proceeds they receive from the sale of subscriptions to their journals, thereby adding considerable value to the original manuscripts of research scientists.
The policy Professor Lessig supports, they argue, would limit publishers' ability to charge for subscriptions since the same articles will soon be publicly available for free. If journals begin closing their doors or curtailing peer review, or foist peer review costs on academic authors (who are already pay from their limited budgets printing costs in some cases), the ultimate harm will be to open inquiry and scientific progress may be severe. And the journals most likely to be affected may be non-profit, scientific society based journals. Once again, a policy change slipped through the appropriations process in the dark of night may enhance open access to information, but it may have unintended consequences that are severe.
Far from being the reckless act Conyers portrays, the NIH policy is actually fairly conservative. It requires that papers that arise from NIH funded research be made freely available, through a website run by the National Library of Medicine, within 12 months of publication -- not immediately. This delay between publication and free public access was put in precisely because it will allow publishers to recoup, and profit from, their investment in publishing by charging for access to the freshest material.
Science moves far too fast for active researchers to afford a year's delay before reading papers in their field. Thus universities and other research institutions have to maintain subscriptions to journals even if their year-old content is freely available. Many journals, realizing that their revenue comes primarily from new material, already make their complete contents freely available online after a year or less. And these journals have not reported a wave of canceled subscriptions -- or any appreciable loss of revenue. So both empirical data and publisher actions refute Conyers' central argument against the NIH public access policy.
Conyers' argument is also clouded by several misconceptions about scientific publishing. He correctly identifies peer review as the most important role of scientific journals. But he is incorrect in his assertion that publishers make a tremendous investment of "their own, non-federal resources" in the process of peer review. While publishers supervise peer review, the process itself is carried out voluntarily by members of the research community. Scientists receive no remuneration whatsoever when they review a paper -- they do it instead because they recognize that peer review is central to the scientific process.
Since the salaries of most American scientists are paid, directly or indirectly, by the US government, the peer review process is actually a massive federal subsidy to publishers, whose very existence is based on the tens of billions of annual taxpayer dollars invested in scientific research. That even after they have had a year to profit from this taxpayer largesse some publishers are still unwilling to grant the public access to copies of papers they paid to produce and review is unconscionable.
And while Representative Conyers' publishing friends may have convinced him that there are severe unintended consequences that will arise from the NIH public access policy, the scientific community -- who has been debating this issue for over a decade -- strongly disagrees. Elias Zerhouni -- who was NIH Director until last year -- spent years crafting this policy in consultation with scientists, publishers, and members of Congress. It is strongly supported by his predecessor, Nobel laureate Harold Varmus, and a cadre of his American Nobel prizewinning colleagues. And the world's leading private medical research organizations -- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and the Wellcome Trust -- have, after extensive research and discussion, adopted even more aggressive policies than the NIH. Does Representative Conyers really think he better understands what's good for science than do all of these groups and people?
Now, let's return to the issue of copyright. Conyers writes:
... there is a serious process issue at stake here. My bill would restore longstanding federal copyright policy in this area. It reverses a provision slipped into an appropriations bill in the middle of the night, with no consultation with the Committee which is actually supposed to write the law in this area, the Judiciary Committee, which I chair. Thus, Professor Lessig simply ignores that this so-called "open access" policy was not subject to open hearings, open debate or open amendment in Congress and itself represents the sort of process-compromised special interest provision that he generally rails against. Now the special interests here may be highly worthy, but an openness hawk such as Professor Lessig ought not countenance procedural gimmicks just because they yielded a favored result.
My bill lays down a marker indicating that issues this complex, with important values and convincing arguments on both sides, should not be decided by a few lawmakers without relevant jurisdictional expertise in the dark of night with no meaningful public scrutiny or input. Unlike the measure my bill would repeal, my bill is fully available to the public and has my name attached to it. If it moves through my Committee, which it has not yet, it will be subject to full public hearings - and open to criticism and improvement from all sides.
As someone who has been involved with this issue and has closely followed the development of the NIH public access policy, I can say that Conyers' history of this policy is grossly inaccurate. The policy was developed in consultation between Congress and the NIH over the course of several appropriation cycles, during which time there was extensive back and forth between Congress and the NIH as they worked to craft a policy that would ensure public access to taxpayer-funded research.
Everyone in the scientific research and publishing communities knew about the policy for years. NIH Director Elias Zerhouni met with all of the stakeholders many times to make sure their views and issues were considered. And the policy was opened up to public comment before it was implemented. This is hardly a bill snuck in by special interests and rammed through in the middle night with no public comment, as Conyers would have us believe.
Now I am no expert of congressional protocol, but it seems perfectly sensible to me that the Appropriations Committee, whose job it is to make sure that taxpayers' money is spent wisely and efficiently, would be the relevant committee for setting the terms under which scientists could receive federal dollars.
Conyers' argument that the bill should instead have gone to his Judiciary Committee rests on the dubious notion that NIH policy modifies "longstanding federal copyright policy in this area". But the policy itself says nothing about copyright -- it merely requires that NIH grantees make copies of their published papers available to the public. It is implemented as a modification of the contract grantees always sign with the NIH every time a new grant is awarded -- a contract that already governs data release, publication, appropriate use of animals and other research subjects, etc...
Copyright only comes into the picture because some publishers force scientists, as a condition of publication, to sign away their right to make their papers available to the taxpayers who supported their research and salaries. NIH-funded scientists who still wish to publish in such journals have to amend these highly restrictive agreements so that they maintain the right to make a copy of their manuscript available to the public.
It is actually publication agreements like these that reverse longstanding tradition in scientific publication. Only recently have some journals -- eager to exact more control over government funded research -- denied scientists their historical right to distribute manuscript copies of their papers to their colleagues and other interested parties.
When I started in science -- before the internet became the primary means for disseminating research results -- it was routine practice for my advisors to hand out copies of their papers to visitors and to mail manuscript versions of published papers to other scientists and members of the public -- anyone who wrote to the lab asking for one. And almost as soon as the internet first came online, scientists took advantage of it to make the sharing of manuscripts more rapid and efficient.
There is also a long tradition of providing free public access to print copies of papers describing taxpayer-funded research though the National Library of Medicine in Bethesda, MD, which is now simply continuing this tradition by making manuscript copies of papers available online.
While publishers may find these traditions more irksome in the digital age, it is absurd for them to argue that scientists sharing papers with each other and the public is a radical new invention.
The Copyright Act of 1976, which sets out most aspects of current copyright law, further undermines Conyers' position that the NIH policy is incompatible with copyright. In Section 105 Congress unambiguously recognizes the public right to have access to the product of federal research when they state that "Copyright protection under this title is not available for any work of the United States Government".
Although Congress left open the copyright status of works funded by the US government, the drafters of the bill dealt clearly with this issue in the report language accompanying the bill:
A more difficult and far-reaching problem is whether the definition should be broadened to prohibit copyright in works prepared under U.S. Government contract or grant. As the bill is written, the Government agency concerned could determine in each case whether to allow an independent contractor or grantee to secure copyright in works prepared in whole or in part with the use of Government funds. The argument that has been made against allowing copyright in this situation is that the public should not be required to pay a "double subsidy," and that it is inconsistent to prohibit copyright in works by Government employees while permitting private copyrights in a growing body of works created by persons who are paid with Government funds
Where, under the particular circumstances, Congress or the agency involved finds that the need to have a work freely available outweighs the need of the private author to secure copyright, the problem can be dealt with by specific legislation, agency regulations, or contractual restrictions.
So not only does the NIH policy not alter copyright, in implementing it the NIH acted in precisely the way drafters of the Copyright Act said they should if they determined -- as they have -- that it would be beneficial to the public to have works funded by the NIH made freely available online.
Throughout his letter, Conyers repeatedly cites the need to consider the complex issues around scientific publishing.
I acknowledge that these are complex issues and that there are important values, strong arguments, and passionate supporters on both sides. And I look forward to the coming debate.
Unfortunately, Representative Conyers' actions to date do not support a desire to study or debate these issues. After this bill was introduced in the last Congress, Conyers' Judiciary Committee held hearings in which witnesses repeated pointed out flaws in the bill's logic and approach. In particular, a previous Registrar of Copyrights, clearly sympathetic to the publishers' cause, acknowledged that the NIH Policy was in perfect accord with US copyright law and practice. Why, if Representative Conyers was so interested in dealing with complex issues involved in scientific publishing, did he completely ignore the results of his own hearings and reintroduce the exact same bill in this Congress?
Nothing in the way this bill was crafted, or has been pushed, suggests an interest in balancing these complex issues. This bill clearly reflects the opinions of only one side in this debate. And in defending his support for the bill, Conyers doesn't even bother to put the publishers words into his own voice, repeatedly voicing the words of the NIH policy's opponents as if they were his own.
It clearly offended Representative Conyers when Lessig and I suggested a link between his efforts to end the NIH policy, and publishers' contributions to his campaign. But his sponsorship of H.R. 801, and his letter defending this stance, indicate that he has let the financial support of publishers -- and the resulting close relationship they have with him -- influence his decision making.
I and other supporters of the NIH public access policy stand ready to discuss these issues with Representative Conyers and his committee. But with or without such a discussion, I hope he will recognize the value and wisdom of the NIH public access policy, and withdraw his support for H.R. 801.
Lawrence Lessig and Michael Eisen: Is John Conyers Shilling for Special Interests?
Lawrence Lessig and Michael Eisen: John Conyers, It's Time to Speak Up
Rep. John Conyers: A Reply to Larry Lessig
Lawrence Lessig: A Reply to Congressman Conyers


