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Bocas del Toro
Panama Private Tours takes you to Bocas Del Toro located on the NW corner of the Republic of Panama. At only 40kms from Costa Rica and a 1 hour charter flight from Panama City, Bocas is relatively close. This archipelago has a great variety of world class surfing. Most of the waves are left sided surf breaks with the exception of Bluff Beach that breaks in both directions, as well as other secret spots. The variety of waves range from long peelers, hollow short rides, heavy beach breaks to big wave surfing at "Silver Backs" that can get up to 20+ foot faces. This town is the most successful tourist spot in the Republic of Panama; you can find beach front restaurants, bars, hotels, bicycle/motorcycle rentals and other activities such as scuba diving, snorkeling, fishing and surfing at this tropical paradise.
Accommodations are available depending on your choice (economy, standard or luxury).
Surf Spots
Panama Private Tours takes you to Paunch. Paunch is definitely a regional classic, don't miss out! This wave is a long pealing left or right on a not too shallow reef. When swells are over 6ft, this wave tends to just break towards the left with fast tubes. Its usual size is between 4 to 8 feet.
Inner Dumpers
Panama Private Tours takes you to Inner Dumpers. Inner Dumpers is a 1-2 minute drive from Paunch. This is a fast left, breaking on a coral reef. When swells are above 5ft or on strong period swells, this wave tends to have a good tube, don't miss out! Its usual size is between 4 to 8 feet.
Outer Dumpers
Panama Private Tours takes you to Outer Dumpers. Outer Dumpers is the outer reef of Inner Dumpers. This break is a very hollow and heavy left that breaks on shallow reef. Most of the times it throws a tube and occasionally spits. Its usual size is between 4-10 feet depending on swell. It is recommended for intermediate to experienced surfers.
The Curve
Panama Private Tours takes you to the Curve. The Curve is a 2 minute ride from Inner and Outer Dumpers. This is a short left or right peak breaking on shallow reef. It is great for getting short heavy tubes.
Panama Private Tours takes you to Bluff beach. Bluff beach is 45 minute walking distance from the town of Isla Colon (Bocas del Toro) or a 15 minute comfortable ride by car. This wave is a world class beach break with left or right heavy peaks. It is loved by body boarders and the more fearless surfers!
Panama Private Tours takes you to Carenero. Carenero is a small island that's a minute boat ride from Isla Colon (Main Island). This spot is a world class left, breaking on reef. You can surf the outer reef if you are looking for some power or the inner section if you are looking for a fast long ride. The usual size for this wave is in between 4 to 10 foot faces. It is also a regional classic so you can expect some crowd but the wave is long and consistent enough to provide great waves for all, don't miss out!
Silver Backs
Panama Private Tours takes you to Silver Backs. Silver Backs is located in between Bastimentos Island and Carenero Island at a 5-10min boat ride from Isla Colon. This is a left or right "A frame" peak. It is not very frequented by surfers, only those with the guts to drop it! Its usual size is in between 10-20 foot faces.
Panama Private Tours takes you to Bastimentos Island. Bastimentos Island is at a 10 minute boat ride from Isla Colon. This island has plenty of waves, beach breaks and point breaks. The most famous spot at this island is "First Beach" which is a crystal clear water sand bar with left and right fast peaks. It is also know for its famous "noni" plantations and its care taker "Polo", who is very well know for cooking lobster and other great dishes to tourists.
Secret Spots
Panama Private Tours takes you to "Secret Spots" at Bocas del Toro. To be able to access this break you must contact us to arrange the trip since it is only accessible by boat. We provide our services on a 35ft Catamaran. Don't miss out and come see the how wonderful this spot is!
Other Activities
At Bocas del Toro you will also have the option of doing other activities beside surfing such as fishing, diving, snorkeling, catamaran or Eco tours. Contact us for proper arrangements.
Bocas del Toro Super Economy - 7 Nights & 8 Days
Our Package Includes
Prices are per person. Two Persons minimum.
Our Package Includes
All our packages are personal and flexible. Fees may vary depending on the amount of people, days and accommodations you choose. Other activities such as fishing, diving and Eco tours can be arranged once we receive your order.
5 Days Economy Accommodations at Atlatic North-West
Our economy accomodations are for the more rugged adventurer who feels comfortable with the very basic accomodations located along the main road in Bocas Del Toro. Rooms have the basics; beds, shower, fan and bathrooms. This hotel has a great view of the ocean and main street with all the bars and action that takes place in the area.
5 Days Standard Accommodations at Atlatic North-West
Accommodation is held at a "Boatel". This is a structure on top of the water with a deck on the back to pick up a water taxi ride to any island. Rooms have air conditioning, private bathroom and can accommodate up to 4 surfers.
5 Days Luxury Accommodations at Atlatic North-West
Our luxury accommodations can be held in different areas of Bocas del Toro.
Our first option is another structure on the water. This hotel contains clean, luxurious rooms with air conditioning, hot water, private bathrooms and cable TV. You can enjoy your evenings at the back of the hotel on the wooden deck with maybe a bottle of wine to see the sun set..
Our second option is a hotel in Isla Carenero. This hotel is owned by two very friendly brothers who love surfing as much as you do. They will make sure you are comfortable in this nice wooden hotel. Rooms have a/c, private bathrooms, hot water and can accommodate up to 3 people. This hotel also includes continental breakfast and Internet access. We recommend it to clients that want to spend a more private, relaxed trip. One of the reasons why this place is laid back is because Carenero is not as developed as Isla Colon, and is still just a minute boat ride away. Take note that once it is passed 11pm there will be no boats to take you back or forth between Isla Carenero and Isla Colon..
Our third option is located on the main street of Isla Colon. This is a 4 star hotel with a full service and restaurant. Rooms have a/c, private bathrooms and can accommodate up to 3 people. It is not beach front but it provides more services than any other hotel in that area.
Related Tours


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Churches in this Benefice follow the C of E safeguarding policy
At these times when we are unable to hold normal Church Services you can still read the Weekly Welcome Sheet which can be found under Services. Thank you.
Welcome to the website of the church of St. James the Great, in the village of High Wych, Sawbridgeworth, Hertfordshire. This is the principal church in the Benefice, which also includes St. Mary the Virgin, Gilston and St.Botolph, Eastwick – details of life at these churches is also included in these pagesRead more
Originally St Botolph's was a magnificent medieval church. Early antiquarian records state that it was a large building with a tower, transepts and a tiled floor at the east end. By the 19th century, however, the church was suffering the ravages of time, and in 1872 the reforming squire of Eastwick, John Hodgson, determined that it was beyond salvation and must be demolished. And so it was swept away and between the years 1872 and 1875 the present building was erected in its placeread more
The original building was a small aisle-less church built around 1135. It was entirely rebuilt and enlarged in the second half of the 13th century. The upper part of the tower seen to have been reconstructed in the late 16th century, when the south brick stair-turret was added. The north aisle is old. The arcades are low and have quatrefoil piers with later arches.read more

subset: commoncrawl


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The Rosie Casual Empire Dress in Burgundy
Smooth, swingy, and stretchy. The Rosie Casual Empire Dress is a flattering way to stay comfortable this season. This dress is designed to be easy to pair, easy to wear, and easy to care for. It has a slightly scooped neckline with fitted sleeves and an empire waistline. The skirt doesn't feel too snug, and creates a smooth swingy fit. This dress hits around the knees and has hidden side pockets. The fit and style of this dress keep it versatile...and it comes in multiple colors.
Model is wearing a small
95% polyester 5% spandex
Fabric Care Guide Here
Model usually wears an x-small or small
- height: 5'9"
- chest: 34"
- waist: 26"
- hips: 37"
- dress size: US 2
Within 14 days of receiving your order (according to your tracking number) please print off a return shipping label and drop your return package in the mail, or by visiting our Retail Store in Draper, Utah.
All returns using our prepaid label will be assessed a $6.95 handling fee. Exchanges and returns for store credit will NOT be assessed a handling fee.
Begin your return by selecting Start My Return.
ALL SALE ITEMS ARE FINAL SALE and are ineligble for return.


