text:
James Erwin, 37, works for a financial services firm in Des Moines, Iowa, writing software manuals. He's been doing that for a couple of years, and he enjoys it. It's a pretty low-stress job for a person with a methodical turn of mind—good pay, short commute. He's home by 5:30 every night to spend time with his wife and 1-year-old son.
One Wednesday last August, Erwin rose from his desk around noon. He walked to the company lunchroom, microwaved a pretzel-bread Hot Pocket, and carried it back to his desk on a paper towel. He took a bite of the Hot Pocket and logged in to Reddit.com.
Reddit is a sprawling news site, where "news" is defined by its tens of millions of users—one of the largest communities on the Internet. Anyone can post a link or a comment, and everything on the site, down to the tiniest squib of text, wears a pair of clickable arrows—one up and one down. The site constructs itself on the fly by tabulating billions of "upvotes" and "downvotes." Popular items rise, unpopular items fall. More reliably than Twitter, more scientifically than Facebook, Reddit answers this question: What do people on the Internet think is important, funny, cute, gross, uplifting—right now?
It's common for random questions to appear on Reddit's front page, like "Is there a magnet capable of pulling the iron out of your body?" or "What is the most awkward thing you could say to a cashier while purchasing condoms?" That day, as Erwin scanned Reddit, a question caught his eye. It was posed by someone calling themselves The_Quiet_Earth: "Could I destroy the entire Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus if I traveled back in time with a modern U.S. Marine infantry battalion or MEU [Marine Expeditionary Unit]?" Erwin clicked on the question and a lively comment thread unfurled. Hundreds of people were whipping hypotheticals back and forth, gaming out the implications of a marines-versus-Romans smackdown. What's the range of a Roman spear? How would the Romans react to a helicopter? What would happen when the Americans ran out of bullets?
Erwin, who studied history at the University of Iowa, had been posting on Reddit for about five months. He used the alias Prufrock451, a dual reference to the schlubby protagonist of a T. S. Eliot poem and the Ray Bradbury novel Fahrenheit 451. Prufrock451's contributions were all over the map. One day he wrote about the historical roots of the civil war in Liberia; another day he told a funny story about a shooting range in Iowa. He also uploaded a few pictures of European forts that he thought looked cool and a quote by Voltaire. In his atypicalness—Prufrock451 was pretty clearly a quirky character—he was entirely typical of a habitual Reddit user, and like many other redditors, as they are called, he found the site addictive. More than just a creative outlet or time-killer, Reddit was a game. The object was to amass points—"Reddit karma." Every time Erwin saw his karma level increase, he felt a little squirt of adrenaline. "People are sweating to make you laugh or make you think or make you hate them," Erwin says. "It's the human condition, plus points."
Now, in response to The_Quiet_Earth's question about time-traveling marines, Erwin started typing. He posted his answer in a series of comments in the thread. Within an hour, he was an online celebrity. Within three hours, a film producer had reached out to him. Within two weeks, he was offered a deal to write a movie based on his Reddit comments. Within two months, he had taken a leave from his job to become a full-time Hollywood screenwriter.
Although Erwin's success is unprecedented, it's entirely consistent with Reddit's ethos. The site was purposely built to make instant heroes of the funny and the artful. It was created in June 2005 by a pair of recent University of Virginia graduates, Alexis Ohanian and Steve Huffman. At first, Ohanian and Huffman didn't have any users, so they made dozens of bogus accounts and posted content themselves. "We just wanted to create a place where you could find what was interesting online," Ohanian says. "All Steve and I knew early on was that we were going to need a community to make it work."
At that point, Ohanian's only prior experience with community-building was a Quake clan that he ran in high school, "and maybe an EverQuest guild." But he and Huffman knew what they liked—and hated—about other sites. They liked the content on geek-news site Slashdot. They liked the Popular page on the social-bookmarking site del.icio.us, even though the links themselves were often dull. They hated sites that assault you with animated ads or trick you into giving your email address. And they hated when site admins deleted stuff for no good reason.
The Post That Started It All
Last August, James Erwin stumbled upon a question someone had posed on the social news site Reddit: "Could I destroy the entire Roman Empire during the reign of Augustus if I traveled back in time with a modern U.S. Marine infantry battalion or MEU?" Erwin's answer, the first entry of which is reprinted below, delighted the Redditcommunity and almost instantly set Erwin on the path to becoming a Hollywood screenwriter.
The 35th MEU is on the ground at Kabul, preparing to deploy to southern Afghanistan. Suddenly, it vanishes.
The section of Bagram where the 35th was gathered suddenly reappears in a field outside Rome, on the west bank of the Tiber River. Without substantially prepared ground under it, the concrete begins sinking into the marshy ground and cracking. Colonel Miles Nelson orders his men to regroup near the vehicle depot—nearly all of the MEU's vehicles are still stripped for air transport. He orders all helicopters airborne, believing the MEU is trapped in an earthquake.
Nelson's men soon report a complete loss of all communications, including GPS and satellite radio. Nelson now believes something more terrible has occurred—a nuclear war and EMP which has left his unit completely isolated. Only a few men have realized that the rest of Bagram has vanished, but that will soon become apparent as the transport helos begin circling the 35th's location.
Within an hour, the 2,200 Marines have regrouped, stunned. They are not the only moderns transported to Rome. With them are about 150 Air Force maintenance and repair specialists. There are about 60 Afghan Army soldiers, mostly the MEU's interpreters and liaisons. There are also 15 U.S. civilian contractors and one man, Frank Delacroix, who has spoken to no one but Colonel Nelson.
Miraculously, no one was killed during the earthquake but several dozen people were injured, some seriously. All fixed-wing aircraft and the attack helicopters were rendered inoperable by the shifting concrete, although the MEU did not lose a single vehicle or transport helicopter.
As night falls, the MEU has established a perimeter. A few locals have been spotted, but in the chaos no one has yet established contact. Nelson and his men, who are crippled without mapping software and GPS to fix their position, begin attempting to fix their location by observing stars. The night is cloudy. Nelson orders four helicopters back into the air at first light, to travel along the river in hopes of locating a settlement.
Figuring, Ohanian says, that there was "a ceiling to how clever one admin can be, and it's a pretty low ceiling," he and his partner designed Reddit to put as much power as possible in the hands of its users. Huffman programmed a "hotness algorithm" to determine what should appear at the top of the page; users could sort links and comments by hotness, newness, and the number of upvotes minus downvotes. The scheme worked beautifully, sifting chaos into intelligible tiers. Ohanian and Huffman refused to delete any content that wasn't spam or overt racism, even after they were purchased in 2006 by old-media publisher Condé Nast. (Yes, the corporation that owns Wired. Reddit's office is sequestered in a corner of the same floor where the magazine and Wired.com are produced. The Reddit team did not have any influence over or access to this article.) Ohanian and Huffman also allowed users to create their own nooks within the site, called subreddits; there are now more than 100,000 subreddits devoted to everything from gaming to atheism to the city of Winnipeg. Extremely popular items bubble up from the subreddits. "You could be a brand-new user, and if you submitted something great, you could be on the front page," Ohanian says. (The two founders have since cashed out, but Ohanian continues to serve on the board and acts as a spokesman.)
Yes, tons of stupid pictures appear on the front page, as well as in-jokes like "the narwhal bacons at midnight"—a sort of pass code used by redditors to identify other members of the faithful in real life—but the community's ability to launch truly powerful memes is now a meme in itself. The best-known example is Comedy Central's Rally to Restore Sanity and/or Fear, which drew 250,000 people to the National Mall in October 2010; the idea for the rally was first publicly proposed on Reddit. Last winter the Reddit community organized a boycott of web hosting company Go Daddy for its support of the Stop Online Piracy Act. After Go Daddy lost thousands of domains in a single day, the company quickly reversed its position.
Reddit users have also demonstrated an eagerness to experiment with ways of being nice. They have sent thousands of free pizzas to one another through a subreddit called Random_Acts_Of_Pizza. In 2009 a redditor proposed a Secret Santa gift exchange. Last holiday season, the exchange involved 40,000 people in 115 countries. There's no other site where a shy idea can so easily snowball into a project of vast ambition.
Of course, like any site that thrives on pseudonymity, Reddit attracts its share of the sick and the deluded. There's a subreddit, MensRights, "for people who believe that men are currently being disadvantaged by society," and for years the site admins tolerated subreddits devoted to pictures of underage girls. (In February, Reddit banned sexual content involving minors.) Last year, redditors heaped abuse on a 21-year-old woman who was trying to raise money for kids with cancer. They mistakenly believed that she was a scammer, and one redditor claimed to have reported her to the FBI. "The mob mentality existed before Reddit," Huffman says. "But now Reddit's big enough to be a mob."
James Erwin grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, the son of a midwestern father and a Korean-born mother. (His father, who had been in the Air Force, met his mother during the Vietnam War.) "I had a cloudy idea of my future," Erwin says of his childhood. "Part of me really wanted to be in front of people, and part of me wanted to hide in my room and read books all day." In college in Iowa City, Erwin got involved with theater and open-mic nights. He lacked discipline and goals, but he had been clever enough to muddle through school without really studying. After graduating, he worked at an Arby's, a burrito place, a couple of bookstores.
While bumming around, though, he was also running a website called Footnotes to History, an atlas of strange and tiny nations: Abaco, Abalonia, Abkhaz Republic ("The Abkhaz Republic suffered through a great deal more history than its short existence might seem to justify"). Several years and a couple of office jobs later, Erwin got it in his head that he should follow up Footnotes to History with an encyclopedia. In 2006 he published Declarations of Independence, a comprehensive account of American secessionist movements, from the Cherokee Nation to the Artists' Republic of Fremont.
By that time he had moved to Des Moines to work a series of contract jobs. In 2009 he set to work on his second encyclopedia, which was just released this spring. Encyclopedia of U.S. Military Actions is exactly what it says it is—an exhaustive description of every single American war, quasi war, occupation, landing, and expedition. It comes in two volumes. If Erwin were to rest his chin on a table next to the manuscript, the 700,000-word stack would tower above his neatly shaved head. He completed it in just two and a half years, working evenings and weekends. It retails for $185. "Pound for pound," he says, "it's a pretty good buy."
The encyclopedias proved that he had talent and erudition, but they didn't bring him any attention—the buyers were mainly libraries—and barely earned him minimum wage. But writing the encyclopedias did teach him a crucial set of skills. He now knew how to mine history for tragedy and comedy. He could instantly recall huge swaths of fact. (Erwin competed on Jeopardy! in 2009, walking away a two-time champion and $23,598 richer.) Perhaps most important, he could compose large blocks of text with astonishing speed.
Last August, when he started to scroll through the Reddit thread about marines versus Romans, Erwin couldn't help but think that the hypothetical deserved some kind of a larger story.
"DAY 1," he typed:
The 35th MEU is on the ground at Kabul, preparing to deploy to southern Afghanistan. Suddenly, it vanishes.
The section of Bagram where the 35th was gathered suddenly reappears in a field outside Rome …
It took him just 10 minutes to write 350 words about the marines' first day in ancient Rome. He clicked save. A few moments later, he refreshed his browser and saw that he had gotten a couple of upvotes. Then he thought about what to write next.
Erwin needed to invent a good reason for the two armies to fight. Unsurprisingly, he happened to have read a lot of Roman history, and he knew that around 23 BC, some senators had attempted a coup on emperor Augustus. What if, just as the senators were plotting, a small army appeared out of nowhere "with a vast array of what appears to be bizarre siege machinery"?
Erwin typed "DAY 2" and fleshed out another short scene, this one describing a marine recon mission over Rome in two Sea Knight helicopters: "Behind them, they leave a city in chaos, as terrified Romans flee the awful creatures in the sky." He quickly moved on to Days 3 and 4, and as he wrote, his fingers and stomach began to tingle, a feeling he had gotten only a few times before, when he knew that what he was writing was very good. Something about the extreme economy of the prose made the narrative more vivid, not less; readers would be forced to fill in key details themselves, to imagine the sound of the helo rotors, the smell of smoke from the Roman pyres. Erwin rapidly sketched a cast of characters: a dour marine colonel, a Hispanic private who finds something "eerily familiar" about the language of the Romans, a frightened Praetorian commander. Each chapter ended on a little cliffhanger. Beyond merely answering the hypothetical, Erwin was creating a rich fictional world.
