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Testing Restrictive Invariance Hypoth...
Mplus Discussion
Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Andre A. Rupp
posted on Thursday, June 03, 2004 - 6:34 pm
Dear Dr. Muthen and Dr. Muthen,
I would like to test increasingly restrictive hypothesis about intercepts, factor loadings, and residual variances and am running into two problems.
1. I cannot figure out how to restrict the residual variances across three groups. Mplus normally works, from my experience and the manual, so that the default is to equate intercepts and thresholds but not residual variances. However, the parenthesis command only seems to work within groups but not across groups. How is the equating of residual variances done?
2. When I am freeing the intercepts across the groups, I am not able to free all of them but, instead, have to fix at least one to equality across groups. I believe this is an identification requirement. Is my understanding correct?
Thank you for answering these terribly simple questions and thank you for your excellent research, this great product, and your valuable time!
Andre A. Rupp, University of Ottawa
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, June 04, 2004 - 6:08 am
The following specification in the overall MODEL command will fix the residual variances across all groups:
y1 (1)
y2 (2)
y3 (3);
You may have been placing more than one number in parentheses on a line. Only one is allowed.
When you relax the equality of the intercepts, you must fix the factor means to zero in all groups for identification.
Matthew Keller
posted on Tuesday, January 10, 2006 - 9:41 am
I am attempting to test measurement invariance in two groups with binary data (ten items on a single underlying factor). No data is missing (its a simulated dataset). I am trying to follow Vandenberg & Lance's (2000) suggestions re how to sequentially test MI, but am having trouble implementing in MPLUS; i have a work around, but am unsure if its kosher.
I want to allow the means and variances of the two groups to differ, but then test for MI by constraining all factor loadings (FLs) and thresholds to be the same, and then allowing them to differ bw groups. If MI is violated, I want to be able to follow up and see which specific FLs or thresholds are the violators.
I have been able to do this, but I have been forced to set the residual variances across groups equal to one another (all = 1; I'm using THETA parameterization). This to me seems fine, but is there some problem I'm overlooking? Here's the guts of the syntax:
latent1 BY i1* (1)
i2* (2)
i3* (3)
i4* (4)
i5* (5)
i6* (6)
i7* (7)
i8* (8)
i9* (9)
i10* (10);
[i1$1] (11) ! all items are binary
[i2$1] (12)
[i3$1] (13)
[i4$1] (14)
[i5$1] (15)
[i6$1] (16)
[i7$1] (17)
[i8$1] (18)
[i9$1] (19)
[i10$1] (20);
MODEL focal:
latent1 BY i1* (1)
i2* (2)
i3* (3)
i4* (4)
i5* (5)
i6* (6)
i7* (7)
i8* (8)
i9* (9)
i10* (10);
[i1$1] (11)
[i2$1] (12)
[i3$1] (13)
[i4$1] (14)
[i5$1] (15)
[i6$1] (16)
[i7$1] (17)
[i8$1] (18)
[i9$1] (19)
[i10$1] (20);
latent1 BY i1* (1)
i2* (2)
i3* (3)
i4* (4)
i5* (5)
i6* (6)
i7* (7)
i8* (8)
i9* (9)
i10* (10);
[i1$1] (11)
[i2$1] (12)
[i3$1] (13)
[i4$1] (14)
[i5$1] (15)
[i6$1] (16)
[i7$1] (17)
[i8$1] (18)
[i9$1] (19)
[i10$1] (20);
MODEL focal:
latent1 BY i1* (1)
i2* (22)
i3* (23)
i4* (24)
i5* (25)
i6* (26)
i7* (27)
i8* (28)
i9* (29)
i10* (30);
[i1$1] (11)
[i2$1] (32)
[i3$1] (33)
[i4$1] (34)
[i5$1] (35)
[i6$1] (36)
[i7$1] (37)
[i8$1] (38)
[i9$1] (39)
[i10$1] (40);
After comparing the fit stats (CFI, TLI, etc as recommended by Vandenberg; I'm not interested in testing using chi-square) between these two models, I want to follow-up and begin constraining the invariant FLs and thresholds to be the same while allowing the noninvariant ones to differ, thereby tracking down where the problems are.
Any help you could provide would be appreciated. Is constraining the residual variances across groups OK? Any other problems with my approach? I'd be happy to send the full scripts along. Best,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, January 10, 2006 - 11:28 am
I suspect that the suggestions you are following are for continuous outcomes.
The models we recommend for testing measurment invariance of categorical outcomes for the default Delta parameterization are:
1. The Mplus default for multiple groups where thresholds and factor loadings are constrained to be equal across groups, factor means are zero in the first group and free in the other and scale factors are fixed to one in the first group and free in the others.
2. A model in which thresholds and factor loadings are free across groups, factor means are zero in all groups and scale factors are fixed to one in all groups. With categorical outcomes, thresholds and factor loadings need to be freed and constrained in tandem.
3. See Example 5.16 for an example of partial measurement invariance.
For Theta, just substitute residual variances for scale factors and see Example 5.17.
Eric Turkheimer
posted on Monday, July 17, 2006 - 7:15 am
I was wondering if someone could explain further about the need to simultaneously constraing loadings and thresholds in categorical invariance models. Working sequentially (discrimination first, then difficulty) is commonplace in the IRT universe. Does the distinction involve the different parameterization in Mplus. That is, in irt we have a(theta-b), in Mplus a*theta+b. Bengt has worked through the consequences of this distinction in a couple of papers, but it still isn't clear to me why it wouldn't work to fix the loadings first, then proceed to the thresholds conditional on equal loadings.
Or, if you convince me that the sequential approach only works in an IRT paramterization, in MPlus 4.0 couldn't that be accomplished with a constraint block? That would be interesting to try.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, July 17, 2006 - 5:47 pm
I think the multiple-group IRT model used in the Mplus WLSMV context is more general than the conventional model. This is due to being able to handle group-varying variances for the u* latent response variables (e.g. due to varying residual variances). That general model brings special identification issues. I think in the conventional case it is possible to do it stepwise. On the other hand, it seems like it is natural to ask how much the whole item curve differs across groups - and the curve is determined by both parameters. Conventional IRT used to discuss DIF in terms of areas between the curves which also is in line with looking at both parameters jointly.
Eric Turkheimer
posted on Thursday, August 17, 2006 - 8:28 am
Is there an example somewhere of working with the u* latent variables? Would you do this with scale factors?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, August 17, 2006 - 11:32 am
The User's Guide example 3.12 modifies the model diagram in ex 3.11 by changing y1, y2, y3 to categorical variables. When using WLSMV, the probit link is used and u*_1, u*_2 are used as predictors for u3 (with ML, the logit link is used and the actual u_1, u_2 values are used as predictors). Ex3.12 uses the Delta parameterization, whereas ex3.13 uses Theta. Using u* does not really relate to scale factors. Scale factors are the inverted SD's of the u*'s given x's. Ex3.12 does not have any free scale factor parameters. Hope that was what you asked about.
frank rijmen
posted on Wednesday, September 13, 2006 - 4:17 am
hi eric,
you can do it the irt-way as follows. in irt, we have a*(theta-b), in mplus there is actually scale*(loading*theta-b). in a single group, scale or loading has to be fixed for each item. in a multiple group with no across group restrictions, scale or loading has to be fixed in each group. mplus restricts the scales to 1 by default, but in IRT terms it makes more sense to restrict the loadings to 1 (as 'scale'corresponds to the discrimination parameter).
equal discrimination parameters/item locations are imposed by having equal scales/thresholds across groups. testing for both simultaneously, you test a model in which thresholds and scales are equal across groups, and loadings set to one in both groups. for two groups, there are two parameters less for each restricted item:
unrestricted model:
group 1:scale_1*(theta-b_1)
group 2: scale_2*(theta-b_2)
restricted model:
group 1:scale_1*(theta-b_1)
group 2: scale_1*(theta-b_1)
frank rijmen
posted on Wednesday, September 13, 2006 - 4:17 am
the procedure proposed in mplus is, in irt terms, testing for item location invariance WHILE allowing for differences in discrimination. first, for two groups, note that, by allowing for noninvariant loading and threshold for an item, the model contains only one parameter more: threshold and loading in the second group are free, but its scale then has to be fixed to one. so, this is for sure not testing, again in IRT terms, a model with the same item parameters across groups versus group-specific item parameters.
what the proposed mplus procedure tests is, subscripts referring to groups:
unrestricted model:
group 1:loading_1*theta-b_1
group 2: loading_2*theta-b_2
restricted model:
group 1:loading_1*theta-b_1
group 2: scale_2*(loading_1*theta-b_1)
what this actually tests, is more transparent if we consider the fact that the unrestricted model is equivalent to
unrestricted model bis:
group 1:loading_1*theta-b_1
group 2: scale_2(loading_1*theta-b*_2) (in group 2 we do not fix the scale to 1 but the loading to the loading of the iem in the first group)
hence, the actual test performed in mplus, in IRT terms, is to test for item location invariance only (b_1==b*_2)
posted on Friday, June 08, 2007 - 7:49 am
I would like to test increasingly restrictive invariance hypotheses in a CFA with continuous indicators. In the manual (page 345) you suggests 4 steps which generally follow what is found in the litterature. I was wondering if you had Mplus syntax examples for these four steps (especially 1 and 2, which involve changing the defaults of the program).
Thank you in advance.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, June 08, 2007 - 9:33 am
The Day 1 course handout contains the full inputs for these steps. See Example 5.15 for relaxing defaults of factor loading and intercept invariance.
Harriet Ball
posted on Thursday, August 23, 2007 - 8:44 am
Dear discussion board,
I'm a bit confused: I want to know whether looking for measurement invariance is futile if my 2 groups differ on average item score. I have a set of categorical items loading onto one factor, for 2 groups (male and female). I already know the females score higher overall if I just sum the items, so I'd expect the thresholds to vary across groups. So am I finding out anything new if I find significant measurement invariance between males and females (if as i understand, i must equate the thresholds and factor indicators simultaneously)?
Would it not be possible to estimate thresholds in a prior run, and then fix them to the values they are estimated at? Then I could test the significance of equating just the factor loadings, which is what I am more interested in.
Thanks very much
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, August 23, 2007 - 12:17 pm
Group differences in item means can be represented by group differences in factor means even when thresholds are the same across groups. Measurement invariance says that the thresholds are the same across groups for a given factor score.
Harriet Ball
posted on Friday, August 24, 2007 - 2:11 am
Thanks Linda. Does that mean I could test for measurement invariance whilst allowing for group differences in item means by doing the following models for WLS with delta parameterization:
1. Thresholds and factor loadings free aross groups; factor means fixed to zero in group one and free in the second group; scale factors fixed to 1 in all groups.
2. Thresholds and factor loadings constrained to be equal across groups; factor means fixed to zero in group one and free in the second group; scale factors fixed to 1 in group one and free in second group.
(i.e. as suggested in chapter 13, but allowing factor mean differences in both models). I'm asking partly because I'm not totally clear what the scale factors do and so am not sure when they should be fixed or free.
Thanks again for your time & effort
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, August 24, 2007 - 7:06 am
The models we recommend in the user's guide for weighted least squares and the Delta parameterization are:
1.Thresholds and factor loadings free across groups; scale factors fixed to one in all groups; factor means fixed to zero in all groups
2.Thresholds and factor loadings constrained to be equal across groups; scale factors fixed to one in one group and free in the others; factor means fixed to zero in one group and free in the others (the Mplus default)
You have number 1 slightly wrong.
Harriet Ball
posted on Friday, August 24, 2007 - 9:35 am
Sure, but I don't think model 1 as you recommend allows for group differences in factor means (and so does not allow for group differences in item means). I would like to test for measurement invariance by comparing two models that both allow for group differences in factor means, but the more restrictive model forces thresholds and factor loadings to be equal. Is this possible?
Sorry if I'm being thick
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, August 24, 2007 - 12:30 pm
One cannot have all thresholds free across groups and the factor means also free. The model would not be identified.
Harriet Ball
posted on Tuesday, August 28, 2007 - 1:26 am
Thanks. Please could you tell me a way to test for measurement invariance while allowing factor means to be different across groups. Would it be OK to find one or two items whose thresholds and factor loadings can be equated across groups, and equate these to allow factor means to be free (for identification purposes)?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, August 28, 2007 - 8:34 am
A model with thresholds, factor loadings, and factor means free across groups is not identified. Measurement invariance can be tested by using the models discussed previously. When the thresholds and factor loadings are free across groups and the factor means are fixed to zero in all groups, this is the same as analyzing each group separately.
Alexandre Morin
posted on Friday, March 07, 2008 - 12:09 pm
This question follow a current SEMNET discussion.
Part 1. When testing invariance hypotheses in CFA with categorical indicators (WLSMV), The chi-square value cannot be used for chi-square difference tests (DIFFTEST has to be used).
Does this also mean that the obtained CFI and RMSEA values cannot be used for nested models difference testing ?
Part 2. If they can be used, how should we interpret improvement in fit (CFI, RMSEA) with the addition of constraints ?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, March 09, 2008 - 10:09 am
I don't believe that CFA and RMSEA are used for difference testing of nested models. See the Yu dissertation on the website where these measures have been studied for WLSMV.
Alexandre Morin
posted on Monday, March 10, 2008 - 8:21 am
My mistake,
I was refering to Cheung and Renswold (2002) suggestions, made for continuous outcomes in the context of measurement invariance testing. The authors suggest that when the CFI changes more than .01 with the addition of invariance constraints (i.e. equal loadings versus configural invariance), the invariance hypothesis should be rejected. Chen (2007) obtained similar results for the CFI and RMSEA. I should have said invariance instead of nested models.
