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Expert Witness - Essential Update
Keeping up to date with current practices is essential but often time consuming work.
This course is designed to help you stay current and maintain compliance with changes to Procedure Rules and other Best Practice for Expert Witnesses.
Areas covered may include:
- Updates to Procedure Rules
- Privilege
- Codes of Practice and Conduct
- Additional Professional Requirements
The day is designed to be very interactive with a special 'Problem Solving' session in the afternoon giving you the opportunity to take advantage of our experience and expertise.
Advanced Course
Attendees must have a minimum of two years Expert Witness experience as well as prior experience of dedicated Expert Witness training or equivalent.
As a practical day based on the recent changes affecting experts each course will be different depending on latest cases and developments.
TWTYTW Review
A look at the legal environment in which Experts operate: significant cases; developments; matters affecting Experts
Expert's Potpourri or how to come out smelling sweetly
"… now I'm a judge, And a good judge, too, Though all my law be fudge, Yet I'll never, never budge, And I'll live and die a judge, And a good judge too" 'A judge's guide - How not to succeed as an expert witness –"
Back to basics
'Where is the line for Experts and how to avoid it'
Problems Surgery including 'things going wrong'
A facilitated interactive session for participants to share and discuss problems including those they have experienced in their expert practice


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Cisco Certification Exam 200-125 Practice Tests
- CCNA Practice Test 1
- CCNA Practice Test 2
- CCNA Practice Test 3
- CCNA Practice Test 4
- CCNA Practice Test 5
- CCNA Practice Test 6
- CCNA Practice Test 7
- CCNA Practice Test 8
- CCNA Practice Test 9
- CCNA Practice Test 10

subset: commoncrawl


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Assessment |
Biopsychology |
Comparative |
Cognitive |
Developmental |
Language |
Individual differences |
Personality |
Philosophy |
Social |
Methods | Statistics | Clinical | Educational | Industrial | Professional items | World psychology |
Other fields of psychology: AI · Computer · Consulting · Consumer · Engineering · Environmental · Forensic · Military · Sport · Transpersonal · Index
| Transportation psychology
|Transportation safety
|Transportation accidents
|Driving behavior
An aviation accident is roughly defined in the Convention on International Civil Aviation Annex 13 as an occurrence associated with the operation of an aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight and all such persons have disembarked, in which a person is fatally or seriously injured, the aircraft sustains damage or structural failure and/or the aircraft is missing or is completely inaccessible.
An aviation incident is also defined there as an occurrence other than an accident, associated with the operation of an aircraft, which affects or could affect the safety of operations.
An accident in which the damage to the plane is such that it must be written off, or in which the plane is destroyed is often referred to as a hull loss accident.
History Edit
Since the birth of flight, aircraft have crashed, often with serious consequences. This is because of the unforgiving nature of flight, where a relatively insubstantial medium, air, supports a significant mass through dynamically active technological means. Should this support fail, there is limited opportunity for a positive outcome. Because of this, aircraft design is concerned with minimizing the chance of failure, and pilots are trained with safety a primary consideration. Despite this, accidents still occur, though statistically flying is the safest form of transportation. In fact, the relative rarity of incidents, coupled with the often dramatic outcome, is one reason why they still make headline news. Nevertheless, while the odds of actually getting caught in a plane crash are nowadays distinctly low compared to other means of transportation, the chances of dying in such a disaster are notably higher.
Many early attempts at flight ended in failure when a design raised to a height for a launch would fail to generate enough lift and crash to the ground. Some of the earliest aviation pioneers lost their lives testing aircraft they built.
Otto Lilienthal died after a failure of one of his gliders. On his roughly 2,500th flight (August 9, 1896), he stalled in a gust of wind, causing him to fall from a height of roughly 56 ft (17 m), fracturing his spine. He died the next day, with his last words being reported as Opfer müssen gebracht werden! ("Sacrifices must be made!")
Percy Pilcher was another promising aviation pioneer; he died testing The Hawk (September 20, 1899). Just as with Lilienthal, promising designs and ideas for motorized planes were scrapped after his death. Some other early attempts experienced rough landings, such as Richard Pearse who is generally accepted to have crash landed (survived) a motorized aircraft in some bushes, unable to gain altitude after launching it from some height.
The Wright Flyer nearly crashed on the day of its historic flight, sustaining some damage when landing. Three days before, on a previous flight attempt, Wilbur Wright overcontrolled the aircraft in pitch and crashed it on takeoff, causing minor damage in the first known case of pilot-induced oscillation.
US Army Lt. Thomas Selfridge became the first person killed in a powered fixed-wing aircraft on September 17, 1908 when his aircraft, piloted by Orville Wright, crashed after propeller separation failure during military tests at Fort Myer in Virginia. Selfridge died of a fractured skull. Wright suffered broken ribs, pelvis and a leg.
Plane crashes with large numbers of casualties set in with the early passenger flights of the 1920s. The yearly death toll of plane crashes exceeded 100 for the first time in 1928, and 1,000 for the first time in 1943. Since 1945, the number of deaths has fallen below 1,000 only twice, in 2004 and 2007.
Causes Edit
Approximately 80 percent of all aviation accidents occur shortly before, after, or during takeoff or landing, and are often described as resulting from 'human error'; mid-flight disasters are rare but not entirely unheard of. Among other things, the latter have been caused by bombs, as in the 1988 Lockerbie incident, mid-air collisions such as in the 2002 Überlingen crash and structural failure, as in the 1954 Comet disasters and 1988 Aloha Airlines incident.
An accident survey [1] of 1,843 aircraft accidents from 1950 through 2006 determined the causes to be as follows:
- 53%: Pilot error
- 21%: Mechanical failure
- 11%: Weather
- 8%: Other human error (air traffic controller error, improper loading of aircraft, improper maintenance, fuel contamination, language miscommunication etc.)
- 6%: Sabotage (bombs, hijackings, shoot-downs)
- 1%: Other cause
The survey excluded military, private, and charter aircraft.