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G2A is a digital gaming marketplace where game developers, buyers and sellers can conduct business in one safe place. With G2A, all consumer gaming needs can be met in one easy-to-navigate, game-centric ecosystem. The company was founded in 2010 and is headquartered in Hong Kong, China.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Today I went to Whitehall, along with several thousand others, to pay tribute to those servicemen that have given their lives in wars past and present. Wreaths of Poppy's are placed at the foot of the Cenotaph by the Royal Family and other prominent figures to honour "The Glorious Dead".
I went with CF, passing through metal detectors and searches, guarded by Armed Police, and watched over by black clad figures on the roof tops with guns. A sign of our times and an irony, considering the event, that wasn't lost on me. We joined the masses of people that had taken just a few hours out of their day to remember. To remember those that had made the ultimate sacrifice. War is never good, or glorious in my eyes, but men and women of all ages, colours and creeds gave up more than most of us will ever do to protect the ones they loved. And to save all of those that they would never meet or know. They fought and died for our freedom and deserve our respect and remembrance.
Wednesday will be the 11th of November, don't forget to pay your respects at 11am.
Never forget to Remember.


text: We're about to enter a stage of life that I have to admit, is not my favorite. The potty training stage. Potty training seems to go one of two ways in my house: complete and total disaster or epic triumph. I have yet to have an in between experience. Having been through this three times already, I … Continue reading Wet Bag with Pocket Tutorial and tips for potty training


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|Still finding my way
I've been working with one of the suppliers of parts for the new P320 Legion for the last 6 months but was sworn to secrecy. I guess the cat's out of the bag now.
|Sigforum K9 handler
They are gunning for the Q5. The weight will make it a great competition pistol.
"Make it a shooting, and not a gunfight" LSP552 02/19/2011
I remember vaguely that original X5 had something called a pretensioned barrel, although I never understood what it meant. There's no mentioning of that in the Legion's description. Was that some sort of gimmick that SIG has dropped, or is it still a thing?
The weight is something other than the weight available for the x-grip now?
They should have chosen something other than the PVD coating. It looks fine if the pistol never gets used, but wears through very quickly. On a more expensive pistol, almost anything would have been a better choice.
|Still finding my way
This gets repeated a lot but hasn't been an issue since the first year that Sig used PVD.
|War Damn Eagle!
Why have it come in at 43.5oz?
If they'd shaved off half an ounce, then it's IDPA legal.
"It pays to be a winner."
It gets repeated by me because it's an issue on each of my Legions.
The weight thing needs to be explored once people have their hands on actual units. 45 oz with optic mounted and extended mag is a current threshold for USPSA carry optics. As listed at 43.5 this gun is not going to make it. With Max being two time CO champ, I doubt that SIG would have made this mistake. I wonder if 43.5 is with magwell that must be taken off for CO.
Hrm. Nice gun. But is the Legion series really about competition? I thought it was about having the luxury edition. I mean, the X5 is definitely competition minded so I guess it makes sense.
Do they already have a non-X P320 Legion? Maybe that's why I'm a little confounded.
Charter member of the vast, right-wing conspiracy
|Still finding my way
That sucks man. Every person I talk to with legions bought in the last year or so report that the finish holds up better than most others. That was corroborated with a Sig rep at my gun club a couple months back who was there for a promotion. Taking your first hand experience into accou t I'd say they don't have that problem 100% solved yet.
I believe the "pretensioned" barrel is a real thing. Both of the Xfives I bought are the most accurate, plastic guns I've ever shot.
So much for exclusivity. I guess we'll get Legion everything now, looks like they're slowly sucking the life out of it and turning it basically into a 'paint-on performance' option.
This reminds me of when the 1990 Corvette ZR-1 came out; it looked balls-out cool and radical next to 'normal' Vettes of the day, with its wide, curved, rounded rear fascia. Then next year... Boom!... GM put the ZR rear end on every Corvette, totally gutted the look and made a then-mind-blowingly expensive supercar look exactly like a base model Vette.
Colossally stupid move that helped cut the prestige and desirability right out from under their own supercar. Why pay $60,000 for a ride that looks exactly like a $38,000 ride. They built 3,032 in 1990, then 2,044 in 1991 and pathetically only 502 in 1992 when the LT1 engine came out. I think it's because they sold something as exclusive then backstabbed it with the rest of its own product line.
This is what Sig is looking to basically be doing with their 'Legion' branding. Four years ago it was an exotic worthy of whispers and drooling lust, with hand fitted steel GG triggers and assembled by forest pixies that breathed the sparkling light of the sunset on each one as they were birthed from a virgin unicorn. Now? Hell, they're about as hard to find as an erectile dysfunction advertisement or a wiseass comment on the Internet.
I mean why not just slap it on every P225-A1, P210, any number of 1911's and even the P365? Heck, why stop there? Go make some 'Legion' airsoft guns, BB guns and maybe even a Sig Sauer 'Legion' Supersoaker... "Join the exclusive club of aquatic tactical phantom warriors and get a waterproof Pez dispenser with Max Michel's head on it! You are immortal!"
Sorry to be such a wiseass, but I really was jonesing for one when they came out, I really bought into the hype. Still think the P226 Legion looks awesome, but I was major bummed when I heard they stopped using the GG trigger and just started dropping in regular triggers (if that's true, I've heard conflicting stories). But what really took the shine off was when that ridiculous P938 came out... it just ruined the image.
Now a plastic Legion.
"Just A Wild Eyed Texan On a Manhunt For The World's Most Perfect Chili Dog...."
I agree with TexasRaider on this one. The Legion series was originally built on the premise of being the ultimate self defense/combat handgun, not a gun meant for competition shooting. This move in my opinion belittles the reputation of the Legion line.
I can understand Sig wanting to up the stakes by making the P320 X5 more competitive with other competition firearms because that was the original intent of the X5, a competition gun, not a combat pistol.
And where's the Legion insignia on the grip?
|Still finding my way
Wow. I think you guys are taking this a bit too personally. Can you show us on the doll where the Legion marketing touched you?
That may be part of the problem; Sig Marketing created the atmosphere. All the marketing was hype from the inference of the Foreign Legion to the matt look to the advertising all intimating a more exclusive level of "to hell and back." The coin, the special box, the idea that only legion members who bought new could be part of the club...Sig wouldn't even send the idiotic aluminum coin to someone who bought second hand. Sig went overboard trying to create an atmosphere, and some who bought into it might feel slighted.
There are very minor tweaks to the legion pistols that make them a bit nicer than the regular line of pistols. Slight relief where the trigger guard meets the grip, slightly improved trigger on *some* legions (before they stopped using the grayguns trigger--but kept advertising that they were), etc. Not enough improvement to justify the cost, not even with the magic low-visibility "x-ray" sights. Add the thin, easily removed finish to the list.
My thought at the X5 legion was "really?"
Maybe it's worth it. See how it sells.
Do not forget the skeletonized trigger & aluminum base pads
If you can't dazzle them with brilliance, baffle them with bullshit!
Sigs Owned - A Bunch
LOL @ the all the complaining about Legion "exclusivity."
A Legion P320 vs Sig P320 is the exact same as buying a BMW M340i over a 340i: All the typical individual performance upgrades are packaged together and you get some paint/badging to brag about.
There's nothing exclusive about it: BMW will build as many M-sports as the market will support and Sig will do the same with Legion pistols.
SIG has stood for "SKU's In Gazillions" for years now and true exclusivity comes from the Sig Mastershop.
Well, I can tell who won't be lining up for a Mosquito Legion.
"Just A Wild Eyed Texan On a Manhunt For The World's Most Perfect Chili Dog...."
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It's a good rule of thumb that if somebody has to inform you that he's smart, he probably isn't. So here's cartoon character Donald Trump on one of the many occasions on which he's felt the need to discuss his brilliance:
At the time he was admitted to Wharton, Trump was the son of a wealthy New York real estate developer. Whether his father bought Donald's way in isn't known.
What we do know is that when he went to college, Barack Obama was a middle class kid from Hawaii. He started his undergraduate career at Occidental and later transferred to Columbia, one of the nation's best colleges. From there, he went on to Harvard Law School, where he was President of the Law Review and ultimately graduated with academic honors, which only happens if you excel. Obama went on to write a bestselling book and become a professor of constitutional law at one of the country's best schools.
Watch him at a press conference. He is agile, remarkably well-informed, logical and eloquent. Reasonable minds may not differ: Regardless of politics, the President is seriously smart.
Trump, though, has made up some doubts:
"I heard he was a terrible student, terrible," Trump said in an interview with the Associated Press. "How does a bad student go to Columbia and then to Harvard? I'm thinking about it, I'm certainly looking into it. Let him show his records."
Obama transferred to Columbia University in New York in 1983 from Occidental College. He then went to Harvard Law School where he graduated magna cum laude in 1991.
"I have friends who have smart sons with great marks, great boards, great everything and they can't get into Harvard," Trump told the Associated Press. "We don't know a thing about this guy. There are a lot of questions that are unanswered about our president."
Where did he hear that? Won't say. Who told him? Won't say. What does the fact that his rich friends' sons can't get into Harvard have to do with it? Uh, nothing.
But assuming for a moment that Donald Trump's completely contrived fantasy that Barack Obama was a bad student is true, what are potential Trump supporters supposed to conclude about the President? How could a black kid from a distant state with no family connections or influence get into two of the nation's best schools?
Trump's claim is easily accepted by people who already believe that Obama uses a teleprompter to give speeches because he's too stupid to know what to say (despite the fact that all modern presidents have used them). He was too dumb to write his books, so radical Bill Ayers did it for him. Obama is so stupid in fact that he even believes there are fifty seven states.
So how could somebody so patently unqualified get so far in life? Donald Trump knows that many Republican primary voters believe they already know the answer: Affirmative action.
Myths about Obama's intelligence fly in the face of available evidence, but are believed anyway by people for whom policy disagreements just aren't enough. They have to believe something else — something demonstrably untrue about the President: He could only have gotten here because he's black. And right now, nobody's doing more to appeal to that demographic than self-promoting orange clown Donald Trump.
That's not to say that Trump is particularly original. Back in 1990, racist North Carolina Senator Jesse Helms ran this ad to defeat his African-American opponent:
Those white hands could belong to any of Trump's rich friends' sons, enraged that Harvard rejected them because it had to admit the next Barack Obama.