With categorical outcomes and WLSMV, the "value and df" of the chi square cannot be used for invariance testing and DIFFTEST should be used. Since the CFI and RMSEA are computed on the basis of chi square, would you believe that they still can be used in this context (invariance testing) ? The fact that Yu (2002) dissertation found similar cut off points for the WLSMV and ML fit indices (for absolute fit) seems to argue in favor of this idea.
Alexandre Morin
posted on Friday, March 14, 2008 - 5:45 am
Did this one get lost in the overall number of questions ?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Friday, March 14, 2008 - 8:03 am
I think this might be a topic for a research investigation.
Alexandre Morin
posted on Friday, March 14, 2008 - 8:39 am
Yes, I know. Was wondering whether you thought so too... French & ?(SEM, 2006) did a preliminary simulation study on this (just read it). Found out that changes in CFI lacked power (for dichotomous items). Guess I'll have to wait.
posted on Wednesday, December 03, 2008 - 10:22 am
I have a question about a 2-group (multigroup) analysis of measurement invariance of categorical items. In the first model where loadings and thresholds are free across groups, the loading of one indicator in each group is set to one. The indicator with loading set to 1 is the same across groups. Thus, this implies loading invariance of this item across groups. my question is, in fitting a model allowing parameters to be different across groups, you have to hold an item loading = across groups, but what should be done with the threshold and scale factor for this indicator? Here are my two thoughts:
1) The threshold for the indicator w/ loading set to 1 in both groups should be free across groups and the scale factor set to 1 in both groups. then, in the subsequent model, fix not only the loading but the threshold to be = across groups. then iterate, substituting which item has loading set to 1.
2) The threshold for the item w/ loading set to 1 in both groups should be constrained to be = in both groups and the scale factor should be freely estimated in group 2. thus, assume inv of this item while actually testing invariance of all other items. then you could select another item to hold invariant (loading set to 1, thresholds constrained), while you test invariance of the first item.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, December 03, 2008 - 11:38 am
The thresholds for all items should be treated the same.
Simon Denny
posted on Sunday, August 09, 2009 - 4:03 pm
I have a quesiton about testing for measurement invariance in a two-level model using CFA with covariates.
Do the direct and indirect associations between covariates (in my case age, gender etc) and factor indicators need to be opposite signs for there to be measurement invariance? What happens if they both go in the same direction ie there are direct relationships that are not mediated by the factors but are attenuated by them?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, August 10, 2009 - 6:40 am
I don't believe that the signs of the direct effects are related to measurement invariance.
posted on Thursday, September 30, 2010 - 12:00 pm
I have one question.
In the data I have, a construct was measured at two points in time by four items and I am interested in showing the association between the two time points.
However, the survey instrument changed and only two of the four items are measured exactly the same at both time points.
Can I constrain the factor loadings of the two similar items and allow the remaining two to be free, recognizing this is not exactly the same factor? Or can I not do this? Thank you
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Thursday, September 30, 2010 - 12:39 pm
That would be ok to do - it is called partial invariance. You should fix at 1 the loading of one of the two items that didn't change.
Fatma Ayyad
posted on Friday, November 05, 2010 - 8:41 am
Dear Dr. Muthen,
I am conducting MGCFA across different cultural groups. I have 8 categorical items, WLSMV estimator, and I am using Mplus version 6. The groups showed weak factorial invariance. My questin:
I want to run partial invariance test. Do I have to compare the MI of the items with the Chi-square Diff value? Or with the Chi-square Critical value found on the probability distribution table of chi-square by comparing the degree of freedom with the alpha level?
Thank you
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Saturday, November 06, 2010 - 6:14 am
The chi-square diff test refers to a set of parameters, while MI's refer to only one. So just go with the p-value for the diff test using the df and alpha level.
Fatma Ayyad
posted on Sunday, November 07, 2010 - 10:32 pm
Thank you so much
Elizabeth J Dansie
posted on Thursday, February 24, 2011 - 3:04 pm
I am trying to conduct measurement invariance testing with categorical indicators. I have seen in the manual how to specify when an indicator/threshold is to be free in one group but not the other. My problem is that I am not sure if I should conduct the testing with the following steps:
1)Test a model where factor loadings and thresholds are free in both groups
2)Constrain just the factor loadings (and leave the thresholds free across groups), to test for invariance with just the factor loadings. If MIs suggest freeing constraints on certain factor loadings, then let them be free between groups.
3)Constrain invariant factor loadings from above, and then test for invariance for the thresholds.
I believe you would take these equivalent steps with continuous indicators, but you are instead modeling intercepts instead of thresholds. Do you take these analogous steps when using categorical indicators? I have tried this, but the DIFFTEST option said that my models were not nested (when I had partial invariance of the factor loadings and tried to constrain only some of the thresholds).
Thank you!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, February 24, 2011 - 3:18 pm
We recommend that thresholds and factor loadings be constrained or unconstrained in tandem because the item probability curve is influenced by both parameters. See pages 433-435 of the current user's guide to see the models we suggest. The details differ depending on the estimator used.
Elizabeth J Dansie
posted on Thursday, February 24, 2011 - 3:38 pm
Great, that is what I suspected. So you would only have 3 models, correct?
1)A model where factor loadings/thresholds are free for both groups
2)A model where factor loadings/thresholds are fully constrained in both groups, and if you find a poor fit using the DIFFTEST option, then
3)A model where there is partial factor loading/threshold invariance.
Thank you so much for your incredibly fast response.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, February 24, 2011 - 4:09 pm
Yes but there are other parameters that need to be considered. See the user's guide and the Topic 2 course handout for the details.
Elizabeth J Dansie
posted on Friday, February 25, 2011 - 1:32 pm
Thank you! I actually have one more question about sample size discrepancies between groups when conducting multigroup analyses. When trying to compare my two groups, Group 1 n = 15,000, while Group 2 n = 1,400. I am sure that this large difference will impact my parameter estimates. If I was to take a random sample of participants from Group 1 to compare to Group 2, what is an appropriate sample size for Group 1? Should I just take approximately 1400 from Group 1, or a larger sample?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, February 25, 2011 - 4:40 pm
Generally speaking, 1400 would seem reasonable unless you have categories with very low proportions.
Sebastian Daza
posted on Friday, April 19, 2013 - 8:08 am
I would like to assess measurement invariance. I am new in Mplus. Each manifest variable is separately measured by wave, eg, mar1, mar2, etc. the last number of the variables represents the corresponding wave.
I have fixed the factor loadings and thresholds. How could I test residual invariance? How could I explore the latent factor means or estimate them freely?
! Drug factor
D1 by tab1
alc1 (1)
coca1 (2)
mar1 (3);
D2 by tab2
alc2 (1)
coca2 (2)
mar2 (3);
D3 by tab3
alc3 (1)
coca3 (2)
mar3 (3);
[tab1$1 tab2$1 tab3$1] (4);
[tab1$2 tab2$2 tab3$2] (5);
[tab1$3 tab2$3 tab3$3] (6);
[tab1$4 tab2$4 tab3$4] (7);
[alc1$1 alc2$1 alc3$1] (8);
[alc1$2 alc2$2 alc3$2] (9);
[alc1$3 alc2$3 alc3$3] (10);
[alc1$4 alc2$4 alc3$4] (11);
[coca1$1 coca2$1 coca3$1] (12);
[coca1$2 coca2$2 coca3$2] (13);
[mar1$1 mar2$1 mar3$1] (14);
[mar1$2 mar2$2 mar3$2] (15);
[mar1$3 mar2$3 mar3$3] (16);
[mar1$4 mar2$4 mar3$4] (17);
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 19, 2013 - 11:21 am
You can hold the residual variances equal across time as follows:
alc1 (21)
coca1 (22)
mar1 (23);
alc2 (21)
coca2 (22)
mar2 (23);
alc3 (21)
coca3 (22)
mar3 (23);
See the Topic 1 course handout toward the end of the multiple group section where inputs are given for testing factor means, variances, and covariances. You can adapt that to the multiple time point setting.
Sebastian Daza
posted on Friday, April 19, 2013 - 3:18 pm
Thank you!
I did it as you specified, but I obtained:
Do I have to specify anything else? I am using PARAMETERIZATION = THETA.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 19, 2013 - 4:12 pm
With Theta, residual variances must be one at one timepoint and free in the others. The test of equality is a test of that model versus a model where all residual variances are fixed at one.
Sebastian Daza
posted on Friday, April 19, 2013 - 4:35 pm
Sorry, I don't understand.
Using Theta is the only way to do it, right? If I don't use Theta, I get:
Variances for categorical outcomes can only be specified using PARAMETERIZATION=THETA with estimators WLS, WLSM, or WLSMV.
When could I use your suggestion?
alc1 (21)
coca1 (22)
mar1 (23);
In addition, how could I set all residual variances fixed at one.
Thanks again!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 19, 2013 - 5:06 pm
One model would have:
mar1 ;
The other model would have:
John Gelissen
posted on Friday, April 26, 2013 - 6:07 am
Dear Linda Muth�n,
I want to perform a Multiple group analysis with 1 latent variable with the restriction that the loadings across the groups have the same sign (e.g. to be positive) but apart from that they can take any positive value. Is it possible to impose such a restriction on a model?
thank you.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 26, 2013 - 7:12 am
You can this using MODEL CONSTRAINT by specifying that each factor loading must be greater than zero. See the user's guide for further information.
Bradford Barnhardt
posted on Monday, March 10, 2014 - 10:14 pm
I am attempting to test the invariance across grade-level groupings of residual and factor covariances in a CFA involving 49 observed variables across 10 factors. The sample size is 493 (216 grade 9s and 277 grade 8s). The problem is that I can only constrain about ten covariances (of either kind) to be equal across groups, in addition to constraints on factor variances, loadings, before the model ceases to converge. (NO CONVERGENCE. NUMBER OF ITERATIONS EXCEEDED.) I would need to constrain well more than 1000 covariances in order to get them all, so I believe there must be a more efficient way to do this than I have been able to find, so far, in the User's Guide or in Barbara Byrne's latest book (2012), both of which seem to suggest that each covariance must be constrained with its own line of code, for example:
item1 WITH item2(1);
item1 WITH item3(2);
item1 WITH item4(3);
Your advice would be hugely appreciated!
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, March 11, 2014 - 12:03 pm
I don't know why you are constraining covariances among residuals for the items. That is not a typical analysis and they can't all be identified.
You don't need a separate line for a parameter label if you use semi colons between each.
Bradford Barnhardt
posted on Wednesday, March 12, 2014 - 9:09 pm
Thank you for your response. Does it hold as well for factor covariances?
Much appreciated.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, March 13, 2014 - 11:24 am
All factors can be covaried.
Emma Thomas
posted on Thursday, February 04, 2016 - 9:38 pm
Dear Drs Muthen,
I am testing the measurement invariance of a single latent factor model with four indicators, across six different national samples. The indicators are continuous.
When I run the CFA for each of the groups separately, the model fit is acceptable to excellent. When you add the chi-squares of the 6 models individually you get 20.79. Based on these separate models, I selected a referent marker item to set to unity in the simultaneous test.
However, when I try to estimate the same model simultaneously for the different samples (the baseline test) I get a chi-square of 218 and the fit is terrible. I haven't been able to work out where there is an error in my model specification. My syntax is:
GROUPING IS group (1 = g1 2 = g2 3 = g3 4 = g4 5 = g5 6 = g6);
USEVARIABLE y1 y2 y3 y4;
MODEL: f1 BY y1* y2 y3
MODEL g2: f1 BY y1* y2 y3;
MODEL g3: f1 BY y1* y2 y3;
MODEL g4: f1 BY y1* y2 y3;
MODEL g5: f1 BY y1* y2 y3;
MODEL g6: f1 BY y1* y2 y3;
[y1 y2 y3 y4];
I�m sure I�m missing something obvious but any advice you have would be gratefully received!
Cheers, Emma
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, February 05, 2016 - 5:26 pm
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text:
Con artist Mother – Faked her sons illness to get money
A MOTHERS CRUEL CON…An evil and cruel mother claimed $250,000 in benefits by pretending her son was "one of the sickest children in Britain", giving him false medication and forcing him to have needless surgery and treatment, at three different hospitals during a six year charade.
Posing as a qualified nurse this woman conned the British royal family and celebrities as she claimed benefits to spend on holidays and home improvements. Her son also appeared on national television and in magazines, even meeting with Camilla Parker Bowles because of his illness. Dozens of children's charities also gave her freebies including a new car, tickets to see the X Factor and a cruise in Tenerife.
She conned paediatricians into believing he needed a wheelchair fitted with oxygen bottles and maintained that he had to be fed through a tube into his stomach. Doctors, who were never able to identify the mystery illness, finally agreed to operate on the boy fitting him with a permanent feeding tube. He was only four years old when this procedure took place.
The mother claimed he had cerebral palsy, cystic fibrosis, dysphagia, [a throat disorder] and was extremely allergic to many different types of foods. She spiked his urine samples with glucose to fool tests, to help convince medics her son was also a diabetic. Yet out of the public eyes, the boy was allowed to run free and eat foods he was supposedly allergic to. This was all captured on videos found by investigators after the family's home in Devon was searched.
Friday October 23rd 2009, at Exeter Crown Court she admitted perverting the course of justice and child cruelty. She will be sentenced in the New Year. Judge Stephen Wildblood QC indicated the mother will face a jail term of no more than three years and three months.'This little boy was made out to be the sickest kid in Britain. Yet all the time it was his evil mother who was the sickest person around.'


