text: UFDC Home | Help | RSS TABLE OF CONTENTS HIDE Front Cover Introduction Acknowledgement Key to the families Calopterygidae Coenagrionidae Smaller genera Discussion Literature cited Back Cover Title: Diagnostic keys and notes on the damselflies (Zygoptera) of Florida CITATION THUMBNAILS PAGE IMAGE ZOOMABLE Full Citation STANDARD VIEW MARC VIEW Permanent Link: http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00001520/00001 Material Information Title: Diagnostic keys and notes on the damselflies (Zygoptera) of Florida Series Title: Bulletin of the Florida State Museum Physical Description: 46-89 p. : illus. ; 23 cm. Language: English Creator: Johnson, Clifford, 1932-Westfall, Minter J ( Minter Jackson ), 1916- Publisher: University of Florida Place of Publication: Gainesville Publication Date: 1970 Subjects Subject: Damselflies ( lcsh )Odonata -- Florida ( lcsh ) Genre: bibliography ( marcgt )non-fiction ( marcgt ) Notes Bibliography: Bibliography: p. 87-89. General Note: Cover title. Statement of Responsibility: by Clifford Johnson and Minter J. Westfall, Jr. Record Information Bibliographic ID: UF00001520 Volume ID: VID00001 Source Institution: University of Florida Holding Location: University of Florida Rights Management: All rights reserved by the source institution and holding location. Resource Identifier: aleph - 000298546oclc - 00205549notis - ABS4942lccn - 74633709 //r74 Related Items Other version: Alternate version (PALMM)PALMM Version Table of Contents Front Cover Front Cover 1 Front Cover 2 Introduction Page 45 Acknowledgement Page 46 Page 47 Page 48 Page 49 Page 50 Key to the families Page 51 Page 52 Page 53 Calopterygidae Page 54 Page 55 Page 56 Page 57 Page 58 Coenagrionidae Page 59 Page 60 Page 61 Page 62 Page 63 Page 64 Page 65 Page 66 Page 67 Page 68 Page 69 Page 70 Page 71 Page 72 Page 73 Page 74 Page 75 Page 76 Page 77 Page 78 Page 79 Page 80 Page 81 Page 82 Smaller genera Page 83 Page 84 Discussion Page 85 Page 86 Literature cited Page 87 Page 88 Page 89 Back Cover Back Cover 1 Back Cover 2 Full Text BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Volume 15 Number 2 DIAGNOSTIC KEYS AND NOTES ON THE DAMSELFLIES (ZYGOPTERA) OF FLORIDA Clifford Johnson and Minter J. Westfall, Jr. UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA Gainesville 1970 Numbers of the BULLETIN OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM are published at irregular intervals. Volumes contain about 300 pages and are not necessarily completed in any one calendar year. Consultants for this issue: Lewis Berner Harry K, Clench Communications concerning purchase or exchange of the publication and all manuscripts should be addressed to the Managing Editor of the Bulletin, Florida State Museum, Seagle Building, Gainesville, Florida 32601. Published 10 April 1970 Price for this issue $.80 DIAGNOSTIC KEYS AND NOTES ON THE DAMSELFLIES (ZYGOPTERA) OF FLORIDA Clifford Johnson and Mlntek J. Westfall, Je.1 Synopsis: This study presents a current species list and identification guide to the 45 species of damselflies (Zygoptcra) occurring in Florida, a guide to morphological terms, and a short text improving accuracy of determinations. Illustrated characters of each species and sex accompany the keys. Color patterns, behavior traits, and habitat preferences serving as identifying characters in the field support the keys. The text provides general distribution within the state for each species, and references to larval descriptions. Attention is directed to problems in damselfly ecology. Table of Contents [ntkopuction _________________________________ 45 coenacwonidae ____________________________ 59 Acknowledgments ..... ~~ 46 Argia...... ________... 63 Methods and Materials ________ 46 Enatlagma ........_ ........_ 70 Key to the Families ____________________ 51 hchnura _____________________________________ 79 Lestidae, Lestes .................... 51 Smaller Genera..... 83 Calopterygidae __________________________ 54 Calopteryx ............................56 Discussion ----------------------------------- 85 Hetaerina __________________________________ 57 Literature Cited _______________________ 87 Introduction This report presents a current list and identification guide to adult damselflies in Florida. The 45 species identified in the state arc listed in Table 1 with date of original description and authority. Literature citations for species descriptions and synonyms have not been included, as taxonomic history is outside the papers objective. Table 1 shows that more than 73 per cent of the state's 45 species were known prior to 1900 (Lestes disfunctus Selys originally recognized in 1862) and only two new species and two subspecies have been described since 1930. This decline in appearance of new taxa reflects a stabilizing taxonomy rather than inactivity of systematists. 1The authors are associate professor and professor respectively in the Department of Zoology, University of Florida, Gainesville. Manuscript received 12 November 1969. Johnson, Clifford and Mintcr J. Westfall, Jr. 1970. Diagnostic keys and notes on the damselflies (Zygoptera) of Florida. Bull. Florida State Mus., Vol. 15, No. 2, pp 45-89. Needham and Hey wood (1929), long out of print, contains taxo-nomic keys for North American species, and Byers (1930) specifically keys the Florida Odonata. The subsequent 40 years have significantly increased our knowledge of the fauna, and the above keys often prove unreliable for diagnosis. Acknowledgments We wish to recognize the assistance of all individuals who have contributed to collections studied. Dennis R. Paulson's extensive field work in south Florida has added immeasurably to our southern distribution records. The assistance of the University of Florida students who have tested the keys deserves special recognition for their efforts have contributed measurably to the keys' success. The assistance of Paul Laessle in preparing the figures for publication is kindly acknowledged. Methods and Materials Materials used for this guide include Odonata in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods and other collections at the University of Florida in addition to many published and unpublished field observations. Preceeding each genus and species key is a brief statement on geographical range, characteristics, and habitat preferences. An expanded explanation is given for difficult key characters where experience has proved necessary. The keys have been developed using students unfamilar with Odonata and progressively modified until such students, without the aid of a determined collection for comparison, repeatedly reached correct identifications. Success with the keys requires proper orientation of dorsal and lateral views of the structures in question. Inattention to this requirement was found to be the largest single cause for incorrect diagnosis; consequently the required orientation is given throughout the keys. Abdominal appendages in males occasionally dry or accidentally become lodged in an atypical position. This condition is usually obvious, but may lead to difficulty when not recognized. Some variation from the figures must be expected. Where such variability has affected diagnosis, the keys have been expanded and several lengthy key couplets are required. Males of all species are identified by the following characters: The genital fossa accommodating the penis lies conspicuously in the sternum of abdominal segment 2 and the anterior part of segment 3; in addition, the abdominal appendages, a superior and inferior pair, occur just posterior to segment 10. These appendages are illustrated for most species. Females lack a genital fossa and possess an ovipositor at the terminal end of the abdomen (Fig. 13J,K). Use of morpho- Lestjdae Lestes disjunctus australis Walker 1952 Lestes tenuatus Rambur 1842 testes inequalis Walsh 1862 Lestes vidua Hagen 1861 Lestes rectangularis Say 1839 Lestes vtgilax Hagen 1862 Caeopterygidae Calopteryx dimidxata Burmeister 1839 Hetaerina titia (Drury) 1773 Calopteryx maculata (Beauvois) 1805 Hetaerina tricolor (Burmeister) 18391 Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) 1798 coen agrionidae Anomalagrion hastatum (Say) 1839 Enallagma geminatum Kellicott 1895 Argia apicaUs (Say) 1839 Enallagma pallidum Root 1923 Argia bipunctulata (Hagen) 1861 Enallagma pollutum (Hagen) 1861 Argia fumipennis atra Gloyd 1968 Enallagma signatum (Hagen) 1861 Argia f. fumipennis (Burmeister) 1839 Enallagma sulcatum Williamson 1922 Argm moesta (Hagen) 1861 Enallagma traviatum Selys 1876 Argia sedula (Hagen) 1861 Enallagma vesperum Calvert 1919 Argia tibialis (Rambur) 1842 Enallagma tceewa Byers 1927 Argiallagtna pallidulum (Calvert) 1913 Ischnura kellicntti Williamson 1898 Enallagma basidens Calvert 1902 hchnura posita (Hagen) 1861 Enallagma cardemum Selys 1876 Ischnura prognatha (Hagen) 1861 Enallagma civile (Hagen) 1861 Ischnura rambun (Selys) 1850 Enallagma concisum Williamson 1922 Nehalennia gracilis Morse 1895 Enallugma davisi Westrail 1943 Nehalennia integricolUs Calvert 1913 Enallagma dwagans Selys 1876 Neoerythromma cultellatum (Hagen) Enallagma doubledayi (Selys) 1850 1876 Enallagma duhium Root 1924 Teleallagma daecki (Calvert) 1903 Enallagma durum (Hagen) 1861 Telebasis byersi Westfall 1957 Status questionable. Sec text. logical terms has been kept to a minimum, but familiarity with numerous structures and veins is required. The line drawings are of structural traits and do not include hairs or color patterns. Experience has shown that these illustrations properly orient the user without a lengthy description of odonate morphology. Wing venation is shown in Figure 1 and identified as follows: Longitudinal veins are the costal, C; cubital veins 1 and 2, Cui and Cu2; combined 1st and 2nd branches of the median vein, M^; four medial branches, Mt to M4; radial vein, R; and the radial sector, Rs. Specialized cross veins are the arculus, A; nodus, N; and subnodus, Sn. The anal crossing, Ac, appears also as a cross vein. Other identified cross veins are the ante- and postnodal cross veins, An and Table 1. The damsejlfly fauna of Florida Figure 1. Basal portion of fore wings in: A, Calopterygidae, Hetaerina americana; B, Lestidae, Lestes vigilax; C. Coenagrionidae, Argia tibialis. Veins identified in text. Pn. Postnodal cross veins are counted from the first cross vein distal to the nodus (Fig. 1) outward to the cross vein just proximal to the brace vein, b, under the stigma, st, (Fig. 7C). Specific cells are the antenodal cells, ANC; median space, MS; and quadrangle, Q. Body structures shown in Figure 2 are identified as follows: Pro- Figure 2. A, lateral view of thorax (prothorax disarticulated); B, head; C, dorsal view of head. Structures identified in text. thorax, T2; mesothorax, T2; mctathorax, T3; pterothorax, T2+T3; middle and hind prothoracic lobes, MPL and HPL; mesostigmal plates, MP; median carina, MC; humeral suture, H; mctapleural suture, LS; abdominal segments 1 and 2, abd. seg. 1 and 2; compound eyes, CE; ocelli, O; vertex, V; postclypcus, PC; labrum, Lr; labium, La; and antennae, Ant. Body length refers to the total length from anterior tip of the head to the apex of abdominal segment 10. Abdominal and body length do not include appendages. Greatest width across the compound eyes refers to a line drawn over the width of the head connecting points x' and x*' shown in Figure 2. Color patterns of the body consist of alternating dark and pale stripes on the pterothorax. The middle abdominal segments may be predominantly pale or dark with narrow pale or dark transverse rings or bands located over the base or apex of each segment. The terminal abdominal segments often have more extensive pale dorsal surfaces. The thoracic pattern typically consists of a dark middorsal stripe bordered laterally on either side by a pale antehumeral and dark humeral stripe in that order. The basic pattern is shown by Argia sedula in Figure 10G. An additional dark stripe may occur on the mctapleural suture. The head pattern typically consists of a pair of pale postocular srjots, PS, often a pale postoccipital bar, PB, and a variable facial pattern (Fig. 2). Pale areas occur in a wide range of colors while the dark stripes, rings, or bands arc usually brown, black or metallic bronze. Pale areas are largely reduced in some species and the dark pattern then consists of metallic greens, blues, or bronze. Much variation exists on these basic patterns and additional explanation, where