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The Vijayanagara Empire (Kannada: ವಿಜಯನಗರ ಸಾಮ್ರಾಜ್ಯ, Telugu: విజయనగర సామ్రాజ్యము) existed as a South Indian empire based in the Deccan. Established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I, it lasted until 1646 although its power declined after a major military defeat in 1565 by the Deccan sultanates. The empire, named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, has impressive ruins surrounding modern Hampi, declared a World Heritage Site in modern Karnataka, India. The writings of medieval European travelers such as Domingo Paes, Fernao Nuniz and Niccolò Da Conti and the literature in local vernaculars provide crucial information about its history. Archaeological excavations at Vijayanagara have revealed the empire's power and wealth.
The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known being the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. Secular royal structures show the influence of the Northern Deccan Sultanate architecture. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies like water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in the languages of Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor.
|Vijayanagara Empire
Differing theories have been proposed regarding the Vijayanagara empire's origins. Some claim that Harihara I and Bukka Raya I, the founders of the empire, belonged to the Telugu people first associated with the Kakatiya kingdom who took control of the northern parts of the Hoysala Empire during its decline.[1] Other historians propose they belonged to the Kannadigas and commanders in the army of the Hoysala Empire stationed in the Tungabhadra region to ward off Muslim invasions from the Northern India.[2][3][4][5] Irrespective of their origin, historians agree the founders were supported and inspired by Vidyaranya, a saint at the Sringeri monastery to fight the Muslim invasion of South India.[6][7] Writings by foreign travelers during the late medieval era combined with recent excavations in the Vijayanagara principality have uncovered much-needed information about the empire's history, fortifications, scientific developments and architectural innovations.[8][9]
Before the early fourteenth century rise of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Hindu kingdoms of the Deccan, the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri, the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal, the Pandya Kingdom of Madurai, and the tiny kingdom of Kampili had been repeatedly invaded by Muslims from the north, and by 1336 they had all been defeated by Alla-ud-din Khilji and Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Sultans of Delhi. The Hoysala Empire became the sole remaining Hindu kingdom in the path of the Muslim invasion.[10] After the death of Hoysala Veera Ballala III during a battle against the Sultan of Madurai in 1343, the Hoysala empire merged with the growing Vijayanagara empire.
In the first two decades after the founding of the empire, Harihara I gained control over most of the area south of the Tungabhadra river and earned the title of Purvapaschima Samudradhishavara ("master of the eastern and western oceans"). By 1374 Bukka Raya I, successor to Harihara I, had defeated the chiefdom of Arcot, the Reddy dynasty of Kondavidu, the Sultan of Madurai and gained control over Goa in the west and the Tungabhadra-Krishna River doab in the north.[11][12] Ming Dynasty China received tributes and exchanged ambassadors with the island of Lanka.[13][14] The principality of Anegondi on the northern banks of the Tungabhadra River in today's Karnataka served as the original capital, moving later to nearby Vijayanagara on the river's southern banks during the reign of Bukka Raya I (1356-1377).
With the Vijayanagara Kingdom now imperial in stature, Harihara II, the second son of Bukka Raya I, further consolidated the kingdom beyond the Krishna River and brought the whole of South India under the Vijayanagara umbrella.[15] The next ruler, Deva Raya I, emerged successful against the Gajapatis of Orissa and undertook important works of fortification and irrigation.[16] Deva Raya II (called Gajabetekara)[17] succeeded to the throne in 1424, emerging possibly the most capable of the Sangama dynasty rulers.[18] He quelled rebelling feudal lords as well as the Zamorin of Calicut and Quilon in the south. He invaded the island of Lanka and became overlord of the kings of Burma at Pegu and Tanasserim.[19][20][21] The empire declined in the late fifteenth century until the serious attempts by commander Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya in 1485 and by general Tuluva Narasa Nayaka in 1491 to reconsolidate the empire. After nearly two decades of conflict with rebellious chieftains, the empire eventually came under the rule of Krishnadevaraya, the son of Tuluva Narasa Nayaka.[22]
In the following decades the Vijayanagara empire dominated all of Southern India and fought off invasions from the five established Deccan Sultanates.[23][24] The empire reached its peak during the rule of Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies proved consistently victorious.[25] The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south.[26] Many important monuments had been either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishnadevaraya.[27]
Achyuta Raya followed Krishnadevaraya in 1530, and by Sadasiva Raya in 1542 while the real power lay with Aliya Rama Raya, the son-in-law of Krishnadevaraya, whose relationship with the Deccan Sultans who allied against him has been debated.[28]
The sudden capture and killing of Aliya Rama Raya in 1565 at the Battle of Talikota, against an alliance of the Deccan sultanates, after a seemingly easy victory for the Vijayanagara armies, created havoc and confusion in the Vijayanagara ranks, leading to a complete route. The Sultanates' army later plundered Hampi, reducing it to the ruinous state in which it remains; no dynasty has ever re-occupied it. Tirumala Raya, the sole surviving commander, left Vijayanagara for Penukonda with vast amounts of treasure on the back of 550 elephants.[29]
The empire went into a slow decline regionally, although trade with the Portuguese continued, and the British received a land grant for the establishment of Madras.[30][31] Sriranga I succeeded his fatherTirumala Deva Raya, later followed by Venkata II who made Chandragiri his capital, repulsed the invasion of the Bahmani Sultanate and saved Penukonda from captured. His successor, Ramadeva, took power and ruled till 1632 after whose death, Venkata III became king and ruled for about ten years after which Vellore became the capital. the Sultanates of Bijapur and Golkonda finally conquered the empire. The largest feudatories of the Vijayanagar empire—the Mysore Kingdom, Keladi Nayaka, Nayaks of Madurai, Nayaks of Tanjore, Nayakas of Chitradurga and Nayak Kingdom of Gingee—declared independence and went on to have a significant impact on the history of South India in the coming centuries. Those Nayaka kingdoms lasted into the 18th century while the Mysore Kingdom remained a princely state until Indian Independence in 1947 although they came under the British Raj in 1799 after the death of Tipu Sultan.
The rulers of the Vijayanagara empire maintained the well-functioning administrative methods developed by their predecessors, the Hoysala, Kakatiya and Pandya kingdoms, to govern their territories and made changes only where necessary.[32] The King stood as the ultimate authority, assisted by a cabinet of ministers (Pradhana) headed by the prime minister (Mahapradhana). Other important titles recorded in inscriptions included the chief secretary (Karyakartha or Rayaswami) and the imperial officers (Adhikari). The government required all high ranking ministers and officers to have military training.[33] A secretariat near the king's palace employed scribes and officers to maintain records made official by using a wax seal imprinted with the ring of the king.[34] At the lower administrative levels, wealthy feudal landlords (Goudas) supervised accountants (Karanikas or Karnam) and guards (Kavalu). The palace administration divided into 72 departments (Niyogas), each having several female attendants chosen for their youth and beauty (some imported or captured in victorious battles), trained to handle minor administrative matters and to serve men of nobility as courtesans or concubines.[35]
The empire had been divided into five main provinces (Rajya), each under a commander (Dandanayaka or Dandanatha) and headed by a governor, often from the royal family, who used the native language for administrative purposes.[36] A Rajya divided into regions (Vishaya Vente or Kottam), and further divided into counties (Sime or Nadu) themselves subdivided into municipalities (Kampana or Sthala). Hereditary families ruled their respective territories and paid tribute to the empire while some areas, such as Keladi and Madurai, came under the direct supervision of a commander.
