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Join Keith Gilbert for an in-depth discussion in this video Image reveal: Method one, part of Adobe Digital Publishing Suite: Interactive Techniques.
- In this video, we're going to create an effect that you see quite often. A grid of images that when you tap an image, the image disappears and information about the image appears in it's place. For this example, we're going to give the user the ability to reveal more than one object at a time. So to begin, in this example, I've got two layers just for clarity and the MSO layer right now just has six text frames on it. These are the text frames that I want to appear when the user taps one of the flower images.
So that's all I've precooked for right now. I haven't created the MSOs yet. I've just put the text frames on a separate layer named MSO. I'm going to reveal that layer so that I can work with it. And I'm going to begin by selecting the first text frame and the image underneath it. So I've got two objects selected, and I'm going to make a new multi state object, and I'm going to name that multi state object after the type of flower that it is. And we're going to see that naming this is important as we get into the next steps.
I'm going to repeat the same thing for the second flower, and I select the iris text frame and the iris image underneath and I'm going to make that a new multi state object and I'm going to name that iris MSO. And then, to finish the multi state objects, I'm going to select the iris one and go to my folio overlays panel and change the export format to vector. Then I'm going to select the dianthus MSO and do the same thing. Again making them vector so that they remain crisp in high resolution displays.
And finally, I'm going to move the flower image, that state, to the top for each of these multi state objects. So the layout starts out this way on the iPad. So the MSOs are done but now I need to add some buttons to trigger those multi state objects. So just for clarity, I'm going to make a new layer and I'm going to call this new layer buttons. And because green doesn't show up very well on the screen, I'm going to make this a dark green color so it's a little easier for you to see.
And I need to make six clear frames over these multi state objects so that I can use those for buttons. So I'm going to grab my rectangle frame tool and I'm just going to drag a rectangle out and I'm going to use InDesign gridify feature to quickly create six buttons. So as I drag, I'm going to hit the up arrow once and the right arrow twice to create a quick grid of two rows and three columns of frames. Now I need to turn these frames into buttons. So I'm going to select the first frame and assign the go to next state action of the dianthus MSO.
And then I'm going to select this frame and assign the go to next state action. But it's important that I choose, in this case, the iris MSO multi state object. So this is why I want to name my states very clearly, so I can tell which one's which. So let's see if this works on our iPad. So if we go to the folio overlays panel, go to preview, and preview that on my iPad, make sure that it works before we do this four more times for the other multi state objects.
So here we go, if I tap the dianthus, it shows me information about that one. If I tap the iris, I get that information. I can close either one of them also. Of course the other four don't work because I haven't wired them up yet. So back in InDesign, I just want to talk for just a moment about how you could quickly replicate this now to the remaining four. To replicate this four more times, I need to first make four more multi state objects. And then I need to make those multi state objects vector, and then I need to wire up the four different buttons.
I've found that for me it seems to work best to do one thing to all of the objects, and then move on to the next step and do that to all of the objects, and then move on to the next step and do that to all of the objects. So for example, in this case, I would hide the buttons layer. I would select these two objects, make them a multi state object and then name it. And then I would move to this and select this frame and the image behind it. Make that a multi state object and name it, et cetera.
And then after I'm done with that for all of the objects, I would then select this first one and go and make it vector. Then I would select the second one and go and make it vector, et cetera. The reason for that is it's just easier to do the same thing over and over again, than to remember a complex series of steps and have to do that over and over again to individual objects. The last little tip I want to give you about this is if I reveal my buttons layer, last thing that I would do is I would select this and assign a button action to it.
We saw earlier that we used the go to next state action, but I want to point out here that I have assigned a keyboard shortcut to this. The keyboard shortcut I chose on my Mac is option shift g. But that is not a default keyboard shortcut. In other words you probably don't have that on your workstation. And that's because I have used InDesign's keyboard shortcut editor to assign that keyboard shortcut to that action.
And the reason for that is because I have to pick this go to next state action four times in a row here, for four different buttons. I get tired of going all the way up here and choosing that action over and over again. I might have four, eight, 10, 20 different buttons that I need to wire up that way. So taking a few moments to set up a keyboard shortcut for that is well worth doing in my opinion. So that's it. You now know how to replicate that to the rest of the buttons and you should be able to do that yourself. This method that allows multiple objects to be revealed at the same time on the screen works well as long as the objects don't overlap, but sometimes tight quarters, such as revealing a lot of information on a small map, for example, dictates that you want one box to automatically close when another is opened.
We'll see how to do this in the next video.
- Creating a "pop-up" box to reveal content
- Designing a multiple-choice quiz
- Getting started with nested multistate objects
- Creating feature-opener videos
- Building animated navigation buttons
- Including PDF content
- Adding a gyroscope-enabled panorama
Skill Level Intermediate
Q: After following along with the movie "Embedding a PDF in an article," I am not able to preview the PDF using the button within the folio, as shown. I receive a URL error message ("cannot open this page"). How do I fix the link to the PDF?
A: There is an error in this video. Instead of zipping the HTML resources folder itself, you need to zip compress the contents of that folder. Next, rename the zipped file to "HTMLResources.zip" exactly (the name is case-sensitive).


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I often end up reading about kerberos authentication especially MIT open source version and Heimdal Kerberos authentication. Just an interesting protocol to read to understand bit more on how MIT Kerberos Distribution Center (KDC) inner functionality works.
The objective with this article is to play with MIT KDC and some of the tricks i would use during authorized penetration testing and red team engagements to circumvent technical security controls and avoid blue team to recon, compromise and move laterally.
We all familiar with Windows Active Directory Key Distribution Center and widely deployed in large network enterprise – MIT Kerberos authentication provides similar authentication functionality used in Linux environments especially adding a Linux servers/services hassle free and works well with MIT KDC version.
Environment Lab Setup:
cryptolab.local 192.168.1.20 # Primary Key Distribution Center installed on Raspberry Pi
private.cryptolab.local 192.168.1.25 # Kerberbroised SSH service accepts Kerberos tickets as opposed to PAM Password based authentication
nebu.cryptolab.local 192.168.1.29 # SSH client uses kerberos keys to authenticate the SSH service.
- What would happen if someone gets hold MIT version kerberos ticket granting ticket cache ?
- Can the stolen ticket be destroyed and will the attacker be able to reuse kerberos ticket in different user session?
The short answer to above questions – An attacker can steal valid tickets and use session for days even if the legitimate user destroys the ticket. This is obviously subject to kdc configuration on the server side.
But but before we divine into MIT kerberos authentication a brief description would be a good starting point for those less familiar with Kerberos protocol.
The Kerberos protocol is designed to provide reliable authentication over open and insecure networks where communications between the hosts belonging to it may be intercepted. No kerberos is not authorization protocol. One should be aware kerberos does not provide any guarantees if a system begin used are vulnerable/compromised.
In nutshell kerberos provides the following and more:
- End user's password must never travel over the network
- User password never to be stored in any form on the client machine
- User password should never be stored in unencrypted form even in the authentication server database.
- User asked to enter password once per work session and access transparently access to all the authorized kerberorised services e.g. ssh a.k.a SSO ( Single Sign On)
#Install MIT kerberos
apt-get install krb5-admin-server krb5-kdc
Specify Realm in my lab i decided to name my realm CRYPTOLAB.LOCAL
Figure 1 key distribution service kdc set to kdc.cryptolab.local and admin server to kdc.cryptolab.local on the same server.
Initial setup on KDC server to setup realm master database similar to NTDS.dit in windows environment ( By default krb5_newrealm selects default realm CRYPTOLAB.LOCAL and master key is required to decrypt user TGT tickets.
Figure 2 master database is created.
kadmin is kerberos database administration management
Figure 3 addprinc kdcadmin created a new remote and local admin in window world this account known as domain administrator (DA)
addprinc pexsr as authenticated standard user
Figure 4 pexsr standard authenticated user.
MIT Kerberos authentication supports kerberoised services allowing end users to authenticate ssh services using KDC instead of traditional password authentication or public key authentication.
addprinc -randkey specifies that the encryption key should be chosen at random instead of being derived from a password.
Figure 5 kadmin.local we create network service for ssh server private.cryptolab.local.
Service princiaples are needed for the following reasons:
- To allow services to verify that service tickets were issued by ginuine Key Distribution Center
- To allow end clients to verify that they are communicating with correct intended service.
Kadmin.local to create a keytab for the ssh service. a keytab is a file used to store encryption keys for the service principals – Keytab is used for obtaining a ticket granting ticket (TGT) so having an encryption key can be equated to having a password.
Figure 6 ktadd used to create a private.keytab.
Figure 7 secure copy from KDC to ssh server /etc/krb5.keytab.
Kdestroy – destroy Kerberos tickets utility to destroy users active kerberors tickets by overwritting and deleting the credential cache that contains them.
Even though we destroyed the TGT ticket from the target system – the ticket still valid on the system we copied the ticket over. Its seems kdestroy utility on local and would not communicate to KDC to invalidate the ticket. An attacker with copy of ticket can have a valid session for at least 10 hours default MIT kerberos ticket expire.
Figure 8 Kdestroy utility to remove the TGT ticket from local machine.
Kinit to obtain kerberos ticket granting ticket for user pexsr
Figure 9 obtained initial TGT ticket for user pexsr
Wireshark traffic capture from target machine KRB5 AS-REQ & AS-REP
Figure 10 Key Distribution Center options shows Ticket Granting Ticket with Renewable flag set allows TGT ticket to be renewed before expire time subject to KDC configurations.
Imagine now an attacker have access to user pexsr workstation – it would be very simple to steal, transfer existing kerberos session to attackers control to maintain valid session.
Figure 11 /tm/krb5cc_1000 valid kerberos session issued by KDC for user pexsr copied to attacking machine.
Kdestroy – destroy Kerberos tickets utility to destroy users active kerberors tickets by overwriting and deleting the credential cache that contains them.
Even though we destroyed the TGT ticket from the target system – the ticket still valid on the system we copied the ticket over. Its seems kdestroy utility on local and would not communicate to KDC to invalidate the ticket. An attacker with copy of ticket can have a valid session for at least 10 hours default MIT kerberos ticket expire.
Figure 12 Now that we copied kerberos key to our attacking machine /tmp folder we can ssh to kerberoised ssh service and login to different servers/services using the stolen kerberos ticket.
Figure 13 successful ssh connection from attacker system.
Klist on the target SSH service shows the copy of stolen key /tmp/krb5cc_1000 still valid and the host/private.cryptolab.local SSH kerberosized ssh services authenticated with the stolen key as opposed to traditional Password authentication.
Figure 14 Klist valid ticket granting ticket and ticket granting service for user pexsr with stolen kerberos ticket.
- Kerberos ticket can be copied to attacker machine for reuse and lateral movement
- Kdestory is local ticket overwrite only no validation on the KDC server side and the ticket remains valid for 10 hours and it might be possible to renew it.
- Set Strong complex master key database password
- Enable auditing against kerberos authentication services