A study by Boeing [2] determined the primary cause of Airline hull loss accidents (worldwide commercial jet fleet), from 1996 through 2005, to be:
- 55%: Flight crew error
- 17%: Airplane
- 13%: Weather
- 7%: Misc./Other
- 5%: Air traffic control
- 3%: Maintenance
That study included 183 accidents, with known causes for 134 of them. The remaining 49 were unknown, or awaiting final reports.
Previous Boeing studies showed higher rates for Flight Crew Error:
- 70%: 1988 - 1997
- 67%: 1990 - 1999
- 66%: 1992 - 2001
- 62%: 1994 - 2003
- 56%: 1995 - 2004
Trantolo & Trantolo concluded that some common causes of airplane accidents include [3]:
- Pilot error
- Inclement weather
- Engine failure
- Mid-air collisions
- Negligent maintenance
- Instrument failure
- Icing
- Air traffic controller error
- Improper loading of cargo
- Defective onboard equipment
- Fuel tank explosions
Aircraft manufacturers are often slow to accept that aspects of design might play a role in accident causation, finding it more convenient to state that human crew members were responsible. In fact, the complex interaction between the human crew and the aircraft often creates a fertile ground in which human error may flourish.[4]Template:POV-statement
Major disastersEdit
The March 27, 1977, Tenerife disaster remains the deadliest accident in aviation history with the highest number of airliner passenger fatalities. In this disaster, 583 people died when a KLM Boeing 747 attempted take-off and collided with a taxiing Pan Am 747 at Los Rodeos Airport. Pilot error, communications problems, fog, and airfield congestion (due to a bombing and a second bomb threat at another airport) all contributed to this catastrophe.
The crash of Japan Airlines Flight 123 in 1985 is the single-aircraft disaster with the highest number of fatalities. In this crash, 520 died on board a Boeing 747. The aircraft suffered an explosive decompression which destroyed its vertical stabilizer and severed hydraulic lines, making the 747 virtually uncontrollable.
The world's deadliest mid-air collision with the highest number of fatalities is the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision involving Saudia Flight 763 and Air Kazakhstan Flight 1907 over Haryana, India, in 1996. The crash was mainly the result of the Kazakh pilot flying lower than the altitude for which his aircraft was given clearance. 349 passengers and crew died from both aircraft. The Ramesh Chandra Lahoti Commission, empowered to study the causes, also recommended the creation of "air corridors" to prevent planes from flying in opposite directions at the same altitude.
The deadliest aviation-related disaster of any kind with the highest number of total fatalities, including fatalities on both the aircraft and the ground, was the destruction of the World Trade Center in New York City on September 11, 2001 with the intentional crashing of American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175. 2,998 people were killed, the vast majority being occupants of the World Trade Center Towers and emergency personnel responding to the disaster.
On September 1, 1983, a Soviet Sukhoi-15 shot down Korean Air Lines Flight 007 carrying 269 passengers and crew.
Iran Air Flight 655 was a civilian airliner shot down by US missiles on Sunday 3 July 1988, over the Strait of Hormuz killing all 290 passengers and crew aboard, including 66 children, ranking it seventh among the deadliest airliner fatalities.
Safety Edit
- Main article: Air safety
Aviation safety has come a long way in over one hundred years of implementation. In modern times, two major manufacturers still produce heavy passenger aircraft for the civilian market: Boeing of the United States of America and the European company Airbus. Both have placed huge emphasis on the use of aviation safety equipment, now a billion-dollar industry in its own right, and made safety a major selling point -- realizing that a poor safety record in the aviation industry is a threat to corporate survival. Some major safety devices now required in commercial aircraft involve:
- Evacuation slides - aid rapid passenger exit from an aircraft in an emergency situation.
- Advanced avionics - Computerized auto-recovery and alert systems.
- Turbine Engine durability improvements
- Landing gear that can be lowered even after loss of power and hydraulics.
When measured on a passenger-distance calculation, air travel is the safest form of transportation available (when measured on a passenger-journey basis, buses are the safest form of transport. see http://www.numberwatch.co.uk/risks_of_travel.htm ). Trains have .04 deaths for every 100 million miles while air travel has .01 deaths for every 100 million miles traveled. Compared to the automobile, with .94 deaths per 100 million miles, both figures are low.[How to reference and link to summary or text] According to the BBC: "UK airline operations are among the safest anywhere. When compared against all other modes of transport on a fatality per mile basis air transport is the safest - six times safer than traveling by car and twice as safe as rail." [1]
A 2007 study by Popular Mechanics found that passengers sitting at the back of a plane are 40% more likely to survive a crash than those sitting in the front. [2]
Aircraft Crashes Record Office (ACRO)Edit
The Geneva-based Aircraft Crashes Record Office (ACRO) compiles statistics on aviation accidents of aircraft capable of carrying more than six passengers, not including helicopters, balloons, or fighter airplanes. The ACRO announced that the year 2007 was the safest year in aviation since 1963 in terms of number of accidents.[5] There had been 136 accidents registered (compared to 164 in 2006), resulting in a total of 965 deaths (compared to 1,293 in 2006). 2004 was the year with the lowest number of fatalities since the end of World War II, with 766 deaths. The year with most fatalities was 1972, with 3,214 deaths.
|nr. of accidents[7]
Annual Aviation Safety Review (EASA)Edit
The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) is tasked by Article 15(4) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 February 2008 to provide a review of aviation safety on an annual basis.
The Annual Safety Review presents statistics on European and worldwide civil aviation safety. The statistics are grouped according to type of operation, for instance commercial air transport, and aircraft category, such as aeroplanes, helicopters, gliders etc. The Agency had access to accident and statistical information collected by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO). States are required, according to ICAO Annex 13 on Aircraft Accident and Incident Investigation, to report to ICAO information on accidents and serious incidents to aircraft with a maximum certificated take-off mass (MTOM) over 2250 kg. Therefore, most statistics in this review concern aircraft above this mass. In addition to the ICAO data, a request was made to the EASA Member States to obtain light aircraft accident data. Furthermore, data on the operation of aircraft for commercial air transport was obtained from both ICAO and the NLR Air Transport Safety Institute [3].