On the battlefields, the king's commanders led the troops. The empire's war strategy rarely involved massive invasions; more often it employed small scale methods such as attacking and destroying individual forts. The empire emerged among the first in India to use long range artillery commonly manned by foreign gunners. (Gunners from present day Turkmenistan had been considered the best).[37] Army troops consisted of two types: The king's personal army directly recruited by the empire and the feudal army under each feudatory. King Krishnadevaraya's personal army consisted of 100,000 infantry, 20,000 cavalrymen and over 900 elephants. That number constituted only a part of the army numbering over 1.1 million soldiers, a figure that varied as an army of two million has also been recorded along with the existence of a navy as evidenced by the use of the term Navigadaprabhu (commander of the navy).[38] The army recruited from all classes of society (supported by the collection of additional feudal tributes from feudatory rulers), and consisted of archers and musketeers wearing quilted tunics, shieldmen with swords and poignards in their girdles, and soldiers carrying shields so large that they fought without armor. The horses and elephants wore full body armor and the elephants had knives fastened to their tusks for maximum injury in battle.[39]
The capital city depended completely on the water supply systems constructed to channel and store water, and to ensure a consistent supply throughout the year. The remains of those hydraulic systems have given historians a picture of the prevailing surface water distribution methods in use at that time in South India's semiarid regions.[40] Contemporary inscriptions and notes of foreign travelers describe how laborers constructed huge tanks.[41] Excavations have uncovered the remains of a well-connected water distribution system existing solely within the royal enclosure and the large temple complexes (suggesting exclusive use of royalty, and for special ceremonies) with sophisticated channels using gravity and siphons to transport water through pipelines.[42] The remains of large water tanks that collected the seasonal monsoon water and then dried up in summer except for the few fed by springs represent the only structures resembling public waterworks. In the fertile agricultural areas near the Tungabhadra River, laborers dug canals to guide the river water into irrigation tanks. Those canals had sluices that opened and closed to control the water flow. In other areas the administration encouraged the digging of wells monitored by administrative authorities. Royal patronage supported the construction of large tanks in the capital city while wealthy individuals funded smaller tanks to gain social and religious merit.
The empire's economy depended largely on agriculture. Corn (jowar), cotton, and pulse legumes grew in semi arid regions, while sugarcane, rice and wheat thrived in rainy areas. Betel leaves, areca (for chewing), and coconut constituted the principal cash crops, and large scale cotton production supplied the weaving centers of the empire's vibrant textile industry. Spices such as turmeric, pepper, cardamom, and ginger grew in the remote Malnad hill region, transported to the city for trade. The empire's capital city thrived as a business center that included a burgeoning market in large quantities of precious gems and gold.[43] Prolific temple-building provided employment to thousands of masons, sculptors, and other skilled artisans.
Owning land proved vital for creating wealth. Most of the growers worked tenant farmers, given the right of part ownership of the land over time. Tax policies encouraging needed produce made distinctions between land use to determine tax levies. For example, perfumers depended upon the daily market availability of rose petals, so cultivation of roses received a lower tax assessment.[44] Salt production and the manufacture of salt pans received similar benefits. The making of ghee (clarified butter), sold as an oil for human consumption and as a fuel for lighting lamps, proved profitable.[45] Exports to China intensified and included cotton, spices, jewels, semi-precious stones, ivory, rhino horn, ebony, amber, coral, and aromatic products such as perfumes. Large vessels from China made frequent visits, some captained by the Chinese Admiral Cheng Ho, and brought Chinese products to the empire's 300 ports, large and small, on the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The ports of Mangalore, Honavar, Bhatkal, Barkur, Cochin, Cannanore, Machilipatnam and Dharmadam received the heaviest trade.[46]
When merchant ships docked, officials took the merchandise into official custody, assessing taxes on all items sold. The administration officials guaranteed the security of the merchandise. Traders of many nationalities (Arabs, Persians, Guzerates, Khorassanians) settled in Calicut, drawn by the thriving trade business.[46] Ship building prospered. Ship builders constructed keeled ships of 1000–1200 bahares (burden) without decks by sewing the entire hull with ropes rather than fastening them with nails. Ships sailed to the Red Sea ports of Aden and Mecca with Vijayanagara goods sold as far away as Venice. Pepper, ginger, cinnamon, cardamom, myrobalan, tamarind timber, anafistula, precious and semi-precious stones, pearls, musk, ambergris, rhubarb, aloe, cotton cloth, and porcelain constituted the empire's principal exports.[46] Ships carried cotton yarn to Burma and indigo to Persia. From Palestine, importers received chiefly shipments copper, quicksilver (mercury), vermilion, coral, saffron, colored velvets, rose water, knives, colored camlets, gold and silver. Cannanore served as the port of entry for Persian horses, followed by a two week land trip to the capital. Silk arrived from China and sugar from Bengal.
East coast trade hummed, with rice, millet, pulse and tobacco arriving from Golkonda. The weaving industry drew imports of dye crops of indigo and chay root. A mineral-rich region, Machilipatnam served as the gateway for high quality iron and steel exports. The Kollur region conducted active diamond mining.[47] The cotton weaving industry produced two types of cottons, plain calico and muslin (brown, bleached or dyed). Merchants exported cloth printed with colored patterns crafted by native techniques to Java and the Far East. Golkonda specialized in plain cotton and Pulicat in printed. Non-ferrous metals, camphor, porcelain, silk, and luxury goods comprised the main imports on the east coast.[48]
Most information on the social life in Vijayanagara empire comes from the writings of foreign visitors and evidence that research teams in the Vijayanagara area have uncovered. The Hindu caste system prevailed, followed rigidly followed with each caste represented by a local body of elders who represented the community. Those elders set the rules and regulations implemented with the help of royal decrees. Untouchability constituted part of the caste system, leaders (Kaivadadavaru) representing those communities. The Muslim communities had representation by their own group in coastal Karnataka.[49] The caste system failed to prevent distinguished persons from all castes from being promoted to high ranking cadre in the army and administration. In civil life, by virtue of the caste system, Brahmins enjoyed a high level of respect. With the exception of a few who took to military careers, most Brahmins concentrated on religious and literary matters. Their separation from material wealth and power made them ideal arbiters in local judicial matters, and their presence in every town and village had been a calculated investment made by the nobility and aristocracy to maintain order.[50] The popularity of low-caste scholars (such as Molla and Kanakadasa) and their works (including those of Vemana and Sarvajna) indicated of the degree of social fluidity in the society.
The practice of Sati where wives threw themselves on the burning pyre of their dead husbands, had been common, though voluntary, and mostly practiced among the upper classes. Over 50 inscriptions attesting to that have been discovered in the Vijayanagara principality alone. Those inscriptions have come to be called Satikal (Sati stone) or Sati-virakal (Sati hero stone). Satikals commemorated the death of a woman by entering into fire after the death of her husband while craftsmen made Sati-virakals for a woman who performed Sati after her husband's heroic death. Either way, the woman raised to the level of a demi-goddess and proclaimed by the sculpture of a Sun and crescent moon on the stone.[51]
The socio-religious movements of the previous centuries, such as Lingayitism, provided momentum for flexible social norms expected of women. By that time South Indian women had crossed most barriers, participating in activities hitherto considered the monopoly of men, such as administration, business and trade, and involvement in the fine arts.[52] Tirumalamba Devi who wrote Varadambika Parinayam and Gangadevi who wrote Madhuravijayam stood among the notable women poets of the era.[53] Early Telugu women poets like Tallapaka Timmakka and Atukuri Molla became popular during that period. The court of the Nayaks of Tanjore has been recorded patronizing several women poets. The Devadasi system existed, as well as legalized prostitution relegated to a few streets in each city.[54] The popularity of harems amongst men of the royalty has appeared abundantly in records.