subset: commoncrawl


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John Fitzgerald Kennedy, our thirty-fifth president, was in office only two years and ten months before he was shot to death on November 22, 1963. He is remembered as a charismatic, optimistic leader who believed we could solve problems if we put our country's interests before our own and worked together.
The American President: John F. Kennedy
This fabulous site was built as a companion to the PBS American President series, and has quite an extensive Kennedy section. Start with Fast Facts (good for short school reports or your research project outline) and then get more depth by visiting the sixteen additional chapters (look for them in the left-hand menu.) Noteworthy ones include First Lady, American Franchise, In His Own Words, Gallery, and Web Resources.
Dallas Morning News: JFK, Dallas, November 22, 1963
"Travel back in time nearly four decades in time to relive one of the saddest chapters in American history: the assassination of President Kennedy in Dallas' Dealey Plaza." But before you can reach this special report, you must register with your name, email address, mailing address, and year of birth. But please don't let that stop you, because the primary source material here is incredible. View original newspapers articles, listen to radio clips, and watch television news snippets, all from local Dallas media.
History Channel: Kennedy Inaugural Speech
Kennedy was inaugurated as the thirty-fifth president of the United States on the steps of the U.S. Capitol on January 20, 1961. During his inauguration address, Kennedy, the youngest man ever elected President, declared "the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans" and the oft-quoted: "Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." Visit the History Channel Speech Archive to hear the entire fourteen-minute speech in Real Audio format.
The History Place: John F. Kennedy Photo History
This marvelous annotated photo gallery of Kennedy's life is divided into four sections: Early Years, War Hero, Politician and President. As you progress through the gallery, click on the thumbnail photos for a larger view. I found the War Hero section particularly interesting, as it tells the tale of how Jack entered politics, starting in 1939 London, where his father was serving as United States Ambassador to England. Best of all, The History Place grants permission to use these photos in offline school reports.
John F. Kennedy Library: Biography
This one-page illustrated biography from the JFK Library is chock-full of links to audio files and additional photos, and a real find for teachers and home-schooling parents: six pages of printable worksheets for grades three through five, downloadable in either Adobe PDF or Word format. After reading the biography, visit the rest of the online library, by clicking on Home. Best front page clicks, such as Speeches and Photographs, are found listed under Historical References.


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April 04, 2020
Nearly three-quarters of global consumers would recommend, promote, and switch to brands that support a good cause over one that doesn't.
Submitted by: Guest Contributor
Posted: Jan 25, 2013 – 09:39 AM EST
Tags: cause marketing, branding, marketing, csr, social media, marks and spencer, shwopping, axe, panera, raytheon, kraft
By Larry Koffler and Andrea Shatzman, Edelman
Brand marketers have increasingly embraced Purpose as an integral part of the marketing mix (the fifth P!) as a way to build ongoing engagement with key audiences. The rapid evolution from bolt-on tactic to central strategy is being driven by consumers who are not only accepting of the notion of brands doing well while doing good, but are expecting it and taking on a more active role.
According to our most recent goodpurpose study for example, nearly three-quarters of global consumers would recommend, promote, and switch to brands that support a good cause over one that doesn't; a major jump in participation levels from 2008.
In 2012, as brands looked to boost their share of relationship beyond awareness building, they developed extensive and inventive social-purpose-driven participation platforms. From Shwopping to Showerpooling, brands inspired action to complement the traditional "buy this product," or "give $1 at the register. "
Here's a round up of recent brand purpose participation platforms that we think have risen to the top:
In the U.K., Marks and Spencer coined a new term for their participation platform – "shwopping." Shwopping is a "fashion revolution" where, instead of throwing out old clothes, people are urged to recycle, or shwop, them at the Shwop Drops in select stores. The clothing is then given to Oxfam to resell, reuse or recycle to help support people living in poverty.
The trend caught on with retailers worldwide, from Sweden's H&M to Japan's Uniqlo, jumping on the bandwagon. For good reason. It's a unique and fun way of welcoming consumers into the brand via issues that matter to them (both environmental sustainability and poverty) and importantly, walking the talk with products.
The first Panera Cares Community Café [NASDAQ: PNRA] opened up as a bold experiment in 2010. The café looks and functions like a normal Panera Café, but without prices. Guests are asked to pay what they want. If you can't pay, you still get a meal – or you can volunteer as payment. On average, the cafes have brought in about 75 percent of the estimated retail value of the food with 60 percent of people leaving the suggested donation and almost 20 percent leaving more.
In 2012, the pay-it-forward concept gained momentum as a café opened in Chicago and another was announced to open in Boston, bringing the total in the U.S. to five. Clearly a tremendously powerful and still evolving participation platform, the Panera Cares Community Cafes allow consumers to engage both with the Panera brand and with each other.
In a more playful participation platform, AXE Shower [an Edelman client] coined "Showerpooling" as part of a campaign to educate guys and girls on the importance of water conservation and how everyone can make sustainable living routine, while having fun. Participation elements included taking a Showerpooling pledge, downloading water saving tips and attending a stop on a college campus tour for a chance to win a water efficient showerhead as well as compete in cheeky challenges for other prizes.
Raytheon's [NYSE: RTN] Hashtags4Heroes participation platform encourages Twitter users to send messages of support to the men and women of the armed forces by using the #HT4H hashtag. Raytheon's stakeholders took the opportunity to express their well wishes and contributed 330,000 characters to the Wounded Warrior Project in May alone. The campaign also directed Twitter users to the Wounded Warrior Project website where they read stories of injured veterans, saw their photos and learned more about organization's work.
In both the U.K. and Ireland, older people are keeping much warmer through Innocent drinks' The Big Knit participation platform. Supporters of the brand are encouraged to knit woolly hats to be placed on top of Innocent smoothies, and 25p from every hatted bottle sold goes to Age UK, supporting older people during the chilly winter months. Since the program started, Innocent has raised over £1 million.
Appealing to consumers' artistic side, Kraft [NASDAQ: KRFT] launched the tongue-and-cheek Dinner Not Art campaign to "save" perfectly good macaroni from being wasted in macaroni art. Combined with an iPad app and computer program, kids could make virtual macaroni art, rather than using real noodles, and for every virtual noodle used, 10 real ones were donated to Feeding America. So far, children have helped donate more than 15 million noodles to Feeding America.
While this list is by no means exhaustive, it provides a snapshot of how marketers are starting to think about social purpose and participation in new ways. Whether by engaging via social media or asking consumers to adopt behavioral changes, there is a real value in participation platforms, and they will likely continue to use this as a way to enhance the consumer/brand relationship.
Here's what to watch for in 2013:
What social purpose participation platforms have you found to be most powerful? How do you think this trend will evolve this year? Connect with us by leaving a comment or joining us on Twitter.
This post is produced by B+SP's Brand Purpose Center of Excellence, led by Executive Vice President Larry Koffler and Senior Account Supervisor Andrea Shatzman, along with conrtibutions from Francesca Oddo-Budinoff and Natasha Whitling.
The opinions, beliefs and viewpoints expressed by CSRwire contributors do not necessarily reflect the opinions, beliefs and viewpoints of CSRwire.
04 Jun UN Sustainable Development Goals – Rather than Corporate Opportunity Are SDGs Used for Greenwashing?
23 May Do Your Company's Sustainability Efforts Support Financial Performance?
16 May From Growth Mindset to Ethics and Data Privacy Mindset
10 Jan CSE Forecasts Top 10 Sustainability Trends for 2018
20 Nov Holiday With Purpose: Working to End Gender-Based Violence in Fashion Supply Chains