United StatesEdit
In the United States, most civil aviation incidents are investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). When investigating an aviation disaster, NTSB investigators piece together evidence from the crash and determine the likely cause or causes. The NTSB will also investigate incidents which occur overseas in collaboration with local investigation authorities where the crash has involved a US-registered aircraft, or where there has been significant loss of American lives.
United KingdomEdit
In the United Kingdom, the agency responsible for investigation of civilian air crashes is the Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB) of the Department for Transport. Its purpose is to establish the circumstances and causes of the accident and to make recommendations for their future avoidance.
The Transportation Safety Board of Canada (BST/TSB), an independent agency which reports directly to Parliament, is the Canadian agency responsible for the advancement of transportation safety through the investigation and reporting upon accident and incident occurrences in all prevalent Canadian modes of transportation - marine, air, rail and pipeline.
Retirement of flight numbersEdit
It is common for an airline to cease using the flight number after a fatal crash.[8] This is not always the case; see, for example, Japan Airlines 123, American Airlines Flight 587, Aeroflot Flight 593, Aero Flight 311, Iran Air Flight 655, United Airlines Flights numbered 608, 624, and 823,755, and Aer Lingus Flight 712.
See alsoEdit
- Category:20th century aviation accidents and incidents
- Category:21st century aviation accidents and incidents
Lists of airliner accidentsEdit
- List of airship accidents
- List of accidents and incidents involving general aviation (including chartered / non-scheduled passenger flights)
Lists of military aircraft accidentsEdit
- List of accidents and incidents involving military aircraft
- List of Coalition aircraft accidents and incidents during the Iraq War
- List of Coalition aircraft crashes in Afghanistan
- List of C-130 Hercules crashes
Air safetyEdit
- Air safety
- Australian Transport Safety Bureau (Australian investigation authority)
- National Transportation Safety Board (U.S. investigation authority)
- Air Accidents Investigation Branch (UK investigation authority)
- Transportation Safety Board of Canada (Canada investigation authority)
- Aviation archaeology
Aviation AuthoritiesEdit
- Accident analysis
- Aircraft hijacking
- Disaster
- Fuel tank explosion and fuel tank inerting system
- List of aircraft shootdowns
- List of deaths by aircraft misadventure
- List of people who died in aviation accidents and incidents
- List of space disasters
- List of airshow accidents
- List of news aircraft crashes
- ↑ http://www.planecrashinfo.com/cause.htm
- ↑ http://www.boeing.com/news/techissues/pdf/statsum.pdf (page 19)
- ↑ http://www.trantololaw.com/airplane_accidents.html
- ↑ Bennett, Simon. Human Error: By Design?. Perpetuity Press Ltd, 2001. ISBN 1899287728.
- ↑ 2007 : excellent year for civil aviation Geneva, 1st January 2008
- ↑ Death number by year (ACRO)
- ↑ Accident number by year (ACRO)
- ↑ Grossman, David. "Check your travel superstitions, or carry them on?," USA Today
External linksEdit
- Aircraft Crashes Record Office based in Geneva, Switzerland
- Aviation Safety Network Established in 1996. The ASN Safety Database contains descriptions of over 12200 airliner, military and corporate jet aircraft accidents/incidents since 1943.
- National Transportation Safety Board Accident Database & Synopses
- [4], editorial citing examples of most severe consequences of pilot error and other human error.
- Computer-Related Incidents with Commercial Aircraft: A Compendium of Resources, Reports, Research, Discussion and Commentary, compiled by Peter B. Ladkin et al.
- Why Aircraft Fail Common causes of structural failure in aircraft components.
- WikiHow How To Survive A Plane Crash.
- Airplane crash on map
|This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).


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Auditory Hair Cells and Sensory Transduction
Summary and Keywords
The organs of the vertebrate inner ear respond to a variety of mechanical stimuli: semicircular canals are sensitive to angular velocity, the saccule and utricle respond to linear acceleration (including gravity), and the cochlea is sensitive to airborne vibration, or sound. The ontogenically related lateral line organs, spaced along the sides of aquatic vertebrates, sense water movement. All these organs have a common receptor cell type, which is called the haircell, for the bundle of enlarged microvilli protruding from its apical surface. In different organs, specialized accessory structures serve to collect, filter, and then deliver these physical stimuli to the hair bundles. The proximal stimulus for all hair cells is deflection of the mechanosensitive hair bundle. Hair cells convert mechanical information contained within the temporal pattern of hair bundle deflections into electrical signals, which they transmit to the brain for interpretation.
Keywords: hair cell, sensory transduction, mechanoelectrical transduction, mechanoreceptor, sensory adaptation, auditory system, cochlea, TMC channels, usher syndrome
The Mammalian Inner Ear
The auditory and vestibular organs are formed during development by the unfolding of the otocyst, a spherical vesicle that gives rise to the inner ear. The organ of Corti arises from a ventral region of cochlear epithelium, called the prosensory domain, that runs the length of the cochlear duct. Differentiation occurs from the base of the cochlea and progresses toward the apex. Derived from surface ectoderm, hair cells face a closed compartment filled with endolymph, a unique fluid. Similar to intracellular fluids, the endolymph has a high potassium concentration and low sodium and calcium concentrations. Tight junctions that ring the apical surfaces of hair cells and supporting cells separate the endolymph from the perilymph, a fluid similar to normal extracellular solution that bathes the basolateral surfaces of hair cells. In the mammalian cochlea, ion flux from epithelial cells of the stria vascularis raises the potential of endolymph to about 80 millivolts, increasing the electrochemical gradient, which drives positively charged ions through open mechanotransduction channels. The organ of Corti is a highly specialized epithelium that contains two types of sensory hair cells, along with nerve endings and supporting cells. One row of inner hair cells (IHCs) is present on the modiolar side of the organ, and there are three to four rows of adjacent outer hair cells (OHCs). This organization is preserved along the entire length of the organ. The organ of Corti rests upon the basilar membrane, which provides graded stiffness along the cochlea and is covered by the tectorial membrane, a gelatinous acellular membrane. Both IHCs and OHCs are mechanosensory cells that detect sound pressure waves transmitted along the auditory organ. IHCs, the primary sensory cells of the inner ear, make synaptic contact with VIIIth nerve afferents and are responsible for the transmission of the signal to the central nervous system (CNS). By contrast, OHCs are signal amplifiers that generate force using active hair-bundle motility and somatic electromotility, the latter in response to depolarization that follows hair bundle displacement. These forces ensure the optimal sensitivity and sharp frequency selectivity of the mammalian cochlea.