The Best & Worst of Reddit
Discussions on the sprawling site run the gamut from the sublime to the slimy. Here's a guide to the sections that can make your day, make you laugh … or make you want the past five minutes of your life back.
Interesting people answer questions posed by the community. One day it's astrophysicist Neal deGrasse Tyson, the next it's a former hooker, the next it's Louis C.K.
A new self-improvement challenge every week, from "Talk to 10 strangers" to "Read a book for 30-60 minutes every day" to "Floss every night" to "Go a week without visiting time-wasting sites."
Redditors love giving gifts to one another, especially handmade crafts, books, coffee mugs, and snacks.
A collection of gorgeous hi-res photos of "Mother Nature in all of her succulent beauty." Who needs National Geographic?
Users add captions to stock images of creatures that have come to be associated with specific mental states. There's Socially Awkward Penguin, Insanity Wolf, Philosoraptor, Sexually Oblivious Rhino …
Redditors aren't much into religion, and OMG OMG OMG they won't shut up about it.
Rants and riffs in the form of crude comics that are cobbled together from Reddit's memes and visual signifiers.
A section devoted to satirizing Reddit's greatest clichés: Ron Paul worship, videogame in-jokes, drug-law rants, pleas for upvotes. An exercise in meta that can make you feel like a jaded veteran redditor in seconds!
A soul-scarring series of images, many with incongruous appendages Photoshopped onto them.
By the end of his lunch hour, he had gotten as far as Day 6, but he didn't want to post all the entries at once; what if no one read them? So he posted Day 2, then returned to his work, taking screenshots of software buttons and labeling them.
The next time he checked Reddit, there were pages and pages of responses:
"This is quite possibly the single greatest thing I have ever seen on reddit, write a book and I will buy it."
"and then? C'mon man! Write faster!"
Erwin dribbled out his story over the course of the afternoon, switching back and forth between Reddit and work. Normally, a popular comment on a front-page thread might get 400 to 500 points, but by now each segment of Prufrock451's story was racking up thousands of points. He was an instant Reddit celebrity. By the end of the day, his comment karma would nearly double, from 25,000 to over 40,000, and more than 250,000 people would view the thread. Whenever he reloaded the page he saw dozens of new replies.
"Good god," one person wrote, "don't stop, man."
"HOLY F—-," Erwin wrote in the thread. "WHAT THE HELL OKAY I'M WRITING AS FAST AS I CAN MORE COFFEE GOING GOING … OKAY BACK TO WRITING NOW."
The world beyond Reddit began to take notice. Someone from the website Boing Boing contacted him, offering to repost the story. Wired writer Clive Thompson tweeted about the thread. It had been only a few hours since Erwin microwaved his Hot Pocket. He resisted the urge to stand up in his office in Des Moines and shout that he was famous on the Internet.
After proofing more of his lunch-hour prose, he posted the fifth and sixth installments. The marines and the Praetorian Guard were now at war. First contact had been disastrous; when 50 Praetorian riders approached the marines, looking to parley, the marines, itchy and strung-out, slaughtered 49 of them, leaving one survivor. Redditors begged Prufrock451 to continue. Erwin struggled to respond to the flood of comments without totally ignoring his work. A former marine gunner wrote in to point out alleged errors in "weapons, equipment, and tactics." Several redditors asked where they could send their money, if that was what he needed to complete the tale. Had Prufrock451 considered a Kickstarter campaign? Could they send bitcoins?
Mid-afternoon, Erwin posted the seventh installment, then wrote a brief comment asking the Reddit community what he should do next. "Subreddit? Publish? Pass the torch?" He promised that he would do whatever the top-voted comment told him to do. An hour later, the top-voted comment by a wide margin read simply "QUIT JOB ENTERTAIN ME." A user named tick_tock_clock suggested a name for a subreddit: RomeSweetRome. Erwin responded, "As much as I'd love to quit my job to finish this, that may be … impractical." He was thinking of his family; he had a young child to help provide for and a mortgage to pay. What wasn't impractical, he wrote, "is moving this over to r/RomeSweetRome, where I will continue writing this up … at a slightly less feverish pace. :)"
That same afternoon, August 31, while James Erwin was doing his best to keep the mob happy, a man in Beverly Hills named Adam Kolbrenner happened to be scanning Reddit. Kolbrenner, who at 37 is the same age as Erwin, runs a literary management and production company called Madhouse Entertainment. He represents writers and writer-directors, along with developing projects for film and TV. The Denzel Washington/Ryan Reynolds movie Safe House is a Madhouse project, and one of its clients scripted Contraband, starring Mark Wahlberg. What excited Kolbrenner about the Reddit thread wasn't so much the idea as the writer. All it took to convince him of Erwin's ability was the very first post—that first 350 words. "He can handle character and storytelling," Kolbrenner says, "very, very difficult things to just be able to do." Plus, he adds, "it got such an incredible response. I knew it was something special, because it wasn't like he took three months to do this. This was quick quick quick, and it was all good."
Kolbrenner had his assistant send Erwin a private message through Reddit. Erwin received it late in the afternoon his time, just before leaving the office. At 5 pm, Erwin's wife, Jessica, a lawyer with Iowa Legal Aid, picked him up in her Subaru Outback. (She had driven him to work that morning.) By the time they collected their son at day care, one redditor had written that he would behead a kitten and mount its head on a pike if Prufrock451 didn't finish the story "in some way shape or form."
The next day, September 1, Erwin posted the eighth installment of the story, incorporating a line about water purifiers after receiving a suggestion from a reader. Erwin also spoke with Kolbrenner on the phone. Kolbrenner asked him if he felt comfortable writing a screenplay. Erwin said that he couldn't guarantee that he could do it—he'd never written one before—but he was certainly willing to try. "Adam said, 'I think you can,'" Erwin recalls. " 'We'll teach you how to write a screenplay as we go along.'"
Erwin still couldn't believe what was happening. "I had thought that, hey, I'll post a story once or twice a week, and maybe I'll put out a tip jar," he says. "Obviously this is worth something. But I didn't know what to do with it." It hadn't occurred to Erwin that he might be able to write movies full-time. Why would it? Before Reddit bullied and cajoled and cheered him to prove his talent, he had spent his life accumulating stores of obscure and unmarketable knowledge. But after talking with Kolbrenner, Erwin thought, "Maybe this wasn't just lightning striking, but a door opening." He signed on with Madhouse as a client.
Meanwhile, several thousand military buffs and sci-fi nerds had gathered at the RomeSweetRome subreddit, uploading story ideas, movie posters, logos, and fan fiction. When Erwin announced his decision to sign with Madhouse, the top-voted comment reflected Reddit's skepticism of Hollywood, where nobody does anything for karma. It read, "Don't get screwed," and linked to a Wikipedia article on "Hollywood accounting." Over the next week, momentum gathered toward a deal; Kolbrenner sent the Reddit thread link to an executive at Warner Bros., and a producer on 300 got in touch with Madhouse to say he wanted to be involved. Meanwhile, Madhouse urged Erwin to stop publishing on Reddit; the more of the story he gave away for free, the less valuable it would be to a studio.
On September 9, Erwin made a final announcement, thanking Reddit for its support. He said that he had made some tough decisions, and one of them was to stop posting on RomeSweetRome. In fact, although Erwin didn't say this, he was planning to cease all posts, even about things not related to RomeSweetRome. His people in Hollywood had suggested he stay away from the site completely, just to be safe. So from now on, Erwin wouldn't even be lurking on Reddit; he didn't want to tempt himself. "We're at the gate into the Real World, guys," he wrote. "This story will continue. I will be back. In the meantime, I will be giving this my all. And I will remember when the narwhal bacons."
Four days later, two weeks after that fateful lunch hour, Erwin learned that Warner Bros. had made an offer for him to write a treatment—a condensed version of a screenplay—and a first draft of a full screenplay. That evening, Erwin sat down with Jessica and outlined the dollar figures on a notepad. He handed her the pad. She looked down, then started to cry in joy and shock. Then Erwin started to cry. (Erwin won't disclose what the deal is worth, but he is now a member of the Writers Guild of America, West, and the guild compensation for an original screenplay plus treatment for a movie with a budget above $5 million is $119,954. According to Kolbrenner, Rome Sweet Rome is "definitely a big-budget movie," but whether that means $30 million or $150 million will depend on Erwin's script.)
When Erwin announced on Reddit that the movie was really happening, most redditors chimed in with congratulations and encouragement. They took it as more proof of the power of Reddit: If the site could turn an Iowa dad into a Hollywood screenwriter almost overnight, what couldn't it do? (As Erwin puts it, "Their upvotes had turned Pinocchio into a real boy.") Still, a handful lashed out, angry that a story they loved—a story they felt they owned a part of—was being ripped away from them. Erwin had violated the cardinal rule of Reddit, which is that you sell yourself for points, for karma, not for money. Erwin understands that criticism, he explains one day in December. "I did sell out, as a matter of fact," he says.
Erwin and Jessica live in a turn-of-the-century house with a salmon-painted dining room. The only visible sign of Erwin's new life as a screenwriter is a small stack of "for your consideration" DVD screeners atop his TV, a perk of his Writers Guild membership. "I genuinely felt that this was the most awesome thing to do with the idea," he says. "It could have been a story that maybe 10,000 people would have followed to its ending, and that would have been a lot of fun. But if this goes out, then 10,000 people are going to see it in one city in one day."
After receiving the offer from Warner, Erwin took a leave from his job. In a spartan home office, surrounded by books like Greek and Roman Siege Machinery 399 B.C.-A.D. 363 and The Babyproofing Bible (he and Jessica are expecting their second child), he began writing a 30-page treatment, consulting with Madhouse and Warner on the direction the story should take. He submitted the final treatment in October. He can't talk about how it differs from the scenario he posted on Reddit, but it's clear that there are major changes. "There have already been a lot of compromises," he says. "But a lot of the changes that have been suggested are for the better. Honestly, I haven't been told, you know, throw in a sex scene." (Kolbrenner says the movie is "going to be completely different—I don't know if I should say that or not.")
While awaiting feedback and further instructions from Warner, Erwin watched blockbuster movies to see if he could decode any common themes or techniques. "OK, I'm writing a movie for the masses," he says. "OK, masses, what do you like?" He watched the Roland Emmerich end-of-the-world epic, 2012. "Christ, you like this?" he asks in mock horror. He's also reading books about screenwriting—Robert McKee's famous Story and a practical one by the screenwriting team of Thomas Lennon and Robert Ben Garant, who wrote the Night at the Museum movies. "The main lesson," Erwin says, "is that if you basically see yourself as a contractor, you'll be happy." In January, Erwin moved on from the treatment to the Rome Sweet Rome screenplay proper.
Over drinks at a pub in downtown Des Moines, Erwin explains that he's already thinking about movies beyond Rome Sweet Rome. He pitched about 30 ideas to Madhouse. Twenty-five were immediate noes. (One centered on an American soldier, an actual historical figure, who defected to the Mexican side during the Mexican-American War: "These are not, uh, profitable themes," he says.) With four or five ideas, Madhouse said hmm. Erwin kept trying. He pitched another idea, a sci-fi plot, and "I finally hit one," he says. "They're like, OK, that is interesting … I'm not saying I'm a bona fide screenwriter now. But I have a second idea that somebody thinks could be sold to someone, somewhere. That's more than most people ever get."
Erwin is not a big drinker, and when he finishes his second microbrew, he says that he is more buzzed than he has been in a long time. The waitress comes by, and he grins and says, "Miller High Life."
Miller High Life was his father's beer. "You can't beat a Miller High Life," he says. His father was a construction estimator in Cedar Rapids. He was known to be the most accurate estimator in town; he never underbid only to inflate his numbers later. He died two years ago. Erwin says that he is thankful that his father got to meet Silas, his son. Erwin pauses a few times to collect himself. He says, "To have all these opportunities fall into my lap is just ridiculous."
He takes a pull on his High Life. As much as he values his new community of agents and studio executives, he often finds himself wondering what's happening in his old one. "I miss Reddit," he says. "I miss Reddit so much."
Jason Fagone (@jfagone) wrote about a videogame religion in issue 19.08.Go Back to Top. Skip To: Start of Article.