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1720 Herman Moll Map of South America (South Sea Company)SouthSeaCompany-moll-1720
1720 Herman Moll Map of South America (South Sea Company)SouthSeaCompany-moll-1720
A strategic guide to privateering in South America and an illustration of the world's first stock bubble.
c. 1730 (undated) 26 x 19.5 in (66.04 x 49.53 cm)
The South Sea Company was a British joint stock venture charted near the end of the Spanish War of Succession (1702 – 1714). Ostensibly, Britain, which was beginning to gain an upper hand over Spain, founded the South Sea Company to disrupt and ultimately seize control of Spain's trade wealth in the Americas. Under John Blunt and Robert Hartley, England's Lord Treasurer, the South Sea Company was granted exclusive trading rights to all commerce in Spanish America. The trading rights granted to the South Sea Company presupposed a British victory in the war, which did not occur until several years later in 1813. Though not as grand or extensive as originally hoped, the 1714 Treaty of Utrecht granted the South Sea Company limited trade rights in Spanish America as well as the coveted Asiento, the contract to supply African slaves to the Spanish colonies.
At Jonathan's Coffee House, an early version of Wall Street, Moll's circle of influential financiers, educated pirates, and talented promoters launched a campaign of propaganda in support of the South Sea Company. By mid-1720, despite engaging in little or no commerce, rabid speculation had pushed the per-share value of South Sea Company to over £1000 , creating the world's first recorded stock bubble. Around September the bubble burst, with the stock price crashing to under £100 per share, causing a rash of bankruptcies as those who bought on credit scrambled to liquidate their stock. Moll himself is not known to have earned any money from directly speculating on the South Sea Company, however, his timely issue of illustrative maps and other publications no doubt turned a handsome profit.
Moll's map was issued in response to popular interest and is intended to illustrate the ambitions of the South Sea Company. Focusing on South America, Moll' s map details continent embraced by the South Sea Company's 'Sea Limit,' a line running roughly from the Rio de la Plata, around Cape Horn, and north, along the western shore of America to the uncharted lands north of California. The map is further surrounded by twelve smaller inset maps. These can be divided into three categories: access points to the Pacific, islands of refuge, and treasure ports. The map's mission thus becomes clear. Moll's map, by design and content, suggests a strategy for seizing control of Spanish trade throughout the Americas. South Sea Company privateers crossing into the Pacific via the access points at Darien (Panama) and the Straights of Magellan, could use the unpopulated islands of Peypses (actually apocryphal, but it bears an uncanny resemblance to the Falklands), Juan Fernandez, and the Galapagos, as bases to seize control of the contested ports of Baldavia, Guiaquil, Amapalla, and Nicoya. From these ports the British could not only dominate the internal trade, but also harass the Spanish Pacific fleets sailing from the treasure port of Acapulco.
The sub-context of Moll's map of the South Sea Company also can be read in the light of the Asiento, or slave trade. With the coast of Africa appearing at the right and trade winds clearly indicated, one can follow the slave route from Europe to the coast of Africa, to the mining and agricultural ports in South America that most needed slave labor. In the course of roughly 30 years of trade, the South Sea Company transported some 34,000 slaves to South America, a prodigious number though far short of the mandate contracted the by Asiento and the Treaty of Utrecht.
Cartographically Moll's South Sea Company map is loosely based on Edmond Halley's chart of magnetic variation, the isogonic lines of which appear on this chart. The general shape of South America is drawn from Mount and Page, who published a chart of South America based on a projection prepared by Edward Wright. A few of the insets Moll extracted from his own earlier work publishing the journals of his gentlemen pirate friends, including Dampier, Funnell, Hack, and others. Some of the more interesting charts, including the three large maps at the top of the page, were added in this, the second edition of the map. These maps, as well as the map of Acapulco and the Galapagos, were extracted from manuscript maps copied from Spanish charts seized by the privateer Captain Sharp from the Spanish ship Santa Rosario. These were copied by Moll's coffeehouse friend, the pirate William Hack. Though commanded by the king to keep these documents secret, lest a rival nation use them to their advantage, the presence of these maps on Moll's chart clearly indicates the difficulty in keeping cartographic information secret.
Moll initially published this map in 1711 to illustrate his propagandist pamphlet, A View of the Coasts, Countrys, & Islands within the Limits of the South Sea Company. It was later revised in a second edition, published around 1719 or 1720, to include the three additional maps of Baldivia, Guiaquil (Peru), and Lake Ancuna. Another third edition appeared much later. This, the second edition, appeared in a number of different publications and was also issued independently, but most examples can be traced to Moll's 1719 – 1720 New and Complete Atlas.
Herman Moll (1654 - 1732) was an important 18th century map publisher and engraver based in London and Holland. Moll's origins are disputed with some suggesting he was born in the Netherlands and others Germany - the Moll name was common in both countries during this period. Most likely Moll was a German from Bremen, as his will, friends, and contemporaries suggest. What is known for certain is that he moved to London in 1678, possibly fleeing the Scanian War, where he worked as an engraver for Moses Pitt and other London map publishers. Around the turn of the century, Moll set up his own shop where he produced a large corpus of work known for its high quality and decorative flair. As a new émigré to England, Moll made himself more English than the English, and through his cartography proved a fierce advocate for his adopted nation. Most of Moll's early maps were issued as loose sheets that would be bound to order, however, he did publish several important atlases late in his career. Moll is said to have made the bold claim that without a doubt "California is an Island" and that he "had in [his] office mariners who have sailed round it." While California may not be an island (yet), it is true that moll had talent for attracting interesting friends and acquaintances. He frequented London's first stock exchange, Jonathan's Coffeehouse at Number 20 Exchange Alley, Cornhill. At the time Jonathan's was known as "a place of very considerable concourse for Merchants, sea faring Men and other traders" (Erleigh, The Viscount, The South Sea Bubble, Manchester: Peter Davies, Ltd., 1933, 21). Eventually this activity attracted the interest of stock brokers, who inspired by sailor's tales, sponsored the ill-fated South Sea Company, the world's first stock bubble. Moll's close circle, mostly from the Coffee House, included scientist Robert Hooke, the writers Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe) and Jonathan Swift (Gulliver's Travels), the pirates William Dampier, William Hacke and Woodes Rogers, and the archeologist William Stukeley. Herman Moll's work was highly regarded for its decorative beauty and was pirated, most notably by the Irish publisher George Grierson, both in his lifetime and after his 1732 death at St. Clement Danes, London.


