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Dan Siegel offers therapists a new vision of the brain
by Mary Sykes Wylie
In 1999, a few months after child psychiatrist Daniel Siegel's book The Developing Mind: Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience was published, Siegel received an e-mail, purporting to be from a representative of Pope John Paul II, asking him to come to the Vatican to talk to the Pope. Thinking the e-mail was a prank, Siegel ignored it-why would the Pope invite an expert on the neurobiology of childhood attachment over to the Vatican to schmooze? Nevertheless, one enigmatic detail of the message stuck in Siegel's mind as he deleted it: the Pope, according to the message, wanted very much to know why "the mother's gaze" was so critical to the growth and emotional well-being of a baby.
As it turned out, the e-mail was legitimate. An official letter soon followed from the Pontifical Council for the Family, formally inviting Siegel to be the main speaker at a Vatican conference for church leaders and Catholic social services providers and missionaries, to be followed by a private Papal audience for Siegel and his family. Siegel accepted the invitation with one caveat: he wanted the Pope to know ahead of time that the all-important loving gaze could come from either parent or from another attachment figure-it didn't have to originate with the mother.
Reading John Paul's biography before he left for Rome, Siegel discovered something he thought might explain the Pope's request. When John Paul was asked by the biographer if he remembered much about his mother, who had died when he was a young child, he said no at first. Then, a bit later, he backed up, saying he did recall one thing-"I remember my mother's gaze." Could the Pope want Siegel to explain what happened in the brain that made this ephemeral moment in the life of a young boy still resonate, like a lost dream, many decades later in the heart and mind of a frail, elderly man?
What drew the Pope to Siegel's work was apparently the search for some illumination about the small, everyday miracle of that gaze-what novelist George Eliot called "the meeting eyes of love"-that every child yearns for and must have, literally, to survive. Repeated tens of thousands of times in the child's life, these small moments of mutual rapport serve to transmit the best part of our humanity-our capacity for love-from one generation to the next.
For many therapists, what Siegel has done is to show just how, from the moment we're born, our most important relationships fire into being the neural circuits of the brain that allow us to understand and empathize with others and feel their feelings. But beyond that, he's gone on to link his interest in both science and the nuance of relationship with the almost unfathomable complexities of neuroscience to generate a field he calls "interpersonal neurobiology," which has brought the latest findings of brain science directly into the therapist's consulting room. As much as any figure in the mental health field, he's taken on, as both a professional challenge and a personal quest, the task of showing his clinician colleagues how the objective, physical matter of the brain-its lobes, modules, folds, lumps, tubes, and fibers-creates the possibilities for the subjective life of the mind, heart, soul, and spirit that is the glory of our species.
While still only 47 and not a formal brain researcher himself-certainly not the originator of the massive, accumulating body of theory regarding the processes of human attachment- Siegel has displayed a unique ability as a synthesizer, weaving together strands of knowledge from a variety of fields. Through his highly influential book and hundreds of workshop presentations he's given around the globe in recent years, he's tried to bridge the previously disconnected worlds of neuroscience research and clinical practice. "Dan is the right person at the right time," says Pat Love, a noted couples therapist and workshop presenter who's devoted the past several years to integrating neuroscience into her own clinical work. "His work cuts across disciplinary lines to bring together neuroscience, developmental theory, evolutionary psychology, systems theory, psychiatry, medicine, and psychotherapy and point us toward the integrated thinking that will shape the future of our field."
Siegel is by no means the first clinician to have talked about the role of attachment and brain processes in clinical work. For more than 50 years, attachment theory has been a significant feature on the landscape of childhood development research. But until recently, how attachment research might inform knowledge about adult psychology was virtually ignored by psychotherapists. For example, Los Angeles psychologist Marion Solomon recalls traveling with a group of associates to England in the early 1980s to visit pioneering attachment researcher John Bowlby and enthusiastically bringing back tapes of his works. When she returned, however, she found that "no one was interested in considering the clinical implications of attachment theory. They just weren't buying the ideas." According to Solomon, however, "There's something about the way Dan has put this material together that makes the lights go on for people. He's propelled attachment theory and neuroscience beyond the tipping point within the therapy world."
Considered a tour de force by reviewers from the worlds of clinical and research psychology and psychiatry, The Developing Mind-a densely packed synthesis of childhood attachment research, cognitive science, the study of emotion, and complexity theory-has definitely established Siegel's credentials as a major expositor and interpreter of neuroscience esoterica to nonspecialists. But even the book's critical success doesn't, in itself, explain the excitement he's been able to generate within the field. After all, it's a daunting read that probably won't be chosen anytime soon for the Oprah book club.
Explaining Siegel's impact, students and colleagues again and again cite the distinctive personal electricity he conveys. "Dan is a born connector," says Marion Solomon, "whether it's one-to-one or with an audience of thousands." His friend Alan Schore, known for his groundbreaking research and theoretical work on childhood attachment, still remembers his first meeting with Siegel 10 years ago at a dinner party. "We just started talking, and before I knew it I was intellectually and emotionally in synch with him," recalls Schore. "The only other person with whom I'd ever clicked like that was my wife."
"Even if you're listening to him in a large audience, you have the sense that Dan is speaking directly to you," adds Schore. That seems to be part of the mesmerizing effect that Siegel's public lectures have. Take the 2003 Psychotherapy Networker Symposium at which Siegel delivered a 45-minute keynote loaded with high-end neurospeak, sprinkled with references to the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cigulate, hippocampus, the intricacies of neural transmission, synaptic plasticity and gene expression. Clearly, it wasn't the kind of thing calculated to electrify an early-morning crowd. But from the first moments of his talk, when the soft-spoken, boyish-looking Siegel, apparently dressed by L.L. Bean, ambled on stage without notes to address an audience of 3,000, he had the mostly neuroscientifically challenged crowd on the edge of their chairs with enthusiasm.
Hundreds of shoulders in the hall palpably relaxed as he drew a laugh admitting that, as a medical student, the task of trying to remember the multisyllabic names for different brain parts "made me nauseous." Like a class of born-again biology fans, the crowd happily imitated Siegel as he repeatedly referred to his "hand puppet" model of the brain-balled fist, with knuckles representing the prefrontal cortex and the middle of the palm standing in for the brain stem. "Dan can take complicated ideas and put them into everyday language," says Marion Solomon. "He just conveys a driving curiosity that's irresistible to audiences."
It isn't just Siegel's skill as a communicator that enables him to connect so well with an audience, but the message he brings about the nature of the brain. Most of us who had any exposure at all to the human (rather than, say, the frog) brain in our biology classes were taught about the "single-skull" version. Translating his thorny subject for nonspecialists, Siegel enthralls audiences with his vision of the brain as an exquisitely social organ. From birth, it's not the relentless unfolding of a genetic plan that determines the shape of our adult minds, Siegel explains, but what happens between different brains that largely shapes what happens inside our individual brains. He opens up unexplored vistas of a plastic, self-renewing brain, with capacities to rewire itself in response to changing circumstances that go well beyond assumptions about our innate, hardwired limitations prevalent in neuroscience circles until only a few years ago.
