text:
XML Topic Maps through RDF Glasses
The information represented in a topic map, expressed in one of the XML interchange syntaxes for topic maps, can, at some level of detail, be translated into information that is expressed in one of the XML interchange syntaxes for RDF information. The translated information can then be used in the context of RDF applications that would otherwise not be able to use it.
RDF Semantic Web Views
Semantic Web through RDF Glasses
Semantic Web through XTM Glasses
RDDL for XTM2RDF glasses frame
<rddl:resource ID="SeaCrTopicMapInRDF" xlink:title="Sea Creatures Topic Map In RDF" xlink:role="http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/" xlink:arcrole="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xlink:href="http://www.cogx.com/xtm2rdf/xtm2rdf.xsl" />
XTM-enabling RDF applications
- RDF Graphs
- RDF Queries
- RDF and XTM integration
Topic Map Theoretical Model
"Just as the practical field of engineering has theoretical physics as its underlying base, the design of systems for organizing information rests on an intellectual foundation." --Elaine Svenonius
Translation from one knowledge representation to another assumes mapping of their corresponding data models. It involves certain assumptions and axioms. One can envision a new line of business in the near future: companies will register semantic web translation services (between various knowledge representation frameworks) with UDDI repositories and compete on the basis of better conveying the original semantic (whatever that means).
Namespaces and RDF Schemas
RDF Topic Maps (RTM) Schema
- RDF classes and properties corresponding to core XML Topic Maps constructs.
- TMPM4 PSI declarations.
Dogovorennost: XTM2RDF translator always uses rtm namespace namespace prefix.
Dynamic Namespaces
During transformation association templates (classes) are translated into RDF Classes and Topic Map association member roles are translated into RDF Properties.
Accordingly, namespace declarations are created for each external document containing definitions of
- Association templates
- Association membership roles
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rtm="http://www.cogx.com/rtm#" xmlns:this="#" xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#" xmlns:rdfs="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" xmlns:a1="http://www.cogx.com/psi.xtm#"> ...
RDF Classes
rdfs:Class is created for each referenced association template defined inside or outside of the original XTM document.
- Class of all associations templated by a template topic.
<rdfs:Class about="http://www.cogx.com/psi.xtm#containment"> <rdfs:subClassOf resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#association"/> </rdfs:Class> <rdfs:Class about="#family"> <rdfs:subClassOf resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#association"/> </rdfs:Class> ... <a1:containment> <a1:container>...</a1:container> <a1:containee>...</a1:containee> </a1:containment> <this:family> ... </this:family>
RDF Properties
rdf:Property is created for each distinct XTM association member role.
- a role played in a class of associations (an association template);
<rdf:Property about="http://www.cogx.com/psi.xtm#container"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/psi.xtm#containment"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm#member"/> </rdf:Property>
in the case of associations that do not have templates
- a unique role played in one or more associations. [TMPM4]
<rdf:Property about="http://www.cogx.com/some.xtm#works-for"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rdf.rtm#association"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm#member"/> </rdf:Property> <rtm:association> <a2:work-for>...</a2:work-for> ... </rtm:association>
RTM classes and properties.
Association templates and association member roles defined in TMPM4 are echoed in the RTM schema and thus will not demand:
- creation of an additional namespace declaration
- dynamic creation of corresponding properties and classes.
XTM <topic>
In XTM <topic> subject can be
- Constituted by a resource;
- Indicated by one or more resources.
<topic> processing
Subject is constituted by a resource?
- rdf:about attribute pointing to the constituting resource.
<rtm:topic rdf:about="http://www.cogx.com/myphoto.jpg"> ... </rtm:topic>
(Note: there is no need to generate this statement if there are no subject indicators !).
- rdf:ID attribute that may or may not be equal to the @id attribute of the original <topic>
<rtm:topic rdf:ID="nikita"> ... </rtm:topic>
<rtm:topic>: binding hub
Groups several resources (binding points) together and demand that they indicate one and the same subject.
<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="topic"> <rdfs:subclassOf resource="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Alt"/> <rdfs:subclassOf resource="#t-node"/> <indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/#elt-topic"/> <indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#psi-tpic"/> <indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.net/pmtm4.htm#gl-topic"/> <rdf:comment>The fundamental building block of a topic map.</rdf:comment> </rdfs:Class>
- This a departure from TMPM4 where no special semantics is reserved to represent the fact that a given node in the graph was explicitly demanded by a <topic> element.
<rdfs:Class rdf:ID="t-node"> <indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.net/pmtm4.htm#gl-t-node"/> <rdf:comment>Subject identity point.</rdf:comment> </rdfs:Class>
<rtm:topic> can have one or more <rtm:indicatedBy> properties
<rdf:Property rdf:ID="indicatedBy"> <indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#subjectIndicatorResource"/> <indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.net/TMGraphAPI3.htm#indicatedby"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#topic"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#scope"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#member"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdf:comment>Subject Indicating Resource</rdf:comment> </rdf:Property>
<rtm:topic rdf:ID="nikita"> <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="urn:padi-diver-no:9907571524"/> <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/nikita-ogievetsky.html"/> </rtm:topic>
<resourceRef> processing
Outside of XTM <subjectIdentity> element
- <resourceRef> elements are translated into <rtm:constitutedBy> property.
<rdf:Property rdf:ID="constitutedBy"> <indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://topicmaps.net/TMGraphAPI3.htm#constitutedBy"/> <indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#subjectConstitutingResource"/> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="#member"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource"/> <rdf:comment>Subject Constituting Resource</rdf:comment> </rdf:Property>
<topicRef> and <subjectIndicatorRef> processing
Always translated into <rtm:indicatedBy> property.
Subject-based merging applies:
- rtm:indicatedBy(rtm:constitutedBy(A))=rtm:constitutedBy(A)
- rtm:indicatedBy(rtm:indicatedBy(A))=rtm:indicatedBy(A)
<instanceOf> processing
In most cases <instanceOf> element expands into class-instance association:
- follows rules of <association> processing.
However, <instanceOf> element addressing association template (association-template arc in TMPM4 ):
- is translated into rdf:type property .
Association Classes (templates) in RTM Schema.
rtm:basename - topic-baseName association class
- indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-topic-basename template.
rtm:occurrence - topic-occurrence association class
- indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-topic-occurrence template.
rtm:variantname - basename-variantname association class
- indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-basename-variantname template.
rtm:class-instance - class-instance association class
- indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-class-instance template.
rtm:class-subclass - class-instance association class
- indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-superclass-subclass template.
rtm:templaterpc - template - role - rpc (role player constraints) association class
- indicated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-template-role-rpc template.
<baseName> processing
Expanded into topic-basename association and translated into a statement of type rtm:basename.
Class rtm:basename is a class of all associations templated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-topic-basename.
- rtm:role-topic - whose object is rtm:member indicated by the topic;
- rtm:role-name whose object is rtm:member containing a literal string uniquely identifying the topic;
- rtm:validIn whose object is the context within which
this statement's assertions are valid.
- context within which a literal specified by rtm:role-name property uniquely identifies the topic addressed by rtm:role-topic property.
<variant> processing
Expanded into baseName-variant association and translated into a statement of type rtm:variantname.
Class rtm:variantname is a class of all associations templated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-basename-variantname.
- rtm:role-basename - whose object is rtm:member indicated by the rtm:basename statement for which an alternate form is specified.
- rtm:role-variantname - whose object is rtm:member constituted by a resource or a literal representing the alternate form.
- rtm:validIn whose object is the device context within which the resource identified by rtm:role-variantname property is an appropriate alternate form for topic's base name.
Note: this is another departure from TMPM4 where rtm:role-name and rtm:role-basename are represented by one PSI.
Descendant <variant> elements
Expanded into basename-variantname associations between the <variant> element itself and the ancestor topic-basename association with device context containing union of <parameter> elements off all intermediate <variant> elements.
Object of rtm:validIn property is rtm:scope containing union of all intermediate <parameter> elements.
<occurrence> processing
Expanded into topic-occurrence association and converted into a statement of type rtm:occurrence.
Class rtm:occurrence is a class of all associations templated by http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm#at-topic-occurrence.
- rtm:role-topic - whose object is rtm:member indicated by the topic;
- rtm:role-occurrence whose object is rtm:member constituted by a resource or a literal;
- rtm:validIn whose object is the context within which topic-occurrence statement's assertions are valid.
<occurrence> <instanceOf> processing
Based on the set of the following inferences:
- 1) Topic addressed by topic occurrence <instanceOf> element is a subclass of rtm:occurrence (topic occurrence).
- 2)rtm:occurrence is a subclass of rtm:association.
- Thus topics addressed by occurrence <instanceOf> elements are association templates.
- Thus occurrence's <instanceOf> child is transformed into rdf:type property.
Derived RDF Schema constracts
At translation time, an rdfs:Class declaration is created for each unique occurrence type (association template).
Inferred occurrence association templates has exactly two roles:
- rtm:role-topic
- rtm:role-association
RDF representation for an occurrence. Input.
<topic id="default"/> ... <occurrence> <instanceOf> <topicRef xlink:href="#landsc-img"/> </instanceOf> <scope> <topicRef xlink:href="#nikita"/> </scope> <resourceRef xlink:href="ocean1.jpg"/> </occurrence> ... </topic>
RDF representation for an occurrence. Translation.
<rdfs:Class rdf:about="#landsc-img"> <rdfs:subClassOf resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#occurrence" /> </rdfs:Class> ... <this:landsc-img rdf:ID="IDAPAE0"> <rtm:validIn> <rtm:scope> <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#nikita" /> </rtm:scope> </rtm:validIn> <rtm:role-topic> <rtm:member> <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#default" /> </rtm:member> </rtm:role-topic> <rtm:role-occurrence> <rtm:member> <rtm:constitutedBy rdf:resource="ocean1.jpg" /> </rtm:member> </rtm:role-occurrence> </this:landsc-img> ...
Graph generated by W3C RDF Validation Service
Simplified graph
(rdf containers types removed)
<association> processing
Topic Map association is translated into a statement of type rtm:association or one of its subclasses (see association <instanceOf> processing).
rtm:association is a class of all association templates and corresponds to a-node in TMPM4 model.
- One or more association member-properties whose object is
rtm:member container indicated or constituted by topics praying
{namespace}:{role} role in association.
- {namespace} refers to the topic map document where association membership {role} is defined.
- rtm:validIn whose object is the context within which this rtm:association statement's assertions are valid.
<association> <instanceOf> processing
Topic map <association> element whose <instanceOf> child points to some association template is translated into...
- a statement of that association template class
- Third RDF basic abbreviated form allows to use this Class directly as an element name.
Otherwise <association> element is translated into...
- RDF statement of type rtm:association and <instanceOf> element is converted into a class-instance association between newly created rtm:association resource and its class.
association <member> processing
translated into rtm:member containers that hold t-node ends of topic-association arc.
rtm:member serves as proxy in the association membership role assignment:
- Subject in membership container triple.
- Object in association role triple.
rtm:member can hold one or more subjects indicated by on of the following refference types:
- a resource;
- a subject indicated by a resource;
- a literal.
- (...other choices?)
Is rtm:member necessary?
rtm:member would not be necessary if RDF were quadruple based rather than triple:
- Predicate
- Subject
- Object
- Reference type
Scopes and s-nodes
XTM <scope> element "specifies the extent of the validity of a topic characteristic assignment". [XTM]
s-node "uniquely represents a scope, i.e., no other s-node can have the same set of component topics" [TMPM4]
association scope arc connects a-node and an s-node.
<scope> processing
rtm:scope statement is generated for each unique <scope> in the source document.
rtm:association and its subclasses have rtm:validIn property whose object is some rtm:scope statement which contains subjects indicating validity context.
rtm:scope is a subclass of rdf:Bag.
XTM TripleSet
RDF-XTM-RDF roundtrip
DC Fragment from PRISM
<rdf:Description rdf:about="ZARA.xml"> <dc:creator>Jane M. Folpe </dc:creator> </rdf:Description>
Stylesheet shown at KT2001 transforms above DC fragment to the following XTM representation:
<association> <instanceOf> <topicRef xlink:href="#authorship"/> </instanceOf> <member> <roleSpec> <topicRef xlink:href="#resource"/> </roleSpec> <topicRef xlink:href="#N11"/> </member> <member> <roleSpec> <topicRef xlink:href="#dc-creator"/> </roleSpec> <topicRef xlink:href="#JaneMFolpe"/> </member> </association> <topic id="authorship"/> <topic id="resource"/> <topic id="dc-creator"> <subjectIdentity> <subjectIndicatorRef xlink:href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1#creator"/> </subjectIdentity> </topic> <topic id="JaneMFolpe"/> <topic id="N11"> <subjectIdentity> <resourceRef xlink:href="ZARA.xml"/> </subjectIdentity> </topic>
Going back to XTM:
<rdf:Property rdf:about="#resource"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#association"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#member"/> </rdf:Property> <rdf:Property rdf:about="#dc-creator"> <rdfs:domain rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#association"/> <rdfs:range rdf:resource="http://www.cogx.com/rtm.rdf#member"/> </rdf:Property> <rtm:association rdf:ID="IDAGAQKC"> <this:resource> <rtm:member> <rtm:constitutedBy resource="ZARA.xml"/> </rtm:member> </this:resource> <this:dc-creator> <rtm:member> <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#JaneMFolpe"/> </rtm:member> </this:dc-creator> </rtm:association> <rtm:classInstance rdf:ID="IDAHAQKC"> <rtm:role-class> <rtm:member> <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#authorship"/> </rtm:member> </rtm:role-class> <rtm:role-instance> <rtm:member> <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="#IDAGAQKC"/> </rtm:member> </rtm:role-instance> </rtm:classInstance> <rtm:topic rdf:ID="authorship"/> <rtm:topic rdf:ID="resource"/> <rtm:topic rdf:ID="dc-creator"> <rtm:indicatedBy rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1#creator"/> </rtm:topic> <rtm:topic rdf:ID="JaneMFolpe"/> <rtm:topic rdf:about="ZARA.xml"/>
RDFDB Topic Maps queries
with SQUISH
- For more on thiis see [MIT]
Find all topics that have names in a certain scope.
SELECT ?t, ?name FROM http://localhost/xtm2rdf/rdf8.xml WHERE (rtm::role-topic ?a ?z) (rtm::indicatedBy ?z ?t) (rtm::role-name ?a ?z1)(rtm::name ?z1 ?name) (rtm::validIn ?a ?s)(rtm::indicatedBy ?s this::taxon) USING web FOR http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns# rtm FOR http://www.cogx.com/rtm# this FOR http://localhost/xtm2rdf/rdf8.xml#
Find a topic with a specific name in a certain scope.
SELECT ?t, ?name, ?theme FROM http://localhost/xtm2rdf/rdf8.xml WHERE (rtm::role-topic ?a ?z) (rtm::indicatedBy ?z ?t) (rtm::role-name ?a ?z1)(rtm::name ?z1 ?name) (rtm::validIn ?a ?s)(rtm::indicatedBy ?s this::taxon) (rtm::indicatedBy ?s ?theme) AND ?name ~ Asteroidea USING rtm FOR http://www.cogx.com/rtm# this FOR http://localhost/xtm2rdf/rdf8.xml#
RDFDB-QL syntax for TMQL expressions.
?association = inScope(?theme)
- (rtm::validIn ?a ?s)(rtm::indicatedBy ?s ?theme)
?instance = instanceOf(?class)
- (rtm::role-instance ?y ?z1)(rtm::indicatedBy ?z1 ?instance)
- (rtm::role-class ?y ?z)(rtm::indicatedBy ?z ?class)
?association = templatedBy(?template)
- (rdf::type ?association ?template)
?subclass = subclassOf(?class)
- (rtm::role-subclass ?y ?z1)(rtm::indicatedBy ?z1 ?subclass)
- (rtm::role-superclass ?y ?z)(rtm::indicatedBy ?z ?class)
RTM Containers
- rtm:topic- subclass of rdf:Alt. Each resource addressed by rtm:indicatedBy properties indicates one and the same subject.
- rtm:scope- subclass of rdf:Bag. Its rtm:indicatedBy properties constitute a unique validity context.
- rtm:member- subclass of rdf:Bag. Its
rtm:indicatedBy properties constitute an association member playing a
certain role. Actually XTM distinguishes three types of rtm:member
containers by the allowed properties:
- a general <association> role can have only rtm:indicatedBy property;
- variant-role and occurrence-role members can have rtm:constitutedBy and rtm:name properties;
- basename-role members can have only rtm:name properties.
Why different container types?
rtm:topic, rtm:member and rtm:scope containers look similar.
Why should we distinguish them?
Can rtm:scope be considered a sub-class of rtm:member?
- rtm:member represents the union of constituting subjects (subclass of daml:unionOf).
- It is still debated whether rtm:scope represents a union or intersection (subclass of daml:intersectionOf) of constituting subjects.
- rtm:topic represents an equality of constituting subjects (somewhat like rdf:Alt, no DAML equivalent)
RDF Topic Maps and DAML
- For more on thiis see [MIT]
XTM Associations and DAML
<rtm:association> <rtm:validIn> <rtm:scope rdf:about="#topic-maps-and-xslt-expert"/> </rtm:validIn> <this:employed-by> <daml:unionOf parseType="daml:collection"> <rtm:topic rdf:about="#cogitech"/> <rtm:topic rdf:about="#xyz"/> </daml:unionOf> </this:employed-by> <this:employee> <rtm:topic rdf:about="#nikita-ogievetsky"/> </this:employee> </rtm:association>
Scopes and DAML
<rtm:scope rdf:ID="not-english"> <daml:complementOf parseType="daml:collection"> <rtm:topic rdf:about="#english"/> </daml:complementOf> </rtm:scope> <rtm:scope rdf:ID="topic-maps-and-xslt-expert"> <daml:intersectionOf parseType="daml:collection"> <rtm:topic rdf:about="#topic-map-consultant"/> <rtm:topic rdf:about="#xslt-expert"/> </daml:intersectionOf> </rtm:scope>
Association Templates and DAML
<rtm:template rdf:ID="family"> <rdfs:subClassOf> <daml:Restriction> <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#wife"/> <daml:toClass rdf:resource="#female"/> </daml:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> <rdfs:subClassOf> <daml:Restriction> <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#husband"/> <daml:toClass rdf:resource="#male"/> </daml:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> <rdfs:subClassOf> <daml:Restriction> <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#wife"/> <daml:maxCoordinality rdf:resource="1"/> </daml:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> <rdfs:subClassOf> <daml:Restriction> <daml:onProperty rdf:resource="#husband"/> <daml:maxCoordinality rdf:resource="1"/> </daml:Restriction> </rdfs:subClassOf> </rtm:template>
@rdf:about ambiguity in RDF
rdf:about is used to both:
- point to resources, for which in XTM <resourceRef> would have been used;
- point to reified statements, for which in XTM <subjectIndicatorRef> or <topicRef> would have been used.
@rdf:ID VS XTM @id
- rdf:ID creates control vocabulary.
- XTM id attribute serves purely for addressing purposes.
- Vocabularies are created by baseName elements.
- Vocabulary namespace is managed with scope.
- One topic can have several entries in one vocabulary;
- One topic can have entries in several vocabularies;
- RDF vocabulary entries can be only XML IDs.
- XTM vocabulary entries can have any character content (start with a digit, include white spaces, etc.).
- http://www.cogx.com/xtm2rdf
- email@example.com
XSLT Training in New York and all over the World:
- http://www.cogx.com/training.html
- XML Topic Maps (XTM) 1.0 TopicMaps.org Specification. http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/
- Topicmaps.net's Processing Model for XTM 1.0, version 1.0.2. http://www.topicmaps.net/pmtm4.htm
- XTM 1.0 Published Subject Indicators (December 4, 2000). http://www.topicmaps.org/xtm/1.0/psi1.xtm
- Michel Biezunski and Steven R. Newcomb. An API to a Topic Maps Graph, in XML. http://www.topicmaps.net/TMGraphAPI3.htm
- Resource Description Framework (RDF). http://www.w3.org/RDF/
- DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML). http://www.daml.org
- Nikita Ogievetsky. Harvesting XML Topic Maps from RDF. http://www.cogx.com/kt2001
- Hans Holger Rath, Lars Marius Garshol. TMQL Requirements. 0.9.0. http://groups.yahoo.com/group/tmql-wg/files/official-docs/tmqlreqs.html
- SQUISH. http://swordfish.rdfweb.org/rdfquery/
- SIRPAC. http://www.w3.org/RDF/Implementations/SiRPAC/
- RDFDB-QL. http://web1.guha.com/rdfdb/query.html.
- XML-DEV thread. "RDF + Topic Maps = The Future & RDF? TM?". http://lists.xml.org/archives/xml-dev/200012/msg00291.html
- Topic Maps/RDF co-operation. http://xmlhack.com/read.php?item=763
- Eric van der Vlist. Representing XML Topic Maps as RDF. http://xmlhack.com/read.php?item=1108
- Graham Moore. RDF and Topic Maps: An Exercise in Convergence. http://www.topicmaps.com/topicmapsrdf.pdf
- Martin Lacher. On the integration of Topic Maps and RDF. http://www.semanticweb.org/SWWS/program/full/paper53.pdf
- Jonathan Borden, Tim Bray. Resource Directory Description Language (RDDL). http://www.openhealth.org/RDDL/


