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Photographer's Note
The first English settlement in America took place in Virginia exactly 400 years ago, in May of 1607. This White Oak tree, I am told by botanists at the university, is around 500 years old. Where it stands on Maryes Heights in Fredericksburg, Virginia, it had been around for a hundred years when the English settlers first arrived. Then, at the mature age of 280, it witnessed the Revolutionary War that liberated the colonies from their British rulers. Indeed, the 'Father of Country,' George Washington, who grew up in Fredericksburg, would have seen the tree, having worked as a land surveyor in his younger days.
Fredericksburg is an extraordinarily historic town, just fifty miles south of Washington, DC. It is located at the center of a circle of 50-miles radius that produced four of the first five Presidents of the United States Washington, Jefferson, Madison and Monroe. The state itself produced a total of eight of the 43 Presidents that served the Nation, with Woodrow Wilson being the last. For the number of Presidents it produced, it holds an impressive record.
The old oak was around 360 years old when it witnessed the Civil War. Indeed, on May 2nd of 1863 during the Battle of Fredericksburg of the Civil War, the famous war photographer Mathew Brady photographed a group of Union (Northern) Army troops resting with their backs against the tree trunk, their rifles arranged in a tripod formation nearby. With the pioneer photographic technology extant at the time, the subjects had to remain still for the very slow exposure. Thus, hundreds of photographic plates exist from the battle, but none shot during the action. The Library of Congress and the National Archives make available approximately 1,000 photos from The American Civil War.
I took the photo of the Old Oak Tree on the third day of Spring Friday March 23 around 5:00 pm. I had no tripod available; I was using my Nikon D70 set on ISO 200, with a polarizing filter screwed on the 18-70 mm Nikkor lens. Another photo I've posted of Fredericksburg appears at The Walking Umbrella.
Critiques | Translate
ribeiroantonio (22730) 2007-03-29 2:14
OK, it is just a tree but it is huge. Look at those branches, they are so long. It must be simply wonderful when it is all covered with leaves. The photo itself seams lacking a bit of sharpness but the POV is good and the colours are excellent. Well done.
Ertan (2988) 2007-03-29 2:18
Merhaba Bulent Abi
Yasli agaci cok guzel kadrajlamissin.Renkler ve detaylar harika.Ellerine saglik
jhm (195063) 2007-03-29 9:16
Hi friend Bulent,
Not alone in America are old oaks, in my village we have a lovely park, there are different old oaks, one with a contour from 36 foot!
You took a excellent composition with the oak tree in middle of the picture, maybe a little bit unsharp through you polarizing filter
system! Thanks for yourintersting note and link!
Have anice day,
delic (6735) 2007-03-29 13:25
Hello Bulent,
I knew this was from Virginia the minute I saw it. Hope that oak sees many more seasons and witnesses good times.
wilkinsonsg (8662) 2007-03-29 14:35
Informative note - complements and adds to the image - TFS :)
KemaLMerT (12048) 2007-03-29 17:25
Az kaldı yapraklanmasına ağacların kuzey yarı kürede.
Ve siz çok güzel ve başarılı bir şekilde kışı ve yanlızlığı anlatmışsınız.
Tezic (17867) 2007-03-29 17:34
Enfes bir ışık ve mükemmel bir kadraj... tebrikler...
stego (24132) 2007-03-29 19:12
Hello Bülent,
Everybody knows knows I am too biased when the theme is oak trees, no matter where they are from, but this one is very beautiful, both the tree itself and the photo.
THe compo is very effective, but I am not sure if it wouldn't be even better to have included all the branches. The late Winter atmosphere given by the light and colours is also very pleasant.
Maybe the only (minor) flaw is the slightly low sharpness.
Cheers, José.
singuanti (15250) 2007-03-29 22:32
Hi Bulent. For around here that is impressively old. It looks like you needed a super wide-angle or to back up your POV to fit that all in easier. I bet that the same POV with all of the leaves would be quite nice. Speaking of old trees I've seen bristlecone pines and redwoods in my travels west. tfs Bulent!
vincz (19113) 2007-03-30 3:28
Fascinating tree, great note. Your compsotion is great and the wide angle very well choosen. Could be a bit sharper. maybe just at PP time. In anu case a very good one. Congratulations.
setenay (7706) 2007-03-30 9:14
Merhaba Bülent Bey,
Ben yine ara verdim TE.e iş-güç yüzünden,pek çok güzel resmi kaçırmış oldum.Böyle gün görmüş,Ulu ağaçlara bayılıyorum ve çok özel saygı duyuyorum bende.Amerikanın geçmişini bilen en yaşlı canlılarından,nelere şahit oldu, altında kimler oturup gölgesinden yararlandı ne sırlar sakladı şimdiye kadar kimbilir.Muhteşem görünüyor,çevresindeki pekçok ağaca göre heybeti, güzel çekiminiz sayesinde ortaya çıkmış.Tebrikler.İyi hafta sonu dileklerimle selamlar
carper (96) 2007-03-30 11:11
well Bulent,
the oak is well centered in the composition, it looks me interesting when you put also your technical settings by the shot, because then we can give, when we want to do that, your a technical advise too. the pov is nice, I think it's not whole sharp and then I mean the oak, this can be done much better, farther yes the note it's oke, very good job anyway.
gr. jaap
john_c (24666) 2007-03-30 11:52
Good morning Bulent,
Well composed with good lighting and shadow effects. The tree spreads its branches in stately fashion, befitting a living monument to the past. As reading and writing history are my passions, I find scenes like this of great interest, and your fine note gives one a real sense of time and perspective. It is truly amazing that the tree has survived both natural and human depredation. Your low angle POV was well chosen, for it allows the tree to breathe in the frame, with a pleasing swathe of grass. Well captured.
Cretense (68709) 2007-03-30 12:24
Hi Bulent!
I always like photos of "lonely" trees, but this one is really outstanding! Simple but excellent composition, perfect light managment. Congratulations!
Best regards,
jemaflor (128507) 2007-03-30 13:40
Hi Bulent,
Impressive tree, interesting for a shot in winter and alos in others season, in autumn for example to see colourful foliage. Well taken, maybe a bit more sharpness wpild be interesting.
mesutilgim (117820) 2007-03-30 13:59
Selam Bülent,
Çok güzel bir kompozisyon ve her zamanki gibi onu daha da güzelleştiren açıklamalar.
Ellerine sağlık, tebrikler
norenastramus06 (1226) 2007-03-30 14:53
Merhaba bülent,
Işık renk ve detayları ile güzel bir komposizyon.
Tebrikler hocam.selamlar.
missninja (497) 2007-03-30 15:36
Hello Bulent!
These old trees always impresses me. I always think of all the things and situations such an old tree has seen. It´s a good pov and the light conditions are also good. I like the brown "circle" around the trunk, the brown gives a good contrast to the green grass.
Warm regards from Germany!
salvator (19110) 2007-03-31 3:29
Hello Bulent Bey,
Wonderfull this simple composition. Simple yet strong in a way. The details, the shades and the colors allover are superb. The sky with the hint of clouds in the background are wonderfull. Best personal regards. Salvator.
Hi Bülent,
A marvellous tree which, if it could speak, would provide us a multitude of information on its history and what it lived. Beautiful catch of sight of this secular tree and as usual thank you for the always instructive and very interesting comment.
With all my friendships and a very good WE,
Merhaba Bülent Abi,
Yşilin ve mavinin güzellikleriyele harika bir manzara. Ellerinize sağlık...
selam ve saygılarımla....
Ali Rıza
emjleclercq (15778) 2007-03-31 16:38
Very nice old tree, not very tall but with very wide branches. Natural colors (although some more light would have helped), but I think the sharpness could be improved. But very good note.
All the best,
Angshu (56760) 2007-04-02 3:42
Dear Professor "A"
This is a massive tree alright. The branches are really big. The centred compo helps as the well spead out branches cover the entire frame. I have taken the liberty to do a small WS..some little highlights, some shadows & sharpening. Hope you don't mind. Your note as always is absorbing reading!
With warm Regards
Angshuman "B"
branley (3681) 2007-04-03 3:39
Hello Bulent,
there's no other way to show this than centrally to take in the magnificent spread of the branches but it still has a long way to go to beat the major oak. This is a tree I used to play inside as a child, sadly one's not able to do that in this day and age of health & safety, todays youngsters have been stifled and have no idea of the fun that was to be had just a generation ago. Back to your fine image my friend. As has been mentioned it's not overly sharp but in this case it doesn't matter as the subject is more important. I like the bareness of the tree but would like to see it in full bloom during the summer, it must make an impressive sight? A lovely capture and, as always a very fine note, well done.
Warm regards
molla (7129) 2007-04-04 3:12
Hejsan Bulent!
Do you know if this Oak is exactly the same spices as our (Quercus robur) or if it is an native american Oak. If it is European, because of it's age It askes som peculiar quest's
Who'd brought it here, was there people wisiting Norht America during the middleage?
Good Picturer
Anders Mohlin in Gnesta
Bluejeans (64251) 2007-04-05 15:40
Ola amigo Bulent que arvore maravilhosa com os seus longos troncos sem folhas , bom enquadramento , gostei das cores .
Um abraço Gonçalo
Bom fim de semana!!
vagabondtravels (6511) 2007-04-17 6:36
Hi Bulent
Really nice capture of this historical tree. It must have witnessed a lot. Very informative image and note. Well done.
gunbud (34066) 2007-04-25 23:12
Hi Bulent,
Wonderful old tree with its branches reaching everywhere. Lovely spring time colors and great details to this old bastion. Excellent note to the many historic events that this on tree has witnessed.
Regards, Tom
Silvio1953 (195766) 2007-04-28 7:48
Hi Bulent, superb view of a splendid old oak, good light and colors, wonderful composition, very well done, have a nice week end, ciao Silvio
captainsgirl (3450) 2007-05-01 19:51
And a beautiful old oak tree it is. So nice to see its being well taken care of too. You've photographed it beautiuflly in all its majesty. TFS
thanks so much for your comments on my photo " Going Nowhere (8) " :o)
Aliza (597) 2007-05-05 7:47
Bu muthis agaci mükemmel bir kadrajla ekranlarimiza tasiyip bizlerle tanistirdiginiz için çok tesekkür ederim.
Ellerinize saglik.
Hello Bulent,
The grace of the old oak tree is beautiful with different lighting in 'Sunrise Over Marye's Heights' as well as this picture taken in March. Now in the summer season, it is providing a cool shady canopy over the lawn at Mary Washington.
Photo Information
- Copyright: Bulent Atalay (batalay) (41261)
- Genre: Places
- Medium: Color
- Date Taken: 2007-03-23
- Categories: Nature
- Camera: Nikon D-70, 18-70mm DX Zoom Nikkor, 67mm Circular Polarizer
- Photo Version: Original Version, Workshop
- Theme(s): Daily Drive to Work... [view contributor(s)]
- Date Submitted: 2007-03-29 1:51
- Favorites: 2 [view]
- To stego: The Old Oak Tree (1)
by batalay, last updated 2007-03-29 07:27
- To singuanti: The Old Oak Tree (2)
by batalay, last updated 2007-03-30 01:59
- To delic: The Old Oak Tree (1)
by batalay, last updated 2007-03-29 10:53
- To salvator: The Old Oak Tree... (2)
by batalay, last updated 2007-03-30 01:45
- To Cretense: The Old Oak Tree (1)
by batalay, last updated 2007-03-30 08:35
- To john_c: The Old Oak Tree (1)
by batalay, last updated 2007-03-30 08:39
- To branley: The Old Oak Tree... (1)
by batalay, last updated 2007-04-03 09:25