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To have children baptized, families should contact the rectory to set up an appointment to talk with the pastor and attend a baptism preparation class. Baptism Prep classes are the 2nd Sunday of the month and baptisms take place the 4th Sunday of the month. Call the rectory at 301-490-5116.
Confessions are heard in the church's Reconciliation Rooms, behind the altar, from 4:00 to 4:45 p.m. on Saturdays, or by appointment. Call the rectory at 301-490-5116.
There is a two-year preparation for First Holy Communion, usually in first and second grades, but children of any age can be prepared through our religious education classes. Contact Hope Benson, Director of Religious Education: 301-725-9622.
For adult First Communion, contact Kathy Schmitt, Director of Adult Education: 301-325-3119.
Confirmation is usually held in the spring for 8th graders, who must be enrolled in a religious education class. Contact Hope Benson, Director of Religious Education: 301-725-9622.
For adult Confirmation, a six-week preparation course begins each year in January. Watch the bulltin for details, or contact Kathy Schmitt, Director of Adult Education: 301-325-3119.
Marriage Prep
First, congratulations on your engagement! This is an exciting time, and we want to extend our best wishes to you. We are happy to help you get your marriage off to a great start.
Marriage is a sacrament, and that means it is a precious gift from God that will help you grow in love and holiness. If one or both of you is Catholic, there are some things you need to know and do before the wedding.
1. At least six months in advance, call the rectory and set an appointment to talk with the pastor or deacon. Set up marriage prep sessions, usually one a month.
2. Check the church calendar with the parish secretary, to find an open date for your wedding. She will write it on the calendar, and this will secure the church for the wedding practice and the wedding.
3. Only after securing the date on the church calendar should you book a venue to host your wedding reception.
Marriage Enrichment
There are several programs that can help strengthen your marriage.
Marriage Encounter - Worldwide Marriage Encounter is a program to make good marriages better.
Retrouvaille - Retrouvaille (pronounced re-trov-eye) is a program to help troubled marriages.
When you or a loved one is very ill, in the hospital, in need of surgery, or is an older person who is losing strength quickly, contact the church to arrange for the Sacrament of the Sick, also called Anointing of the Sick. Call 301-490-5116.
Holy Orders are what deacons, priests and bishops receive at ordination. If you are interested in exploring becoming a permanent deacon or a priest, contact Deacon Perry Iannaconi, vocations director, at 301-953-2251. If you are interested in exploring life as a religious sister or brother, contact the pastor - 301-490-5116.


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Manor Lakes Central is a neighbourhood shopping centre located in the heart of the Manor Lakes Estate, approximately 38 kilometres west of the Melbourne CBD (Victoria, Australia). The shopping centre open 7 days a week has over 9,300sqm of space home to major retailer Coles and 19 specialty retailers that cover fresh food, cafes, restaurants, variety stores and an assortment of service outlets. Along with a great mix of stores, the centre features a large carpark and extended trading hours for major retailers.
Manor Lakes Central Shopping Centre
455 Ballan Road
Manor Lakes, 3024
By Car
Travelling from the Melbourne CBD, the Princes Freeway will direct you to Manor Lakes Central. Follow the Princes Freeway into Werribee, then follow Ballan Road down to Manor Lakes Central. Manor Lakes Central can be easily accessed from both Manor Lakes Boulevard and Ballan Road.
By public transport
A bus stop located on Manor Lakes Boulevard outside Manor Lakes Central provides regular services to the greater Wyndham area.
By TaxiIf you wish to book your own transport to take you to and from the Centre, the following taxi services are available:
Western Suburbs – (03) 9689 1144
Silver Top – 13 10 08
Maxi Taxi – 13 62 94


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Okay okay okay, so yes, you get free stuff, it isn't like a free car, but it is a buncha free samples. And free is free so I like this whole engaged thing. That and since I'm engaged to the coolest of cool, it upped my social status by like 9878539% (thanks J, you make me cool) Anyways, did you know you can get paper samples?! paper! So you can choose your announcement paper and make sure it's perfect. I didn't know that. Till I was looking for a good printer and clicked the "free samples" button.
see ^^^ it's literally that easy. I liked he paper that uprinting had to offer so I ordered from those sweeties. And our announcements get here TOMORROW! and then we'll send them all over the place to a mailbox near you. wut wut. Here's a preview of what to expect :)
I'm pretty excited about those. Go figure that when it's me designing my own announcements I have a design blank. I tried out like 100 different design ideas and finally decided on this one. Jason helped me think of what to put where and he came up with putting leaves of the bottom. Sucha smartie. And just cause it's my blog and I do what I want, if you need any design work done and you like my style, check out my portfolio here
Now onto more free samples. We (me J's mom, J himself, and his sister, Sharisa) spent forever trying to find good ties that didn't cost us $50 a pop. We wanted skinny ties made from cotton fabric. Thru our search, I cam across a site that sold skinny ties! for like $6. SUCH A GOOD DEAL. Saddly, they were satin, but I wanted to see what the fabric looked like (if it was too satin-y) and sent out for some fabric samples
we ended up ordering exactly what we wanted from a nice little shop on etsy so it worked out!
Oh, and if you register at target, they give you some thank you cards and all sorts of discounts! it's the tops my friends. I know. crazy.
Anyways, I was just pretty excited over all this free sample business and no judging! Planning a wedding is stress-fulllllll as some of you might know, so a free sample takes away a little bit of that stress. Anyways, engaged life is fun and all but I'm ready for all this planning business to be done and married life to begin. woo!


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- 1 Lac
- Piece/Pieces
- 1300/Vial INR
- Injection
- Liquid
- Anti-Cancer
- 50 Mg
- Adults
Carboplatin For Injection :-
Carboplatin, or cis-Diammine(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II) (trade names Paraplatin and Paraplatin-AQ) is a chemotherapy drugused against some forms of cancer (mainly ovarian carcinoma, lung, head and neck cancers).[1]
It was introduced in the late 1980s and has since gained popularity in clinical treatment due to its vastly reduced side-effects compared to its parent compound cisplatin. Cisplatin and carboplatin belong to the group of platinum-based antineoplastic agents, and interact with DNA to interfere with DNA repair.
Carboplatin was discovered at Michigan State University,[2] and developed at the Institute of Cancer Research in London. Bristol-Myers Squibb gainedFood and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for carboplatin, under the brand name Paraplatin, in March 1989. Starting in October 2004, generic versions of the drug became available.
Mode of action (MOA)
Two theories exist to explain the molecular mechanism of action of carboplatin with DNA:
Aquation, or the like-cisplatin hypothesis.
Activation, or the unlike-cisplatin hypothesis.
The former is more accepted owing to the similarity of the leaving groups with its predecessor cisplatin, while the latter hypothesis envisages a biological activation mechanism to release the active Pt2+ species.
- Cash in Advance (CID), Cash Advance (CA)
- 1 Lac Per Week
- 1 Week
- Africa, Middle East, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, South America, North America, Central America, Australia, Asia
904, 9th floor, Sunshine Tower, Senapati Bapat Marg, Dadar West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400012, India
Phone :+918037402292


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Whether you are planning to attract a lot of birds or are planning to feed large sized birds, you must be looking for large capacity bird feeders. Such feeders are also suitable for the bird aviaries where you house such birds as chickens or turkeys. Look for large feeders on the Internet and make sure the parameters are satisfactory for the birds you would like to feed. Commercial large feeders are usually a better idea than the hand made ones. However, it is still possible to make such feeders on your own, especially if you don't need them to look decorative.
High capacity bird feeder is a great idea for those who don't want to bother with placing several bird feeders on their territory. Such feeders are also suitable for people who don't have a large territory to hang them on. Large feeders are easier to clean due to their size. However, they can produce more mess. So a good idea would be to purchase no mess bird food and make sure not to put to much of it inside the feeder to avoid it spilling to the ground. If you are hanging a large feeder on the tree, make sure to choose the most durable branch. Large feeders are also targets to squirrels, so they should be made squirrel proof.
Large capacity tube bird feeders are probably the best idea. Such feeders are squirrel and mess proof and can be placed on a pole or hying on a tree. When you are choosing a large tube feeder for your yard, make sure it has some perches. There are some wild birds that like sitting on perches while eating,so you will attract more such birds this way. If you have a choice of hanging several smaller feeders than one large one, you should really consider this option. Small feeders are neater and will not be as messy as others.


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Callaway County Small Animal Veterinary Clinic does offer boarding and it is our goal to take care of your pet as if they were our own! Our boarding facility includes a separate indoor and outdoor area for cat and dogs. Day boarding as well as long term boarding is available.
For dogs we provide two kennels styles, runs or medium cage. The runs are about 5 1/2' long, 3' wide and about 6' in height. Our medium cages are a little over 2' long, 2' wide and 2' in height. We do offer Science Diet Sensitive Stomach to boarders, but we do encourage our pet owners to bring their pets own food especially if they are on a specific diet.
For cats we also have two styles of kennels, cat condos or small cages. Our cat condos are a little over 2' wide, 2' long and 2' in height . The small cages we offer are 2' long, 1 1/2' wide and 1 1/2' in height. We do Science Diet optimal health for cats, but encourage owners also do bring in their pets own food if they are on a specific diet.
*We also encourage all medications, supplements, bedding or special toys to be brought during your pets stay to make them more comfortable.


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StarFish Medical at MD&M West Expo 2018
StarFish Medical will exhibit in booth 1799 at MD&M West Expo 2018 on February 6-8, 2018 at the Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, CA. Charles Garcia, Eastern Region VP Business Development, and David Dobson, Western Region VP Business Development, will be showing a range of medical devices.
MD&M West Expo is the largest collection of advanced design and manufacturing technology suppliers in the world. Over three days, more than 20,000 professionals source products and services for the development of life-saving medical innovations in a time-saving format with more than 2,200 solution providers—all in one location.