text: It's time to start thinking about your holiday cards folks!! November is here and that means it's time to pick out your favorite family photos and send them my way for a beautiful custom holiday card that your family and friends are sure to remember. I will be launching pre-made designs to my Etsy shop on the 10th (announcement to follow) or you request a custom design made just for you! Let me know what theme and colors you'd like and I'll bring your vision to life! Bring out all the stops and get creative with holiday themed envelope liners and return address printing too!


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This post is actually a few months old from my first stay at home in June! That being said I am still in love with the Chicken Pad Thai with Spaghetti Squash (I made it last night for dinner without the chicken) and Crispy Quinoa Burgers. I make them ALL the time! Definitely added them to my top favs.
+ so, so, so yummy!
- I tend to just eat the sweet potatoes as a side! It's a bit intense with them in the actual burger.
+ I've also made these using ground turkey and they are amazing!
+ great thing about this recipe is that if you don't have all of the toppings, it still tastes amazing.
- You don't NEED the bok choy or green onions if you don't have them.
- If you're a veggie, or don't want to spend money on meat, no problem. Just don't add chicken!
- If you're a veggie, or don't want to spend money on meat, no problem. Just don't add chicken!
+ So I actually made these into inside out burgers stuffed with cheddar cheese and cut-up bacon.
- This was for a BBQ, I wouldn't suggest putting this recipe into your weekly diet, they're more of a treat!
Try them out, they're all great recipes! And if you'd like to follow me on Pinterest, you can do so here!


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Poland has been great to me. I had mixed feelings to begin with. When I got on the train to the centre of Warsaw, I sat in front of a really strange couple. It looked like the woman wore the trousers in that relationship. He fell asleep on a couple of occasions and she started plucking hairs off his face with her fingers, then as soon as she got bored, she would start elbowing him. When he finally woke up, he started picking his nose and she was not happy at all so started slapping his arms and telling him to stop. He reacted back and they fought for about 5 minutes. Meanwhile, she kept giving me this look that reminded me of Kathy Bates in Misery.
While witnessing this classical example of a toxic relationship, I was dealing with e-mails from my umbrella company talking about some changes taking place this week. As per usual, I came here on a very tight budget and thinking about money just triggered this slight panic attack. Plus it was raining like hell and my phone was dying. I hadn't bought an adaptor for my charger so was beginning to think I would never find my hostel.
I got off at Gdańska and walked all the way to the centre. It took me quite a while. The first place I went to was Manekin. However, I was told that there was no table for me at that time. Apparently I could not book a table for the next day either and the lack of alternative solution left me thinking I just was not welcome. So off I went to check into my hotel.
People looked at me funny. I wasn't too sure why. At one point I wondered whether it was because I was wearing a dress that showed my knees… But surely not. Anyway, I thought I'd be patient and not get frustrated that early on. I found my hostel at last! As soon as I saw it, the first thing that came to my mind when I looked at the bars on the windows was: "Damn! This place reminds me of that bloody awful Chinese nursery my mum put me in when my normal one closed for the holiday and she had to go to work… F**k my life". I put my stuff down and went for some food.
I ate at a bar Mleczny. It was so weird. It was like walking into a 40's movie. Nobody spoke English obviously and parts of it had a real church feeling to it. I ate like a pig as I hadn't eaten since leaving Bethnal Green. I felt like it would be a sin (to them) for me to leave two pierogis on the plate but honestly couldn't eat anything else. So I went for a walk and the city just felt so depressing. Still, I did not for one minute think I shouldn't have come. I simply had to adjust from existing in a constant state of buzz. Here, people take themselves a little more seriously and in all fairness they have the right to. Their country has been through some really tough times, as will be mentioned again further down.
By the time I made it to bed, all I was thinking was that "tomorrow" would be better. Also, I noticed I was the only girl in the shared room of 6. The rest were quite fit guys, which to an extent reduced the vulnerability I had been buiding up throughout the day – I felt somewhat protected. A girl from couchsurfing, Kasia, invited me to go for a wander around the city in the morning and as we are both runners, we decided to do a running tour of Warsaw. So I tried to rest nice and early.
After the cheapest and most delicious breakfast served at Tatamka hostel, I sat waiting for Kasia. She just appeared out of nowhere, almost running already and she was wonderfully pleasant from the start, bright as sunshine! We went to Łakienki park, where I saw the Laocoön statue mentioned in my previous post. I also took a bunch of amazing photos including one of this peacock, which we had to illegally jump a fence for:
In the afternoon, we did a free walking tour around the Jewish ghetto (or what used to be it anyway). I learnt a lot more than I knew before and felt so proud of myself for finally taking a genuine interest for any kind of history. I guess I used to think it was pointless to hear about what other people *say* happened because you will never know the full true story, but I find this topic particularly fascinating. I also thought it would link nicely to the tour of Auschwitz I booked for a couple of days later.
That night I had amazing Polish food at Zapiecek, after which I stopped by at the Fryderyka Chopina Muzeum to listen to some good tracks and relax and then went to my hotel quite early. I fell asleep for a few hours, then woke up to the worst e-mail telling me I had failed my exam. I cried and then texted a few friends who cheered me up and helped me find the right words to say to my dad so as to not disappoint him. I felt relieved and thought I might get some sleep. In the morning, I woke up to a super nice e-mail from him and after that I was ready to embrace my next adventure.
On my way to Krakow I found some peculiar people. The worst ones were a couple (again) who were making out in the toilet (gross right?) when I opened the door. I said sorry and waited outside, only to stand there for about 10 minutes hoping that they would finish their business respectfully fast. But no… So I just went to another one. The journey was long. I arrived and it was raining like hell again. So the first place I went to was the shopping centre. I bought a really delicious fish sandwich and swallowed it nearly whole!
I had 2 or 3 hours to kill before my friend was due to arrive and let me in to her place so I went to Rakowicki cemetery and walked around carrying my massive rucksack again. I saw some amazing gravestones. Took a million pictures, which you can find on my Instagram: @barbiepeartree. I found a beautiful spot to read, on a bench under a tree. It was really poetic until it started raining so much that my book, under a tree, under my umbrella, was getting wet, so I thought: "Whatevs then", walked around and realized my hips were a bit screwed. I just had to go and sit down at a BP petrol station, while having a processed coffee drink. My phone was pretty much dead. I had enough time to message my friend and get a few life saving tips for finding her not so obvious address. I took the wrong turning twice but finally found her, possibly thanks to her somewhat familar car, which I had seen in my hometown in Portugal back in October when she was roadtripping Europe.
Finally, I felt like I was at home. The flat was really lovely and comfortable and I made friends with the dog, who has been so nice to me. Basia and I had a long catch up, which mostly consisted of talking about boys of course. I went to bed and tried to get enough rest before my trip to Auschwitz. I woke up still aching from the run around Warsaw. The tour guide picked me up from outside about 20 minutes early, which surprised me, and the private minibus was super comfortable. Off we went to see this place…
At first, it feels like you're entering a film set… Museums and museum linked features were built in and around Auschwitz I. It feels bizarre but not as upsetting as you go in expecting it to be. However, I think they show you the more bearable things first. Towards the end, as I saw hundreds of portraits of real Poles, who were amongst the most intelligent in the country, I began to feel the tears come out. We were also shown the tons of hair, shoes and other personal belongings that were left behind as well as the underground chambers where they were tortured.
Some things in this place had a photograhic value. I'm passionate about documenting things this way but I was not capable of publishing more than the 7 photos and even those were hard to show. I couldn't really get over how horrible it was to walk into a gas chamber. However, the worst was yet to come: Auschwitz II – Birkenau is monstrous. It is just an enormous field that very much feels like the middle of nowhere – at the time surrounded by German factories, to add to the horror. This train line is truly never ending:
There is so much more space here yet it feels like for that same reason, there was just no possibility you would escape it. There were hundreds of barracks, which the Jews were forced to build themselves, in awful weather conditions and with no food to give them the strength. They were building with bricks and wood taken from the demolition of the houses in the village that once existed in that space. Here, I was told that women with no strength to climb, due to being so sick, simply slept on the lower level of these sleeping shelves, where they were even colder and imminently exposed to visiting cat sized rats who bit their ears and noses. It was likely they would also have been exposed to faeces and urine since the toilet was a single bucket that was not really enough for the ratio of 8 women per shelf:
So this was what shocked me the most. You really have to go see it yourself. I know of all these people who seem to think that the holocaust is some sort of joke you can make fun of, but quite frankly, if you even have an opinion that supports such disgusting ideas, you need to get some therapy, mate.
Moving on, I came back to beautiful Krakow and had a nice walk around the city centre. It is probably the most gorgeous thing I have ever seen. It's almost like a mashup of all my favourite European cities. I headed home slowly to come and meet Basia and start getting ready for a BBQ. We had a really nice gathering. Most of the guests were goldsmiths who work with her and a couple more couchsurfers. We had the best time ever. I learned a lot about Polish history, culture and current politic affairs. We ended up drinking a little too much wine and dancing in the kitchen. I was proud to be able to teach some lindy and shag moves to the guests, successfully!
Woke up with a banging headache but we had arranged to attended a eataway.com event. I wasn't sure what to expect of it. It was really far away and I wasn't convinced that we'd find it but we did! In the middle of nowhere we found this absolutely gorgeous house owned by a couple who is running this business. We arrived to see a long table full of amazing food around which sat beautiful people. I was very mesmerized. I was given this goregous beetroot soup to begin with:
After that we just ate and ate and ate. And we also played a number of sporty games as they had a special bit of garden dedicated to all that. I played badminton for the first time in many years. Absolutely loved every minute. The house itself was decorated beautifully and there were pretty and well brought up children and pets around, which made everything feel super comforting and perfect. It really was the kind of life anyone would love to have. This was very much the reward at the end of the road for me, after having such deep and slightly darker experiences. We felt very well looked after, as we even got fed straight to our mouths:
We struggled to leave and as we were driving back, we were saying how difficult it was going to be to want to eat food again. I guess that maybe it wasn't so much about the food itself but the way in which we ate that made it so meaningful. And so with this wonderful experience I end this entry. Poland has been wonderful, I am so glad I did not choose to stay and work instead. Travel is something never to regret. And even though I had sad experiences here, these felt real and they felt unusual, which is the change that makes me want to call it a real holiday.
Hope you've enjoyed reading.