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Pencil: Urban Decay 24/7, Almay
Gel/creme: Stila smudge pot (contrary to the name, after drying IT DOES NOT BUDGE), L'oreal HIP
*Bobbi Brown Long Wear Gel Eyeliner is my favourite gel liner. Maybelline does a good drugstore version but there are fewer colour choices.
*Chanel and Laura Mercier do great cake liners.
*MAC Liquidlast and the version by GOSH just don't quit – longest lasting liners I know of, but the liquid texture/effect isn't for everyone.
*I tend to find waterproof/long-wearing pencils smudge, but Prestige and Revlon Colorstay would be my picks.
*Of the more traditional eye pencils, Illamasqua Medium Pencils are fab.
Any eyeliner will last longer if you go over the line with a powder eyeshadow in the same colour. Eyeshadow primer underneath makes a big difference too. Urban Decay's is brilliant for oily lids (which are often a cause of smudging).posted over 9 years ago
a lot of people have said urban decay 24/7 eye pencil.. honestly, ive tried every type of eyeliner out there ( including urban decays, which i used twice and probably wont use again. ) what can i say, i am a total eyeliner junkie!! anyways, ive tried all the department store brands, and i ALWAYS go to back to NYC's (New York Color's) Waterproof Eye Pencils. theyre like, 4 bucks at a drugstore. and most people would assume they suck. but ohmygosh, theyre amazing!! i highly recommend them, theyre only 4 dollars, what have you got to lose? =]posted over 9 years ago
Milani's liquid ones (the ones in the tube with the gold end?) don't budge all day! And Wet n' Wild's cream eyeliner in the little pot is great too, just use a seperate brush and not the one it comes with :x I use a Sonia Kashuk one and it lasts all day :)posted over 9 years ago
for pencil, almay is the only pencil i've tried so far that doesn't SMUDGE throughout the day on my very oily, asian eyelids. plus it's drugstore.
i also like milani's liquid liners.
Hot Topic Black Pencil
I'm super-allergic to makeup and this does not irritate me in the least. AND, it stays on forever!posted over 9 years ago
i really like milani's eye tech liquid eyeliner, it's really short so that it's easy to apply, and lasts all day. as for gel ones i like mac's fluidline in blacktrack :)posted over 9 years ago
there are tons of great products out there, but we do love our lashionista modelista liquid liner- foolproof application with a touch of shimmer to add some glamour. its a two-in-one product that doubles as a mascara- perfect for the girl on the go!posted over 9 years ago
Almay 16-hour long-stay eyeliner, same with the revlon colorstay pencil eyeliner, for liquid eyeliner i like loreal's lineur intense the best.posted over 9 years ago
Bobby Brown gel eyeliner. Sonia Kashuk for Target makes a similar one as well :-)posted over 9 years ago
I use Maybelline's eyeliner, the one that's in the small jar, I don't remember the name.posted over 7 years ago

subset: commoncrawl


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After over a decade of being in business as a Toronto wedding photography company we have had the opportunity to experience and share in countless weddings around the country and the world. I strongly believe that a wedding should reflect the bride & groom's interests, personalities, backgrounds and of course their personal taste when it comes to décor, ceremony & vows, the reception location and even down to the food choices, flowers and outfits. I would like to showcase a few of the wonderfully creative, unique and differently styled weddings we were able to be a part of through the 2012 wedding season, I feel like these 4 couples really embraced their own personal style and did things exactly the way they had envisioned and dreamed about. I have chosen these weddings based on their unique décor & venue choices, creative receptions and interesting photo shoot locations. Thanks for having us as a part of your special day and for creating such a unique environment and lots of fun details to shoot!
Saira & Steven were married in July in Oakville at Saira's father's home. The house was steps from the edge of the water, and they arranged to have the ceremony overlooking the water. It was one of the hottest days of the summer, so thankfully we headed down to the pier for some bridal party photos, the reception began immediately after our arrival back at the house where they had put up large tents, and the couple even built a stage for the band over the pool! Saira & Steven kept such an attention to detail, with live music, a belly dancer, beautiful speeches, the decor (and thankfully Steven installed fans in the tents the day before) and lots of Greek dancing into the early hours of the morning!
Chelsea and Bob have such an amazing and fun personality, this is the second time they are featured on our blog, have a look at their engagement shoot! They were married on Sue Ann Staff Winery grounds in Jordan, they lucked out and had perfect weather. They had a beautiful ceremony outside in the sunshine and held their reception in a massive tent, even fit with a chandelier!! Chelsea & Bob are such characters, as they should be seeing as they are both in theatre, this played through into their hilarious dancing, awesome wedding day outfits, and even the bridesmaids peacock feathered bouquets. This wedding was a blast and so much fun to be a part of!
Chelsea & Andrew had a rustic wedding at Belcroft Estates in Gilford, ON they were all set up in an old barn with lots of natural light, which made our job of capturing their excellent first dance, their rustic cake with initials carved into it, and the beautiful tablescapes! Burlap was used throughout the wedding to tie this rustic wedding together, from the seating chart, Chelsea's bouquet to the ring bearer's pillow, it complimented the crates, doors and tables in the old barn. Andrew and his groomsmen prepared for the day in the "Man Cave", Belcroft Estates set the boys up in an old garage with vintage signs and awesome cars, a serious Man Cave if you ask me! We always love a great barn wedding, and Chelsea & Andrew sure knew how to rock it!
Jenny & Jeremy were married in September 2012 in Gore's Landing, ON on Rice Lake (north of Cobourg). They had spent several weekends on this lake throughout their relationship, so it was only fitting that they would decide to be married at Victoria Inn right on the lake. They both got ready in this 100 year old Inn, alongside family & friends, oh and the cats that live at the inn! They said their vows and "I do's" outside with all their guests standing around them, the reception started immediately after that in a huge tent filled with unique details to be captured! Jenny & Jeremy both grew up in different parts of Canada and they honoured that with their wooden plaque guest book, burned with their initials, the wedding date and the provinces they were born in. Jenny had Irish heather in the centre pieces and even a little model of their cat hiding underneath the wedding cake. It had rained all the night before and even though the tent was extremely muddy and the evening dropped in temperature, these two had a blast, they didn't let anything bother them (even the mud on Jenny's dress)! I think this was one of the most unique weddings we were able to shoot in 2012!