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Please note : This help page is not for the latest version of Enterprise Architect. The latest help can be found here.
abstract class
A Class that cannot be directly instantiated.
Contrast: concrete class
The essential characteristics of an entity that distinguish it from all other kinds of entities. An abstraction defines a boundary relative to the perspective of the viewer.
The specification of an executable statement that forms an abstraction of a computation procedure. An action typically results in a change in the state of the system, and can be realized by sending a message to an object or modifying a connector or a value of an attribute.
action sequence
An expression that resolves to a sequence of actions.
action state
A state that represents the execution of an atomic action, typically the invocation of an operation.
The execution of an action.
active class
A Class whose instances are active objects. When instantiated, an active Class controls its execution. Rather than being invoked or activated by other objects, it can operate standalone, and define its own thread of behavior.
See also: active object
active object
An object that owns a thread and can initiate control activity. An instance of active Class.
See also: active class, thread
Defines the bounds for the structural organization that contains a set of basic or fundamental behaviors. It can used to model procedural type application development for system design through to modeling business processes in organizational structures and work flow.
activity diagram
A diagram used to model procedural type application development for system design through to modeling business processes in organizational structures and work flow.
activity graph
A special case of a State Machine that is used to model processes involving one or more classifiers.
Contrast: state chart diagram
actor [class]
A coherent set of roles that users of Use Cases play when interacting with these Use Cases. An Actor has one role for each Use Case with which it communicates.
actual parameter
A binding for a parameter that resolves to a run-time instance.
Synonym: argument
Contrast: (formal) parameter
aggregate [class]
A Class that represents the 'whole' in an Aggregation (whole-part) relationship.
See also: aggregation
A special form of Association that specifies a whole-part relationship between the Aggregate (whole) and a component part.
See also: composition
The part of the software development process whose primary purpose is to formulate a model of the problem domain. Analysis focuses on what to do, design focuses on how to do it.
Contrast: design
analysis diagram
A diagram used to capture high level business processes and early models of system behavior and elements. It is less formal than some other diagrams, but provides a good means of capturing the essential business characteristics and requirements.
analysis time
Refers to something that occurs during an analysis phase of the software development process.
See also: modeling time, run time, compile time
Contrast: design time
The organizational structure and associated behavior of a system. An architecture can be recursively decomposed into parts that interact through interfaces, relationships that connect parts, and constraints for assembling parts. Parts that interact through interfaces include Classes, Components and subsystems.
A binding for a parameter that resolves to a run-time instance.
Synonym: actual parameter
Contrast: (formal) parameter
A physical piece of information that is used or produced by a business or development process. Examples of Artifacts include models, source files, scripts, and binary executable files. An Artifact can constitute the implementation of a deployable component.
Synonym: product
Contrast: component
A connector that bridges the required interface of a component with the provided interface of a second component.
The semantic relationship between two or more classifiers that specifies connections among their instances.
See also: link
association class
A model element that has both Association and Class properties. An Association Class can be seen as an Association that also has Class properties, or as a Class that also has Association properties.
See also: class
association end
The endpoint of an Association, which connects the Association to a classifier.
See also: classifier, link end
A feature within a classifier that describes a range of values that instances of the classifier can hold.
auxiliary class
A stereotyped Class that supports another more central or fundamental Class, typically by implementing secondary logic or control flow. Auxiliary Classes are typically used together with focus Classes, and are particularly useful for specifying the secondary business logic or control flow of components during design.
See also: focus class


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American Crew Power Cleanser Style Remover 250ml
Daily shampoo to remove build up for all types of hair. Removes even the strongest styling products. Give your hair the maximum in deep cleansing.
Application: Wet hair thoroughly. Massage a small amount into hair and scalp. Rinse well.
Features: Sulfactants, Menthol, Rosemary and Thyme extracts, Polyquaternium-10.
Benefits: A suitable combination of sulfactants provides ultimate cleansing power. Cools and refreshes the scalp. Promotes healthy hair. Gives hair add body and improves texture and shine.
Availability: In stock
Regular Price: £16.00
Sale Price £10.75
Product Description
American Crew Power Cleanser Style Remover 250ml
Additional Information
Additional Information
|Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price
Write Your Own Review


text: Chat to naill quiz ever wanted to see what naill would think of you if you met him? well this is the right quiz 4 u hannahlovestommo published on September 19, 201374 responses 12 4.4★ / 5 Questions in vertical order me: so are you ready to meet naill? YES!! OMG BRING HIM TO ME NOW!!! urr, sure yes, me: naill a vistor xnaill:coming #winks at you# OMFG NAILL JUST WINKED AT ME!! # waves and smiles# go away from me me: ill leave you two alone #leaves the room#naill: so first do you like us boys? OMG OF CORSE!!!! yea, I love you guys xx [nope] yea corse [not] naill: cool, what's your favourite coulor? WHAT EVER YOU LIKE!! urr white why? blue green all naill: ok, um..harry: you've got that. oh um hi #blushes# I better go.. yay hes gone OMG HARRY MARRY ME! bye harry! naill: sorry about thatharry: [ in the backround] lolnaill: want to go for nandos sometime? yes please! it will be fun! xx no way! I want to see your ugly face again!!! YES YES!!!! ARRG YAY!! me: hey guys naill its time to gonaill: ah ok bye y/n bye love you! PLEASE DONT GOOO!!! yea bye me: so how was naill? stupid! cute, funny and kind. # crys# bring back NAILL!!


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Weddings at Woburn Safari Park
A truly unique wedding venue
Have you dreamed of getting married on Safari? The Safari Lodge at Woburn Safari Park in Bedfordshire - although not quite the Maasai Mara - provides one of the most exciting and characterful venues for a wedding reception in the region.
Soak up the delightfully different and informal atmosphere, the Safari Lodge offers something undeniably special and out of the ordinary for your wedding photographs.
A unique location
Overlooking Swan Lake and Desert Springs, the Swan Boats and meerkats are just a few of the nearby attractions that could provide the backdrop for your big day!
To add to the enjoyment, we can arrange a Safari Drive for you and your guests, with great photographic opportunities: a truly adventurous end to a never-to-be-forgotten day.
The Safari Lodge is a fun and unusual venue for weddings and receptions, and can accommodate up to 200 guests. Alternative dining choices include barbeques on the terrace to buffets and banqueting; with a range of traditional and modern menus to choose from.
Click here for a full list of our recommended suppliers.
Get in touch
For further information please contact the team on 01525 292106, email firstname.lastname@example.com, or please complete the form below and a member of the team will get back to you shortly.


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Step top box maker Humax has entered the audio market with what it claims is the world's thinnest soundbar.
Humax's STA–1200 BSW soundbar is just 20mm thick, but packs in 80W of sound from four speakers along its length.
Adding to that is an external subwoofer that can pump out 100W of bass.
The soundbar also come with a wall bracket and a stand – enabling audio aficionados to decide whether to mount it to their wall or leave it free standing in front of the TV.
According to Humax, the company wanted to bring its experience in building set top boxes into the audio market.
If you're not familair with the brand, Humax is best known for building Freesat and Freeview set top boxes.
"Humax has a proven capability in delivering feature-rich digital home products and we have applied that technical expertise to the audio market, with a high performance product that delivers powerful sound into the living room for a highly competitive price," commented Humax commercial director Graham North.
The Humax STA–1200 BSW soundbar launches on May 1st. It will be priced at £200.


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All you need. Nothing you don't.
November 20, 2011 by D Anderson in church, house church, worship
If you are praising God with your spirit, how can one who finds himself among those who do not
understand say "Amen" to your thanksgiving, since he does not know what you are saying? 1 Corinthians 14:16
"Amening" is an aspect of interactive meetings which usually gets overlooked but it is a meaningful addition to any Christian meeting.
It affirms both the speaker and hearer and obviously it's a God-ordained element of worship.
Tags: amening, saying amen
True enough, David. I have been in situations were it was overused as if a sign of deep spirituality. See you.
© 2020 House Church Unplugged. Theme WPBoot by Just Free Themes.


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Ginger is working with a postpartum mom with multiple conditions, including second degree tear, vestibulitis, dyspareunia, DRA, non relaxing pelvic floor, back and hip pain, chronic constipation and GI-related chronic abdominal pain.
I just wanted to say thank you again. I feel empowered this morning after taking a little time yesterday to care for myself. And I feel more peace filled after the good vibes you have going on at your office.
And I'm really looking forward to trying the head stand again 🙂
Hey ginger,
My wife and I both took your yoga PYT course in the 90s in Minneapolis Minnesota. I just wanted to let you know that I have been in love with yoga ever since then and continue to practice it several times a week period I also incorporate parts of it in my practice as a physical therapist. I feel better than ever and attribute much of it to my yoga practice. I recommend yoga to my patients. I practice primarily with the Yoga Studio app and the Do Yoga With Me web site.m it is great to see that you continue to do fantastic work as a PT and Professional Yoga Therapist.Thanks so much!Brian C. Kittelson PTMinnesota
I couldn't recommend Ginger enough! She saved me from a second shoulder surgery. I am very impressed with the way she blends Western medicine with Eastern knowledge and techniques. She didn't ignore the need for x-rays, and possible surgery; but worked with me on an anti-inflammatory diet and gave me appropriate exercises to try to bring function back to my shoulder. It worked!!! We were both diligent and after 6 months, I am happy to say I am pain free and have near full range of motion! What a wonderful experience. I am now a Yoga and Ginger fan! And, am on my way in learning about "clean eating". It has all made a tremendous difference in my energy, health and overall quality of life! Thank You!!!
Debbie Peel, Swansboro, NC
Thank you Ginger….thank you, thank you…..for introducing me to yoga.
It has been the best thing I've ever done for my body and my mind and my soul and my music and my family and my well being and…well you get the idea. I never imagined, four years ago when I was having such trouble with my back, that I'd be doing back bends and arm stands like I could do when I was a teenager. I never thought I'd be running 4 to 5 miles at a time again either. I don't feel like I'll be 50 in just a few short months. I feel the best I've felt in a long time. I wonder how I'll feel at sixty? Bring it on!
Angie Cooper, Swansboro, NC
Ginger,I can't thank you enough for ALL you have done for me. Your generosity is overwhelming. Dr. Mather is an excellent physician, and I am confident that his opinion (and yours!) is good. I have agreed to do surgery to repair my labrum and remove a bone spur on my left hip. X-rays show an identical spur on my right hip; I know that if I spend much longer limping around and overcompensating with my right hip that I may end up detaching my labrum on that side as well. I feel peace about the decision. I'm ready to get back to swimming laps and paddle-boarding! My surgery is April 3rd at Duke Raleigh, the same hospital where I had my shoulder surgery. Because I had such an excellent experience there, I consider it a blessing to go to Duke Raleigh again.Thank you, friend, for sharing your experience, time and knowledge to make me whole again!Shannon Miller, Swansboro, NC
PS You have actually helped me many other times. You first encouraged me to go gluten free, and I have experienced a better quality of life by that simple change to my diet. You also helped me understand in 2011 that surgery was okay if I had gone through PT and given it 100% without much improvement for arthritis in my AC joint. I've always been one to push through the pain, believing that to listen to my body was equivalent to quitting or giving in to my rheumatoid arthritis. You have told me more than once that my stubbornness could be doing more damage (though you said it in much nicer words!).Thanks for your knowledge and compassion for women's health!
Hi Ginger!
After having some time to digest the (Professional Yoga Therapist) training last week at Emerald Isle I wanted to drop you a note to let you know how grateful I am for you. Sometimes it's hard to remember how far I've come in my own journey and this week offered me a needed opportunity for reflection as well as a bonus revitalization for the work I do and the direction I'm headed.
So much of what you've shared in your own experiences through personal, professional, pubic and private matters in life rings true for myself and I have no doubt, for others. The opportunity to learn WITH you, a woman, a PT, an artist, a yoga teacher and student, a community builder and public health supporter to name a few, is a welcome addition to my life!
I've traveled and studied with a handful of various practitioners of yoga, PT and ayurveda in an effort to further my own personal growth and understanding. Keeping each of those experiences in mind and close at heart, I'm grateful for the work you've put into integrating your experiences and visions into this training and making your work so available to those of us who want to study it as it touches on so many aspects of equal importance in our work and our lives.
This week I've been integrating PYT I (mostly) into my self practice, group classes and work with PT clients and can tell that it's given me a really firm foundation and refreshing approach and way of thinking to move forward from and expand with. It feels like a gift so amen to that!!
I'm looking forward to returning to NC for module 14 in May and to discovering and refining even more of my potential as the person I am.
Meagan Satinsky PT, PYT-C