text:
Luke 5:33-6:11 New International Version (NIV)
Jesus Questioned About Fasting
33 They said to him, "John's disciples often fast and pray, and so do the disciples of the Pharisees, but yours go on eating and drinking."
34 Jesus answered, "Can you make the friends of the bridegroom fast while he is with them? 35 But the time will come when the bridegroom will be taken from them; in those days they will fast."
36 He told them this parable: "No one tears a piece out of a new garment to patch an old one. Otherwise, they will have torn the new garment, and the patch from the new will not match the old. 37 And no one pours new wine into old wineskins. Otherwise, the new wine will burst the skins; the wine will run out and the wineskins will be ruined. 38 No, new wine must be poured into new wineskins. 39 And no one after drinking old wine wants the new, for they say, 'The old is better.'"
Jesus Is Lord of the Sabbath
6 One Sabbath Jesus was going through the grainfields, and his disciples began to pick some heads of grain, rub them in their hands and eat the kernels. 2 Some of the Pharisees asked, "Why are you doing what is unlawful on the Sabbath?"
3 Jesus answered them, "Have you never read what David did when he and his companions were hungry? 4 He entered the house of God, and taking the consecrated bread, he ate what is lawful only for priests to eat. And he also gave some to his companions." 5 Then Jesus said to them, "The Son of Man is Lord of the Sabbath."
6 On another Sabbath he went into the synagogue and was teaching, and a man was there whose right hand was shriveled. 7 The Pharisees and the teachers of the law were looking for a reason to accuse Jesus, so they watched him closely to see if he would heal on the Sabbath. 8 But Jesus knew what they were thinking and said to the man with the shriveled hand, "Get up and stand in front of everyone." So he got up and stood there.
9 Then Jesus said to them, "I ask you, which is lawful on the Sabbath: to do good or to do evil, to save life or to destroy it?"
10 He looked around at them all, and then said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." He did so, and his hand was completely restored. 11 But the Pharisees and the teachers of the law were furious and began to discuss with one another what they might do to Jesus.
Cross references:
New International Version (NIV)
Holy Bible, New International Version®, NIV® Copyright ©1973, 1978, 1984, 2011 by Biblica, Inc.® Used by permission. All rights reserved worldwide.
NIV Reverse Interlinear Bible: English to Hebrew and English to Greek. Copyright © 2019 by Zondervan.
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subset: commoncrawl