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Beyond Engagements | Style notes
Perfect wedding jewellery for every bride
The dress, the flowers, the seating plan…what about the accessories? We bring you our definitive guide to choosing your wedding jewellery, no matter what your bridal style.
The fairytale bride
If a castle venue and voluminous dress are on the agenda, carat-heavy diamond wedding jewellery will pack a similar punch. Chaumet's new bridal jewellery range celebrates the elegant pear-cut, and includes a spectacular diamond tiara, whilst Boodles Wisteria earrings feature their trademark Ashoka cut diamond, a finishing touch fit for a princess.
The traditional bride
Keeping it classic? Look for timeless designs that complement, rather than distract attention from, your dress, such as diamond drop earrings or a strand of pearls. Make sure any necklace works with your neckline; longer pendants work better with V-necks, while strapless styles suit shorter strings.
The alternative bride
If ivory and satin aren't your vibe, you can afford to be more creative with your jewels. Ruth Tomlinson's signature Encrustations collection (pendant above right) now comes in a range of stones, counterbalanced by textural beads of gold, or make a statement with this dragon fly knuckle duster by Bernard Deletrez (available in store at Plukka) .
The modern bride
Sleek and streamlined styles call for minimalist jewellery. Anita Ko is your go-to for contemporary diamonds with a hint of an edge; her delicate rose-gold lariat would prove a knockout with a simple, plunging neckline, while her diamond ear climbers complement a pared-back up-do.
The fashionable bride
Saying your vows in a gown from the catwalk? You'll want accessories with similar style credentials. Sophie Bille Brahe is a fashion-pack favourite for a reason: her pearl-adorned collaboration with Sacai gives a nod to tradition while remaining on-trend; as would a piece from Anissa Kermiche' pearl collection (above).
The vintage bride
Chances are you lusted after a vintage engagement ring so it makes sense that your wedding day jewels follow the theme. The ideal opportunity to showcase family heirlooms; or peruse 1st.dibs for an antique necklace or headpiece for the ultimate "something old".
The bohemian bride
Floaty dresses, flower headbands and a more haphazard approach to jewellery maketh the bohemian bride. Layered pendants and a stack of gold bangles from Hall collection will make you the envy of all your guests; amethyst flower earrings by Tessa Packard (above) also add to the carefree vibe.
The beach bride
Beachside weddings aren't the place for heavy jewellery; instead complement your easy breezy dress with minimal jewels. Even tiny diamonds will catch the sunlight, so try delicate pavé pieces. Backless dress? A long lariat worn backwards will draw attention to the right place.
The winter bride
Use the colder weather as an excuse to ramp up the colour: sapphire earrings by Theo Fennell (above right) add to a festive vibe. Don't complicate long sleeves and high necklines with jewels; instead look for a knockout cocktail ring to wear on your right hand, or a suitably celebratory star hairpiece by Jessica McCormack.


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John could only dream about having a warm and secure home or fresh and satisfying foods.
"When I came to St. Vincent de Paul Village, I was hopeless and broken," John shared. "Even though I was two weeks sober, I was still shaking quite a bit."
Due to life's unforeseen circumstances, John struggled to get back on his feet so much that he could never remember the last time he ate. When he came to the Village after the streets, he did not even have his birth certificate, medical insurance or an I.D.
"When the Village took me, I was so thankful that now I could eat three meals a day and have a warm bed to sleep in every night," said John. "I could not even imagine that the Village would also help me fight off my addiction and find a job."
After a short period of time, we helped John get his birth certificate and a California I.D. To help him with his alcohol addiction, John enrolled into our Addiction Treatment & Education Center (ATEC) program for 32 weeks.
John followed the program seamlessly. Because he showed progress, he was approved for full dentures and glasses.
Later, John enrolled in the Village employment skills courses. Because he was a piano teacher in his past life, he started to look for work in the field of music, applying all he learned from the program.
"Today, I have a whole new life. I have my own business and live in a three-bedroom apartment with my family," John shared excitedly. "I would tell any homeless man that change is possible. If they go to St. Vincent de Paul Village and follow the programs, they can get that new life!"
Each homeless man, woman or child's story is unique, yet all are missing two pieces for a better life—food and shelter. These are basic essentials but can do miracles for a homeless neighbor—both can give security, support and hope for the future.
No matter the circumstances, no one deserves to starve or sleep on a cold street. Please don't forget our homeless neighbors this season.


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Welcome to our new web site
This is a sample post, we will start to publish our usually content as soon as possible.
We hope you will enjoy with that new design!
Don`t forget to follow us on the social media, you have the links on the right side.
Comments, questions and suggestions are welcome!


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For Further Details, Contact:
Dr. Alok Sahay
BTSSO Central Silk Board(Ministry of Textiles,Govt. of India),Pendari-via-P.O Bharni District Bilaspur – 495112 (Chhattisgarh)
Ph: 07752-291735,291736
Fax: 07752 - 291735
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Office Timing:09:30 AM to 6:00 PM
No. of Visitors
(Since March 2018)
Basic Tasar Silkworm Seed Organisation (BTSSO) the sole seed organisation of tropical tasar (Antheraea mylitta) came into existence in the year 1998-99 under the aegis of Central Silk Board, Government of India. As a flagship organisation, it plans and executes the production and supply of nucleus and basic tasar seed in the country. It has 19 units- one Central Tasar Silkworm Seed Station (CTSSS) at Kargi-Kota, 18 Basic Seed Multiplication & Training Centres (BSM&TC) spread over ten tasar producing states. These units undertake preparation of quality disease free layings (both nucleus and basic) and adopt latest technologies / techniques developed by Research Institutes and quality managements in the process of tasar seed production. Different HRD along with awareness programmes are also organising by BTSSO to improve the knowledge and skill of technical personnel as well as the stake holders engaged in seed production.


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Private one-on-one sessions offer you an opportunity to shape your experience. They're a great way to enhance or develop your personal practice and learn the nuances of the physical practice to deepen your experience in public classes. We'll work together to unpack built up tension from your body, calm your nervous system and find stillness through guided meditation, yoga nidra and deep breath work.
private yoga.
private yoga package:
Private classes consist of 3 classes: one 90 minute class to give us time to discuss your goals followed by two 60 minute classes. Classes must be scheduled within 6 weeks of the first one. Cost is $290.00 + HST.


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Doug Hull, MathWorks
(Originally posted on Doug's MATLAB Video Tutorials blog.)
This is a quick technique that came out of the series we have been doing about the cryptography algorithm. If you have NaN ("Not A Number") in your data, MATLAB will ignore them in a plot. If this is what you want, that is great. If it is not, you will need to remove them. A technique for removing them from your vector is shown here. The technique would work for other data you want to remove also.
Recorded: 31 Aug 2012


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Welcome to the Kimbee
Kimbee is a family-run online business based in QLD, selling a variety of Lanco 100% natural rubber toys to meet all your children's development needs. Our toys are brightly coloured and soft to touch. This makes them ideal toys for your baby's/child's sensory development, and as they are natural rubber toys and hand painted with organic food grade dyes you can be safe in the knowledge your child is completely safe to chew them as a teether and interact with them as they please! PVC, BPA, Phthalate/Nitrosamine FREE.
We also stock funky and fun, Koo-di products which not only provide solutions, but often pose the question: 'Why didn't I think of that?' freeing up precious time to spend doing the fun things in life with your little ones.
From pop-up travel cots small enough to fit into your changing bag; to the roomiest changing bags packed with pockets and features, fabulously compact pack-it raincovers, and carriers, all the bits and bobs you need when out and about – once you've discovered Koo-di's innovative and amazingly practical solutions, you will wonder how you ever managed to survive without them.
Made in Spain since 1952, Garbep, s.a - Lanco a third generation company, their all natural rubber toys are unique - appealing to children, babies and their parents; thanks to the many benefits of this natural range.
In fact it is estimated that more than 200 million of these 100% natural rubber toys have been sold across the globe in the company's 60 year history.
out Australia from Melbourne, Sydney, and Brisbane. We deliver to major cities such as the Gold Coast, Sunshine Coast, Townsville, Adelaide, Perth, Cairns. All Australian States: Queensland QLD, New South Wales NSW, Northern Territory NT, Victoria VIC, Western Australia WA, South Australia SA and Tasmania TAS. Also we ship to New Zealand NZ to Wellington, Auckland, Christchurch.


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How Counselling Works by Anne Lindley-French
How My Counselling Works by Anne Lindley-French MBA, MA, MBACP, FHEA
Anne Lindley-French is a Counsellor (Sheffield and online) and a Visiting Lecturer at Sheffield University Management School. She has been a Senior Lecturer in Marketing at Sheffield Hallam University Business School, a Counsellor in the NHS and has an entrepreneurial and business background.
Anne is straight-forward, supportive and persistent, which she hopes contributes to her ability to work highly effectively with clients who want to get to the bottom of current situations and optimise their lives.
To discuss how Anne could help, or to make an appointment, please contact her via the details below.
Contact the Beacon Counselling & Coaching Group
Sheffield call 0114 229 5737 text 07961 190749 email firstname.lastname@example.com
Doncaster call 01302 247722 text 0786 3332647 email email@example.com


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1 - 1 Results
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Salvia Bodacious™ Rhythm and Blues
…green foliage and stunning, deep blue flowers. An exceptionally long flowering period; from late spring and continuing well into autumn. Salvia Bodacious? Rhythm and Blues is perfectly suited to containers, flower beds and garden borders. Height 90-100cm This variety… More InfoOut of Stock
3 Options From£7.99
© 2020 Van Meuwen. All rights reserved. A division of BVG Group Ltd.


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The search results are determined by the combination of information entered into the search fields. The more information you enter, the fewer search results will be returned. The search engine will try to match all the words that you enter in the search fields.
When searching it is best to enter 2 or 3 words as your search criteria. If the first search yields too many results, then try entering more search criteria to reduce the search results. Keywords also work well when you want to see all the book available in a genre, such as History, simply enter that word and everything having to do with history will come up. At that time you may want to narrow down your search, such as Medieval History.
Even if you don't know the exact title of the book, enter the words you are certain of. If we have the book it will come up if you added the correct word(s).
ISBN stands for International Standard Book Number, and you will start finding them on books beginning in 1970. It was a ten-digit number in the United States (nine-digits in the U.K. until 1974). They identify the publisher and are uniquely assigned to a particular title. Beginning in 2007 this number was expanded to thirteen digits. The ISBN can normally be found on the back of the book and on the inside page where copyright information is printed. Occasionally there will be a book later than 1970 that does not have an ISBN. These are often private press books with a limited run. Then a title search will work well. This is a very reliable way to search for books because they are generally not assigned to more than one book.