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missing mobile number
missing mobile number
missing mobile number
Womens Casual Wear Flip Flop
- MRP Rs 1795 Includes all taxes
First Citizens earn points on every purchase. (Link or enroll here)
Select Colour
Only 0 left in stock
Store Pick Up
- Product Description
Let your fashion sense speak louder than words by wearing this pair of flip flops brought to you by Crocs. It comes with a slip on style that makes it convenient to wear. Also, its upper part has been crafted from premium quality synthetic material, which lends it a refined finish.
Product code: 204917687_9450
Need help? Contact us
Toe Shape Round toe Fastening/Pattern Slipon Sole Material Rubber Mid Sole Synthetic Occasion Casual
DISCLAIMER: Colors of the product might appear slightly different on digital devices.
Being a style savvy woman, you will definitely like this classy pair of flip flops. It can be worn with any casual attire of your choice to complete your look.
Since its inception in 2002, Crocs a world leader in innovative casual footwear for men, women and children. Crocs offers several distinct shoe collections with more than 300 four season footwear styles. All Crocs shoes feature Croslite material, a proprietary, revolutionary technology that gives each pair of shoes the soft, comfortable, lightweight and odor-resistant qualities that Crocs fans know and love.
Easy Returns14
If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, you can return most items to us within 14 days of delivery to get a 100% refund. We offer free and easy returns through courier pickup, or you can exchange most items bought online at any of our stores across India.
Easy Exchange
If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase, you can exchange most items to us within 14 days of delivery. We offer free and easy exchange through courier pickup, or you can exchange most items bought online at any of our stores across India.
For More details read our Exchange Policy
Temporarily not taking new orders


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Select your
business objective
Choose your
target audience
Set a budget and
pay for what works
Measure and optimize
your results
Reach more people and drive conversation
An education company capitalizes on the polar vortex to drive student engagement
Grow your community on Twitter
A top DJ photographer finds new fans to connect with
Send people to your site (to purchase, sign up, etc.)
A tech company drives more new product sign-ups from Twitter than any other channel
Get people to install or engage with your mobile app
An education company disrupts the traditional driver's ed with their innovative mobile app
Collect emails from people who express interest in your business
A B2B company reaches its lowest cost-per-lead channel with Twitter
Set a budget that works for you and get the most out of your marketing dollars. With Twitter Ads, you are only charged for the actions that align to your campaign objective
Our precise targeting options help you reach more people who are likely to be interested in your business. Target by
Easily track the impact Twitter has on your business. Our dashboards give you the insights you need to drive better results.
Want to learn more before you get started? VISIT TWITTER ADS
Led Instructor online digital marketing trainer, a consultant and an affiliate marketer with over 8+ years of experience View Course Details if you want to grow your business online or want to learn digital marketing online from anywhere.


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This takes me up to 30 bolter-toting super soldiers! Here's the whole gang together:
Just 1 more Rhino to paint and then i'll have to buy some more mins...! That being said, I've re-written my list which now only have 1 Rhino in it! Check it out below:
Legion Crusade Army List:
Heresy Era Death Guard
Legion Centurion – 95pts
· Base – 50pts
· Siege Breaker – 35pts (Join Heavy Support Squad for Tank Hunter and Wrecker benefits)
Terminator Squad – 385pts
· 5 Terminators – 175pts
· Heavy Flamer – 10pts
· Land Raider Proteus Dedicated Transport – 200pts
Contemptor with 2 Assault Cannons – 205pts
· Base 175pts
· 2 Assault Cannons – 30pts
Contemptor with Twin Linked Lascannon – 200pts
· Base – 175pts
· Twin Linked Lascannon – 25pts
Tactical Squad – 270pts
· Sergeant
Power Fist – 15pts
Melta Bombs – 5pts
· 19 Legionnaires with Bolters – 250pts
Tactical Squad – 270pts
· Sergeant
Power Fist – 15pts
Melta Bombs – 5pts
· 19 Legionnaires with Bolters – 250pts
Veteran Tactical Squad – 265pts
· 10 Veterans Incl' Sergeant
· 2 Plasma Guns – 30pts
· Veteran Tactics (choose for free from the army list)
· Rhino Dedicated Transport – 35pts
Heavy Support
Legion Heavy Support Squad – 210pts
· 5 Legionaries – 135pts
· 5 Missile Launchers – 25pts
· Flack Missiles – 50pts
Predator – 100pts
· Basic - 75pts
· Heavy Bolter Sponsons – 25pts
Decided to run with 2 larger 'blob' squads instead of smaller 10 man squads. This seems a little bit more in keeping with the Death Guard aesthetic. I added a Vet' squad as well to get access to some AP2 weaponry. I did put these guys in a Rhino and will use them to Outflank (Veteran tactics) I'll be grabbing a tonne of resin at UK Games Day this year to get this new list well and truly underway!
I don't usually go for the GW 'trinket accessories' that they throw out every now and then. However I did go for this:
They're the Vehicle Markers - for damage results, Hull Points, etc. Love the Servo Skulls, so I had to go for these! The Lasgun power pack case is also cool! Looking forward to using them in a game.
The GunGrave


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Channel 7 AU video Streaming
sergiorueda last edited by
Not sure if the issue that i'm having is relates to the Opera browser as I've tried streaming https://au.tv.yahoo.com/plus7/live/ via IE Browser and not getting white borders at the bottom top of the video stream. I have the latest vision of Flash player and it is an enabled plugin.
I'm hoping someone can shed some light on this issue?


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I love these Melissa and Doug Cookie Sets. Who am I kidding I love everything Melissa and Doug, but we actually have these and they are so much fun! They are great so your little ones can bake right along with you and also so they can play-my daughter would make cookies for her dolls:) Check them out below at Target-another fun gift idea! And don't forget to stack up the savings-right now at Target.com you can save $10 off $50 toy purchase or $25 off $100 toy purchase, then use your Target debit card and get additional 5% off and FREE shipping!
This post contains affiliate links.


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What bark is that?
And the above is just a little scary, get those red tips. Doesn't look so good for working though but. And on the same walk we came across this:
I'd just said to my daughter that where we were looked like it had been a stone quarry, there are lots of them round here, very small many of them used to win the wall stones for enclosing the land and robbing the poor. Much of our landscape looks like this.
Small fields divided by millstone grit dry walls. So the picture second-above shows where a large piece of stone has been split off using a drill chisel and wedges quite some time ago.
We went to Haworth today for a walk. It's only about 20 minutes drive from here, but we usually avoid it like the plague as it is full of Bronte sisters tourists. We had a good walk round the back lanes, bought a couple of ex-army shirts for work and a good cap with flaps which, though cosy is less full-on than my shearling one which can get too hot at times. Then we walked back up to the car over the railway bridge. I like the way the engine driver keeps his tea good and warm!
Delivering two peeled oak gates tomorrow, but mostly enjoying a good break from The Bodgery which was so busy in the lead up to Christmas. So I'm now relaxing installing Linux on my old Mac Powerbook, mending the front mech on me bike, reseating the sound card in the Mac Mini, sawing off the remaining gate post, sawing a few logs, cooking, brewing and generally chilling out … man.