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(By Delegates Fleischauer and Manypenny)
[Introduced January 11, 2012
; referred to the
Committee on Government Organization then Finance.]
A BILL to amend the Code of West Virginia, 1931, as amended, by adding thereto a new article, designated §24-2G-1, §24-2G-2, §24-2G-3, §24-2G-4, §24-2G-5, §24-2G-6, §24-2G-7, §24-2G-8 and §24-2G-9, all relating to energy efficiency for electric and gas utilities and their customers; defining terms; establishing required energy efficiency programs and plans; setting forth time tables; establishing targets and goals; identifying certain metering and grid technologies; providing for revenue sharing; establishing penalties; and providing for $600,000 in special license fees for implementation purposes.
Be it enacted by the Legislature of West Virginia:
That the Code of West Virginia, 1931, as amended, be amended by adding thereto a new article, designated §24-2G-1, §24-2G-2, §24-2G-3, §24-2G-4, §24-2G-5, §24-2G-6, §24-2G-7, §24-2G-8 and §24-2G-9, all to read as follows:
ARTICLE 2G. Energy Efficiency.
§24-2G-1. Short title.
This article shall be known as the "West Virginia Energy Efficiency Act."
§24-2G-2. Findings and purpose.
The Legislature finds and declares that:
(1) Energy efficiency is among the least expensive ways to meet the growing electricity demands of the state; and
(2) To provide affordable, reliable and clean energy for consumers of West Virginia, it is the goal of the state to, based on electricity consumption for calendar year 2010, achieve the following energy efficiency, conservation and demand response targets:
(A) Fifteen percent reduction in per capita electricity consumption by the end of 2017; and
(B) Fifteen percent reduction in per capita peak demand by the end of 2017.
§24-2G-3. Definitions.
As used in this article:
(1) "Demand response program" means a program established by an electric utility that promotes changes in electricity usage by customers from their normal consumption patterns in response to:
(A) Changes in the price of electricity over time; or
(B) Incentives designed to promote lower electricity use at times of high wholesale market prices or when system reliability is jeopardized.
(2) "Electricity consumption" and "electricity consumed" mean the sum of retail electricity sales to all customers and reported electricity losses within the electric distribution system.
(3) "Peak demand" means the highest level of electricity demand in the state measured in megawatts during the period from January 1 to December 31 of a year on a weather-normalized basis.
(4) "Per capita electricity consumption" means the resultant amount calculated by dividing the total gigawatt-hours of electricity consumed by electricity customers in the state as of December 31 for each year, as determined by the commission by the population of the state as of December 31 of that year.
(5) "Plan" means an electricity savings and demand reduction plan and cost recovery proposal.
§24-2G-4. Energy efficiency programs required.
(a) Beginning with the 2011 calendar year and each year thereafter, the commission shall calculate:
(1) The per capita electricity consumption for each year; and
(2) The peak demand for each year.
(b) Subject to review and approval by the commission, each gas utility and electric utility shall develop and implement programs and services to encourage and promote the efficient use and conservation of energy by consumers, commercial and industrial end users, gas utilities, and electric utilities.
(c) As directed by the commission, each municipal electric utility and each electric cooperative that serves a population of less than fifty thousand in its service territory shall include energy efficiency and conservation programs or services as part of the services provided to its customers.
(d) The commission shall:
(1) Require each gas utility and electric utility to establish a program or service that the commission finds appropriate and cost-effective to encourage and promote the efficient use and conservation of energy; and
(2) Adopt rate–making policies that provide cost recovery and, in appropriate circumstances, reasonable financial incentives for gas utilities and electric utilities to establish programs and services that encourage and promote the efficient use and conservation of energy.
(e) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, by December 31, 2011, by rule or order, the commission shall:
(1) To the extent the commission determines that cost-effective energy efficiency and conservation programs and services are available, for each affected class, require each electric utility to provide for its electricity customers cost-effective energy efficiency and conservation programs and services with projected and verifiable electricity savings that are designed to achieve, based on per capita electricity consumed in the electric utility's service territory during the year 2009, a targeted reduction, at a minimum, of:
(A) Five percent by the end of 2013;
(B) Ten percent by the end of 2015; and
(C) Fifteen percent by the end of 2017.
(2) Require each electric utility to implement a cost-effective demand response program in the electric utility's service territory that, based on per capita peak demand of electricity consumed in the electric utility's service territory during the year 2009, is designed to achieve, at a minimum, a targeted reduction of:
(A) Five percent by the end of 2013;
(B) Ten percent by the end of 2015; and
(C) Fifteen percent by the end of 2017.
(f) (1) By July 1, 2011, and every three years thereafter, an electric utility shall:
(A) Consult with the commission regarding the design and adequacy of its plan to achieve the electricity savings and demand reduction targets specified in subsection (e) of this section; and
(B) Provide the commission with any additional information regarding the plan that the commission requests.
(2) By September 1, 2011, and every three years thereafter, each electric utility shall submit its plan to the commission that details the electric utility's proposals for achieving the electricity savings and demand reduction targets specified in subsection (e) of this section for the three subsequent calendar years.
(3) Each electric utility shall provide annual updates to the commission on plan implementation and progress towards achieving the electricity savings and demand reduction targets specified in subsection (e) of this section.
(4) Each plan shall include:
(A) A description of the proposed energy efficiency and conservation programs and services and the proposed demand response program, anticipated costs, projected electricity savings and any other information requested by the commission.
(B) Each plan shall address residential, commercial and industrial sectors as appropriate, including low-income communities and low-to-moderate-income communities.
(5) The commission shall review each electric utility's plan to determine if the plan is adequate and cost-effective in achieving the electricity savings and demand reduction targets specified in subsection (e) of this section.
(6) The commission may request additional information from an electric utility regarding its plan.
(g) (1) In determining whether a program or service encourages and promotes the efficient use and conservation of energy, the commission shall consider its:
(A) Impact on jobs;
(B) Impact on the environment;
(C) Impact on rates of each ratepayer class; and
(D) Cost-effectiveness.
(2) The commission shall monitor and analyze the impact of each program and service to ensure that the outcome of each program or service provides the best possible results.
(3) In monitoring and analyzing the impact of a program or service under paragraph (2) of this subdivision, if the commission determines that the outcome of the program or services may not be providing the best possible results, the commission shall direct the electric utility to include in its annual update, under subdivision (3), subsection (f) of this section, specific measures to address the findings.
(h) (1) At least once each year, each electric utility and gas utility shall notify affected customers of the energy efficiency and conservation charges imposed and benefits conferred.
(2) The notice shall be posted on the utility's website and provided to its customers by including it with a customer's billing information, such as a bill insert or bill message.
§24-2G-5. Energy efficiency program reports.
(a) On or before January 1 of each year, the commission shall report to the Legislature on:
(1) The status of programs and services to encourage and promote the efficient use and conservation of energy, including an evaluation of the impact of programs and services that are directed to low-income communities, low-to-moderate-income communities to the extent possible, and other particular classes of ratepayers;
(2) A recommendation for the appropriate funding level to adequately fund these programs and services; and
(3) The per capita electricity consumption and the peak demand for the previous calendar year.
(b) By December 31, 2014, the commission shall:
(1) Review the anticipated achievement of the goals set forth in section two of this article for purposes of determining whether electricity consumption and peak demand reduction targets should be set beyond 2017; and
(2) After providing opportunity for public comment, report its findings to the Senate Finance Committee and the House of Delegates Finance Committee.
(c) By December 31, 2014, the commission shall:
(1) Study the feasibility of setting energy savings targets in 2016 and 2021 for natural gas companies; and
(2) After providing opportunity for public comment, report its findings to the Senate Finance Committee and the House of Delegates Finance Committee.
§24-2G-6. Smart meter and smart grid technology.
The commission shall evaluate whether advanced meter technology, commonly known as "smart meters," and digital automation of the components of the entire power supply system, commonly known as "smart grid," are cost–effective in reducing consumption and peak demand of electricity. If smart meter or smart grid technology are found to be cost–effective, the commission may require, by rule or order, each electric utility to implement, as appropriate, smart meter or smart grid technology in its service territory.
§24-2G-7. Revenue sharing.
(a) If, after notice and opportunity for hearing and based upon its analysis of the annual plan updates required under subdivision (3), subsection (f), section four and subsection (g), section four of this article, the commission determines that an electric utility has failed to comply with an energy efficiency or peak demand reduction requirement of subsection (e), section four of this article, the commission shall determine the number of kilowatt hours of electricity savings by which the supplier has fallen short of the standards, and assess a forfeiture on the utility, in the amount equal to $0.04 per kilowatt hour for each such kilowatt hour. Any revenue from this forfeiture shall be deposited to the credit of the Low Income Weatherization Assistance Program in the Governors Office of Economic Opportunity.
(b) The commission may establish rules regarding the content of an application by an electric utility for commission approval of a revenue sharing mechanism under this article by which the utility and the customer share the economic benefits of energy conservation. That application shall not be considered an application to increase rates and may be included as part of a proposal to establish, continue or expand energy efficiency or conservation programs. The commission by order may approve an application under this subsection if it determines both that the revenue sharing mechanism provides for the recovery of revenue, as well as incentive rates of return, that otherwise may be foregone by the utility as a result of or in connection with the implementation by the electric utility of any energy efficiency or energy conservation programs and reasonably aligns the interests of the utility and its customers in favor of those programs: Provided, That the revenue sharing mechanism is structured to: (1) Prevent over-earning and provide an appropriate downward adjustment to a utility's return on equity in recognition of the significant reduction in risk associated with the use of the incentive mechanism; (2) ensure that the utility engages in incremental conservation efforts to meet and maintain energy efficiency requirements; and (3) require the utility to demonstrate that the reduced usage reflected in revenue sharing adjustments are specifically linked to the utility's promotion of energy efficiency programs.
§24-2G-8. Special license fee.
(a) (1) Notwithstanding any other provision of this code, for fiscal year 2011 only, in addition to the amounts appropriated in the budget bill for fiscal year 2011, the commission may establish up to $600,000 as a special license fee for the commission and its Consumer Advocate Division to accomplish the requirements of this article.
(2) Of the $600,000 that may be collected under subdivision (1) of this subsection:
(A) Up to $500,000 may be expended in accordance with an approved budget amendment for consultants, personnel and related expenses of the commission as it determines is necessary to accomplish the requirements of this article; and
(B) Up to $100,000 may be expended in accordance with an approved budget amendment for consultants, personnel and related expenses of the Consumer Advocate Division as it determines is necessary to accomplish the requirements of this article.
(3) The special license fee shall be imposed only on those electric utilities otherwise subject to the license fees under section six, article three, chapter twenty-four of this code. The amounts collected shall be deposited in the Public Service Commission Fund.
(4) The amount of the bill sent to each electric utility subject to the special license fee shall be that amount resulting from multiplying:
(A) The amount authorized to be collected under this subsection; and
(B) The ratio of gross operating revenues of the entity subject to the special license fee to the total gross operating revenues for all entities subject to the special license fee.
(b) It is the intent of the Legislature that, beginning with fiscal year 2012, the annual state budget include amounts for the commission and the Consumer Advocate Division for the implementation of this article, including consultants, personnel and related expenses.
§24-2G-9. Severability.
The provisions of this article are severable, and if any phrase, clause, sentence or provision is declared to be invalid or is preempted by federal law or regulation, the validity of the remainder of this article is not affected.
NOTE: The purpose of this bill is to provide the Public Service Commission the authority to require electric and gas utilities to develop and implement plans for the efficient use, conservation and reduction of energy usage. The bill sets forth goals to reduce electricity usage by five percent by 2014, ten percent by 2016 and fifteen percent by 2018. The bill also requires electric utilities to submit plans for reaching those goals, provides for revenue sharing and the opportunity for financial incentives for gas and electric utilities to establish energy saving programs. Additionally, the bill authorizes a special license fee up to $600,000 to be collected from the affected utilities to implement the bill's requirements and establishes a penalty of $0.04 per kilowatt hour for those utilities that fail to comply with the commission's reduction requirements. Moreover, the bill requires the commission to file usage reports and the results of studies concerning the feasability of additional demand reduction targets beyond 2018 with the Legislature.
This article is new; therefore, it has been completely underscored.