Structure of the Hair Bundle
The mechanosensitive hair bundle is composed of a few tens of to a few hundred modified microvilli, or stereocilia, arranged in multiple rows of increasing height (Figures 1A, B). Adjacent stereocilia adhere to each other by means of extracellular links (Figures 1C–E and 2A), so that when the bundle is deflected, the stereocilia do not separate; rather, they slide past one another. Ankle links connect the stereocilia bases (Figure 1C), shaft connectors are present along the length of adjacent stereocilia (Figure 1C), and horizontal top connectors are present just below the tips of the stereocilia (Figures 1C, E). Tip links extend from the apical tip of a stereocilium to the side of its tallest neighbor (Figures 1D, E). The stereocilia have an internal structure similar to microvilli: they are bundles of several hundred actin filaments, tightly cross-linked by the actin-bundling proteins plastin, espin, and fascin. While ranging in length from about 1 micrometer (in mammalian cochlea) to over 60 µm (in semicircular canals), stereocilia have stiff actin cores that do not normally bend, but rather pivot around their insertion point. The cores taper at their bases to a few actin filaments, which anchor the stereocilia into a cuticular plate just beneath the apical surface (Figure 2A). Many hair bundles also contain a single, eccentrically placed true cilium, the kinocilium, which, in mature cells, has the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules characteristic of motile cilia. The kinocilium may serve to organize the bundle during development. While it is lost in mature hair bundles of the mammalian cochlea, the kinocilium couples the stereocilia to accessory structures in most other organs.
Axis of Polarity
The staircase-like variation in the heights of stereocilia (Figures 1A, B) confers a morphological axis of polarity to the bundle. The positive direction is defined as being toward the tallest stereocilia (Figure 2A); the negative one is toward the shortest stereocilia. This polarity also describes the physiological axis of the bundle. A positive deflection of the stereocilia evokes an excitatory response, increasing the membrane conductance by triggering the opening of nonselective cation channels (transduction channels), allowing positively charged ions to flow into the cell and thereby depolarize it. At the bundle's resting position, about 10% of the transduction channels are open (Figure 2B). Thus, a negative deflection decreases the membrane conductance by closing channels that are open at rest, thus hyperpolarizing the cell. This feature allows hair bundles to signal stimuli of either polarity.
The sensitivity of the hair bundle to mechanical stimuli is remarkable: a deflection of a few tenths of a micrometer in the positive direction is sufficient to activate the conductance completely, and deflections at the auditory threshold are estimated to be a few tenths of a nanometer. Side-to-side deflections of the bundle, even by several micrometers, cause no conductance change, so the cell has a vector sensitivity and senses the component of the stimulus along the bundle's axis of polarity.
The Mechanism of Transduction
The last quarter-century has provided a good understanding of the mechanoelectrical transduction process, whereby deflections of the stereocilia cause the opening of transduction channels. The process is extremely fast: channels begin to open within about 10 µs after deflection of the bundle. This can explain a sensitivity for frequencies as high as 100 kHz in some animals, but the speed also rules out transduction mechanisms involving an enzyme cascade or second messenger molecules. Instead, it was proposed that deflections exert a force directly on transduction channels to open them, much as transmembrane voltage exerts a force directly on charged domains of voltage-gated channels. Several experiments have succeeded in measuring small movements of hair bundles that occur with channel opening. These experiments provide strong support for the idea of directly gated channels, as well as estimates of some of the mechanical properties of the transduction apparatus. The mechanical force required to open a single transduction channel is estimated to be about 2 pN, and upon opening, the channel protein undergoes a conformational change of about 4 nm.
Hair cell transduction channels are not particularly selective, passing all the alkali cations, many divalent cations including calcium, and small organic cations up to about 0.7-nm diameter. Thus, the reversal potential is close to 0 mV. Taken together with a single-channel conductance of 100–200 pS and estimates of up to 200 channels per cell (1 or 2 per stereocilium), deflections of the hair bundle can evoke transduction currents of 1 nA or more. Several independent experiments, including measurement of extracellular current and focal application of channel blockers, have localized transduction channels to the tips of stereocilia. Calcium imaging has further revealed calcium flux into mammalian auditory hair cells in shorter-row stereocilia, suggesting that transduction channels are present at the lower end of tip links. Hair cell transduction channels are opened by force applied to elastic elements, termed gating-springs, that are stretched by positive deflections of the hair bundles. Tip links seem ideally positioned to be gating-springs because they run parallel to the staircase arrangement of the hair bundle and join the top of one stereocilia to the side of its adjacent taller neighbor along the axis of polarity. The discovery that breaking tip links (for example, by treatment with low extracellular calcium) abolishes transduction provided compelling evidence that they are an essential element. High-resolution images have suggested that tip links are rigid extracellular filaments that are about 10 nm in diameter and 150–200 nm long (Figures 1D, E). They appear to consist of two or three coiled fibers with a helical period of about 25 nm and multiple globular domains of about 4 nm in diameter. Tip links are composed of two members of the cadherin superfamily, cadherin-23 (CDH23) and protocadherin-15 (PCDH15), and are formed by heterophilic and calcium-dependent interaction between homodimers, with PCDH15 at the lower end and CDH23 at the upper end (Figure 2F). The crystal structure of the N-termini of CDH23 and PCDH15 supports a novel calcium-dependent interaction with the N-terminal domain of PCDH15 in which the two amino-terminal cadherin repeats (extracellular cadherin repeats 1 and 2) of each protein interact to form an overlapped, antiparallel heterodimer (Figure 2F). The rigid structure of the tip link suggests that the biophysically defined gating spring must be elsewhere, but still mechanically in series with transduction channels.