For those inspired by the synthesis Siegel offers, his contribution transcends a particular concept or a set of change techniques. "In recent years, the therapy field has been dominated by theoretical eclecticism and a lot of attention to techniques and practical interventions, as if you can believe anything you want theoretically," says Sue Johnson, an originator of Emotionally-Focused Couples Therapy, one of the most empirically supported marital therapy approaches. "What Dan Siegel has done is give us a bridge to science and a much clearer idea about the organizing brain structure of relationships," adds Pat Love. "For the first time, Siegel is offering a neuroscientific paradigm for understanding how all kinds of psychotherapy work. He's taking us beyond anecdotes and metaphors and vague theories and 'it-works-because-I-say-so' into a measurable science of human nature."
DSM 'n Drugs
But the ability to connect disparate disciplines didn't come easily. Soon after enrolling at Harvard Medical School in 1978, the young Siegel, still unsure of his own career path, found himself plunged into a professional culture focused on diseases and pathologies. It jarred him to listen to doctors and his fellow medical students refer to patients as isolated body parts-"I saw an incredible kidney today," or "There's a very interesting liver in room 415." He soon found himself regularly being dressed down for spending too much time listening to his patients' stories. "If you want to listen to people's stories, go to social work school-that's not what doctors do!" one irate supervisor told him.
Disillusioned, he dropped out of med school and spent a vagabond year considering various "careers," including professional dancing, carpentry, documentary filmmaking, and salmon fishing. It was a fellow fisherman who turned Siegel away from that particular career choice, pointing out that fishing was all about "getting up at 3 a.m, bending over the side of a freezing boat for hours, your back killing you, throwing fishhooks out and pulling them in until your hands are too crippled to do much else." This de facto career advisor told Siegel that he himself was quitting fishing and going back to graduate school in psychology, and that Siegel should go back to medical school. Soon after that, working on a film interview of a man writing a book about the left and right sides of the brain, Siegel had a mini career epiphany and decided he, too, was fascinated by the brain and the mind. But since it would have taken him too long to get the credits he needed for psychology graduate school, he decided to return to medical school at Harvard and focus on psychiatry.
Academic psychiatry during the '80s, it turned out, was exactly the wrong place for someone eager to develop a holistic, integrated view of the mind and brain. An increasingly reductionistic biological (i.e. psychopharmaceutical) psychiatry had just begun its relentless push for dominance. With the advent of DSM III and the torrent of new medications pouring out of the pharmaceutical pipeline, psychiatry grew ever more inclined to define emotional and mental problems as purely medical illnesses reflecting biochemical imbalances in the brain. Diagnosis became a game of parsing DSM categories and subcategories, and treatment a matter of prescribing meds to amp up or dampen down the synaptic exchange of neurotransmitters. The last thing that interested these scientist-psychiatrists was a vaporous, 19th-century concept like mind. "There was no understanding that subjective human experience-feelings-was an objective scientific reality," recalls Siegel. "Psychiatrists were supposed to be experts on the brain, and all they were interested in was knowing how neurons fire-they weren't interested in feelings."
Siegel found the emerging infatuation with the DSM 'n Drugs combo deeply distasteful and a betrayal of what he considered the deeper mission of psychiatry. "I hated to see colleagues and trainees seeing patients for half an hour for a meds check, then sending them off until their next appointment three months later," he says. For him, the self-conscious scientism of the new psychiatry was a crabbed, distorted version of real scientific inquiry: "The only brain mechanisms we ever really talked about were neurotransmitter receptors."
One case from this frustrating period that underscored biological psychiatry's lack of imagination sticks in Siegel's mind. He was seeing a young woman in therapy who was suffering from unresolved grief and guilt at the loss of a parent. Eventually, she got better, and when she was ready to leave, Siegel asked her what had been most helpful about her treatment. She thought for a minute and then said, "When I'm with you, I feel felt." Her remark about what is a perfectly commonplace experience in good therapy contrasted for Siegel with the indifference to relationship that he saw all around him. "She could see that my inner emotional state was affected by her inner emotional state, and that profoundly changed her experience of herself, which gave her hope that she could change." But the scientist in Siegel also wanted to know what exactly the objective brain mechanisms were that resulted in this profoundly healing interpersonal experience.
At the time, the psychiatry department at Harvard was a war zone of mutually antagonistic factions, each speaking its own language, sunk in its own pet paradigms (biological psychiatry, psychoanalytic psychiatry, descriptive psychiatry, social psychiatry) who, Siegel recalls, "all bad-mouthed each other." But whatever his feelings about the shortcomings of biological psychiatry, the field of psychotherapy offered little attraction for Siegel. Its most influential models didn't exhibit the barest interest in neurobiology or, in his opinion, even a decent regard for ordinary intellectual consistency. And despite his humanistic inclinations, he still wanted a disciplined, scientifically plausible explanation of the core phenomena therapists dealt with-human personality, emotion, memory, and identity. But none of the "explanations" offered by various psychiatric denominations, or the deceptively-neat DSM taxonomy, actually explained anything to him. Siegel regarded them as "ever more complicated definitions of observations-they all seemed about as substantial as plumes of smoke."
It seemed to Siegel that any explanation worth its salt must incorporate both the biological and the personal; it must somehow include the physical brain, the individual story of the particular human being, and the evolutionary story of the whole species. It had to reflect the tough-minded objectivity of science and the "soft" subjectivity of ordinary human experience. Neither "scientific" psychiatry, which reduced an individual to the ebb and flow of brain chemistry, nor a Tower of Babel of contending psychotherapies, which completely ignored the living brain, even came close to meeting these apparently impossible goals.
No Axe to Grind
During the late '80s, Siegel found something approaching the kind of theoretical connective tissue he was looking for when he discovered attachment theory. In the previous 40-odd years, attachment researchers following the pioneering work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth had built up a formidable body of empirical research to show that a young child's sense of security, safety, and well-being depends largely upon the emotional quality of his relationship with his primary caregivers. And it was this secure base in early childhood, the theory continued, that enabled a child to grow into an emotionally stable adult and become a good parent to his or her own children.
For Siegel, attachment researchers, with their careful attention to measurement and moment-by-moment interaction, "seemed beautifully nonpartisan and unbiased, without any clinical or theoretical axe to grind." He also found in attachment theory something he'd missed in other explanatory models-a rigorously scientific field that focused on something more emotionally compelling than the synaptic vicissitudes of neurotransmitters. Here was a field that posed the most fundamental questions about the small miracle by which we actually become human beings: How does a coherent sense of self emerge from the turmoil of fluctuating sensations that is a baby's mind? How does early experience shape our personalities? How do we learn to love? Why do we tend to treat our children the way we were treated? Why does parenting matter?