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Yoga's regulating and energizing properties can help alleviate many of the symptoms of mild depression*. Yoga postures will activate and move prana in the body, open the heart center, stimulate the nervous system and balance the body-mind-spirit. A slow, gentle practice is recommended; do not overexert yourself or you may end up more tired than you began. Practice as often as possible; daily is most beneficial.
Yoga Postures
Use our Beat the Blues sequence as a general practice, and adding or emphasizing from our complete list of postures for Depression.
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Practice Dirga and Nadi Sodhana Pranayamas to reduce stress and to calm the body, heart and mind. If there is excess fatigue, practice Kapalabhati Pranayama to energize the body.
Meditation reduces stress, calms the mind, reduces negativity and creates a positive attitude. Use one of the following by itself and/or at the beginning and end of your yoga practice: Yoga Meditation, Heart Chakra Meditation, Mantra Meditation.
Healing Depression with Yoga
Better than Prozac?
Can Yoga Banish the Blues?
The Natural Prozac
Books and Videos
Yoga: the Path to Holistic Health
Yoga as Medicine
Yoga Therapy
Yoga for Wellness
Yoga RX
Web Resources
On-line depression-screening test
Depression Healing Center
Yoga is not a substitute for conventional western medication; please consult your medical professional before starting a yoga practice.