Well-to-do men wore the Petha or Kulavi, a tall turban made of silk and decorated with gold. As in most Indian societies, men and women used jewellery, records describing the use of anklets, bracelets, finger-rings, necklaces and ear rings of various types. During celebrations, men and women adorned themselves with flower garlands and used perfumes made of rose water, civet, musk or sandalwood.[55] In stark contrast to the commoners who lived modestly, the empire's kings and queens lived lives full of ceremonial pomp in the court. Queens and princesses had numerous attendants who dressed lavishly, adorned with fine jewellery, their daily duties being light.[56]
Physical exercises had been popular with men, wrestling standing out as an important male preoccupation for sport and entertainment. Records even mentioned women wrestlers.[57] Gymnasiums have been discovered inside royal quarters and records speak of regular physical training for commanders and their armies during peace time.[58] Royal palaces and market places had special arenas where royalty and common people alike amused themselves by watching matches such as cock fights, ram fights and wrestling between women.[58] Excavations within the Vijayanagara city limits have revealed the existence of various types of community-based activities in the form of engravings on boulders, rock platforms and temple floors, implying those places served for casual social interaction. People play some of those games today, others have yet to be identified.[59]
Although the empire had been built to shield Hindu dharma from the onslaughts of the Mughal Empire and the Deccan sultanates, the Vijayanagara kings practiced tolerance of all religions and sects as writings by foreign visitors show.[60] The kings used titles such as Gobrahamana Pratipalanacharya ("protector of cows") and Hindurayasuratrana ("upholder of Hindu faith") that testified to their intention of protecting Hinduism. The Empire's founders Harihara I and Bukka Raya I had been devout Shaivans (worshippers of Shiva), but made grants to the Vaishnava order of Sringeri with Vidyaranya as their patron saint, and designated Varaha (the boar, an avatar of Vishnu) as their emblem. The later Saluva and Tuluva kings declared the Vaishnava faith, but worshipped at the feet of Lord Virupaksha (Shiva) at Hampi as well as Lord Venkateshwara (Vishnu) at Tirupati. A Sanskrit work, Jambavati Kalyanam by King Krishnadevaraya, called Lord Virupaksha Karnata Rajya Raksha Mani ("protective jewel of Karnata Empire").[61] The kings patronised the saints of the dvaita order (philosophy of dualism) of Madhvacharya at Udupi.[62]
The Bhakti (devotional) movement had been active during that time, and involved well known Haridasas (devotee saints). Like the Virashaiva movement of the twelfth century, that movement presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the lives of millions. The Haridasas represented two groups, the Vyasakuta and Dasakuta, the former being required for proficiency in the Vedas, Upanishads and other Darshanas, while the Dasakuta merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through the Kannada language to the people in the form of devotional songs (Devaranamas and Kirthanas). Eminent disciples such as Naraharitirtha, Jayatirtha, Vyasatirtha, Sripadaraya, andVadirajatirtha spread the philosophy of Madhvacharya.[63] Vyasatirtha served as the guru (teacher) of Vadirajatirtha, Purandaradasa (Father of Carnatic music),[64][65][66] Kanakadasa and King Krishnadevaraya who considered the saint his Kuladevata (family deity) and honored him in many of his writings.[67][68][69] During that time, another great composer of early carnatic music, Annamacharya composed hundreds of Kirthanas in Telugu at Tirupati in present day Andhra Pradesh.[70]
The defeat of the Jain Western Ganga Dynasty by the Cholas in early eleventh century and the rising numbers of followers of Vaishnava Hinduism and Virashaivism in the twelfth century mirrored a decreasing interest in Jainism.[71] Two notable locations of Jain worship in the Vijayanagara territory had been Shravanabelagola and Kambadahalli.
Islamic contact with South India began as early as the seventh century, a result of trade between the Southern kingdoms and Arab lands. Jumma Masjids existed in the Rashtrakuta empire by the tenth century[72] and many mosques flourished on the Malabar coast by the early fourteenth century.[73] Muslim settlers married local women; their children became known as Mappillas (Moplahs), actively involved in horse trading and manning shipping fleets. The interactions between the Vijayanagara empire and the Bahamani Sultanates to the north increased the presence of Muslims in the south. The introduction of Christianity began as early as the eighth century as shown by the finding of copper plates inscribed with land grants to Malabar Christians. Christian travelers wrote of the scarcity of Christians in South India in the Middle Ages, promoting its attractiveness to missionaries.[74] The arrival of the Portuguese in the fifteenth century and their connections through trade with the empire, the propagation of the faith by Saint Xavier (1545) and later the presence of Dutch settlements fostered the growth of Christianity in the south.
During the rule of the Vijayanagar Empire, poets, scholars and philosophers wrote in Sanskrit and the regional languages, Kannada, Telugu and Tamil and covered such subjects as religion, biography, Prabhanda (fiction), music, grammar, poetry and medicine. The Telugu language became a popular literary medium, reaching its peak under the patronage of Krishnadevaraya.
Most Sanskrit works constituted commentaries either on the Vedas or on the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics, written by well known figures such as Sayana and Vidyaranya that extolled the superiority of the Advaita philosophy over other rival Hindu philosophies.[75] Other writers included famous Dvaita saints of the Udupi order such as Jayatirtha (earning the title Tikacharya for his polemicial writings), Vyasatirtha who wrote rebuttals to the Advaita philosophy and of the conclusions of earlier logicians, and Vadirajatirtha and Sripadaraya both of whom criticized the beliefs of Adi Sankara.[76] Apart from those saints, noted Sanskrit scholars adorned the courts of the Vijayanagara kings and their feudatory chiefdoms. Many kings of the dynasty had been themselves litterateurs and authored classics such as King Krishnadevaraya's Jambavati Kalyana, a poetic and dramatically skillful work.[77]
The period's Kannada poets and scholars produced important writings supporting the Vaishnava Bhakti movement heralded by the Haridasas (devotees of Vishnu), Brahminical and Virashaiva (Lingayatism) literature. The Haridasa poets celebrated their devotion through songs called Devaranama (lyrical poems) in the ragale meter. The teachings of Madhvacharya and Vyasatirtha served as their inspirations. Purandaradasa and Kanakadasa stand foremost among many Dasas (devotees) by virtue of their immense contribution.[78] Kumara Vyasa, the most notable of Brahmin scholars wrote Gudugina Bharata, a translation of the epic Mahabharata. That work marks a transition of Kannada literature from old Kannada to modern Kannada.[79] Chamarasa had been a famous Virashaiva scholar and poet who had many debates with Vaishnava scholars in the court of Devaraya II. His Prabhulinga Lile, later translated into Telugu and Tamil, presented a eulogy of Saint Allama Prabhu (Many considered the saint an incarnation of Lord Ganapathi while Parvathi took the form of a princess of Banavasi).[80]
At that peak of Telugu literature, Manucharitamu stood as the most famous writing in the Prabhanda style. King Krishnadevaraya had been an accomplished Telugu scholar and wrote the celebrated Amuktamalyada.[81] In his court the eight famous scholars regarded as the pillars (Astadiggajas) of the literary assembly resided, the most famous being Allasani Peddana honored with the title Andhrakavitapitamaha (father of Telugu poetry) and Tenali Ramakrishna, Krishnadevaraya's court jester who authored several acclaimed works.[82] That had been the age of Srinatha, the greatest of all Telugu poets in legend, who wrote books like Marutratcharitamu and Salivahana-sapta-sati. King Devaraya II patronized him and he stood equal in stature to the most important ministers in the court.[83]
Though much of the Tamil literature from that period came from Tamil speaking regions ruled by the feudatory Pandya who gave particular attention on the cultivation of Tamil literature, the Vijayanagara kings patronised some poets. Svarupananda Desikar wrote an anthology of 2824 verses, Sivaprakasap-perundirattu, on the Advaita philosophy. His pupil the ascetic, Tattuvarayar, wrote a shorter anthology, Kurundirattu, that contained about half the number of verses. Krishnadevaraya patronised the Tamil Vaishnava poet Haridasa whose Irusamaya Vilakkam represened an exposition of the two Hindu systems, Vaishnava and Shaiva, with a preference for the former.[84]
Vidyaranya's Sangitsara, Praudha Raya's Ratiratnapradipika, Sayana's Ayurveda Sudhanidhi, and Lakshmana Pandita's Vaidyarajavallabham have become notable among secular writings on music and medicine.[85]
Vijayanagara architecture, a vibrant combination of the Chalukya, Hoysala, Pandya, and Chola styles, idioms, had prospered in previous centuries.[86][87] Its legacy of sculpture, architecture and painting influenced the development of the arts long after the empire came to an end. The ornate pillared Kalyanamantapa (marriage hall), Vasanthamantapa (open pillared halls) and the Rayagopura (tower) represent its stylistic hallmark. Artisans used the locally available hard granite because of its durability since the kingdom existed under constant threat of invasion. While the empire's monuments spread over the whole of Southern India, nothing surpasses the vast open air theater of monuments at its capital at Vijayanagara, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[88]
In the fourteenth century the kings continued to build Vesara or Deccan style monuments but later incorporated dravida-style gopurams to meet their ritualistic needs. The Prasanna Virupaksha temple (underground temple) of Bukka Raya I and the Hazare Rama temple of Deva Raya I provide examples of Deccan architecture.[89] The varied and intricate ornamentation of the pillars distinguishes their work.[90] At Hampi, though the Vitthala temple embodies the best example of their pillared Kalyanamantapa style, the Hazara Ramaswamy temple although modest provides a perfectly finished example.[91] Their return to the simplistic and serene art developed by the Chalukya dynasty serves as a visible aspect of their style.[92] A grand specimen of Vijayanagara art, the Vitthala temple, took several decades to complete during the reign of the Tuluva kings.[93]