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
|The prefix mis means wrong.
The prefix un means not.
The prefix pre means before.
The prefix re means again.
Other examples: miscalculate, misprint, mistrust, misdeed, misfire, misbehave, mislabel
Other examples: undisturbed, unorganized, unpatriotic, unshaken, unmotivated, unmerited
Other examples: prefix, prewar, preflight, preconceive, preheat
Other examples: re-fix, recolor, reinspect, rediscover, reheat
Directions: Fill in the blanks to make meaningful sentences. Also, write five example words and sentences using each of the prefixes 'mis', 'un', 're', and 'pre'.


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Related Information
Health Information
Reactive Arthritis
Online version updated October 2012
Questions and Answers about Reactive Arthritis
This booklet contains general information about reactive arthritis. It describes what reactive arthritis is and how it develops. It also explains how reactive arthritis is diagnosed and treated. At the end is a list of key words to help you understand the terms used in this booklet. If you have further questions after reading this booklet, you may wish to discuss them with your doctor.
- What Is Reactive Arthritis?
- What Causes Reactive Arthritis?
- Is Reactive Arthritis Contagious?
- Who Gets Reactive Arthritis?
- What Are the Symptoms of Reactive Arthritis?
- How Is Reactive Arthritis Diagnosed?
- What Type of Doctor Treats Reactive Arthritis?
- How Is Reactive Arthritis Treated?
- What Is the Prognosis for People Who Have Reactive Arthritis?
- What Research Is Being Conducted on Reactive Arthritis?
- Where Can People Find More Information About Reactive Arthritis?
- Key Words
What Is Reactive Arthritis?
Reactive arthritis is a form of arthritis, or joint inflammation that occurs as a "reaction" to an infection elsewhere in the body. Inflammation is a characteristic reaction of tissues to injury or disease and is marked by swelling, redness, heat, and pain. Besides this joint inflammation, reactive arthritis is associated with two other symptoms: redness and inflammation of the eyes (conjunctivitis) and inflammation of the urinary tract (urethritis). These symptoms may occur alone, together, or not at all.
Reactive arthritis is also known as a seronegative spondyloarthropathy. The seronegative spondyloarthropathies are a group of disorders that can cause inflammation throughout the body, especially in the spine. (Examples of other disorders in this group include psoriatic arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and the kind of arthritis that sometimes accompanies inflammatory bowel disease.)
In many patients, reactive arthritis is triggered by a venereal infection in the bladder, the urethra, or, in women, the vagina (the urogenital tract) that is often transmitted through sexual contact. This form of the disorder is sometimes called genitourinary or urogenital reactive arthritis. Another form of reactive arthritis is caused by an infection in the intestinal tract from eating food or handling substances that are contaminated with bacteria. This form of arthritis is sometimes called enteric or gastrointestinal reactive arthritis.
The symptoms of reactive arthritis usually last several months, although symptoms can return or develop into a long-term disease in a small percentage of people.
What Causes Reactive Arthritis?
Reactive arthritis typically begins within 2 to 4 weeks after infection. The bacterium most often associated with reactive arthritis is Chlamydia trachomatis, commonly known as chlamydia (pronounced kla-MID-e-a). It is usually acquired through sexual contact. Some evidence also shows that respiratory infections with Chlamydia pneumoniae may trigger reactive arthritis.
Infections in the digestive tract that may trigger reactive arthritis include Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, and Campylobacter. People may become infected with these bacteria after eating or handling improperly prepared food, such as meats that are not stored at the proper temperature.
Doctors do not know exactly why some people exposed to these bacteria develop reactive arthritis and others do not, but they have identified a genetic factor, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) B27, that increases a person's chance of developing reactive arthritis. However, inheriting the HLA-B27 gene does not necessarily mean you will get reactive arthritis.
Is Reactive Arthritis Contagious?
Reactive arthritis is not contagious; that is, a person with the disorder cannot pass the arthritis on to someone else. However, the bacteria that can trigger reactive arthritis can be passed from person to person.
Who Gets Reactive Arthritis?
Overall, young adult men are most likely to develop reactive arthritis. However, evidence shows that although men are more likely than women to develop reactive arthritis caused by sexually acquired infections, women and men are equally likely to develop reactive arthritis as a result of food-borne infections. Women with reactive arthritis often have milder symptoms than men.
What Are the Symptoms of Reactive Arthritis?
Reactive arthritis most typically results in inflammation of the urogenital tract, the joints, and the eyes. Less common symptoms are mouth ulcers and skin rashes. Any of these symptoms may be so mild that patients do not notice them. They usually come and go over a period of several weeks to several months.
Joint Symptoms
Reactive arthritis typically involves pain and swelling in the knees, ankles, and feet. Wrists, fingers, and other joints are affected less often. People with reactive arthritis commonly develop inflammation of the tendons (tendinitis) or at places where tendons attach to the bone (ethesitis). In many people with reactive arthritis, this results in heel pain or irritation of the Achilles tendon at the back of the ankle. Some people with reactive arthritis also develop heel spurs, which are bony growths in the heel that may cause chronic (long-lasting) foot pain. Approximately half of people with reactive arthritis report low-back and buttock pain.
Reactive arthritis also can cause spondylitis (inflammation of the vertebrae in the spinal column) or sacroiliitis (inflammation of the joints in the lower back that connect the spine to the pelvis). People with reactive arthritis who have the HLA-B27 gene are even more likely to develop spondylitis and/or sacroiliitis.
Eye Involvement
Conjunctivitis, an inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers the eyeball and eyelid, develops in approximately half of people with reactive arthritis. Some people may develop uveitis, which is an inflammation of the inner eye. Conjunctivitis and uveitis can cause redness of the eyes, eye pain and irritation, and blurred vision. Eye involvement typically occurs early in the course of reactive arthritis, and symptoms may come and go.
How Is Reactive Arthritis Diagnosed?
Doctors sometimes find it difficult to diagnose reactive arthritis because there is no specific laboratory test to confirm that a person has it. A doctor may order a blood test to detect the genetic factor HLA-B27, but even if the result is positive, the presence of HLA-B27 does not always mean that a person has the disorder.
At the beginning of an examination, the doctor will probably take a complete medical history and note current symptoms as well as any previous medical problems or infections. Before and after seeing the doctor, it is sometimes useful for the patient to keep a record of the symptoms that occur, when they occur, and how long they last. It is especially important to report any flu-like symptoms, such as fever, vomiting, or diarrhea, because they may be evidence of a bacterial infection.
The doctor may use various blood tests besides the HLA-B27 test to help rule out other conditions and confirm a suspected diagnosis of reactive arthritis. For example, the doctor may order rheumatoid factor or antinuclear antibody tests (see "Key Words"). Most people who have reactive arthritis will have negative results on these tests. If a patient's test results are positive, he or she may have some other forms of arthritis (such as rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis) or another rheumatic disease (such as lupus). Doctors also may order a blood test to determine the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate), which is the rate at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube of blood. A high sed rate often indicates inflammation somewhere in the body. Typically, people with rheumatic diseases, including reactive arthritis, have an elevated sed rate.
The doctor also is likely to perform tests for infections that might be associated with reactive arthritis. Patients generally are tested for a Chlamydia infection because studies have shown that early treatment of Chlamydia-induced reactive arthritis may reduce the progression of the disease. The doctor may look for bacterial infections by testing cell samples taken from the patient's throat as well as the urethra in men or cervix in women. Urine and stool samples also may be tested. A sample of synovial fluid (the fluid that lubricates the joints) may be removed from the arthritic joint. Studies of synovial fluid can help the doctor rule out infection in the joint.
Doctors sometimes use x rays to help diagnose reactive arthritis and to rule out other causes of arthritis. X rays can detect some of the symptoms of reactive arthritis, including spondylitis, sacroiliitis, swelling of soft tissues, damage to cartilage or bone margins of the joint, and calcium deposits where the tendon attaches to the bone.
What Type of Doctor Treats Reactive Arthritis?
A person with reactive arthritis probably will need to see several different types of doctors because reactive arthritis affects different parts of the body. However, it may be helpful to the doctors and the patient for one doctor, usually a rheumatologist (a doctor specializing in arthritis), to manage the complete treatment plan. This doctor can coordinate treatments and monitor the side effects from the various medicines the patient may take. The following specialists treat other features that affect different parts of the body.
- An ophthalmologist, who treats eye disease.
- A gynecologist, who treats genital symptoms in women.
- An urologist, who treats genital symptoms in men and women.
- A dermatologist, who treats skin symptoms.
- An orthopaedist, who performs surgery on severely damaged joints.
- A physiatrist, who supervises exercise regimens.
How Is Reactive Arthritis Treated?
Although there is no cure for reactive arthritis, some treatments relieve symptoms of the disorder. The doctor is likely to use one or more of the following treatments:
Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, and naproxen sodium are examples of NSAIDs.1 They are often the first type of medication used. All NSAIDs work similarly by blocking substances called prostaglandins that contribute to inflammation and pain. However, each NSAID is a different chemical, and each has a slightly different effect on the body.
Some NSAIDs are available over the counter, while more than a dozen others, including a subclass called COX-2 inhibitors, are available only with a prescription. All NSAIDs can have significant side effects, and for unknown reasons, some people seem to respond better to one NSAID than another. Any person taking NSAIDs regularly should be monitored by a doctor.
1 Warning: NSAIDs can cause stomach irritation or, less often, they can affect kidney function. The longer a person uses NSAIDs, the more likely he or she is to have side effects, ranging from mild to serious. Many other drugs cannot be taken when a patient is being treated with NSAIDs because NSAIDs alter the way the body uses or eliminates these other drugs. Check with your health care provider or pharmacist before you take NSAIDs. Also, NSAIDs sometimes are associated with serious gastrointestinal problems, including ulcers, bleeding, and perforation of the stomach or intestine. People over age 65 and those with any history of ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding should use NSAIDs with caution.
Corticosteroid Injections
For people with severe joint inflammation, injections of corticosteroids directly into the affected joint may reduce inflammation. Doctors usually prescribe these injections only after trying unsuccessfully to control arthritis with NSAIDs.
Topical Corticosteroids
These corticosteroids come in a cream or lotion and can be applied directly on the skin lesions, such as ulcers, associated with reactive arthritis. Topical corticosteroids reduce inflammation and promote healing.
The doctor may prescribe antibiotics to eliminate the bacterial infection that triggered reactive arthritis. The specific antibiotic prescribed depends on the type of bacterial infection present. It is important to follow instructions about how much medicine to take and for how long; otherwise the infection may persist.
Immunosuppressive Medicines
A small percentage of patients with reactive arthritis have severe symptoms that cannot be controlled with any of the above treatments. For these people, medicine that suppresses the immune system, may be effective.
TNF Inhibitors
Several relatively new treatments that suppress tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a protein involved in the body's inflammatory response, may be effective for reactive arthritis and other spondyloarthropathies. These treatments, also sometimes called "biologics," were first used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.
Exercise, when introduced gradually, may help improve joint function. In particular, strengthening and range-of-motion exercises will maintain or improve joint function. Strengthening exercises build up the muscles around the joint to better support it. Muscle-tightening exercises that do not move any joints can be done even when a person has inflammation and pain. Range-of-motion exercises improve movement and flexibility and reduce stiffness in the affected joint. For patients with spine pain or inflammation, exercises to stretch and extend the back can be particularly helpful in preventing long-term disability. Aquatic exercise also may be helpful. Before beginning an exercise program, patients should talk to a health professional who can recommend appropriate exercises.
What Is the Prognosis for People Who Have Reactive Arthritis?
Most people with reactive arthritis recover fully from the initial flare of symptoms and are able to return to regular activities a few months after the first symptoms appear. In such cases, the symptoms of arthritis may last up to a year, although these are usually very mild and do not interfere with daily activities. Some people with reactive arthritis will have chronic (long-term) arthritis, which usually is mild. Studies show that between 15 and 50 percent of patients will develop symptoms again sometime after the initial flare has disappeared. It is possible that such relapses may be caused by reinfection. Back pain and arthritis are the symptoms that most commonly reappear. A few patients will have chronic, severe arthritis that is difficult to control with treatment and may cause joint damage.
What Research Is Being Conducted on Reactive Arthritis?
Researchers continue to investigate the causes of reactive arthritis and study treatments for the condition. For example:
- Researchers are trying to better understand the relationship between infection and reactive arthritis. In particular, they are trying to determine why an infection triggers arthritis and why some people who develop infections get reactive arthritis while others do not. Scientists also are studying why people with the genetic factor HLA-B27 are more at risk than others.
- Researchers are developing methods to detect the location of the triggering bacteria in the body. Some scientists suspect that after the bacteria enter the body, they are transported to the joints, where they can remain in small amounts indefinitely.
- Researchers are testing combination treatments for reactive arthritis. In particular, they are testing the use of antibiotics in combination with TNF inhibitors and with other immunosuppressant medicines, such as methotrexate and sulfasalazine.
Information on research is available from the following resources:
- NIH Clinical Research Trials and You helps people learn more about clinical trials, why they matter, and how to participate. Visitors to the website will find information about the basics of participating in a clinical trial, first-hand stories from actual clinical trial volunteers, explanations from researchers, and links to how to search for a trial or enroll in a research-matching program.
- ClinicalTrials.gov offers up-to-date information for locating federally and privately supported clinical trials for a wide range of diseases and conditions.
- NIH RePORTER is an electronic tool that allows users to search a repository of both intramural and extramural NIH-funded research projects from the past 25 years and access publications (since 1985) and patents resulting from NIH funding.
- PubMed is a free service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine that lets you search millions of journal citations and abstracts in the fields of medicine, nursing, dentistry, veterinary medicine, the health care system, and preclinical sciences.
Where Can People Find More Information About Reactive Arthritis?
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
National Institutes of Health
1 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892-3675
Phone: 301-495-4484
Toll Free: 877-22-NIAMS (877-226-4267)
Fax: 301-718-6366
Email: email@example.com
Website: http://www.niams.nih.gov
Other Resources
American College of Rheumatology
Website: http://www.rheumatology.org
Arthritis Foundation
Website: http://www.arthritis.org
Spondylitis Association of America (SAA)
Website: http://www.spondylitis.org
For additional contact information, visit the NIAMS website or call the NIAMS Information Clearinghouse.
Key Words
Antibodies. Special proteins produced by the body's immune system that recognize and help fight infectious agents, such as bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances that invade the body.
Antinuclear antibodies. Antibodies that are in the bloodstream of people who have connective tissue diseases or certain autoimmune disorders.
Arthritis. Literally means joint inflammation. It is a general term for more than 100 conditions known as rheumatic diseases. These diseases affect not only the joints but also other parts of the body, including important supporting structures such as muscles, tendons, and ligaments, as well as some internal organs.
Corticosteroids. Potent anti-inflammatory hormones that are made naturally in the body or synthetically (man-made) for use as drugs. They are also called glucocorticoids. The most commonly prescribed drug of this type is prednisone.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Also referred to as the "sed" rate. A blood test that signals the presence of inflammatory disease by measuring the speed at which red blood cells settle to the bottom of a test tube.
HLA-B27. Human leukocyte antigen-B27. A genetic marker often—but not always—found in the blood of patients with certain forms of arthritis, such as reactive arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
Immune system. The system that protects the body from infections.
Range of motion. A measurement of the extent to which a joint can go through all of its normal movements.
Rheumatoid arthritis. A chronic inflammatory disease that causes pain, stiffness, swelling, and loss of function in the joints. The primary target of rheumatoid arthritis is the synovium, or joint lining. This tissue, which normally is smooth and shiny, becomes inflamed, painful, and swollen. The disease can also cause inflammation in the blood vessels and the outer lining of the heart and lungs.
Rheumatoid factor. A kind of antibody found in the blood of many individuals who have rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid factor may be found in many diseases besides rheumatoid arthritis. However, some people without health problems will also test positive for rheumatoid factor.
The NIAMS gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the following individuals in the preparation of previous versions of this booklet: Frank Arnett, M.D., University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX; Daniel Clegg, M.D., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT; Robert Inman, M.D., Toronto Western Hospital and University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; John H. Klippel, M.D., Arthritis Foundation, Atlanta, GA; Barbara Mittleman, M.D., NIAMS/NIH; Ralph Schumacher, M.D., Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA; and Bernadette Tyree, Ph.D., NIAMS/NIH.
The mission of the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS), a part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Institutes of Health (NIH), is to support research into the causes, treatment, and prevention of arthritis and musculoskeletal and skin diseases; the training of basic and clinical scientists to carry out this research; and the dissemination of information on research progress in these diseases. The NIAMS Information Clearinghouse is a public service sponsored by the NIAMS that provides health information and information sources. Additional information can be found on the NIAMS website at www.niams.nih.gov.
For Your Information
This publication contains information about medications used to treat the health condition discussed here. When this publication was developed, we included the most up-to-date (accurate) information available. Occasionally, new information on medication is released.
For updates and for any questions about any medications you are taking, please contact
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Toll Free: 888–INFO–FDA (888–463–6332)
Website: http://www.fda.gov
For updates and questions about statistics, please contact
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics
Website: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs
This publication is not copyrighted. Readers are encouraged to duplicate and distribute as many copies as needed.
Additional copies of this publication are available from:
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
Information Clearinghouse
National Institutes of Health
1 AMS Circle
Bethesda, MD 20892-3675
Phone: 301-495-4484
Toll Free: 877-22-NIAMS (877-226-4267)
Fax: 301-718-6366
Email: firstname.lastname@example.com
Website: http://www.niams.nih.gov
NIH Publication No. 09–5039