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The perfect present for you and your Bridesmaids!
Our best selling pajamas will make you never want to leave your bed again, or put on real clothes! Our ABIGAIL pajama short set features our favorite Southern summer flower: the blue hydrangea! This pajama set is colorful, classic, chic, and a summer must have! Bundle with our children's set for a precious "Mommy & Me" look.Don't forget your flower girl! Add her pajamas to your order here!
Bundle orders require a minimum of 6 pajama sets.
Our current manufacturing time is 8-12 weeks on bundle orders. We hand make each & every set of these pajamas for you & your bridesbabes, and perfection takes a little bit of extra time!
*Please note this manufacturing production timeline before you place your wedding pajama order. If you have a question please email us at firstname.lastname@example.com


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FRUITA, Colo. (KKCO/KJCT)-- Saturday Democratic Candidates running for Governor met at Fruita Monument High School.
"I am running for governor because I believe we need to make education our state's number one priority," said Candidate for Governor of Colorado, Cary Kennedy.
Mike Johnston says his focus would be on health care.
"If you live in a place in Colorado where your healthcare is not affordable, or it's more than ten percent of your income, we would allow you to buy into Medicaid as an option so you could get affordable health care," Johnston said.
Growing up in a single parent home, Erik Underwood says he won't forget the Western Slope.
"So I know what its like to be forgotten and left behind so I'm not gonna leave my fellow Coloradans behind going forward in this campaign," said Underwood.
He says he wants to loosen up the Taxpayer Bill of Rights.
"We need to repeal TABOR, I am the only candidate that wants to repeal TABOR. How are we gonna fix our roads, schools, and bridges, without unleashing those funds at the state level?" Underwood said.
And last but not least, Noel Ginsburg wants more jobs for Colorado by attracting companies to all corners of the state.
"I believe we can pattern our state incentives to bias them towards rural Colorado, and ensure that job growth exists not just in some parts of Colorado, but all of Colorado," said the Chairman & CEO at Intertech Medical, Inc., Noel Ginsburg.
And all the candidates realize the Western Slope is unique.
"I don't think the things that the front range needs are the same as what the Western Slope needs," Johnston said.


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A Level joy at Truro High School
With an overall pass rate of 100%, 42% of grades achieved were either A* or A, 72% were A* to B and 84% were A * to C.
Katie Purohit, from Goonhavern, was the school's top performing student after getting four A*s in Chemistry, Maths, Physics and Biology. She will now to go to Cambridge University to study Medicine.
"I'm stunned," said Katie, who has been at the school since Year 7. "I've always wanted to be a doctor."
Other high-achieving students include Annie McKelvey, from Newquay, who is going to Edinburgh University to study Maths after getting 2 A*s for Maths and Further Maths and an A for Physics and Harriet Winn, from Mithian, who is off to Leeds University to study Accountancy after getting an A* in Maths and two As in Chemistry and PE.
"I really wasn't expecting that," said Harriet, as everyone in the room clapped at her excitement. "It's fabulous, thank you so much."
Harriet's Mum, Clare Morgan, was equally ecstatic.
"This ends seventeen years of our being associated with Truro High because my eldest daughter Claudia came here when she was three," she said. "I can't thank everyone enough – both the girls have had a wonderful time here."
Students will now be going on to a variety of universities including Bath, King's College, London, St Andrew's and Cardiff to study subjects ranging from Neuroscience to Fashion, Modern Languages to Psychology and Classics to English Literature.
"The girls' results are excellent and it's lovely to see so many happy faces," said Dr Glenn Moodie, the school's new Headmaster who officially starts on 1 September. "They have worked very hard and been supported by a team of dedicated staff. We all wish them well for the future."


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Having a rough start to your day because you overslept or couldn't get out of bed is never a good feeling. It's un-motivating, stressful, and can appear unprofessional. Everyone knows that one person who is always energized and ready-to-go in the morning, making exhausted co-workers wonder -how? By doing these steps below, that could be you.
Waking up is easy; staying up is the challenge. When your alarm rings it's easy to hit snooze and roll back into your sheets. To avoid this, immediately stimulate your senses to start your day on the right track. Stimulate:
- Your mind:
Try an alarm app
If your cell phone is your alarm, there a few apps that require you to stimulate your mind by solving a few tasks before you can shut off your alarm.
Move your alarm
Having to get out of bed to shut off your alarm forces you to get up and blood blowing, eliminating the temptation of the snooze button.
- Your body:
Brighten the room
Open the blinds or turn on the lights as a natural way to notify your body its time to wake up.
Get energized
Eating a proper breakfast or exercising will give your body the energy and adrenaline it needs to stay up in the morning.
- Your spirit:
Look Ahead
Whether it's a simple cup of coffee or walking your dog, having something to look forward to in the morning will make you want to get out of bed.
Following a night routine will help you be more productive in the morning. Instead of waiting until after you wake up to pack your lunch, choose your outfit, or plan your day in your AT-A-GLANCE, do it the night before. You'll be surprised how much time you save.
Routines are easy to follow; once you adjust to it you'll form a habit. Tailor your morning routine to exactly what helps you wake up. Then your mornings will be a breeze.
Don't expect your habits to change overnight. Start by setting your alarm :15 min earlier and give your body a few days to get used to the slight adjustment. With this approach you'll ease yourself into your goal "wake up" time and feel more rejuvenated.
Becoming a morning person isn't easy in the beginning, but it's something everyone can do, yourself included. Imagine how good it will feel to open your AT-A-GLANCE, be awake, and have your whole day ahead of you! Comment any other tips that have helped you wake up earlier.