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Kids Confectionery: A vast amount sweets are covered under this category, a real mixture as children like novelty types as well as the more traditional sweet. We have added in some Pick and Mix and tubs with this selection as the contents within them appeal to the type of confectionery enjoyed by children, I hope you agree. If you are looking to put a selection together for a birthday or other celebration. Just an idea for boys, you can choose dolphins, snakes, brains, mice, shrimps, worms . Girls maybe, candy necklaces, watches, loveheart lipsticks, lovehearts, giant strawberries, millions, lollipops and midget gems.


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Ask a classroom of children what they want to be when they grow up, and "work for a software company" is unlikely to be one of the top answers. But whatever their dream job—doctor, astronaut, musician, teacher, scientist—odds are that software will be crucial to it.
Professional athletes have their every move recorded and analyzed with software. Politicians rely on software to measure how a proposed policy might go down with voters. Software saves animals from extinction, helps children learn, makes musicians sound better, and powers rockets into space.
Software is the sector loved by every other sector, and so to work in it is to be at the heart of shaping the future of our world.
Our sector needs to do a better job of telling that story. To understand this notion, watch the reaction of the next person who asks you what you do for a living. "Software" conjures images of geeks writing code through the night amid discarded pizza boxes. The profession as it's now articulated ranks right up there with traffic warden and tax inspector as a conversation turnoff.
How about next time, instead of responding "software developer" or "software marketer," or "software salesperson," say "cancer curer" or "future-car builder" or "refugee rescuer"...and see how the conversation takes off.
Those are not exaggerations. Oracle software is doing all of those world-beating things—and countless more. Hundreds of thousands of organizations use our software to run every aspect of their business. Some tasks might seem mundane—payroll, procurement, document management. But see how far a company or non-profit goes if it doesn't pay its people on time, spends more money than it needs to, or loses confidential records. When an organization doesn't get the basics right, its progress is stunted and ultimately everyone suffers.
And then there's the real jaw-dropping stuff: applications powered by machine learning providing predictive maintenance to ensure that huge cargo ships don't get stranded at sea; software that creates smooth information pathways among researchers, pathologists, and clinicians so that they can realize the grand promise of "precision medicine"; voice analysis systems that help police spot inconsistencies in a suspect's testimony; data analytics software that helps high school and college advisers get at-risk students on track before they drop out.
Think of the impact all of those "software" projects have—all the products those ships carry that are vital to everyday life; all the people who will live healthier lives; all the communities made safer; all the kids more likely to fulfill their potential.
The rise of autonomous software—software that runs almost entirely on its own, like one of those record-breaking domino runs that just requires a push of the finger to get it going—will do for the IT sector what the steam engine did for heavy industry. More than just a technological innovation, autonomous software represents a paradigm shift in how businesses resource themselves for the information age, allowing them to redeploy talented people away from mundane tasks and toward innovations, inventions, and progress.
Oracle's lead in this emerging market is one of the reasons we aren't just one of the biggest software companies in the world, but also one of the best and most important.
So next time you're asked: "And what do you do for a living?" why don't you reply: "I'm helping to build a better future as part of the most exciting profession in the world."
Dominic Collard, based in London, is a business reporter for Oracle, covering the spectrum of cloud computing.


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Contributions made by bus users and other modes to the economic health and viability of town centres across London
Under the Transparency Code of Practice TfL is required to publish information on trade union facility time
Feedback from disabled people using the TfL network
Customer research on the travelling public's attitude to TfL and our reputation
Overview of progress on implementing the Mayor of London's transport - and other related - strategies
Pension details for Tube Lines employees
Our research will be used to shape the Ultra Low Emission Vehicle (ULEV) Delivery Plan and our strategy for the charging infrastructure in London.
Consultation documents and reports related to the Ultra Low Emission Zone.
We have to apply to the Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) for certification and authorisation to operate trains, stations and infrastructure safely
Performance figures showing how many people use the Tube, how trains are performing, etc.
We're developing a proposal to create a new rail service in west London as part of the London Overground network
2016 pilot of Wi-Fi data collection - a review of the TfL WiFi pilot data collection study that ran from November to December 2016
Working timetables are rail industry timetables. They show all movements on the Tube network including empty trains and those coming in and out of depots
TfL staff declared offers of tickets to 2012 Games events and other hospitality and whether they were accepted or declined


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Kids Theatre and Theatre Shows in Johannesburg
Are you looking for some culture in your kids lives? See below some great theatre shows and establishments for your kids in Johannesburg.
Barnyard Theatre
The Barnyard Theatre's are a chain of beautiful American style theatre's situated at various locations throughout Gauteng.
Read More
Joburg Theatre
The Joburg Theatre is one of Gauteng's most renowned theatre's and is a magical experience for kids and parents alike.
Read More
National Children's Theatre
The National Children's Theatre is a theatre that specifically caters for the needs of children & situated in the beautiful suburb of Parktown.
Read More


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I can't knit anymore and I hate to just sit and watch TV in the evenings, so I decided to try my hand at writing short Kindle books.
But what to write about? I thought about writing how to set up a classroom, but, that would be just one book, so I thought about what I could possibly tell others about that would be useful.
Travel. Travel when no one can go with you. I can write all sorts of books about that! So I bought a Kindle book about writing Kindle books and started. I made the book short and informative..used a template from Open Office, and followed the steps on Kindle Publishing-and published!
Oh, it isn't perfect! The formatting didn't come out how I wanted it to at all. I do like the cover…Kindle shows you how to make a cover right there…but the links work.
Next time I'll not use a template and see what happens. This book is my experimental book. It can be done! I think it's useful, clear and simple. It was fun to do!
My next book will be; "Bed And Breakfasting Through Wales". I like it!