The carving of large monoliths such as the Sasivekalu (mustard) Ganesha and Kadalekalu (Ground nut) Ganesha at Hampi, the Gomateshwara statues in Karkala and Venur, and the Nandi bull in Lepakshi represent another element of the Vijayanagara style. The Vijayanagara temples of Bhatkal, Kanakagiri, Sringeri and other towns of coastal Karnataka, as well as Tadpatri, Lepakshi, Ahobilam, Tirupati and Srikalahasti in Andhra Pradesh, and Vellore, Kumbakonam, Kanchi and Srirangam in Tamil Nadu provide examples of the style. Vijayanagara art includes wall-paintings such as Dasavathara (ten avatars of Vishnu) and Girijakalyana (marriage of Goddess Parvati) in the Virupaksha temple at Hampi, the Shivapurana paintings (tales of Shiva) at the Virabhadra temple at Lepakshi, and those at the Jain basadi (temple) and the Kamaskshi and Varadaraja temple at Kanchi.[94] That mingling of the South Indian styles resulted in a richness unseen in earlier centuries, a focus on reliefs in addition to sculpture that surpasses that previously in India.[95]
The presence of many secular structures bearing Islamic features displays an aspect of Vijayanagara architecture that shows the cosmopolitanism of the great city. While political history concentrates on the ongoing conflict between the Vijayanagara empire and the Deccan Sultanates, the architectural record reflects a more creative interaction. Many arches, domes and vaults show those influences. The concentration of structures like pavilions, stables and towers suggests royalty used them.[96] The decorative details of those structures may have been absorbed into Vijayanagara architecture during the early fifteenth century, coinciding with the rule of Deva Raya I and Deva Raya II. Those kings have been recoreded as employing many Muslims in their army and court, some of whom may have been Muslim architects. That harmonious exchange of architectural ideas must have happened during rare periods of peace between the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms.[97] The "Great Platform" (Mahanavmi dibba) has relief carvings in which the figures seem to have the facial features of central Asian Turks known to have been employed as royal attendants.[98]
Kannada, Telugu and Tamil had been used in their respective regions of the empire. Over 7000 inscriptions (Shasana) including 300 copper plate inscriptions (Tamarashasana) have been recovered, almost half written in Kannada, the remaining in Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit.[99][100] Bilingual inscriptions had lost favor by the fourteenth century.[101] The empire minted coins at Hampi, Penugonda and Tirupati with Nagari, Kannada and Telugu legends usually carrying the name of the ruler.[102][103] Gold, silver and copper had been used to issue coins called Gadyana, Varaha, Pon, Pagoda, Pratapa, Pana, Kasu, and Jital.[104] The coins contained the images of various Gods including Balakrishna (infant Krishna), Venkateshwara (the presiding deity of the temple at Tirupati), Goddesses such as Bhudevi and Sridevi, divine couples, animals such as bulls and elephants and birds. The earliest coins feature Hanuman and the Garuda (divine eagle), the vehicle of Lord Vishnu. Kannada and Telugu inscriptions have been deciphered and recorded by historians of the Archeological Survey of India.[105][106]
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A lot of our artists also have their own sites showcasing their work.
This offers the opportunity to see the extensive range of work currently being produced around the Waikato.
If you are a WSA member, and would like to link your web site in this page, please e-mail email@example.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Taking its cues from one of the world's most densely populated cities where real estate prices are sky-high and square footage comes at a premium price is a fire table that combines ingenuity with functionality.
With its self-contained energy source, generous sideboard and portable construction, EcoSmart's freestanding Manhattan fireplace knows how to make the most of a small space. Fuelled by environmentally-friendly bioethanol, the fully integrated, multifunctional design means homeowners can enjoy the ambiance and tranquility of a real fire without the inconvenience of burning real wood – that means no more embers, ash and soot to clean up.
In fact, with no installation or building works required, you simply unpack, put into position and enjoy the ambiance that comes with an authentic EcoSmart Fire.
- Colours: Natural, Bone or Graphite
- Fuel: Bioethanol
Key Features
Versatile and Relocatable
With zero hard utility connections, relocating your fire is a breeze. Entertain on your own terms with Manhattan from EcoSmart Fire.
Clean-burning and Sustainable
EcoSmart Fire's when fueled by e-NRG Bioethanol are the single, most eco-friendly fires available today. With no smoke, soot, or ash your clean-burning, bioethanol fire can even be used indoors!
Fluid™ Concrete Technology
Our proprietary technology offers a streamlined yet sophisticated system that delivers exceptionally robust, handcrafted products. Learn More
Three Colour Options
Available in three concrete hues – Natural, Graphite and Bone.
Model SpecsTechnical information about the model and the included burner.
C&I ManualClearances & Installation information about the product.
Burner ManualInstallation, operation and maintenance manual.
How this model has been incorporated into
other people's designs.
Find technical information about this product. If you can't
find what you need, please contact our team.
Compatible Burners:
Our burners are engineered to offer industry leading burn times,
a stable flame pattern and will last a lifetime.
- Weight 56.50kg [125lb]
- Model Dimensions mm [in] L 1270 [50] W 762 [30] H 296 [11.7]
- Application Outdoor
- Materials Concrete Composite, Stainless Steel Grade 304
- Colours
- Shipping Weight 63kg [139lb]
- Packaging Dimensions mm [in] L 1396 [55] W 888 [35] H 503 [19.8]
- CBM 0.62m3
- Type Carton
- Shipping Weight 13.50kg [29.76lb]
- Packaging Dimensions mm [in] L 607 [23.9] W 406 [16] H 225 [8.9]
- CBM 0.06m3
- Type Carton


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According to our new research record "Vietnam Price tag Analysis (2008-2012)", fast development has been seen in the Vietnamese retail revenue during the last several years. Although Japanese retail market is significantly smaller when compared with other growing countries, just like, India and China, industry has shown massive growth in the past few years, especially in its non-food segment. Non-food retailing is actually consistently increasing due to rising consumer spending on non-essential products, such as apparel, electrical, etc. Therefore, we anticipate that, the non-food retailing is going to grow at a CAGR of more than 19% during 2010-2012.
According to our review, non-food retailing has also made the country the stylish destination for multinational retailers. When using the growing interest in western style shopping when it comes to, a large number of contemporary shopping things have leapt up in the key urban centers attracting wealthy urbanites. Besides this craze, various other strong fundamental individuals discussed and analyzed in the report will enable this kind of segment to sustain their upward growth trend in the coming years. Further, the report explains that presently, traditional sellers dominate the retail market. However, the government's decision to allow for entry of foreign retailers will help the ultra-modern retailers to research the country's retail market. International brands are quickly expanding their presence inside the Vietnamese industry as demand for modern selling formats, including supermarkets fresh air conditioned minimarts, and tiny shopping processes surges with rising consumer income.
Besides, an extensive research is done upon sub-segments, just like consumer electronics, which can be growing for a fast tempo due to the increase in consumer spending on white goods and other things. Specifically, personal computers and mobiles are doing very well due to the growing in demand in the young people. Our complete research statement "Vietnam In a store Analysis (2008-2012)", will help clients in pondering the leading-edge opportunities which can be vital with regards to the success of the retail industry in Vietnam. The article covers each of the necessary aspects of the housing market for full retail list prices, like market by sectors, provinces, possession, and in a store formats to present an insight in the market developments and alterations taking place across the nation. The statement will provide consultants, industry analysts, and distributors to obtain an in-depth knowledge of the existing, past, and future overall performance of the realtor mls database in Vietnam. In this way, the report reveals a complete and coherent research of the Vietnam retail sector and will show decisive designed for clients.
Here is info based on data from allconferencealert.com


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Bylaws - American Industrial Hygiene Association BC-Yukon Local Section
The object of the BC-Yukon Section, American Industrial Hygiene Association shall be as follows:
- To promote the study, evaluation, and control of environmental stresses arising in or from the workplace or its products, in relation to the health or well-being and safety of workers and the public.
- To increase the knowledge of industrial and environmental health through the research, interchange, and dissemination of information, and to bring together persons interested in the various phases of industrial and environmental health.
- To promote the profession through the encouragement of interest within and cooperation with governmental, industrial, educational, and other professional bodies.
- To lobby for the formal recognition of the Industrial Hygiene Profession.
- To promote the employment of Industrial Hygienists in business, industry government, and other institutions in order to effectively address occupational health-concerns.
Part 1 — Interpretation
(1) In these bylaws, unless the context otherwise requires:
"AIHA" means the American Industrial Hygiene Association of Fairfax Virginia, USA;
"directors" means the directors of the society for the time being;
"local section" is the alternate common reference of this society;
"Society Act" means the Society Act of British Columbia from time to time in force and all amendments to it;
"registered address" of a member means the member's address as recorded in the register of members.
(2) The definitions in the Society Act on the date these bylaws become effective apply to these bylaws.
|Words importing the singular include the plural and vice versa, and words importing a male person include a female person and a corporation.