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On Wednesday 10th September, one of Britain's most loved and successful groups Spandau Ballet will be presented with a PRS for Music Heritage Award at the site of their first gig at The Blitz Club.
Spandau Ballet first played their first ever show at The Blitz in London's Great Queen Street, on Wednesday 5th December 1979. The band made such an impact during the gig that they were offered a deal on the spot with Island Record's by legendary founder Chris Blackwell. In its heyday, the venue was the spiritual home of the 'Blitz Kids,' a stylish, creative in-crowd of young Londoners spearheaded by Steve Strange and the innovative DJ skills of Rusty Egan who changed the musical landscape of London's clubland.
The Heritage Award plaque will be unveiled at the site of the former Blitz club by the band on Wednesday 10th September.
The PRS for Music Heritage Award was established in 2009 to recognise important live music venues where artists launched their careers. Previous recipients include Elton John, Blur, Soul II Soul, Faithless and Queen.
Get our free BREAKING NEWS email for Music News and Film News. And subscribe to our YouTube channel now!


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Thursday, 21 January 2016
5 Colors You Should Never Choose To Paint Your Office
If you find that your energy at work is always on a downward spiral, there must be something keeping you from properly concentrating. The problem may be staring you right in the face. The color of your walls can make all the difference in the level of productivity in your office. The rules for decorating the home don't always apply to the business setting. Bold is not better when it comes to your workspace. Darker colors don't promote a good energy level. Some say that they cannot concentrate in a dark room. Some colors will even fuel distraction and make a person's unable to focus on mental tasks. Yes, your paint color has a supreme impact on how your office or workspace functions.
Finding the right color for your space is easier than ever. There are more paint colors available in Singapore than ever before. It can be easy to find the right hues to increase your productivity. While there are numerous paint colors out there that will look amazing, there are also some colors to avoid. Here are the top five paint colors to steer clear of in your workspace.
White is a sanitary color and often used for hospitals. Whether you are bringing customers into your space or it is just for you don't matter; avoid white at all costs. There is actually research that shows that white walls can hinder your overall effectiveness. So many people use white because it's an easy color that is typically cheap to utilize, but it might affect the bottom line. It is also a fact that white walls can mess with the lightening of a building. If the room is too bright, it can cause headaches and that's a great way to keep efficiency down. Unless you have really bold artwork and furniture to contrast the brilliance of white, keep shopping for a better color selection.
Red is a wonderful color that is full of passion. Some of the greatest interior designers utilize red in their work. Red is great in many settings, and this color can really bring that flare that some people crave. However, red is also known to raise blood pressure and to be distracting. Remember, not every space needs a blast of bold color. Research shows that red is one of the favorite colors of the people of Singapore, but that doesn't mean that it is the best color your office space. Use red in your home all you want, but when it comes to your office space, try something that is going to be interconnected with productivity. Red tends to be very dark. Not only does it take multiple coats and can be costly, but it also can be hard to see the fine items on those contracts with such a bold and dark color.
Orange is another color that makes such a bold statement. It will stand out and really cause people to take notice. However, these darker colors can also point out every single flaw in the wall. If there is plaster or drywall that isn't done just right; the orange paint will only highlight it. Orange is vibrant and invigorating, but it's probably not going to do anything for your office space. If anything, customers will remember the bold color and employees will be distracted by it. Pick something that is known to have more peaceful undertones, like yellow instead of orange.
It seems that most of the world is really embracing the color gray. There are hundreds of different shades, and gray can be one of the colors that people love to hate. Gray is the color of cinder blocks used in dungeons, and it's also the color of battleships. With so many colors to choose from, it's easy to see that this one isn't the best. Depending on which shade is selected can make all the difference in the world. Studies show that gray is actually a depressing color in an office space. Due to the fact that the color itself lacks energy, those who are subjected to a room full of it will probably be hard to motivate. Gray is known as a suppressive color, which is perfect for the bedroom but not the office. If you have too much of this color it can make you lack confidence and can even bring on depression. It can be used as an accent color, but only in small amounts.
Chocolate brown is a color that seems to have picked up a real following in the past decade. While some may think that it is just too much color for their space, it does have places where it is great. In an office setting, this color is way too dark and depressing. Even in the lightest shade possible, a brown just isn't the best choice. It can make furniture blend into the walls and give the space no appeal or character. Brown is often softened by white trim and such, which is another color to avoid in this space. Pick something light and airy and leave the brown alone.
What Colors To Use
Now you know which colors you shouldn't use, but there are many out there that you can utilize to make your space great. Blue is one of the best colors for an office. It is known for its calming effects. From the doctor's office to the accountant, a subtle blue color can increase inspiration and effectiveness. Green is another color that people can't seem to get enough of. A light or mint variety is seemingly very popular. Because it's not too bold, it seems to promote both harmony and balance. Lastly, tan is a widely popular color because these it's neutral that goes with anything. Interior designers love to use tan colors because they allow the space to be transformed and recreated without the need to be repainted with any changes.
It's difficult to pick the perfect color. Remember, lighter colors that are airier seem to be a better option. Dark colors, while great for the home, do very little to get the creative juices flowing.