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Mobile endpoint management guide: Essential knowledge for partners
This mobile endpoint management guide offers management, security and storage solution essentials to help channel partners make the best choices for customers in the enterprise.
Mobile endpoints have exploded onto the enterprise scene, and it is imperative that channel partners be able to help their customers create mobile endpoint management and security strategies. In this mobile endpoint management guide, you will learn the essentials of mobile endpoint management, security and storage solutions. With these mobile endpoint best practices under your belt, you will be fully equipped to offer the most suitable solutions for your customers and be the most productive in the enterprise.
Mobile endpoint security and management: Best practices
There are plenty of channel opportunities in securing and managing the data that flows to mobile endpoints such as smartphones and tablets, but it's important to recognize that there are also plenty of hurdles to overcome in offering mobile endpoint management.
To start with, some mobile endpoint management solutions haven't been tested by the enterprise, so partners must experience a certain amount of trial and error as they would with any other new technology.
A good mobile endpoint management system prevents attacks, protects against lost or stolen data on the device, sets a user access policy for authentication, and provides malware and antivirus protection. But these services are linked to technical and legal challenges that come along with managing employee personal devices and identity information.
Choosing endpoint management tools can be difficult, causing further challenges. Vendors provide products to help, but not every product addresses the tangled web of operating systems (OSs) that power various mobile devices.
In order to be the trusted advisor to customers looking for mobile endpoint solutions, it is crucial to understand all of these hurdles and the potential tools or solutions that address them. In this guide, we will cover mobile endpoint security issues such as user expectations for business and personal full-use of a device, prevalence of compromised devices and data, the balance between privacy and security, using management tools, and operating system complexities with endpoint management.
Read the rest of this story on mobile endpoint management best practices.
Endpoint explosion poses problems, opportunities
Part of providing mobile endpoint management is maintaining endpoint application control by determining which corporate applications will be accessible on these devices and then making sure that these applications are tweaked to work on these phones and tablets.
For example, many companies have designed websites without thinking about mobile browsers. This can be a real problem when users have to access their corporate websites on the move.
It's also important in a mobile environment to keep track of which applications are running on employee phones. Some enterprise-grade IT management tools bring phone apps under the umbrella of overall systems or network management even in a mobile environment.
Enterprises must also be aware of legal issues related to tracking these apps and devices. Recent disclosures that Apple iPhones and Android phones collected and stored location data of unwitting users caused enterprises to realize they need policy around what can be recorded on company-owned devices.
In this piece from SearchITChannel.com, read about the mobile endpoint explosion in the enterprise, the difficulties in implementing mobile endpoints in the corporate environment, managing the multiplicity effect and potential freedom in tracking data.
Read the rest of this story on mobile endpoint application control.
Mobile device security policy begins with mobile platform comparison
A mobile endpoint security solution is one of the most important parts of a mobile endpoint management strategy. Part of creating this mobile device security plan for your customers is deciding which platforms, such as BlackBerry, iPhone, Android and Microsoft, they should support. One option is to get customers to standardize on a single mobile platform, which will alleviate confusion and complexity in their environments. But since that can be difficult to do considering there are so many mobile OSs that employees depend on, another option is to try to synchronize across a couple of platforms. Ultimately, you should always be prepared to discuss security variances in each platform and offer a clear assessment of security capabilities while encouraging your customers to choose which platform is right for them.
The next step is to consider which mobile device security tools your customers should depend on. Endpoint management tools should allow for control features like password and screen locking, device encryption and the ability to encrypt data in transit over the network. It's also important to provide extended features, such as GPS privacy that protects the location of employees.
Read this tip about mobile device security policies and comparisons between mobile platforms.
Enterprise data backup solutions for endpoint data protection
One way of improving mobile endpoint data protection is through mobile endpoint backup solutions.
Server-based backup (SBU) solution products run on a dedicated server and collect backup data from other servers or endpoint devices, typically storing it on a direct-attached or network-attached device. Most of these products can replicate these data sets to remote locations or to a cloud-based storage provider.
Until now, SBU solutions have not provided backup for mobile endpoints, but that will change rapidly as business applications and data are more often extended to smartphones and tablets. Channel partners would do well to begin planning SBU strategies that take mobile devices into account down the road.
In this tip from SearchStorageChannel.com learn how SBU technologies play a role in endpoint protection.


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The Forest Steward for autumn 2017 is here
This issue features our partner organization, The Foundation for Sustainable Forests and a reflective view of responsible, ecologically-based, and community supportive forest management done by members at Trout Mountain Forestry. Images from our Forest Stewards Youth Corp and first-hand descriptions of liberal arts perspectives and experiences in forestry education round it out. Enjoy!
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Your gift promotes ecologically, economically, and socially responsible forestry.
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No significant differences in corn yield were found between organic and chemical sources of nutrients, but a Texas AgriLife Research economist said manure generates higher economic returns than anhydrous ammonia.
Seong Park, AgriLife Research economist, recently had his research published in the Agronomy Journal. The work was from studies he conducted in the Oklahoma Panhandle while at Oklahoma State University (OSU).
The long-term experiment involved the use of pig and beef manure on irrigated corn fields, he said. The testing was conducted in part due to a rapid growth of animal population and density in that region, as well as the northern part of the Texas Panhandle.
To read the entire article, link here.


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RIP Resumes. For Roles—For Scripts
- startups, storytelling
- June 12, 2017
Seeking Work. Resumes. Mismatch. Bad Hiring. Cost. Culture.
In all communication, context is important.
It depends. Don't we often say that?
Unfortunately, most of us overlook the context when we make the most important decisions in our life. While seeking work — a job, a contract, or partnership, and also when hiring.
The Pain — A Wrong Commitment
While seeking work, we are committed to something what Leonardo da Vinci wrote for the first time in 1482 (source Business Insider). We are doing it how employers were expecting in 1950s (source BeBusinessed) — they asked for a resume. Even the introduction of a game changer in 2003 — LinkedIn could not dent our commitment.
A resume is a woefully inadequate measure to communicate our experiences, skills, and strengths, meaningfully. Thousands of templates (does not matter if they call it fancy and custom branded — the fancier the shittier) do not help it as moving a couple of bricks here and there in a wall rarely adds value and context to the overall building.
When applicants learnt that organizations use ATS (Applicant Tracking Systems) to filter resumes, they started writing resumes for ATS just as copywriters all over the world were writing web copy for search engines. Not for humans.
Seth Godin questioned resumes in 2008 (see the TrackBack response in comments of the post). Today when organizations are evolving for their branding, marketing, and in their UX processes to embrace storytelling, hiring and job seeking continue to be in the age-old merry-go-round mode.
The Missing Script
There is a lot of gap in what the organization communicates what they need and what the candidates convey that they can offer.
The conventional job descriptions target skills. Either they are feeding ATS, or they are not investing in writing custom scripts. Even if some of them do, the resumes on the other sides cannot respond.
Hiring is a lot about guesswork and it is the biggest challenge for many organizations in the world. Bad hiring costs so much. Teri Morse, Vice President, Human Resources, Xerox said in 2014 that Big data can take the guesswork out of the hiring process. But it does not address the core issue —the linear subjectivity involved in hiring.
Of late, Textio is changing the hiring game to an extent but we need both the hands to clap.
Scripts Needed
When I worked in coveda in 2005, I lauded the diversity there. It seemed as if while hiring, they were not really looking for people — they were looking for roles. Just as a seasoned filmmaker first writes a good script and then picks the best-fit actors for their roles.
The job description was a meticulously crafted script and this script was a part of the larger organization narrative.
The hunt was for a role.
Roles Needed. RIP Resumes.
Resumes are the order of the day — for hiring managers and for those who seek work. Old order?
"The old order changeth yielding place to new." — Alfred Tennyson
Organizations invest a lot to plan, write, and publish their case studies to share how they identify a problem, solve it, and how it benefits their customers.
While seeking work, candidates too need to write success stories. They should be available as a role and not merely as a skills-set. A role that invites scripts from organizations so that they hire us for our role.
Roles and Scripts
The team at vhite are working on something in this direction. Watch out for an update, soon.
Update: I am happy to share that Stippi is on Product Hunt Upcoming. You can subscribe to stay connected for it is live.