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Since we spend so much time considering the smallest aspect of every thing we create, we've become particularly attuned to life's little details. And when we experience something where those details are so finely considered — even when it has little to do with stationery — we like to share it. Such was the case with this charming guestroom we had the occasion to enjoy in Upstate New York.
In fact, this room could be a case study in how to create the perfect guest room. First, a pretty palette of blues (above) is a wise choice: blue is renowned as the most calming of colors. What better way to welcome someone who might have fought through the Friday night rush hour?
Fresh cut flowers provide a lovely grace-note of color in the room, alongside a pile of the latest magazines (above).
A peaceful seaside painting (above) is positioned next to the bed to delight the eye and let the mind wander.
A worn but friendly teddy bear (above) stands as librarian to a collection of old volumes on the bedside. Is there anything better than discovering an unexpected book, with a bit of extra time to enjoy it? "The Life of the Bee" (circa 1923), the slim volume on top, was oddly fascinating.
There is something about the crisp air and deep quiet in the country that always generates new ideas for us, so how perfect to have a sharpened pencil and notepad to hand.
The only anxiety about such a lovely weekend is what house gift to bring. Even before we started producing them ourselves, we'd often bring a box of stationery. And now we're spoiled for choice, of course.
The little dog quote cards are an idea if your hosts are dog-lovers, or a bright box of Easter cards (below) is welcome in Spring. And thank you cards, like the ones below left, are always great to have to hand.
You can see all our boxed sets of cards .