In 1988, Siegel heard one of the pioneers of attachment theory, Mary Main, give a talk about her work on what she called "coherent narrative." Main and her colleagues had devised an instrument called the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), in which parents were asked about their recollections of their own childhoods. What Main's research indicated was that the way these parents told their own stories-how they made sense of their past lives, or didn't-was the most powerful predictor (85 percent accuracy) of whether their own children would be securely attached to them. If adults could create a reflective, coherent, and emotionally-rich narrative about their own childhoods, they were likely to form a good, secure relationship with their children-no matter how "insecurely attached" they themselves had been as children or how inadequate or even abusive their own parents were. It wasn't what happened to them as children, but how they came to make sense of what happened to them that predicted their emotional integration as adults and what kind of parents they'd be.
The narrative material struck Siegel "like a lightning bolt," extending attachment research beyond the nonverbal attunement of "the mother's gaze" into the realm of memory and language. As much as we need the wordless love and the creaturely comfort of our parents and caregivers, we also need to acquire the ability-the mental and emotional wherewithal-to put our experience into words in order to fulfill our biological potential as human beings. For Siegel, the idea of narrative became the key to a bigger, more coherent, "story" than either psychiatry or psychology had so far been able to produce. "Anthropology shows us that every culture on earth tells stories. For the last 40,000 years we, as a species, have been trying to bring what's inside of us out-to make sense of what we see and put it out there for other people to hear," says Siegel. "Stories bring together the external, observable, objective world and our internal experience of our minds. The capacity and need to tell stories is not only part of our culture, but part of our evolutionary heritage, built into our genetic code and embedded in the circuits of our brains."
Furthermore, the findings on narrative were a real beacon of hope, empirically reinforcing the commonsense notion that people can change-their lives are not determined by their bad beginnings. In fact, according to the attachment researchers, a person can earn her emotional security and ability to create a coherent narrative about her past through personal growth and involvement in positive, healthy relationships with teachers, friends, lovers, mates, and, of course, therapists. "I loved the way attachment research showed that fate (having less-than-perfect parents) isn't necessarily destiny," says Siegel. "If you can make sense of your story, you can change it."
Of course, most therapists share Siegel's interest in the transformative power of narrative, but not his need to ground his beliefs in scientific principle. For him, however, it was as if he'd opened one of a set of nested Chinese boxes-discovering one powerful explanatory system in the connection between narrative and attachment theory-only to come across another, smaller, but even more intriguing box. What, he wondered, were the neurobiological mechanisms that made attachment so important? How does coherent narrative "happen" in the brain?
Of Coherence and Incoherence
The question of how we develop a coherent narrative was becoming clinically relevant for Siegel because he had a number of patients with PTSD, and one of the most striking symptoms of his traumatized patients was their inability to construct a coherent story about their past. If asked to talk about what happened to them as children, they became disorganized and incoherent, couldn't remember major events of their own life histories, and frequently became emotionally distraught just making the effort to recall the past. These patients remembered traumatic incidents while in one state of mind and then had no memory of the same incident when in another state of mind. They confused the past and the present and experienced highly charged, intrusive flashbacks that didn't seem like "normal" declarative memories. To Siegel, there was clearly some connection between their traumatic past-what was called their "disorganized attachment"-and something going on in their brains that prevented them from making sense of their own stories.
As a clinician, Siegel knew that PTSD was assumed to be related to dissociation, but what did that mean? How could clients both not remember enough to tell a coherent story and at the same time remember all too much, all too vividly? Psychiatrists still described these symptoms in the archaic and inadequate language of psychoanalysis-conscious versus unconscious or repressed memory-which was too schematic and narrowly sectarian to make sense of phenomena that, literally, burst the bounds of standard theories and models.
To find some more promising answers, Siegel began studying neuroscience in earnest. While exploring the complexities of memory, he learned from some of the leading authorities in the research world about the fascinating difference between implicit and explicit memory, and the newly discovered role of a horn-shaped region of the brain called the hippocampus. Implicit memory is a form of nonverbal, unconscious memory, present at birth, which lays down neural pathways encoding emotion (via the amygdala), behavioral patterns, and learned habits (like driving), perceptions, and probably bodily memory. We may experience very strong feelings or body sensations triggered by an implicit memory, for example, but have no subjective awareness of consciously recalling anything-we just feel something powerful. About a year after birth, the hippocampus comes online and begins to encode explicit memories, including consciously recalled facts-"Richard Wagner was married to Franz Liszt's daughter"-and the countless past experiences, feelings, and thoughts that make up our awareness of our autobiographical past.
Discovering the division between implicit and explicit memory and the role of the hippocampus in turning the former into the latter was, for Siegel, like finding a trail after hacking his way through a dense jungle. "The timing was wonderful, coming just when I was learning about attachment narratives and desperate to understand trauma," Siegel says. It dawned on him that the disruption of the hippocampus and the processing of explicit memory might have something to do with why both PTSD clients and "disorganized" parents in the attachment research couldn't relate a coherent story about the terrible past. What if trauma shut off the hippocampus, so that horrible sensations and experiences flooded the amygdala and were laid down as implicit memories, but were blocked from becoming explicit memories? That might explain the odd fact that people with PTSD experienced their memories in the here and now without having the sensation of remembering them. Today, this theory is old hat among trauma therapists and researchers (though still surprisingly unfamiliar to many other clinicians). Even so, however, when the discovery of what the hippocampus did was itself brand new, nobody seems to have made that connection.
Siegel first publicly floated his idea at a conference in 1992, attended by famous heavyweights from the trauma and neuroscience communities (including Eric Kandel, later winner of a Nobel prize for demonstrating how experience creates new neural connections in the brain). During one session, somebody in the audience asked, "How do you explain traumatic repression in terms of the brain?" Nobody had an answer. Siegel, still considered a junior colleague by many of the prominent figures in attendance, daringly raised his hand. "I was just this punk kid, but I threw out my idea-Is it possible that if the hippocampus is blocked during a trauma, you could be vulnerable to flashbacks and dissociation because, while you'd have the implicit memory of the event, you'd have no explicit, declarative memory of it?' Then I sat down."
At the break, an intrigued mob surrounded Siegel and asked him to amplify on this extremely interesting and radical idea of his. "It was the first experience I ever had of going to the brain to find out how people's mental processes work and coming up with an answer that might pave a way to better treatment," Siegel remembers.
Brain and Mind
Siegel was soon feverishly exploring anything else he could find out about how the brain worked and what light neurobiological research might shed on the problems of his patients. From 1991 to 1995, while the head of training in child psychiatry at UCLA, he led a study group, a multidisciplinary dream-team loaded with experts-anthropologists, evolutionary biologists, linguists, geneticists, psychiatrists, and heavily weighted with neuro-types, including neurobiologists, neurologists, and neurosurgeons. "I was realizing that the brain held the secrets to the mind," he says now.
He focused, for example, on the clinical implications of the fact that the right and left hemispheres work in dramatically different ways. By then it was commonly understood that the left brain is associated with logic, cause-effect reasoning, verbal processing, and linear thinking, while the right is associated with nonlinear, holistic (big-picture) thinking, intense emotion, body sense, social awareness, and nonverbal communication. What Siegel became interested in was that a coherent narrative about the past requires both hemispheres to be fully online: the right holds the images, themes, and sense of personal self existing across time, while the left holds the drive to make logical meaning and put words to these wordless feeling states and perceptions. Right away, this seemed to explain the difficulties many people had in creating coherent narrative: if the two sides of the brain weren't working together, the story would either be chaotic and confused-overwhelming feeling, overwhelmed thought-or superficially logical but lacking the emotional oomph of a good, coherent autobiographical story.