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A friend decided it was high time he got another set of wheels. His previous hot hatch developed a "personality" early in the piece, but the Peugeot GTi 180 was the business when it came to speed and handling, or at least it was ok for the time. After the last bolt rattled loose and the last electrical circuit committed harakiri, it was time to move her on before she failed to proceed and threw her evening-gloved hands into the air forever.
The last year has been a long one as for my friend Mr "A". Each Aston martin seemed even more unreachable, and every Hot Hatch brought back a distant and unpleasant memory. Each day brought Mr A. closer and closer to complete nervous collapse as if never again would the feel of a engine screaming for mercy be under his command. He despaired that he might never again torture a clutch and the thought of being tethered to public transport made him giddy with grief. There was many a time spent choking back just a little bit of vomit.
He took the bull by the horns and grasped the nettle. Enough was enough and a new car needed urgently to be moved to a position of absolute and utter top priority. He dragged me out of a sound sleep at the crack of lunch time and in a flash chucked us into the trusty 370Z , as we set sail for Parramatta Road. Every big city has a Parramatta Road. It is loaded to the gunnels with car yards of every shape and hew. Each has a dizzying array of sparkling new motor cars to amaze and delight. Mr A. is picky though. No SUV's here, and anything without a roof isn't near to making it onto the list. No, only a hot hatch will do, no magic solution here.
After much searching, for several minutes, some contenders emerged as if thrust majestically upward by the lady of the lake. But the Sword she brandished had more than one edge, and each edge needed caressing to find only the sharpest and finest blade. Polo GTi was an early front runner but its blade was deemed too small. As we drifted along in a thick treacle of traffic, a Subaru dealership floated into view, and like Camelot, began to glow. In an instant we had moored alongside and in no time at all had our noses pressed firmly against the window of a WRX Premium like a couple of love-sick schoolboys. Although it was the hatch, its lines seemed to have mellowed over and no longer made me bilious. The enormous WRX fenders made her look fit for battle like a knights trusty steed.
As if silently whisked into existence by Merlin himself, the Lady Jess appeared in her robes of office perched atop a fine pair of stilettoes as if each could be used as a deadly weapon. She triumphantly held aloft the golden keys. As she did so, she smiled gently, and a shard of sunlight twinkled off her lip-gloss, and Camelot glowed even brighter.
I had never been a fan of this steed. It was too brash, too loud, and dare I say too common. The Lady Jess was having none of it and in a thrice had us galloping across the countryside to the squeals of delight of all on-board. I wanted to hate it. I wanted the steed to be rough and unbroken. But no, there was nary a whinny or a neigh out of place. The steed was fleet of foot and more powerful than Black Beauty herself. In short, she was magnificent.
Mr A. slapped me hard and in a flash the steed was gone. I blinked and rubbed my eyes, but it was true. I was in a Subaru dealership, I had just tested a WRX, and I loved it. It wasn't a dream and I wasn't hallucinating. The world had shifted back to its rightful axis. Oh NO! I've become a yobbo!
The WRX really was fabulous. It rode beautifully and went like stick. The Premium has a tricked up stereo with a touch screen and built in Satnav all pumping through big butch speakers. So as to be sure to please everyone, the whole package was topped off with some tasty leather seats. Wow!
The spell had been broken leaving an comforting feeling of wellbeing in us both. We still had cars to drive so promised to call Miss Jessica to let her know how things went. She waved gently as we left. As I looked back the sun sparkled off her lip gloss once again like a guiding star. Maybe it wasn't a dream? We forged back into the treacle where it took what seemed to be an age to get a few k's to the next showroom.
This experience was somewhat different. There were a cluster of brands under the one name strewn over several buildings. The whole shebang suffered badly from delusions of grandeur. Alfa, Renault and even the Citroen DS3 was to be inspected. Although Honda too, proudly displayed her products, none took the eye of Mr A. Renault was an immediate bust as there were no Megane Trophies to be had. We looked at the Citroen DS3 which looked great on the outside, but the inside looked cheap and nasty and the price would make a grown man feel faint. Then came Alfa. The salesman was your archetypal salesperson and may as well have had a gold tooth. For some odd reason he was trying to steer us toward the Mito QV almost refusing us a drive of the delicious Giulietta. The Mito looked the business apart from the cheap white placky triangle with the Alfa cloverleaf on it. It was ugly an out of place on the front fender and looked like someone stapled a tit on a pumpkin.
The inside looked OK but it took some doing to get the man to furnish us with the keys. The sales routine started before the car even hit the road. He was driving, and after thrashing the tits off the Mito, he screamed to a halt to swap drivers with Mr A. By now we were both deeply traumatised and Mr A. drove like Miss daisy just to get us back to the dealer in one piece. We both had developed a severe allergy to this man and couldn't bear him being within coo-ee of us. The Mito was only OK. Now Mr A. had already said several times that today was the first time testing and he would be ready to move in about a fortnight. It was to no avail and the sameman just got more obnoxious with the "hard sell" and the "big close". We even got the "it's the only one left and won't last this afternoon" line, so we left. This meant two more contenders had been dumped leaving only the Golf and Polo. It goes to show pushy sales people can do themselves out of a deal just by acting like complete ninnies!
The Polo was more or less knocked out by the time we had driven another few K's so by the time the 370Z rolled into the VW parking lot the, Golf GTi looked to be the only German in the fray. Unlike other VW dealerships we've experienced recently, this one was pleasant and the cute boy just threw us the keys and told us roughly where to go. Thank the gods we had Satnav to get back because we got totally bamboozled by the labyrinth of backstreets. The main road was still out full of treacle so our salesman said there was some good turns down by the park. Yeah good luck with that! It turned out there was some kind of local festival a few streets over and it too was chock-a-block with soccer mums and "P" platers. Of the 25 minutes we we gone, about 2 of them was not in one of the two bottom gears, but I'm told the DSG is quite good and the motor quite nippy.
Whether it was the universe conspiring or simply bum luck, the decision coloured by the days' events lead to an inevitable choice, should the WRX be white or grey and a sedan or hatch. Perhaps Merlin had secretly transported us in time and space, or perhaps the traffic just gave us the irrits. I know for sure the brusque tone of the pushy Alfa man left a sour taste in our mouths which pretty much made the choice for us. It's funny how some things work isn't it?
Once the dust has settled we'll check back you to let you know which WRX was selected. If you're having trouble choosing a car, maybe Merlin could help you too!