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One of the America's retail giants in home improvement products and services, Home Depot, has bought Houston-based online blinds and shades retailer Blinds.com. No specific deals and terms were disclosed.
"We're delighted to welcome the Blinds.com team into The Home Depot family," shares Home Depot chairman and CEO Frank Blake.
Blinds.com's appealing user experience, professional staff and huge knowledge base prompted Home Depot to acquire and form a merger with the company.
"The acquisition of Blinds.com positions us well for expansion in the quickly growing online window coverings market. In addition, their unique sales and service model is one we hope to learn from as we continue to create even better interconnected retail experiences for our customers," Blake continues.
Blinds.com started as Laura's Draperies in 1986. Founded by Jay Steinfield, current CEO of Blinds.com, it used to be a brick-and-mortar store selling blinds, shades, draperies and bedspreads among others. They've gone online upon the inception and rise of the World Wide Web back in the mid-90s. In 2004, Blinds.com was born. Since then, it has been one of the biggest players in selling blinds and shades around the world.
"We're joining forces with The Home Depot because there is a huge opportunity to utilize each other's strengths, take additional share in this category and move even faster toward our vision of making the design, purchase and installation of quality window coverings as easy and affordable as possible," said Blinds.com founder and CEO Jay Steinfeld. "We will continue to build the Blinds.com brand and culture in our own unique way, and we believe The Home Depot is the best partner to help us do this over the long term."
Blinds.com staff and management will remain along with its headquarters in Houston, Texas.
With its over 2,200 retail stores in North and Central America, Home Depot is one of the world's largest home construction and improvement retailers. At present, it houses more than 300,000 employees spread across its branches in the continent. The company reported gross sales of $74.8 billion and earnings of $4.5 billion in 2012.


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Welcome to the new CommScope.com experience. Need help? Get Help
Customers buy the experience, not the technology.
This was the central idea underpinning a lively panel we hosted recently at Broadband World Forum in London. Bringing together some of the industry's leading minds from Altice Labs, Deutsche Telekom, KPN, Orange, and Parks Associates, we took a closer look at how the gigabit home is being rolled out across Europe, and the opportunity for operators.
One thing was clear: although the majority of subscribers might not care about what tech is used to deliver their services, they have high expectations about the quality of service they receive.
Here, our panelists agreed, lies the challenge and the opportunity.
Read on to find out more, or head here to watch our 360 video series
The gigabit home – are people ready?
Gigabit speed presents a huge opportunity for operators, but the important question is whether consumers' homes are ready for it. The panel agreed that getting fast speeds to the home is one challenge, but equally important is the reach and reliability of the network once inside.
In addition to high-performing gateways, the panel discussed the importance for operators to educate customers about optimum equipment placement to ensure the best coverage. This isn't just about speeds, but guaranteeing people's entertainment isn't disrupted when they stream their favorite shows – the blame for which can end up back on the operator's plate. More on this later.
How to make the money?
The real value to operators will come not from speed but sticky services that keep customers loyal to their provider.
Operators can be successful by providing new services that sit on top of their established network - entering a 'penta-play' market by adding IoT services into the mix. However, the opportunity differs by market. For example, market penetration for monitored security in the UK is 10 times that of Germany where the category needs better communication and understanding.
But the largest opportunity really still lies in content, as consumers' appetite for entertainment in the home – be that broadcast, subscription or OTT – continues to rise.
New IoT paradigms
Delivering new IoT services requires new models, and for many telcos, the best and most efficient way to do so is partnerships. APIs also play a big role, and for the connected home to succeed, there will be a greater need for operators – and potentially even competitors – to work together as the capabilities extend beyond the home, requiring integration with mobile networks to allow IoT devices to continue to function outside.
To virtualize or not?
On virtualization, the panel was split. At least one operator said 'no' to complex gateways, with cost being a key consideration for something simpler. Here, network function virtualization was the model of choice, allowing for functions to operate within the cloud. Others believed the delivery of the desired experience was only possible through smart gateways – while the theory of a virtualized box got the thumbs up into the future.
The need to be unseen
The dilemma, it was put, was that operators are continually troubled by the fact their customers want them to be invisible – they want the service to 'just work', with no additional dialogue required from the provider. (Except when it unfortunately goes wrong, of course.) However, as third parties introduce more services and telcos work together to scale the opportunity, the need for a strong brand was acknowledged, or operators risk being swallowed by the competition.
As one panelist said, if you don't provide a platform allowing users to have new and great experiences, the provider next door will.
We thank our panelists for giving their time, opinions and insight at Broadband World Forum:
- Yves Bellego, Director of Network Strategy, Orange
- Remco Helwerda, Innovation Strategy Consultant, KPN
- Jon Carter, UK Head of Business Development – Connected Home, Deutsche Telekom
- Paulo Mão Cheia, Head of Unit GPON, FTTx and QoS Probing, Altice Labs
- Darren Fawcett, Chief Technical Engineer, ARRIS
- Brett Sappington, Senior Director of Research, Parks Associates (moderator)
We shot a series of 360 video with our panel straight after the event – join the huddle and get the inside track from the show floor here. You can watch it via your YouTube app, browser or compatible VR device.


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Sheffield, Massachusetts
|This article is a stub. Help us to expand it by contributing your knowledge. For county and town page guidelines, visit U.S. County Page Content Suggestions.
Sheffield is a town in Massachusetts. It was formed in 1733. It can be found in Berkshire county and is a part of the Southern registry of deed district. For more information, contact the county at 21 Depot Sq., Sheffield 01257. On the attached map, Sheffield is shown as 30 in Berkshire county.
For information about the state of Massachusetts see Massachusetts Family History Research.


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Store Locator
S8 Note - This prescription item is Schedule 8 and can only be supplied on a script from a registered doctor in Queensland. Any prescriptions from any other state cannot be filled and will be returned in the mail
Pharmacist Only Medicine
Click & Collect is now available nationwide! More stores will continue to be added, so keep an eye out when selecting a pick-up store for new locations close to you.
Size: 424g
Flavour: Chocolate
Contains: Contains Milk, Soy and Fish. Contains Phenylalanine. May contain Egg. Gluten Free.