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Koivu Withdraws From Sochiby Mike Doyle / Minnesota Wild
It was a disappointing day for Mikko Koivu, as he announced he will not play in his third-straight Olympic Games.
The Wild captain addressed the media today, saying that he is withdrawing from Team Finland for the upcoming 2014 Sochi Games. Koivu had surgery to repair a fractured ankle after he was struck in the foot with a puck on Jan. 4 against the Washington Capitals. He has not played since the surgery.
"I just don't feel healthy enough to feel that I can play at the level that I want," Koivu said. "I really think it's not fair for my teammates with Minnesota, with Team Finland, the management in Team Finland and not fair for myself either.
"Just the level that I've been skating by myself, I have been practicing with the team. I just don't think it's fair to anyone for me to go to Sochi."
The two-time Olympian has won a Sliver (2006, Torino) and Bronze (2010, Vancouver) with Finland. In Vancouver, the center had four assists in six games.
Koivu is well decorated in international competition. He has represented Finland in a number of international tournaments starting with World Junior Championships and most recently led his country to gold as team captain at the 2011 World Championships, tallying 11 points (3-8=11) during the tournament. Missing out on the Olympics will be especially difficult with Finland's international success and the grandiosity of the event.
"It's hard," Koivu said of watching this year. "Obviously we've had a lot of success in the past. The feelings to represent your country, especially in the Olympic Games, it doesn't happen very often. I just have to put the emotions away and think clearly. It's not fair to anyone for me to go and play for Team Finland right now."
"It's frustrating," Koivu said. "Just going back and forth, getting a good day and getting excited and then falling. I knew that would happen with bones healing...even knowing that and going forward, it's frustrating."
Koivu has been skating on his own trying to get back in time for the Games. However, he said that the pain would increase the more time and pressure he'd put on the foot. But with a few weeks off, the center will have time to rest, recover and rehab.
"It's healing just fine, the screws are there and that's going to keep the bone steady, it's more about getting the rest now."
The Wild Captain plans on taking some time off over the break and fully recovering before re-joining the team after the break. He wants to be 100 percent before returning to action.
"That's the goal, but I don't want to say anything right now," Koivu said. "I thought I would be going to Sochi if you asked me three weeks ago.
"If I would be healthy, it would help me to go to Sochi and play here, but at the same time make sure I'm 100 percent healthy for the Wild."
According to International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) rules, teams are permitted to enter a maximum of 22 players and 3 goalkeepers into the 2014 Olympic Winter Games Men's Tournament. Game Rosters are set with a maximum of 20 players and 2 goalkeepers per team.
The Wild will have four players representing their countries at the game. Fellow Finn Mikael Granlund will skate in his first Olympics. Zach Parise appears in his second Games and will captain the United States, along with alternate captain Ryan Suter, also in his second Olympics. Nino Niederreiter will debut in Sochi with Team Switzerland.


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At Least the Internet Turned Out to Be a Good Government Investment — Millions Watched Debate Online
Who won the first Presidential debate last night? According to the cable news pundits, the winner was Republican candidate Gov. Mitt Romney. The other winner, according to Twitter's peanut gallery, was Sesame Street's Big Bird, who came up in Romney's pitch for cutting PBS funding.
But the other other winner was video streaming. This year, you definitely didn't need an old-fangled television to watch the debates, with online offerings ranging from simple videos to live fact-checking and commentary.
YouTube's politics channel carried videos from multiple sources, including the New York Times and Univision. And a YouTube spokesperson said they had "millions of live streamed views of the debates, and one of the highest number of concurrent streams ever for a YouTube live stream."
(Updated 4:59 p.m. PT): Ustream has added their numbers to the fray, reporting 3.5 million total video streams of the debate and debate-related videos yesterday. However, bear in mind that that number covers both live and recorded video views, not just live streaming.
Meanwhile, CNN reported that their debate videos were at least started nearly five million times, with 1.2 million people watching live worldwide. A network spokesperson added that yesterday was one of CNN's best for live video this year — second only to Whitney Houston's funeral, which attracted 700,000 more viewers.
By contrast, Nielsen reported that 67 million people who did have those old-fangled television contraptions tuned in to watch the debates that way.
Other online offerings included video and interactive features on AOL's network of Patch, AOL.com and the Huffington Post, which brought in 400,000 streaming viewers. And The Wall Street Journal's various video streams across sites like YouTube, Hulu and UStream, as well as on WSJ.com and TV set-top devices like Roku, brought in more than 100,000 viewers.
Hulu also offered video from ABC News and Fox News, but a site spokesperson declined to share numbers about their performance.
Aereo, which also did not share statistics about their video performance, offered New Yorkers two hours of free access to their online live TV streaming service in order to watch the debate.


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Heath Gallery: Generation Painters
John Wood Community College Heath Center Art Gallery will feature Generations Painters during October.
Generations Painters will display their work in the gallery October 4 to 31. Generations Painters is a group of women who became friends through their love of oil and pastel painting. Shirley Crank, Judy Emerick, Barb Niewohner and Esther Musolino of Quincy and Anita Little of Hannibal discovered their shared interest in painting after having children and careers. All five have a fondness for painting portraits and have participated in classes on various subjects to explore new techniques. They are members of local art guilds and councils and have received numerous awards for their work.
In addition to the Generations Painters exhibit, watercolors by Jane Baucom and Lois Lewton's Porcelain Artists will display their work during the month of October. Some of the works will be for sale. The public is welcome to meet the artists at a reception on Wednesday, October 16 from 5 to 7 p.m.John Wood Community College Campus


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Message Board
Jennifer Cloud Message Board
Talk about the novels, new and used books that Cloud has written!
Author Cloud's Book Reviews
Nightmare's Embrace
Nightmare's Embrace is a novel based on a medical condition called REM behavioral disorder. It is a story about James, a man with a sleepwalking problem. The problem escalates as he finds himself surrounded by death....
Storm Riders
Becca finds something unbelievable hiding in a storm. It ends up killing her ex-boyfriends while she watches. A police officer, Vance, takes on a case domestic violence case, but the boy involved is dead, mutilated, and the only suspect is Becca. It becomes a missing persons case when she is abducted from a mental hospital. Vance finds he has to face a monster in order to solve the crime. His quest takes him to the creature's world. He hopes to...


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Wilhelm Automotive's longtime presence in Arizona began in the late 1880s when the original settlers arrived from Peoria, Illinois. Tuck Blackwell set up a blacksmith shop to serve the hardy souls making the desert their new home. He eventually sold his shop, and it became the Jennings Brother's Garage.
In 1928, young Joe Wilhelm who was only in his early 20s partnered up with his uncle John Ansel to buy the Jennings Brother's Garage, and they opened Wilhelm Garage. The farmers of the early West Valley depended on Wilhelm Garage to keep their machinery in running order —often accepting crates of vegetables as payment.
In 1979, the Wilhelms sold the garage to Charley and Mary Jane Gyder, who continued the tradition of the family business with their sons, Thomas and Doug. They were tapped as the next generation of business owners in 1996, and Wilhelm Automotive expanded to occupy five locations, with the Peoria operation remaining as the company headquarters. Today Chris Garman, grandson of Charley and Mary Jane Gyder, is the 3rd generation to run the family business.
The philosophy that Joe Wilhelm established was very simple - perform quality service, do everything you can to accommodate your customers and always give back to your community.
Interested in learning more about "the good old days"? Visit these historical websites:


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Du er her
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Spotlight on VET Malta
The 2014-24 education strategy in Malta highlights the role of vocational education and training (VET) in increasing effectiveness and quality and in fostering inclusion and progression.
Stakeholders strongly support VET. The Chamber for Commerce, Enterprise and Industry, the Malta Employers' Association and the unions are involved and sit on the boards of state VET providers.
Many employers promote apprenticeships, with dialogue between VET providers and industry as a key feature in qualification design.
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Assistive Technology Partners is committed to delivering the latest information on assistive technology. In this section, you will find web-based resources for finding new and used equipment and devices and funding resources, as well as a variety of documents that support the use of the full range of assistive technology devices and equipment in multiple environments.
Follow the links on the left to find quick and easy hints and "low tech" ideas for making everyday tools accessible.
All information is available in alternate formats.
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Forced to pay union dues?
The right-to-work initiative on November's ballot, a.k.a. Amendement 47, is supposed to give workers a choice.
Supporters say tens of thousands of Colorado workers are being forced to pay union dues against their wills. This results in their hard-earned money flowing directly to political causes they do not support.
In my last column on Amendment 47 (click here to see column), I argued that the entire issue was specious.
Unions are hardly a runaway problem since only 8 percent of Colorado's workers are unionized. Amendment 47 is primarily an ignorant and destructive political battle between fringe elements of the left and the right.
"Didn't realize you hated freedom so much, Al," one reader posted on my column's online comments section. "Amendment 47 … merely gives workers a choice of whether or not they are forced to join a union and pay dues in order to get or keep a job. Pretty simple."
Yep. That's me. Freedom hater. This guy's got me pegged. Truly, I wish there was no such thing as freedom. Now, will somebody please lock this guy up?
Surely even an alleged freedom hater like myself can understand the grossly unfair nature of a worker being forced to pay union dues when that worker is ideologically opposed to unions and their often misguided political causes.
Unfortunately, I have yet to meet anyone in this position.
I'm not saying there aren't workers paying union dues against their wills in Colorado.
I'm just saying I dont' know any.
In fact, in 18 years of covering business in Colorado, I've never heard anyone complain of being in this situation, except for the zealous supporters of this initiative.
I would bet the readers who took issue with my last take on Amendment 47 don't know any of these people either.
Several people who I have challenged to produce such individuals have failed to deliver. They just argue about their existence without any data or facts or direct knowledge.
Now I agree that there's got to be at least two or three people in this situation who would talk to me. You would think the backers of Amendent 47 would be bringing them straight up to my office, but they are not.
So here's the deal. It's time for all you ranters to put up or shut up. Bring me workers who will tell me their stories of being forced to pay union dues. As many as you can find.
I want to write about this, but I need more than abstractions to do it right.
If you are in this position, or were once in this position, please contact me. I will tell your story. It will be a great column.
Also, this blog post is where you can find a sympathetic ear. I would love to see a post from you.
If you have to post anonymously, please e-mail me at email@example.com, so that I can verify your story.
Being forced to pay union dues against your will is a terrible, terrible thing.
There ought to be a law.


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Meet Bridget Saladin
"I feel like I am truly part of the community here at Saint Ben's and Saint John's, even as a transfer student. It was so easy to go through the transfer process and everyone here (staff, professors, monks, sisters and students) all truly and deeply care about you and your endeavors!"
Bridget Saladin
Woodstock, Ill.
History major
Why did you decide to transfer to CSB/SJU?
I decided to transfer to CSB/SJU because of the atmosphere that surrounds our two campuses. It feels like home and that is extremely important to me because I am from Illinois. I feel like I am truly part of the community here, even as a transfer student. It was so easy to go through the transfer process and everyone (staff, professors, monks, sisters and students) all care deeply about you and your endeavors. That is awesome!
What are some of the activities in which you have participated?
I went on a mission trip to Trinidad and Tobago through the Men's Center. It was the most amazing thing I have ever done, and I think about the girls that I helped everyday. There are a ton of clubs and organizations to get involved in here! And, if they don't have a club that you are looking for you have the option of making your own! Because of our 3,300 acres of woods and lakes it is also really cool to explore outside here but make sure you bring your sense of adventure! I also participate in our Alpha Kappa Sigma sorority and on the CSB Phonathon team
What inspires you about CSB/SJU?
I love that we have two campuses because that gives us so many different options. I also love the connection we have with our alum's and how they are so unbelievably willing to help students out whenever they can.


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28 Jahre alt frau Ternopol, Ukraine
The woman who is hungry for LOVE - yes, this is me! Strong inside enough and not scared to realize the fact that "the woman can be the most successful business lady and sex idol at... Mehr über Oksana von Ternopol
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29 Jahre alt frau Chelyabinsk, Russia
Looking for a man to create a family and have children.I will be a beautiful mother and a loving wife.I will give you love and affection. I also cook delicious)... Mehr über Екатерина von Chelyabinsk
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32 Jahre alt frau Stepanovka, Ukraine
I want to tell you a little bit about myself. My name is Anastasiya. I'm 29 years old. I'm from a small town in Ukraine, which borders on Russia, where I live with my parents. V... Mehr über Anastasia von Stepanovka
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35 Jahre alt frau Kiev, Ukraine
I am a sweet Ukrainian girl with an outgoing personality. Very happy and good natured I have a strong side as well. I'm also jovial, open-hearted, friendly, energetic and very act... Mehr über Mariana von Kiev
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Zenitar Fisheye Lenses
Zenitar 16mm Fisheye is a series of Russian super wide-angle lenses with angle of view of 180 degrees intended for cameras with 24x36mm frame. On APS-C format cameras Zenitar lens turnes into wide-angle lens losing most of the optical distortions that gives original effect on the images. Zenitar lenses are developed and still produced by Krasnogorskiy Mekhanicheskiy Zavod (KMZ). Using adapter rings these lenses can be mounted on most modern SLR and DSLR cameras like Canon, Nikon, Sony, Olympus, etc. Special lens construction guarantees excellent image quality and color reproduction. The multilayer antireflection coating on the lens increases light transmission and reduces its dispersion that leads to glare elimination. Zenitar lens allows you getting original photos, provides unique opportunities for creative artistic photography. It allows you shooting from close distance, provides great depth of field. It is a compact and easy to use, despite the absence of autofocus. Zenitar refers to diagonal Fisheye lenses that means that the frame will be fully occupied by the image. However 180 degrees angle of view corresponds only to a diagonal. Among all horizontal lines only the line passing through the center of the frame will be straight. Horizontal lines above the center of the frame will be bent up, lines below the center - bent down.


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Read latest COVID-19 advice for parents and childcarers here
Start by entering your postcode to set up your FREE
account and read reviews about childcarers local to you.
You can then book childcare online – just select the
date, time and address for your booking.
Choose the local carers you'd prefer us to offer your bookings
to first and we'll keep you updated of progress by email.
Your childcarer will call you before the booking and you should pay
her for her time at the end. Rates start from just £8.75.
Pay nothing until after you have used Sitters - guaranteed. A booking
fee (£4-£6) and quarterly membership fee (£14.95) will only be
charged to your credit card after your booking has taken place.
Read reviews of approved Sitters local to you
Sarah has been our 'resident' babysitter from sitters since we joined - probably about ten years ago and has babysat for all three of my boys as they've been born and grown up. We haven't had Sarah for a while due to one thing and another, and when I mentioned to the boys she was coming, they were thrilled. They are very comortable with her and feel safe, as do we. She is a super person on who I can rely on completely.
As you can imagine, I was apprehensive about leaving my daughter for the first time! Lisa called ahead to have a chat which really helped to put my mind at rest. My daughter felt as ease straight away and she told me how Lisa played with her all day! Highly recommend Lisa and I will definitely be booking her again!
Couldn't be happier with the service Sarah provided. As a new mum and the first time booking through sitters, I should have been nervous walking out the front door. Sarah's professionalism and character ensured that this was not the case and I felt very comfortable leaving my precious little girl in her hands.


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Export 8 results:Author [ Title] Type Year
Filters: Author is Arian Aghajanzadeh [Clear All Filters]
2006-2015 Research Summary of Demand Response Potential in California Industry, Agriculture and Water Sectors. 2015. LBNL-1004131..
Demand Response Potential for California SubLAPs and Local Capacity Planning Areas: An Addendum to the 2025 California Demand Response Potential Study - Phase 2. 2017. LBNL-2001114..
Demand Response Research Center - Final Report. 2015. LBNL-1005753..
Opportunities for Automated Demand Response in California Agricultural Irrigation. 2015. LBNL-1003786..
Opportunities for Automated Demand Response in California Wastewater Treatment Facilities. 2015. LBNL-1003845..