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Stockwood Pete: Spare a thought.....
The news is breaking that a Planning Inspector has recommended Town Green status for the Ashton Vale land that was targetted for Bristol City's new stadium (plus assorted other developments). Spare a thought for the City fans whose hopes of a new stadium have been so carefully cultivated, and ruthlessly exploited, by the club as it pursued this speculative high-risk business venture.
Views about our real wealth - the natural and social world, the source of our resources and the basis of our lives - and how it can and should be sustained for generations.
Friday, September 17, 2010
How to object to or comment on Tesco's Friendship Inn plans
To object or comment on Tesco's plans for the Friendship Inn email: email@example.com or go to www.bristol.gov.uk/planningcomments
Planning application numbers:10/03436/F and 10/03451/A and 10/03457/F
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A study by the Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce
Task Force on the Dillon Rule
Task Force on the Dillon Rule
White Paper
Task Force Members:
Dorcas T. Helfant, Vice Chair, Governmental Affairs. CoIdweli Banker Helfant Realty
Rowena Fullinwider, Rowenas
Kevin Cosgrove Esq., Hunton and Williams
Frank Driscoll, Life Inc.
Ann Kirk, Esq.
Arlene F. Klinedinst Esq., Vandeventer Black
John Knibb, Land Development Inc.
Joan Gifford, Coldwell Banker Gifford Realty
Clyde Hoey, Virginia Peninsula Chamber of Commerce
Robin Ray, Atlantic Dominion Distributors
Robert Williams, The Jorrnan Group
Legal Research by Joseph Weigand
Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce Governmental Affairs Fellow
Regent University School of Law
Chamber Staff:
DJ Geiger, Vice President Governmental Affairs
Terri Hayes, Governmental Affairs Assistant
John A. Hornbeck,.Jr., President and CEO, Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce
Task Force on the Dillon Rule
The members of the Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce Regional Board of Directors became aware of the issues surrounding municipal funding and the fiscal health of our cides during a presentation by City Managers James Spore, Virginia Beach and James Oliver, Norfolk and former Mayor of Hampton, Jimmy Eason.
This awareness coupled with the recognition that the health of business is directly affected by the health of the cities that house it has led to a desire for additional information, a review of all relevant factors and considerations, and the revisiting of the Chamber's public policy position wbich supports the Dillon Rule.
The Regional Board formed a task force to execute this review and report its recommendations on the Chamber's Dillon Rule position as well as any other findings. The Task Force members selected represent a wide range of business owners and professionals. They were selected from the cities of Chesapeake, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffblk and Virginia Beach. The President of the Virginia Peninsula Chamber of Commerce also served in an ex-officic capacity. The Task Force members possess experience in a combination of local government and either law or business operations.
A research document was created by the Governmental Affairs Division of the Chamber which served as the basis for the review by the Task Force. Research was performed by the Chamber's Governmental Affairs Fellow, Joseph Weigand, a law and public policy student from Regent University.
The following areas were explored by the Task Force and the research document
I. Definition of the Dillon and Home Rules.
IL Identification and explanation of alternatives to the Dillon Rule used in other jurisdictions.
Ill. What affect have these methods of local taxation had in other Jurisdictions?
IV. Review the history of local taxation since the inception of the Dillon Rule. How have local taxes evolved under the Dillon Rule?
V. ldentify the current revenues and expenditures of the Hampton Roads cities.
VI. Identify requests made to the General Assembly for exception to the Dillon rule that have been denied.
VII. Examine what will happen if there is no change in the current taxing stucture; the Dillon Rule is not abolished. What altertative solutions do the cities have?
VIII. Is there consensus among localities on the repeal of the Dillon Rule?
IX. Determine the plans of the cities should the Dillon Rule be repealed?
X. Examine whether the opposition to the Dillon Rule stems from an inability to raise revenue or from an issue of discretion/authority/control.
XI. Review statewide studies performed on local tax reform and the Dillon Rule.
After the review of these issues as presented within the research document and data, the Task Force members discussed their experiences with and within local government. All members participated, broadening the scope of the discussion and allowing for a free flowing, frank debate of the issues.
Task Force on the Dillon Rule
1. The Dillon Rule provides a necessary check and balance between state and local government
2. The Dillon Rule promotes uniformity in local government and reduces the number of lawsuits filed against localities.
3. Both the Dillon Rule and the Home Rule as implemented across the nation contain dozens of exceptions. Eliminating the Dillon Rule in lieu of the Home Rule in Virginia would begin a long process of adopting limitations to the broad authority that would be granted to localities.
4. The Dillon Rule is just one element of the municipal fimding issue. The elimination of it will not solve the difficulties facing localities.
5 The focus must be on the specific fimding shortfalls realized by localities, the causes of those short~Uz and on the relationship between the state and tocalities with regard to the implementation of both the Dillon Rule and the current system of local taxation.
I. Maintain the Dillon Rule. The position supporting the Dillon Rule should be maintained, and attempts to eliminate the Dillon Rule should be fought.
2. Support full funding of HR 599. The Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce r~.a v nj should support the full tinding of HB 599, including the back balance clue and owing
for shortages in finding since 1990. A review of other state mandated programs should be undertaken and a determi~adon made of appropriate levels of state funding for those programs.
3. Establish a Partners Conference. Bring state and local officials together in an environment that ensures confidentiality and an open, ~ank discussion of funding issues facing localities. The intent of the conference would be to promote the realization by state and local officials that they are painters in the future of our regiom
4. Market and educate on the findings of the Task Force. It is vital that the work of the Task Force does not end with the publication of this report. The infomiadon contained in the research document must be used to educate the public, the business community and state and local elected officials.
I. Definition of the Dillon and Home Rules.
Virginia has been known as a Dillon Rule state for over 100 years. Controversy over municipal funding and the ability of city governments to act without legislative intervention has lead many to reconsider the worth of the judicially created Dillon Rule and a potential shift to the Home Rule. The following is an explanation of each rule:
The Dillon Rule
Under the Dillon Rule, municipalities have only the powers expressly granted, necessarily or fairly implied from explicitly granted powers, and powers that may be essential and apparent
Judge J.F. Dillon, the creator of the legal doctrine today known as the Dillon Rule, wrote:
It is a general and undisputed proposition of law that a municipal corporation possesses and can exercise the following powers, and no others: First, those granted in express wordsy; second those necessarily or fairly implied in or incident to the powers expressly granted : third those essential to the accomplisment of the declared objects and purposes of the corporation – not merely convenient, but indispensable. Any fair, reasonable, substantial doubt concerning the existence of power is resolved by the courts against the corporation and the power is denied. Commentaries on the Law of Municipal Government Sec. 237 (5* ed., 1911).
In Virginia, municipal powers are expressly granted by the state legislature and the city may do nothing beyond the powers granted within the charter. If the city wishes to expand, constrict, or abrogate any powers they must seek legislative approval from the state legislature.
No inherent right to local self-government exists. When determining Dillon rule related cases, courts will consider whether the statute has been given a rational interpretation that is consistent with its purposes, and not one which will substantially defeat the statutes objective,
Neither the Virginia Constitution nor the Virginia Code contain any language specffically establishing the Dillon Rule in Virginia. Instead, the Dillon Rule was established in Virginia by judicial interertation. Article VII, Section 2 of the Virginia Constitution may be construed as Dillon Rule language but this was not the Legislative intent.
Article VII, SectIon 2: Organization and government The General Assembly shall provide by general law for the organization, government, powers, change of boundaries, consolidation, and dissolution of counties, cities, towns, and regional governments. The General Assembly may also provide by general law optional plans of government for counties, cities, or towns to be effecttve if approved by a majority vote of the qualified voters voting on any such plan in any such county, city, or town.
The General Assembly may also provide by special act fi,r the organization governmeig and powers of any county, city, town~ or regional government, including such powers of. legislation raxation and assessment ar the General Assembly may determine, but no such special act shall be adopted which prowdes frr the extension or contraction of boundaries of any county, city, or town.
Every law providing for the organization of a regional governnent shall, in addition to any other requirements imposed by the General Assembly, require the approval of the organization of the regional government by a majority vote of the qualified voters voting thereon in each county and city which is to participate in the regional government and of the voters thereon in apart of a county or city where only the part is to participate.
Seven other states utilize the Dillon Rule for their local-state government relationship. The following lists the constitutional language establishng the Dillon Rule principle in five of the seven states.
Hawaii: Article VIII, Section 1: The legislature shall create counties, and may create other political subdivisions within the State, and provide for the government thereof. Each political subdivision shall have and exercise such powers as shall be conferred under general laws.
Article VIII, Section 3: The taxing power shall be reserved to the State, except so much thereof as may be delegated by the legislature to the political subdivisions, and except that all functions, powers and duties relating to the taxation of real property shall be exercised exclusively by the counties, with the exception of the county of Kalawao. The legislature shall have the power to apportion state revenues among the several political subdivisions.
Mississippi: ArtIcle 4, Section 88: The legislature shall pass general laws, under which local and private interest shall be provided for and protected and under which cities and towns may be chartered and their charters amended, and under which corporations may be created, orgamzed and their acts of incorporation altereed, and all such laws shall be subject to repeal or amendment.
North Carolina: Article VII, Section 1: General Assembly to provide for local government. The General Assembly shall provide for the organization and government and the fixing of boundaries of counties, cties and towns, and other governmental subdivisions, and, except as otherwise prohibited by this Constitution, may give such powers and duties to counties, cities and towns, and other governmental subdivisions as it may deem acvisable.
South Carolina: Article VIII, Section 9: The structure and organization, powers, duties, functions, and responsibilities of the municipalities shall be established by general law provided, that not more than five alternative fonns of government shall be authorized.
Vermont: Chapter II, SectIon 69: No charter of incorporation shall be granted, extended, changed or amended by special law, except for such municipal, charitable, educational, penal or reformatory corporations as are to be and remain under the patronage or control of the State; but the General Assembly shall provide by general laws for the organit2tion of all corporations hereafier to be created. All generallaws passed pursuant to this section may be altered from time to time or repealed.
(Italics added for emphasis).
The Home Rule
Under the home rule, local governments are constitutionally or statutorily granted broad authority under their charters. Cities are granted the power of' self.governrnent while the state has limited control over the cites. The state may enact further legislation limiting the powers conferred under a home rule charter.
Home rule is based on the notion that municipalities should be free to determine their own affairs without state government obstructing the municipalities decision making process.
Even though considerable variations exist in the constitutional language of home rule statutes, two predominate doctrines exist:
I) imperium in imperio (state within a state), which allows a municipality to do anything that is purely local in nature and is not inconsistent with state laws or the state constitution, and
2) devolution of powers, under which the locality may exercise any power that is not expressly denied by the state.
The following are examples of constitutional language from Home Rule states.
Article XVIII: Municipal Corporations:
Section 3 [Powers]
Municipalities shall have authority to exercise all powers of local self-govermnent and to adopt and enforce within their limits such local police, sanitary and other similar regulations, as are not in conflict with general laws.
Section 7 [Home Rule]
Any municipality may frame and adopt or amend a charter for its government and may, subject to the provision of section 3 of this article, exercise thereunder all powers of local self-government.
Article II: Municipal Corporations
Section 5 [Cities of more than 5,000 population adoption or amendment of charters; taxes; debt restrictions]
The adoption or amendment of charters is subject to such limitations as may be prescribed by the Legislature, and no charter or any ordinance passed under said charter shall contain any provision inconsistent with the Constitution of tre State, or of the general laws enacted by the Legislature of this State. Said cities may levy, assess and collect such taxes as may be authorized by law or by their charters; but no tax for any purpose shall ever be lawful for any one year, which shall exceed two and one-half per cent of the taxable property of such city, and no debt shall ever be created by any city, unless at the saimetime provision be made to assess and collect annually a sufficient sum to pay the interest thereon and creating a sinking fund of at least two percent. -
West Virginia
CON 6-39. Local laws not to be passed in enumerated cases
The Legislature shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases; that is to say, for:
Granting divorces;
Laying out, opening altering and working roads or highways;
Vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys and public grounds;
Locating or changing county seats;
Regulating or changing county or district affairs;
Providing for the sale of church property, or property held for charitable uses;
Regulating the practice in courts óf justice;
Incorporating cities, towns or villages, or amending the charter of any city, town, or village, containing a population of less than two thousand:
Summoning or impaneling grand or petitt juries;
The opening or conducting of any election, or designating the place of voting;
The sale and mortgage of real estate belonging to minors, or others under disability;
Chartering licensing or establishing ferries or toll bridges;
Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures;
Changing the law of descent;
Regulating the rate of interest;
Authorizing deeds to be made for land sold for taxes;
Releasing taxes;
Releasing title to forfeited lands.
The Legislature shall provide, by general laws, for the foregoing and all other cases for which provision can be so made; and in no case shall a special act be passed where a general law would be proper, and can be made applicable to the case, nor in any other case in which the courts have jurisdiction; and are competent to give the relief asked for.
CON 6-39a. Home rule for municipalities, No local or special law shall hereafter be passed incorporating cities, towns or villages, or amending their charters. The Legislature shall provide by general laws for the incorporation and government of cities; towns and villages, and shall classify such municipal corporations, upon the basis of population, into not less than two nor more than five classes. Such general laws shall restrict the powers of such cities, towns and villages to borrow money and contract debts, and shall limit the rate of taxes for municipal purposes, in accordance with section one, article ten of the constitution of the state of West Virginia. Under such general laws, the electors of each municipal corporation; wherein the population exceeds two thousan4 shall have power and authority to frame, adopt and amend the charter of such corporation; or to amend an existing charter thereof and through its legally constituted authority. may pass all laws and ordinances relating to its municipal affairs: Provided, That any such charter or amendment thereto, and any such law or ordinance so adopted shall be invalid and void if inconsistent or in conflict with this constitution or the general laws of the state then in effect, or thereafter from time to time enacted
II. Identification and explanation of alternatives to the Dillon Rule used in other jurisdictions.
Currently 8 states recognize the Dillon rile. The remaining 42 sates govern under some variation of the Home Rule. Presently no other alternatives exist.
The states utilizing the Dillon rile include North Carolina, South Carolina, Alabama, Vernion, Wyoming, Hawaii, Mississippi, and Virginia. As noted ahove, the remaining states are governed by a version of the Home Rule with considerable variations in statutory and constitutional language. In Home Ride states, the basic sources of power conferred to localities are either:t
1) a self-executing state constitutional provision that directly confers home rule on cities; or
2) "home rule laws" that are passed by state legislatures pursuant to a constitutional mandate, or
3) a combination of 1) and 2).
Under Home Rule states, the extent of the power conferred to a municipality is reflected in that municipalities charter. Proponents of the Home Rule argue that Home Rule municipalities are empowered to decide for themselves the form of loàal government and the scope of their powers under that government
III What affect have these methods of local taxation had in other jurisdictions?
Virginia municipalities have done fairly well under the Dillon Rule. Under the current system, few if any ambiguities exist in Virginia's statutory language and the duties of the cities and state are clearly defined.
Research has found that Virginia has had approximately 20 lawsuits concerning the Dillon rule and powers of municipalities. Unlike many Ohio municipalities, Virginia mwilcipaliues have been able to avoid wasted time and the expense of litigation due to the following factors:
-The self-executing provision found in Ohio's constitution confers upon municipalities the power over matters such as local police, sanitary, and other regulations that do not conflict with the general laws of Ohio. These powers are derived directly from constitutional provisions.
-The language in the Ohio constitution is unclear and has caused courts to have difficulty determining what issues are for "local self.govemxnents" to connol; which local ordinances prevail over state statutes; and what regulations are slxictly subject to the "general laws" of Ohio and therefore out of the municipalities jurisdiction..
Due to the ambiguity in the self-executing home rule language of the Ohio constitution, Ohio has had many municipalities pursue court litigation to secure power over local matters. Chamber research has found Ohio has had close to 600 cases concerning the Home Rule and the power municipalities hold under that nile.
IV. Review the history of local taxation sinct the inception of the Difion Rule. Row have local taxes evolved under the Dillon Rule?
The Dillon Rule has been the standard for Virginia's municipalities since 1896 when the court decision of Winchester v. Redmond was decided There has been no express policy statement in the form of legislation; neither the Virginia Constitution nor the Virginia Code contains any provision that establishes the Dillon Rule in Virginit.
Even with the adoption of the Dillon Rule philosophy, taxes such as the Local Real Estate Tax, Local Personal Property Tax, BPOL Tax, and Local Severance Tax have been retained. No adverse affect has been realized by municipalities with regard to these preexisting taxes.
However, the purpose for which these taxes were first imposed has become antiquated and no longer applicable in modem day Virginia. Taxes initially imposed on cattle & sheep, blacksmiths, coal, and town lots are now applied to cars & persona! computers, start-up Internet companies, natural gas, and office buildings.
V. Identify the current revenues and expenditures of the Hampton Roads cities.
Primary Sources Of Revenue For Hampton Roads Municipalities
General Property Taxes:
§ RealEstate
§ Personal Property
§ Public Service Corporations
§ Penalties and Interest on Taxes
Other Local Taxes
§ Sales and Use Tax
§ Utility Tax
Business And Occupational Licenses Tax
§ Restaurant/Meals Tax
§ Motor Vehicle License Tax
§ Cigarette/Tobacco Tax
§ Hotel Room/Lodging Tax
§ Amusement Tax
Permits, Privilege Fees, and Regulatory Licenses
§ Animal Licenses
§ Fines and Forfeitures
§ Permits and other Licenses
§ Charges the Services
Revenue from the Commonwealth
Revenue from the Federal Government
VI. Requests made to the General Assembly for exceptions to the Dillon Rule that have been denied.
The Virginia General Assembly has traditionally been generous in granting local governments discretionary authority to address intemal and intr-local issues. In a 1981 study by the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR), Virginia placed 8 in the nation for the amount of autonomy possessed by each state's local governments.
Currently there is no record of the requests made to the Genexal Assembly for exceptions to the Dillon rule according to the Division of Legislative Services.
However, Dr. M. H Wilkinson, from the Virginia Comnission on Local Government conducted studies in the late 1980's and early 1990's on Virginia legislation concerning local government. His most recent findings are reported below.
o In the 1988 and 1989 General Assembly sessions, the General Assembly considered 317 bills that would have impacted local government authority. The specific areas impacted included: financial powers, functional authoñty, personnel policies, and structural organization.
o A majority of the bills in each area were passed by the General Assembly and subsequently expanded local authority.
§ Specifically, 94 finance-related bills came before the General Assembly. Of those, 62 passed - a total of 66 percent
§ Out of the 94 bills, 71 wexe to expand local powers. 45 were passed (63.3 percent). From these bills, 39 sought to increase local taxing authority. Out of the 39, 22 bills were enacted.
§ Of the 17 bills to constrict power, 14 passed (82.4 percent); 8 were enacted.
§ Of the 71 finance bills to expand local authority, 39 bills would have allowed localities to increase local taxing authority. 22 of these bills were enacted
These patterns have continued into the 1990's. According to the Virginia Commission on Local Government "the Dillon Rule bills have not fared well lately" as was evidenced by HB 334 (1998). Despite this though, the Commission still believes the 'Dillon Rule" is a misnomer for Virginia and Virginia cities really do have an adequate amount of power.
VII. Examine what will happen if there is no change in the current taxing structure; the Dillon Rule is not abolished. What alternative solutions do the citià have?
There was no information available on the probable actions localities would take if the Dillon Rule were overturned. Discussion of the Task Force members concluded that there would likely be no signi6cant impact on localities if the Dillon Rule remaios in force. Suggested alternative solutions for cities hclude pursuit of full funding for mandates placed on localities by the state and review of the current local taxation system.
VIII. Is there consensus among localities on the repeal of the Difion Rule?
Currently, consensus about the repeal of the Dillon Rule does not exist among local officials.
Two areas of disagreement exist. First the current system has an inherent accountability built in that keeps both city officials and General Assembly members in check. This "check and balance system" would be diluted or nullified if Virginia were to change to the Home Rule.
Second, the Home Rule shins accountability and responsibility forcing local leaders to make hard choices. The Dillon Rule is a built in political shield for local officials thatmany are hesitant to relinquish.
The Virginia Municipal League (VML), currently endorses reversing the Dillon Rule in favor of adopting "hone rule conditions." VML previously opposed proposals to grant constitutional hone rule to Virginia's local governments
IX. Determine the plans of the cities should the Dillon Rule be repealed?
There have been no statements by localities regarding what actions they would take if the Dillon Rule system was traded for a Home Rule. However, it is clear that the ability to maintain uniformity among localities with regard to taxing rates would be substantially weakened.
X. Examine whether the opposition to the Dillon Rule stems from an inability to raise revenue or from an issue of discretioafauthority/controL
Under the Virginia Code, Virginia Cities have been granted numerous powers to tax. Currently cities are entitled to tax the following areas:
o Taxes on Property:
§ Real Property
§ Tangible Personal Property
§ Machinery and Tools
§ Merchants' Capital
o Taxes on Individual; Consumers
§ Sales and Use
§ Motor Vehicle License
§ Utility Consumers
§ Transient Occupancy
§ Meals
§ Income (Norfolk and Virginia Beach only)
§ Cigarettes
§ Admissions
§ Recordation and probate
o Taxes on Businesses
§ Business, Professional, and Occupational (BPOL)
§ Daily Rental Property
§ Coal and Gas Severance
§ Coal and Gas Road Improvement
§ Oil Service
§ Utility License
§ Alcohol License
§ Bank Franchise
§ Cable TV Franchise
• Most of the above taxes have rates or limits imposed on the level of taxation cities may not exceed.
• Cites may only levy the Cigarette tax if they had received authority prior to January 1, 1977.
• The Income Tax must be approved by referendum prior to its implementati on. Revenues must be used for ttnsportation facilities.
• The Income tax may only be levied for 5 years from the effective date of the tax.
(Since Virginia Code Section 58.1-540 has been in effect, no locality has held a referendum to authorize a local income tax).
The argument used by localities is that the sources available to them (listed above) are not growing sources of revenue. They believe that the state should share a portion of either the income tax or the sales tax or provide them with the ability to impose such a growing tax.
XI. Review statewide studies performed on local tax reform and the Dillon Rule.
Since 1944, a number of statewide studies have been conducted to investigate boundary disputes, annexation, and state funding & fiscal stress Of all the previous studies, only the 1992 Governor's Advisory Commission on the Dillon Rule and Local Government conducted for Governor Wilder addressed the Dillon Rule and power granted to localities. From this study, a number of recommendations were itiade, but the policy proposals were never advanced nor implemented.
The Governor's Advisory Commissionon the Dillon Rule and Local Government
Recommendations: -
1). Relax the Dillon Rule and grant local municipalities broad authority for delegated powers to conduct local government functions. (The intent was to ensure that authority delegated to local governments by the General Assembly was construed broadly).
2). Establish uniform local government powers. (Eliminate all conflicting statutes, clarify legislation, and consolidate related statutes by chapter. Also, they called for the "Uniform Charter Powers Act" to be revised.)
3). Education/School Guidelines: Request cities and counties to prepare and approve school division budgets by May 15th each year.
4). Equalize revenue resources (taxing authority) between cities and counties for the purpose of easing local reliance on real estate. (Create statewide uniformity without diluting municipal authority,)
5). Developstrategies for intergovemmental solutions to local government problems. (Encourage neighboring communities to work together and share solutions to problems in the localities (jails, parks, schools, solid waste, roads, water and sewer, utilities, fire protection, and law enforcement).
6). Clarify state and local responsibilities. (By establishing "clear areas of full authority," the commission believed local governments could "raise revenue that would more closely correspond to the requirement to provide services.")
According to the Division of Legislative Services, none of the above recommendations were ever adopted or further studied. Many of the recommendations called for Title 15.1 of the Virginia Code to be amended. Since this report was published, Title 15.1 has been updated and re-codified in Title 15.2.
Arguments Against The Dillon Rule
• The Dillon Rule allows the General Assembly to influence local policies, while the home rule prevents the General Assembly from interfering in local affairs.
• Currently, members of the General Assembly from rural localities have a vote concerning the affairs of cities; with the hcme rule, the control of urban affairs by rural interests is prevented.
• The state has power over local governments; under the home rule, power is placed into the hands of local government.
• Many members of the General Assembly have no expedence in local government and cannot adequately address the concerns of the municipalities.
• By enacting the home rule, municipalities will theoretically save time and resources in lobbying as local and statc governments will not be concerned with enacting policy initiatives of limited significance (pertaining to only one city). This will allow the General Assembly to devote more time to statewide issues.
• General Assembly members serve only two or four year tenus, are in session only a few months each year and therefore, do not have as great a vested interest in the long-term planning for local governments.
Arguments In Favor of the Dillon Rule
• In shifting to the home rule, dramatic constitutional changes would cause uncertainty about which policies the municipalities have jurisdiction over and which were denied by the General Assembly, the state constitution, or state statutes. This could lead to an increase in court litigation.
• In accepting local discretionary home rule authority, the municipalfty inevitably accepts conditions placed on them by the state in local policies, personnel standards, and the scope of quality of public services the city may offer.
• With the home rule, the state would continue to have the ability to enact measures to diminish local governing powers.
• Under the Dillon Rule, the state has been very responsive to local concerns and have given municipalities significant siructural latittide in local concerns.
• Virginia traditionally has granted most of the request for charter amendments that would modify municipalities structural aitangements.
• Virginia law offers local governments a variety of structural alternatives for expanding services for their residents.
• What the General Assembly gives to localities in the Home Rule, they can also take away.
• Municipalities will be at the mercy of the judicial system which will decide what constitutes purely local functions versus state functions.
• Municipalities already have a large amount of autonomy under the Dillon Rule.
• The distinction between the Dillon Rule and the Home Rule is not as clear-cut as perceived due to the numbers of exceptions provided to each after adoption.