text:
I sold a few NES games on Craigslist yesterday and when the buyer picked up the games, he asked how I clean my games.
"Q-tip and a bit of rubbing alcohol typically."
"Oh you shouldn't do that, the alcohol can seep into the board. You should use sandpaper, it works great."
I've never heard of using sandpaper before, maybe to get off some corrosion but otherwise I don't see the practical application of it.
Has anyone tried using sandpaper on their cart games?


text:
The UNSW Defence Research Institute unifies UNSW's research capabilities and global academic and industry partnerships to develop and deliver groundbreaking defence and security capabilities.
Institutes and Centres
UNSW Canberra's research centres conduct cutting edge research across a wide range of research areas and across a diverse range of disciplines.
UNSW Canberra Cyber provides cutting-edge, long-term, international thought-leadership in cyber security through research, education and external engagement, at a time when cyber security is moving to the top of global political, scholarly and commercial agendas.
Through provision of strategic vision and leadership, underpinned by world-class research and education, consolidate UNSW into the leading institution in space research, education and thinking in Australia and beyond.
The Centre undertakes research and education in a range of disciplinary areas relevant to the delivery of capability systems and systems acquisition: systems science, systems thinking, complex systems, system of systems, systems engineering, requirements engineering, and project management.
The Sino-Australian Research Centre for Coastal Management (SARCCM) is a Research Centre of the University of New South Wales with a multidisciplinary/multi-faculty focus. It works closely with the Ocean University of China in collaborative research on coastal management. The UNSW Canberra campus and several faculties of UNSW in Sydney contribute to the Research Centre.
The Australian Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology is an international research effort to develop the science and technology of a global quantum information network, encompassing ultra-fast quantum computation, absolutely secure quantum communication and distributed quantum information processing.


text:
Prop 30, Gov. Brown's temporary tax ballot initiative, doesn't have overwhelming support. But it has persistent support. It's polling just over 50 percent in polls.
Indeed, the closer the election gets the stronger Prop 30 looks. It's even being helped by the campaign against it -- a relative weak effort that targets the tax increases in the measure.
It's not clear that the anti-tax message will be enough to beat Prop 30. Polls show that majorities of Californians are willing to raise taxes temporarily. Californians don't mind higher income taxes on the rich, which are one piece of the measure (A sales tax increase is another, less popular feature).
U.S. & World
News from around the country and around the globe
Californians also dislike the alternative that's been linked to Prop 30: "trigger" cuts to schools and higher education that would go into effect if Prop 30 loses. The threat of those triggers may be Prop 30's greatest asset.
Which means that, beating Prop 30 requires taking on the triggers.
The triggers are baked into the state budget. So a no campaign can't undo them. But opponents of Prop 30 could come up with alternatives to the triggers.
What alternatives? Well, there are three: 1) Different cuts to balance the budget, 2) Borrowing or gimmicks to cover the multibillion-dollar hole in the budget, 3) An alternative tax package that would raise revenues.
It's not hard to think of viable alternatives. Indeed, there are existing proposals out there -- from budget cuts to the Think Long Committee's tax proposal -- that could be alternatives. But to convince voters, opponents of Prop 30 need to build a movement so they can credibly promise. Once Prop 30 loses, we'll fight the triggers, and push to replace them with this better alternative.
This would be good policy -- the triggers would be bad for education, the most important state function. And smart politics. It would divide backers of Prop 30, and leave them with a difficult choice. Do they support the alternative? Or do they support the triggers? Many of Brown's Democratic and union backers hate the triggers, and coming out in support of them would be impossible.
So it comes to this for those who want to beat Prop 30: now is the time to come up with a better idea.