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Java malware spotted using stolen certificate
Same day as latest patch
If you haven't already run in the latest Java patch (issued yesterday), here's another good reason to do so: someone has turned up an exploit that uses signed code.
In this post, Eric Romang looks at a malicious applet that comes with a signature using credentials stolen from Clearesult Consulting in the US.
The stolen private key was posted to Pastebin. Even though the applet is using a now-revoked certificate, it seems that it's up to the user to check the revocation lists. Otherwise, if they trusted the assertion that the applet is signed, they would be well on the way to an infection.
The malicious applet probably had only limited exposure, since it was hosted at a German dictionary (http://dict.tu-chemnitz.de/) site that was infected with the g01pack exploit kit.
However, according to the Twitter message that first raised the alarm, the exploit was spotted on a machine running the version of Java that Oracle made obsolete yesterday (March 4, US time).
It'll still warrant testing, though. Announcing the patch, Oracle's Eric Maurice said the new install set Java's security settings to "High" by default, demanding that users authorize unsigned or self-signed apps before running them.
"In order to protect themselves, desktop users should only allow the execution of applets when they expect such applets and trust their origin," Oracle advises.
If the applet reported by Romang behaves as he describes, it still seems feasible to El Reg that a user might okay the installation rather than checking a revocation list to make sure the certificate is current.
Alternatively, the remaining Java users could just get rid of it. ®
Sponsored: Webcast: Why you need managed detection and response


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Yummy Plants: a vegan lifestyle website and community. We can help you start a vegan diet!
hope bohanec
If you're in the Bay Area, join in the festivities for Earth Day at U.C. Berkeley's Wurster Hall on Sunday, April 22, from 10 a.m. to 6 p.m. The all-day extravaganza is presented by Karine Brighten Events and you can win 2 tickets from the Yummy Plants community!


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It Is All About BTC, LTC, ETH, ZEC mining as well as other alternative crypto currencies
The GeForce GTX 750 Ti series of graphics cards based no the new Nvidia Maxwell architecture have really captured the attention of crypto currency miners due to their good performance (hashrate) per watt. Nvidia is advertising these cards to have 60W TDP, however we have discovered that the actual TDP limit for the power target set in the video BIOS of these cards is 38.5W…
This made us dig into the matter a bit more in order to see how much power actually does a GeForce GTX 750 Ti draw from the motherboard (a reference GT 750 with no external PCI-E power connector). So we've attached a watt meter to the power line of an external PCI-E extender to see how much power is drawn by the GT 750 Ti card. The results we got were quite surprising, even though we knew that the default power consumption should fit in the 38.5W limit for the power target set in the BIOS. With the stock frequencies for the GPU and the video memory the GeForce GTX 750 Ti has shown to draw just about 28W ot power producing about 250 KHS hashrate for Scrypt mining. After getting the card overclocked to +135 MHz for the GPU and +650 MHz for the video memory the power consumption has risen a bit to about 34W average with a hashrate of about 300 KHS for Scrypt crypto mining.
So if you were calculating the power usage of GTX 750 Ti as 60W in order to see the ratio of hashrate per Watt of power, then you should rethink how you calculate it now. Note that this is the actual power that goes from the PSU to the video card, the real power consumption with a 80 Plus certified power supply that provides 90% efficiency for example would rise with 10% to about 30W (stock) and 37W (overclocked) respectively as the actual power drawn by the card from the wall socket.
We have already ran some tests of the new GeForce GTX 750 Ti GPU based on the new Nvidia Maxwell architecture for mining scrypt-based crypto currencies such as LTC and DOGE with the help of CUDAminer (up to 265 KHS). The results it is giving, along with the low power usage of the card are making it an interesting option for people that are interested in mining crypto currencies with Nvidia GPUs. The GeForce GTX 750 Ti also shows good overclocking potential for even higher performance (up to about 300 KH/s) on a reference design board. After looking at some non-reference design boards such as ASUS GTX750TI-OC-2GD5 that has additional PCI-E power connector and much better cooling we considered that even higher performance could be achieved, however after checking some reviews of these cards it seems that the Power Target maximum on these cards is still 100%. This simply means that even though the card is clearly designed to handle serious overclocking, the power limiter will not allow you to go beyond the TDP rating of 60W, so as a result it seems that these cards are not overclocking much better than the standard reference boards.
We have also tested the performance that the new GeForce GTX 750 Ti Maxwell cards can offer in some other crypto currencies supported by CUDAminer that do not use Scrypt algorithm, but instead rely on different approaches – SHA-3 (Keccak), Scrypt-jane, Adaptive N factor Scrypt. The performance we got with them was also quite good, though overclocking the card did not help as much these as with Scrypt. Below you can find out what our results were with the different crypto coins we have tried that use the above mentioned alternative algorithms. Note that we are still trying out different configurations in order to get the maximum performance out of the GTX 750 Ti for these alternative crypto currencies, so any suggestions for settings to try with are welcome. As suggested we overclocked only the GPU for the latest results to the maximum of +135 MHz, without clocking the video memory as apparently for these algorithms it does not make sense (downclocking it down with -502 MHz does not seem to affect performance significantly). We are going to update the results if/when we get a better performance with the settings we find to work best for the specific algorithm and crypto coin combination. You are also welcome to request us to test with other coins that are supported by the CUDAminer software.
YACoin Scrypt-jane mining performance with:
cudaminer.exe -a scrypt-jane -o stratum+tcp://yac.coinmine.pl:9088 -u yourworker.1 -p password -L 4
Mining YACoin that uses Scrypt-jane has proven a bit tricky with CUDAminer as apparently it did not want to work properly with our custom settings for the kernel settings we used for Scrypt, the only way to make it work was to use the autotune functionality of the miner, otherwise we were getting errors. This means that we could not try our best performing kernel configuration T5x24 on Scrypt-jane here. After trying some suggestions for CUDAminer and YACoin and adding lookup gap with -L 4 (the best performing lookup gap setting for GTX 750 Ti) we got around 1.7 KHS out of the card. Overclocking the GTX 750 Ti to +150 MHz GPU gets us up to about 1.78 KHS of hashrate for mining YACoin (T74x1 automatically selected, so far has the best performance, as setting manually kernel does not appear to work properly).
VTC Adaptive N factor Scrypt mining performance with:
cudaminer.exe -a scrypt:2048 -o stratum+tcp://stratum.vertco.in:8080 -u yourworker.1 -p password -i 0 -l T5x24 -C 1 -H 2
For VTC mining that uses Adaptive N factor Scrypt algorithm with the T5x24 configuration and manual settings got us about 125-129 KHS hashrate with the GTX 750 Ti running at stock frequencies. After overclocking the Maxwell to +135 MHz GPU the performance increase has boosted our hashrate to about 135-137 KHS.
MaxCoin Keccak mining performance with:
cudaminer.exe -a keccak -o stratum+tcp://maxpool.1gh.com:17333 -u mGeS2LBCTJvz1Mb4Hfzt5fU1C9C1tYrxuY -p password -i 0 -l K1000x24 -C 1 -H 0
For MaxCoin mining that uses Keccak (SHA-3) algorithm we could also use the K1000x24 kernel configuration and manual settings and that got us about 62000 KHS hashrate with the GTX 750 Ti running at default clocks. Overclocking the GTX 750 Ti to +135 MHz GPU has increased a bit the hashrate to about 72600 KHS.
Meanwhile the author of CUDAminer has released an updated version of the miner software, though it is not yet specially optimized for the new Maxwell architecture you might want to update to it as it has some fixes and improvements. Furthermore there is a mention about upcoming BlakeCoin (BLC) support, so it will be interesting to see what kind of performance the GTX 750 Ti will be able to offer for BLC mining (Blake-256 algorithm) where the typical hashrate is about 3x the one you get when Scrypt mining.
We've been playing a lot today with the new Nvidia GeForce GTX 750 Ti graphics card based on the new Maxwell architecture from Nvidia, trying to overclock it as much as possible in order to get the best possible Scrypt mining hashrate out of the card using CUDAminer. The GTX 750 Ti card we have is a reference design one and it is a bit limited in terms of overclocking options, though we have tried pushing it to the maximum possible values to see what hashrate we can squeeze from the new GPU. We have already gotten about 265 KH/s with the default settings of the card, but overclocking it has increased the performance up to almost 300 KH/s whill still in the 60W power consumption (maintained by the power limiter of the graphics card).
As you can see from the screenshot above our reference design board does not allow user control of the voltage and does not provide an option to increase the power limiter past the default value of 100%. This is done due to the fact that the TDP of the card is set at 60W and the board has no additional PCI-E power connector available, so it needs to fit in the 75W maximum power that the PCI-Express slot can provide to the card by specifications. We have pushed the GPU to +135 MHz which is the maximum value that EVGA Precision and MSI Afterburner give us available and the video memory to +650 MHz as the maximum stable value resulting in about 297 KH/s hasrate that can be squeezed out of the 60W TDP (100% power limiter).
What we have to do now is look for alternative boards that do not follow the Nvidia reference design and that do have more headroom for overclocking – PCI-E power connector and the ability to increase the GPU voltage along with the option for more than 100% for the power limiter. This can give us the ability to squeeze some more KH/s from the GTX 750 Ti as the GPU is clearly handling overclocking very well and can most likely handle even higher clocks without increasing too much the power consumption. As you can see with the fan of the very small and basic stock cooler at 100% the operating temperature of the GPU is just about 54 degrees Celsius, so with a better cooler higher clocks should not be a problem at all… after all 60W is something that is not hard to cool at all nowadays.
We have just tried the card on a x16 PCI-E extender and there seems to be a problem with the normal operation. The fact that the card needs 60W over the PCI-E slot and has not external power over PCI-E power connector can cause problems if you wish to use extenders that do not have molex power connectors. So if you plan on using GTX 750 Ti with extenders it will be a wise idea to go for cards that do come with PCI-E 6-pin power connector on them to save some trouble. The x16 PCI-E extender we have tried works just fine with a Radeon R9 280X card, so the problem is not in the extender.