Part 2 — Membership
|The members of the society are the applicants for incorporation of the society, and those persons who subsequently become members, in accordance with these bylaws and, in either case, have not ceased to be members.
|A person may apply to the directors for membership in the society and on acceptance by the directors is a member.
|Every member must uphold the constitution and comply with these bylaws and have a professional interest in industrial hygiene, health, safety and the environment.
|The amount of the first annual membership dues must be determined by the directors and after that the annual membership dues must be determined by a two-thirds majority ballot of the membership in accordance to Part 12 section 64.
A person ceases to be a member of the society
(a) by delivering his or her resignation in writing to the secretary of the society or by mailing or delivering it to the address of the society,
(b) on his or her death, on dissolution,
(c) on having been a member not in good standing for 12 consecutive months.
|All members are in good standing except a member who has failed to pay his or her current annual membership fee, or any other subscription or debt due and owing by the member to the society, and the member is not in good standing so long as the debt remains unpaid after March 1 of any year.
|Members accepted for membership shall pay 100% of the annual dues.


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Parent Pay
Please click this link to go directly to the ParentPay service portal.
ParentPay is an online payment system for schools. It allows parents to pay quickly and securely for school meals, trips, activities, uniforms, music lessons and fees. You simply top-up your ParentPay account online by debit or credit card. ParentPay is simple, safe, convenient and your child no longer needs to carry cash into school.
ParentPay will be our preferred method of making payments to school. You will be sent more information plus your login details once your child has started at St Edmund's.
What are the benefits to parents and pupils?
- ParentPay is easy to use and will offer you the freedom to make online payments whenever and wherever you like, 24/7.
- ParentPay is secure ensuring that your money will reach the school safely - offering you peace of mind.
- Payments can be made by credit/debit card.
- Full payment histories and statements are available to you securely online at any time.
- Your children won't have to worry about losing money at school.
A Guide To Parent Pay
Cashless Catering
St Edmund's uses a 'cashless' catering system. Students place their fingertip on a scanner to make a payment for their food. This is their 'digital signature' which is stored as data points (similar to reference points on a map). The software then encrypts them into a set of letters and numbers which is hosted on our own school server. Nobody has access to this information and it cannot be turned back into a photo or used for any other identification purpose.
The information collected will be used solely for school purposes and held on the school system only. This technology is very secure and is commonly used within secondary schools across the UK.
What happens if I do not want my child to use the Biometric System?
An account can be set up using a Pin number at a cost of £3.00 per child and is unique to your child. Instead of scanning their fingertip they will be asked to type a code into a machine at the cashpoint, rather like chip and pin but without the card.
Free School Meals
Changes to Free School Meals - March 2018
Universal Credit will gradually replace existing benefits. To help us manage this change and protect students who are entitled to free school meals the application form has been updated and we are asking all parents to complete the new form and return to the school so we can complete the checking process.
In the first instance please download and complete the Free School Meals form below and return to the school.
You can now also find more information about Free School Meals and complete an application form online by visiting Portsmouth City Council's website - Please follow this link.
Free School Meals - Application Form
|Changes to Free School Meals March 2018.pdf


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Buy your case study essay at our custom case study writing service
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by Eric Teng - England
( )
What do you suggest for home studio recording for
1 Vocal
2 Guitar (Electric, acoustic and bass)
(I dont know how to group them, feel free to seperate acoustic and bass or electric etc)
The price range is within $450 for 2 microphones. or do you think there is single microphone that is VERY good with both vocal and guitar within my price range?
For studio recording, does vocal or guitar application require many microphone polar patterns? What I'm trying to say is should I get a muti-polar microphone? I thought if i choose that i will have more choices when recording. (Cause I thought switchable pattern is so cool eg. AKG 400). Do I really need it?
Comments for Microphone For Vocal And Guitar
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Qaboos was 79, and ruled Oman for five decades before his death Friday. He overthrew his father in a bloodless coup in 1970, becoming the longest serving Arab leader. The Omani government declared three days of national mourning.
Haitham bin Tariq al-Said has been named as the new ruler, according to state-run Oman News Agency.
Qaboos did not have children or a direct heir at the time of his death. The Omani Constitution calls on the royal family to choose a new sultan within three days.
Qaboos was born November 18, 1940. He was also a graduate of the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in England and served in the British army.
Haitham bin Tariq, who is Qaboos' cousin, was born in 1954. An Oxoft graduate in political sciences, he was Oman's minister of heritage and culture until today.


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I was going to post something on Twitter, but seeing as how I'm "Funny all of the time" over there, it didn't feel right to urinate on anyone's festivities by bringing my own private reality into the fun & games.
Still, in this digital, bloggy, sharing age, I did feel like making some kind of missive, mainly because I just want to slice open my heart and let the pent up emotion bleed out. I've made a joker of myself on podcasts, webcasts, interviews, in writing, on panels, in person - it's what I do. And it's what I like doing. If there's a grade of entertainer below "Z", I'm probably it. One of those bizarre "web personalities" people keep yammering on about.
But keep in mind - no one has to read this.
I just feel like writing it.
My mother is dying.
I've known for the past year that this would most likely be the outcome of her breast cancer's brutal return, but who wants to process the information when the delusion of a cure, or a medical fluke, still remains a comfortable dream that allows for one to go about their life, trying to believe nothing has changed…
Like a fool.
A selfish fool.
In the past week, things have gotten far worse, and reality has come crashing through the façade.
I want to thank each and every one of you that took time to send postcards after her diagnosis last year. Each arrival was a delight for her, proving the power of the internet to shrink the world and make the life of a single person significant.
There's a lot I want to write about my mother, but I can't do it right now. I don't want to do it right now. One day, I will.
I've had a song playing in my head for the past week. I debated whether to share this - some might view it as silly. I don't care, really - I did this for my mother. Right now, she's still here. And I'm going to go be with her. And show her this:
All I ask is - go give someone you love a hug. And don't let go.


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You Ain't Seen Nothing Yet
by Ray Gianantonii, MassMutual
If you're a "typical" business owner, one of the things that really gets your goat is income taxes... after all, they are nominally as high as 39.6%. I say nominally, because they are actually higher because of the phase-out of certain exemptions at those levels. It reminds me of the late Senator Everett Dirksen who referring to the Federal Government's budget said " a billion here, a billion there... before long it amounts to real money !" No wonder our taxes are so high.
Actually, income taxes are not that high. At least in comparison with estate taxes. You see the lowest tax bracket for Federal Estate taxes (after exemptions) starts at 37% and escalates to 55%. Why aren't more people screaming about this ? Well, two thoughts come to mind: 1) the deceased party's estate pays the taxes and dead people (usually) don't talk too loudly 2) most living people think estate taxes are for the rich only and they don't think they're rich. Let's examine what rich is, at least according to the IRS.
There are no Federal Estate taxes on $600,000 (actually $1,200,000 if proper planning is done and this does not mean a simple will) so at first blush, it does look like a tax on the wealthy. But it's not hard to have $600,000 in your estate. Everything that you have an "incident of ownership" in would count towards the $600,000... your home(s), pension and profit sharing plans, fair market value of your business and face amounts of life insurance are just a few of the items that would be included as assets. Outstanding debts are subtracted from this sub-total, the tax computed and a credit of up to $192,800 applied (the tax on $600,000) . You can leave tax-free an unlimited amount to your spouse(the so called unlimited marital deduction). The tax is a minimum of 37% and is due 9 months after death.
What happens if there is not sufficient liquidity in the estate to pay taxes ? Well, if your business accounts for 35% or more of your taxable estate, that portion of your taxes are eligible for installment payments (this is Section 6166 of the IRS Code). This means the estate can enter into an agreement with the IRS to make those payments (with interest, naturally) over a 14 year period. Congratulations, the IRS has just become a partner with your children in what is frequently the single largest asset in your estate.
What then should you do about these taxes ? First, determine if you think you have over $600,000 potentially taxable assets less debts in your name. If the answer is yes, do they total over $1,200,00 ? If the answer is yes to either of these, you probably should visit an estate tax attorney and/or your CPA. A couple with a simple "I love you will" and $1,200,000 leaving everything to his/her spouse can save approximately $240,000 in taxes with some relatively simple steps. Second, if your taxable estate exceeds $1,200,000 and you're comfortable that you have enough assets to enjoy retirement, you might consider a gifting program to your children and grandchildren... you can see their enjoyment and give away up to $10,000/recipient/year ($20,000 if your spouse joins in the gift) without incurring a gift tax (yes, it can cost you money just giving it away !). Beyond this, it starts becoming a little too complex to cover in an article like this but suffice it to say that life insurance outside your estate ( you shouldn't own it) can solve a lot of problems.