needed, is provided with the individual keys. See Walker (1953) for an introduction to odonatc morphology. Species and sex can usually be recognized for adults in the field through a combination of color characters and behavior; consequently a guide to the more useful field traits has been given following the respective key. Use of such characters naturally requires a prior study of determined museum specimens, but specific recognition in the habitat is one of the assets damselflies offer for ecological investigation. N. W. Moore (I960) was correct in referring to odonates as the "bird watchers' insects/' Distributional records are certainly not complete, but they provide a general picture of faunal dispersion and are also summarized following the keys. Distributions occurring in north and northwest Florida and south into the peninsula arc given as southward to the southernmost county record. Distribution limited to south Florida is given as south from the northernmost county record. Statewide distributions are given as such, and individual counties arc listed for species recorded in only one to three counties. A further observation on distribution is given in the Discussion. Description and diagnosis of larval forms are less complete; however, Gloyd and Wright (1959) contains an excellent key for the U. S. genera (except Neoerythromma and Argiallagma). References to larval descriptions are given following species keys. Larva is used rather than nymph in terminology of immature stages following Snod-grass (1954). Key to tiie Families 1 a) Numerous aiilenodal and several quadrangle cross veins: wings not petiolate (Fig. 1A); wings pigmented with some black, brown or red in males, black, brown or nonpigrnented in females Caloptcrygidac b) Two antenodal and no quadrangle cross veins; wings petiolate (Fig. IB, C); nonpigrnented or with translucent brown .......................... 2 2 a) Vein M.; separating from M,_2 nearer the arculus than nodus (Fig. IB); stigma more than twice as long as wide __ ----------................ Lestidae b) Vein M.( separating from M,_2 nearer the nodus than the arculus (Fig. 1C); stigma not twice as long as wide __________ Coenagrionidae Lestidae One lestid genus, Lestes> occurring in both eastern and western hemispheres, is represented in Florida by six species. All Florida species have the wings colorless or slightly edged with brown, and the thoracic and abdominal dorsum in metallic green, bronze, or brown colors. Male colors are brighter than females, but they may develop a grayish pruinosity, an external exudate that obscures their patterns in old age. Males of disjunct us and vidua are structurally close and may constitute a source of confusion. The thoracic dorsum of females may occasionally possess both green and bronze metallic colors. Such females should be scored as bronze at couplet 1 (b). The stripe pattern in couplet 3 of the female key is clarified by the following note. The pale antelmineral stripe of lest ids is more lateral than in most damselflies and may overlie part of the humeral suture. The dark humeral stripe is therefore largely posterior to the humeral suture. Key to the Males 1 a) Inferior abdominal appendages longer than superior abdominal appendages (Fig. 3A); thoracic dorsum with metallic green _________ inequulis b) Inferior abdominal appendages shorter than superior abdominal appendages (Fig. 3B-F); thoracic dorsum with or without metallic green __________ 2 2 a) Median border of superior abdominal appendages in dorsal view with a distinct basal and apical tooth separated by an undulating or serrated margin (Fig. 3B-D) ............_________________ ____________________________________ 3 b) Median border of superior abdominal appendages in dorsal view with distinct basal tooth and lobed margin to apical end, or with flattened basal projection and apical cluster of numerous small bristle-like teeth (Fig. 3E,F) _________________________...... ____________________........ ........ 5 3 a) Apical tooth of superior abdominal appendage in dorsal view distinctly longer than basal tooth (Fig. 3B); metapleural su ture lacking black stripe or elongated spot; thoracic dorsum metallic bronze ________ rectangularis w B INEQUAUS D RECTANGULARIS OISJUNCTUS F VIDUA VIGILAX TENUATUS Figure 3. Dorsal view of left superior and inferior male abdominal appendages in Lestes species following sequence appearing in key. b) Apical tooth of superior abdominal appendage in dorsal view not longer than basal tooth (Fig, 3C, D); mctapleural suture with blackish, often irregular, stripe __________________________________......-.....--------.......____________________ 4 4 a) Inferior abdominal appendage in dorsal view extends rearward (only slightly in some individuals) beyond apical tooth of superior appendage (Fig. 3C); degree of serration variable between teeth on medial border of superior abdominal appendage; labrtun pale bluish . disjunctus austraUs b) Inferior abdominal appendage in dorsal view extends rearward no further than apical tooth of superior appendage (Fig. 3D); labrum dark purple (blackish in some dried museum specimens) _______________________________ vidua 5 a) Inferior abdominal appendages long and slender, well over half length of superior appendages (Fig. 3E); distance across compound eyes 5 mm or greater; body length 45 mm or greater; legs predominantly black; thoracic dorsum with metallic green on dark ground color _____............._ vigilax b) Inferior abdominal appendages short, one half or less length of superior appendages (Fig. 3F); distance across compound eyes less than 5 mm; body length less than 45 mm; legs mottled brown; thoracic dorsum with metallic green on tan ground color -----------------------.........._____________ tenuatus Key to the Females 1 a) Dorsum of thorax with green markings, often metallic _.......-.......... 2 b) Dorsum of thorax with bronze or brown markings, often metallic .... 4 2 a) A pair of brownish-black spots on ventrolateral surface of metathorax posterior to 3rd pair of legs; external face of tibia pale brown; stigma less than 2 mm in length ......._________________________________....._......... tenuatus b) Ventrolateral surface of metathorax pale without dark spots; external face of tibia predominantly black; stigma 2 mm or greater in length ______ 3 3 a) Antehumeral pale stripe reddish brown, one-third or greater the width of green area on either side of median carina; hind wing length 26 mm or less ................. __________......._________........_........_..... ___________________ ... vigilax b) Antehumeral pale stripe yellow, linear and less than one-fourth width of green area on either side of median carina; hind wing length 27 mm or greater............................ ---------------------......................_______________ inequalis A a) Abdominal segment 7 less than twice as long as ovipositor; abdominal length 30 mm or less _________________________.................. disjunctus australis b) Abdominal segment 7 twice as long as ovipositor; abdominal length 30 mm or greater ......- .......________.........___________________.......______..... 5 5 a) Ventral surface of metathorax entirely pale, upper end of metapleural suture pale or with very reduced spot; external face of tibia yellow ____........ .........________.......... _________......___________....._________________ _________________ rectangularis b) Ventral surface of metathorax with dark elongated spots and distinct spot on upper end of metapleural suture; external face of tibia predominantly dark brown to black _______.................___________ __________________.............. vidua All species inhabit marshy lake margins and ponds in frequently isolated colonies, fly slowly, and perch with half-spread wings on emergent vegetation. Perching with half-spread wings is characteristic of lestids; other perched damselflies usually fold the wings together over the body if not flexing them back and forth in some behavioral display. Clear petiolated wings separate lestids from calop-terygids, while large body size and spread-wing perching habit distinguish the group from most coenagrionids. The long slender coena-grionid, TeleaUagma daecki, has nonlestid perching habits and a pale bluish or tan body color. Body size and color pattern will allow species identification of males in the field after a study of museum specimens (excepting perhaps disjunctus and vidua). The same traits should prove useful for females, but require closer discrimination. Several studies of lestids have proved their adaptability to problems in population biology, see Bick and Bick (1961). Distribution data are: L. disjunctus australis: south to Orange County. L. inequaJis; Alachua County. L. rectangularis: Alachua and Clay Counties. L. tenuatus: Dade County. L. vidua: south to Highlands County. L. vigilax: south to Highlands County. Larval descriptions of L. disjunctus australis, rectangularis, and vigilax were given by Garman (1917 as L. forcipatus), Needham (1903) and Walker (1914) respectively and later supplemented by Walker (1953). Larvae of tnequalis, tenuatus, and vidua are still un-described. Calofteryctdae The large body size and conspicuous colors together with territorial and often complex courtship behaviors have combined to make these damselflies a favorite tool for several types of field investigation. The calopterygids are represented in Florida by two genera, both ecologically associated with streams. Calopteryx includes a group of species distributed generally in the northern hemisphere; Hetaerina consists of an array of species restricted to North and South America that reaches its highest diversity in the southern latitudes. Individuals are readily recognized by their broad, nonpetio-lated wings, and body colors of brown or metallic greens, blue, and bronze with pale areas largely reduced. Red, brown, or black wing pigments, separately or in combination, distinguish sex, with males showing the brighter colors. Females usually have much less or no wing pigment. Key to the Genera la) No cross veins in median space; little or no pale area in body pattern, coloration metallic green or bluish; wing pigments blackish, red colors absent, stigma absent in males, present and distinctly white in females ______ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Calopteryx b) Several cross veins in median space; distinct pale and metallic dark areas or brownish body patterns; male fore wings have basal red area with or without adjacent brownish pigments, stigma in both sexes ____ Hetaerina 1970 JOHNSON AND WESTFALL: FLORIDA DAMSELFLIES 55 Figvhk 5. Wing patterns in Calopteryx dimidiate: A, male; B and C females; and D, wing pattern of male Hetaerina americana. 56 BULLETIN FLORIDA STATE NHJSEUM Vol. 15 Calopteryx Key to the Males 1 a) Wings translucent brown to opaque black for full length (Fig. 6A); ventral surface of abdominal segments 9 and 10 whitish___maculata b) Wings with basal five-sixths to three-fourths area clear, apical portion distinctly marked with brown or black pigment (Fig. 5A); ventral surface of abdominal segments 9 and 10 black ____........________...... dimiiliata Key to the Females 1 a) Wings with brownish-black pigment over full length, often with greater intensity in apical fourth (Fig. 6B); ventrolateral surface of pterothorax blackish. ________'.________________maculata Figure 6. Wing patterns in Calopteryx maculatah: A, male; B, female; C, D, dorsal views of thoracic patterns in females of the Hetaerina titia complex. b) Wings devoid of brownish-black pigment or, if present, restricted to apical fourth or less (Fig. 5B,C); ventrolateral surface of pterothorax pale .............____________________________________r-............