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The Mitzva to Take the Arba Minim (1)
The Torah commands that one must take the "arba minim," the "four species," on the festival of Sukkot and "rejoice before God" for seven days:
And you shall take for yourselves on the first day the fruit of goodly trees (etrog), branches of palm-trees (lulav), and boughs of thick trees (hadassim), and willows of the brook (aravot), and you shall rejoice before the Lord your God seven days. (Vayikra 23:40)
The mishna records (Sukka 41a) that in the Beit Ha-Mikdash, the arba minim were taken all seven days of Sukkot, while outside of the Mikdash, they were taken only on the first day. Rashi (ad loc., s.v. ba-Mikdash) cites the Sifra (Parashat Emor, parasha 12), which explains the phrase "before the Lord" as referring to the Beit Ha-Mikdash. The gemara continues to explain that after the destruction of the Beit Ha-Mikdash, R. Yochanan ben Zakkai instituted a Rabbinic enactment that the arba minim should be taken for all seven days in remembrance of the Temple (zekher la-Mikdash).
This week, we will discuss the nature and scope of the Biblical and Rabbinic obligation to take the arba minim, and then we will begin our study of the laws pertinent to the performance of the mitzva.
Relationship Between the Biblical Mitzvot
R. Soloveitchik (Kovetz Chiddushei Torah, p. 114; see also R. Tzvi Reichman, Reshimot Shiurim, p. 115) asks the following question: How is one to understand the relationship between the beginning of the verse, "And you shall take for yourselves on the first day" and the conclusion of the verse, "And you shall rejoice before the Lord your God seven days" – which are understood to refer to the taking of the arba minim outside and inside of the Beit Ha-Mikdash respectively? On the one hand, we may suggest that the difference is quantitative – the same mitzva which is performed for one day outside of the Temple is performed for an entire seven days inside the Temple. On the other hand, one might understand that the verse points to two separate and qualitatively distinct mitzvot – one which is observed in the Temple for seven days, and the other which is observed outside of the Temple on the first day of Sukkot.
R. Solovetichik identifies numerous Rishonim who relate to this question. Rashi (Sukka 29b), Tosafot (Sukka 29b, s.v. ba'inan), and the Rosh (Sukka 3:1) agree that the mitzva of netilat lulav in the Mikdash shares the same characteristics and standards as the mitzva to take the arba minim outside of the Temple. As a result, the requirements of "lakhem" (ownership) and "hadar" (beauty) which we will discuss below, apply to both situations. The Rambam (Hilkhot Lulav 8:9), however, disagrees. He writes:
All the species that we categorized as unacceptable because of the blemishes we described or because they were stolen or taken by force are [disqualified for use] only on the first day of the festival. On the second day of the festival and on the other days, they are all kosher.
The Rambam implies that the requirements of ownership and of "hadar" apply only on the first day, even in the Beit Ha-Mikdash!
R. Soloveitchik explains that Rashi and Tosafot view the mitzva to take the arba minim in the Mikdash all seven days as an extension of the original mitzva, and all of the details that apply on the first day therefore apply throughout the week. The Rambam disagrees and apparently maintains that while the mitzva on the first day is one of "lekicha" (taking) – as the verse says "and you shall take" – the mitzva in the Mikdash is one of "simcha" (to rejoice) – as the verse says "and you shall rejoice." Therefore, although certain "pesulim" that disqualify the arba minim themselves do apply all week (such as a lulav or etrog that must be burnt due to its involvement in pagan worship, "ketutei mikhtat shi'urei"), the external details that relate to the laws of "lekicha," such as the laws of hadar (beauty) and chaser (incomplete), do not apply during the extended mitzva in the Mikdash.
The Ramban (Milchamot Hashem, Sukka 15a) offers a third approach. He insists that although one may use a borrowed lulav in the Mikdash after the first day, as the requirement of owning ("lakhem") the arba minim only applies on the first day, the other pesulim (hadar and chaser) apply in the Mikdash during the entire week. R. Soloveitchik explains that the Ramban agrees with the Rambam, distinguishing between the mitzva in the Mikdash on the first day and during the rest of the week However, he views hadar and chaser as integral to the fulfillment of the mitzva of arba minim, and therefore would invalidate the arba minim throughout the week. (R. Soloveitchik attributes this explanation to his father, R. Moshe Soloveitchik). Alternatively, the Ramban views hadar and chaser as integral to the definition of the species of the arba minim. Thus, although the mitzva during the rest of the week differs from the mitzva of the first night, one must still adhere to certain, basic standards of the arba minim.
The Acharonim discuss whether the fulfillment in the Mikdash on the first day is strictly one of rejoicing or also one of taking. Theoretically, they suggest, one who takes the arba minim at home on the first day and then arrives at the Mikdash might be obligated to take the arba minim again in order to fulfill the additional requirement of "and you shall rejoice."
Although this latter debate may seem somewhat theoretical, the question of whether we apply the pesulim of hadar and chaser after the first day is of extreme practical importance. We will devote the next section to a brief overview of when the various pesulim are applied.
Overview of When Each Pesul Invalidates the Arba Minim
As mentioned above, outside of the Mikdash, on the first day of Sukkot, one fulfills the Biblical obligation of "and you shall take for yourselves on the first day;" during the rest of the week, the obligation is Rabbinic, "zekher le-Mikdash." The gemara distinguishes between different types of characteristics of the arba minim – those necessary for the entire festival and those which apply only on the first day.
For example, the measurements of the arba minim (etrog – larger than an egg; hadassim and aravot – three tefachim; lulav – four tefachim) must be observed for all seven days of Sukkot. Furthermore, the characteristics which are inherent to each specific species, such as a grafted etrog, a hadas shoteh whose leaves are uneven (Sukka 32b), or an invalid arava which is a "tzaftzafa" (Sukka 34a), apply during the entire week. Finally, as mentioned above, at times one may not discharge one's obligation with the arba minim because they must be burnt, or because they were acquired through "illegal" means (mitzva ha-ba'ah be-aveira).
In addition, the Talmud speaks of three other requirements: "Lakhem," "hadar," and "chaser." "Lakhem," derived from the verse "u-lekachtem Lakhem" (and you shall take for yourselves), teaches that the arba minim must belong to the person "taking" them. "Hadar," derived from the Torah's description of the etrog as a "peri etz hadar," requires that each species must maintain a defined level of beauty, expressed in different physical characteristics for each species. Finally, the arba minim must be whole and cannot be "chaser," physically incomplete. The physical expression of hadar and chaser differs from species to species.
Which of these pesulim apply on the first day, upon which one fulfills the mitzva mi-de'oraita of arba minim, and which apply throughout the week?
On the first day, upon which one is Biblically obligated to take the arba minim, one must ensure that the lulav belongs to the person fulfilling the mitzva, as the verse says, "And you shall take for yourselves (u-lekachtem lakhem)." In fact, the mishna (Sukka 41b) relates that when the first day of Sukkot would fall on Shabbat and people would be unable to bring their arba minim to the synagogue:
All the people bring their lulavs to the synagogue [on the previous day]. On the next day [i.e., Shabbat], they arise early [and come to the synagogue], and each one recognizes his own [lulav] and takes it, since the Sages laid down that no one can fulfill his obligation on the first day of the festival with the lulav of his fellow. But on the other days of the festival, a man may fulfill his obligation with the lulav of his fellow.
Then gemara then inquires:
From where do we know this? From what our Rabbis have taught: "And you shall take" (u-lekachtem) [implies] that there should be a "taking" with the hand of each individual; "to you" (lakhem) implies that it should be yours, excluding a borrowed or a stolen [lulav]. From this verse, the Sages deduced that no one can fulfill his obligation on the first day of the Festival with the lulav of his fellow, unless the latter gave it to him as a gift.
Thus, one may not use a borrowed, and certainly a stolen, lulav to fulfill the mitzva of arba minim on the first day of Sukkot. (The gemara [Sukka 29b – 30a] disqualifies a stolen lulav for an additional reason – mitzva ha-ba'ah be-aveira.)
Although nowadays, it is customary for each person to have own his own set of arba minim (although often one's wife and children may not have their own set), this was not common until recently. How is one who does not own his own set of arba minim to fulfill the mitzva on the first day of Sukkot? The gemara (ibid.) reports:
And it once happened that when R. Gamliel, R. Yehoshua, R. Eleazar ben Azariah, and R. Akiva were travelling on a ship and R. Gamliel alone had a lulav, which he had bought for one thousand zuz. R. Gamliel took it and fulfilled his obligation with it; then he gave it as a gift to R. Yehoshua, who took it, fulfilled his obligation with it, and gave it as a gift to R. Eleazar ben Azariah, who took it, fulfilled his obligation with it, and gave it as a gift to R. Akiva, who took it, fulfilled his obligation with it, and then returned it to R. Gamliel.
Why does he need mention that he returned it? He teaches us something incidentally – that a gift made on condition that it be returned constitutes a valid gift. This also follows from what Rava said: [If a man say to his fellow], "Here is an etrog [as a gift] on condition that you return it to me," and the latter took it and fulfilled his obligation with it, if he returned it, he is regarded as having fulfilled his obligation, but if he did not return it, he is regarded as not having fulfilled his obligation.
Accordingly, one may give his friend his arba minim as a "matana al menat le-hachzir," a gift given on the condition that it is returned. As long as the arba minim are returned, this is considered to be ownership, and the recipient fulfills the mitzva of arba minim. Furthermore, the Shulchan Arukh (658:9) records that it was customary for an entire community to purchase one etrog under the assumption that each "partner" gives his portion to the person taking the arba minim as a "matana al menat le-hachzir."
The Rema (649:5) cites the Terumat Ha-Deshen (100) who rules that after the first day, one may even take another person's lulav without permission, when necessary, and it is considered to be "borrowed." We can assume that the owner would willingly give permission for one to fulfill a mitzva with his money.
The Rishonim disagree regarding whether the requirement of "hadar" – expressed differently in each of the four minim – applies all week or only on the first day. Rashi (Sukka 29b), Tosafot (Sukka 29b, s.v. ba'inan), and the Rosh (Sukka 3:1) assume that "hadar" applies the entire week. The Rambam (Hilkhot Lulav 8:9), however, disagrees. Although the Shulchan Arukh (649:5) quotes the Rambam and rules that these halakhot do not apply after the first day, the Rema (ibid.) implies that he accepts the more stringent approach.
The gemara (Sukka 36a) teaches the an etrog that is "chaser" – incomplete – is valid after the first day. The gemara even relates that "R. Chanina tasted a part [of an Etrog] and fulfilled his obligation [with the remainder]," explaining that this passage refers to the rest of the days. Therefore, an Etrog which was cracked (nisdak) or punctured (nikav), or whose "oketz" (the bottom tip) fell off is valid after the first day. The Rema (649:5) rules that even an etrog whose pitom has fallen off is valid after the first day, assuming that an etrog whose pitom falls off is disqualified on the first day due to the pesul of chaser. The Mishna Berura (649:36) notes that the Acharonim disagree as to whether an etrog whose pitom has fallen off is considered to be "chaser" (see Magen Avraham 648:9), and therefore valid for the rest of the week, or whether it is not considered to be "hadar," in which case it would be disqualified all week according to some Rishonim, as we saw above. He concludes that one should preferably use a different etrog with an intact pitom.
The Rishonim disagree as to why an etrog that is "chaser" is invalid on the first day. Some Rishonim (Rashi, Sukka 36b, s.v. u-mesaninan; Tosafot, Sukka 29b, s.v. ba'inan and 34b, s.v. she-tehe; Rosh, Sukka 3:3) relate this to another category: lekicha tama. The gemara teaches regarding other halakhot that one's "taking" must be whole and complete – tama – and therefore, these Rishonim argue, if the etrog is incomplete, so is one's "taking." Others (Ritva, Sukka 29b, s.v. bishlama) insist that "chaser" is invalid because it is not considered to be "hadar."