The Mechanotransduction Complex
Mechanosensitive channels represent a third class of ion channel in addition to those gated by voltage and ligand binding. Several mechanically gated channels have been identified in other systems, and while different candidates for the hair cells transduction channel have been proposed over the years, their definitive identity remains to be be confirmed. Four integral membrane proteins, LHFPL5 (TMHS), TMIE, TMC1, and TMC2, have been shown to be tightly involved in the mechanotransduction process. Tmc genes encode transmembrane channel–like proteins currently of unknown function. Tmc1 mutations have been linked to deafness in mice and humans. Tmc1 and its homologue Tmc2 are expressed in sensory hair cells during early stages of development, and the protein products localize to the tips of stereocilia. Genetic deletion of Tmc1 and Tmc2 causes loss of hair bundle mechanosensitivity. The conductance, selectivity, and pharmacology of the mechanotransduction channels are affected by a point mutation in TMC1. Furthermore, biochemical studies have revealed interactions between TMC1 and PCDH15, which forms the lower end of the tip links.
Taken together, these results suggest that TMC1 is an integral component of the transduction channel. Definitive proof that TMC1 is a pore-forming subunit of the channel has not yet been presented. Two other proteins linked to deafness in both humans and mice have been shown to interact with the cytoplasmic domain of PCDH15: LHFPL5, a member of the tetraspan superfamily, and TMIE, a transmembrane protein that was identified from a pull-down assay. Lhfpl5-mutant mice are deaf, and it has been proposed that LHFPL5 may facilitate the transport and assembly of the mechanotransduction channel and is functionally coupled to the tip link via interactions with PCDH15. The exact role of TMIE and LHFPL5 and how these proteins interact with TMC1 and TMC2 remain to be determined.
Molecular Basis of Hair Bundle Development
Formation of the hair bundle during development is carefully orchestrated and presumably requires precisely timed expression of a large number of genes. While some forms of deafness are associated with mutations in genes that encode surface proteins associated with stereocilia links, many others encode structural and functional proteins that are localized to the sensory hair bundle. A large number of these genes are also expressed in the photoreceptor cells and are associated with Usher syndrome. Patients diagnosed with Usher syndrome typically suffer from severe to profound hearing loss and gradual retinal pigmentosa, which leads to blindness.
Transient ankle links and side links, together with top connectors and tip links, allow the hair bundle to remain cohesive during development. Lateral links, which include ankle links, horizontal links, and top connectors, appear to be critical for normal hair bundle development and function. Ankle links, located near the base of the stereocilia, are formed by postnatal day 0 in mice and disappear by P10 in auditory hair cells. The core component of the ankle links is a member of the adhesion receptor ADGRV1 (also called VLGR1 or GRP98, the product of USH2C), a protein that spans 6,300 amino acids and is the largest G protein–coupled receptor identified to date. Other proteins, such as the transmembrane protein usherin (USH2A) and the PDZ domain-containing submembrane protein whirlin (USH2D), colocalize with ADGRV1 at the stereocilia base in developing cochlear hair cells. Horizontal links, also called shaft connectors, appear to contain the protein tyrosinase phosphatase receptor type Q (PTPRQ). Mutations in PTPRQ are associated with deafness in humans due to defects in hair cell stereocilia formation.
Stereocilin, a member of the mesothelin protein superfamily, is a component of the top connectors. While hair bundles form normally in stereocilin-null mice, they deteriorate after P9. The tip links, CDH23 and PCDH15, are also Usher proteins: USH1D and USH1F, respectively. While CDH23 is associated with the kinocilium links and transient lateral links during development, it becomes restricted to the tips of the stereocilia in mature auditory hair cells. The tip link anchor site at the upper tip link density appears to be maintained by two Usher proteins: harmonin (USH1C) and sans (USH1G) are expressed in the developing hair bundle and become focused at the upper tip-link insertion as development proceeds.
Several members of the myosin superfamily, including myosin VIIa (USH1B) and myosin XVa, also play a developmental and structural role in hair cell stereocilia. Mutations in myosin VIIa alter hair bundle morphology and, as a result, auditory and vestibular deficits occur in mice and humans. Myosin XVa is concentrated at the tip of the stereocilia, where it interacts with the epidermal growth factor receptor pathway substrate 8 (EPS8), a gene involved in actin remodeling and control of stereocilia length, as well as with whirlin (DFNB31), a scaffolding protein.
Cochlear Amplification
Mechanical amplification of sound stimuli in mammals requires the activity of OHCs that reside in three rows along the entire length of the mammalian cochlea. The process, known as cochlear amplification, functions to enhance sensitivity to faint sounds and tune or sharpen fine pitch perception. Two mechanisms have been proposed to underlie cochlear amplification: somatic motility, driven by the hair cell receptor potential, and active movements of the hair bundle, associated with channel activity and myosin motors (Figure 2).