text:
In my book, I talked a bit about programming by contract and how that makes everyone's lives easier. Say I have a method that divides one integer by another
public double Divide(int dividend, int divisor)
return dividend / divisor;
I'd like to be able to let callers know that they can't pass a 0 for the divisor, because that will result in a DivideByZeroException, and nobody wants that. In the past I had a couple of choices on how to express that, mostly involving writing different kids of code, because C# doesn't have a native expression of design by contract like Eiffel does. One way is to use Debug.Assert
public double Divide(int dividend, int divisor)
Debug.Assert(divisor != 0);
return dividend / divisor;
That way any caller that passes a 0 will get an assertion dialog at runtime, which brings it pretty dramatically to everyone's attention. The assumption is that using the Debug.Assert will flush out all cases where people are incorrectly calling my method during development, so it's OK that the assertion will get compiled out of my Release build. However, that doesn't make it impossible for a caller to pass a 0 at runtime and cause the exception. Another option is explicitly checking parameters and throwing a different exception.
public double Divide(int dividend, int divisor)
if (divisor == 0)
throw new ArgumentException("divisor cannot be zero", "divisor");
return dividend / divisor;
Patrick argues that this has now moved from defining contract to defining behavior, and I can agree with that, although I'd probably argue that it defines both contract and behavior since I've extended the functionality of the Debug.Assert to the release build, while also protecting my internal state from bad data. But that's really a separate discussion… :)
Now thanks to the Microsoft Code Contracts project, I have a third option. The Code Contracts project is the evolution of the work done on Spec#, but in a language neutral way. The Code Contracts tools are currently available from DevLabs for VS 2008, as well as shipping with VS 2010 B 1. Just at the moment, there are more features in the DevLabs version that what made it into the 2010 beta. With Code Contracts, I can rewrite my Divide method like this
public double Divide(int dividend, int divisor)
Contract.Requires(divisor != 0);
return dividend / divisor;
I like the syntax, as it calls out quite explicitly that I'm talking about contract, and making an explicit requirement. The default behavior of this method at runtime is identical to Debug.Assert, it brings up an assertion dialog and brings everything to a screeching halt. However, it's configurable at build time, so I can have it throw exceptions instead, or do whatever might be appropriate for my environment if the contract is violated. I can even get the best of both worlds, with a generic version of Requires that specifies an exception
public double Divide(int dividend, int divisor)
Contract.Requires<ArgumentException>(divisor != 0, "divisor");
return dividend / divisor;
I could configure this to bring up the assertion dialog in Debug builds, but throw ArgumentNullException in Release builds. Good stuff.
The example above demonstrates a required "precondition". With Code Contracts, I can also specify "postconditions".
public void Transfer(Account from, Account to, decimal amount)
Contract.Requires(from != null);
Contract.Requires(to != null);
Contract.Requires(amount > 0);
Contract.Ensures(from.Balance >= 0);
if (from.Balance < 0 || from.Balance < amount)
throw new InsufficientFundsException();
from.Balance -= amount;
to.Balance += amount;
This isn't the greatest example, but basically the Transfer method is promising (with the Contract.Ensures method) that it won't ever leave the Balance a negative number. Again, this is arguably behavior rather than contract, but you get the point.
A really nifty feature is that I can write an interface definition and associate it with a set of contract calls, so that anyone who implements the interface will automatically "inherit" the contract validation. The syntax is a bit weird, but you can see why it would need to be like this…
interface ICalculator
int Add(int op1, int op2);
double Divide(int dividend, int divisor);
class ContractForCalucluator : ICalculator
#region ICalculator Members
public int Add(int op1, int op2)
return default(int);
public double Divide(int dividend, int divisor)
Contract.Requires(divisor != 0);
return default(double);
Now any class that implements ICalculator will have the contract validated for the Divide method. Cool. The last thing I want to point out is that the team included a handy sample of how to work with contract validation in your MSTest unit test code. The Contract class exposes an event called ContractFailed, and I can subscribe to the event to decide what happens on a failure. For a test assembly, I can do this
public static void AssemblyInitialize(TestContext tc)
Contract.ContractFailed += (sender, e) =>
Assert.Fail(e.FailureKind.ToString() + " : " + e.Message);
which will translate contract failures into test failures with very explicit error messages. In the case of my Divide method if I run this test
public void DivideContractViolation()
Calculator target = new Calculator();
int dividend = 12;
int divisor = 0;
double actual;
actual = target.Divide(dividend, divisor);
Assert.Fail("Should have failed");
I get a test failure of
Test method CalculatorTests.CalculatorTest.DivideContractViolation threw exception: System.Diagnostics.Contracts.ContractException: Precondition failed: divisor != 0 divisor ---> Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting.AssertFailedException: Assert.Fail failed. Precondition : Precondition failed: divisor != 0 divisor.
Test method CalculatorTests.CalculatorTest.DivideContractViolation threw exception: System.Diagnostics.Contracts.ContractException: Precondition failed: divisor != 0 divisor ---> Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting.AssertFailedException: Assert.Fail failed. Precondition : Precondition failed: divisor != 0 divisor.
Cool. This is definitely something I'll be looking at more in the future.
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© Copyright 2020, Patrick Cauldwell


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Find Walnut Acres in a Store Near You!
Welcome to our Store Locator! This service will list some of the stores in your area that carry a particular product.
How To Use: Start by selecting the product you wish to find, then enter your zip code. Finally, choose how far you're willing to travel and press the "Find" button.


text: Welcome THE CHATHAM HIGHLANDER The Chatham Highlander is located within the historic district and is the perfect place to experience the beauty and wonder of Chatham. We believe we have one of the best locations for the price in all of Chatham. You are encouraged to visit the "Location" page and use the interactive map to check our proximity to various locations in Chatham. For instance, we are located 1.7 miles from Lighthouse Beach, 0.4 miles to Oyster Pond Beach, 0.4 miles to Veteran's Field, 0.6 miles to the new Chatham Orpheum Movie Theater, and 0.2 miles to the Chatham Village Market. The motel is situated on over two picturesque acres with two heated pools, picnic areas and shuffleboard. The motel offers 29 rooms, including King rooms, Queen rooms, efficiency units, a two-room suite and a King Apartment with a full kitchen. The rooms are very nicely appointed with WiFi, private baths, cable television, refrigerator and comfortable chairs for your relaxation. The Chatham Highlander is a Cape Cod Life Magazine Silver Medal Award winner for lodging and was featured in Family Fun Magazine as a great place for families to stay in Chatham. The Chatham Bike Trail is just around the corner from the motel and connects to the 22-mile long Cape Cod Bike Trail. Casual Bistro dining is just across the street with an additional 6 restaurants located within 0.6 miles of our front door! Chatham has long been the favored vacation location for those who seek the excitement of the Atlantic Ocean, the tranquility of Nantucket Sound and the unspoiled beauty of Cape Cod's rich historic tradition. Chatham's excellent offering of shops, restaurants and beaches are but a few moments away. The Traveling Angler to Cape Cod - Fishing Stay Packages Member of (click links below): Chatham Lodging Association Chatham Chamber of Commerce Cape Cod Chamber of Commerce Massachusetts Lodging Association


text:
Description: Bible that proves that 1967 was critically important in setting the scene for the return of Christ! Throughout history, it may have looked as though there was no hope for the people of Israel. On the contrary, the one true God was preserving a people for His name and proving His faithfulness to the promises He made to Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and David – the ultimate fulfilment of which are the return of Christ who will establish God's kingdom on earth.
Watch in Full HD below – Click Image to play…
Romans 10:18 "their sound went into all the earth, and their words unto the ends of the world"
Mark 16:15 "And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature."
Christadelphians – Find us in the C.A.L.S diary (Org.35)
More info on our 'About us page' http://bibletruthandprophecy.com/about
On YouTube – Please Click On YouTube Notification Bell 🔔 Next To the Subscribe Button To Be Notified Of New Christadelphian Watchman Videos!
Download our 'Free' Bible APP – 'KeyToThe Bible' for i-phone or Android
Read a variety of booklets on-line concerning various First Principle Bible subjects.
Christadelphianvideo.org exists to serve the brotherhood in providing both preaching and Study material in video and other forms to assist in the proclamation efforts of individuals and Ecclesias alike and also as a preaching tool in itself.
This website was set up to assist in this endeavour and our aim is to Declare the God of Israel to those who are seeking the truth about the Human condition and the message of salvation found within the pages of scripture (the Bible).
We are a group of Baptised Christadelphians from all over the world who volunteer their God-given time and resources to this cause.