He decided to try out the theory that integrating brain function could be beneficial therapeutically with clients who had an impoverished sense of their own past and couldn't really feel or express emotion: "I'd worked out a hypothesis that this type of patient might respond to therapy that explicitly stimulated the development of the right hemisphere." And it worked. A lot of the patients, who usually intellectualized their way through talk therapy, responded very well to guided imagery, sensate-body focusing, and practice in using and picking up on nonverbal cues.
Simply telling patients what might be going on in their brains, he discovered, could also be both deeply comforting and therapeutic. He explained to patients with PTSD the difference between implicit and explicit memory and the function of the hippocampus, and they felt less crazy. "You're telling me I'm not nuts," said one greatly relieved patient, who thought she was going insane because of the flashbacks and intrusive images that hounded her. As she put it, "It's just that the bad things that happened to me got fragmented in my mind and were never put together into my regular memory by my hippowhatsis."
Soon, he was spiking his therapy with brief, neurobiological vignettes that helped clients understand why they were so prone to sudden rages, or had such rotten love lives, or felt so anxious all the time. Siegel became adept at explaining the role of the unbridled amygdala, the self-calming talents of the neocortex, the heroically integrative properties of the orbitofrontal cortex, the amazing system of mirror neurons that allows us to pick up and feel the feelings and intentions of others-the remarkable capacity for "mindsight." He even started keeping a chalkboard in his office to draw rough sketches of the brain and its parts, which helped ground discussions of subjective mental experience in the world of physical reality. "Unlike most psychological concepts, the brain is a three-dimensional object that you can hold in your hand," he says. "It's also a visual entity, and we're very visual creatures-a lot of our cortical real estate is devoted to vision. So when I sketch the brain on the board, people can really 'see' it."
His patients loved it. Far from making them feel that their lives were completely determined by physiological processes beyond their control, they felt empowered. They discovered that their negative feelings weren't them, but originated from one part of their brains, which could be controlled by another part, actually altered by what they think. "Connections in the brain shape the way you think, but the flip side is true, too," says Siegel. "The way you think can change your brain. Neural firing changes neural connections-if you pay attention." We often have the idea that we have no power to control our own attention. Not so. "You can harness the power of your mind," says Siegel. "You can sit in your prefrontal cortex, where self-regulation is mediated, and simply notice, just notice, the mental processes emanating from different neural circuits of the brain-without locking onto them."
By now, the concept of mindfulness-detached attention to one's own feelings and thoughts-has acquired the fuzzy quality of overfamiliarity among therapists, becoming something of a New Age platitude. But Siegel gives it a fresh dimension by grounding it in the realities of neurobiology. His interest is in how mindfulness works in the brain and how it can, literally, change brain function. "Mindfulness promotes the integrative function of the prefrontal cortex," Siegel says. "It allows brain circuits to fire that have perhaps never fired before, giving people a sensation of inner awareness that they may never have had before." In short, it brings about neural changes that Siegel alternately calls "integration," "coherence," or "self-regulation."
At first glance, "self-regulation" is a mildly soporific term reminiscent of the psych lab, but from Siegel's perspective it defines the basic goal of all psychotherapy. "When you think about it, you can understand almost every mental health problem-anxiety, depression, eating disorders, personality disorders, thinking disorders-as an issue of self-regulation," Siegel remarks. Self-regulation, in the Siegel lexicon, is the balanced and integrated "flow of energy and information" through the major systems of the brain-brain stem, limbic circuits, neocortex, autonomic nervous system-and between one brain and another. When we're in this secure, stable state of mind-brain-body equilibrium, we can face life's vicissitudes with some measure of emotional calm, flexibility, self-awareness, and reason. Our relationships are good, and we're "mindful" almost as a matter of course.
But, according to Siegel, "self-regulation" is really something of a misnomer. What should by now be blindingly obvious is that our capacity for self-regulation depends so much upon our interactions with other people that it might well be called "other-regulated self- regulation." We're not born knowing how to regulate ourselves-in fact, we're alarmingly, chaotically, un-self-regulated creatures at birth, more so than most other newborn animals on earth. Loving parents, if we're lucky, begin the long process of teaching us how to organize and regulate our inner selves-encoding their care and attention in the pliable neural fibers that integrate various regions throughout our brains. No matter how good we had it in the beginning, however, we'll need reinforcement of these early lessons throughout life, and much remedial work if we were shortchanged early on.
For Siegel, therapists are the remedial attachment experts and rescuers of the chronically un-self-regulated, and it is their job to, in effect, help rewire the frayed neural connections, reintegrate (or sometimes integrate for the first time) different areas and functions of the brain-implicit and explicit memory, right and left hemisphere, neocortex with limbic system and brain stem. From Siegel's viewpoint of interpersonal neurobiology, here's how a therapist influences a distraught patient reliving a past traumatic event that hasn't yet been consolidated and turned into an ordinary memory.
Imagine you're such a patient sitting in your therapist's office. She sees that you're not in good shape-pale, shaky, agitated-and knows that your sympathetic nervous system is clearly running in overdrive. She listens to you try to explain what happened and realizes right away that your story isn't coherent-your left brain is struggling to make sense of this past event, but your words are being swamped by waves of intense right-hemisphere emotion. You stutter, forget things, swallow nervously, feel nauseated, and have to keep starting your story all over again. Something about what you're trying to say is still locked in your amygdala, in your implicit memory-still hasn't been processed by your hippocampus so it can become simply part of your explicit memory, and then incorporated into your consciously remembered autobiographical story. How can she help this neural integration happen?
Listening closely to you, your therapist lets you know that she's really there with you, she feels some of what you're feeling. She picks up your fear, confusion, despair, but without being overcome by them as you are. As a result, you "feel felt" through nonverbal signals and mirror neurons and you "see yourself" in her, allowing you to realize that you're authentically in her mind, and this changes your experience of the moment. You take a deep breath and feel a little safer, more grounded, calmer, almost as if her strong, steady mind is embracing your fragmented, chaotic one.
Knowing the brain is an associational organ, your therapist tries to elicit what it was about the recent triggering experiences that might have reminded you of something from the past. She sees how the past event affects you in the present and she joins you in this mental time travel, carefully probing your past and your present life. This helps bring the two into a more stable, integrated relationship with each other-allowing you to put a past event in the past, so you can viscerally distinguish the present moment from it and move forward into the future without fear that it will continue to haunt you. By doing this, she helps you increase neural integration between differentiated areas of the brain-the consolidation of memory via the hippocampus into the neocortex, and the synthesis of left-brain logic and right-brain emotion, so that the past event becomes no more and no less than an aspect of your conscious autobiographical story.