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The TRP TAC provides support on an annual basis for the TRP Regional Task Force. Meetings typically are held once per year in the fall. The TRP TAC provides technical assistance relative to survey design, data collection and analysis. The TRP TAC reviews requirements and effectiveness of various Travel Reduction Measures an provides assistance in assessing the impact of the Regional program on achieving air quality goals as stated in the State Implementation Plan for the Tucson airshed revision.
©Pima Association of Governments | 1 E Broadway Blvd, Suite 401, Tucson, AZ 85701 | Telephone (520) 792-1093, FAX (520) 620-6981


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Permits simultaneous recording
The TSD155C permits simultaneous recording of Leads I, II, III, aVR, aVL, aVF and one (movable) precordial lead [V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 or V6]. The TSD155C is 3 meters long and incorporates a built-in Wilson Terminal.
To perform a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram recording, use three (3) ECG100C amplifiers.
For full, simultaneous 12-lead ECG recording, use the WT100C Wilson Terminal.
The Ventilator Validation Kit supports new prototype development, existing design validation for production testing, mobile field testing and verification, and other uses where accurate pressure and flow measurements are critical. The Ventilator Validation Kit provides ventilator manufacturers and prototype developers with a complete solution for validating new medical/hospital-grade ventilator products intended for human use. The VVK100-SYS includes […]View All
New Ventilator Validation System Allows Device Manufacturers to Test Ventilator Pressure and Volume System supports rapid development and testing of hardware for COVID-19 treatment Goleta, California – March 24, 2020 BIOPAC Systems, Inc. announced a new Ventilator Validation System for engineering and device manufacturers to use when designing and testing new and existing ventilators for […]
Space Flight Simulations Prevent Disasters Under psychological and physical stress, astronauts can put their mission and crew in danger. Looking into this issue, researchers created a potentially catastrophic spaceflight simulation using a virtual reality environment and recorded the heart rate of participants. Psychophysiological responses to the potentially disastrous flight simulation were recorded using a BIOPAC MP […]Read All


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He then followed up with more examples, showing how easy it is to add support for PUT, for authorization, and for
entity tags.
Yesterday's post wrapped up his short series by not only adding DELETE support but also reflecting on the nature of Webmachine and how it lets you improve the way you think about and use the power of HTTP in your applications.
Bryan knows both Erlang and Web programming well; his examples are worth the read.


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Quote:Just curious, can anyone give me a breakdown of what, say, a typical drill weekend would be for an Infantryman or MP of the Army National Guard (I'm getting ready to switch from Active Delayed entry to the Guard)?
Quote: Infantry huh? You really do want to get into the mix. Get ready to be deployed often. Hope you don't plan on raising a family. The Army is not family oriented imo. p.s. infantrymen need to be in the best shape. You are going to be lugging around about 80lbs on your back for miles. p.s.s. Grunts are looked upon as stupid too,lol.
Artifacts from the Ryukyu Kingdom missing since WWII.
Visit www.ShisaLion.Org
to view pictures
Stun Guns
Self Defense Products-stun guns, pepper spray, tasers
and more
Complete surveillance systems for covert operations
or secure installation security
Asylum Images
Book presents photo tour of the Trans-Allegany Lunatic Asylum. A must if you're going to take a ghost tour!


text: Last Friday, I bought myself a second serger to use for classes. It is the Babylock Lauren which is a very basic 2-3-4 thread serger. I find being active in the guild and teaching classes, I needed something that I could carry with me especially when making garments. It is light enough that I can lift it without too much trouble. I did buy a tote bag for it. It will be my class machine. The threading is different from my Ovation but that doesn't bother me. It threads very much like my old Pfaff did. With Babylock sergers on sale now, I found the price to be very reasonable. It's always fun to get a new machine.


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Hello, I have a WPF application which runs in a Window. I would like to change that and have it replace the Windows desktop (this makes sense since the application is a file manager, among other things.).
I am in need of some generic explanation of how to do that because I have no clue if it's possible and how. So far I only understand that I'll probably have to call some Win32 functions. I am imagining something like "take the hwnd H of your wpf window, call GetDesktopWindow() as W, take the parent P of W, and replace H as the child of P". (This is what I seem to understand that I probably have to do, but I may be completely wrong. For example, I may need to implement some COM interfaces or create shell extensions.).
Currently I am browsing the source code of some "shell replacements" like geoshell, but I still can't locate the piece of code which replaces the desktop, and I am not sure this would apply to a WPF application anyway. So, I would be very grateful if somebody pointed at the right direction. Thank you very much for any pointers.


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"Illuminating the Word: The Saint John's Bible," opening tonight at the Canton Museum of Art, is a must-see and a milestone.
"Illuminating the Word: The Saint John's Bible," opening tonight at the Canton Museum of Art, is a must-see and a milestone.
Remarkably, the museum is the first venue to land this full-sized touring exhibition which showcases a monumental, painstaking and inspiring project.
From 2000 until 2011, Donald Jackson, a visionary illuminator based in Wales, and a team of 23 calligraphers and visual artists worked to create an epic new version of the Holy Bible, commissioned by Saint John's University in Minnesota.
"The continuous process of remaining open and accepting of what may reveal itself through hand and heart on a crafted page is the closest I have ever come to God," Jackson, who dreamed of creating a handwritten Bible since childhood, has said.
The ambition of this undertaking is awe-inspiring, especially after viewing some of the finished results. Every word of this 1,127-page Bible, in seven unbound volumes from Genesis to Revelations, was hand-written using quills and 19th-century inks in calligraphy that is remarkable in its precision and consistency.
Yet this Bible is much more than pages of perfectly rendered manuscript. The artwork illuminating the text is contemporary in feel, rich in color with gold-leaf accents, and more suggestive than specific in details, allowing for open interpretation. The imagery feels fresh, inspired and meaningful, and urges reading of the accompanying words.
"This was about making something for the millennium," Tim Ternes, director of the Saint John's Bible, said Monday. "If we want the scriptures to last for 2,000 more years, it is important to get them into the visual vernacular of the modern world. ... It's not a new word translation, it's a new visual translation."
The Bible's text is the New Revised Standard Version.
On display through March 2 at the Canton museum, in specially made glass cases under required low light, are 68 two-page spreads, each with prominent artwork, from the Saint John's Bible on sheets of vellum that measure approximately 2 by 3 feet. Accompanying panels, sketches, tools, artifacts and video illustrate steps in the Bible's creative process and the tools used.
Ternes described Jackson's creative team as "an amazing collection of artists. One of them used to be director of the art department at American Greetings. Another was a standard commercial artist known for designing the Crunchberry for General Mills. There were people of faith and people not of faith, really a cross section. The one thing they had in common was they are all incredibly talented."
Supervising the artists was a theological team from Saint John's. "Our goal was to make sure it was going to be theologically sound. The artists' job was to make it artistically sound," Ternes said. "That's a very unique pairing right there."
Max Barton, the Canton museum's marketing director, said of the exhibition, "I think people will be stunned. They will stand here and look at it in wonder."
Barton offered a tour of the artwork's intricacies and layered imagery. The creation story in Genesis is presented in seven vertical bands to portray the progress from chaos on the first day to divine order on the seventh. The frontispiece for the Gospel According to Matthew is a genealogy of Christ presented in the shape of a menorah. A visual homage to the Holocaust appears in Ezekial. The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse artwork in the Book of Revelations includes military tanks and oil wells.
"The gold throughout the pages is used to represent the presence of the divine," Barton said.
In choosing his calligraphers, Jackson had to find not only people of vast skill but ones willing to work together in concert. "Calligraphy is a solitary art, and these people are known for their individual style," Ternes said. "They had to give that all up to make sure their hands looked as much alike as possible." The Bible's script was designed by Jackson.
The Saint John's Bible exhibition coming to Canton was an idea brought to the museum by Malone University, which owns one of the limited-edition Heritage Editions of the Bible. "They'd been to St. John's and seen the Bible and thought this would be the most amazing thing for Canton," Barton said. "This is the first exhibition where pages from all seven volumes are displayed together."
Vast in scale and highly visual, the Saint John's Bible "reminds us that the Bible is communal. People often want to use the Bible as a hammer and say, 'This is mine,' " Ternes said. "The artwork invites people to come into the scripture to make meaning."


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The experience of Asian indigenous peoples with the finance lending policies of international financial institutions: A select overview
Projects and programme interventions of multilateral development banks have a record of systematic and widespread human rights violations for indigenous peoples in Asia. In many countries, indigenous peoples have been subjected to widespread displacement and irreversible loss of traditional livelihoods. Behind these human rights violations is the denial of indigenous peoples' rights to their lands, territories and resources and to their right to give their free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) to projects and programme interventions, including those in the name of sustainable development and human development. Among them, the large infrastructure (dams and highway construction) and environmental "conservation" projects have had the most detrimental adverse impacts on indigenous peoples. There are a good number of examples of such projects that have negatively impacted indigenous peoples' communities in Asian countries, some of which follow below.