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This content has been marked as final. Show 2 replies
1. Re: About update completion flag by refreshDataAsync ()Patrick Van Der Hyde Jan 9, 2019 2:37 PM (in response to Yusuke Miyamura)
Hello Yusuke,
Please review the thread here - Function refreshDataAsync() does not refresh the view for ideas. Please share with us if the data sources are extracts or live and the version of the JS api in use and Tableau Server version.
Thank you
2. Re: About update completion flag by refreshDataAsync ()Yusuke Miyamura Jan 9, 2019 4:09 PM (in response to Patrick Van Der Hyde)
Hello Patrick!
Thank you for the advice.
I will try it!


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International Performing Arts Injury Reporting System (IPAIRS)
There is currently no standard injury surveillance system in broad use among members of the performing arts medicine and science community. The Harkness Center for Dance Injuries, part of the NYU Langone Medical Center in New York City, has created a free, secure, and electronic platform for use of its International Performing Arts Injury Reporting System (IPAIRS) under the direction of Dr. Marijeanne Liederbach, who created the system back in 1981 when working with the Joffrey Ballet. IPAIRS (©1981, 2017) is used collaboratively by multiple participating sites for collection of both screening and injury data with the essential aim of reducing injury risks and improving both clinical outcomes and prevention efforts.


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The overall health and capacity of our bodies are very important and in direct relation to our ability to live out God's will for our lives and thrive while on earth.
What does the bible say about OUR BODY?
Or do you not know that your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit within you, whom you have from God? You are not your own, for you were bought with a price. So glorify God in your body. 1 Corinthians 6: 19-20 ESV
After receiving salvation, God's Holy Spirit comes to indwell our bodies.
The Holy Spirit lives within our earthly bodies. Are we not suppose to take care of our bodies or His temples? YES
His Holy Spirit dwell's within our bodies, are we not to keep guard or watch over our lifestyle and living? Are we suppose to check 'ourselves' making sure we are living in a way that brings glory to Him? YES
What does the bible say about EXERCISE and FITNESS?
But have nothing to do with worldly fables fit only for old women. On the other hand, discipline yourself for the purpose of godliness; for bodily discipline is only of little profit, but godliness is profitable for all things, since it holds promise for the present life and also for the life to come. I Timothy 4:7-8 NKJ
While exercise, fitness and healthy living is important, according to 1 Timothy 4:8, it profits LITTLE in comparison to godliness, spirituality and our promise of eternal life. We are to "discipline" ourselves for the purpose of living godly. Being in good health and physically fit enables us to do so effectively.
She dresses herself with strength and makes her arms strong. Proverbs 31:17 ESV
The Virtuous Woman of Proverbs 31 made sure that she maintained her physical discipline while not neglecting her primary responsibilities; her relationship with the Father God, her husband, children, household and business.
What does the bible say about HEALTH?
Beloved, I pray that in all respects you may prosper and be in good health, just as your soul prospers. 1 John 1:2
God's desire is for His children to prosper AND be in good health to mirror the health and prosperity of our renewed soul which is in Him.
Sickness and Disease?
And He said, "If you will give earnest heed to the voice of the LORD your God, and do what is right in His sight, and give ear to His commandments, and keep all His statutes, I will put none of the diseases on you which I have put on the Egyptians; for I, the LORD, am your healer." Exodus 15:26
The Lord is our healer. He is faithful to heal us of all of our health conditions and ailments.
Bless the LORD, O my soul, And forget none of His benefits; Who pardons all your iniquities; Who heals all your diseases; Who redeems your life from the pit; Who crowns you with loving kindness and compassion; Who satisfies your years with good things, So that your youth is renewed like the eagle. Psalms 103:2-5
Our physical health is in direct correlation to the health of our spirit. If we are spiritually 'sick', it will often times come through expressed within our physical bodies.
And a woman having an issue of blood twelve years, which had spent all her living upon physicians, neither could be healed of any, Came behind him, and touched the border of his garment: and immediately her issue of blood stanched. And Jesus said, Who touched me? When all denied, Peter and they that were with him said, Master, the multitude throng thee and press thee, and sayest thou, Who touched me?And Jesus said, Somebody hath touched me: for I perceive that virtue is gone out of me.And when the woman saw that she was not hid, she came trembling, and falling down before him, she declared unto him before all the people for what cause she had touched him, and how she was healed immediately.And he said unto her, Daughter, be of good comfort: thy faith hath made thee whole; go in peace. Luke 8:43-48
Jesus healed this woman who suffered from a blood disorder for 12 years. After years of visiting various specialist doctors and spending all the money that she had, she risked everything, including HER LIFE, to scuffle through a crowd of people just to touch the 'hem of his garment' or His Talit (edges of His prayer shawl). Jesus instantly knew that someone had touched Him because some of His power and virtue had left.
The Lord Jesus is SO powerful, His very name makes demons cringe and run in fear. He is able to heal us of anything we suffer from with our health.
Healing ultimately comes through God. He heals different individuals sometimes through different or various ways. Some has become healed from cancer through homeopathic remedies. Others were healed through modern medicine and radiation therapy. He's outlined and appointed a certain level of grace for each of us. He provides remedies to every disease known to mankind within His creation.
I believe that when God created the Earth, He meant what He said when He said "it is good." He provided cures for most of the common ailments known to man. It is our responsibility to search out these cures and use them within our daily lives in order to live lives full of purpose, satisfaction, healing and overall health.


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The Holdall is a hardwearing, fully featured pack that's ideal for world travel and all-round outdoor use. The innovative AdaptaStrap carry system allows you to carry it backpack style as required, and the straps are fully adjustable and removable when necessary. A tough 1000D fabric backed with a 1000D reinforced base equips it for the demands of the road, and lockable YKK zips bring added security.
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Episode three of my Book Show blog is up and ready: this is the second part of the interview with a Swiss journo based in BA, talking about the diciness and dangers of South American reportage. I reckon it's pretty interesting, but then I wrote it.
All you have to do is click this magical coloured text.