Somatic motility requires prestin, a voltage-sensitive membrane protein that is abundant in the lateral membranes of mammalian OHCs but absent in many non-mammalian vertebrates. The somatic motility theory for cochlear amplification posits that sound stimuli generate receptor potentials that evoke voltage-dependent conformational changes in prestin, such that the protein contracts with depolarization and expands with hyperpolarization. Because the collective motion of the densely packed molecules occurs parallel to the lateral membranes, OHCs shorten and elongate with changes in membrane potential. The force produced by somatic motility in isolated OHCs is about 100 pN/mV. Synchronous motion of OHC cell bodies with forces of this amplitude is predicted to amplify the overall motion of the basilar membrane in phase with the sound stimulus. However, because somatic motility depends on the hair cell membrane potential, the membrane time constant likely limits the ability of the receptor potential to follow the sound stimulus; thus, force production may also be limited at high frequencies to which auditory organs are known to be sensitive. Mechanisms may be present that decrease this time constant, allowing high-frequency operation. In addition, because cochlear amplification also occurs in lower vertebrates that lack OHCs and prestin, a second mechanism has been invoked.
An alternative model suggests that the forces generated in the hair bundle are sufficient to drive amplification of sound stimuli in the auditory organs of many different species. Adaptation is observed during steady deflection of the bundle in the excitatory direction, which causes an initial activation of transduction channels, followed by a decline in the response as transduction channels close (Figure 2B). The instantaneous activation curve measured after 100 ms or so is shifted to the right, relative to its position at rest (Figure 2B). Tension on transduction channels relaxes during the deflection so that additional deflection can reactivate the channels. Similarly, a negative deflection that closes channels is followed by adaptation that increases the tension and shifts the activation curve to the left. This process commonly allows hair cells to retain high sensitivity over a broad operating range and filters out slower stimuli in favor of rapid stimuli. Although the mechanism of fast adaptation is controversial, there is agreement that fast adaptation can result in active hair bundle movements. This active process arises at a point in the stimulus-response relation where there is great instability in the system, with a back-and-forth interplay between (a) transduction channel opening, (b) relaxation of the hair bundle that results from channel opening, followed by (c) rebound tension that arises from the adaptation process (Figure 2C). This phenomena, mathematically identified as a Hopf bifurcation, can contribute to bundle oscillations and may feed energy back into the organ of Corti. To tease apart the relative contributions of somatic motility and hair bundle motility will require selective inactivation in live animals. However, in mammals, both mechanisms may coexist and cochlear amplification may require both to be functional. Interestingly, while somatic motility has no intrinsic tuning, bundle motility can be tuned by the properties of adaptation.
The Receptor Potential
Because mature hair cells lack voltage-gated sodium channels, they do not generate action potentials. Rather, changes in transduction channel activity evoke graded receptor potentials of up to 40 mV. The receptor potential is modified by the activity of voltage- and ion-sensitive conductances in the basolateral membrane. In some hair cells, depolarizing receptor potentials elicit oscillations of the membrane potential, which may serve to tune the cell to a particular stimulus frequency. These oscillations result from an interplay between activation of alpha-1D calcium channels and BK calcium-dependent potassium channels. Variation in the kinetics of BK channels results from both alternative splicing and coassembly with beta subunits and gives rise to different frequencies of membrane potential oscillations, which vary systematically among hair cells of the same organ.
The ability of hair cells to signal stimuli of either polarity is preserved at the afferent synapse. At the cell's resting potential (−40 to −50 mV), voltage-sensitive calcium channels are tonically active. This results in a steady release of neurotransmitters, which in turn results in a steady background firing in the fibers of the eighth nerve. Thus, receptor potentials of either polarity modulate calcium channel activity, and hence transmitter release. A presynaptic electron-dense body, about 0.5 μm in diameter and surrounded by vesicles, is found at each release site; this synaptic body is reminiscent of the synaptic ribbon in photoreceptors and may serve a similar role in mediating continuous release. Neurotransmitter release is modulated with submillisecond precision to encode the frequency and intensity of sound and head movements. The excitatory amino acid glutamate has been shown to be released by hair cells, but it is not clear whether it is the primary transmitter or whether other transmitters are coreleased.
The efferent synapse, carrying feedback control from the CNS via the olivocochlear fibers, uses acetylcholine as the transmitter. The synapse may be excitatory in some hair cells, but in most organs, efferent stimulation causes a slow, inhibitory hyperpolarization. The inhibition is caused by slow activation of calcium-dependent potassium channels (SK). SK channels are voltage insensitive and can be activated by micromolar concentrations of calcium. The α9 and α10 nicotinic cholinergic subunits have been shown to form the receptor that mediates synaptic transmission between the efferent fiber and hair cells. The high calcium permeability of this receptor may permit sufficient calcium entry to activate SK calcium-dependent potassium channels, which in turn inhibits the cell.
Eatock, R. A., Fay, R. R., & Popper, A. N. (Eds.). (2006). Springer handbook of auditory research. Vol. 27: Vertebrate hair cells. New York: Springer.Find this resource:
Effertz T., Scharr A. L., & Ricci, A. J. (2015). The how and why of identifying the hair cell mechano-electrical transduction channel. Pflugers Archive, 467, 73–84.Find this resource:
Fekete, D. M. (1999). Development of the vertebrate ear: Insights from knockouts and mutants. Trends in Neurosciences, 6, 263–269.Find this resource:
Fettiplace, R., & Fuchs, P. A. (1999). Mechanisms of hair cell tuning. Annual Review of Physiology, 61, 809–834.Find this resource:
Fettiplace, R., & Hackney, C. M. (2006). The sensory and motor roles of auditory hair cells. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 19–29.Find this resource:
Hudspeth, A. J. (2005). How the ear's works work: Mechanoelectrical transduction and amplification by hair cells. Comptes rendus biologies, 328, 155–162.Find this resource:
Hudspeth, A. J. (2014). Integrating the active process of hair cells with cochlear function. Nature Reviews, 15, 600–614.Find this resource:
Hudspeth, A. J., Choe, Y., Mehta, A. D., & Martin, P. (2000). Putting ion channels to work: Mechanoelectrical transduction, adaptation, and amplification by hair cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 97, 11765–11772.Find this resource:
Kawashima, Y., Kurima, K., Pan, B., Griffith, A. J., & Holt, J. R. (2015). Transmembrane channel-like (TMC) genes are required for auditory and vestibular mechanosensation. Pflugers Archive (Review), 467, 85–94.Find this resource:
LeMasurier, M., & Gillespie, P. G. (2005). Hair-cell mechanotransduction and cochlear amplification. Neuron, 48, 403–415.Find this resource:
Nayak, G. D, Ratnayaka, H. S. K., Goodyear, R. J., & Richardson, G. P. (2007). Development of the hair bundle and mechanotransduction. International Journal of Developmental Biology, 51, 597–608.Find this resource:
Pan B., & Holt J. R. (2015). The molecules that mediate sensory transduction in the mammalian inner ear. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 34, 165–171.Find this resource:
Parsons, T. D., & Sterling, P. (2003). Synaptic ribbon. Conveyor belt or safety belt? Neuron, 37, 379–382.Find this resource:
Pepermans, E., & Petit, C. (2015). The tip link molecular complex of the auditory mechano-electrical transduction machinery. Hearing Research, 330, 10–17.Find this resource:
Petit, C., & Richardson, G. P. (2009). Linking genes underlying deafness to hair-bundle development and function. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 703–710.Find this resource:


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Crownwheel and Pinion, Unused
Parts For Sale / Wanted
Added: April 7, 2019 Modified: January 12, 2020
Added: April 7, 2019 Modified: January 12, 2020
- Location: Taunton, Somerset, United Kingdom
Unused crownwheel and pinion, ratio 8/42. Price £150
Posted by: David Barnes
Advertiser, has this item been sold? Let us know here and we will mark it as sold so that you are not bothered by further enquiries.