_______dimidiata Field identification follows the color pattern differences given in the keys supplemented by the following notes. Female maculata have fully pigmented wings but are usually darker in the apical fourth. Teneral maculata have only smoky-gray wing colors. Female dimidiata may have wings with little to no pigment, or the apical fourth may be pigmented similar to the male pattern. Females of both species have distinctive white stigmas. Calopteryx species present several intriguing ecological questions. C. maculata occurs along a wide variety of stream-riverine conditions and often disperses well inland. C. dimidiata apparently requires more specific conditions and often exists in isolated colonies. Dispersal inland from the breeding sites is much more limited in dimidiata. Where assemblages of the two species occur, niche segregation or differences in courtship reproductively isolating them have yet to be studied, though the courtship sequence in maculata has been analyzed (Johnson, 1962). Habitat selection, courtship, and territorial behaviors have been well studied in European species (Buchholtz, 1951; Pajunen, 1966), indicating their suitability for such work. The Florida populations of maculata have been treated as a subspecies, C. m. floridanay by Huggins (1927). The problem is discussed by Byers (1930). Distribution data are: C. dimidiata: south to De Soto Co. C. maculata: south to Highlands Co. The larva of C. maculata was described originally by Needham (1903) and in greater detail by Walker (1953). Wright (1946) described the larva of C. dimidiata. Hetaerina Key to the Males: la) Basal red spot on fore wing bordered distally by no pigment or brownish black color extending apically for variable distance, hind wing pigment brown and varying from basal spot to entire wing (Fig. 4A-D); pigmentation paler in teneral specimens ---------................--------- titia complex b) Basal red spot in fore and hind wings, may reach distally to nodus; apical wing areas nonpigrnented (Fig. 5D); red color limited to fore wing in teneral specimens with hind wing spot brown ._..............------- americana Key to the Females la) Ventrolateral surface of abdomen brown, slightly lighter, if any, in color than dorsum; dorsum of head and abdomen dark brown; thorax brown with broad metallic green band on either side of median carina, or band isolated into two elongate spots (Fig. 6CTJ) ........_______ titia complex b) Ventrolateral surface of abdomen pale-colored and distinctly contrasting with metallic green dorsum; dorsum of head and abdomen metallic green, latter usually with a pale basal ring per segment; dorsum of thorax with broad metallic green band on either side of median carina ____ americana Hetaerina titia as recognized in the above key may include two species, titia and tricolor. The latter species was originally described in 1839 and synonymized with titia in 1912; Johnson (1963) discusses the problem. The two-species interpretation is based on distinctive behavioral differences, two thoracic color patterns in females (Fig. 6C,D) and differences, though less distinct, in male wing patterns (Johnson, 1963). The latter studies were made with populations in central Texas where no female intergrades were found. In addition to the above criteria, flight season differences were noted, color differences were found not environmentally modified, and little if any gene exchange occurred between the two forms. Subsequent study of the Florida collections (unpublished) have revealed infrequent female intergrades for thoracic pattern and an apparent lack of different flight seasons. Consequently these species are identified here under the taxon titia complex, awaiting a more comprehensive study. The only caution required in identifying hetaerinas involves the sequential development of wing patterns during the teneral stages. In titia forms, the basic patterns in pale color may be determined soon after emergence, but in americana the hind wing spot in males is initially brown, and both fore and hind wings become deep red with age. The hind wing spot in male titia remains brown; however, the veins within the spot may be red. Female titia wings range from clear to variable amounts of brown, and female americana may exist with no wing pigment or with diffuse brown to orange basal spots. The female condition is not an age effect and the variation in americana is similar to that mentioned for Calopteryx dimidiata, possibly representing a sex-limited dimorphism as occurs in Ischnura and suggested in Enallagma. This type of variation is identified more fully below. Distribution data are: H. americana: Jackson County. H. titia complex: south to DeSoto County. The larva of H. americana was described originally by Needham (1903) and in greater detail by Walker (1953). Byers (1930) described the larva of titia, but it is impossible to associate the description in the titia complex. coenagriontidae Most damselflies at any suitable habitat are coenagrionids, and the Florida fauna is no exception with nine genera represented; 34 species have been collected in the state. Enallagmas and ischnurans have essentially cosmopolitan damselfly distributions, although reaching their highest species diversities in North America. Anomala-grion occurs in much of South America and adjacent islands, and Nehalennia occurs in the Palearctic as well as North America. The remaining five genera are limited to smaller nearctic and neotropical distributions. These species, usually with small body size, characteristically have brightly colored bodies in males, rather cryptically colored females, and with one notable exception (Argia fumipennis), clear colorless wings. Anomalagrion and Teleallagma are mono-typic genera; Argiallagma, Neoerythromma, and Telebasis are represented by single species in the state while Nehalennia, Ischnura, Argia, and Enallagma have 2, 4, 6 and 17 species respectively in the state. Taxonomists have largely used adult male characters for recognizing genera. Females have fewer and less specific structural traits; in addition their color patterns are frequently less distinctive, often obscured with age, or exist in dimorphic phases. Diagnostic keys for nearctic genera have consequently identified only males for Teleallagma, Anomalagrion, Ischnura, and Enallagma (Needham and Hey-wood, 1929; Smith and Pritchard, 1956). The following key avoids a unisexual treatment through additional couplets and alternate routes for determination. Color characters involve stripe patterns of the thorax and to a less extent the external faces of the tibiae and shapes of postocular spots. These qualities are considered with thoracic, head, and abdominal colors and their change with age. Where the above characters are not self explanatory, they are explained in the key and referred to necessary figures. The variable color patterns required of female determination constitutes the most likely source of confusion. The external exudate, pruinescence, may partially obscure patterns in Anomalagrion and Ischnura. A small drop of acetone will usually expose the underlying pattern temporarily. Pruinescence is developed to greater degree in males of other genera. Key to the Genera 1 a) Majority of spines on 2nd and 3rd tibiae long, distance between spines approximately one-half of spine length (Fig. 7B); if thoracic dorsum metallic green, a distinct pale antehumeral stripe exists and females with a vulvar spine (such as Fig. 13K)..................................................................... 2 b) Spines of tibiae short, distance between spines approximately equal to spine length (Fig, 7A); if thoracic dorsum metallic green, it is never RAMBUR) TIBIALIS MOESTA SEDULA HASTATUM f Figure 7. Variation in tibial spines and stigma structure in selected coenagrionids. Structures identified in text. Arrows indicate key characters. bordered laterally by pale antehumeral area and such females never with vulvar spine (such as Fig. 13J) _________________________.....__________________________ 3 2 a) M2 separating from near the 5th and 4th postnodals on the fore and hind wings respectively; postnodals 8 or less; sternum of abdominal segment 8 with a vulvar spine in. females; abdominal appendages of male without distinct arms in lateral view (Fig, 18D); avg body length 25-27 mm .................................._______________________________ Argiallagma pallidulum b) M2 separating from Mt_2 near the 6th and 5th postnodals or beyond on the fore and hind wings respectively; postnodals 9 or greater; sternum of abominal segment 8 without a vulvar spine in females; male appendages and body lengths variable ........__________..........________________________________ Argia 3 a) Thoracic dorsum solid metallic green to bronze; abdominal dorsum pre- dominantly greenish-black; sternum of abdominal segment 8 without vulvar spine in females; avg body length 24-27 mm .._____________________________ Nehalennia b) No such combination of characters ________..............------......................._____ 4 4 a) Thoracic dorsum with black dorsal stripe finely divided by pale-colored carina and distinctly notched laterally in posterior half; a small elongated dark spot midway along each humeral suture; antehumeral area and thoracic sides reddish brown in males, brown in females; abdominal dorsum red in males, brown in females; sternum of abdominal segment 8 without vulvar spine in females; inferior abdominal appendage of male extends rearward beyond apical level of superior appendage (Fig. 18E); avg body length 28-31 mm _________........................... Telebasis byersi b) No such combination of characters........------.........._.................................... 5 5 a) Abdominal length 34 mrn or greater; Cu terminating near midway point between nodus and origin of M2; petiole of wing usually extends distally to anal crossing; dorsal thoracic stripe in males narrow and humeral stripes reduced to elongated spots, stripe pattern further reduced in females; superior abdominal appendage of males in lateral view with distinct ventrally directed lobe (Fig. 18A); stermim of abdominal segment 8 with vulvar spine in females ..........._______...........______...............__________ Teleallagma daecki b) Abdominal length less than 34 mm; Cu2 terminating near origin of M2 or beyond; petiole of wing usually terminated by hind margin of wing slightly proximal to anal crossing; variable color patterns, male appendages and presence of vulvar spine in females _______________................... 6 6 a) Males ______________......................_______......... .......________________............________ 7 b) Females -.........._______________..........._........... _____________________________................ 11 7 a) Stigma of fore wing removed from wing margin (Fig. 7E); abdominal segment 10 elevated into spine, superior abdominal appendage with distinct dorsoposteriorly-directed arm in lateral view (Fig. 18B); avg body length 23-27 mm .....______......__________................._. Anomalagrion hastatum b) Stigma of fore wing not removed from wing margin; abdominal segment 10 and appendages not as in Fig. 18B ____________........._______________ 8 8 a) Entire front of head between compound eyes yellowish-white distinctly bordered posteriorly at approximate level of anterior ocellus by black of vertex and rear of head; elongated postocular spots present; abdominal segment 8 and 9 without black dorsal markings, segment 10 dorsally black and not elevated on rear margin; M2 usually separating from M1-2 near the 4th and 3rd postnodals in the fore and hind wings respectively; superior abdominal appendages longer than segment 10 and with a ventrally directed denticle in lateral view (Fig. 18C); unlikely beyond south Florida .......____________________.......................... ___________ Neoerythromma cultellatum b) Front of head anterior to ocelli with black markings, pale colors ranging from oranges, tans, blues, greens and purples; if black absent from face, abdominal segment 8 and 9 with black dorsal markings; M2 separation variable; with or without elevated rear margin of abdominal segment 10; abdominal appendages never with structure shown in Fig. 18C ..... 9 9 a) M2 separating from M1 ; near 5th and 4th postnodals or beyond in the fore and hind wings respectively; abdominal segment 10 not elevated on rear dorsal margin; stigma similar in fore and hind wings ..... Enallagma b) M2 separating from Mt_2 near the 4th and 3rd postnodals in the fore and hind wings respectively; abdominal segment 10 may or may not have elevation on rear dorsal margin into spine-like process; stigma color may differ between fore and hind wings in well-matured individuals ______ 10 10 a) Abdominal segment 10 elevated on rear margin into spinelike process (Fig. 18G-I); or if not, inferior abdominal appendage consists of dorsally-directed tooth and ventroposteriorly directed arm extending rearward beyond apical level of superior appendage in lateral view (Fig. 18F); stigma may differ in fore and hind wings (except Z. posita) Ischnura b) Abdominal segment 10 not elevated and inferior abdominal appendage never in lateral view as Fig. 18F-I; stigma similar in fore and hind wings -................................