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swat necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 73 diseños de 28 diseñadores freelance.
Company name: BCI website: http://www.bcianswers.com
This logo is for a party/event, "The Inside Scoop".
BCI is an regional IT company @ approx. 50mm annual sales. Strong in Cisco, Microsoft, Citrix, etc. Sells IT hardware & software. Located in central deep south US.
The logo is for an annual event. Outdoor party with vendor booths for demo & information. Tag line for event "The Inside Scoop" . Will be outdoor grilled food, music, an ice cream truck for the "Scoop" + the vendor booths + technology classes.
The target audience is corporate & government IT professionals......folks that would purchase IT infrastructure products (hardware, software, & custom programming). Also upper mgmt that may be above IT level, but involved with decision making.
Need a clean logo for the party around the slogan "The Inside Scoop". That's it.
Should be light & feel good....could be humerous (maybe). It's a party.
See website for corporate feel. The website is a bit dated, but you get the feel of the corp. http://www.bcianswers.com
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Meccano Ltd. Brochures and Leaflets
Meccano Ltd Brochures (Catalogues, Price Lists, Leaflets etc.)
Meccano Ltd published a wide range of advertising brochures to promote its products. These are fascinating documents for those interested in the history and development of Meccano and Meccano Ltd
This section of my website provides downloads of a large variety of Meccano Ltd's Catalogues, Price Lists, Advertising Leaflets etc.
Also included in this section are the servicing leaflets published by Meccano Ltd in the early 1960s for Hornby and Hornby-Dublo Locomotives and some Meccano Motors.
For convenience the documents on this website are split into several sections:-
- Meccano Ltd Product Catalogues and Price Lists.
- Meccano Leaflets and Price Lists
- Pre-War Meccano Spare Part Lists (most with prices)
- Post-War Meccano Spare Part Lists (most with prices)
- Dinky Catalogues and Leaflets
- Hornby and Hornby-Dublo leaflets
- Other Advertising Leaflets
- Servicing Leaflets
- Other Leaflets
- Meccano Guild Leaflets
- American Meccano Catalogues and Leaflets
18 January 2020 : Additional American Meccano Leaflets added. Thanks to Kendrick Bisset
18 January 2020 : Additional Plastic Meccano leaflets added to the Meccano Advertising Leaflets page.
19 November 2019 : An addition section of American Meccano catalogues and leaflets has been added. Thanks to Clive Weston for the loan of the literature.
4 August 2019 : Additional leaflets - A 1973 Meccano Products promotional leaflet for Dealers and a letter to Dealers concerning the introduction of the Multikit range.
24 March 2019 : Additional leaflets (mainly for the Swiss market) courtesy of Urs Flammer to the following pages - Meccano Products, Meccano leaflets, Pre-War & Post-War Spare Parts Lists, Other Advertising Leaflets, Other leaflets.
18 March 2019 : Additional leaflets to the following pages - Meccano Products, Dinky, Other Advertising Leaflets.
17 March 2019 : A lot more Meccano Spare Parts Lists added - Especially pre-war ones. The page is now split into two - Pre and Post War. Also advertising leaflets and instruction manuals for Hornby controllers, Lighting accessories and Automatic Circuit Breakers
22 December 2018 : The following items added:-
- Servicing Sheets 24, 25, 26 (Meccano Servicing Leaflets)
6 December 2018 : The following items added:-
- c1968 and 1975 Plastic Meccano Advertising Leaflets (Meccano leaflets)
15 November 2018 : The following item added:-
- 1978 Meccano Advertising Poster (Meccano leaflets)
15 August 2018 : The following items added:-
- January 1977 Meccano parts price list (Meccano parts lists)
- Jigsaw Maker instructions (Other leaflets)
- Meccano Seal of Quality slip (Other leaflets)
- Todays Meccano and request for missing parts (Other leaflets) - Some text errors on the Meccano Parts lists page
26 July 2018 : This section of the website published


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Frankfurt, Germany – 13th September, 2017 – Today at IAA 2017, the world's leading provider of electric personal transportation, Segway shows a new concept of efficient, green and smart transportation with the announcement of the CityGo Last Mile System. A smart electric kickscooter network that could reshape the future landscape of transportation within cities.
"With the concept of CityGo Last Mile System, we will enable commuters to travel the last mile in an effortless and elegant way, not to mention environmental friendly. When not in use, CityGo scooters can be locked and charged at conveniently positioned "Charge'n Go" stations or in cars' boots with the "Boot'n Go" car storage units," said Tony Ho, Vice President Global Business Development at Segway. "We are currently actively working with cities, car manufacturers, car-hiring companies, and EV charge networks to roll out this new concept to the mass market. We certainly welcome more partners to join us."
Safe and green ride for future daily commute
The elegantly designed CityGo scooter will be lightweight and easy to fold which allows users to store it in their cars or conveniently carry it on and off public transport to make it the ideal vehicle for daily commute.
Features like the unique adaptive power assist system enables users to activate and adjust speed intuitively, and to personalize riding preferences accordingly. With a maximum speed of 25 km/h and three different riding modes, Novice, Standard and Sport, the CityGo scooters will fit the needs of all kind of users.
Segway CityGo App
All CityGo scooters are mobile phone ready, and can be lock/unlock, personalized and monitored via Bluetooth communications. In addition, The CityGo apps will be powered by a cloud based management system, which allows all scooters, charge stations and car trunk storage units to work together seamlessly. When applying big data analysis, the deployment of the CityGo scooters and network build-out can be optimized. As a result, auto companies, charge networks, and cities will be able to integrate their current infrastructure readily as a turn key solution.
Segway products to be seen at IAA
Segway attends IAA in the New Mobility section and can be found in hall 3.1, booth C22. Segway will show her full consumer and professional product line-up including the recently announced Ninebot by Segway KickScooters, Segway miniLITE and Segway miniPLUS. With the main theme being "Future Now" in the New Mobility section at IAA in Frankfurt, Segway perfectly fits in as the renowned innovative brand for self-balancing vehicles. Segway has been putting her attention on the development of safe, green and smart personal vehicles that improves people's lives for the short distance commutes that meet the future needs.
About Segway
Segway is moving in a brand new and exciting direction. For years, you've known us as the world leader in commercial-grade, electric, self-balancing personal transportation. After strategically merging with Ninebot, we reevaluated our product lines, as well as target markets, and made some bold changes. We're now also applying our world-renowned intellectual property to consumer products, with a sharp focus on transportation for lifestyle and recreational riders, and not looking back. For more information, please visit www.segway.com.
SEGWAY and the Segway 'flyguy' logo are registered trademarks of Segway Inc. Trademarks not owned by Segway are the property of their respective owners as designated.


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Although the state of Colorado has made it legal for adults to possess one ounce or less of marijuana, the individual cities and counties in Colorado are not so keen on following suit. Erie, Lafayette, Superior and Broomfield are all in the process of constructing their own individual laws regarding the drug. Currently, the town of Erie disallows medical marijuana dispensaries in town and officials for Erie, Superior and Lafayette are planning to prepare an ordinance banning retail marijuana stores within town limits. The city of Broomfield plans to vote January 22nd on a first reading of an ordinance temporarily banning marijuana related businesses through 2014 and as of this time, medical marijuana businesses are not allowed within the city limits. Although President Obama stated that the federal government would not be prosecuting individuals in Colorado who are found to possess one ounce or less, law enforcement will still be on the lookout for those driving under the influence.
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Microsoft Word
Get it now with an Office 365 subscription
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Resume Assistant, powered by LinkedIn, helps you craft a more compelling resume. Customize your resume based on millions of LinkedIn job listings, then apply or contact recruiters on LinkedIn.1
Microsoft Word with an Office 365 subscription is the latest version of Word. Previous versions include Word 2016, Word 2013, Word 2010, Word 2007, and Word 2003.
iTunes, iPhone, and iPad are registered trademarks of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. Android is a trademark of Google Inc.
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These games teach valuable skills and have a high fun and educational rating.
Your child develops design and keyboard skills as they build their own custom car and test drive it.
Your child develops matching and fine motor skills by navigating his/her car and collecting items that match.
Your child improves cognitive development by positioning robots to cause a chain reaction that lets your car get to the goal.
Your child learns how to be strategic by arranging pieces to hit a target.
Your child improves fine motor skills by attempting to get to the end of the race track while being attacked by a dragon.
Your child develops fine motor skills by racing a car against a T-rex while avoiding various obstacles.
Your child will develop fine motor skills and hand-eye coordination by drawing the track to enable the biker to do tricks.
Your child develops fine motor skills by riding a motorcycle off ramps, doing tricks, and collecting points.
Your child develops keyboarding skills as they maneuver their car around obstacles.
Your child improves fine motor skills and computer literacy by flying and blasting enemy ships to reach the end of the level.
Zoodles 11.8.7 Copyright (c) 2014 Inquisitive Minds, Inc. All rights reserved.