text:
The Emmys are just around the corner, and with it comes the fear that when the winners are announced, you'll feel left out of the party because you don't watch [insert show here] and/or worship at [insert actor's name here] altar.
Well, we're here to fix that. We've compiled a list of five TV episodes you absolutely have to watch before going into next Sunday's ceremony. (Trust us when we say it was no easy task.)
Check out these ten amazing actors who have never won an Emmy
U.S. & World
"Game of Thrones": Blackwater One of the best and most ambitious hours of television this year, "Blackwater" packed as much of an emotional punch for many of its characters as it did a visual one. Peter Dinklage's stirring battle speech could also land the actor his second consecutive win in the Best Supporting Actor in a Drama race.
"Community": Remedial Chaos Theory Who says comedy can't be inventive, innovative and blow your mind? This season three gem of NBC's cult favorite series gave us seven different timelines and beautifully explored the group's numerous connections and friendships with ease. Plus, it was really, really funny, factored heavily into the show's mythology later in the season and introduced the world to evil felt goatees.
Get the complete list of Emmy nominees
"Homeland": Pilot Don't get what all the fuss is about when it comes to the breakout series from Showtime? Just watch its series premiere, which features stellar performances from Claire Danes and Damian Lewis and is so jam-packed with tension, we'll be surprised if you make it all the way through with your nails unbitten.
"Parks and Recreation": Win, Lose or Draw All of "Parks and Rec's" amazing fourth season came down to the finale, which centered on the results of the race for City Council. Paul Rudd was involved, so just based on that fact alone it should be on your must-watch list. But did we tell you that Amy Poehler is better than she's ever been, juggling drama and comedy in this episode? Poehler is better than most on her worst day, so prepare for Leslie Knope at her finest when she gives her (spoiler) acceptance speech in the final moments of the episode.
Check out nominee Sofia Vergara's top ten red carpet looks
"Mad Men": The Other Woman One woman, Peggy (Elisabeth Moss), breaks free, while another, Joan (Christina Hendricks), finds herself trapped. In this knockout episode from the knockout AMC hit, the show's two leading ladies prove why they both landed nominations (Moss for Lead Actress in a Drama, Hendricks for Supporting Actress) for their fearless performances. Chocolate shakes for the ladies, please!
The 64th Primtime Emmy Awards airs Sunday Sept. 23 at 7 p.m. ET on ABC.


text:
Remember that popups can be a distracting to limit their frequency below.
By: Mutual Adoration
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text:
The Best Hair and Makeup
Alberto Rodriguez/NBC/NBC via Getty Images
The Best Hair and Makeup
Michelle Dockery
Jason Merritt/Getty Images
"I wanted to give the hair a slightly textured, lived-in feel, but still keep it elegant," hairstylist Mara Roszak said of the rumpled waves she created for Downton Abbey star Michelle Dockery. She misted Kerastase Volumactive ($39; kerastase-usa.com) on damp hair before rough-drying and adding pin curls. Once dry, Roszak removed the pins and added more waves with a small curling iron, being sure to leave the ends out. To give the look a messy, undone finish, the hairstylist worked a dab of Kerastase Pate Capital Force ($33; kerastase-usa.com) onto the strands and finished with a blast of hairspray.
Claire Danes
Jason Merritt/Getty Images
To create Homeland star Claire Danes's bouncy waves, hairstylist Peter Butler first blew her hair dry with a round brush before setting small sections with a medium-sized curling iron. To "soften the hair and add shine while still leaving the curls intact," he dabbed John Frieda Frizz-Ease Secret Weapon Flawless Finishing Creme ($6; drugstore.com) on the hair and brushed through the waves with a paddle brush. A mist of firm hold hairspray finished the look.
Jennifer Lopez
Steve Granitz/WireImage
According to hairstylist Lorenzo Martin, Jennifer Lopez's deep side part modernized her old Hollywood waves. After curling small sections with a one-inch iron, Martin misted each ringlet with L'Oreal Paris EverStyle Texture Series Beach Spray ($7; lorealparisusa.com). He then pinned and set each section, waiting 15 minutes before brushing through the curls, parting the hair, and finishing with L'Oreal Paris EverStyle Strong Hold Styling Spray ($7; lorealparisusa.com).
Julianne Hough
Jim Smeal/BEImages; Jordan Strauss/Invision/AP
Julianne Hough's futuristic updo was the brainchild of hairstylist Riawna Capri, who built lift at the root with a mix of UNITE EXPANDA Volume ($27.50; unitehair.com), UNITE EXPANDA Dust ($26.25 at unitehair.com), and some good old fashioned backcombing. He then parted the hair along both temples, twisting each side back towards the nape in two sections. To style the center, he twisted the front three inches of hair to the left and pinned. The second section was twisted and pinned to the left. By alternating sides, Capri formed a "twisted Mohawk." He pulled and teased small wisps for additional texture.
Amy Adams
Jordan Strauss/Invision/AP; Steve Granitz/WireImage
Hairstylist Laini Reeve's used a '80s hair tool to create Amy Adam's '20s inspired look. "I parted the hair, then waved two-inch vertical sections with a large crimping iron," Reeve told us. She then misted on Moroccanoil Glimmer Shine Spray ($23; moroccanoil.com for locations), combed it through with a soft bristle brush, and pulled all the hair to the right before twisting it into a bun and securing with pins. She loosened a few pieces to give the cluster an "airy, modern look."
Kate Hudson
Gilbert Flores/CelebrityPhoto.com
"Kate is my generation's Brigitte Bardot," said hairstylist David Babaii, who created the star's look. "I wanted to give her soft, voluptuous hair that was touchable and glamorous." To infuse the strands with volume, he worked a dollop of ITampLY's Pure Style Mousse Strong ($16; italyhairfashion.com) into damp hair before drying with two sizes of round brushes: A medium one to lift the roots, and a larger version to smooth and curve the ends. He raked his fingers through the hair to allow it to fall naturally before finishing with ITampLY Pure Definition Hair Spray ($25; italyhairfashion.com).
Connie Britton
John Shearer/Invision/AP
Hairstylist Rod Ortega was inspired by Rita Hayworth in the 1946 film noir Gilda when creating Best Actress nominee Connie Britton?s retro look. Before going through the hair with a one-inch curling iron, he spritzed fully dry hair with Leonor Greyl?s Spray Structure Naturelle ($33; leonorgreyl-usa.com) to make sure the coils stayed put. After the curls cooled, he brushed them out with a paddle brush. A few more pumps of the Spray Structure Naturelle made sure the waves would last all night.
Tina Fey
Jason Merritt/Getty Images
As host of the festivities, Tina Fey's flawless complexion needed to stay put throughout the night-come humidity or hot stage lights-so her makeup artist Gita Bass took extra time to hydrate and prep her skin. "I cleansed Tina's skin with Simple Radiance Cleansing Wipes ($6; soap.com), then moisturized with Simple Replenishing Moisturizer ($11; soap.com)," Bass said. "I then applied Armani's Luminous Silk Foundation ($59; giorgioarmanibeauty-usa.com) and Laura Mercier's Secret Camouflage Concealer ($30; lauramercier.com) for any extra coverage."
Rosario Dawson
Jordan Strauss/Invision/AP
The mixture of shimmery coppers and tawny neturals gave Rosario Dawson's makeup a laid-back vibe, and the absence of black liner kept the effect from appearing too harsh. Dawson's makeup artist Mai Quynh used combination of Laura Mercier shadows to create the look, starting with the shimmery copper Terracotta ($22; lauramercier.com) "I applied it from the lash line to her crease, blending it softly," said Quynh. "Then I layered Laura Mercier's Eye Shadow in Coffee Ground ($22; lauramercier.com), smudging the color along the lash line."
Rachel Weisz
Jeff Vespa/WireImage
Rachel Weisz's makeup artist Melanie Inglessis balanced her matte berry lip with a contoured neutral eye. "Always keep the darker color on the outer corners of the eyes," advised Inglessis, who used a combo of YSL Ombre Solo in #2, with the duo palette in Heavenly Beige and Astro Brown ($55 and $58; yslbeautyus.com. "Then, a lighter color is used to create a highlight under the brow bone, and the inner corner of the eye." Giorgio Armani's Lip Maestro in #201 ($32; giorgioarmanibeauty-usa.com) completed the look.
Nicole Richie
Steve Granitz/WireImage
Matching your eye makeup to your dress can be a serious risk-especially if you're working with shades of blue-but thanks to careful blending and a modern metallic finish, Nicole Richie mastered the effect. "Nicole has the personality and look to never let the makeup wear her," said her makeup artist Beau Nelson, who used Elizabeth Arden's Eye Shadow Single in Sky ($18.50; elizabetharden.com). Nelson recommends pressing the shade onto your lids with a flat eye shadow brush for a more saturated color payoff. He continued the azure tones by defining Richie's upper and lower lash lines with Elizabeth Arden's Smoky Eyes Pencil in Midnight ($18; elizabetharden.com).
Naomi Watts
Jeff Vespa/WireImage
As the saying goes, what's old is new again, which holds true for Naomi Watts's vintage-inspired look. "Naomi is one of those actresses who evoke a timeless, classic elegance," said her makeup artist Pati Dubroff. "I kept thinking Carole Lombard, and of the polish of the '30s screen sirens." To complement her finger-waved faux bob, Dubroff blended Chanel's Powder Blush in Rose Petale ($46; chanel.com) high onto Watt's cheeks, and used a mixture of plum and pewter tones like the Illusion D'Ombre shadow in Epatant ($36; chanel.com) on her eyes. The Rouge Allure Lip Color in Determinee ($34; chanel.com) was then pressed onto Watt's lips to create a light stain. "She was sexy and sultry, and that is how I see Naomi."
Jessica Chastain
Jeff Vespa/WireImage
Chastain wanted to incorporate expressions of ruby into her makeup, which would counteract the soft, sweet effect of her pastel Calvin Klein dress. Her makeup artist Kristofer Buckle used the L'Oreal Colour Caresse Shine Stain in Berry Persistent ($10; lorealparisusa.com) on the star. The unique gloss-stain hybrid provided a mirror-like shine that lasted throughout the night.
Jennifer Lawrence
John Shearer/Invision/AP
The perfect complement to Jennifer Lawrence's red-hot Dior gown? A smoky eye, of course! We love how the soft grey tones balance the brightness of her ensemble, but still maintain a sexy, smoldering effect. "I decided to play off the vibrancy of her poppy red dress with both warm and neutral hues," said her makeup artist Jillian Dempsey. She used the L'Oreal Colour Riche shadow palette in Army Brat ($8; lorealparisusa.com), blending the gold and coffee tones together to contour the star's lids, and finished with a dramatic swipe of Chanel's Automatic Liquid Liner ($34; chanel.com) and a few coats of L'Oreal Telescopic Shocking Extensions Mascara ($10; lorealparisusa.com)
Emily Blunt
Andreas Branch/PatrickMcMullan.com/Sipa USA
"Emily wanted smoky eyes paired with soft pink lips that echoed her Lorraine Schwartz ruby earrings," said the star's makeup artist Jenn Streicher. After creating a smooth canvas, she defined Blunt's eyes with Hourglass's Kohl Eye Pencil in Espresso ($28; hourglasscosmetics.com) and smudged the line with a shadow brush. Picking up a pale shimmer shade from the Hourglass Shadow Duo in Gypsy ($38; hourglasscosmetics.com), she highlighted the brow bone and blended the matte brown onto her lids.
Anne Hathaway
Alberto Rodriguez/NBC/NBC via Getty Images
To allow her embellished Chanel gown to take center stage, Anne Hathaway's makeup look was kept neutral-save for a radiant complexion and rose-hued lip. "Anne's look was elegant, but still youthful and light. I felt that the makeup should mirror this," said her makeup artist Kate Lee. "I concentrated on making the complexion as tactile as possible, and added a dash of blue-pink to the lips as a focal point." Lee created a flawless canvas with Chanel's Vitalumiere Aqua foundation ($45; chanel.com) and the Perfection Lumiere Long-Wear Foudation ($55; chanel.com), then finished with Chanel's Rouge Allure Lip Color in Seduisante ($34; chanel.com) on Hathaway's lips. "It's the perfect pink for a perfect pout," Lee added.