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University policy for weather-related cancellations and closings
University policy on extraordinary weather requires that normal operations continue to the extent possible. Essential college services (i.e.: Facilities Services, University Services, Residence Life, Campus Life, Environmental Health and Safety, University Police, and Food and Health Services) must be maintained in spite of severe weather. University employees working in these areas should remain on duty or report to work to avoid interruption of these critical services, unless directed to do otherwise by their supervisors.
If classes are cancelled before the beginning of the instructional day, announcements will be made on the following radio and TV stations:
Jamestown: WJTN, SE93, WHUG, WKSN
Buffalo (radio): WBEN, WBLK, WTSS, WJYE, WYRK, WKSE, WBFO
Buffalo (TV): WGRZ, WIVB, WKBW, Spectrum News
Although only the Governor can "close" the University, the campus President has the authority to take the following actions:
1. Cancel classes – When this decision has been made, absences of non-instructional employees must be charged against compensatory time, vacation accruals, or personal leave. Such absences should first be charged by classified employees against personal leave. Professionals, librarians, and management confidential employees should first charge such absences against holiday compensatory time (if accrued) and then vacation.
2. Excuse reasonable tardiness – Without charge to leave credits when extraordinary situations or weather conditions affect the arrival time of employees.
3. Authorize early departure – With appropriate charges to leave accruals or payroll adjustment, when the situation warrants it or weather conditions could make transportation dangerous.
4. Request authorization to direct early departure – Direct the early departure of employees without charge to leave accruals when, in the President's opinion, weather conditions are so severe as to make return home travel so dangerous that the continuation of employees on the job might endanger their health or safety.
5. Excess of one full day – Requests New York State to authorize the restitution of accruals used in conjunction with extraordinary weather conditions so extreme as to have created a natural disaster situation affecting the ability of large numbers of employees over a wide geographic area to report to work.
1. The Chief of University Police is responsible for monitoring weather report conditions. The Chief of University Police may consult with the Weather Bureau, state, local and county police, and the University's Director of Facilities Services to monitor the effect of storm conditions on transportation to and from the campus.
2. The Chief of University Police will advise the President if reports indicate that weather conditions will potentially disrupt transportation and thus warrant administrative action.
3. The decision of the President under these circumstances may be one or some combination of the options already discussed.
4. Communication of the President's decision to the university community will be as follows:
a. When cancellation of classes has been declared, the President will notify the Director of Marketing and Communications to facilitate announcements via the campus' emergency messaging channels (NY Alert, listserv email, website, etc.) and on radio and TV stations in Dunkirk, Fredonia, Buffalo, and Jamestown.
b. If classes are cancelled before the beginning of the instructional day, announcements will be made on the following radio and TV stations:
Dunkirk: WDOE, 96KIX
Jamestown: WJTN, SE93, WHUG, WKSN
Buffalo (radio): WBEN, WTSS, WJYE, WYRK, WKSE, WBFO
Buffalo (TV): WGRZ, WIVB, WKBW, Time Warner News
c. If classes are cancelled after the beginning of the instructional day, the announcement will be communicated to Directors and Departmental Chairpersons by the appropriate Vice President, and announcements will be made over the radio stations mentioned.
d. If the President concludes that prevailing weather conditions justify the excuse of reasonable tardiness, employees will be notified by the Department of Human Resources.
e. If the President directs early departure, the President will advise the Vice Presidents and the Director of Human Resources. The Vice Presidents will notify supervisory personnel in their areas to begin directing employees not required for essential services to leave work. Employees should not leave their work locations until directed to do so by their immediate supervisors.