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In the aftermath of an earthquake, every second counts for disaster victims. Imagine a system that can locate people quickly and help first responders save more lives.
That smart emergency response system includes autonomous aircraft and ground vehicles, rescue dogs, and a high-performance computing mission control center.
They're all connected—an example of the Internet of Things (IoT).
See how MATLAB® and Simulink® are used in this forward-looking cyber-physical system. It's part of a vision for a smart America, and was developed with a consortium of technologists for the White House Presidential Innovation Fellows initiative, SmartAmerica Challenge.


text: You know, they say sometimes people go CRAZY on these long trips. They get the, eh... SPACE MADNESS. Not plucky Lord British, though. No, the good lord is safe in his heaven and has found the time to transmit a coded message of hope to us earth-bound types. The multisquillionaire held up a card containing the message shortly after reaching orbit - the message is encoded in Logos Elements - the fictional runic system used in Garriott's game Tabula Rasa. Fans of the game have now decoded the runes and found it to be a quote - hit the jump to see what Lord British thinks we ought to know."Earth is the cradle of humanity but mankind will not be in the cradle forever." -Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky (Soviet Rocket Scientist) Wow, that's like, really deep. Richard Garriott Sends Message During Launch


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A fun video where the presenters make a comet in front of your eyes.
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CARSON, Calif. -- Following the LA Galaxy's 1-1 draw with Tottenham Hotspur, Galaxy head coach Bruce Arena offered his seal of approval to the New York Red Bulls rumored signing of Australian midfielder Tim Cahill.
The deal, which reportedly will see the Everton midfielder join New York as a designated player has not yet been announced, but according to Red Bulls forward Thierry Henry, the deal is contingent on Cahill completing a medical. After LA's draw on Tuesday, Arena - who served as the Red Bulls manager from 2006 to 2007 -- pegged the Australian for greatness with New York.
"I know him for years after observing him with Everton and Australia. He's an excellent player and I was surprised that he made the move to MLS if he did, I don't know if it's been finalized," said Arena in his post game press conference. "But he's a very good player; I've obviously seen him a lot because of Landon [Donovan] in particular. I know David Moyes in particular, he's a great manager and Cahill's been an excellent player at Everton so one would think that he's going to be an excellent addition to the New York Red Bulls. He's a player with a lot of good years in him and I'm sure that he'll bring a good attitude, energy and experience to that club."


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The E in e-Health
Though eHealth in Ford Cliff has a rather unclear interpretation, the idea is based upon utilizing technology to boost the quality of health care, as well as the advances have enabled both individuals and medical professionals to get to a range of resources make medical care much more efficient and cost effective. E-Health equips clients to take an active function in their treatment, enabling them to get a much deeper understanding of their problems and just how to effectively manage them.
The 10 e's of eHealth
Initially glance, one might think the "e" in eHealth in Ford Cliff simply represents the word "digital." Though "electronic" is absolutely one facet, the full interpretation really encompasses a selection of various other "e's," representing real meaning of this concept :
- Performance
- Enhancing Top quality
- Proof Based
- Empowerment
- Encouragement
- Education and learning
- Allowing
- Expanding
- Principles
- Equity
Influence On Patient-Physician Communications
E-technology has the power to significantly reinforce patient-physician relationships. While added research study is needed to figure out specific outcomes, preliminary studies as well as studies have reported positive outcomes. Supplying clients with the tools to handle their own care allows them to enjoy a sense of raised confidence in their medical professionals as well as be more comfortable handling their conditions.
When clients in Ford Cliff have e-health resources available at their fingertips, they're better geared up to ask their doctors extra sharp concerns to comprehend their conditions and also far better manage their wellness. People are most likely to total treatment strategies suggested by doctors when they can research results to find out the advantages of prescriptions, workouts and also other health activities made to improve their conditions. Sharing the burden of their very own treatment increases patient satisfaction, as people have the ability to gain a deeper understanding of specifically what their medical professional is doing to help them.
eHealth as well as Health Informatics
Health informatics in Ford Cliff concentrates on creating devices to enhance medical care, while eHealth is designed to make it easier to share this beneficial details. The two can work in conjunction to provide patients with high-quality treatment, in a much more reliable manner.
For example, scientists in Ford Cliff are working to create a procedure to immediately confirm EHR files to identify whether they comply with required criteria. In the future, this will help to simplify the general validation procedure. Scientists are additionally functioning to establish how simulation can be utilized to reinforce prediction versions for contagious illness.
Ford Cliff Occupations in eHealth and also Wellness Informatics rising
The future of the healthcare market is undergoing a large restructuring as a result of eHealth as well as health informatics. Professionals looking for operate in these areas appreciate a lot of task prospects. Significant initiatives such as the Affordable Treatment Act and also the application of ICD-10 produced a need for workers competent in health infotech. Many health care companies have actually been forced to delay the start of particular systems, due to an absence of talent to execute the adjustments.
The UNITED STATE Bureau of Labor Statistics forecasts that work of wellness info specialists in Ford Cliff will certainly enhance by 22% via 2022. Actually, experts anticipate this work trend will certainly continue even longer.
Ford Cliff
e-Health Urgent Care Center Benefits That Make Telemedicine Worth It
Have you ever been at the clinic, waiting for your turn to see the doctor, and all you see on the walls around you are posters on cancer prevention, reminders for you to do your annual medical checkups, dealing with rheumatism in old age, diabetes... the list goes on.
All around us, we're flooded with uncomfortable images and messages that remind us that we really need to take good care of our health. Although these posters are there for a reason - to inform and educate, they certainly add an unwelcome addition because they inject an element of fear into all of us. Here we are, waiting to see the doctor, worried sick that our illness could get worse, and all we see in front of us are images and information about illnesses and disease. We really don't need these at this time. Tell us these things when we're well, not when we're sick.
Having been a patient myself (and who hasn't), the waiting area at the doctor's office is quite a stressful place to be. As you're waiting for your turn to see the doctor, your mind is full of apprehension and uncertainty as to what the diagnosis might be. The last thing you want is to be bombarded with images and media detailing out a plethora of possible ailments you could be diagnosed with. It just adds to the stress.
Strip this entire media off the walls, I say. Remove every shred of evidence that this place is a clinic. Patients don't need reminders as to why they're there. Put in its place decorative art work. Surround the walls with art and beauty. Put some framed pictures on the assistant's counter top. Having a beautiful piece of art to look at will certainly make your wait a lot more pleasant and take your thoughts away from all things unpleasant. Art may also accelerate the healing process. This is the reason why some hospitals have beautiful art hung on its walls. This is what the patient really needs.
What kind of art to display, you might ask. Well, apart from movie or music posters, because they hardly seem appropriate, almost any other kind of art will do. A good choice would be abstract art. Pick something that has soft, pastel colors that calms the mind when looked upon. Abstract, or contemporary art, doesn't represent anything in its true form, but rather it is an abstract representation of it. Much of it is left for the user to interpret what it's all about. This will certainly keep the patients busy as they wait their turn. Abstract art will give the place a nice contemporary feel and make it seem less like a clinic and more like an art gallery.
There are many choices of abstract art to choose from. Prints of abstract flowers will add a nice, warm touch to the office. What about black and white abstracts? This will create an interesting contrast with the colors around it. You could also display abstract art of other genres, like collages, geometric abstracts, abstract landscapes and abstract figures, among others. The choices are plentiful. If you're not into contemporary art, why not use pictures of animals? A picture of a cute kitten or puppy can do wonders to encourage healing and comfort. If you can't keep a real pet in the doctor's office, then display a picture of one. The effect may not be the same, but it certainly is nice to look at and takes a great deal of stress off the patient.
The Medical Clinic - What To Expect From It
Ford Cliff
Most clinics nowadays have their own specialization; meaning, they can be classified according to the specialty of the doctor practicing his profession in it. For instance, clinics ran by clinical psychologist are called psychology clinics; clinics ran by physiotherapists are physiotherapy clinics; clinics that focus on treatments of women who want to get pregnant are called fertility clinics; clinics that provide skin care treatments are dermatological clinics; and so on and so forth. They are called specialty clinics. More often than not, however, when we speak of a medical clinic, most likely we are referring to a general practice that is run by one or several practitioners of general medicine. But what could the general public expect from a medical clinic if, unlike the specialty clinics, its area of specialization is not specified?
It is natural for people who find that they may be suffering a health condition to seek consultation. They would then proceed to a clinic to have some examinations conducted and, if necessary, treatments done. The conditions treated in a clinic range from acute minor illnesses such as back pain, headaches, allergies, sprains or broken bones, respiratory infections and minor lacerations, to chronic conditions which include asthma, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Even immunotherapy, or providing allergy injections, is performed in a medical clinic.
But medical clinics are not all about treating health problems. It also offers preventive care to patients. As more and more people become health conscious, they are often found making their way to a clinic to have their cholesterol levels and blood pressure levels screened. You can also go to these clinics if you are in need of immunization services. Flu shots, tetanus shots, HPV vaccines, and others, can now be made more accessible to patients via these clinics. Did you know that travel vaccines are also available to those who are frequently flying or traveling from one place to another?
Physicals and general check-ups need not be done in large hospitals. But a medical clinic is also fully equipped to accommodate these regular checks. Prior to a major surgery, the patient to be operated on would have to be subjected to some preoperative physical checks. These checks can be done at a medical clinic.
We mentioned specialty clinics earlier; their existence does not preclude the offering of their services in a general medical clinic. In fact, you will find many medical clinics these days that also offer services on men's and women's health. The presence of gynecology clinics does not mean gynecology exams are no longer performed in medical clinics. The same is true for fertility conditions and also issues on sexually transmitted diseases. While it is true that eating disorders often fall under a psychologist's care, people who suffer from them can also approach the practitioners in a medical clinic.
Have you ever wondered about the human resources powering a medical clinic? You will be welcomed by nursing and assistants and be taken care of by nurses and physician assistants. Of course, the ones who would mainly look into your condition and lead the treatment would be the doctors themselves. You can count on these medical professionals to provide topnotch service since they are representing the clinic they work in, just as the professionals in larger facilities or hospitals are also serious in doing their jobs.