And so it goes. With her as your guide, you go back and forth with her between mind and brain, using your capacity for conscious thought and reflection on the buzzing activity within that neural hive beneath your skull. And as you do so, your immediate experience-your sense of yourself and your story-gradually changes. You begin seeing the past event in the context of other events, other times, relationships past and present, and you can weave it into an ongoing narrative of your life. As the implicit memories from years back are turned into part of a more coherent and inclusive autobiographical story, you feel relieved, somehow lighter. You also feel deep gratitude and affection for your therapist, as you would for someone with whom you've been through a life-or-death struggle and emerged victorious. In a sense, nothing has changed- the past is still what it was-but everything has changed, because, in concert, your mind and this other sensitive, deeply attuned, intelligent mind have changed your brain. The gradual improvement in your capacity for "self-regulation" hasn't been a solo performance, but a duet sung in counterpoint.
Night Vision
For all his curiosity about the brain and its workings, Siegel professes himself largely indifferent to the subject of therapeutic technique. He doesn't seem to care particularly what methods therapists use, and consistently avoids telling them what they should do in treatment. "You can shape and harness synaptic connections in the brain by giving patients medications or doing therapy," he says. "You can also do it just by teaching them to meditate and get in touch with their bodies, go jogging, play music. Or you might use the fact that the self is defined by interpersonal communication to form reparative attachments with them." He doesn't even try very hard to sell the idea that all good therapists must know about neurobiology. "If you're doing great work, I suppose you probably don't need to know about the brain," he says. In fact, he readily admits that, at this stage, many of the tenets of interpersonal neurobiology remain hypotheses, not scientific fact. Nobody really knows what exactly is going on in the brain during therapy-how a clinical encounter or two or seventy actually affect synapse formation. But he's convinced-and has convinced many thousands of others-that learning about the brain and the power of relationship to create and change neural circuits is the most important challenge the therapy field will face in the years to come.
Forty years ago, family systems theory transformed psychotherapy by forcing clinicians to see beyond the single psyche to the interlocking circles of relationships that also make up the reality of the "individual" self. It might be said that Siegel's system brings into every therapy encounter an even bigger system, which includes the entire psychological, biological, and genetic history of the human species. This awareness of the fact that every human being contains multitudes and carries within him- or herself a lineage extending back to the origins of life on this planet may not immediately change what a therapist does, but it almost certainly will change the way she understands her work and its impact on her patients. And as Pat Love says, describing the way neuroscience has transformed her own work, "Information is intervention."
At this point, what Siegel offers therapists in his synthesis of evolutionary biology, neuroscience, and developmental psychology has more to do with a way of seeing than practical clinical advice. To explain the effect of this way of looking at ourselves and others, he likes to describe a walk he recently took on a deserted Oregon beach late one night, with his flashlight turned off. It took his eyes a while to pick out of the darkness the vague outlines of rocks, the billions of stars, the serpentine border of the sea and sand. Unlike the familiar reality that we see by the light of day, the world revealed to us by this kind of night vision, he notes, can be disorienting, even surreal, possibly menacing, but often magical. We feel our capacities for perception sharpened and transformed as we become more attuned and attentive to the smallest, most subtle, variations of shape and shadow. In some way, by seeing less, we see more.
For Siegel, night vision is a metaphor for the world of subtle processes that interpersonal neurobiology opens up for our investigation. It awakens us to the everyday marvels of the human brain-our ability to transcend the quotidian boundaries of space and time, to "see" through the barrier of the physical body into the invisible precincts of another's mind, conceive of imaginary worlds that never did and never could exist anywhere else except in the imagination-in short, to shatter the laws of ordinary reality. Interpersonal neurobiology not only gives us some idea of how these impossibilities really do happen in the physical world, it makes us more aware of them inside ourselves and in our relationships with others, taking us into unsuspected realms of consciousness. "We can see ourselves connected to other human beings, belonging to the whole planet, and even a part of the entire universe in a way that extends our own dimensions far beyond our merely mortal selves," says Siegel. "In this state, we become part of something that has existed long before we were born and will continue long after we die."
Mary Sykes Wylie, Ph.D., is a senior editor of the Psychotherapy Networker. E-mails to the author may be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com. Letters to the Editor about this article may be sent to firstname.lastname@example.com.


text:
TAMPA, Fla. (AP) — Sidney Crosby had three goals and an assist and Matt Niskanen scored a tiebreaking power-play goal with 18.6 seconds left, lifting the Pittsburgh Penguins to a 5-4 victory over the Tampa Bay Lightning on Saturday night.
Niskanen scored the game-winner from the top of the left circle. Crosby assisted on the goal.
Crosby tied it at 3 with a knee-high re-direction of Rob Scuderi's shot 25 seconds into the third, and then put Pittsburgh in front when he scored from the right circle with 9:34 remaining for his third goal on the night.
Crosby has a point in all five games this season. It's his longest point streak to start a season since a six-game stretch in October 2005.
Alex Killorn got the equalizer for Tampa Bay with 3:02 to play. Valtteri Filppula, Steven Stamkos and Teddy Purcell also scored for the Lightning (3-2).
Brooks Orpik scored for the Penguins (4-1), who lost 6-3 Friday night at Florida.
Orpik stopped a 110-game goal drought dating to Nov. 21, 2011, when tied it at 2 just 1:50 after Stamkos' goal. The defenseman has 12 career goals in 636 NHL games.
Tampa Bay took a 3-2 lead on Purcell's knee-high deflection during a power play with 4:18 to go in the second.
Stamkos, coming off a hat trick in Thursday's 7-2 victory over Florida, gave Tampa Bay a 2-1 lead from the right circle at 5:11 of the second.
Crosby tied it at 1 with an in-close power-play goal 2:14 into the second.
NOTES: Pittsburgh D Kris Letang and RW Matt D'Agostini, both sidelined by lower-body injuries, practiced. … Tampa Bay G Ben Bishop (3-0) is hopeful of returning for Tuesday's game against Los Angeles. Bishop said he felt pretty good after taking shots in practice Saturday, two days after his right leg got jammed during the third period Thursday night. … Pittsburgh's Craig Adams and Tampa Bay's Ryan Malone fought 4 seconds into the game. … Malone also received a 10-minute misconduct after a scrum early in the second.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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subset: commoncrawl


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Katie Fifer/Lab Notebook
Lab Notebook
June 12, 2006
Experiment KF1: Goal is to take some DNA from the MIT biobrick samples (listed below), to transform them so as to grow up a bunch more. Do a plasmid miniprep to isolate the DNA. Cut it the plasmid with the promoter with SpeI and PstI to creat a space for the GFP reporter to be ligated in. Thus the plasmid with the GFP in it will be cut with XbaI and PstI. Then we will run them out in a gel to seperate the fragments and select the two pieces we want. Then we will do a gel purification, a ligation, and ultimately a transformation. Hopefully what we end up with will have the same behavior as the E7104 plasmid in bacti - in other words, they should both express GFP and glow.
- Add DNA to TOP 10 competent cells from the -80 freezer.