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Translating using Weblate¶
Translation links¶
Once you navigate to a translation, you will be shown set of links which lead to translation. These are results of various checks, like untranslated or strings needing review. Should no other checks fire, there will be still link to all translations. Alternatively you can use search field to find translation you need to fix.
As an anonymous user, you have no other choice than making a suggestion. However if you are logged in you can still decide to make only a suggestion instead of saving translation, for example in case you are unsure about the translation and you want somebody else to review it.
Permissions might vary depending on your setup, what is described is default Weblate behaviour.
On translate page, you are shown source string and edit area for translating. Should the translation be plural, multiple source strings and edit areas are shown, each described with label for plural form.
Any special whitespace chars are underlined in red and indicated with grey symbols. Also more than one space is underlined in red to allow translator to keep formatting.
There are various extra information which can be shown on this page. Most of them are coming from the project source code (like context, comments or where the message is being used). When you configure secondary languages in your preferences, translation to these languages will be shown (see Secondary languages).
Bellow translation can be also shown suggestions from other users, which you can accept or delete.
What are plurals? Generally spoken plurals are words which take into account numeric meanings. But as you may imagine each language has its own definition of plurals. English, for example, supports one plural. We have a singular definition, for example "car", which means implicit one car, and we have the plural definition, "cars" which could mean more than one car but also zero cars. Other languages like Czech or Arabic have more plurals and also the rules for plurals are different.
Weblate does have support for translating these and offers you one field to translate every plural separately. The number of fields and how it is used in the translated application depends on plural equation which is different for every language. Weblate shows the basic information, but you can find more detailed description in the Language Plural Rules from the Unicode Consortium.
Keyboard shortcuts¶
While translating you can use following keyboard shortcuts:
- Navigates to first translation in current search.
- Navigates to last translation in current search.
- Navigates to previous translation in current search.
- Navigates to next translation in current search.
- Saves current translation.
- Umarks translation as fuzzy and submits it.
- Focus translation editor.
- Focus comment editor.
- Shows machine translation tab.
- Copies placeable of given number from source string.
Alt+M <NUMBER>
- Copy machine translation of given number to current translation.
Alt+I <NUMBER>
- Ignore failing check of given number.
- Shows nearby strings tab.
- Shows search tab.
- Copies source string
- Toggles fuzzy flag.
Translation context¶
Translation context part allows you to see related information about current string.
- String attributes
- Things like message ID, context (msgctxt) or location in source code.
- Screenshots
- Screenshots can be uploaded to Weblate to better show translators where the string is used, see Visual context for strings.
- Nearby messages
- Displays messages which are located nearby in translation file. These usually are also used in similar context and you might want to check them to keep translation consistent.
- Similar messages
- Messages which are similar to currently one, which again can help you to stay consistent within translation.
- All locations
- In case message appears in multiple places (eg. multiple components), this tab shows all of them and for inconsistent translations (see Inconsistent) you can choose which one to use.
- Glossary
- Displays words from project glossary which are used in current message.
- Recent edits
- List of people who have changed this message recently using Weblate.
- Project
- Project information like instructions for translators or information about VCS repository.
If translation format supports it, you can also follow links to source code which contains translated strings.
Translation history¶
Every change is by default (unless disabled in component settings) saved in the database and can be reverted. Of course you can still also revert anything in underlaying version control system.
Each project can have assigned glossary for any language. This could be used for storing terminology for given project, so that translations are consistent. You can display terms from currently translated string in bottom tabs.
Managing glossaries¶
On project page, on Glossaries tab, you can find link Manage all glossaries, where you can start new glossaries or edit existing ones. Once glossary is existing, it will also show up on this tab.
On further page, you can choose which glossary to manage (all languages used in current project are shown). Following this language link will lead you to page, which can be used to edit, import or export the glossary:
Machine translation¶
Based on configuration and your language, Weblate provides buttons for following machine translation tools.
All machine translations are available on single tab on translation page.
See also
Automatic translation¶
Weblate can be used for merging or copying translations from one component to another. This tool is called Automatic translation and is accessible in the Tools menu:
You can choose which components you want to use as source and how to handle conflicts.
This feature can be useful in several situations like consolidating translation between different components (eg. website and application) or when bootstrapping translation for new component using existing translations (translation memory).


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The Nim's Island Fan Site Conference Call is now online for downloading.
Please "right-click and save" or "right-click and save target as" for one of the MP3 links below before listening to preserve bandwidth.
Thanks to Gerry and Fox Walden for giving the fans the opportunity to once again participate in a press junket! Thanks to Sue W. for representing GB.Net!
High Quality (10M) | Low Quality (2M)


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PONTIAC, Mich. (AP) - A Detroit-area man who pleaded no contest to accusations he killed his father and injured his mother and brother in a baseball bat attack is scheduled to be sentenced along with a co-defendant.
Twenty-year-old Tucker Cipriano and 21-year-old Mitchell Young are expected to get life in prison without parole on Wednesday in the April 2012 attack.
Cipriano avoided trial with the plea to a murder charge. A no contest plea isn't an admission of guilt, but is treated as such for sentencing.
Young was convicted at trial of first-degree murder, assault with intent to murder and other charges.
Cipriano and family members are among those expected to speak at the hearing in Pontiac.
The Farmington Hills attack killed Robert Cipriano and injured his wife, Rose, and their son, Sal.


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Windows 10 Product Working Serial Keys 2016 : Windows 10 Serial Keys, Product Key Technical Preview, Consumer Preview 2016, Windows 10 Serial Key, 10 Home, 10 Pro, Technical Preview for Consumer. Free Windows 10 Product Code, Product Key, Download Windows 10 Product Code/Serial Key Windows 10 Serial Keys List.
- 1 Windows 10 Serial Keys, Product Key Technical Preview, Consumer Preview 2016 Updated
- 2 Free Windows 10 Product Code, Product Key
Also Read : Buy Xiaomi Mi Notebook Air
Windows 10 Serial Keys, Product Key Technical Preview, Consumer Preview 2016 Updated
Just after the release of windows 10 Microsoft has received very positive response from the users all around world and more than 14 million copies of the newly launched windows 10 has been downloaded or upgraded on the first day of its availability.
When you upgrade your PC to Windows 10 from Windows 8 or 7, your licence will be tied to the hardware upgrade, not to the Microsoft account.
Free Windows 10 Product Code, Product Key
Free windows 10 product key: Upgrade your old Windows 7 or 8.1 with the newly built authorized version of Windows 10 free. Windows 10 ISO technical preview is available in both 32-bit version and 64-bit versions. What all a user has to do is that he needs to head over to the Windows Insider Program page and join the Windows Insider Program. After downloading the ISO image copy of Windows 10, you can either install and test it in a virtual machine such as Virtual Box or install Windows 10 on your PC from USB drive.
Here you can get the below Windows Latest Serial Keys
1. Microsoft Windows Serial Key for 10
2. Windows 10 Home Serial Key
3. Windows 10 Pro Serial Key
4. Windows Technical Preview for Enterprise edition
5. Windows 10 Serial Key Technical Preview for customers/consumers
How to Download Windows 10 with Product Code and Serial Key
If you are downloading Windows 10 after downloading the ISO image and failed to note down the product or serial key then here are two working approved serial keys which could assist you in downloading the Windows 10 ISO in your Windows PC/laptop.
Learn how to upgrade from Windows 10 Home to Windows 10 Pro, including how to use a valid product key or the Windows Store.
Windows 10 Product Code and Serial Key: Enter the below-mentioned Windows 10 product code and serial key of technical preview version which are common for all and accepted by the Microsoft.
Windows 10 Product Working Serial Keys 2016
Windows 10 Product Serial Key: NKJFK-GPHP7-G8C3J-P6JXR-HQRJR
Alternate [Working*] : VK7JG-NPHTM-C97JM-9MPGT-3V66T
Windows 10 Serial Key Technical Preview for Consumer: 334NH-RXG76-64THK-C7CKG-D3VPT
Technical Preview for Enterprise: PBHCJ-Q2NYD-2PX34-T2TD6-233PK
Windows 10 Home: KTNPV-KTRK4-3RRR8-39X6W-W44T3
Windows 10 Pro: 8N67H-M3CY9-QT7C4-2TR7M-TXYCV
Windows 10 Pro Edition: VK7JG-NPHTM-C97JM-9MPGT-3V66T
Windows 10 Enterprise: CKFK9-QNGF2-D34FM-99QX2-8XC4K
*Updated* Windows 10 Product Working Serial Keys 2016
|Windows 10 Edition
|Product Key
|Windows 10 Home
|Windows 10 Home Single Language
|Windows 10 Home Country Specific (CN)
|Windows 10 Home N
|Windows 10 Professional
|Windows 10 Professional N
|Windows 10 Enterprise
|Windows 10 Enterprise N
|Windows 10 Enterprise S
|Windows 10 Education
|Windows 10 Education N
|Windows 10 Enterprise 2015 LTSB
|Windows 10 Enterprise 2015 LTSB N
|Windows 10 Core
|Windows 10 Core Single Language
Enter the above illustrated serial key of Windows 10 in the required boxes when asked during the installation of Windows 10 IOS technical preview. Readers may note the given product codes or serial keys work for both the 34bit and 64bit operating systems of Windows 10.
Note: If your problem still didn��t solve then just be patient and do check the comments below. You might get lucky in finding the right key for your Operating System.
Windows 10 is here. And you can get it for free.
For Official Info : https://www.microsoft.com/en-in/windows/windows-10-upgrade
Enjoy and don��t forget to share your thoughts with us in the comment section.


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Metal Bulletin Events Live is the useful web-app tool that allows you to:
Past delegates: For a password reminder, please click here and enter your email address.
New delegates: If you are new delegate to one of our conferences, you will need to create an account to generate log in details. This can be done in 3 simple steps:


text:
Browse by Region
About the Coalition
The Coalition for the International Criminal Court (CICC) includes 2,500 civil society organizations in 150 different countries working in partnership to strengthen international cooperation with the ICC; ensure that the Court is fair, effective and independent; make justice both visible and universal; and advance stronger national laws that deliver justice to victims of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide.
Stay up to date with civil society activities to end impunity by signing up for our email updates (and follow us on Twitter and Facebook).
Our History
Convenor and Staff
Steering Committee
Advisory Board
Global Partners
Annual Report


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Background for question: I am recently designing a PCB with KiCAD where components such as SMD http://www.kynix.com/Search/SMD.html resistors and capacitors are placed before and after DC/DC converters.
I am trying to build two different common grounds: one placed on the left side of the PCB (for all the input signals) and another one placed on the its right side (for all the output signals).
In order to do so, I am placing ground traces in the B.Cu layer and the rest of them in the F.Cu layer. Then, in the B.Cu layer, I am drawing two separated filled zones -which are connected to their corresponding ground traces-, one on the left, and another one on the right.
For doing that, I need to place one of the pads of the SMD component in the B.Cu layer (the "ground pad") and the other pad must be placed in the F.Cu layer (the "VCC pad"). The pads of the SMD components are by default both placed in the F.Cu layer.
However, I can edit the properties of the component's "ground" pad, select its layer to be B.Cu, and select B.Paste and B.Mask as technical layers.
If I do so, when looking at the 3D design of the PCB, I notice that the copper for the "ground pad" on the top layer (F.Cu) does not exist. Of course, SMD components can only be soldered to one layer, and thus, I need the top layer to have copper for both pads.
The way I have found to solve this is to select both F.Paste and F.Mask as well as B.Paste and B.Mask in the technical layers list for the component's "ground pad". I reckon that this means that I will be able to solder the component on the top layer, and the VCC pad copper will go down just to the first layer (F.Cu), while the GND pad copper will go down to the bottom layer (B.Cu), thus solving my problem.
Is this right? Do I am solving this implementation issue properly?
Thanks all.