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REPORTING · 23rd July 2014
Walter McFarlane
Housing developments took up some of Councils time on Monday, July 21st. The first of these on the agenda was an amendment for zoning for Riverbrook Estates. Leonard Kerkhoff of Kerkhoff construction presented to Council on the housing development.
Were making an application to subdivide and re-zone a 27 acre parcel at the end of Nadina and Liard and Konigus. Its a fairly large site so its not easily done, said Kerkhoff. The site is 27 acres in total. 14.4 of that is currently zoned R1B. It was previously approved for a single family lot set back in the 1980s. The remaining 13 acres is zoned G5 which is a forestry zoning and its got a no build covenant related to flood covenant.
He expressed that this application only dealt with the 14.4 acres. They want to rezone it to create a subdivision of 16 single family lots, 2 parcels for townhouses and 2 parcels for apartments. They are proposing to extend Nadina and one of the Liard streets. The Liard Street between the two will end in a cul-de-sac with a green space system attached to the park.
For the initial application, in the next month or so, well be making an application for a development permit as well, in its initial phase, it is a fairly large development so we are going to take it off in bite sized and see what the market is going to do over the next coming months and years. What we are hoping to do is a development permit for 51 town homes. They would be conventional, not a stacked town home type, said Kerkhoff.
They are working on a variety of housing styles, from 1 bedroom to 3 bedroom and even some Batchelor pads.
Councillor Mario Feldhoff asked if there was going to be another access route other than the two streets. He was told the two Liard Streets not looping was confusing. They plan to terminate the centre one with a cul-de-sac.
The reason for this is they felt a lot of the traffic would funnel through it and out the other side of Liard. By doing it this way, Kerkhoff expressed the traffic would be split 50/50 between the two outside roads. There is only a sliver of land going out to Konigus, not enough for them to build a road.
Mayor Joanne Monaghan asked if there were plans to put in low income housing. We are working right now with BC housing on the one apartment building, said Kerkhoff. We are also putting in an adaptable clause in the report. There would be up to 8 units which would be fairly easy to modify to be accessible units.
The plan is for BC Housing to take over the apartment, so 50 units in the apartment would be affordable.
Councillor Phil Germuth asked, of the housing, which will be for sale and which will be rentals. He was told they would sell it all. Some would be purchased by investors but all would be on the open market.
There were no other questions so Kerkhoff sat down. Mayor Joanne Monaghan stated this sounded like an interesting project.
A memo to Council went into further detail about what would be created. There would be 16 single family units, 101 townhouses and 2 apartments with 50 units each. The required zoning change would turn the lots into the newly created R3-C Zone, Multifamily. At the moment, the land is zoned for 80 units, although it was zoned back in 1981. This development would include a strip of park, 6 metres long which would run through the middle of it.
Councillor Mary Murphy made a motion to accept the consideration, give it first reading, refer it to the Advisory Planning Commission and the Housing Committee, schedule a public hearing for August 18th and grant approval to issue public notice.
Councillor Rob Goffinet wanted to issue public notice to the neighbourhood rather then cut off the notice at 90 metres. He was told they should look at Liard and Nadina Streets. Councillor Phil Germuth wanted to see a map so they would know who fell outside the 90 metre zone.
Councillor Mario Feldhoff wanted to know if there would be a community open house. It was a large proposal, exciting, but there might be some concern from the neighbours.
One Councillor was opposed to the recommendation. Back in 1952, Clarence Stine designed this community for us. It was planned out for well over 20,000 people. At this point, were nowhere near there. With the Alcan Modernization, even if we get the LNGs and the support industries that follow those, we still arent going to be over 20,000 people. I see no point in trying to jam, possibly 217 families into the space where 80 should be going. This is not Vancouver, this is still Kitimat, said Germuth.
He expressed there was nothing wrong with properties with yards and driveways. He wanted to know where the children would play.
Germuth pointed out that Council had a document which was supposed to be used to guide Council, the official community plan.
Why even have an Official Community Plan with zoning regulations if we basically ignore it and do major changes like this where were actually going to create another zone of residential area. We should not be considering, in my opinion, having such a density increase in such a small area when we still have existing areas that have not been redeveloped. We should let those areas be redeveloped first, if we feel the need after that, then go ahead and approve something like this if we need it down the road, said Germuth.
He stated there were 85 houses on the market through real estate and more which were being sold by the owner. Germuth questioned whether or not this development was in the communitys best interest. An investor would want to put as many units into one area to maximize profit. However, it was the job of Council to use the Official Community Plan to Guide them.
Murphy expressed the Council has been creating a density bonus which they have been working towards. Im sure that what were looking at now is scrapping that proposal and sticking to what were dealing with now is the community plan as it sits or, if it is a living document, were making changes and going with some of our goals, said Murphy.
Goffinet said they were testing the perspective of the Official Community Plan. They are accepting the development permit without prejudice for consideration. He said there will be a community open house on August 6th at Riverlodge.
Germuth asked administration what happens to the pollution control center contribution when the zoning goes from 80 houses to 217. He also wanted to know why this was not required to do so. He was told the development would be subject to this and it was an ongoing discussion.
Councillor Edwin Empinado clarified there would be park added into the area. Germuth pointed out this park was 18 of land.
Empinado asked if this was over capacity. He was told it was premature to predict what would happen over time. The development would be built as demand allows. The District of Kitimat is currently forecasting population with the province and they will know more as these studies come in.
I dont think its in anyones interest to release land to market or to start housing projects which do not have demand for them. A wise developer will only build what will be purchased. Not what will remain vacant, said City Planner, Gwendolyn Sewell.
Germuth pointed out that creating new stock would take away the incentive to buy the existing units in town and fix them up. He pointed out the Official Community Plan is to redevelop the existing units before moving into a new area.
The motion was called and carried, given it first reading.