____________ ____________................. Enallagma 11a) Sternum of abdominal segment 8 without a vulvar spine (Fig. 13J) 12 b) Sternum of abdominal segment 8 with a vulvar spine (Fig. 13K) 13 12 a) Dorsal and humeral dark thoracic stripes bordering distinct pale antehu- meral stripes ..............................___________________ Neoerythromma cultellatum b) Thoracic dorsum with dorsal black stripe and orange laterally (no humeral stripe) becoming dark brown or greenish with age and dorsal stripe obscured in older individuals, or each pale antehumeral area exists as two separate spots, the anterior one elongated, whole dorsum becoming obscured with age into a solid bluish-gray (spot pattern revealed by acetone treatment)................................................. ______________________________ 19 13 a) Distinct dorsal and humeral blackish thoracic stripes bordering pale ante- humeral stripes; antehumeral colors include light tan, blues, and green____ 14 b) Distinct dorsal thoracic stripe present us solid band or finely divided on the carina, or absent; pale thoracic area lateral to dorsal stripe (if present) orange, brown, or bluish; never with distinct humeral stripe (latter may be represented by stnall isolated spots) ________________________________.....______________ 17 14 a) M2 separating from M^o near the 5th and 4th postnodals or beyond on the fore and hind wings respectively ........................................ Enallagma b) M2 separating from M,_2 near the 4th and 3rd (or 2nd) postnodals on the fore and hind wings respectively ......................................... 15 15 a) Postocular spots obscured; body length 30 mm or less; dorsum or abdominal segments 3-7 bluish-gray or black; no dark stripe on metapleural suture _________________________________.....__________________________________ Anomalagrion hastatum b) Postocular spots distinct or, if obscured, associated with body length of 30 mm or greater; dorsum of abdominal segments 3-7 black (often with metallic green tint), brown or pale orange; with or witiiout dark stripe on metapleural suture........ _________......________________________________________................. 16 16 a) Postocular spots exist as large triangles occupying majority of postocular area with apex directed anteriorly, or as small circles and associated with a blue abdominal segment 8 ....______________________________________________ Ischnura b) Postocular spots are elongated transversely with or without connections to pale postocular bar; if spots exist as circles, abdominal segment 8 with black markings.............._______________.....................____________________ Enallagma 17 a) M2 separating from Mt_2 near the 5th and 4th postnodals or beyond fon the fore and hind wings respectively.................................._______________ 18 b) M2 separating from Mt_2 near the 4th and 3rd (or 2nd) postnodals on the fore and hind wings respectively ____________________________ _____....................... 19 18 a) Dorsum of thorax with dorsal black stripe and orange laterally becoming dark brown or greenish with age (dorsal stripe obscured in older individuals); transverse postocular spots and bar broadly confluent with pale of rear head area but spots, bar and rear head areas obscured by black at early age ___....._______.................. _______________________.................. Ischnura b) Dorsum of thorax with or without dorsal black stripe and pale blue or bluish-brown laterally; distinct bluish postocular spots with well defined borders, often with pale postocular bar; these patterns not obscured with age ____________...............___________________ .................. _____________ Enalhgma 19 a) Body length less than 30 mm; dark middorsal thoracic stripe; humeral stripe narrow, faint or absent; pale antehumeral stripe continuous; abdominal segments 8, 9, and 10 black .......... ___________________ _________ Anomaiagrion has latum b) Body length 30 mm or greater, or antehumeral area divided into 2 spots (requires close examination), or abdominal segments 8, 9, and 10 largely pale.... -.............. _______________............. _____....._______................. ______________.... hchnura Argia The following key to females requires examination of mesostigmal plates and anterior end of the median thoracic carina. These structures occurring on the anterior dorsal edge of the mesothorax must be viewed dorsally; therefore, the head and prothorax must often be relaxed and articulated forward to provide a clear view. The male abdominal appendages are small and their diagnostic features often require study of both dorsal and lateral aspects. Key to the Males la) Dorsum of abdominal segments 3-6 pale blue with black apical rings; body length usually less than 30 mm; fore wing length usually less than 17 mm; inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view not bifid (Fig. 8B) .. . ______..................-....................___________ _________________....._______ bipunctulata b) Dorsum of abdominal segments 3-6 violet with black apical rings, or brownish-black with pale-colored basal rings, or brownish-black without such basal rings; body length usually greater than 30 mm; fore wing length usually greater than 17 mm; inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view bifid (Fig. 8A,C,E,F); or if not (Fig. 8D), stigma surmounts 1.5 to 2 cells (Fig. 7C) and body length always greater than 34 mm .. 2 2 a) Stigma surmounts 1.5 to 2 cells (Fig. 7C); inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view not bifid (Fig. 8D); distinct bluish-white pruinescence on dorsum of head and thorax in nonteneral individuals _______...... moesta b) Stigma surmounts 1 cell (rarely 1.5 cells) (Fig. 7D); inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view bifid or notched (Fig. 8A,C,E,F); little or no pruinescence on dorsum of head and thorax ......__________......_____......3 3 a) Abdominal segment 8 black, 9 and 10 bluish on dorsum; ventral arm of inferior appendage in lateral view not extending posteriorly beyond dorsal arm (Fig. 8F) ......................_____............................_____.................. tibialis SEDULA TIBIALIS Figure 8. Lateral view of male abdominal appendages in Argia species. b) Dorsum of abdominal segments 8, 9, and 10 blue or bluish-purple; ventral arm or denticle of inferior appendage in lateral view extends posteriorly well beyond dorsal arm (Fig. 8A,E); or if not (Fig. 8C) wings are distinctly brown _____________.................---------------------...............__________........ 4 4 a) In dorsal view, ventral arms of the inferior abdominal appendages with in- ward curved apical tips (Fig. 9Ca); pale antehumeral area dark blue ........ ..............------------------------..............-----------------------------------------------sedula b) In dorsal view, ventral arms of the inferior abdominal appendages "%ith distinct laterally divergent curvature from medial base to apical tips (Fig. 9A,B); pale antehumeral area light blue to deep violet _____ 6 5 a) Superior abdominal appendage in lateral view with a distinct apical iSoth directed ventrally, a second more basal tooth present but often obscured in lateral view depending on articulation of the appendage (Fig. 8A); wings clear (rarely clouded with white or pale brown); middorsal dark thoracic SEOUL A TIBIALIS 0_ Figure 9. Dorsal view of male abdominal appendages and female mesosrig mal plates in Argia species. Arrows indicate key characters. stripe narrow, usually restricted to dorsal carina; pale antehumeral area light blue or violet, humeral stripe variable (Fig. 10A,B) .... apicaUs b) Superior abdominal appendage in lateral view without ventrally-directed tooth-like projections (Fig. 8C); wings distinctly yellowish-brown to dark brown; middorsal dark thoracic stripe not restricted in width to dorsal carina; pale antehumeral area pale to deep violet .............------- 6 6 a) Dorsum of abdominal segments 2-6 violet with narrow black apical rings; Florida west of the Suwannee River.................. fumipennis fumipennis b) Dorsum of abdominal segments 3-7 brown to brownish-black with narrow pale-colored basal rings (rings obscured in old individuals); peninsular Florida east of the Suwannee River excepting the southernmost four counties, isolated colony in Torreya shrub of Liberty County in nw Florida _______ _____......_______..........._____....._______ _____________ .....____...... fumipennis atra FUMIPENNIS Figure 10. Lateral view of thoracic patterns in Argfa species. Key to the Females 4 1 a) Dorsum of abdorninal segmexit 8 blue, black ventrolaterally; body length rarely greater than 30 mm; fore wing length rarely greater than 17 mm; ^ dorsal and humeral dark thoracic stripes wide, the latter not forked but possessing a posterior pale spot (Fig. 11D)................... bipunctulato Figure 11. Lateral view of thoracic patterns in Argia species. b) Dorsum of abdominal segment 8 dark brown to black, 9 and 10 variably marked; body length rarely less than 30 mm; fore wing length rarely less than 17 mm; dark humeral thoracic stripes absent or variable in pattern, often forked (Fig. 10,11)....................................________________________ 2 2 a) Stigma surmounts 1.5 to 2 cells (Fig. 7C); body length rarely less than 38 mm; fore wing length rarely less than 24 mm .................... moesta b) Stigma surmounts 1 cell (rarely 1.5 cells); body length rarely greater than 37 mm; fore wing length rarely greater than 24 mm ........ 3 3 a) In dorsal view, anterior end of median thoracic carina bifurcates between posterior medial borders of the mesostigmal plates in the form of two elevated ridges (Fig. 9Db) ______________.........________ .........______ apicalis b) In dorsal view, anterior end of median thoracic carina expanded between posterior medial borders of mesostigmal plates in the form of two flat plates (Fig. 9Eb-Gb).............................. ___________________............... 4 4 a) In dorsal view, posterior medial borders of mesostigmal plates not extended lFemales of these subspecies are apparently not separable. Sec geographic note in the male key and Gloyd (1968). posteriorly into projecting lobes or raised into elevated rims (Fig. 9Gc) ____ ____.................................................._________________..............._______________.............. tibialis b) In dorsal view, posterior medial borders of mesostigmal plates extended posteriorly into projecting lobes or raised into elevated rims (Fig. 9Ec, Fc) ...........................................________________.....-................. -......________ 5 5 a) In dorsal view, posterior medial borders of mcsostigmal plates raised into elevated rims (Fig. 9Fc) .......................................................