text:
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text:
Stiamo cercando Cuoco urgentemente X la Osteria La Carbonara Cucina Romana Tipica.
roma 04/03/20
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text:
It's time to get this thing started!
Personal finances impact every area of a person's life. It impacts relationships with their spouse, parents, children, friends, neighbors, church, and God. It is a subject that many do not want to talk about because it is an embarrassing subject. I spent the first six years of my career being embarrassed. How could I make so much money and still be broke? To make matters worse – I did not even know where it all went!!! I mean, I went to 20 years of school, and I did not have one class on personal finances. The classes I took helped me earn more money, but they did not teach me what to do with it once I received it.
My Story
In December 2002, my wife and I moved to a new state and a new job. There were two key items that I failed to remember:
1) When you leave an employer, they stop paying you!
2) Christmas was in December that year! – Like they move it or something!
We ended up using the credit cards to pay for our expenses until our first paycheck from my new job. This was the third time that our credit cards were loaded up again. We had paid them off two times before and now here they were again!
Well, Jenn and I got mad! We amputated the credit cards. What's in my wallet? Cash! Now that I got rid of my Capital One card!!! We began to learn about finances. We read Dave Ramsey's book Financial Peace, Revisted. We started up Dave Ramsey's class, Financial Peace University, so that we could learn even more. It was time to make a serious change or else we were going to always end up wondering where our money went.
Bottom line – 14 months and we were debt-free except the house. Better – Jenn and I communicate about our money. When we communicate about our money, we talk about our dreams for the future, where we want to be in 1 year, 5 years, and 25 years. We talk about each month's upcoming events – including family members' upcoming special days (birthdays/anniversaries/showers/etc.).
We have now had over 380 people go through Dave Ramsey's Financial Peace University. I have had the huge honor of helping many couples work through their first budgets in one-on-one settings. God had instilled a passion in me to help people accomplish more than they ever thought possible. So here I am. Ready to help you learn more about personal finances. Ready to help you accomplish more than you ever thought was possible. I welcome your thoughts, discussion, comments, and insight as we work together to become financially fit!
2 Comments
That is awesome. Our church has been doing this for several years with no more than 10 couples or so each. This Spring there are over 30 couples/families signed up for it.
[…] My IHHE moment was in December 2002. My first ever blog post relates some of the story. […]


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Community Calendar
Saturday, August 03, 2019, 01:00pm - 03:00pm
Hits : 19196
Come enjoy the Artmosphere, at the weekly art Studio, held at the Village Green Community Center. Bring your own art project and enjoy fellow artists who are doing the same. You'll receive encouragement, creative inspiration and techniques instruction as you need it. Everyone is welcome. 2 to 3-session classes are available on various art projects (inquire as directed below). $15 for the first class and $10 for subsequent classes. For further information, call, text or sign up at 360-981-9126.
Location Villiage Green Community Center - Summit Room, 26159 Dulay Road NE, Kingston, WA 98346


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A 29-page slide deck — made public this week in Microsoft's patent lawsuit against Barnes & Noble — outlines, in great detail, the bookseller's objections to the software company's campaign to collect patent licensing fees from Android device makers.
According to the cover page, the presentation was given by Barnes & Noble's lawyers to Justice Department antitrust officials this summer.
Keeping in mind that Microsoft has a very different view of these things, here is the B&N presentation, filed by the company as an exhibit with the International Trade Commission this week. See this previous post for the Redmond company's response to the overall filing.


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Our Mission
Our Menu
What is Guavate?
Our Photo Album
Contact Us
Welcome to Guavate / Bienvenido a Guavate
One taste will leave you coming back for more...
Come and experience our delicious, home-style Puerto Rican cuisine, mouth watering desserts and signature Mofongos. Our menu is filled with a wide array of moderately priced, traditional food for the entire family, great ambiance and a welcoming- friendly staff, eager to help satisfy your cravings for great "Cocina Criolla" (Puerto Rican Food). Whether its lunch or dinner, Guavate is always filled with devoted locals and tourists looking to sample our famous Arroz con Pollo (Chicken & Rice), Tostones (Fried Green Bananas), Pernil (Roasted Pork Shoulder), and our most popular dish, Mofongo (made from fried green plantains or fried yuca, seasoned with garlic, olive oil and pork cracklings then mashed).....
Simply Delicioso...
Guavate restaurant is conveniently located on Alafaya Trail between Curry Ford Road and Lake Underhill. We open daily at 11AM for lunch and extend our dinner hours on Fridays and Saturdays. No reservation is ever need... Our telephone number is 407-281-4700.
"Best Puertorrican Restaurant in Orlando"
This is a great find in Orlando. For years I have been looking for a restaurant that served puertorrican cuisine and I have found it. Guavate is at a new location on Alafaya Trail (between Curry Ford and Lake Underhill). I never had the opportunity in visiting their previous location but based on past reviews this is easy to get to.
more reviews >>
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Product Description
- Bath Screen extendable plastic PVC
- Material: PVC or Polyvinyl Chloride. Characteristics: recyclable, durable and strong
- 1 folding door with side opening
- The product on sale is WHITE (should you prefer another colour, please specify it in the purchase order)
- Height 1500 mm
- Dimensions: base of 700x1700 MM (adjustable up to 600x1600 MM)
- Profiles can be easily cut (up to 100 mm per side) by means of a hacksaw, in order to adjust them to any shower tray
- Extendable panels: e.g. their width can vary from 230mm, when closed, to 700mm when wide open
- Sliding system preventing dirt accumulation within the rails and water from spilling out
- Standard colours such as Grey, Ivory, Yellow, Red and Black are included in the price. For Premium colours such as Stippled, Marble and Chrome colours, instead, there is a 25% increase in the base price. (The colour refers only to the structure and not to the transparent parts of the panels)
- Reversible panels: they can be fitted on the left or on the right hand side (it is not necessary to communicate the desired assembly direction)
- Shower Tray not included
- This product complies with all the regulations in the field
- Two-year warranty
Should you require any further information, please do not hesitate to contact us directly. We are always here to help you.


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Regular price
This raglan was inspired by Proverbs 31- "Her Children will rise up and call her blessed" You're a blessed mama!
The Details:
We handmake each shirt design, and all the other items are crafted and shipped directly to you. Shirts take on average 6-10 business days to be shipped. During the holiday season, you may see up to an additional 1-2 day delay.
After that, shipping takes 3-5 days, but you can choose priority shipping at checkout. (this does not affect processing time)
If you have any questions about the status of your order, please email firstname.lastname@example.com
Thank you for shopping small!
We know buying online can be difficult! So, we offer exchanges of unworn/unwashed apparel as long as the size or color is still in stock, within 15 days from the delivery confirmation date. All items purchased November 5th, 2019 - December 25th, 2019, will have the return deadline extended to January 10th, 2020.
You have 2 easy options:
1) Store Credit
Is it the wrong color, style or size? Let us know, and we will send you a store credit for the products you purchased (shipping costs are nonrefundable). We will also send you a free return shipping label. Once we receive your unworn/unwashed shirt(s) with the tags still on, we will send you your store credit. The deadline to request store credit is 15 days from the delivery confirmation date.
There is a maximum of 2 exchanges with store credit per order.
2) Refund
Can't find something that will work? We will refund payment method for the item(s), minus a $5 restocking fee per item purchased and the cost of return shipping. We will also send you a return shipping label. Once we receive your unworn/unwashed shirt(s) with the tags still on, we will send you your refund. The deadline to request a refund is 15 days from the delivery confirmation date.
Please note that "last chance" and sale items are final sale and are not eligible for returns.


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One of the programs under the Stennis Center's ongoing initiative to improve civil-military relations is a periodic luncheon or dinner on Capitol Hill for prospective commanding officers (PCO) of the Navy's nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. Commanding officers of America's aircraft carriers are in a unique position to help civilian leaders better understand the life, values, and culture of the Navy, and of the military in general.
Every PCO comes to Washington for a five-week nuclear refresher course as a final step in their preparation to assume command. The Stennis Center has developed a program for these incoming commanding officers to interact with Members of Congress and senior-level congressional staff who work on national security issues and to develop mutual understanding between the civilian leaders in Congress and the main Fleet units.
The primary purpose of the program is to provide the PCOs opportunities to understand the interests of Congress and the civilian leadership of the government and how to interact with them when their ships are visited. Since the inception of the program, the Stennis Center has hosted the prospective commanding officers of eleven aircraft carriers: the USS ENTERPRISE (CVN-65), USS NIMITZ (CVN-68), USS DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER (CVN-69), USS CARL VINSON (CVN-70), USS THEODORE ROOSEVELT (CVN-71), USS ABRAHAM LINCOLN (CVN-72), USS GEORGE WASHINGTON (CVN-73), USS JOHN C. STENNIS (CVN-74), USS HARRY S. TRUMAN (CVN-75), USS RONALD REAGAN (CVN-76), and the USS GEORGE H. W. BUSH (CVN-77).
Captain Jim Symonds, commanding officer of the USS REAGAN who attended one of the dinners, said, "This was a very valuable experience. I appreciate the Stennis Center connecting me with legislative leaders and look forward to hosting civilians on the ship."