- 20 minutes on ice.
- Heat shock in 42 degree water for 30 seconds (exactly).
- 2 minutes on ice.
- Add 200ul S.O.C. to each tube.
- Shake on the warm shaker 1 hr.
- Plate on carb plates and grow at 37 degrees o/n.
- Grow up colonies in LB next.
MIT samples to be transformed from the biobricks plate
- R0010 - lac operon promoter
- E7104 - T7 promoter and GFP
June 13, 2006
Growth of transformant colonies
- Fill a number of glass tubes (labeled with tape) with 5ml LB each.
- Add 50ul of ampcillin to each tube.
- Pick one colony with a sterile plastic pick and swirl it around in the LB. Repeat for each of the colonies you want with a different tube each time. (We did two colonies per plate, so 6 total because nothing grew on our negative control, as expected).
- Place in lager glass tubes in the warm shaker. Shake o/n.
- Do a plasmid miniprep next.
June 14, 2006
Plasmid Miniprep
- lac operon promoter
- promoter and GFP
Qiagen Miniprep Protocol
(from kit essentially)
- Remove growing LB cultures from warm shaker.
- Set aside 1mL of each sample for later glycerol storage at -80 if the transformation worked.
- Use an eppendorf tube to spin down the rest of the LB culture (probably in about 3 spins each - keep the pellet each time and remove the supernatant by just pouring it off. The final time, pipet the supernatant away so that there's nothing left but pellet.)
- Resuspend pelleted bacterial cells in 250 µl Buffer P1 (kept at 4 °C) and transfer to a microcentrifuge tube. Ensure that RNase A has been added to Buffer P1. Pipet up and down. No cell clumps should be visible after resuspension of the pellet.
- Add 250 μl Buffer P2 and gently invert the tube 4–6 times to mix. Mix gently by inverting the tube. Do not vortex, as this will result in shearing of genomic DNA. If necessary, continue inverting the tube until the solution becomes viscous and slightly clear. Do not allow the lysis reaction to proceed for more than 5 min.
- Add 350 μl Buffer N3 and invert the tube immediately but gently 4–6 times. To avoid localized precipitation, mix the solution gently but thoroughly, immediately after addition of Buffer N3. The solution should become cloudy.
- Centrifuge for 10 min at 13,000 rpm (~17,900 x g) in a table-top microcentrifuge. A compact white pellet will form.
- Apply the supernatants from step 4 to the QIAprep spin column by decanting or pipetting.
- Centrifuge for 30–60 s. Discard the flow-through. Spinning for 60 seconds produces good results.
- (Optional): Wash the QIAprep spin column by adding 0.5 ml Buffer PB and centrifuging for 30–60 s. Discard the flow-through.
- Wash QIAprep spin column by adding 0.75 ml Buffer PE and centrifuging for 60 s.
- Discard the flow-through, and centrifuge for an additional 1 min to remove residual wash buffer. IMPORTANT: Residual wash buffer will not be completely removed unless the flow-through is discarded before this additional centrifugation. Residual ethanol from Buffer PE may inhibit subsequent enzymatic reactions.
- Place the QIAprep column in a clean 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube. To elute DNA, add 50 μl Buffer EB (10 mM Tris·Cl, pH 8.5) or water to the center of each QIAprep spin column, let stand for 1 min, and centrifuge for 1 min.
- Use the nanodrop to determine the concentration of the DNA.
Nanodrop Protocol
The nanodrop is used to measure the concentration of DNA in a tiny sample (1ul). The machine is located in the back of the larger lab.
- Turn on machine and computer.
- Clean silver platform top and bottom with ethanol on kimwipe.
- Click ND 1000 on the desktop to open the program.
- Load a water sample (1ul) directly onto bottom part of silver platform and press 0K on the computer to make sure it's clean.
- Wipe it off and load another sample of water to get the background. Press blank on the screen so that it calibrates.
- Wipe again. Load first sample and type in the Sample ID and press measure.
- Repeat this clean, load, measure process for each sample.
- Press show report to see all the results.
RE digest Protocol
1 Rxn
- 8ul DNA
- 2.5 ul BSA
- 2.5 ul Buffer (look up which is optimal on neb.com)
- .5 ul Enz 1
- .5 ul Enz 2
- 11ul water
- Each reaction has DNA, BSA, Buffer, Enzymes, and water in an eppendorf tube and is allowed to incubate for 1 hour at 37 degrees.
- Inactivate the enzymes by placing tubes in the heat block at about 85 degrees for 15 minutes.
- In this case, we cut our R0010 samples (those with the lac operon promoter) with SpeI and PstI because we want this plasmid to be our backbone with the promoter already on it. Cutting here should allow the reporter to be ligated in right after the promoter.
- We cut E0241 samples (those with the GFP reporter) with XbaI and PstI to cut the reporter out of that plasmid.
- To prevent the vector from ligating to itself in the ligation step later, we need to remove any phosphates with CIP (calf intestinal phosphatase). The stock is 10,000 units/mL and we want 1 unit added to each backbone sample (in this case R0100). That means adding .1ul/rxn, which is very difficult, so we made up a dilution of 1ul CIP with 9ul water and each used 1 ul of it.
- Let those with CIP in them sit at 37 degrees for 1 hr.


text:
Current region > Ireland
Kettering Market Place
Client : Kettering Borough Council
Value : €3m
Kettering Borough Council awarded John Sisk & Son this prestigious town centre redevelopment contract as the centrepiece of their new regeneration scheme.
The full footprint site is bordered by main thoroughfares, public space and a Parish Church. The scheme involved basement car park construction, cafe and restaurant shells to ground and mezzanine floors and ten, two and three bed apartments to the first floor and within the roof voids.
Traditional construction materials were utilised with timber sash windows, precast stone and brick detailing, slate roofs and cast iron rainwater goods being combined with modern build methods to ensure comfortable and cost effective homes and retail units. The local natural stone, Great Tew Ironstone, was used for the front walls to integrate with the existing buildings.
Works were preceded by an archaeological dig with local school children visiting to promote community involvement with the development.


text:
Colorado high school football wrapup for Oct. 10, 2014
Colorado high school football wrapup for Oct. 10, 2014.
Cody Summers ran for a touchdown and then for another on Friday night as Grandview remained undefeated with a 24-6 decision of Cherry Creek in the high-end Centennial League at the Stutler Bowl in Greenwood Village.
Grandview, ranked No. 2 in the Associated Press Class 5A media poll, is 6-0 overall, 3-0 in the league. Seventh-ranked Cherry Creek, which hadn't given up a point in three weeks, is 4-3, 2-1.
Summers threw for 102 yards and ran for 80 to lead Grandview's offense. Defensively, the Wolves did not permit a point after the first quarter.
In Highlands Ranch, the two-time defending 5A state champion and top-ranked Eagles handled the Cougars in the Centennial in a rematch of programs in the final two seasons ago.
Valor Christian (6-1, 3-0) was led by sophomore quarterback Dylan McCaffrey, who threw for a TD to Eric Lee Jr. and ran for another.