We've developed some user friendly software for calculating estate taxes and showing what the life insurance premiums would cost to solve the estate tax problems. If you'd like a copy of the software for yourself or your accountant, just cut off the label and return it to Ira Bryck who will forward it to us. We'll have the disk out to you within 10 days... at no cost. You can then get a pretty good idea as to what the damage will be. If you need more help after that, call myself, Charlie Epstein or our other sponsors. It's not that we don't want to call you, it's that the rules are you have to ask us first.


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In the UK it is an offence to use mobile telephones etc while driving.
The question often arises as to whether using amateur radio while driving is legal or not.
The definition of driving extends as far as parked with the engine still running. While this is the law, it's stretching the definition to it's extreme.
Is operating while driving legal?
The law is pretty clear on whether it's legal or otherwise. It is set out in an official document.
The document in question is "The road vehicles (construction and use) regulations 2003".
A bit of a long-winded title, but in essence, the answer is a simple Yes, it's completely legal to use amateur radio while driving.
However, while it isn't an offence to use the radio, if PC Plod decides to "have a word", you may find yourself being reported for another offence, such as driving without due care and attention.
It may prove prudent to carry a copy of your amateur licence and a print out of the legislation as PC Plod probably won't have a clue about amateur radio.
The legislation says
The complete document on the UK government website is here.
The text which the amateur needs to note is section 6. In particular paragraph D.
The text is reproduced below and is copyright of © Crown Copyright 2003.
(6) For the purposes of this regulation—
(a) A mobile telephone or other device is to be treated as hand-held if it is, or must be, held at some point during the course of making or receiving a call or performing any other interactive communication function;
(b) A person supervises the holder of a provisional licence if he does so pursuant to a condition imposed on that licence holder prescribed under section 97(3)(a) of the Road Traffic Act 1988 (grant of provisional licence);
(c) "interactive communication function" includes the following:
(i) sending or receiving oral or written messages;
(ii) sending or receiving facsimile documents;
(iii) sending or receiving still or moving images; and
(iv) providing access to the internet;
(d) "two-way radio" means any wireless telegraphy apparatus which is designed or adapted—
(i) for the purpose of transmitting and receiving spoken messages; and
(ii) to operate on any frequency other than 880 MHz to 915 MHz, 925 MHz to 960 MHz, 1710 MHz to 1785 MHz, 1805 MHz to 1880 MHz, 1900 MHz to 1980 MHz or 2110 MHz to 2170 MHz; and
(e) "wireless telegraphy" has the same meaning as in section 19(1) of the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949.


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A day dedicated to Contemporary Pizza. Saturday, November 4, we'll meet in Milan for PADOAN DAY, a day of training with Simone Padoan.
From Monday 16th to Friday 20th September I Tigli will be closed. We will come back on Saturday 21th September!
We will be CLOSED for rest from 13th to 15th of August. We will come back on Friday 16th of August with regular service.
On Monday 16 September Tigli will participate at Ischia Safari. Together with colleagues and friends we will celebrate the flavors of the territory.
On Wednesday 25 September i Tigli will be at Mestri di Gusto together with Massimiliano Prete and Corrado Assenza. Together we will create a 6-handed tasting menu.
On Tuesday 3rd of September, from 7.30 p.m., SANDWICH CELEBRATION will come back at I Tigli. We celebrate the end of the summer with a special night dedicated to the classic PANINO and its interpretations.
Ready for the party?
The final of 50 Top Pizza was held at the Mercadante Theater in Naples, the famous online guide edited by Barbara Guerra, Albert Sapere and Luciano Pignataro. I Tigli conquers 5th place in the ranking of the best pizzerias in Italy.
On Wednesday May 29, i Tigli will be at Conegliano Valdobbiadene Festival.
We will cook in Solighetto (TV) at the Locanda da Lino restaurant, to celebrate together with Ambasciatori del Gusto the 50th anniversary of the Conegliano Valdobbiadene denomination.
I Tigli will be open on Easter and Easter Monday, April 21 and 22, to celebrate with you!
On Tuesday, April 23 we will be OPEN for lunch and dinner.
On Wednesday April 24 and Thursday 25 we will be CLOSED.
For Vinitaly, VinNatur and Viniveri fairs, I Tigli will be exceptionally open also on Tuesday 9 April for evening service.
We will be CLOSED for rest from 7th to 11th of January. We will come back on Saturday 12th of January with regular service.
On Tuesday, December 18 we celebrate the end of a magical year with a big party. A special tasting path from the aperitif with Champagne to the tasting of four exclusive pizzas, to the "blind" tasting of large leavened products.
Details and reservations: 045 6102606
December 24 and 25 CLOSED for service
December 24 OPEN from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. only for baked products sale
From December 26 to January 6 OPEN every day, both lunch and dinner
The party that anticipates Christmas returns again this year at I Tigli. On Tuesday 27th of November "Panetthòn" will take place, the charity challenge of the best Panettone in Veneto's province.
On 29th of October, at Golosaria, the gastronomic fair in Milan, the new GattiMassobrio guide of the best restaurants in Italy was presented. I Tigli received the recognition of "Corona Radiosa", the highest rating. Thank you!
Monday 5 and Tuesday 6 November the appointment is at I Tigli to celebrate the release of our new book with friends and colleagues.
Two party evenings, from 7.30 pm onwards, to have fun for charity, together for Action against Fame Italia Onlus.
I Tigli takes part in "Azione contro la fame"! Until December 31st, ordering our "Burrata and Raw Ham pizza" you can contribute to the fight against hunger in the world.
Ideas, doughs, ingredients and techniques studied over the years gathered in a book about us and the daily management of a contemporary pizzeria. Buy your copy on the Italian Gourmet online shop or, very soon, at I Tigli.
Autumn has come at I Tigli! We are waiting for you with our new menu that follows the ingredients of the season.
Visit our new menu here!
From Monday 29 to Wednesday 31 October I Tigli will be closed for external events. We will come back on Thursday, 1st of November!
We are in the new guide of L'Espresso among the best 2019 Italian pizzeria.
We were in Naples for the presentation of the new guide of Gambero Rosso fot the best Italian pizzeria 2019. I Tigli wins the first place in the ranking for the "tasting pizza" category (with a score of 96/100).
I Tigli will be closed on Tuesday, 14th of August. We will come back on Thursday, 16th of August.
On Tuesday 4th of September, from 7.30 p.m., SANDWICH CELEBRATION will come back at I Tigli. We celebrate the end of the summer with a special night dedicated to the classic PANINO and its interpretations with friends and colleagues: Piergiorgio Siviero of Lazzaro 1915, Alberto Mori of Al Callianino, Giacomo Ballarini of BUNS and Simone De Feo of Cremeria Capolinea.
Ready for the party?
Best pizzaiolo of the year and number 4 in the 50 Top Pizza rank for I Tigli!
We are in the new 2019 guide of Venezie a Tavola. Click here to read our page.
I Tigli will be closed from Wednesday 4th to Friday 13th of July for a short summer break. We will be back on Saturday 14th of July!
On Tuesday 17th of April, for the wine fairs of Viniveri, VinNatur and Vinitaly, we will be open for lunch and dinner.
Wednesday 18th of April: usual closing day.
On Easter and Easter Monday, I Tigli will be open with regular service and à la carte menu.
I Tigli goes on stage at Identità Golose in Milan. The whole team will be at the International gastronomic congress on Monday 5th of March at 1.20 p.m. in Sala Blu 1 with the masterclass "The thought, the idea, the person… I Tigli today".
I Tigli will be closed from Monday 5th to Wednesday 7th of March for external events. We will come back on Thursday 8!
On Wednesday February 14, we will be open for your romantic dinner.
Closed on Tuesday February 13.
• December 24 and 25 closed for service
• December 24 open from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. only for baked products sale
• From December 26 to January 7 open every day, both lunch and dinner
News from iTigli LAB! Our Panettone and Veneziana are now available online, make your order.
On Tuesday November 28, we wait for you at I Tigli for "Panetthòn 2017", the charity challenge for the best Venetian Panettone. We want to welcome Christmas feast days with a special event to elect the best Artisan Panettone of Verona and Vicenza that will compete for the regional award. A small taste of pizzas and then the tasting of various types of Panettone. The funds gathered will be donate to Amici di Adamitullo ONLUS.