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The Vatel Manila Campus, which opened in 2007, hosted Vatel School Directors as well as members of Vatel Corporate from April 26 through April 30, for their 8th International Convention. As is the case each year, they met in one of the 25 Campuses of the 1st Worldwide Business School Group in Hospitality & Tourism Management, in order to discuss focal areas for upcoming years.
A major event for Vatel
Geronio Ulayao, the Vatel Manila School Director, opened the doors to Group members of his School's application hotel, which had been renovated for this occasion in a very contemporary style. The Welcome Dinner heralded the opening of three days of fruitful exchanges. This is what the Vatel Spirit is about: people with different nationalities and different cultures, who meet and share the same goal: preparing young generations of students to build their futures in Tourism and International Hospitality.
These annual conventions also give School Directors the opportunity to debate education related current events and to discuss the latest trends in the hotel and tourism markets. Feedback, new ideas and educational concepts that could possibly lead our teaching quality to improve in an international framework, were once again this year at the heart of the debates.
Benjamin Garcia appointed Vatel's Academic Director
After the 7th International Convention that took place in 2013 in Martigny, Switzerland, the Group had decided to recruit an Academic Director. Benjamin Garcia, with experience both in education and international affairs, began his functions in December 2013, and was introduced to School Directors during this Convention.
With a Master's Degree in Corporate Law, Benjamin Garcia was the Project Officer in higher education for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and also managed the French cooperation services network to set up the entrance exams for the Ministry of Higher Education and Research. In 2010, he began working with IDRAC Group, as their Head of Studies, where his duties included educational monitoring, teaching, management, and in the framework of International Development, coordination of international exchange programs.
In 2015, Vatel School Directors and Corporate Vatel members will meet again in Tel Aviv.


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Foundation Accepts Donations for Storm Recovery
SIOUX FALLS - Some Sioux Falls residents hit hard by the recent ice storm don't have the money to clean up the mess.
That's why officials with the Sioux Falls Area Community Foundation say they're accepting contributions from donors wanting to help. The foundation's president, Candy Hanson, said in a Wednesday news release that the mess left behind by April 9's storm has been an "unexpected financial hardship" for some.
Money donated to the foundation won't be distributed to individuals but rather used to reimburse the agencies that provide direct assistance to people in need.
Details on donating are available online at www.sfacf.org.
Copyright 2013 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


text: Introducing:DemiFirst-timers:KhloeSerenityZoeyLeahDemi had two cocks that she took on at once. She had a dick in her ass and a dick in her pussy as she got slammed by each of them. She got stretched apart in a tug of war with both of the dicks fucking her little holes at the same time. Then she took a glazing of both of their cocks on her face and swallowed their loads.


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Henry Walker named distinguished educator
Henry M. Walker, Samuel R. and Marie-Louise Rosenthal Professor of Natural Science and Mathematics and professor of computer science at Grinnell College, has been named a Distinguished Educator by the Association of Computing Machinery (ACM), the world's largest educational and scientific computing society.
Walker is one of only 10 educators to receive the distinguished educator designation since the award was established in 2006. The award recognizes ACM members with at least 15 years of professional experience who have made a significant impact on the computing field and is based on nominations and letters of support from professional colleagues.
A member of the Grinnell faculty since 1974, Walker chairs the College's computer science department and has been a member of ACM since 1979. He has served in numerous capacities within ACM's international Special Interest Group on Computer Science Education, including chair for six years, secretary/treasurer for eight years, and in conference development.
At Grinnell, Walker developed a workshop-style approach to introductory computer science courses that emphasizes collaboration among students. He has written eight undergraduate textbooks, been active in curriculum development for national liberal arts colleges, organized numerous workshops for high school teachers, and been a guest faculty member at Nanjing University in China and Unitec in New Zealand. He currently serves on the Advanced Placement Computer Science Development Committee. Walker also served as a building liaison during the two-part renovation of the College's Robert N. Noyce '49 Science Center completed in 2008.


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Read latest COVID-19 advice for parents and childcarers here
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You can then book childcare online – just select the
date, time and address for your booking.
Choose the local carers you'd prefer us to offer your bookings
to first and we'll keep you updated of progress by email.
Your childcarer will call you before the booking and you should pay
her for her time at the end. Rates start from just £8.75.
Pay nothing until after you have used Sitters - guaranteed. A booking
fee (£4-£6) and quarterly membership fee (£14.95) will only be
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Deborah was fantastic when she babysat for our two year old. She phoned in advance to secure arrangement and to check if our son had any specific needs. She arrived promptly and made us feel totally at ease and confident that we were leaving our son in very capable hands. We received text updates to say he was happy and asleep, which was very reassuring and enabled us to have a wonderful evening out. Thank you Deborah.
Such a lovely lady! The perfect babysitter - my 6-year-old daughter adored her and keeps asking when we're going out again so that Angela can come over and put her to bed! Wouldn't hesitate to recommend.
Mina looked after my 2 year old when the sitter we've requested a few times was not available. I was a bit apprehensive, being somebody new, but very busy and needed her help. I needn't have been at all. Mina has a very friendly manner, she connected with my son straight away, and he cried when she moved away so I could show her his things. She was very personable and I almost felt like I already knew her, like she was a friend of a friend. She was a very good sitter who was excellent with my son, and I wouldn't hesitate to have her sit for us again.


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Initial price is for twin mattress only
The Manchester is designed for people who want great support, but a slightly softer feel. This mattress uses our exclusive ComfortFlex Innerspring that features angled, interlocked coils that have the ability to pass weight and pressure off to all the coils in a row. This provides perfect, individualized support for each sleeper. The Manchester is the only pillow top mattress with two layers of our premium cool gel to provide you with a denser, body contouring, cooler sleeping surface. This unique mattress will give you the ultimate in pressure relief and a more comfortable temperature controlled sleeping surface. We add even more luxury by putting two layers of extra-soft cushioning in the beautifully quilted cover for a unique, luxurious feel. More information here.
Feature #1
Feature #2
Feature #3
To best take care of your mattress set, ensure its long-life and preserve your warranty rights, please follow these Do's and Don'ts of bedding care.
- Give your new sleep set time to "air" upon removal from its plastic packaging. A new mattress set may have a "new set smell" which will dissipate over time.
- Properly wrap your mattress and carry it on its side when moving it.
- Keep your bedding clean. We suggest using a protective mattress pad to avoid stains. Washing your mattress pad and vacuuming your mattress every month will help keep your set in a sanitary condition. Your warranty will be voided if the mattress is stained and/or is in an unsanitary condition.
- Rotate your mattress to ensure even wear over the entire sleep surface. We recommend rotating your mattress at least 4 times per year.
- Use an appropriate frame and center support for Full, Queen and King sized sets. King and Queen Sets should be supported with a bed frame that supports head, foot sides and the center of the set with a rigid center support that has legs extending to the floor.
- Don't place your mattress near an open flame or expose to fire. The mattress is not flame – nor fireproof, and can ignite and/or burn if exposed to open flame or fire when ignited. Some bedding material can burn rapidly and emit smoke and hazardous gases.
- Don't smoke in bed. This mattress is manufactured as required by federal law to resist, but not necessarily eliminate, ignition by smoldering cigarettes.
- Don't let anyone stand or jump on your mattress.
- Don't allow your mattress to get wet. Protect it from liquids with a proper mattress pad.
- Don't place a board between your mattress and box spring. Your sleep set is designed specifically to provide you with proper support, and the foundation plays an important role. If you think a board will help, this could be a sign that your mattress set is wearing out.
- Don't bend your mattress. Flex it when going through doorways.
- Don't use dry cleaning fluid on the mattress or any liquid cleaning fluids. These chemicals can/will damage some of the construction materials.
ComfortRest Models – Limited Five Year Warranty
ComfortMaster Models – Limited Ten Year Warranty
Regent Models – Limited Fifteen Year Warranty
SensuRest Models – Limited 10 Year Warranty
JONATHAN STEVENS MATTRESS COMPANY ("Company"), 995 36th Street, SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49508 warrants to the original purchaser for a period listed above, that it will repair or replace, at his or her option, any Company mattress/foundation which proves to be defective due to faulty workmanship or materials (other than covers or handles), if such a defect occurs during normal use. Repair of the mattress/foundation does not extend the duration of this limited warranty or begin a new limited warranty period.
This warranty does not cover the cost of transportation or removal and installation of the mattress/foundation. Purchaser at his/her expense shall return the product to the factory for inspection and any warranty work.
Company does not warrant against normal wear and tear or the natural softening of the mattress/foundation. Purchaser agrees that the mattress/foundation will be given reasonable care, proper support and be kept in a sanitary condition. Queen and King Sized mattresses/foundations must have proper support with a center supporting rail system.
All inquiries and request for service under warranty must be made promptly to the store where purchased, with an explanation of the claimed defect or problem and proof of purchase date. Company reserves the right to inspect the product to determine whether there is a defect covered under the warranty. Company reserves the right to refuse service when, upon inspection, the product is found to be in an unsanitary condition or when product failure is due to causes other than defective workmanship or materials. Abuse, misuse, neglect or unsanitary conditions void this warranty.
Purchaser understands and agrees that the sole obligation of Company is to repair or replace the defective part, or at seller's discretion to refund a portion of the purchase price if repair or replacement cannot remedy the defect. Company reserves the right to substitute materials of comparable quality.
Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of incidental or consequential damages, or a limitation of the duration of an implied warranty, so the above limitations or exclusions may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights, which vary from state to state.