Interestingly, the Rishonim discuss whether the arba minim standards of Yom Tov Rishon, the first day of Sukkot, should apply equally on Yom Tov Sheni, the second day of the festival, observed as a Yom Tov outside of Israel. While the Rambam (Hilkhot Lulav 8:9) implies that the second day should be similar to Chol Ha-Mo'ed, the Ritva (Sukka 29a, s.v. ve-khol she-amarnu) disagrees. The Shulchan Arukh (659:5) rules that if necessary, one may take arba minim on the second day that are generally invalid on the first day, but without a blessing (see Mishna Berura 649:50; R. Soloveitchik discusses this issue in his Kovetz Chiddushei Torah, pg. 148).
Relationship Between the Arba Minim
The Talmud discusses, in different contexts, the relationship between the four minim to one another. After all, the notion of one mitzva composed of four separate parts is a rare halakhic phenomenon. We will first discuss whether the lulav, hadassim, and aravot must be taken together, tied together in one bundle, or whether tying the minim together is merely a "hiddur mitzva," a beautification of the mitzva. We will then discuss whether the four minim must be taken together or whether they may even be taken separately, one after the other.
Egged – Binding the Arba Minim
The Talmud (Sukka 33a) cites a debate between R. Yehuda and the Chakhamim regarding the relationship between the four species:
It has been taught: A lulav, whether [the other prescribed species were] bound with it or not, is valid. R. Yehuda says: If it is bound [with the others] it is valid; if it is unbound, it is invalid.
R. Yehuda maintains that "Lulav tzarikh egged" – the lulav must be tied together with the hadasim and aravot in order to fulfill the mitzva. The Chakhamim disagree – the arba minim do not need to be taken together.
Seemingly, R. Yehuda believes that not only must all four species be taken together at the same time, but they must also be tied together. The Chakhamim disagree, and reject the second assumption – the four species do not have to be tied together. The Ritva (11b), however, cites and rejects the view of his teacher, the Ra'ah, who understands that R. Yehuda only requires that the minim be held together, and the Chakhamim reject even this.
Interestingly, the gemara (Sukka 11b) concludes that "It is a pious deed to bind the lulav, but [even] if he did not bind it, it is valid… [and] the pious deed spoken of is due to 'This is my God and I will glorify Him.'" The gemara maintains that even the Chakhamim prefer that one bind the species together, in accordance with the universal principle of hiddur mitzva (beautifying a mitzva), derived from the verse, "This is my God and I will glorify Him" ("zeh Keli ve-anvehu").
Although one may bind the lulav, hadassim, and aravot together with any material, it is customary to tie them together with a leaf of the lulav (Maharil, Seder Tefillot Chag Ha-Sukkot; see Kappot Temarim, Sukka 36b, who relates that "chassidim ve-anshei ma'aseh" only use a leaf from the lulav).
Furthermore, R. Eliezer of Metz (Yerei'im 124; also cited in Mordekhai, Sukka 748) rules that this egged must follow the Torah's standard of a knot, as defined in the laws of the Sabbath. Therefore, one should bind the arba minim with a double knot. The Shulchan Arukh (651:1) cites this position and adds that if one forgot to bind his arba minim together before Yom Tov, or if the knot became undone, he should tie them with a bow, since tying a double knot is prohibited on Yom Tov.
The Rema cites the Tur (651) who rules that on Yom Tov, one should make a loop around the lulav, hadassim, and aravot, and then put the head of the string through the loop and tighten it. The Rema adds that it is customary to tie this way during the week as well (see also Darkhei Moshe 651 and Magen Avraham 651:3). The Peri Megadim (Eshel Avraham 647) cites a similar custom, and records that this was his practice.
Nowadays, it is common practice of binding the arba minim with rings, and with a small basket made from lulav leaves, known as "koishiklech," which hold the hadassim, aravot, and lulav together. The Mishna Berura (651:8) cites the Responsa Agura Be-Ohalekha, who justifies this practice, despite the fact that these "koishiklech" do not seem to qualify as a double knot. The Arukh Ha-Shulchan (651:7) also records that it was customary to use these baskets and then to bind them with additional rings; he explains that this is simply "nicer" (na'e yoter).
Some Acharonim (Chatam Sofer, Sukka 36a; Bikkurei Ya'akov 651:8) criticize this practice. Some suggest tying at least one double knot at the bottom of the four minim.
In addition, those who maintain that one must tie the arba minim with a double knot also insist that they be tied in a manner in which one cannot remove one of the species on Yom Tov. Therefore, one would not be able to replace one's hadassim, as some do, on Yom Tov.
Preferably, one should prepare his egged before Yom Tov. What should one who forgot to prepare and bind the four minim do on Yom Tov? Some Acharonim (see, for example, Peri Megadim, Eshel Avraham 651:3) insist that one may rip off a leaf from a lulav on Yom Tov, as the labor of "tolesh" does not apply to items that have already been separated from the ground (see also Bikkure Ya'akov 651:5). The Sha'arei Teshuva (651:3) records that although it is customary to be stringent, one may cut the leaves of the lulav with one's teeth, which is considered to be a "shinuy" (a melakha done in an abnormal manner), which would be permitted for the sake of a mitzva. However, one should only do so in private.
The Rema (651:1), citing the Mordekhai, writes that one should bind the lulav, hadassim, and aravot with three knots. The Magen Avraham (651:5) explains that the three knots correspond to our three forefathers. Some tie one knot around all of the species and another two around the lulav (Taz 651:1; Shulchan Arukh Ha-Rav 651:11); others tie three knots around the lulav, aside from an additional knot around the three species (Eliya Rabba 651:6, Kitzur Shulchan Arukh 136:8). R. Shalom Shakhne Tsherniak writes in his Chaim U-Verakha (Hilkhot Etrog Ve-Lulav 288) that one should tie three knots around the three species and another two, above them, around the lulav. The Kaf Ha-Chaim (651:16) records that the Arizal would ties eighteen knots around his arba minim. Regardless of one's personal custom, one should tie the four minim together at least once.
Taking Each Species Separately – Four Parts of a Whole
Unlike tefillin – a mitzva composed of two distinct parts (the tefillin shel rosh, worn on one's head, and the tefillin shel yad, worn on one's upper arm) – which most Rishonim (Rambam Sefer Ha-mitzvot, Positive Commandments 12-13; Semag, Asin 21-22; Chinukh 421-422) count as two separate mitzvot, all seem to agree that the arba minim together make up one single mitzva. How, then, are we to understand this mitzva and the relationship between the four species?
The Talmud (Sukka 36b) teaches that all four species must be taken; if not, it seems that one has not fulfilled the mitzva:
And from where do we know that they are a hindrance to one another [i.e. that one cannot fulfill the mitzva without taking all four]? Scripture teaches: "And you shall take" – [implying] that the taking must be complete (lekicha tama).
Elsewhere (Menachot 27a), the gemara asserts that "This was taught only in the case in which he did not have them at all, but when he had them all (yesh lo), one does not invalidate the other." The Rishonim disagree regarding how to understand this passage.
The simple understanding of the gemara seems to indicate that one may fulfill the mitzva by taking all four minim consecutively, as long as "yesh lo," "he had them." Rabbeinu Tam (Tosafot, ad loc., s.v. she-tehe) wonders how one can fulfill the mitzva of arba minim when the four species are taken at different times, as the gemara implies, if taking the arba minim is considered to be one, single mitzva. He therefore rejects the simple understanding of the gemara and suggests that the correct text should read "however if he has them, even though he did not bind them together…" In other words, this passage simply supports that position of the Chakhamim that the four species need not be bound together. However, the arba minim certainly must be taken together.
Most Rishonim, however, reject this reading, and insist that under certain circumstances, one may take the four minim consecutively and still fulfill the mitzva. Indeed, the Behag, cited by Tosafot and the Rif (Sukka 17a), accepts the simple understanding of the gemara: One who takes all four minim, even consecutively, has fulfilled his obligation. The Rishonim differ as to how to understand the Behag's position.
Some Rishonim insist that the four minim must all be in one's possession in order to fulfill the mitzva. The Ritva (Sukka 34b, s.v. gemara), for example, explains that as long as one has all four species in his possession, he fulfills the mitzva even if he take one species after another. If, however, he does not have all four species in his possession, then he cannot fulfill the mitzva in this manner. While the Ritva implies that the arba minim must merely be in his possession, the Rosh (Sukka 3:14) writes that the four species should be "munachin kol arbatan lefanav" – physically present, in front of him. Interestingly, the Rambam (Hilkhot Lulav 7:6) explains that the four species must be "metzuyin etzlo" – which may imply that they must be "in one's possession," like the Ritva's interpretation, or that the four species must be present physically in from of him, like the Rosh argued. The Ran (Sukka 17a, s.v. ve-af al gav; see also Ritva 34b, s.v. gemara) cites the Ramban, who explains that even one who does not have all four minim in his possession should take each one as he receives it, and after taking all four, he fulfills his obligation. The gemara only intended to exclude a case in which a person did not take all four species.
Seemingly, we must suggest that according to Rabbeinu Tam, had the Torah not required a "lekicha tama," a complete taking, one may have been able to take the four species consecutively. The derasha teaches that the arba minim are to be viewed as one mitzva, which logic dictates must be taken at once. The other Rishonim (Ritva, Rosh, and Rambam) may maintain that without the derasha of lekicha tama, one might have viewed the four species as four separate mitzvot; one who takes even one or two of the species fulfills a mitzva. Indeed, some Rishonim (see Tosafot, Menachot 27a, s.v. u-lekachtem; Or Zaru'a 308; see also Mordekhai, Sukka 747 and Hagahot Asheri, Sukka 3:14) record that since "lekicha tama" only applies on the first day, as we saw regarding chaser, one who does not have all four species on Chol Ha-Mo'ed may still take some of them, and recite a blessing! These Rishonim maintain that the derasha requires that all four minim be taken together on the first day, and they simply disagree as to what constitutes "together." The Ramban, however, insists that the derasha merely requires that one take all four minim, and not that they must be taken – in any way – "together."
Interestingly, the Responsa Oneg Yom Tov (1) insists that all agree with the position of the Ramban; the Rosh, Ritva, and Rambam demand the presence of all four minim only for the sake of the berakha, lest one not actually take all four minim, in which case the blessing will be in vain.
The Sefer Ha-Michtam (Sukka 34b) offers a different explanation of the entire passage. He explains that one who does not have all four minim must take whatever he has at the same time. However, if he has all four minim in his possession, he can take them consecutively, one after the other. Apparently, although taking one of the minim has no value, one may either take some of them together or all of them, even consecutively. He also cites the Ra'avad, who writes that although one who does not have all four minim should not recite the blessing, he should still take them in order to "remember" the mitzva of arba minim.
The Shulchan Arukh (651:12) rules in accordance with the Rambam; one need not take all four species together in order to fulfill the mitzva, but rather, as long as they are "metzuiyim etzlo," he discharges his obligation. If, however, one species is missing, he should take the rest as a "zekher be-alma" (a remembrance). The Rema adds that the four minim should be "le-fanav" – physically in front of him – and that one should first take the lulav and recite the blessing "al netilat lulav." If he talks in between taking the four minim, he should recite a separate blessing on each remaining species. The Magen Avraham (521:25; see also Ritva 35b) disagrees.
Although the halakha permits one to take the four minim individually, but consecutively, it remains unclear whether one fulfills the mitzva only after all four minim have been taken, or whether there is an inherent fulfillment of a mitzva each time one of the minim is taken. (We saw a somewhat similar question regarding sefirat ha-omer – is the mitzva fulfilled only after one counted each of the thirty-nine nights, or does each night constitute a new mitzva?) This question may be relevant to next week's topic: How and when does one recite the blessing over the arba minim?
Next week, we will discuss the proper manner in which to recite the blessing over the arba minim, and then we will examine the "na'anu'im" (waving) of the lulav and their halakhic significance.


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