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Jasmine Essential Oil (or Absolute): Uses, Benefits, and Precautions
Jasmine essential oil, or technically Jasmine Absolute (Jasminum officinale) is a pricey and more rare oil to find. It has a sweet aroma (almost sickly sweet to some noses), very floral and stronger than the flowering plant itself.
It's most commonly created by an "absolute extraction" of the flowers, a method of using a grain alcohol or hexane to extract the oils. This method is commonly used when the process of steam distillation would damage the delicate oils. After processing, the hexane is removed or the grain alcohol is allowed to evaporate, and you're left with only the oil itself. This actually makes the term "essential oil" a misnomer when speaking of jasmine. The technical term would be "jasmine absolute", but for purposes of this article (and because I want to), I'm using the two terms inter-changeably.
Primary Benefits
- Frequently used in massage therapy and to support muscles and joints
- Supports circulatory system
- Supports respiratory function
- Beneficial for oily skin conditions
- Stimulating aroma promotes feelings of strength, warmth, and vitality
Emotional Benefits
In addition to the physical support Jasmine essential oil offers, its aromatic affect on the nonphysical are quite interesting as well. It's said to be the oil of support, helping you find your own inner support and strength, rooting yourself into your own center and allowing you to seek, find, and receive support in new ways. Like White Fir, it can also support you in breaking generational patterns, and bring healing to relationships. It will assist you in processing and overcoming feeling unsupported, alone, or rejected, but also in being flexible while sturdy and grounded. It may also help when you're feeling scattered, overwhelmed, unsupported, resistant toward or lack of connection with others, challenge around trust, and so on.
Complimentary Oils
Jasmine essential oil blends well with Frankincense, Sandalwood, Lemongrass, Geranium, Helichrysum, Melissa, Wild Orange, Rose, and Spearmint essential oils. Depending on your uses for this oil, substitutes may include: Frankincense, Bergamot, Geranium, Rose, or Helichrysum essential oils.
How to Use Jasmine Essential Oil
Traditionally, jasmine essential oil uses these application guidelines. Click the banner to understand what each symbol means and to learn how each is used safely and effectively:
Precautions of Jasmine Essential Oil
Although many high-quality brands may be "generally recognized as safe" for internal use by the FDA (21CFR182.20), I personally would NOT recommend using Jasmine Absolute internally in case of a sensitivity to any minute traces of the extracting solvent left behind. Always test for skin sensitivity prior to widespread use and use on the feet when possible. Excessive use of any oil can lead to skin sensitization. Keep out of eyes, ears, or nose. Not all oils are created equal, so test brands carefully, and never use an oil in a way not recommended by its maker.
Popular Uses of Jasmine Essential Oil
- Apply to the abdomen to manage the symptoms of PMS.
- Combine one drop with conditioner in the palm of hand, then apply to hair and scalp for added nourishing and moisturizing benefits.
- Dab one to two drops on fine lines and wrinkles and décolletage before applying facial moisturizer.
- Apply to pulse points to soothe nervous tension and uplift mood.
- Place a dab of jasmine absolute in the hands, rub together, rub over the nose and mouth and inhale deeply. Massage over the heart center for hope.
- Massage 1 drop of jasmine absolute over the heart center as desired for love.
Inspiration for Using Jasmine Essential Oil
Monthly Relief Massage Blend: In 10 ml roller bottle mix 2 drops Jasmine and 4 drops Marjoram essential oil. Top with carrier oil. Massage into abdomen and/or lower back as needed. (Also consider adding fennel or clary sage for hormonal support.)
Romantic Diffuser Blend: 1 each drop Jasmine, Patchouli, and Wild Orange essential oils.
Foaming Face Wash: Whisk together 8 oz mild, unscented, castile soap, 8 oz distilled water, 1 Tbsp sweet almond oil, 20 drops Jasmine and 10 drops Geranium essential oil. Pour into foaming soap dispenser.
Not all oils are created equal. Because of a lack of industry standards and a lack of regulation on terms such as "natural" or "pure", much of what you find at the drug store is NOT a therapeutic grade of essential oil and may lack real quality or even contain contaminants or adulterants (way more common than you'd think).
A LOT goes into creating a high quality essential oil. A good brand should follow these guidelines:
- Proper plant varieties
- Each plant grown indigenously for the healthiest plant
- Grown without chemical pesticides, herbicides, etc
- Harvested with precise timing to ensure peak properties
- Extracted with proper temp and pressure to preserve oil molecules
- Third-party testing of every batch
- Stand behind the internal use of their oils


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In particular, the Obama administration wants to fix middle schools and high schools, focusing on "dropout factories" where two in five kids don't make it to graduation.This is not the priority for Pittsburgh Public Schools.
The Rightsized Plan had a focus on elementary schools, with one exception, Schenley High School. Schenley was spared the axe then, by the way.
The 'drop out factories' in Pittsburgh have not been getting any attention.
Schenley High School closed, but it was not a drop out factory. Kids from Schenley classes were going to Stanford, for instance.
What is to happen with Oliver, Westhinghouse, Peabody and Langley? The silence has lasted for years.
South Vo Tech closed, but kids were in school at South -- finishing.