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This article is part of the Mtbr's Enduro Compare-O. See all the stories in this special section here–https://reviews.mtbr.com/category/enduro-compare-o-2014
To most American cyclists, Orbea might be a new name in their bike brand vocabulary, but this iconic Spanish brand has been making bikes since 1930. So when Orbea set out to build a bike to rule the Enduro World Series circuit, they focused their efforts on a design that compromised nothing on the downhills yet was efficient pedaling uphill.
As one of the few full aluminum bikes in the Enduro Compare-O, the Orbea Rallon immediately stood out from the pack visually with its hydroformed tubes and big burly aluminum welds. The bright yellow Mavic Crossmax Enduro 27.5-inch wheels and BOS suspension added to the unique Euro styling and flair of the Orbea. A 30-pound curb weight is reasonable; especially considering several carbon fiber competitors that weighed more. The Rallon just looks straight-up Euro trash punk rock—loud, brash and not giving a damn. In other words, it was one of the most anticipated bikes in the Compare-O.
Featuring an extremely laid back and adjustable 66 or 66.5-degree head tube angle and incredibly short 16.6-inch chainstays with its 'tweener' wheel size, all the numbers say riding the Rallon should be a blast. Then we looked at the intentionally mismatched front and rear Mavic rims and tires—with a wider front rim and big blocky front tread paired to a narrower rear rim and lower profile rear tread—and we knew immediately that the Rallon was designed for getting loose out back.
Developed in part with French suspension designer BOS, Orbea designed the 160mm travel Rallon to be perfectly balanced front to rear, using a concentric rear dropout pivot system with longer rocker arm that pivots from the downtube for smooth, linear suspension performance. The rear BOS Kirk shock is incredibly adjustable, featuring separate high- and low-speed compression adjustments for those who are particular about suspension setup. The BOS Deville 160mm fork has received great praise for its performance, but doesn't feature a lockout mode for climbing.
The Advanced Dynamics suspension and geometry is also adjustable to custom tune the ride of the Rallon. With a slight rotation of the eccentric shock mount hardware, bottom bracket height can be adjusted up to 7mm and angles by a half-degree, depending on whether you need to tackle tight, technical trails or ultra high-speed ripping descents.
The Rallon C9-12 is a concentric pivot at the rear 12x142mm axle that's simpler, lighter and stiffer and is compatible with a traditional quick release. This pivot also enhances stronger and quieter disc brake performance through a direct post mount for 180mm or larger rotors.
Orbea touts their "Downtube Cable Highway", routing cables down the top of the downtube for less cable rub, unwanted bulge under compression and less maintenance. There's room for three cables, one of which can be used for a dropper post. It looks great, but only one issue—no room for a downtube bottle cage mount.
Removable ISCG 05 chainguide tabs and a dual-compound chainstay protector complete this extremely well thought-out design. In conclusion, we couldn't wait to swing our leg over this totally unique Euro enduro racer.
2014 Orbea Rallon Key Specs
- Weight: 30 pounds
- Wheel Size: 27.5-inches
- Frame materal: Aluminum
- Travel/Suspension: 160mm front/rear; BOS Kirk rear, BOS Deville front
- Drivetrain: 10 speed Shimano XTR 2×10; Race Face Sixc 24Tx36T w/bashguard; 11-36 cassette
- Brakes: Formula T1
- Seatpost: Rock Shox Reverb dropper post
- Wheelset/Tires: Mavic Crossmax Enduro LTD; Mavic Charge 2.4 front, Mavic Roam XL 2.2
- Bar/Stem: Race Face Sixc/Atlas
- Bottom Bracket Type: Race Face threaded with ISCG tabs
- Head Tube Angle: 66/66.5 degrees
- Seat Tube Angle: 74.5/75 degrees
- Chainstay Length: 420mm
- Bottom Bracket Height: 345mm/338mm
- Bike MSRP: $6,999
- Frame MSRP: N/A
For more information visit www.orbea.com.
Read our Bottom Line Evaluation of the Orbea Rallon here.
This story is part of Mtbr's 2014 Enduro Compare-O. Check out our intro story here for all the ground rules and goings ons.


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In Stocking Program
A set of three gilt metal and gilt wood framed wall panels, each rectangular frame with a cast branch overlaid on an antiqued hand leafed mirror back.
We use the time-honoured techniques of lost wax casting, sand casting and wrought iron in our very own foundry. From the hand carved wax to hand polishing and finishing, these processes take time and great care to meet our meticulous standards.
Crushed eggshell inlay, hand-tooling with gold leaf; hand-painting with fine art techniques, the ancient art of gilding and our Argento technique involving canvas wrapping, gilding and painting are just a few of the techniques used to create the authentic finishes on our furnishings. Using traditional tools and techniques handed down through the ages imbue each piece with an air of authenticity and individuality.
Regularly dust and wipe clean with a good quality furniture polish twice each month. Avoid using soap and water or any water-based cleaning products on aluminum as this may cause tarnishing.
Theodore Alexander artists painstakingly create our hand-painted finishes using meticulous brushstrokes and age-old techniques. You can use a good quality furniture polish to maintain and preserve the unique artwork. Take care not to use abrasive cloths or polishes that may scratch a hand-painted finish.
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I've been traveling in the Pacific Northwest over the past few weeks, but missing my blog a bit lately.
Here are a few highlights from my trip – some photos taken at the downtown Portland, Oregon farmer's market, a place so full of fresh, pristine produce it makes my heart beat a bit faster. It's not very often that I see such a huge array of locally grown, green leafy vegetables and ripe summer fruits like cherries, berries, plums and tomatoes.
It's hard not to want to take a little bit of everything home!
Happy Summer…I'll be back soon with more recipes.


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Girls soccers' top players scoring in bunches
What do girls soccer's top scorers thus far in the season have in common? A one-game scoring explosion.
From the top — that'd be Frontier Academy's Hannah Braun, who has 17 goals and a state-best 40 points — each of Colorado's most potent scorers do so in spurts.
Middle Park's Hannah Levett, who is second in the state with 33 points and 15 goals, had a four-goal, one-assist game against Braun and Frontier Academy. (Braun had a goal and an assist in that game; three days later, against Berthoud, she scored four goals and assisted on another.)
Bennett's Krystina Powell (14 goals, two assists this season) has two six-goal games. Two.
Buena Vista's Kinsey Cichowitz scored five goals in a win over Woodland Park.
The state's big-school scoring leading, Lillie Toaspern of Denver East, scored six of her nine goals against Denver South last Friday — and notched all three assists.
That's not to say there hasn't been consistency: Braun and Levett each have five multi-goal games, including three games of three goals or more. Jacqueline Rigali, she of 12 goals and two assists, has multi-goal games in five of Frederick's six games.
Recruiting quick hits:
• Arvada West's Paul Thurston picked up his tenth offer on Friday, this one from Arizona, according to ColoradoPrepReport.com. The Wildcats join Arizona State, Colorado, Kansas, Michigan, Nebraska, Notre Dame, Oregon, Stanford and Utah in vying for the 6-5, 274-pound offensive tackle.
• Valor Christian lineman Alex Kozan was offered by Illinois, according to ColoradoPrepReport.com. He's up to eight: Arizona, Arizona State, Arkansas, CU, CSU, Illinois, Kansas, Kansas State and Syracuse have also offered.
Elsewhere in the world of preps:
• Sterling's 4A basketball champions will be honored with a mini-parade of sorts through Sterling.
• Longmont's Jamie Katuna, fresh off guiding the girls basketball team to a runner-up finish in 4A, is now leading the school's soccer team in scoring.
• Harrison's Xavier Ford: third-team All-American.
• New football coach Brian Sherman is out to turn Cheyenne Mountain around.
• Roaring Fork's Clay Gross threw a five-inning no-hitter against Grand Valley on Saturday.


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Luke Bryan Crew Members Injured in Ohio Stage Collapse
Four workers were hospitalized with minor injuries during the tour's stop in Columbus, Ohio, after the stage buckled
Four crew members on Luke Bryan's tour were injured early Friday morning after a stage collapsed during the tour's stop in Columbus, Ohio.
According to a local NBC affiliate, the collapse happened at Ohio State University's Schottenstein Center shortly after midnight on Thursday, about an hour after Bryan's concert wrapped up and all concertgoers had filed out.
As the crew were dismantling equipment, a forklift reportedly hit the stage, causing two sections to buckle and crash down.
Four workers were hospitalized with minor injuries and released shortly afterward.
University officials said no audience members were in the stadium at the time of the incident. Kari Van Horn, a producer at Yahoo! Sports, later posted a photo of the damage on Twitter.
According to Rolling Stone, the accident forced Bryan, 37, to postpone a show scheduled for the following evening, in Lexington, Ky. That concert will now take place on Feb. 21.


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Here are some photos from this last weekend when my boyfriend came to visit :). Definitely not the most adventurous/ inspirational of outfit choices but a realistic picture of what I wear on a day to day basis. Slightly regretted the choice of crop top because of the freezing conditions but it's my fave colour so what can ya do really. My sister bought it for me and now I own it in pretty much every colour. I'm guilty of doing this for so many tops because I find it hard to find styles that actually fit and suit my bust/ waist ratio. Hope you like the photos as this has always been a favourite location of mine! It does attract drama though, moments before these were taken I witnessed a woman being arrested and my boyfriend nearly got into a fight haha. London never ceases to surprise. Xx
Top: Topshop
Jeans: Topshop
Jacket: Zara
Boots: Asos


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Facilitator: Ruth
Substance Abuse Education Group – this group is designed for clients with substance addictions in early-middle recovery. This group utilizes a CBT curriculum that focuses on early recovery and relapse prevention skills through psychoeducation. This is a co-ed group. Substance Group is an open group with on-going group topics.
Zuni Healthcare Center5608 Zuni Road SEAlbuquerque, NM 87108T: 505-262-2481F: 505-262-0781
Truman Healthcare Center625 Truman Street NEAlbuquerque, NM 87110T: 505-248-2990F: 505-248-2941
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