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Sample MP3
I'm going to upload an MP3 of a MUCH improved machine read text. I'll be interested to see what everyone thinks.
The reason for this has some personal gratification and is a bit self serving. See, Grandpa's eyesite was shot the last several years of his life. He loved his ham radio and all the print publications that went with his hobby. One thing that kept him sharp those last few hard years was the machine voice rendering of his favorite periodicals.
I gritted my teeth every time I heard that tinny sound. But, after each visit I knew it was good medicine for gramps. I think he'd LOVE where the technology is going.Explore posts in the same categories: Apple, iTMS, iTS, iTunes, leopard, MacOSX, mp3


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|vlsitechnology.org /2LM sclib
2LM sclib Standard Cell Library
This paper describes how to use the current version of the Alliance software with the sclib. The sclib is a 2-layer metal standard cell library designed by the Alliance software authors. It was released with the Alliance software until version 4.0 and can be downloaded as part of the software release at http://www-asim.lip6.fr/pub/alliance/distribution/4.0.
The characterisation has been done for a 0.5µm technology. The library contains 50 cells in the same basic views as the more recent sxlib. It appears to have been designed in 1998 for a 2-layer metal process. This kind of library uses metal-2 to bring the cell connections to the top and bottom of each cell. Each cell row is separated by a routing channel with horizontal metal-1 and vertical metal-2.
Typically 2-layer metal standard cell libraries were designed without any internal metal-2 where possible, so that the free tracks could be used for global routing. The sclib follows this approach, with only the flip-flops using internal metal-2.
The current P&R software, OCP and NERO cannot place and route 2-layer metal libraries using metal-1 and metal-2. The standard cell place software OCP places the cell rows in alternate flip and abut so that the interconnect runs over the top of the cells, and cannot open up free channel for routing. The router NERO won't route metal-1 at all.
However, the Alliance software is flexible and the sclib can be used with the current software after some modifications have been made
Scripts are used to link various phases of the design flow.
All of this is described in the following chapters. Apart from showing how to place and route a 2-layer standard cell design, the paper shows how the Alliance software can be adapted to handle situations which are significantly different to the original Alliance sxlib for which it was designed.
A high drive 2-NAND gate in the sclib.


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- Description
For a Fresh Breeze in Your Dog's Every-Day Life
The dog ball thrower is the best possibility to bring a fresh breeze into the ball-game-everyday-fun of your dog. To never let your dog get bored, you can select three different throw distances. You can either decide for 3m (10 feet), 6m (20 feet) or 9m (30 feet).
That's How the Dog Ball Thrower Works
Playing with iFetch will be a easy as pie for your dog. Is the ball inserted to the ball launcher, it automatically turns on. Then it produces a high frequency sound to show your quadruped that the ball will shortly be thrown. As soon as the dog ball launcher has thrown the ball, the device will automatically turn off (until you or your dog insert the next ball).
Normally dogs are really fast in learning how to play with the iFetch. Additionally you can find a video instruction here to learn your dog how to play.
Special Sized Balls
As the iFetch is especially designed for small dogs, even the balls are appropriately small. They are kind of "mini" balls that cannot be replaced by normal tennis balls. To offer your dog a maximum of ball game fun there are three balls included in delivery.
For Indoor and Outdoor Use
The dog ball launcher brings maximum ball game fun for you and your dog. It can be used Indoor as well as Outdoor. The ball launcher is operated either with batteries or power connection.
- Included in delivery
Included in deliveryiFetch is delivered with three balls
- Technical details
Technical details
Manufacturer: iFetch Model description: iFetch Colour: white - blue Weight (approx.): 2,5 kg Dimensions (approx.): diameter: 228.6 mm ; height: 203.2 mm Battery: not included; you need 6x C batteries (1.5 V) Remote control: No Programming/controlling the app: No Extendible: No Programmable: No Recommended from: No Guarantee on the product: 2 years Functions: iFetch is an interactive ball launcher, it brings fun for dogs and also for his owner.
iFetch has three 3 adjustable settings
- Payment and delivery
Payment and delivery
Orders totalling over 100 GPB are delivered free of charge within United Kingdom. Orders totalling less than this are charged at 10 GBP per delivery.
Deliveries in United Kingdom will be made by DHL / Royal Mail or a haulage firm (from 31.5 kg) within 3 to 5 working days after the order is placed.
DHL Express delivery option
During the checkout process, you will have the opportunity to select DHL Express. Orders which are placed untill 12.00 p.m. and are in stock, will be shipped on the same day. The additional fee depends on your delivery address and cart.
Payment methods
myRobotcenter offers a number of payment methods.
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text: A new promising ore province, the Gold Line, southwest of the well- known Skellefte District, northern Sweden, is currently under exploration. This province hosts, so far, one operating mine, the Svartliden Au mine, and the recently closed Blaiken Zn-Pb-Au-Ag mine. The largest known gold deposit, the hypozonal Fäboliden orogenic gold deposit, in the area was recently granted mining permits. The deposit holds c. 54 Mt at 1.2 g/t Au, with a planned production of 4.6 Mt of ore/year. The mineralization at Fäboliden is commonly hosted in arsenopyrite-bearing quartz-veins, within a roughly N-S striking, steeply dipping shear zone in amphibolite facies volcano- sedimentary host rocks. The narrow belt of supracrustal rocks is surrounded by late- to post-orogenic Revsund granite. The gold is fine-grained (2-40 µm) and closely associated with arsenopyrite- löllingite and stibnite. Gold is found in fractures and as inclusions in the arsenopyrite-löllingite. Gold is also seen as free grains in the silicate matrix of the host rock. The hydrothermal mineral assemblage in the proximal alteration zone is diopside, calcic amphibole, biotite, and minor andalusite and tourmaline. This type of assemblage is commonly recognized in hypozonal orogenic gold deposits worldwide. The lateral extent of the proximal alteration zone is estimated to 30-50 meters, and there is a good agreement between diopside- amphibole-biotite alteration, quartz veining, and gold mineralization. The mineral assemblage in the distal alteration zone is characterised by the presence of Ca- and Fe-Mg amphiboles, hedenbergite, biotite, and quartz. The transition from the distal alteration into the regional metamorphic assemblage is diffuse, and the only discernable feature appears to be a gradual decrease of amphibole away from the mineralization. The ductile gold-hosting fabric progresses laterally across the Revsund granite contact and then disappears after a few meters inside the granite, suggesting that at least the final stages of mineralization syn- to postdate the emplacement of the c. 1.81-1.77 Ga Revsund granite. Relationships between garnet-biotite and graphite geothermometry, together with these field relationships, indicate that the late stages of mineralization at Fäboliden post-date regional peak-metamorphism in the area, which is estimated at c. 1.80 Ga. The Fäboliden gold mineralization is hosted by a reverse, mainly dip-slip, high-angle shear zone with a relatively small horizontal shear movement. The mineralization constitutes two sets of mineralized quartz veins, one steep fault-fill vein system that is parallel to the regional foliation and one flat-lying extensional vein system. Both vein sets are suggested to have been generated from the same stress field, during E-W shortening at c. 1.80 Ga. At least two types of ore shoot are present at Fäboliden, intersections between the fault-fill vein set and the extensional vein set and bends in the shear zone system both show elevated gold content, similar to many gold- quartz vein deposits globally. The fluids involved in the precipitation of gold at Fäboliden shows characteristics similar to other hypozonal orogenic gold deposits, such as a CO2-CH4-H2S fluid composition and pressure-temperature conditions of c. 4 kbar and 520-560°C. Sulphur isotope data ranges between -1.5 and +3.6‰. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope data ranges between +10.6 and 13.1‰, and -120 to -67‰, respectively. The hydrothermal fluids at Fäboliden are interpreted to have originate from a crustally contaminated magmatic source. The potential for future orogenic gold discovery in the Fennoscandian Shield is considered good. From this PhD study it is suggested that interesting targets, concerning exploration for orogenic gold in at least the Gold Line, would be areas associated with roughly N-S striking tectonic zones that were active at around 1.80 Ga.