IMPORTANT - Please Read
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Glennon Tiles
Bauhaus GT06020 50x50mm Unglazed Matt Wall & Floor Tile
Regular price $0.00
Please contact us if you are interested in this product.
- 50x50mm module with allowance for grouted gap - actual tile nominally 46.5x46.5x7.5mm
- Unglazed
- Matt
- Can be used as a wall or floor tile
- Slip resistance oil wet ramp test R12
- Slip resistance wet pendulum P5 (V)
- Slip resistance barefoot C
The Glennon Tiles Bauhaus range is a modular series including wall, floor and coving tiles to provide a system where you can impart your own aesthetic system and structure.
Clean & dynamic. Depending on context and choice of pattern, glaze, and grout, the look can range from quiet and meditative to dynamic and vibrant. Glennon Tiles offers the versatility and sophistication to create almost any effect you're after.
See the full range of Bauhaus wall, floor & coving tiles here.
Slip resistance figures are indicative only for tiles tested under laboratory conditions to AS/NZS 4586:2004 and cannot be guaranteed for the tiles supplied. All tiles are sheeted (except for cove skirtings).


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You knew it was coming. If you didn't, you should have. College kids are generally our most unobstructed and free-thinking minds, what with all of the exposure to new people, theories, knowledge, and such. But somebody at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, didn't get the memo and instead dreamt up the concept of a sorority strictly for straight people.
An email originally posted by an anonymous student on Tumblr -- which has since been stripped off -- invited classmates to join her in creating an "exclusive" chapter of Delta Gamma specifically for the school's piteously underserved and marginalized straight girls. Because there just aren't enough organizations in the world for heteros to dominate. Except, like, almost every organization that's ever been created.
Teen and just-barely-20-something girls need an excuse to be cliquish like Miley Cyrus needs a reason to twerk. But this one is especially petty and superficial since 1) a gal with the passion to attend an all-women's liberal arts college would ostensibly be pro-all women, and 2) burgeoning clubs and activities for the LGBT community pose absolutely no threat to straight folks whatsoever. You know, like the institution of a Black or Asian or Latino Student Union doesn't make anybody else any less white.
Also, it's the school Gloria Steinem went to. I mean, come on. Do better just because.
Delta Gamma officials have denied knowledge of any such chapter and certainly haven't thrown any kind of public support behind the idea. In other words, taint gonna happen far as they're concerned. So the mystery emailer's hopes of creating a schedule of planned activities just for straight girls, like "sorority mixers with Amherst men, weekly dinner dates, weekly photo shoots where we would dress up nice [and] baking nights," are apparently dashed. Sounds like a tidy little flashback to the 1940s anyway, which may explain her paranoia in the first place.
But if homegirl would've done her research, she would've known that Smith's campus doesn't have any sororities at all and the SGA doesn't charter exclusive organizations. Meaning exclusionary clubs like the one she proposed would never get the approval to launch, much less enjoy a groundswell of membership.
Whether school administrators track down her IP address for good measure or let the incident slide with a shake of the head, the emailer will probably manage to out her own self some kind of way since she feels so much like sister outsider in what is, according to her, a flood of lesbians on the Smith campus. You know intolerance tends to percolate and spill over fairly easily. Let's wait her out.
Is the suggestion of an all-straight sorority totally out of line?
Image via Charles Roberts/Flickr


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The Celebration of the Military Child Outdoors marks Sierra Club Mission Outdoors program inaugural event. All of our programs (Building Bridges to the Outdoors, Inner City Outings, Local Outings and Military Families and Veterans Initiative) worked together with dozens of partners to offer a free day of fun in the outdoors to military kids and their families at Prince William Forest Park near Marine Corps Base Quantico. On a beautiful and mostly sunny day, hundreds of children hiked learned how to kayak and cast a fly rod.
Colonel Daniel Choike, Commander of Marine Corps Base Quantico, kicked off the day by thanking the families for coming and telling parents they should give their kids two days off from school for their service – April Fools!
National Park Service Director Jon Jarvis joined us to share a bit about the shared history of the military and our National Parks. Did you know that some of the first protectors of our National Parks were the Buffalo Soldiers?
Our own President of the Sierra Club Board of Directors, Robin Mann (a military kid herself), was also on hand to kick things off by announcing the Sierra Club's renewed commitment to connect all people with the outdoors. Mann announced Sierra Club's commitment to fund $675,000 (from The Sierra Club Foundation) to the National Military Family Association, Armed Services YMCA and the YMCA of the USA to provide outdoor experiences to military children. We know that the outdoors heals. We hope this funding will help provide some real opportunities for military kids, who often experience greater stress and anxiety, by giving them a chance to connect with the natural world and just be kids.