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In Città di Castello, Magnificent Tubers Entice
In early November, white truffles star at the 32nd edition of la Mostra-Mercato del Tartufo Bianco in Citta' di Castello in the Upper Tiber Valley. But not only the prized white truffle, Tuber Magnatum Pico: all the many flavors of Umbrian fall goodness team with traditional culinary wisdom in this weekend dedicated to educating the taste buds and the mind through a kaleidoscope of conferences, cooking competitions, theatrical presentations and food tastings.
The enthusiasm of visitors was not dampened at all on the misty gray opening day. Under huge white tents in the main piazza, a friend and I joined the locals in tastings of white and black truffle patés, the newly-milled olive oils with fresh ground truffle, roasted chestnuts with a glass of robust yet sweet cannaiola wine, and the new olive oils on bruschetta.As Mauro Severini, president of the Comunita' Montana Umbra Nord (organizer of the fetival along with the city of Citta' di Castello) says, "Now what is good must also be healthy – and woodland foods synthesize good flavors and health, reflecting the wisdom of tradition and local cuisine. We wish to bring the visitors here, young and old, to a new way of thinking about food, especially quality food"
Nadia Marconi, a local teacher, echoed his words with passione as we lunched together with her and friends in the festival food couryard. Over fettuccine al tartufo bianco and the famous Chianina veal of the Tiber Valley, Nadia admonished, "Frozen foods, no! Why unwrap, heat and serve a food? Food is a language, a way of communicating and enthusiasm must be added to its preparation and the serving to friends. You have to put your soul into food. Let us communicate over food. Aromas, flavors, colors all transmit messages – such a perfect form of communication! Let us educate our youth, our children to the flavors of food as communication."Indicating her husband seated next to her, Nadia continued, "We are two simple spirits and lovers of la cucina tradizionale: from the garden to the table, food as a reflection of our relationship with nature." Nadia indicated the paper plates and forks with disdain, grimacing "I do not even want to see these!" As she talked, friend Joan and I began to wish that we had had Nadia as a teacher! " In school, I do not like written tests," she said, "as I want my students to talk to me, taking the time they need to organize their thoughts, ideas. Each one's natural rhythyms should be respected. Just as in the preparation of foods".
Next to Nadia, Augusto Tocci – in his signature yellow sportcoat – nodded. Director of the Istituto Sperimentale per la Selvicoltura (centered on the conservation of woodland environments), Tocci is a well-known RAI TV personality, noted for his programs on the ties between culinary traditions and local environments and rural culture. We had popped into one of the main tents on the square that morning, named "Casa Tocci" where he and Nadia were chatting with the local woman on culinary lore and preparing together a simple Tocci recipe, eggplant pate' (see below).As we lunched on seasonal specialties prepared and served (with grace and elegance!) by the students of the local Scuola Alberghiera (hotel/catering high school), local people – food enthusiasts and not – stopped to chat with Signor Tocci and Nadia. Other diners chatted at nearby tables in the courtyard and under the surrounding porticoes, tastings of local goodness were offered: the black celery unique to Trevi (at the Slow Food stand), the famed prosciutto and capocollo of Norcia, pecorino (sheep's milk) cheeses aged in grape skins and aged in walnut leaves, roasted chestnuts dipped in chocolate, and at one table, the catering high school culinary teacher, carved huge orange winter squashes into gigantic flower blossoms as his young students in snappy chef uniforms watched. I asked one, "Can you do that?" "I'm learning," he beamed. In food tents, across the piazza, we chatted with truffle vendors, savoring the bouquet of white truffles priced at 4000 Euro per kilo (large, uniformly round white ones have the highest value). We roamed the displays of everything from ancient farm tools to the re-creation of a 19th-century wine cellar to a display of wild mushrooms in a woodland environment. A tradtional Umbrian bread cupboard, la matera, displayed every type of bread imaginable, including pane al tartufo, of course! Vendors sold porcini mushrooms, salami with truffles, bread with truffles, honeys with truffle, cheeses with truffles.
White truffle may be the star but the Mostra/Mercato del Tartufo Bianco celebrates – above all – Umbria's richly diverse heritage in this November week-end dedicated to gastronomy, rural culture and traditions – and healthy eating.
Tocci Eggplant Paté
Wrap 2 medium-sized eggplants in foil and bake in oven til soft when pricked with a fork.
Put pulp into blender.
Add anchovies, black olives, capers, olive oil, Q.B. .
Note: "Quanto basta" means "as much as you need". Augusto Tocci – like any great rural cooks – does not create with recipes. Like him, experiment with ingredients and flavors. Nadia would say, "Communicate with the food!"
Spread pate' on a good, crusty bread. Buon appetito!
Read about how I bring Nadia's cooking philosophy to US schools
Read about other November events in Umbria
Read more on truffles
Read about another mostra/mercato featuring truffles
Read about a sagra near Perugia starring peperoncino
2 Comments
Oh Anne! What fun we had that day and the day after, too (and on many other occasions). You (and Silvana) are the dearest, most important persons in my Umbrian experience. There must be a G-d, because he/she/it sent me to you.
All my love and profound gratitude,
A presto in NYC,
Wondrous day ..time to go back. Are you ready!??
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Privacy PolicyPrivacy Italian Legislative Decree n° 196/2003 Under Article 13 of the Italian Legislative Decree no. 196/2003, regulations with regard to the Protection of Personal Data, this is an informative report to all interested parties on the modality of the treatment of personal data, arising from interaction with our website www.annesitaly.com
THE PRINCIPAL FOR DATA TREATMENT During site consultation, personal data referring to identified or identifiable persons can be processed. The principal for data treatment is Anne Robichaud Pian della Pieve Assisi 06081 (PG) Italy. The data will be mainly processed at the mentioned head office by the people responsible for the website or by other people appointed for occasional maintenance operations, provided that their actions conform to of the guarantees enshrined in the Legislative Decree 196/2003.
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Hello Guys, After Getting Many Request To Uncap The Airtel SIM, Finally We Are Openly Posting The Airtel Speed Capping Solution. There Are Lots Of Airtel 3G Tricks Working, But The Users Having Speed Capped Are Only Able To Use 2G In 3G Mode. Even In The Genuine Packs They Are Not Able To Get The 3G Speed And Get 100 MB Or More. So Friends, To Solve This Problem, I have Plenty Of Solutions For It. Check Them Out. This Time We Haven't Put Them In Survey :)
Table of Contents
Method 1 : Solution Of Speed Capping
- First Recharge With Rs. 18 - 3 Days Internet. [Other Regions Have Different Pack]
- Then Do Browsing And Download
- Note - Just Use For 2 Days And When The MB Becomes At Least 10 MB Then Leave It.
- Now Check - Airtel.In/Freezone With Proxy Checker
- If It Showing Testing Failed Immediately Then Your Sim Is Unblocked
- If Not Then Leave It Until Pack Validity.
- Your Sim Will 100% Unblock.
- Now After Unblocked Activate Zero Rental And Enjoy Full 3g Speed Without Capping.
Method 2 : Solution Of Speed Capping
- First You Need A Main A/C Balance Of Rs. 2
- Don't Recharge Any Other Internet Packs.
- Then You Must Visit One Airtellive.Com And Immediately You Must Download Any Rs. 1 Video Song And Wait For One Day
- Next Day Your Sim Is 100% Unblocks.
- Its Work For Me On Many Time So Please Friends Do This Then Reply.
Method 3 : Solution Of Speed Capping
- Call 121 And Choose Your Language 1 Or 2
- Then Press 5 Then Press 1 And Then Press 1 And Done Enjoy
- Your Airtel SIM Card Will Unblock With In 6 Hours.
Method 4 : Solution Of Speed Capping
- First Deactivate Airtel 3G on your phone . (You can deactivate Airtel 3G by *121# or Calling on 121)
- Activate Rs.5 GPRS (2G) pack which gives 50 MB for 1 Day. (2G GPRS Pack can be activated by Dialing *567# or Calling 12131)
- After The 2G GPRS pack is Successfully Activated, Now you need to Activate 3G Service Again.
- Now Dial *121# and again activate 3G Services on your Number.
- NOTE: it takes some time to get 3G Services start on your number, So don't be panic)
- When 3G is Activated on your Phone and you get a confirmation message.
- Then Dial *121# and from USSD menu Select 3G Zero Rental Pack and Activate it or Rs 9/- 3G Plan.
For more updated tricks JOIN US ON FACEBOOK.


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Political analyst, Professor Somadoda Fikeni, says President Jacob Zuma's differening stance on the land issue than that of his party, the African National Congress (ANC), shows divisions within the ruling party.
The ANC's policy documents for its policy conference in June were launched for discussion on Saturday.
Among other things, it highlights the importance of land redistribution but says nothing about making amendments to the Constitution to allow for land expropriation without compensation as Zuma has proposed in his public speeches.
It's an indicator of divisions within the ANC. It is also rather opportunistic in a sense because a president who has been in the same position for almost 10 years, this radical appetite ought to have been there since the beginning, not when he is at the waiting room to exit.— Somadoda Fikeni, political analyst
The ANC also proposed modernising its membership system and allowing more communication between members.
I think it's a distinctive departure from the past, but it is necessitated by the current reality, where the ANC has not been able to to impose its discipline consistently and people started campaigning nonetheless.— Somadoda Fikeni, political analyst
Listen to the audio below for more analysis on ANC's policy documents...