____________________sedula b) In dorsal view, posterior medial borders of mcsostigmal plates extended posteriorly into projecting lobes (Fig. 9Ec) _____________________.... ........._____ __________________.................................fumipennis fumipennis, fumipennis atrax Argians are typically associated with stream habitats, but seepages and lakes are often colony sites. Individuals have a preference for perching on exposed earth and emergent rocks rather than grasses, twigs, limbs. This preference is less developed in fumipennis and bipunctulata, but all species avoid dense vegetation. The taxonomic value of body color patterns involves several qualifications. Pale antehumeral colors vary considerably from teneral age to maturity. The rather distinctive colors manifest at maturity are largely lost in museum specimens and may show a reversible change during life reflecting physiological states (Bick and Bick, 1965). Mature male colors range through shades of blue to violet, and the less colorful females also have shades of brown. Pruinescence developed by mature moesta males may obscure their dark dorsal thoracic pattern; otherwise thoracic dark-stripe patterns are essentially constant with age. These dark patterns vary between individuals, possibly reflecting local differentiation, and males usually show a more extensive dark pattern than females. The characteristic pattern of each species is shown in Figures 10 and 11, but variations from these patterns must be expected in any sample. The pattern of variation in moesta (Fig. 11) was once treated taxonomically with the name putrida assigned to eastern populations including Florida. Populations of apicalis occurring in north-central Florida south to the Santa Fe River between Alachua and Columbia Counties, apparently on the southernmost fringe of its range, have a distinctive pattern (Fig. 10A,B). Females of these atypical apicalis also have both dark middorsal and humeral stripes. The typical apicalis pattern is otherwise stable throughout its distribution in North America and similar between the sexes. Blue antehumeral colors characterize mature males of api&ilis, sedula, and in lighter shades bipunctulata. The latter species is more readily determined by its small size, enallagma-like abdominal pattern, and its usual association with shallow seepage habitats. The reduced dark pattern in apicalis distinguishes that species from sedula. Violet antehumeral colors occur in mature males of tibialis and fumipennis. These species are best separated by wing color as mentioned below. The bluish-white pruinesence of the dorsal thorax distinguishes mature male moesta in conjunction with its large size and preference for larger streams and rivers. The rather drab-colored tenerals and females are more difficult to distinguish. All six species are rarely found together, and a survey of the argian fauna for a habitat may be accomplished using the more distinctive patterns of mature males. Female and teneral identification is then facilitated by associated males and dark thoracic patterns. Where sedula and apicalis occur together, field determinations should be limited to males. Female fumipennis are further characterized by their brown wings. Abdominal patterns are less variable but offer few useful field traits other than for bipunctulata. Wing color is characteristically clear excepting the distinctive brown of fumipennis, but sedula wings are occasionally tinted with brown and may overlap in color intensity with the lighter brown of some fumipennis individuals. Thoracic colors separate these species where overlap of wing colors occurs. Brown wing color serves to distinguish fumipennis from tibialis> which is rather similar in thoracic patterns and habitat preferences. Distribution data are: A. apicalis: south to Columbia-Alachua County line. A. bipunctulata: south to Orange County. A. fumipennis atra: east and south of the Suwannee River to Lee, Hendry, and Palm Beach Counties; isolated colony reported in nw Florida (Liberty County) and intergradation with A. f. fumipennis in Nassau County in northeast Florida. A. f. fumipennis: west of the Suwannee River in nw Florida. A. moesta: south to Charlotte County. A. sedula: south to Collier County. A. tibialis: south to Seminole County. Larval descriptions of apicalis and tibialis, moesta, and fumipennis were given by Needham (1903), Needham and Cockerell (1903), and Needham (1904) respectively (Needham (1903) first described fumipennis as violacea); Seeman (1927) described the larva of sedula, and the larva of bipunctulata remains undescribed. The above descriptions of apicalis and tibialis particularly do not agree with known material from over the species range and cannot be used safely. More complete descriptions are given by Walker (1953). Enallagma The pale and dark color patterns in Enallagma species are essentially similar between the sexes, but pale regions of adult males are colorful, and three species groups may be recognized on this basis. Species with blue colors are divagans, geminatum, doubledayi, civile, durum, basidens, davisi, traviatum, and pallidum, the latter two being the palest blue. Species with purple colors are cardenium and tveetva, the latter darkening with age and appearing black. Species with yellowish, orange, or reddish colors are sulcatum, ves-perum, signatumt pollutum, concisum, and dubium, the latter two having the redder colors. Teneral individuals may not fit the above grouping; for example pollutum and signatum are pale blue in the teneral stage and orange as adults. Other than during the transient teneral stage, enallagmas are less subject to pattern changes with age than some argians and female ischnurans. The postocular spot pattern is subject to polymorphic variation (Johnson, 1964a); abdominal patterns of segments 8, 9, and 10 are stable. The pale-colored areas in females occur in shades of tan or brown, though occasional females have pale colors that closely approach the male condition. Walker (1953) has suggested that this variation may represent a form of sex-limited dimorphism similar to the phenomenon in Ischnura. Identification of males requires examination of the superior abdominal appendages for an attached tubcrcle-like structure. The following key recognizes the presence of the tubercle only if it forms part of the appendage's lateral profile (Fig. 12A,B). Medial projections not laterally visible should not be scored as a tubercle (durum has such a tubercle). Tubercles are usually paler in color than the appendage proper but may darken with age. Identification of females requires an examination of the prothoracic dorsum, mesostigmal plates, anterior dorsum of the mesothorax, and antenodal cell number. In several species the middle lobe of the prothorax has a pair of shallow pits on its dorsum. Close attention is needed for this trait; for instance, the pits of dubim occur anteriorly on a black middle lobe and may be missed by casual observation. The mesostigmal plates have distinctive structural differences in several species and must be viewed in dorsal aspect for the following key. Females of civile and doubledayi are very similar and may be confused. The character given in the key has proved best in testing. The convex medial border of the mesostigmal plates in doubledayi BASlDENS DAVlSl CARDENIUM Figure 12, Lateral view of male abdominal appendages in Enallagma species following sequence appearing in key. forms the medial half of a circular depression in the mesial fourth of each plate. The depression is defined by varying the angle of illumination. The depression is absent in civile with its concave border on the medial end of the mesostigmal plates. To find the prothoracic pits and mesostigmal plates usually one must flex the specimen's head forward. The dorsum of the mesothorax posterior to the rear margin of the mesostigmal plates in several species has a pair of elevated knob or ridgelike projections (Fig. 16A-C). The structures are visible in dorsal view, but are more distinct when viewed at an oblique lateral TRAVIATUM VESPERUM SULCATUM POLLUTUM SIGNATUM P05ITA HASTATUM Figure 13. Lateral veiw of male abdominal appendages in Enallagma and Nehalennia; dorsal view of hind prothoracic lobe in female Nehalen-nia; lateral view of terminal abdominal segments and ovipositor in selected coenagrionids. Arrows indicate key characters. angle. Antenodal cells of the wings are formed by cross veins between the longitudinal viens M4 and Cui from the quadrangle outward to the level of the subnodus. * The distribution of pale and dark color patterns on the abdomen has diagnostic value, though older females that have oviposited often have the terminal abdominal segments coated with silt and the pattern obscured. Acetone and a fine brush will remove such material. Key to the Males la) Superior abdominal appendage in lateral view with distinct tubercle forming dorsoapical margin of appendage or lying between dorsal and ventral arms of the appendage (Fig. 12A, B) .......----------------------------------2 b) Superior abdominal appendage in lateral view without such a tubercle .... 3 2 a) Tubercle of superior abdominal appendage not overlaid in lateral view by dorsal arm of appendage (Fig. 12A) __________________________...... doubledayi b) Tubercle of superior abdominal appendage overlaid in lateral view by dorsal arm of appendage (Fig. 12B) ______ ----------..........------------------.civile 3 a) Superior abdominal appendage in lateral view notched on dorsoapical mar- gin with only distinct ventral arm (Fig. 12C); or appendage bifid with dorsal and ventral arms, the latter equal to or greater in length than the dorsal arm (Fig. 12D-G)_____.......____........________________________________4 b) Superior abdominal appendage in lateral view elongate with small tooth or distinct ventral arm directed ventrally (Figs. 12H-L; 13A-C, E); or, appendage bifid with divergent dorsal and ventral arms, the latter shorter in length than the dorsal arm (Fig. 13D) _____________________________......._____8 4 a) Inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view greater in length than super- ior abdominal appendage .---------.........---------.....--------......-------......-------5 b) Inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view equal to or less than length of superior abdominal appendage -------..............-----.........-----..........----6 5 a) Dorsum of abdominal segments 3-6 black except narrow blue basal rings (Fig. 14C); body length 28 mm or less; ventral arm of superior abdominal appendage curved dorsally (Fig. 12C) ___................------------geminatum b) Dorsum of abdominal segments 3-6 blue except black spots in apical half (Fig. 14D); body length 31 mm or greater; ventral arm of superior abdominal appendage curved mesially (Fig. 12D); with small tubercle seen in dorsal view ----......--------------------.........------------------------durum 6 a) Dorsum of abdominal segment 9 purple, segment 8 black (Fig. 14E); two arms of superior abdominal appendage directed posteriorly in lateral view (Fig. 12E) _________________________......___________________.........___________weewa b) Dorsum of abdominal segments 8 and 9 blue (Fig. 14F, G); superior abdominal appendage in lateral view with rounded knob for dorsal arm and ventral arm directed ventroposteriorly (Fig. 12F); or, appendage with distinct divergent dorsal and ventral arms -__________...........------7 7 a) Dorsum of abdominal segment 10 black (Fig. 14F); dorsal arm of superior abdominal appendage rounded knob in lateral view, ventral arm directed ventroposteriorly _________________________________________........-------divagans b) Dorsum of abdominal segment 10 blue (Fig. 14G); dorsal and ventral arms of superior abdominal appendage widely divergent in lateral view, former extending upward to dorsal margin of abdominal segment 10 (Fig. 12G) ......______......______....._______________________........_______________........ pallidum 8 a) Dorsum of abdominal segments 8, 9, and 10 black ---------------......-------9 b) Dorsum of abdominal segment 8 or 9 or both predominantly blue or yellowish-orange ___......------.....-------------.....--------------------------------- 10 9 a) Body length 28 mm or less; 1st 2 antenna! segments black; antehumeral stripe narrower than humeral stripe; dorsal margin of superior abdominal appendage in lateral view straight, not elevated in posterior half (Fig. 12H) _____________________________________......._______.....________....._____________________ dubktm DOUBLE DAY I CIVILE GEMINATUM DURUM OIVAGANS [ WEEWA w c c c DU8IUM CONCISUM J BASIDENS K DAVIS! Figure 14. Dorsal view of male abdominal patterns in Enallagma species following sequence appearing in key. b) Body length 30 mm or greater; 1st 2 antennal segments pale-colored; antehumeral stripe equal or greater in width than humeral stripe; dorsal margin of superior adbominal appendage in lateral view elevated in posterior half (Fig. 121) _................_____________............ ________________________............ concisum 10 a) Dorsum of abdominal segments 8 and 9 predominantly blue or purple (Figs. 14J, K; 15L, M) ________......_________.................---------.....----------.31 b) Dorsum of adbominal segment 9 predominantly blue or orange, segment 8 black (Fig. 15N-Q)......_......___________________________.............___________...............- 14 11 a) Dorsum of abdominal segments 4 and 5 with basal half pale blfe (bluish-brown in some museum specimens) (Fig. 14J, K) ----------........12 b) Dorsum of abdominal segment 4 and 5 with basal half black (Fig. 15L, M) _____________________________.....-............-~........___________...............----------- 13 CAROENIUM M TRAVIATUM N VESPERUM SULCATUM POLLUTUM SIGNATUM Figure 15. Dorsal view of male abdominal patterns in Enallagma species following sequence appearing in key. 12 a) Humeral stripe longitudinally divided by pale stripe; inferior abdominal appendage distinctly shorter than superior abdominal appendage (Fig. 12J) ........._______......... _______........._.-_____.....