Cherokee Trail slipped to 3-4, 0-3.


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MickeyV wrote:
My point --- which I would stand by --- is that Caesar, whatever his merits, does not stand on the highest peak of Latin literature. I agree that he is not purely functional, and in fact I am quite keen on him. But I wouldn't put him in the same bracket as Tacitus or Virgil. As it happens I can't be doing with Horace, but I expect I'm too young. The point I was trying to make, perhaps badly, was that one of the things that makes Latin a relatively hard language is that the slope is not only steep, but high: and unlike a modern language where one has many stopping-off points along the way, there is relatively little that is both worthwhile and easy.Say, Ulpianus, do you propose that Caesar's writing is, for the modern Latinist, merely functional?
I'm a fan of him myself. Brilliant, impeccable Latin, and, really, not hardly as boring as some, who've perhaps read the first few lines only, make it out to be. Take, for instance, this passage, wherein Caesar sheds some light on the Gauls' character as he sees it. Certainly, even if lacking complete veracity, it bespeaks a great sensitivity, almost a sense of humour, and, as always, great writership.
His de rebus Caesar certior factus et infirmitatem Gallorum veritus, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis mobiles et novis plerumque rebus student, nihil his committendum existimavit. Est enim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti et viatores etiam invitos consistere cogant et quid quisque eorum de quaque re audierit aut cognoverit quaerant et mercatores in oppidis vulgus circumsistat quibus ex regionibus veniant quas ibi res cognoverint pronuntiare cogat. His rebus atque auditionibus permoti de summis saepe rebus consilia ineunt, quorum eos in vestigio paenitere necesse est, cum incertis rumoribus serviant et pleri ad voluntatem eorum ficta respondeant.
(and I myself don't too much fancy Horace or Vergil. Tacitus though, indeed, was an excellent writer, although, ei Sallustium antepono. )
Caesar's merits seem to me to be those of simplicity, directness, a sense of "being there" (which, of course, he often was), and as you point out occasional wit. But the wit lacks elegance, the psychological insight is minimal, and the simple directness easily and often becomes monotonous. In the long run, the Gilderoy Lockhart self-importance --- which things having been don, Magical Me, went off and scored a fantastic victory by once again grinding my foes to a pulp by force of Genius --- gets trying, though the ubiquitous suspicion of dishonesty (and the need to guess when and how dishonest it all is) is strangely compelling. In a strange way Caesar's virtues are also his vices; he is the authentic voice of the late Republic in all its glorious self-deception and inspired bad faith. But I can't help feeling that he is, in the end, a parochial writer where Catullus, or Tacitus, or Virgil (or, I readily concede, Sallust) aspire to and sometimes achieve the universal.


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Entry level pricing under $400,000 in highly desirable Hutchinson Hills. Your clients will love this low maintenance brick ranch with its beautifully landscaped, spacious back yard and convenient southeast Denver location. Special features include: an open floor plan with 3 bedrooms and 2 baths on main level, master suite with 3/4 bath, attached garage, full garden level basement, upgraded vinyl windows, new interior paint and hardwood floors under carpet. Outstanding location offers an easy commute to DTC and downtown Denver and is close proximity to parks, restaurants and shopping including Whole Foods. Don't miss it!!!
4949 South Niagara Street #400
Denver, CO 80237
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text:
On Tuesday, Burundi's press corps did what it has done for the past three weeks: protest the imprisonment of one of its own. Hassan Ruvakuki is a reporter jailed since November 28, 2011 on anti-state charges; for the first time, the journalists wore white t-shirts showing Ruvakuki in his green prison uniform. But this time, the reaction by police caught journalists by surprise.
"We were walking peacefully towards the Justice Ministry, a march that we stage every Tuesday to demand the release of our colleague Hassan Ruvakuki," said Antoine Kaburahe, editor of the independent weekly Iwacu, in an interview in his newspaper after the march. "To date, the march was taking place without incident, with the escort of police."
However, on Tuesday, police in the capital Bujumbura blocked the journalists before they could reach the ministry, said Patrick Nduwimana, the interim director of Bonesha FM, a station for which Ruvakuki also works. "When they blocked our path, we just turned around, peacefully, to return to our respective newsrooms, but they even stopped us from doing this." Nduwimana told me the police fired teargas and beat journalists with the butts of their guns. "They ran behind the journalists, some fell to the ground and the police hit angrily on men and women on the street," Kaburahe later told Iwacu. Fortunately, there were no serious injuries and no arrests, Nduwimana said. Police detained Innocent Muhoze, the director of private broadcaster Radio-Télé Renaissance, for a few minutes, but released him without charge, local journalists said.
The police later claimed that the march was an illegal demonstration, according to local journalists and international wire reports. Alexandre Niyungeko, a press union leader, rejected the claim, pointing out that Burundi's constitution guarantees citizens freedom of expression and assembly. "As long as we inform authorities, which we did, there is nothing illegal about these demonstrations," Nduwimana said.
The weekly protests by journalists began in mid-January following the January 8 decision by an appeals court to reduce Ruvakuki's sentence from life imprisonment to three years for "working with a criminal group." Ruvakuki was arrested after interviewing the leader of a self-proclaimed new rebel group in November 2011 at a time when the government had denied the existence of the group, local journalists said. Journalists who attended the trial told me government prosecutors failed to produce convincing evidence to back up the charge. RFI reported that Ruvakuki's lawyer, Fabien Segatwa, was preparing to plead with the justice minister for a pardon for his client.
Now relations between the media and police may well deteriorate, Kaburahe said. "What scared me the most is the hatred that we read in the eyes of the police. As if we were criminals. It's a shame because there was a peaceful atmosphere." According to Nduwimana, the police may have been unnerved by the t-shirts the journalists wore showing Ruvakuki in his prison uniform.
The protesters plan to convene on Thursday to debate whether to continue the weekly protests in light of the police attack. Most journalists I spoke to were keen to continue despite the risks. "Consultations are ongoing. What is sure, though, next Tuesday there will be a big event, many journalists will be at the rendezvous," Kaburahe said. "What will the police do next Tuesday? I do not know..."


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Prints are now available to order!! Click HERE
Gallery 1988 is bringing "Crazy 4 Cult" back to New York City!!! You East Coasters seemed to have a great time at the show last year, so it's happening again (this time in slightly cooler weather). I'm honored to be a part of the show again and i'm blown away by the amazing work coming out of so many talented artists!!
Here's my piece for this years "Crazy 4 Cult 7" show based on the incredible film "Akira"
"Little Akira"
There will be one framed AP (1 of 10) available at the show, along with a limited run of prints! Whatever doesn't sell at the show will go up on sale online the next day, and i'll post that info here as soon as it's available.
So if you're in New York and are a fan of film, art, pop-culture, or large crowds that gather in small spaces, then you won't want to miss Gallery 1988's Crazy 4 Cult show!
"Crazy 4 Cult 7: Back in New York"
Gallery 1988 New York
355A Bowery
New York, NY 10003


text:
The advocacy group for the adult film industry announced on Friday a moratorium on filming — the second in the last month — after a third performer tested positive for HIV.