On Sunday, November 19 at 2 p.m., we will be at Gourmet Food Festival in Turin. During a special masterclass dedicated to autumn's flavours, we will taste the pizza "Porca l'Oca".
Proud to be inside the new guide of "Venezie a Tavola", the culinary guide about the excellences of the North-East, written by Luigi Costa and edited by Marco Colognese.
On Monday October 30, we will cross the national border to reach the Istria Gourmet Festival in Rovinj for a special masterclass dedicated to the autumn season.
On Wednesday October 18, we will be at Undicesimo Vineria in Treviso to celebrate the special birthday of the restaurant of chef Francesco Brutto.
On September 20 the award ceremony of Gambero Rosso for the best Italian Pizzerias of 2018 took place in Naples. I Tigli has been awarded with the title "Tre Spicchi", the highest recognition in the world of pizza, and with the special prize "Pizza of the Year" for the tasting pizza "Galletto".
From Wednesday October 4 to Thursday October 12, I Tigli will be closed. See you on Friday 13 with new ideas and energy!
On Wednesday 13 September, we will be with Antonio Pappalardo to celebrate together the birthday of La Cascina dei Sapori in Rezzato. Special pizza tasting!
A special party night with friends! On Tuesday, August 22, we celebrate the traditional PANINO at I Tigli. From 7.30 pm we wait for you with many guest chefs and the taste of Baladin Pop Beer.
It's a great pleasure to be included in the Austrian guide Falstaff among the most voted restaurants 2017.
50 Top Pizza, the online guide entirely dedicated to Italian pizzerias, has produced the list of the 50 best pizzerias in Italy.
The gradutoria was created on the basis of the judgment of 100 inspectors who have assessed the quality of the pizzas, but also the service, the wine and beer list, the research and the furnishing. I Tigli is in the fifth position, also winners of the award for the best room service.
I Tigli will be closed on Thursday 20th of July only for lunch and on Saturday 22nd of July both lunch and dinner for external events.
On Saturday, 15th of July, at 6 p.m. Simone will be at Collisioni Festival 2017, the rock festival in Barolo (Cuneo) with Molino Quaglia and some other great Italian pizza makers for Bread Religion project. A day of quality food and cultural study through tastings, cooking show and debates.
On 10th of August Simone will be at Baladin Open Garden for the culinary event created by Teo Musso. A space surrounded by the green, a getaway from the city in the heart of Langhe for a whole day of food, conviviality and beer.
"La Collina dei Piaceri" is a great summer event in Rimini with a rich culinary and artistic schedule.Torriana, in the province of Rimini, will be transformed in a pleasure hill with chefs, producers and artisans from every area of Italy. Simone will be there on Wednesday, 26th of July.
On 21st of July, Simone will be at L'Aquila, in the heart of Abruzzo, for a special evening at the restaurant and gourmet pizzeria of Marzia Buzzanca, "Percorsi di Gusto". During the event there will be the presentation of the book "La Buona Pizza" written by Tania Mauri, Luciana Squadrilli and Alessandra Farinelli.
On 4th of July, during the evening, i Tigli were in Cuneo at Le Scuderie restaurant of Govone's Castle. A suggestive location for a special tasting of pizza: our doughs together with the stuffings of Le Scuderie restaurant and a great selection of wines.
On 28th of June, Al Callianino restaurant, in the province of Verona, celebrated its 3rd birthday. We were there with some of our proposals. A corn focaccia bread with red shrimp ceviche, stracciatella cheese and crescione herb, three types of sushi and two sweet creations.
I Tigli stopped in Tuscany on 19th and 20th of June for the 16th edition of Capolavori a Tavola, a charity event in Casentino, province of Arezzo. Two days to get in touch with Italian culinary quality products together with the Italian Cuisine in the World Forum. 40 gourmet stands, tastings, cooking shows and debates with many chefs from entire Italy.
27 great chefs together in the Grand Hotel park of Montegrotto Terme for a charity event. On Monday 26th of June, Simone will be there with a "focaccia" of corn with Parmesan, spinach with lime, cockerel and a tomato's mayonnaise a bit spicy.
On Sunday 28th of May at 1.30 p.m. Simone will be at Golosaria with Petra Molino Quaglia. The event will take place from 26th to 28th of May at Padova's fair. Interviews, recipes and Simone's proposal: a salty brioche with beef tartare, mustard's mayonnaise and asparagus salad.
Modern acrobatic show on July 30 on the Boé lake in Corvara, Alta Badia. Later, from 3 p.m. to the sunset, Simone's pizzas will be protagonists of the after-show party with dj set and the fingerfood of chef Roman Tavella.
The Italian pizza chefs meet the great French champagne in the charming setting of Da Vittorio restaurant (Bergamo). On June 5 at 8 p.m. Simone will open the "Pizza Gourmet & Champagne" event with a tasting of 4 pizzas combined with a Cristal 2009.
On Sunday 14th May, Simone will be in Bologna at Palazzo Re Enzo fot the third edition of "I 5 sensi - Uniti per De@Esi", a charity event that gathers 40 chefs for the purpose of connecting the culinary world with the one of disability. There will be talks and tastings about tradition and innovation, the date with Simone is at 3 p.m.
On Sunday, the 26th of March, Simone will attend to the event The Roots of Excellence at the restaurant of Ciasa Salares in San Cassiano. A group of friends and chefs will cook together and compare their own ideas of cuisine.
Again this year Simone will be at Identità Golose. On Saturday, the 4th of March, at 1.15 p.m. he will be at Identità di Champagne for a masterclass about pizza with squab. Later, from 4 to 6 p.m., he'll take part in the Bread Religion event at the stand of Molino Quaglia.
I Tigli will be closed from 18th to 25th of January. Open again from 26 January for lunch, with the same timetable.
"20 pizzas to eat in Italy before you die" is the title of an article published by the online magazine Food & Wine. The list includes the best pizzerias in Italy. "The pizza base is perfect", "Simone Padoan has literally invented the concept of Gourmet Pizza" are some of the phrases used to describe i Tigli, who has been placed at the 4th position!
i Tigli will be closed from 12th to 16th September. Open again from 17 September for lunch, with the same timetable.
On Sunday, September, 4th we are at Eat Reunion, the aperitif - tasting that takes place at Golf Club Colli Berici. We will attend it from 4 pm.
Cost of participation starts from € 35.00 (all proceeds will be allocated to earthquake victims)
On July, 28th Simone will attend the event "La Collina dei Piaceri". On this occasion, Simone will present I Tigli's pizza, expression of Italian spirit par excellence. Our restaurant is closed on July, 28th 2016 all day long.
On Tuesday 2nd August we wait for you at our event "Sandwich Celebration". You'll find 6 different kinds of "panini", Baladin POP beer, and the handmade ice-cream by Cremeria Capolinea. All of this is topped off by a lot of music and fun!
On June, 15th Simone will give a lecture for the prestigiuos Master Food.
On June, 7th Simone Padoan will attend the important event "A Cena con le Stelle del NordEst" with several great local chefs, including 12 starred chefs.
On Monday, 6th Simone will teach in a specialization course of dough and filings at the Cast Alimenti.
On 15 March were in Rome at "Palazzo della Farnesina", for the approval of the protocol of the Italian quality product abroad.
Again this year Simone took part in Identità Golose with a showcooking at the stand of Molino Quaglia and in a debate about pizza and Michelin stars.
Once again, our menu have changed. We've decided to eliminate the part that represents our past, but no longer our present: the classical pizza. From now on you'll only find our idea of pizza, 100%.
i Tigli are open Open from 12pm to 3.30pm, and from 7pm to 11pm.
New closing days: thuesday evenings, wednesdays.
We will be closed from Monday 11 January to Friday 15 January. Open again from Saturday 16 January.
i Tigli will be extraordinarly open on Wednesday 23 December and Wednesday 6 January. Closed only on 25 and 30 December.
Simone will be in London from 25 October to 1 November, for the important event "Identità London".
I Tigli will be closed in these days, open again from 2 November with the same timetable.
The Gambero Rosso guide to the best pizza places of italy gave us the the "3Spicchi", the greatest award given by this important publication.
On 9 September we will host the third special dinner to celebrate our 20th anniversary: dedicated to the sourdough bread and all its evolutions, signed by Simone.
We will celebrate our 20th anniversary with a party on the 29th of July at the Pool of Sovizzo (Vicenza). Live music, informal event and our pizzas and other proposals.
We will be closed from Wednesday 24 June to Wednesday 1 July. Open again from Thursday 2 July.