----------. .........______......... ______A. basidens b) Humeral stripe not divided by pale stripe; inferior abdominal; appendage approximately equal in length to superior abdominal appendage (Fig. I2K) ...... ________....... _________.............................. ___________________......... ______... davi&i 13 a) Inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view one-half or less length of superior abdominal appendage (Fig. 12L); pale body color purple; pro-thorax predominantly black ...... ________........... ___....................cardenium h) Inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view more than one-half length of superior abdominal appendage (Fig. 13A); pale body color blue; pro-thorax not predominantly black, a distinct dorsal and two lateral blue spots on middle lobe........... _____......________............... ........ _.....______traviutum Ha) Dorsum of abdominal segment of 9 blue.............________...... ... _..........15 b) Dorsum of abdominal segment 9 orange or yellow in mature individuals; for teneral specimens compare abdominal appendages______________.....________16 15 a) Apical margin of superior abdominal appendage not convex in lateral view (Fig. 13B); antehumeral pale stripe wider than bumeral stripe, latter reduced to hair line and restricted to suture part of its length ....vesperum b) Apical margin of superior abdominal appendage distinctly convex in lateral view (Fig. 13C); antehumeral pale stripe narrower than numeral stripe, latter not restricted to suture along part of its length .........sulcatum 18 a) Superior abdominal appendage in lateral view distinctly bifid at apical margin producing dorsal and ventral divergent arms (Fig. 13D) ___________ _____....................................................................................................... pollutum b) Superior abdominal appendage in lateral view elongated, not bifid on apical margin and small tooth on ventral margin (Fig. 13E) ________signatum Key to the Females la) Middle lobe of prothoiax with pair of depressions or pits on the dorsal or dorso-lateral surface ___________________________________________________________________2 b) Middle lobe of prothorax without pair of pits -----------------.........................8 2 a) Dorsum of mesothorax with pair of elevated, knob-like projections just rearward of mesostigmal plates' posterior margin (Fig. 16A-C) _________________3 b) Dorsum of mesothorax without elevated projections ________________________________5 POLLUTUM OURUM PALLIDUM Figure 16. Dorsal view of female mesostigmal plates in Enallagma species following sequence appearing in key. Arrows indicate key characters. 3 a) Body length 26 mm or less; fore wing length 15 mm or less; postnodal veins 7 or less; middle prothoracic lobe black and its pits located in anterior third of lobe _________________________________________________________________dubium b) Body length 30 mm or greater; fore wing length 19 mm or greater; postnodal veins 8 or greater; middle prothoracic lobe with pale spot pattern on black ground color ------------------------------------------------------------4 4 a) Prothoracic pits located in anterior half of middle lobe; dorsum of abdomi- nal segment 9 with black pattern reaching apex __________________signatum b) Prothoracic pits located in midsection of middle lobe; dorsum of abdominal segment 9 with pale bluish cross band on apex ......................____sulcatum 5 a) Lateral apices of mesostigmal plates composed of yellowish tubercle (^ig. 16D) ______________..................______________________________________________________.... davisi b) Lateral apices of mesostigmal plates without tubercles ....................________6 6 a) Body length 31 mm or less; fore wing length 17 mm or less; pale spot ^or- dering anterior margin of each prothoracic pit -----------..................concisum b) Body length 33 mm or greater; fore wing length 20 mm or greater; pale spot bordering each prothoracic pit excepting its dorsal margin _________.7 GEMINATUM CAROENIUM TRAVIATUM M NQ OIVAGANS BASlOENS WEEWA CIVILE OOU8LE0AYI Figure 17. Dorsal view of female mesostigmal plates in Enallagma species following sequence appearing in key. Arrows indicate key characters. 7 a) Fostclypeus predominantly pale on dorsal surface; dorsum of prothoracic middle lobe with a pair of pale stripes bordering middorsal suture ........ ........_......................_____________.....____ ....._____......._________________________..... vesperum b) Postclypeus with distinct dark band on dorsal surface; dorsum of prothoracic middle lobe with a pair of small pale spots in posterior half pollutum 8 a) Antenodal cells in wings 4 to 5 (cells formed by cross veins between M4 and Cuj from level of subnodus to quadrangle) -----------.............durum b) Antenodal cells in wings 2 to 3 (cells formed as given above) ............_9 9 a) Posterior medial corners of mesostigmal plates extended into distinct pro- jections directed rearward and elevated ridges present on mesothorax posterior to mesostignal plates (Fig. 161); prothorax pale, black markings reduced to isolated spots and confined to sutures _............... pallidum b) No such combination of characters ..........._____________........-----------.........------10 10 a) Abdominal segment 8 pale excepting short middorsal black stripe, or black with two large pale lateral spots, or one large dorsal anterior pale spot, or pale apical cross band and ventrolateral margins.............--------11 b) Abdominal segment 8 black over entire dorsum..........____________________________14 11 a) Abdominal segment 8 with two pale lateral spots separated by middorsal black stripe along entire length of segment; body length 27 mm or less_...... .........______________....................________......______________________.........___________geminatum b) Abdominal segment 8 without such a pale-dark color pattern; body length 29 mm or greater _______................._____________________________________..................______12 12 a) Abdominal segment 9 black dorsally with two apical pale spots; dorsum of abdominal segment 8 pale over anterior two thirds ____...........cardenium b) Abdominal segment 9 blue, black if present confined to basal border_______13 13 a) Lateral apices of mesostigmal plates distinctly elevated (Fig. 17L); mid- dorsal thoracic stripe longitudinally divided by pale dorsal carina __________ _.............J________________........._.....____________________....._______________.............. traviatum b) Lateral apices of mesostigmal plates not elevated from mesothoracic border (Fig. 17M); middorsal thoracic stripe not longitudinally divided (for full length) by pale carina ______ ___________________.....................divagans 14 a) Humeral stripe divided longitudinally for part of its length by inserted pale stripe ...............________________......................_______________..................__________15 b) Humeral stripe well developed and not longitudinally divided by pale color pattern ......- ____________________________________........._________...............______....._16 15 a) Body length 30 mm or less; distinct elevated projections on anterior and posterior borders of mesostigmal plates (Fig. 17N) _________.................basidens b) Body length 35 mm or greater; mesostigmal plates without distinct elevations (Fig. 170) ____________...... .........______________________________.....______weewa 16 a) Median borders of mesostigmal plates concave (Fig. 17P); see note in text _____________..................______________..................__________..............____________ civile b) Median borders of mesostigmal plates convex (Fig. 17Q); see note in text ___________........................................._______________________.............. doubledayi Habitat preference studies for enallagmas are lacking. Two species showing close association with streams are cardenium and weewa. Other preferences based on more subtle habitat divisions are suggested by general collecting experience, but these observations are not as yet any help in species identification. Recognition of enallagmas at large in the field through male color patterns is possible in some species, but this practice is limited. Individuals of pollutum and signatum for example occupy similar habitats and cannot be distinguished unless collected. Confusion with other genera may also occur, such as geminatum with Ischnura kellicottu Female enallagmas are among the most difficult Odonata to identify, and field determination should probably be limited to tandem pairs where the male is recognizable. Individuals identified in this fashion may be marked for later recognition in certain kinds of field studies (Johnson, 1964c). Distribution data are: E. basidens: Gadsden and Jackson Counties. . catdenium: south to Dade County. E. civile: Jackson, Gadsden, and Liberty Counties. E. concisum: south to Orange County. E. davisi: Seminole County. . divagans: Alachua and Gulf Counties. . doubledayi: south to Pinellas and Orange Counties. E. dubium: south to Alachua County. E. durum: south to Hendry County. E. geminatum: Leon, Levy, and Alachua Counties. ^ E, pallidum: south to Orange County. E. pollutum: statewide less Florida Keys. E. signatum: south to Lee County. f E. sulcatum: south to Orange County. E. traviatum: Leon County. E. vesperum: south to Glades County. E. weewa; south to Glades County. Larvae have been described as follows: E. hasidens, Bird (1931) E. cardenium, Needham (1904) E. civile, Needham and Cockerell (1903) E. doubledayi, Garman (1927) E. geminatuni, Needham (1903) E. pallidum, Byers (1927) E. signatum, Needham (1903) E, vesper um, Walker (1913) Needham (1904) described the larva of E. cardenium as that of a Leptobasis species. Byers' (1930) description of the larva of cardenium was in error. Ferguson (1944) also described the larva of basidens and Walker (1953) has further supplemented the larval descriptions of civile, geminatum, signatum, and vesperum. The following larvae remain undescribed: concisum, divagans, dubium, pol-lutum, sulcatum, weewa, and davisi. Ischnura Male ischnurans have species-specific color patterns and distinctive abdominal appendages. Mesostigmal plates in females have less diagnostic value than in Enallagma and Argia; consequently color pattern differences are largely used. These patterns arc subject to a complex variation given in the following outline. Most species are characterized by a sex-limited female dimorphism. One form, the andromorph, shares the species-specific color pattern with the male, and the second form, the heteromorph, differs in color and usually in stripe pattern. These morphs are well developed soon after emergence. Some species retain distinctiveness of the morphs throughout life, while morphs of other species are obscured with age by an external exudate, a pruinescence that makes all females superficially similar (Johnson, 1964b, 1966). A few species have only one of the above morphs. Two species in Florida, ram-buri and kellicotti, possess both morphs and retain the morph distinctions through life. The other species in the Florida fauna have only one morph, the andromorph in posita and the heteromorph in prog-natha. The color traits are further complicated by age changes. Whereas male and female posita are similar in pattern following emergence, females soon develop a bluish-gray dorsum of both thorax and abdomen through pruinescence. Female prognatha and hetero-morphic female rambuH also pass through a color change typical of most heteromorphic ischnurans. Soon after emergence a dark dorsal thoracic stripe exists bordered laterally by orange, and humeral stripes are absent. The orange areas become tan to dark brown with age, greenish in prognatha, but the females are always distinct from males. Patterns are not obscured with age in ramburi and prognatha males and andromorphic female ramburi. The morph pattern in kelUcotti differs from the general ischnuran system. Both female morphs share the stripe pattern with the males, hut andromorphs have the typical bluish, pale-colored areas characteristic of males while heteromorphs are orange-colored. This difference is also not lost with age. An older set of terms for the morphs, homeochromatic and hetero-chromatic, are synonymous to andromorphic and heteromorphic respectively. The wide usage of heterochromatic in other areas of biology reduces its value in the present context (Johnson, 1964b). Byers' (1930) statement that only homeochromatic females occur in prognatha was an error hitherto uncorrected; Byers' female description describes accurately the heteromorphic (heterochromatic) pattern. A brief statement of other variations will increase effectiveness of the keys. The M2 vein of the fore wing originates closer to the 4th and 5th postnodals in males and females respectively for prognatha while both sexes in Ischnura usually have an M2 origin nearer the 4th postnodal. Most species are also sexually dimorphic for postnodal vein number (Johnson, 1969). Female prognatha are also inconsistent relative to the presence of the vulvar spine; an occasional female shows a distinct spine, but it is usually absent. Variation of pattern on the 9th abdominal segment of ramburi has been recognized taxo-nomically as Ischnura credula and 1. ramburi credula by different authorities. The variation does have geographic pattern (Paulson, 1966), but it does not seem to be related to speciation. Ischnurans are frequently associated with shape and color differences in the stigma of fore and hind wings of males. This difference is absent in posita, occurs only in color for mature ramburi and kelUcotti, and is well developed in prognatha. Key to the Males la) Apical dorsum of abdominal segment 10 projected posteriorly into a spine (Fig. 18G); stigma of fore wing distinctly larger than in hind wing____^_____ .....