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Early-onset Alzheimer's Disease is devastating and generally swifter in its progress than its more common version that affects older people. Still Alice is a novel following a distinguished Harvard psychologist, 50-year-old Alice Howland with EoAD from her initial worry about her memory loss to the stage where she hardly recognizes her own children. The narrator takes Alice's point of view, so we get some sense of what it is like to experience the symptoms as they develop in the course of the illness. We see that the problems are not just remembering words and the names of people and objects, but also disorientation, visual distortions, erratic behavior, and powerful emotions. She fears for the future and grieves the loss of her abilities and the future she had expected. The novel is poignant since Alice is a psychologist herself and recognized the tests performed on her, but that does not help her with them. She and her family have a great deal of adjusting to do to her new condition, especially since it has a genetic cause, and so there's a chance her children and grandchildren will also have EoAD. Her husband John is at Harvard too, and he and Alice even co-authored a book, so they have a close relationship. Yet he is focused on his career and so is reluctant to let Alice's disease hold him back. Furthermore, he finds it very painful to see Alice's decline, and sometimes prefers to avoid it. Alice's relationship with her children is another part of her life that changes as she loses her autonomy; she even changes her perspective on their life choices, which makes her less judgmental about one daughter.
Still Alice is a well-written and informative book. Author Lisa Genova is unusual in having a Ph.D. in Neuroscience from Harvard and also being a professional actress, and she brings both sides of her life to the story. Occasionally it feels as if the plot is driven by the aim of setting out the details of Alzheimer's, but this has its own value, since one could use the as a way to help to explain the disease to people. The most controversial aspect of the book will be the instructions Alice writes to herself when she is competent, telling her to take an overdose when she has lost too much of her former abilities. Readers will wonder whether her former self should have a say over her future self's right to live, when she does not really know what it will be like. This raises major questions about when life is worth living and whether people with Alzheimer's to be able to end their lives rather than suffer a gradual decline. Another ethical concern prominent in the story is what responsibility family members have to sacrifice their own goals in order to care for the person with Alzheimer's. Genova herself does not take a strong stand on these ethical in her book: rather she lets the plot play out leaving readers to make up their own minds.
© 2009 Christian Perring
Christian Perring, Associate Professor of Philosophy, Dowling College, New York.
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text:
|Antiques Digest
|Browse Auctions
( Originally Published 1963 )
Plates 6 inches in diameter were important in most patterns. Some had plates in two or three sizes up to 10 inches in diameter. The more sizes plates were made in, the greater the popularity of the pattern, experts say. Platters seem not to have been as essential as serving dishes with or without covers. A syrup jug and pickle dishes were made in many patterns. Sauce bottles and caster bottles, a berry bowl, and, more rarely, an ice tub were other possibilities. Candy dishes became more general in patterns of the 1880's and 1890's.
Most sauce dishes were round, but occasionally a pattern would have oval or square ones. Bleeding Heart, for example, had both round and oval sauce dishes, Shell and Tassel had round and square ones. To complicate matters further, Shell and Tassel sauce dishes were made both flat with a handle and footed. Two and occasionally three styles of goblets and water tumblers were not unusual in any one pattern.
The earliest patterns were made of excellent-quality glass. By the 1880's and especially in the 1890's, some of the patterns were interesting and attractive, but the glass itself might be of poor quality, heavy and dull.
Tableware was made in hundreds of patterns between 1850 and 1900. Such motifs as hobnail and bull's-eye became as important in pressed glass as they had been in cut glass. The bull'seye or some adaptation of it was the chief motif on a group of handsome patterns made of brilliant, heavy glass of good quality in the 1860's. The bull's-eye, which is a concave, round ball, predominated on the pattern of that name, as well as on such variants as Bull's-Eye with Fleur-de-Lis, Bull'sEye with Diamond Point, and Pillar and Bull's-Eye. Other 1860 patterns in this series were Horn of Plenty, Comet, Tulip and its variants, and New England Pineapple.
The New England Pineapple pattern was first made at the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company. Later, the very same pattern was made in other places as far west as Ohio. Outside of New England, this pattern frequently was called Loop and Jewel.
Diamond, Sawtooth, and Waffle patterns during the 1860's also copied their motifs from cut glass. Thumbprint and ribbing were other classic forms used in many combinations and variations for patterns in the 1850's and 1860's.
The tiny pointed hobnail called a dewdrop distinguished more than a dozen patterns that were produced by glasshouses in New England, including those in Sandwich and Cambridge, Massachusetts, the United States Glass Company and other smaller firms in western Pennsylvania, Bellaire Goblet Company of Findlay, Ohio, and others in this state and Indiana, from the 1860's through the 1880's. There was a plain Dewdrop pattern, but the most popular ones used dewdrops to set off another motif. Beaded Dewdrop, Paneled Dewdrop, Dew and Raindrop, Dewdrop and Fan, Dewdrop with Star, and 101 are some of the better-known. Of them all, Dewdrop with Star is as popular today among collectors as it was with buyers when it was madein clear glass, several colors, and opaque white.
By the 1870's, stippling and frosting set off many patterns that became popular. These techniques gave the pieces a light and airy appearance that called to mind the early lacy pressed glass. However, these late sets displayed very definite patterns.
Three of the most popular frosted patterns, Westward Ho, Lion, and Three Face, were made first in the 1870's by Pennsylvania factories. James Gillinder and Sons of Philadelphia and Greensburg, Pennsylvania, who originated the popular Westward Ho pattern, which had a kneeling Indian as the knob on covered pieces, seems to have been expert in the technique of frosting. The Indian and the cover on which he crouched were frosted; so also was the band encircling the body of all pieces, which displayed a log cabin, a bison running across the plains, and running deer. Lion pattern or a variant of it was made by Richards and Hartley in Tarentum, Pennsylvania, James Gillinder and Sons, and probably other firms. Three Face, conceived by George Duncan and Sons of Pittsburgh, showed a woman's face full-view, profile, and halfway between the two. This was also known as Three Sisters and perhaps Three Graces.
These as well as other patterns that combined frosted with clear glass are sometimes called camphor glass. This was not a descriptive term used in the catalogues of nineteenth-century glasshouses. It has been coined by twentiethcentury antique dealers. Certainly it arose because the frosting of the glass, which had a smooth surface, called to mind the look of a bottle of spirits of camphor after the camphor had crystallized. When frosting embellished patterns prior to 1850, it was accomplished by another method than that used on these patterns of the 1870's, and was rough to the touch.
Stippling was done on many flower and fruit patterns. It was the same sort of stippling as was done to produce lacy glass, but on these later flower and fruit patterns the stippling did not form an all-over background, but perhaps was confined to leaves with the fruit standing out in clear and perhaps raised glass, or to ovals or medallions around the fruit or flower. In any case, the effect was quite different from that of the stippling on lacy glass. Notable were the coveted Rose in Snow and such grape patterns as Paneled Grape and Magnet and Grape. Magnet and Grape was made in one pattern with a frosted leaf and in another with a stippled leaf.
Many delightful flower and fruit patterns were in demand during the 1870's and 1880's. The blossoms generally were easily recognizable whether they were fuchsias, clematis, thistles, morning glories, roses, or many others. There were fewer bird patterns-the four definite ones were Swan, Cardinal Bird, Hummingbird and Fern, and Frosted Stork. Several with unidentifiable birds such as Flying Bird and Strawberry (sometimes called Bluebird) or Bird and Fountain were made in the 1890's, and were poorer-quality glass.
These flower and fruit patterns include some of the most popular ones with present-day collectors. Wildflower, Bellflower, Rose in Snow, and Blackberry (this one particularly in opaque white) are getting scarce. If a genuine nineteenth-century piece of Bellflower or Blackberry can be found, it can be sold quickly for a good price.
That flower and fruit patterns were also popular when they were first produced is proved by the large number of variants that were made. Fully a dozen patterns had grapes as the dominant motif, a half-dozen used tulips, at least four had roses, and three had cherry designs. Bleeding hearts appeared on several patterns, each one slightly different from any of the others. This repeated use of a motif to produce a variant pattern usually meant that, having noted the popular reception given a pattern, other firms adapted it to designs of their own.
Bellflower and Daisy and Button were patterns in a class by themselves. Vast quantities of both were made in the 1800's and reproduced in the 1900's. Bellflower, with its tendrils of delicate blossoms standing out against a ribbed background, was made by many glass firms from 1840, or possibly earlier, until the last years of the century. It was made in all sorts of decorative pieces, such as lamps, cologne bottles, and decanters, as well as tableware sets.