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The Constitution-makers desired to promote free flow of trade and commerce in India as they fully realized that economic unity and integration of the country provided the main sustaining force for the stability and cultural unity of the federal polity and that the country should function as one single economic unit without barriers on internal trade.
The origins of Article 301 which states "Trade commerce and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free" may be traced directly to Section 92 of the Australian Constitution which states: Trade Commerce and intercourse among the States shall be absolutely free: but there are some significant differences between the two provisions
- Section 92 immunizes interstate trade only whereas Article 301 includes inter-state as well intra-State trade
- Section 92 makes freedom of trade' absolutely 'free but in India exceptions to Article 301 has been laid down in Article 302-304.
Meaning of trade, commerce and intercourse
Trade means buying and selling with intention to earn profit. Business is synonymous for trade – a systematic and organized activity with intention to gain.
Commerce means transmission or movement in which profit may not be the intention. Bringing a commodity for personal consumption is commerce. Commerce includes all transportation by land, air or water. It includes telephone telegraph or wireless or e-commerce which causes movement
Intercourse means commercial as well as non-commercial intercourse. Trade is a species of intercourse where the dominant element is to earn profit. Intercourse would include movements and dealings even of non-commercial in nature. It would include travel and all forms dealings with others. Such dealings may be by speech, music, radio or television.
The content of Article 301
Freedom under Article 301 means right to free movement of persons and things, tangible or intangible, commercial or non-commercial, unobstructed by barriers, inter-State or intra-State. All obstructions to free flow of trade would offend Article 301. The object of this provision to break down any barrier between States and within the State so that India maintains economic unity for sustained economic growth.
Exceptions to Article 301
- Parliament can impose such restriction on freedom of trade as may be necessary in public interest (article 302). However Parliament cannot discriminate between one State and another nor can it give preference to one State over another (Article 303(1). There is one case where discrimination among the States is permissible: it is in the case of famine or scarcity of goods in any part of India (Article 303(2))
- A State may by law impose on goods imported from other States any tax to which similar goods manufactured in the State are subject( Article 304 (a)
- A State may by law impose reasonable restriction on the freedom of trade commerce and intercourse in public interest. But this power is restricted in two respects:
(a) a State legislature cannot make a law with respect to trade and commerce which discriminates between the States (Article 303 (1) and
(b) a Bill imposing restriction on trade and commerce or intercourse shall not be introduced in the State Legislature without the previous sanction of the President
ATIABARI TEA CO LTD v STATE OF ASSAM, AIR 1961 SC 232( A five judge bench decision)
In this case the Supreme Court was concerned with the Assam Taxation (on goods carried by Roads and Inland Waterways) Act 1954 which was passed under Entry 56 of List II of the seventh Schedule of the Constitution. The appellants carried on the business of growing tea and exporting it to Calcutta via Assam. In the course of passing through Assam the tea was liable to tax under the Act.
The appellants contended that the Act had violated the freedom of trade guaranteed by Article 301as it had obstructed free flow of trade and as it was not passed after obtaining the sanction of the President as required by Article 304 (b) it was ultra vires.
The Supreme Court held that the accent on Article 301 is on the movement aspect of trade. This Article requires that the flow of the trade throughout India shall run smooth and unhampered by any restriction on the free flow and movement of trade. It is the free movement and transport of goods from one part of the country to another part that is intended to be saved by Article 301 and if a law or tax imposes a direct restriction on the very movement of such goods, it attracts the provision of Article 301 and its validity can be sustained only if it satisfied the requirement of Article 304(b).
The Court declared:
"Our conclusion therefore is that when Article 301 provides that trade shall be free throughout the territory of India it means that the flow of trade shall run smooth and unhampered by any restriction either at the boundaries of the States or at any other points inside the States themselves. It is the free movement or transport of goods from one part of the country to the other that is intended to be saved, and if any Act imposes any direct restriction on the very movement of such goods it attracts the provisions of Article 301. The freedom of movement of trade cannot be subject to any restriction in the form of taxes imposed on carriage of goods or their movements. Such restriction can be imposed by the State legislatures only after satisfying the requirements of Article 304(b) of the Constitution"
"Restriction freedom from which is guaranteed by Article 301 would be such restrictions as directly and immediately restrict or impede the free flow or movement of trade. Taxes may and do amount to restriction but it is only such taxes which directly and immediately restrict free movement of trade would fall within the purview of Article 301."
However, such regulatory measures as traffic regulations, licensing of vehicles, marketing and health regulations, price control, economic and social planning , prescribing minimum wages only indirectly impeded the free flow of trade. These are regulatory measures which promote and facilitate trade and are permissible for an orderly society.
Since the impugned Act had not satisfied the requirement of obtaining previous assent to the Bill by the President as required by Article 304(b) it was struck down as unconstitutional.
AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT CO v STATE OF RAJASTHAN AIR 1962 SC 925( A seven judge bench decision)
In Automobile case the Court held that regulatory measures or compensatory taxes for the use of trading facilities did not hamper trade, commerce and intercourse and therefore were not hit by Article 301. Rajasthan Motor Vehicles Taxation Act 1951 provided that no one could use or keep for use a motor vehicle in Rajasthan without paying an appropriate tax.
Relying upon Atiabari case the appellants argued that since the previous sanction of the President was not obtained the Act was invalid
The Supreme Court held
The interpretation which was accepted by majority in the Atiabari case is correct, but subject to this clarification: Regulatory measures or measures imposing compensatory taxes for the use of trading facilities do not come within the purview of restrictions contemplated by Article 301 and such measures need not comply with the requirements of the proviso to Article 304(b) of the Constitution.
The Court found that in 1952-1953 the income from motor vehicle taxation was about 34 lakhs and the expenditure on new roads and maintenance of old roads was about 60 lakhs. In 1954-55 the estimated income from tax on vehicles was 35 lakhs but the expenditure on maintenance of roads was 65 lakhs. The Supreme Court upheld the validity of the impugned Act as imposing compensatory tax which was permissible and not violative of freedom guaranteed by Article 301.
Thus the State was charging from the users of motor vehicles nearly 50% of the cost incurred by the State in maintaining and making roads
For the purpose of ascertaining whether a tax was a compensatory or not, it is necessary to inquire whether the traders were having the use of facilities for better conduct of their business and paying not patently much more that what was required for providing the facilities. It was explained by the Court that the State had to find funds for making and maintaining roads and fund could only be raised through taxation, It was further clarified that tax so collected for providing trading facilities need not be kept in a separate fund.
A compensatory tax does not offend the freedom of trade, commerce and intercourse guaranteed by Article 301 and therefore such taxes need not meet the requirement of Article 304(b).
G K KRISHNAN v STATE OF TAMIL NADU (1975) 1 SCC 375
In this case the writ petition challenged the validity of a notification by Government of Tamil Nadu enhancing the motor vehicle tax on omnibuses from Rs 30 per seat per quarter to Rs 100 per seat per quarter, The question for consideration was whether the tax was a compensatory tax? It was found that Rs 19.51 crores had been spent not only for maintenance of the roads but also for the construction of new ones and that the receipt from the vehicle tax was only 16.38 crores.
Following Autombile Transport Case (1962) the Supreme Court held that the impugned tax was a compensatory tax and did not violate Article 301. The Court observed that regulations like rules of traffic facilitate freedom of trade and commerce whereas restrictions impede that freedom. The collection of tax or toll for the use of roads, bridges, aerodromes, does not operate as barrier or hindrance to trade. For a tax to become a prohibited tax, it has to be a direct tax effect of which is to hinder the movement part of trade. If the tax is compensatory or regulatory it cannot operate as a restriction on the freedom of trade and commerce. A compensatory tax need not satisfy the requirements of Article 304(b).
Working Test
The Court referred to the working test enunciated in Automobile case according to which the working test for deciding whether a tax is compensatory or not is to enquire whether the trades people are having the use of certain facilities for the better conduct of their business not patently paying much more than what is required for providing the facilities.
The very idea of a compensatory tax is service more or less commensurate with the tax levied
The Court therefore upheld the notification enhancing the tax on motor vehicles in Tamil Nadu as it was held to be a compensatory tax.
CASES ON ARTICLE 304 (a)
In this case the petitioners who carried on the business of selling cinematographic films and other equipment like projectors, sound recording and reproducing equipment, industrial X ray films, graphic art films etc, had challenged the notifications issued by the governments of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh which had provided temporary exemption to the new electronic local industries from paying sales tax. The UP notification stipulated that the said benefit shall be available only to those units who have commenced their production between the dates specified in the notification.
The Punjab notification provided that the rate of sales tax payable by an electronic manufacturer unit existing in Punjab would be one percent as against normal twelve percent applicable to units from other States
In the case of UP notification the Supreme Court held that in as much as it was a case of grant of exemption to a special class for a limited period on specified conditions and was not extended to all the products of those goods, it did not offend the freedom of trade guaranteed by Article 301 and 304 (a)
Similarly in the case of Punjab notification it was held that the exemption was for certain specified goods and overwhelmingly large number of local manufacturers of similar goods were subject to sales tax.
It could not be said that the local manufacturers were favoured as against outside manufacturers
The Supreme Court upholding the validity of the impugned notifications ruled:
"A state which is economically and technically weak on account of various factors should be allowed to develop economically by granting exemptions, concessions, subsidies to new industries"
Accordingly the impugned notifications were held not violative of Article 304(a).
Thus a temporary exemption from sales tax to specified goods made within the State with a view to giving incentives and encouragement to the local industry does not infringe Article 304(a) of the Constitution.
SRI MAHAVIR OIL MILLS LTD v STATE OF J&K (1996) 11 SCC 39
Under Jammu and Kashmir General Sales Tax Act the State government issued notifications stating that as the cost of production of edible oil in the State of Jammu and Kashmir was higher than the cost of production of edible oil in the adjoining States the producers of edible oil in the State of Jammu and Kashmir will be exempted from paying sales tax on edible oil. But the manufacturers /producers of edible oil from other States were liable to pay tax at the rate of 8%.
The appellant challenged the constitutional validity of tax exemption as infringing the requirement of Article 301 and 304(a) of the Constitution.
In this case the Supreme Court invalidated the imposition of 8% sales tax by the State of J&K on the edible oil imported from other States from which the Edible Oil produced with in J&K was exempted. The Court rejected the State's plea that such arrangement was necessary to encourage the State oil industry and to subsidize high cost of oil production within the State .By exempting unconditionally the edible oil produced within the State of J&K altogether from sales tax while subjecting the edible oil produced in other States to sales tax at 8%, the State of J&K has brought about discrimination by taxation prohibited by Article 304(a) of the Constitution.
It was held that the exemption granted from payment of sales tax to local manufacturers /producers of edible oil is unconstitutional and violative of Article301 and 304(a) of the Constitution.
Citing Video Electronics case the Supreme Court observed that a limited exception created in that case cannot be enlarged to eat up the main provision in Article 304(a) which totally prohibits discriminatory taxation by a State. By exempting unconditionally the edible oil produced within the State of Jammu and Kashmir altogether from sales tax the State had brought about discrimination by taxation prohibited by Article 304(a).
The notifications were held to be violative of Article 301 and Article 304(a)
The concept of compensatory tax has been evolved judicially in order to provide more autonomy to the States for raising revenue through taxes under Entries 56 and 57 of List II. It has consistently been held that these taxes are by their very nature compensatory in character and are therefore outside the purview of Article 301.The power to impose tax under entry 56 or 57 List II is the power to impose taxes which are in the nature of compensatory or regulatory measures and when a tax is regulatory or compensatory in nature the measure of tax need not be proportionate to the expenditure incurred in the services provided to the traded people.
Thus regulatory measures or compensatory taxes do not offend Article 301 and such measures need not satisfy the requirement of Article 304(b).
Thus the test for adjudging the validity of law on ground of Article 301 may be stated in the following manner:
- A measure which operates on trade, commerce and intercourse indirectly or remotely is not violative of Article 301
- A measure which operates on trade, commerce and intercourse directly and immediately is violative of Article 301
- A measure which operates on trade, commerce and intercourse directly and immediately may not be violative of Article 301 if it is
(a) Regulatory or
(b) Imposes compensatory tax for the use of trading facilities.
Jindal Stainless Ltd. v. State of Haryana (2016)
- Only such taxes which are non-discriminatory in nature are valid, those taxes which are discriminatory in nature are unconstitutional.
- The factum as to whether an entry tax is discriminatory or not has to be examined by the respective benches hearing the same.
- The concept of compensatory tax is flawed and has no legal basis.
You can grab notes on other provisions of the Constitution and other law subjects from here.