On the 17th of June we will participate to the celebrations for the First Year of the restaurant Il Callianino.
From May 15 you can taste our new menu! Click Here.
Simone Padoan will be the first guest of the Pizza events at Identità Expo. The 6 May at 5pm Simone will be in Milan to present his pizza to the Expo audience.
29 April - Simone will be in Venice at the VITRARIA Glass +A Museum for the event "A Palazzo con le Stelle". He will cook with the chef Lionello Cera inside the museum.
i Tigli will be closed on Friday 24 April and Thursday 30 April.
A special dinner with our pizzas and the great cocktails by Frizzante Lab (Verona). From 7pm - Arké natural wines with a selection of quality foods. At 8.30pm - Dinner with five dishes by Simone Padoan and four cocktails by Frizzante Lab. The event is Sold Out.
Monday 2 March Simone will be in Rome for a meeting focused into the future of the Italian Cuisine, with Maurizio Martina, Italian Minister of Agriculture, Food and Forestry Policies, and Paolo Marchi, founder of Identità Golose.
On Monday 9 February at 3pm Simone will be on the important stage of Identità Golose, the most influential chef congress in Italy. i Tigli will be closed on 9 and 10 February.
Saturday 17 January, in Milan, Simone will participate to the 8th International Day of Italian Cuisines, dedicated to the "authentic" Parmigiana.
I Tigli will be closed from Monday 12th to Friday 16th January. We will be open again starting from Saturday 17th January at lunch.
Wednesday 10 December we have proposed a tasting during an event organized by VinNatur. Click here to see the photos.
Simone presents its "Ricordo d'Inverno" (winter memory) with a video on the website of the Italian magazine "Oggi". Clic here to watch the video.
i Tigli will be closed on 24 and 25 December. Open only for dinner on 26 December and 1 January. On every other day, the opening hours will remain unvaried.
On 16 November in Milan, during the event Golosaria, Simone Padoan has received the award "Pioniere Storico del Golosario" (Golosario's Historic Pioneer) by Paolo Massobrio and Marco Gatti. Click here to see the photos.
Identità Golose describes i Tigli on its 2015 Guide. Click here to read the full text.
I Tigli presents the new dessert list. Visit the dessert section of the website to find out more.
The photos of Simone at PizzaUp, the annual symposium about pizza, flours and leavenings, are now online. Click here to see the photos.
Simone will contribute to PizzaUp, the annual symposium about pizza-making organized by Molino Quaglia, in Vighizzolo d'Este (PD) from the 3rd to the 5th of November
You can now taste our new menu, an anticipation of Autumn, waiting for the rest of the products that the season has to offer.
I Tigli will be closed from Monday 13th to Wednesday 15th October. We will be back on Thursday 16th October at 7pm.
Gambero Rosso presented its guidebook of the best pizza places in Italy. i Tigli confirms the "Tre Spicchi", the highest award appointed. See the photos and the video of the day.
Monday, June 30th iTigil will remain closed. Simone will be in Rome for the launch of the 2015 Guide to Italian Pizza Places by Gambero Rosso.
A selection of pizzas from our menu that you can taste at home! Just come to i Tigli, we'll give you the ingredients and you'll only have to put them together, cook it... and enjoy our pizza! Reservations one day in advance, calling +39 045 6102606.
i Tigli will be closed from the 18th to the 25th of June.
See you on Thursday 26.
On Monday, June 2, Simone will be guest at the event Bread Religion, at Rimini Wellness.
At 11.00 am he will present a special tasting dedicated to those who practice mountain biking.
We are closed for vacation from 5th to 7th May.
We will be open again starting from Thursday 8th for dinner from 7.00 pm.
A new menu for I Tigli: inspired by nature, dedicated to the tastes and colours of the spring.
On I Tigli's Facebook page you can find our photo report of Identità Golose, with Simone and our staff engaged on three different appointments.
Simone will be present also this year at Identità Golose. The appointments are three: on February 9th at the Food Experience Mondadori for a showcooking; Monday 10th he'll give start to "Identità di Pizza" with the topic "Conjunction: The why of things"; then he will be at Molino Quaglia's "Brick Lounge" to propose new pizzas.
Great news at I Tigli: a whole new menu with different doughs and proposals which you can preview by clicking here.
We wish all of you a best Christmas and a "rising" 2014, full of satisfactions and positive news!
Simone, Eva and all the staff of I Tigli
I Tigli will be closed from December 24th to 25th, we'll re-open with the usual time on Thursday, December 26th.
On December 31st we're open with the traditional menu, and for new year's eve we're closed at lunch and open at dinner. We'll be closed from January 8th to 15th. We will open on Thursday 16th.
At I Tigli you can find also our panettone, realized with yeast base and high quality ingredients. A long leaving dough to exalt the traditional taste of this Italian Christmas cake.
We're proud of our presence on the Michelin Guide's 2014 edition. In the I Tigli's description we can read: "Simone Padoan is a master of the leavening and proposes imaginative creations with raw shrimps, beef tartare, cheef lard, baccalà… The desserts are delicious as well".
On November 18th the "Moretti Grand Cru Beer 2013 Prize" will take place in Rome. Among the jurors that will sit near the president Claudio Sadler there's also our Simone Padoan!
I Tigli will be closed on Tuesday, November 5th, because of Simone's attendance to Pizza Up, the white art symposium organized by Molino Quaglia. We'll re-open on Thursday, November 7th.
The new menu of I Tigli, created following the seasonal products, is now online. Visit the menu section on the website to discover "The Beginning", "Simply" and "I Tigli Today", the 3 sections in which it's divided.
Simone will be engaged in a particular showcooking on Tuesday, October 22nd at Extraordinariamente Pizza, an event inside Host, at FieraMilano. The appointment with Simone is at 11.00am, when he'll show "The Snail": snails with herbs and grilled porcini, Asiago and thyme oil with brioche focaccia bread.
On the official Facebook page of I Tigli you can find the photo album of the party "A year among "I Tigli"". Click here to see it.
Simone will attend an updating course on Monday, October 7th and Tuesday, 8th. I Tigli will be closed and it will open on Thursday, October 10th.
One year after the reopening, I Tigli celebrates the new restaurant with a great party. On Sunday, September 29th from 5.30pm many gastronomic proposals, high quality products and blues-rock music will be waiting for you at our renewed I Tigli. We can't wait to see you!
To participate and party with us: unanno.pizzeriaitigli.it
Simone will be in Este on Sunday, September 8th for Comunipane, the annual symposium of the bread-making art organized by Molino Quaglia. The 2013 edition is called "Bread Religion", and it'll see various chefs and bread makers creating the gourmet version of a real classic food: the stuffed bread.
I Tigli will be closed on September 7th and 8th.
Friday, July 19th Simone has cooked with the chefs Giancarlo Morelli, Claudio Sadler, Norbert Niederkofler and Karl Baumgartner, owner of the "Schoneck" restaurant. A tasty and stimulating experience, and these are the photos!
I Tigli has obtained three slices in the new edition of the Gambero Rosso Guide to Italy's Pizzerias, for the category Gourmet Pizza.
On May 17th Simone will present, at the "Turin International Book Show", his new book "The Art of Pizza".
The new gastronomic proposal of I Tigli is now online on the website. A new menu, divided into three moments: "The Beginning", "Simply" and "I Tigli Today". There are new wines and desserts as well.
Summer 2012, three months to make blank slate of the "old" pizzeria and give space to a new concept of restaurant.
The base idea was to put the kitchen in the middle of the convivial space, and now I Tigli is a completely new place, in line with Simone Padoan's cooking idea.
I TIGLI s.r.l.
Via Camporosolo 11 - 37047 - San Bonifacio - Verona - Closed on Tuesday Nights and Wednesday - T. 045 610 26 06 - firstname.lastname@example.com


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Students may be admitted to candidacy for honors in geology if they make a written application to the department chairperson before May 1 of their junior year. To qualify, a student must have a minimum overall cumulative grade-point average of 3.0 and a minimum grade-point average in major courses of 3.4. In addition, the student must have completed all geology core courses except 01:460:410 and 01:460:476/480.
- 01:460:495 (3) Honors in Geology - Fall
- 01:460:496 (3) Honors in Geology - Spring
Honors students must successfully complete at least two additional 3-credit courses in geology (at the 400 level) and/or in the allied sciences as well as 01:460:495,496 Honors in Geology.
In consultation with a faculty adviser, students choose an honors research project which they document in a paper or a formal presentation to the department.