__...................________..................________....................___________________........ prognatha b) Apical dorsum of abdominal segment 10 without distinct spine, but elevated bifid prominence occurs in posita and ramburi (Fig. 18H-I); stigma not distinctly different in size between fore and hind wings ______________________2 PALLIDULUM BVERSl KELLICOTT| G H I PROGNATHA RAMBURI POSITA Figure 18. Lateral view of male abdominal appendages in Teleallagma, AnomaU agrion, Neoeryihromma, Argiallagma, Telebasis, and Ischnura species. 2 a) Inferior abdominal appendages in lateral view with serrated posterior border directed dorsoposteriorly (Fig. 181); antehumeral pale areas broken into elongated anterior and small posterior spots (spots very rarely connected) ~.................................--------------------------------------------- posita b) Inferior abdominal appendages in lateral view without serrated posterior border (Fig. 18F, H); antehumeral pale stripes continuous and narrower in width than dorsal or humeral stripes (rarely antehumeral stripes broken into two spots in ramburi).................. ___________________________________________3 3 a) Fore wing length less than 15 mm; abdominal length less than 19 mm; in- ferior abdominal appendage in lateral view with dorsally-directed basal tooth (occasionally obscured laterally by overlying superior appendage) (Fig. 18F); dorsum of abdominal segment 2 with blue anterior spot and apical ring separated by transverse black band prolonged anteriorly on sides ______________.........._____________.............................____________________ ketticotti b) Fore wing length 15 mm or greater; abdominal length 22 mm or greater; inferior abdominal appendage in lateral view without basal tooth (Fig. 18H); dorsum of abdominal segment 2 metallic greenish-black ____ ramburi Key to the Females la) M, separating from M3,2 near the 5th and 4th postnodals in fore and hind wings respectively ..............._...............______________________................prognatha b) M2 separating from M,^ near the 4 th and 3rd postnodals in fore and hind wings respectively _____________............................_______________________ .......... 2 2 a) Without vulvar spine on sternum of 8th abdominal segment; each ante- ' humeral stripe borken into elongated anterior and small posterior spots, thoracic dorsum becoming obscured with age into bluish-grey (spot pattern revealed by acetone); abdominal segment 8 black or bluish-grey on dorsum ...............__________________..........................._____________________...... posita b) With vulvar spine on sternum of 8th abdominal segment;, humeral stripe missing or if present, antehumeral stripe not separated into spots (andro-morphic ramburi rarely with separated antehumeral stripe but with blue abdominal segment 8) _.......... __________.....____________ ___________________..................3 3 a) Dark dorsal stripe with orange or brown laterally on thorax, humeral stripe absent ___________________................................._______heteromorphic ramburi b) Distinct dark dorsal and humeral stripes present; antehumeral colors bluish, greenish or orange ......-......-......_______......................._____________________..............4 4 a) Postocular spots occur as small circles; dorsum of abdominal segment 2 black _____________..........................._________..........._............. andromorphic ramburi b Postocular spots large, triangular with apex directed anteriorly; dorsum of abdominal segment 2 with bluish or orange spot associated with black or brown markings.......................__________............____ ........________kellicotti Most species, including ramburi and posita, have a wide ecological tolerance often including brackish waters, although they reach highest densities in shallow ponds, weedy lake margins, and sluggish streams. I. kellicotti is one of the few odonates in temperate latitudes that has evolved an apparent obligatory relationship with specific plants. It is found only in association with water lilies, Nuphar. This association was noted by Williamson (1900) but has not been reported in detail. The complete life cycle occurs about the lily pads; larvae cling to the ventral surfaces and emerge on the dorsal surfaces; adults normally perch and oviposit only on lily pads. I. prognatha occurs in local and restricted colonies, judging from the sporadic and infrequent encounters in the field. The available records suggest it prefers a forested, perhaps swampy habitat. Ischnurans can be identified in the field, but their small size and female variation necessitate careful study. The greenish antehumoral colors, dark dorsal and humeral stripes, and blue abdominal apex identify male and andromorphic female ramburi. Heteromorphic ramburi females are recognized by their dark dorsal stripe, orange to brown antehumeral colors, and absence of humeral stripes, but they can be confused with females of Anomalagrion hastatum, I. prog- not ha, and some Enallagma. A knowledge of associated males usually expedites identification. Small body size and exclamation-mark pattern of the antehumeral region identify male and young female posita. Older posita females develop a bluish-gray pruinescence and may then be confused with some female stages of Anomalagrion hastatum wThich, however, always retain a brownish dorsal thoracic stripe. The ch'stinctive blue antehumeral colors, dorsal and humeral thoracic stripe pattern, and preference for lily pads identifies kelli-cotti, but Enallagma geminatum may occupy the same habitat and it superficially resembles male and andromorphic female kellicotti. Heteromorphic kellicotti may be confused with some enallagmas and their field determination should be made with caution. Field encounters with prognatha are so uncommon that suspected individuals are usually collected for confirmation. Distribution data arc: 1. kellicotti: south to Highlands County. 1. posita: statewide. I. prognatha: statewide less Florida Keys. /. ramburi: statewide. Needham (1903) first described the larva of posita, and Walker (1953) later supplemented it. Needham (1904) incorrectly described the larva of ramburi as that of Teleallagma daecki, and it wasn't correctly ascribed until Calvert (1928). Larvae of kellicotti and prognatha remain undescribed. Smaller Genera Anomalagrion hastatum This species is perhaps the smallest damselfly in Florida, but it may be confused with female Ischnura posita. Female hastatum pass through a color change similar to the sequence in heteromorphic ischnurans. Their early stages following emergence have a dark dorsal thoracic stripe bordered by orange without humeral stripes. The orange areas change to brown, and a whitish pruinescence develops along the ventral half of the pterothorax. The change often leaves a pale narrow lateral border to the dorsal band, and at this stage humeral stripes appear to exist. Abdominal segments 1-5 are predominantly orange with black prevailing on segments 6 to 10, but aging changes the whole abdominal dorsum to a bluish-gray. Females may or may not have a vulvar spine that is always much smaller than similar spines in Enallagma and the larger ischnurans. Male hastatum are most readily identified in the field by their slender, yellow-orange abdomen. The species is found statewide and reaches highest densi-tis in lentic habitats with large expanses of emergent vegetation. The larva of hastatum was described first by Needham (1903) and later by Walker (1953). ArgiaUagma pallidulum These damselflies may be confused in the field with Nehalennia species as the greenish bronze thoracic dorsum and body size in each are similar. Habitats with dense emergent vegetation appear to be favored. The species is endemic to Florida, occurring north to Levy Co. The larva is undescribed. Nehalennia The greenish-bronze thoracic dorsum occurs in both sexes of both species, but differences in color patterns of the 8th abdominal segment identify males, and females are distinguished by structure of the hind lobe of the prothorax. Abdominal appendages in males are small and hard to see. Key to Males 1 a) Dorsum of abdominal segment 8 blue with narrow transverse stripe of greenish black on basej abdominal segment 9 and 10 entirely blue; inferior abdominal appendages with one tooth directed rearward in lateral view (Fig. 13G) ......_______________.........._______..............................-....._______gracilis b) Dorsum of abdominal segment 8 greenish black with narrow, transverse stripe of blue on apex; abdominal segment 9 and 10 blue with distinct dorsal ox lateral black markings; inferior abdominal appendages with a serrated posterior border in lateral view (Fig. 13F) ------------integricoUis Key to Females 1 a) Posterior margin of prothoracic hind lobe in dorsal view distinctly bibbed (Fig. 131) ______________________.............--------...............................--------..... grs&lis b) Posterior margin of prothoracic hind lobe in dorsal view evenly convex without indentation (Fig. 13H) ._..................-----------...................... integricolUs f The nehalennians are small (body lengths averaging 28 to 30 mm) and may be confused with ArgiaUagma and possibly with certain color stages of Anomalagrion. Lentic habitats with emergent vegetation are associated with highest population densities. Distribution data are: N. gracilis: Alachua and Suwannee Counties. N. integricollis: south to Glades County. Walker (1913, 1953) described the larva of gracilis. The larva of integricollis remains undescribed. Neoerythromma cultellatum Males have a whitish-yellow facial pattern that may serve as a field trait, but females may be confused with some enallagmas. The species has been found only in Dade Co. (Paulson, 1965). Garcia-Diaz (1938) described the larva of cultellatum from material collected in Puerto Rico. Teleallagma daecki This damselfly is distinguished by its long abdomen, greater than 34 mm in length, and rather pale body colors. Males are pale blue, females are brown to greenish-yellow and both sexes have reduced dark stripe patterns. Enallagma pallidum is somewhat similar in general appearance; otherwise the large size of daecki separates it from other coenagrionids, Their perching habit and color pattern eliminate confusion with lestids. Their preferred habitat seems to be margins of swamps and weedy lentic waters. The species occurs south to Highlands County. Needham (1904) described the larval stage of Ischnura ramburi erroneously as that of T. daecki, which is still undescribed. Telebasis byersi Males are readily recognized by their bright red abdomen and females are identified by their characteristically notched dorsal thoracic stripe. Weedy ponds and sluggish stream margins appear to be favored habitats. The species occurs south to Collier County. West- ^ fall (1957) described the larva. f Discussion Comparing By ere records of 1930 with current observations shows damselfly distribution in Florida has changed considerably over the