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DripStat Infra proxy support
We are adding support for transport via proxy server for DripStat Infra agent.
This has been a big request for users who have very restricted environments that direct all network traffic through a proxy.
Starting from agent 1.0.1 released today, you can add the following line to your config file (located at
proxyURL = "http://user:pass@hostname:port"
Update your DripStat Infra agent now to take advantage of this feature.


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We used to go to London loads when we lived in Brighton. It was strange to me how normal this fantastical city I'd grown up with in books, songs and films once I moved to this country. It took on a new look for me again when I worked in Sloane Square. And now, every time we visit, I see it through the eyes of my children. London is always changing.
I feel like I want to keep the magic of the city going for them – especially as they actually get to visit the place – so when we take a trip there, I aim to plan ahead to avoid unnecessary stress (not always successfully, mind!). Of course, a big part of that is thinking about somewhere to eat that will be an experience in itself.
Though we're not vegetarians, Laurence and I have always consumed very little meat. Well, maybe I should edit that to say that since we've been together he's eaten mostly vegetarian food, though he has now got veggie cooking down to a fine art. We see meat as something that should be eaten infrequently.
This has become increasingly so since we started gardening. We've become a lot pickier about what we consume and, as we eat up our garden, it's become natural to choose wholesome vegetarian options whether we're in or outside our home.
Now that he needs to avoid dairy, we've found that eating vegan when out is actually the safest option. It's surprising what has butter or milk in it once you ask!
That can become a bit of a minefield when out in another city, especially if meeting up with friends. Particularly those who also have dietary restrictions to add to our own. One of my best friends is Muslim and we've often ended up choosing vegetarian or vegan as a way of avoiding the issues around halal.
Having a vegan and vegetarian guide like the ones HouseTrip have launched to Paris, Berlin and London just takes the headache out of it all. You can even search by "best for families" and "best for special occasions". I'm looking forward to giving it a go next time where over in the big smoke.
In association with HouseTrip


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Across the globe there are cities of various elevation due to extreme difference in Earth's topography. However there are number of cities that are on the much higher elevation. In these town with the highest elevation around the world, Oxygen may be a sparse commodity but people have managed to not even survive but prosper so far from sea level. From the Himalayas to the Andes, the people of these cities live life at astonishing heights.
The following is the list of 7 very high world cities, each of which are over 3,400 metres. They are arranged by their elevation :
- Lhasa : Lhasa is a city in People's Republic of China at an elevation of 3,490 metres (11,450 ft). It is the administrative capital of Tibet's Autonomous Region in China. The word Lhasa means "Lands of the God". It is the second most populous city on the Tibetan Plateau. The city contains many cultural significant Tibetan Buddhist sites such as the Potala Palace, Jokhang temple and Norbulingka Palace. Due to its very high elevation, it has a cool semi-arid climate with frosty winters and mild summers, still the valley location protects the city from strong heat or cold and strong winds.
- La Paz : It is also known as Nuestra Señora de La Paz, in English which means "Our Lady of Peace". It is located on the western side of Bolivia at an elevation of approx 3,640 metres (11,942 ft). It is considered as the world's highest administrative capital. It is the city that touches the sky. La Paz sits in a bowl surrounded by the high altiplano. Higher parts of La Paz have an unusual subtropical highland climate. The whole city have rainy summers and dry winters. And in winter light snow flurries can occur.
- Oruro : It is the capital of Oruro Department of Bolivia. It is located equidistantly in between La Paz and Sucre, at an elevation of 3,710 metres above sea level. It has a population around 235,393. It is subject to boom or burst cycles due to its dependence on mining industry, tin, copper and silver. Despite its economic decrease, it is still attracts tourist for its famous carnival, 'The Carnaval de Oruro'. It is known for its cold weather and during the August, September and October temperature is generally warm.
- Puno : It is the capital and largest city of the Puno Region and Province in Southeastern Peru. Puno is located at the edge of Lake Titicaca , the world's highest commercially navigable lake at 3,830 metres (12,556 ft) above sea level, on the Peruvian Altiplano. It has the population of approx 100,000. Puno is an important agricultural and livestock region of Peru, particularly of South America camelids (llamas and alpacas) which graze on its immense plateaus and plains. As Puno is located at high elevation, which means it is fairly cold, especially at night. It experiences more extreme weather conditions than would be expected for its tropical latitude.
- Shigatse : It is also named 'Xigatse', which means "the fertile land". This frontier city is the second largest city in the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) of the People's Republic of the China. The city is located at an elevation of 3,840 metres (12,600 ft) and have a population of approx 92,000 about 97% of which are Tibetan. It sits in the plain at the confluence of the Yarlong Tsangpo (or Brahmaputra) and Nyang River, where Tibet's most fertile land is to be found. It has a monsoon-influenced, alpine version of a humid continental climate, with frosty, very dry winters and warm, wet summers.
- El Alto : It is a Spanish word, in English it means "The Heights". It is the second largest city in the department of La Paz, Bolivia. It is one of the highest major cities in the world, standing at an elevation of 4,050 metres (13,615 ft) above sea level. It is the highest metropolis in the world with the population of approx 974,754. It has the cold climate, since all mean monthly temperatures are below 10 degrees.
- Potosí : It is the city and the capital of the department of Potosí in Bolivia. It is the world's highest city with an elevation of around 4,090 metres (13,420 ft). It lies at the foot of the Cerro de Potosí , which means rich mountain, the popularity of mountain is believed because of being "made of" silver ore, which has always dominated the city.Credit : archer10 (Dennis), szeke, szeke, wikipedia, wikipedia, wikipedia, wikipedia