Daisy and Button was not made before the 1880's, some glass experts believe. Even at this late date, pressed glass was imitating cut glass, for pressed Daisy and Button was an adaptation of the popular Russian pattern in cut glass. Daisy and Button may have been introduced by the Sandwich factory, but does not compare in quality with their pieces made 50 years earlier. The daisy may be combined with a smooth, round button or with a starred button. Other variants included either of these two basic motifs worked in with a V ornament, thumbprint, crossbar, or panel.
Probably all patterns were made in clear glass. Just as some of the early lacy glass was made in rich colors, so also were many of the later patterns. Many were made in two or more colors as well as in clear glass, and as the century wore on, colored glass seemed to become more popular. Bellflower was made to some extent in deep blue, amber, opaque white, and clear glass. By the 1880's when Daisy and Button appeared, it was made in two shades of blue, two shades of yellow, as well as light and dark amber, apple-green, dark green, and amethyst.
Patterns in all one color and in a combination of clear glass and a color were made in greatest quantity during the 1880's and 1890's. This also was the period when cranberry glass, that soft rosy red that has been so popular among collectors in the mid-1900's, was first popular. Inverted Thumbprint, a pattern with round marks that stood out on the inside of the glass, was widely made in cranberry as well as other colors. A deep ruby-red and a pigeon blood also were in some demand. Thousand Eye, encircled on the outside with rows of raised buttons in graduated sizes, was made in true red and other colors but not in cranberry, as far as I know.
A distinction must be made between colors achieved by adding chemicals to the liquid glass and color that was only on the surface. Red and white patterns made during the 1890's usually had the red painted on the outer surfaces (in the appropriate places) of the pressed glass piece. Red Block was one of the patterns on which the color was painted. Nowadays, some of these pieces are in excellent condition; others such as creamers have the red worn off. Pink, yellow, or blue with white or clear glass and Amberina (shaded yellow to red) were other combinations offered to tempt customers.
Vaseline glass is a variation that is highly prized now. The name is a perfect description, for the pieces were a clean, light yellow with an underlying tint of blue that gave the oily look of the salve known as vaseline. The yellow had no trace of muddiness. Vaseline glass was made in both clear and opaque yellow, and sometimes the two were combined in one piece. Occasionally, too, vaseline was combined with clear glass.
Opaque glass, whether white or colored, was not transparent. There were both a caramel opaque pressed glass and a creamy opaque one nicknamed "custard glass" (this last also a product of the 1890's).
Of all the opaque glass, none is more popular now than the sort usually called milk glass. Glass with this appearance had been blown in Europe and England for many years, so it was natural that it would be tried in pressed glass here. The pressed opaque white glass acquired several names during the last century, when it was variously known as opaque white, white enamel, and alabaster. Opaque glass also was made in colors, particularly in shades of blue and green. When it is colored, "opaque glass" is the correct name, not "milk glass."
Opaque white or milk glass was pressed in quantity between 1870 and 1900 and is copied currently in equal abundance. It's not always easy to tell whether a piece of milk glass is 10 or 100 years old. However, if certain characteristics are kept firmly in mind, it should be possible to do so. Nineteenthcentury milk glass had a translucent quality, and was white but the white had a blue tinge. The translucency and the blueness can be noted when a piece is held up to the light. The color, if it can be called that, has a skim-milk cast. Modern milk glass is much whiter, so much so that it is almost a deadwhite; it is also a denser and often thicker glass.
After 1870, tableware sets in a few patterns were made in opaque white or milk glass. Sawtooth and Waffle, which had been made much earlier in clear glass, at this time appeared in milk glass. Princess Feather, Icicle, and Wheat, as well as several of the fruit patterns, including Blackberry, Strawberry, Cherry, Gooseberry, and a Grape pattern were especially handsome in milk glass.
Milk glass, however, is probably best known for the odd dishes, particularly plates and bowls with lacy openwork or lattice edges an inch or more wide, and the vegetable dishes with covers in animal forms. A veritable barnyard of covered dishes can be found. Sometimes the covered dishes were all white, all opaque blue or opaque green. Then again the base of the dish might be opaque blue, the lion or lamb cover opaque white, or the other way around. Platters, except for the small, shallow ones in the shape of one or two hands with palms upward, were simpler than plates and covered dishes. Lamps and candlesticks naturally were made in milk or opaque white glass, as well as some vases.
Occasionally, a piece of opaque white glass is more opal than milky. That is, when it is held toward the light, it shows "fire." Opalescent pressed glass, either clear or colored, is valued highly by collectors. Berry and water sets, curtain tiebacks, and novelties were outstanding in opalescent glass. So were such patterns of the 1880's as Ribbed Opal Glass, Swirled Opal Glass, and
Opal Hobnail. Pennsylvania glasshouses in Tarentum and Pittsburgh, and to some extent others in West Virginia and Ohio, became well known for their beautiful opalescent pieces.
The use of two colors of opaque glass did not stop with the dishes with animal covers. Opaque white and a color were combined or fused in one piece. The most common name for this twocolor glass is marble, but other descriptive ones are slag, agate, Connecticut, and calico glass. Challinor, Taylor and Company of Tarentum, Pennsylvania, who manufactured this glass during the 1870's and 1880's, called the two-color opaque glass "mosaic." During these decades, other firms in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, New York, and New England also made marble or agate glass.
Marble seems an appropriate name for the pieces that combined a shade of purple or rose with white. The color ran in streaks as it does in the stone called marble. A really deep purple, not amethyst, was one of the handsomest combinations. Opaque combined with yellow in various shades, some of them almost brown, also was not rare. Blue and white marble or agate glass was made in smaller quantity, so this is a real find.
The Pennsylvania firm made marble glass tableware in two patterns, one with fluting, the other a flower pattern. However, when a person looks at a piece of marble glass, the pattern seems secondary to the coloring.
Plates in two sizes, 8 and 10 inches, with a wide, open edge also were made in marble glass in quantity. Candlesticks, vases, match-holders, and various odd dishes are other possibilities.
Thousand Eye, another one of the most popular patterns among collectors, must have been equally popular among customers of the last century. Like Sawtooth and Bellflower patterns, it was made in a staggering number of different pieces. There was even a twineholder. Thousand Eye was made in clear glass, in several colors, in opaque blue, and in opalescent. When patterns such as Thousand Eye were made in clear glass and colors, not all pieces of a set were made necessarily in all colors. A complete set was more likely to be made in clear glass.
Many of these fancier types of pressed glass as well as rainbow hues first made their appearance in the 1870's. For one thing, great impetus was given to the pressed glass industry by the Centennial Exposition staged in Philadelphia in 1876. For that event, historical motifs were the obvious sort of decoration.
A complete set of pressed glass tableware called Liberty Bell, or Centennial, was made by James Gillinder and Sons of Philadelphia for the Centennial Exposition. A toy set also was made in this pattern. Both the table set and the toy set were made in clear glass and some of the pieces of tableware in opaque white as well, although these are rare now. In addition to a small open salt dish, salt shakers were made in the shape of the Liberty Bell, with pewter tops. Other little bells with metal hangers were evidently souvenirs.
The bread platter, an oval 9 1/4 by 13 inches, had a large Liberty Bell in the center with 1776 on one side, 1876 on the other, and the words "Declaration of Independence." The lower half of the wide border displayed the names of the signers of the Declaration of Independence; the upper half, in large letters, read "100 years ago."
Bread service plates or platters were a popular commemorative item. For the Centennial Exposition year, eagles, flags, and mottoes were popular motifs. Another popular style was the oval bread platter known as Centennial with Eagle, which had an eagle in the center and in the border the phrase "Give us this day Our Daily Bread."
Bread platters, of course, were part of many sets, particularly those produced during the 1870's and 1880's. Lion, Egyptian, Clear Ribbon, Jewel Band, and Paneled Forget-me-not were only a few. On commemorative platters, Washington, Garfield, Cleveland, and McKinley were favorite subjects, but more bread plates were designed to honor Ulysses S. Grant than any other president. Commemorative patterns were sometimes round instead of the oval usually favored for bread platters.
Because many glass firms outdid themselves to display new and unusual patterns and forms of pressed glass, people who visited the Centennial Exposition left with a keener appreciation of the versatility of pressed glass than they had ever had before. When the World's Columbian Exposition opened in Chicago in 1893, colored glass was the vogue. Pressed glass was not as highly regarded a century ago as it is today, and the Philadelphia and Chicago expositions helped to establish it. The years from 1876 to 1900 saw pressed glass produced in more patterns, variations, and colors than ever before. These same years also were those when the finest cut glass was being made in this country-cut glass that in quality and design was second to that of no other country. Cut glass was expensive even then, but pressed glass finally had become an accepted substitute.