The Free Speech Coalition's action came more than two weeks after it called for a work ban when a woman, who worked under the name Cameron Bay, received a positive test.
The ban was lifted about a week later when all performers who worked with her were medically cleared.
The coalition didn't identify the performer whose case prompted the latest moratorium, but said it didn't believe that person was infected on a film set.
"While we don't have evidence to suggest an on set transmission as opposed to a transmission from non-industry (off-camera) related activity, we are taking every measure to determine the source and to protect the performer pool," the coalition said in a statement.
This week an actor, who goes by the name Rod Daily, wrote on his Twitter account that he contracted HIV in the past month.
The chief executive of San Francisco adult film company Kink Studios told the San Francisco Chronicle that Daily and Bay are in an off-screen relationship.
Peter Ancworth said Daily, who performed mostly in gay scenes, was leaving the porn industry.


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Saturday, January 15, 2011
Sunday's Obituary - Martin F. Rosbeck
Martin F. Rosbeck, 81, of 313 Third Ave., West Bend, a retired farmer, died Sunday at St. Joseph's Hospital, West Bend. He was born Jan. 16, 1892, at St. Kilian, a son of George and Margaret Thelen Rosbeck. He married Theresa Kiefer at St. Theresa Catholic Church, Theresa, on May 8, 1923.
After the marriage they lived in Milwaukee for 15 years, then moved to St. Kilian where they farmed for 22 years and finally moved to West Bend in 1961. Mr. Rosbeck was a member of World War I Barracks 2617.
Surviving are his widow; four children, Mrs. William Brill of Menomonee Falls, Robert of Theresa and Ralph and Norbert both of West Bend; 26 grandchildren and a great-grandchild.
Mr. Rosbeck was preceded in death by two sons, Greg, in infancy and Raymond John, who died in the Korean Conflict.
Funeral services will be held at 10 a.m. Wednesday at Miller's Funeral Home, Kewaskum and at 10:30a.m. at St. Kilian Church at St. Kilian. The Rev. Elroy Pesch, OSF, will officiate and burial will be in the parish cemetery.
Family and friends may call after 4 p.m. Tuesday at the funeral home.
Newspaper clippings were passed on to me by my mother-in-law, Dolores Cayemberg nee Kuehl. They were collected by her mother, Leona Kuehl nee Boegel. Unknown which Wisconsin paper they were clipped, but most likely from the Brown and/or Fond du Lac county areas.
To Do List: Request military records for Martin. Have a ton of these obits that I've only recently scanned and haven't thoroughly read, so I discovered Martin was a WWI vet when transcribing this. So cool.
Posted by Cherie Cayemberg at 10:15 PM 1 comments Links to this post
Labels: Kiefer, Rosbeck, St. Kilian, Wisconsin
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MWC ramps up HD telecasts
The Mtn. will broadcast 30 Mountain West football games in HD this fall. There's just one catch. They might not all be available for Denver area Comcast subscribers.
The MWC's own network is not a fulltime HD operation and as such, has to share channel designations with other outlets, said The Mtn. general manager Kim Carver.
The subject of television seems to take up less time and worry with each succeeding year at the MWC Football Media Day. The Mtn. brought a large contingent of producers and on-air personalities for media day activities.
In a related note, MWC commissioner Craig Thompson said there was a chance two men's basket5ball games could be air their season nationally on CBS.


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Is Marine Phytoplankton the Bio-Fuel of the Future?
Have you heard about the recent study in Madrid? A team of scientists went on a quest to find the ultimate Bio-Fuel of the future. Do you think it was corn? not even close. as it turns out, Marine Phytoplankton tested as having 400 times more energy (pound for pound) than any other plant or organic substance tested. So maybe our cars and trucks will be running on neat Phytoplankton in the very near future.
Now just imagine what kind of energy it can provide to the human body?
See for yourself here: www.marinephytoplankton.net
Marine Phytoplankton May Save The Planet!
MADRID, Aug. 4, 2006 (IPS/GIN) -- Spanish researchers say they
have found a way to produce biofuel from Marine Phytoplankton which
backers say could be operational by late 2007.
Bernard Stroiazzo-Mougin, president of Biofuel Systems SL (BFS),
the Spanish company developing the project, told IPS that "the
system will produce massive amounts of biopetroleum from
phytoplankton in a limited space and at a very moderate cost."
BFS, with the support of the University of Alicante, "has
designed a totally new system for producing biopetroleum -- not
biodiesel -- by means of an energy converter," he explained.
The new fuel will have all the advantages of petroleum,
including the possibility of extracting the usual oil derivatives,
"but without its disadvantages, because it will not contribute to
CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, but will in fact reduce them. It
will not emit SO2 (sulphur dioxide) and there will be hardly any
toxic by-products."
The raw material for the new fuel is phytoplankton - tiny
oceanic plants - that depend only on light and CO2 for their food.
Among them are diatoms, a group of unicellular algae, also found
in fresh water on land masses and on moist ground. Phytoplankton
produce up to 90 per cent of the oxygen in the earth's atmosphere.
According to Stroiazzo-Mougin, BFS's system will produce 400
times more oil than any other source of biofuel.
For example, he said, "a surface area of 52,000 square
kilometers can yield 95 million barrels of biopetroleum per day,
in other words an amount equivalent to the entire world production
of crude oil at present, and at a considerably lower price."
The system, he added, will ensure a permanent, inexhaustible
source of energy, which also uses up excess CO2, thus helping to
curb the greenhouse effect and global warming, of which CO2 is one
of the main causes.
In order to replace 40 percent of the world's present
consumption of petroleum with biodiesel from plant sources, the
area of land currently under cultivation would have to be
multiplied by three, which is "totally impossible and
counterproductive for the global economy," Stroiazzo-Mougin said.
BFS's new fuel will be similar to the fossil petroleum that was
formed "millions of years ago under immense pressure and
temperature and in the context of great seismic and volcanic
activity, starting from the same plant elements that we will be
using now (mainly phytoplankton)," he explained.
It was "biodegradation of certain plant organic compounds (fatty
acids and hydrocarbons) that gave rise to petroleum, and our system
will be similar to that process," the president of BFS added.
With respect to the surface areas needed to produce biofuels,
he indicated that soy produces 50 cubic meters per square kilometer
per year, colza (rape seed) produces 100 to 140 cubic meters,
mustard yields 130 and palm oil 610 cubic meters, while algae
produce 10,000 to 20,000 cubic meters of biofuel per square
kilometer per year.
Asked whether BFS will be offering the formula and processing
system to other countries, whether they will forge alliances with
other companies, or sell the patent, or whether it will all be
free, Stroiazzo-Mougin replied that "all these aspects are being
carefully studied, from the point of view of the commercial
structure of the company."
Stroiazzo-Mougin emphasized that the process would markedly
lower CO2 emissions and that no other toxic substances would be
released, as explained by the chemists and marine biologists who
participated in the research project.
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