past 40 years. For example Byers failed to find Argia sedula in Alachua County, where he did his most intense collecting and where it is now common. Byers cited questionable Florida records for Enallagma civile, E. cyathigerum, E, exsulans, NeJudennia irene, and Argia translata; the intervening years have confirmed the presence only of E. civile. Lestes inequalis, L. rectangularis, Enallagma basi-dens, Ischnura kellicotti and Neoerythromma cultellatum, unrecorded and unsuspected in 1930, were added later to the Florida fauna. Two species unknown to Byers were described later from Florida. Westfall (1943) discovered Enallagma davisi 13 years after Byers* work. Williamson or Williamson (1930) first reported Telebasis from Florida questionably as salva; Westfall (1957) described the Florida population as a distinct species, hyersi. Only two species Byers (1930) reported, Nehalennia gracilis and Enallagma traviatwn, have not been obtained here since. Apparently no Florida specimens of E. traviatum are currently available, but Byers' specimens of N. gracilis are in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods and their diagnosis has been reconfirmed. Nomenclature problems may arise in referring to earlier literature, and the most likely cases are clarified below. The names Agrion, Agriidae, Agrionidae and Coenagriidae are frequently substituted for Calopteryx, Calopterygidae and Coenagrionidae respectively. This paper follows Montgomery's (1954) analysis. Calopteryx apicalis and C. dimidiata were described by Burmeister (1839) and separated by color pattern differences now considered as intraspecific variation. The two taxa have never been synonymized and usage has favored dimidiata, originally recognized for the southern (Florida) type. Although C. apicalis has page priority in the original description, we have retained dimidiata pending a formal taxonomic change. A similar case apparently occurs with Enallagma laurenti and E. ves-perum. Both species were described by Calvert (1919) and separated by differences often observed in intraspecific variation, but the two names have never been formally synonymized. The name laurenti was given for southern (Florida) populations and has page priority in the original description, but it has rarely appeared iri^he literature since Byers (1930). Usage has favored vesperum and this policy is followed here pending a formal taxonomic change. ArgiaUagma pallidulum was treated as Nehalennia in Needham and Heywood (1929) and as A. minutum in Byers (1930). Neoerythromma is grouped with Enallagma by Needham and Heywood (1929) and Teleallagma is treated with Enallagma by Byers (1930). Species names have also undergone minor spelling variations with usage. Earlier taxonomic history can he traced from the sources cited above in addition to Fraser (1957). All species listed as unknown in the larval form have been reared (excepting Argiallagma pallidulum and hestes inequalis), and the material is in the Florida State Collection of Arthropods awaiting description. Larvae and exuviae associated by supposition with Ar-giallagma pallidulum and hestes inequalis respectively are also available. Literature Cited Bick, G. H. and J. C. Bick. 1961. An adult population of Lestes disfunctus australis Walker (Odonata: Lesudae), Southwestern Nat. 6:111-137. -. 1965. Color variation and significance of color in reproduction in the damselfly, Argia apicalis (Say) (Zygoptera: Coenagriidae). Canadian Entomologist, 97: 32-41. Bird, R. D. 1931. The nymph of Enallagma basidens Calvert (Odonata: Agrionidac). Entomol. News. 42: 276-277. Buchholtz, C. 1951. Untersuchungen an der Libellen-Gattung Caloptcryx Leach unter besonder Berucksichtigung ethologischer Fragen. Zeitschrift fur Tierpsycholie. 8: 273-293. Burmeister, H, 1839, Handbuch der Entomologie. Zweitcr Bande. Theod. Chr. Friedr. Enslin., Berlin. xii+757-1050 pp. Byers, C. F. 1927. Enallagma and Telagrion from western Florida, with a description of a new species. Ann. Entomol. Soc, Amer. 20: 385-392. -. 19.30. A contribution to the knowledge of Florida Odonata. Univ. Fla. Press, Gainesville. Pp. 1-327. Calvert, P. P. 1919. Gundlach's work on the Odonata of Cuba. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 45: 335-396. -. 1928. Report on Odonata..... Collected by the Barbados Antiqua Expedition. Univ. Iowa Stud. Nat. Hist. 12: 1-44. Ferguson, A. 1944. The nymph of Enallagma basidens Calvert (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Field and Laboratory. 12: 19. Fraser, F. C. 1957. A reclassification of the order Odonata. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales Handbook. No. 14. 133 pp. Garcia-Diaz, J. 1938. An ecological survey of the freshwater insects of Puerto Rico. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico. 22: 43-97. Carman, P. 1917. The Zygoptera, or damsel-flies, of Illinois. Bull. 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist. 12: 411-609. -. 1927. The Odonata or dragonflies of Connecticut. Part V, ix Guide to the Insects of Connecticut. Connecticut Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Bull. 39: 1-327. Gloyd, L. K. 1968. The union of Argia fumipennis (Burmeister, 1839) with Argia violacea (Hagen, 1861) and the recognition of three subspecies (Odonata). Occ. Pap., Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. 658: 1-6. Gloyd, L. K. and M. Wright. 1959. Odonata. Chapter 34 in Fresh-Water Biology. J. Wiley and Sons, New York xx+1248 pp. Huggins, J. R. 1927. Variations in size of Caiopteryx maculata and a proposed new subspecies (Odonata: Agrionidae). Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 52: 355-364. Johnson. C. 1962. Breeding behavior and oviposition in Caiopteryx maculatum (Beauvais) (Odonata: Calopterygidae). Amer. Midi. Naturalist. 68: 242-247. -. 1963. Interspecific territoriality in Hetaerina americana (Fabricius) and H. titia (Drury) (Odonata: Calopterygidae) with a preliminary analysis of the wing color pattern variation. Canadian Entomologist. 95:575-582. -. 1964a. Polymorphism in the damselflies, Enallagma civile (Hagen) and E. praevarum (Hagen). Amer, Midi. Naturalist. 72: 408-416. -. 1964b. The inheritance of female dimorphism in the damselfly, Ischnura damula. Genetics. 49: 513-519. -. 1964c. Mating expectancies and sex ratio in the damselfly, Enallagma praevarum (Odonata: Coenagrionidae). Southwestern Nat. 9: 297-304. -. 1966. Genetics of female dimorphism in Ischnura demorsa, Heredity. 21: 453-459. -. 1969. Genetic variability in ischnuran damselflies. Amer. Midi. Naturalist. 81: 39-46. Montgomery, B. E. 1954. Nomenclatural confusion in the Odonata: The Agrion-Calopteryx problem. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 47: 471-483. Moore, N, W. 1960. Dragonllies. Chapter 1 in Dragonflies by Corbet, Long-field and Moore. The New Naturalist. Collins, London. xii+260pp. Needham, J. G. 1903. Life histories of Odonata sub-order Zygoptera. Part 3 in Aquatic Insects of New York State. New York State Mus. Bull. 68: 218-279. -. 1904. New dragonfly nymphs in the United States National Museum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 27: 685-720. Needham, J. G. and T, D. A. Crockerell. 1903. Some hitherto unknown nymphs of Odonata from New Mexico. Psyche. 10: 134-139. Needham, J. G, and H. B. Hey wood. 1929. A Handbook of the Dragonflies of North America. Springfield, 111. viii-f-378 pp. Pajunen, V. I. 1966. Aggressive behavior and territoriality in a population of Caiopteryx Virgo L. (Odon. Calopterygidae). Annales Zoologici Fennici. 3: 201-214. Paulson, D. R. 1965, Two dragonflies new to Florida. Quart, J, Florida Acad. Sci. 27: 298. -. 1966. New Records of Bahamian Odonata. Quart. J. Florida Acad. Sci. 29: 97-110. Sceman, M. T. 1927. Dragonflies, mayflies and stoneflies of southern California. J. Entomol. Zool. 19: 1-69. Smith, R. F. and A. E. Pritchard. 1956. Odonata. Chapter 4 in Aquatic fc^ects of California edited by R. L. Usinger. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley, ix+508 pp. Snodgrass, R. E. 1954. The dragonfly larva. Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 123f2): 1-38. Walker, E. M. 1913. New nymphs of Canadian Odonata. Canadian Entomologist. 45: 161-170. -. 1914. The known nymphs of the Canadian species of Lestes. Canadian Entomologist 46: 189-200, 349-350. -. 1953. The Odonata of Canada and Alaska. Vol. I. Univ. Toronto Press, Toronto. xH-292 pp. Westfall, M. J. 1943. Enallagma davisi a new species from Florida (Odonata). Entomol. News. 54: 103-108. -. 1957. A new species of Telebasis from Florida (Odonata: Zygoptera). Florida Entomol. 40: 19-27. Williamson, E. B. 1900. The dragonflies of Indiana. Rep. Indiana State Geologist. 233-333 pp; index and glossary, 1003-1010 pp. Williamson, E. B. and J. H. Williamson. 1930. Five new Mexican dragonflies (Odonata). Occ. Pap., Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. 216: 1-34. Wright, M. 1946. A description of the nymph of Agrion dxmidiatum (Burmeister). J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 21: 336-338. t Contributions to the bulletin of the Florida state museum may be in any field of biology. Manuscripts dealing with natural history or systematic problems involving the southeastern United States or the Caribbean area are solicited especially. Manuscripts should be of medium length50 to 200 pages. Examination for suitability is made by an Editorial Board. The bulletin is distributed worldwide through institutional subscriptions and exchanges only. It is considered the responsibility of the author to distribute his paper to all interested individuals, To aid in this, fifty copies are furnished the author without cost. PREPARATION OF MANUSCRIPT Highly recommended as a guide is the volume: ^ Conference of Biological Editors, Committee on Form and Style. ~v^t^ i "2-1964. Style manual for biological journals. (Second Edition) Amer. Inst. Biol. Sci., Washington. 117 pp. Manuscripts should be typewritten with double spacing throughout, with ample margins, and on only one side of the paper. The author should keep a copy; the original and a carbon must be submitted. Tables and legends of figures should be typed on sheets separate from the text. Several legends or tables may be placed on a single sheet. Illustrations, including maps and photographs, should be referred to as "figures." All illustrations are reduced to a maximum of 4-1/4 by 7-1/8 inches. Size scales, wherever they are necessary, should be incorporated into the figure. References to literature should conform with the bibliographic style used in recent numbers of the bulletin. Spell out in full the titles of non-English serials and places of publication. Footnote material should be kept to a minimum. However, provide copy for a footnote detailing the title, affiliations, and address of the author (see recent numbers of the bulletin ). Manuscripts must be accompanied by a synopsisa brief and factual summary (not a mere description) of the contents and conclusions, which points out the presence of any new information and indicates its relevance. In it list all new organisms described and give their ranges; indicate all taxonomic changes proposed. The synopsis, written in full sentences, should be concise, but completely intelligible in itself without references to the paper, thereby enabling the busy reader to decide more surely than he can from the title alone whether the paper merits his reading. The synopsis will be published with the paper. It does not replace the usual conclusions or summary sections. It may also serve as copy for the abstracting services. Manuscripts and all editorial matters should be addressed to: Managing Editor of the bulletin Florida State Museum Seagle Building Gainesville, Florida Contact Us | Permissions | Preferences | Technical Aspects | Statistics | Internal | Privacy Policy © 2004 - 2010 University of Florida George A. Smathers Libraries.All rights reserved. Acceptable Use, Copyright, and Disclaimer Statement Last updated October 10, 2010 - - mvs


text: I have a late 2008 15" unibody MBP (2.8GHz) with a 320@72 and a 48GB ExpressCard SSD. I use the SSD as the boot volume, and it seems a bunch faster than the HDD. I almost never use my optical drive and my laptop's data is backed up whenever I'm on network. Does anyone know if I can remove the optical drive and put in another HDD for a RAID? I assume since they're both SATA the answer is yes, but I'd have to figure out how to mount it mount it. Ideas?

subset: commoncrawl