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Vancouver, BC, August 12, 2010: Goldbank Mining Corporation (TSX.V-GLB) is pleased to announce that it has closed the second tranche of a previously announced flow-through private placement, issuing 1,483,333 units. Each unit consists of one flow-through common share and one transferable warrant. The securities are restricted from trading until December 10, 2010. Click here for a printable pdf version.
For further information please contact the President, Anthony J. Beruschi B.Sc. LLB., at 604.682.7159, or 1.888.880.2288 or email@example.com.
PER: "Anthony J. Beruschi"
President & CEO
The TSX Venture Exchange has not reviewed and does not accept responsibility for the adequacy or the accuracy of this release.
Cautionary Note to US Investors: This news release may contain information about adjacent properties on which we have no right to explore or mine. We advise U.S. investors that the SEC's mining guidelines strictly prohibit information of this type in documents filed with the SEC. U.S. investors are cautioned that mineral deposits on adjacent properties are not indicative of mineral deposits on our properties. This news release may contain forward-looking statements including but not limited to comments regarding the timing and content of upcoming work programs, geological interpretations, receipt of property titles, potential mineral recovery processes, etc. Forward-looking statements address future events and conditions and therefore involve inherent risks and uncertainties. Actual results may differ materially from those currently anticipated in such statements.
Flow-Through Financing Closed
Blog by Goldbank Mining Corporation | August 12th, 2010


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text: To complement the EVAN conference we have arranged to organize a special issue with the journal Natural Hazards. Talks from the conference will form the basis for papers in this special issue, although additional contributions are welcome. Papers describing and analysis of extremes of a wide range of geophysical variables (i.e. temperature, rainfall, flows, sea level, winds, surface ocean waves, snow) and works related to natural hazards (floods, windstorms, wave storms, heat waves, droughts, landslides) are welcome. Manuscripts can be submitted between now and January 1st 2018. More information is available here. We are looking forward to receiving many interesting contributions.


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Gaining Multiple Community Approval for a Power-Line
THE SITUATION: PR Associates was hired by BC Hydro to develop and implement a communication plan and manage community outreach activities ahead of a vote regarding negotiated agreements around the development of the Northwest Transmission Line (NTL).
THE PLAN: An integrated marketing communication campaign was developed targeting affected communities that addressed the goals of the campaign, the communication needs of members and inherent challenges.
THE OUTCOME: The strategic outreach was a success with the following results:
- Members were informed about the NTL project and agreements through a variety of channels
- The vote participation rate was comparable to Canadian municipal election turnouts
- Members voted 82 percent in favour of the agreements
- The communication process for such projects has become standard for community outreach
BC Hydro needed to develop and implement a communications plan and manage community outreach activities ahead of a vote regarding negotiated agreements around the development of the Northwest Transmission Line (NTL). The First Nations had negotiated agreements with the Government of British Columbia and BC Hydro for land use compensation for a section of the NTL to be built in their territories. BC Hydro wanted to help the First Nation communities make an informed decision by providing transparent information about the project, the agreements and the vote.
An integrated marketing communications campaign was developed that addressed the goals of the campaign, the communication needs of members and the inherent challenges. The challenges included a vast range in the age of members (from young adults 18 years old to elders in their 90s). There was also the extreme geographic spread of members (on reserve in three communities within the traditional territory, and spread across B.C., Alberta, Yukon and the United States). Aboriginal culture and individual preferences in how they receive information also had to be taken into consideration. Another major challenge was the lack of a member contact list, which was created as the campaign was implemented.
Accomplishing BC Hydro's goals meant using several tactics. In addition to in-person meetings, communication channels such as traditional media, online and social media, were also put into effect. These included a creating special section on the First Nation's website to showcase the essential information. Information packages were delivered to members by mail outs email and at local community information meetings. An Aboriginal communication team was established and trained to contact members in person, by phone and email. Radio spots, posters and YouTube videos were also produced. In addition, Facebook soon became a relevant and highly desirable communication channel to reach the members. Media outreach was also proved useful during select stages of the campaign.
Information about the projects, agreements and votes was provided to members in a variety of methods. The program achieved a 45-per-cent participation rate, which is comparable to Canadian municipal election turnouts. Members voted 82 percent in favour of the agreements (voted as one package). This was a phenomenal outcome given the challenges faced. The communication process established for the campaign is now the standard for any community outreach for projects.


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What's included:
- Assessment of your current diet via food diary
- Your customised calorie and macronutrient breakdown based on your goals
- 2 x example meal plans created based on your preferred food sources and schedule
- Extra meal suggestions with macronutrient breakdowns
- Your personal guidelines for meal timing, water, fibre and supplement intake
- Target weight loss/gain recommendations
- FREE Guide to Flexible Dieting containing information on: calories and macronutrients, flexible dieting, how to track your food, create your own meal plans, how to eat out, micronutrient, fibre, water and alcohol intake, supplement guide + heaps more
- FREE progress tracker
- Fortnightly check ins to assess progress and make necessary adjustments
Each nutrition program can be designed to achieve any, or a combination, of the following goals:
- Lose body fat
- Gain muscle
- Improve metabolism
- Improve overall health
- Improve dietary structure, compliance and create sustainability
- Maintain body weight
Once purchased, you will be directed to complete an online consultation form. This will provide me with the information I need to accurately calculate your personal macronutrient requirements based on your current physique, diet history, exercise regime and goals.
I will check in with you once a fortnight to analyse your progress and make any necessary adjustments to your nutrition to ensure you continue to progress towards your goals.


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Going on a trip is always interesting that no one can deny it. Especially in current scenario, moving on a road trip is considered to be the best way to get relaxed with family and friends. Even though the road trips are very interesting, it also involves some hassles. The car or the truck may get breakdown suddenly. In such case, one must be ready to face the situation at the best. They can hire the help of breakdown services in order to get their problem fixed on time without any delay. There are abundant numbers of breakdown services and to hire them easily at any time their online services can be used. Here are some of the situations in which the breakdown services can be hired without any kind of hesitation.
In case if the problem is small and if they can be fixed instantly, the professionals will fix the problem on the spot. But unfortunately in some cases, the impacts might be big. There may be an accident or there may be risky problems in the automotive. In such case, the experts will prefer taking them to the service centers. If this is the case, one need not bother about taking the vehicle to the service centers. This is because the breakdown services will also provide the towing service through which the vehicle can be easily moved to the breakdown services in the nearby location. The towing service can be hired in any kind of emergency situation without any constraint.
In most trips, the tire repair is very common. This kind of situation will occur to a greater extent while moving on a long trip. The automotive cannot be moved unless the problems in the tires are fixed. In order to avoid wasting time and to fix the problem instantly, the breakdown services in the nearby region can be hired. Even though not all the services provides 24/7 service, there are some reputed services which can be hired without any time constraint. In case of emergency such services can be hired. The well trained professionals in this service will fix the problems in the tire effectively within short span of time. In case if there is need for replacement, they will also handle it without any constraint.
Apart from these, the breakdown services can help in any other emergency situation that happens during the travel. But people who are in need to use this service must hire the right one which can provide them instant help without any delay. To get the problems fixed on time, the services which are located in the nearer region can be taken into consideration. Any breakdown service in any particular location can be easily pointed out in online through the options like mobile truck repair near me. And obviously hiring them through online will be very reliable. One can also get quotes from different breakdown services from online and can choose the best out of them. These quotes can be attained within fraction of seconds. Hence one need not bother about the timing.


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Just wanted to update you on my latest news. I have decided to remove myself from Facebook given the extraordinary amount of work that is piling up and the little time left for social networking. If you feel it necessary to contact me, please email me and I will try and respond as soon as I can.
I apologize for any inconvenience this may give to anyone interested in learning about my books. My website and this blog will have sufficient information on the status of my writing.
Have a safe summer!


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"Growth in the middle of a group"
As police officers we find ourselves regularly isolated. Often it is through society, other times by journalists, friends, neighbors and even sometimes by our own families. Sometimes we even go as far as to isolate ourselves voluntarily in order to protect ourselves. Someone recently confided to me that a very good friend of her had gone away after a disagreement about the nature of her work as a police officer. As police officers we are isolated on several levels, but when we add to the fact that we are christians, we find ourselves doubly isolated. It is at this point that we become easy prey to guilt, fear and failures, which can have very negative consequences in our lives.
"So Christ himself gave the apostles, the prophets, the evangelists, the pastors and teachers, to equip his people for works of service, so that the body of Christ may be built up until we all reach unity in the faith and in the knowledge of the Son of God and become mature, attaining to the whole measure of the fullness of Christ.
Then we will no longer be infants, tossed back and forth by the waves, and blown here and there by every wind of teaching and by the cunning and craftiness of people in their deceitful scheming. Instead, speaking the truth in love, we will grow to become in every respect the mature body of him who is the head, that is, Christ. From him the whole body, joined and held together by every supporting ligament, grows and builds itself up in love, as each part does its work".
Ephesians 4 talks about growth in the middle of a group.
The animals function in groups because they understood that they were stronger in groups. A lion who wants to devour his prey will observe the herd pass and even if the lion is far stronger than the other animals, he will still wait until one of them moves away from the group to attack it .
In addition, the animals stay in a group because they also understand that the only way to go to the maximum of their abilities is by staying together.
People have often read this text by understanding it in the way a pastor is different from an evangelist but not more important but where I'd like to bring you in fact is that the pastor is not only different but that he depends on the evangelist and vice versa.
The body will go to maximum of its abilities only if each body parts do what they have to do. The hands will go to their maximum only if the rest of the body does what it has to do and the rest of the body will go to maximum of its abilities only if the hands do what they have to do.
The same principle applies with our families, our friends, our work and in our spiritual life. So it's not just a blessing but a responsibility we have. The other members of the group will allow me to go to the maximum of my capacities but I also have the responsibility to stay in the group so that the others can also go to the maximum of their capacities.
This is the very reason for the importance of belonging to a group that will allow us to go further: "Never again be alone, isolated, being an easy prey or misunderstood." God said at the beginning of his creation that it was not good for man to be alone. I believe that joining a group will help us to go further, to help each other and to encourage one another. I strongly encourage you to join a christian group so that you can get to the fullest of your abilities that God has given you!