So, why are we doing this? We wanted to have a day that celebrated the sacrifices our Nation's Military Children are asked to make every day with one or both parents in the military. We wanted to share with the military community the outdoor activities available in their own backyards. And, we wanted to share with the military a day of good fun and even some skills training so they could get outside on their own following our celebration.
This event would not have been possible without Laura Cohen and the amazing team from Prince William Forest Park, who honored the kick off the month of the military child, by declaring April 1st a fee free day. A BIG THANKS to all of our co-hosts, partners and volunteers for not just talking about supporting our troops, but really doing it! our co-hosts - Blue Star Families, the Armed Services YMCA, National Military Family Association, and the Outdoors Alliance for Kids, Washington DC Inner City Outings (ICO) Group and Potomac Regional Outings Group, and partners, Active Network, Alice Ferguson Foundation, Boys and Girls Club of Greater Washington, Children & Nature Network, Glen Echo Park, Leesylvania State Park, National Wildlife Federation, NatureBridge, Raptor Conservancy of Virginia, Team River Runners, Trout Unlimited, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries
Also, a special thanks to the Mission Outdoors super intern, Sally McGuire, who did a fantastic job coordinating our three dozen volunteers (from the Washington Internship Institute, Marine Corps Community Services and many individuals) and handling much of the ground work for the event!
The Month of the Military Child is being celebrated all month around the country. We'll be on hand to celebrate military kids in San Diego at the end of the month. But, don't wait for us! Do your part by picking up a fishing pole or finding a trail and take a military kid outside!
More stories and photos will be posted about this event and the Month of the Military Child on our Facebook and Twitter pages. Be sure to follow us there – and if you are getting a military kids outdoors this month let us know on our Facebook page!
~Stacy Bare, OIF Veteran
Military Families and Veteran Representative to the Sierra Club
"Helping America's Military and Veteran Community experience the freedom of the land they defend"


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Agreement Reached!
On Friday, delegates to COP 11 and COP/MOP 1 heard statements from
observers in the morning, followed by COP and COP/MOP plenaries.
Many delegates attended a lunchtime side event hosted by the City
of Montreal, at which former U.S. President Bill Clinton spoke.
The meeting was adjourned from shortly after 5:30 pm until 2:47
am to allow for informal consultations on Article 3.9 of the
Kyoto Protocol.
Early Saturday morning, delegates reached agreement on text for future
action under Kyoto Protocol Article 3.9 (future commitments) after a
compromise to take into account Russia's desire for consultations on
voluntary commitments. Parties also agreed to start the process for a
review of the Protocol under Article 9, with submissions being required
by 1 September 2006. In addition, Parties agreed on text setting out a
process under the UNFCCC on a dialogue for enhancing implementation
of the Convention.
Above: COP 11 and COP/MOP 1 President Stéphane Dion,
Environment Minister, Canada, was embraced by UNFCCC Acting Executive
Secretary Richard Kinley after the COP and COP/MOP completed their
The Earth Negotiations Bulletin summary and analysis of COP 11
and COP/MOP 1 will be available on this site on Tuesday, 13 December.
Related Links
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change
COP 11 and COP/MOP 1 Information and Documents
Kyoto Protocol information
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
UNEP Ozone Secretariat
Related ENB Coverage
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Chateau de Blomac
B&B for a fairytale stay and the ideal place for your dream party.
B&B for a fairytale stay and the ideal place for your dream party.
We love to welcome you as a guest at Chateau de Blomac.
A fairytale stay with the guests at your wedding…………
THE Chateau B&B for a relaxing stay and an ideal place for your dream party.
The construction of the present Chateau de Blomac started several hundred years ago and is renovated by various families. Wine is still being made. In the Chateau there are now very spacious and comfortable(family) suites, where our guests will stay regally (chambres d'hotes) . One of the buildings has been transformed into a beautiful holiday home for 6 people (gite) with the sturdy character of this wine region.We do have a large (7x13) swimming pool, chlorine free, for all our guests. The estate is ideal for fairylike wedding or anniversary parties. Larger parties could be received for art- and antique arrangements, cooking classes and pastry-workshops. Imagine your own family or theme gatherings and we will make it true in this inspiring setting. And of course we can't ignore it: indulge your taste buds with exquise wines.


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#oow11 Oracle OpenWorld - Day 1
Comments (2) Visits (18379)
I have arrived safely to San Francisco, and was able to check-in at the hotel, pick up my registration badge for Oracle OpenWorld 2011, and attend the first keynote session. This is the largest Oracle OpenWorld event to-date, with over 45,000 attendees from 117 different countries. There are 520,000 square feet of exhibition floor, and over 2,400 educational sessions. The conference is spread across the different buildings of the Moscone center, as well as nearby hotels. On average, attendees will walk seven miles during the week.
Larry Ellison was the keynote speaker for this first kick-off session. He focused almost exclusively on server and storage hardware. He feels that business is all about moving data, not doing integer math.
He also mentioned that Bob Shimp would kick-off the Cloud later in the week. Given that Larry himself thought that Cloud was a stupid, over-marketed term that nobody has deployed over the past few years, to a complete believer, claiming that over 20 live demos will be given this year on Cloud.
Perhaps the funniest quote was his motivation to use Infiniband as the interconnect
"Ethernet was invented by Xerox when I was a child."
Here are some sessions that IBM is featuring on Monday. Note the first two are Solution Spotlight sessions at the IBM Booth #1111 where I will be most of the time.
technorati tags: IBM, Oracle, Larry Ellison, keynote, SPARC-T4, Exadata, Exalogic, Exalytics, POWER7


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Travel Centre
Are you looking for a DB Travel Centre or an agency that sells DB tickets? Use our sales point finder to see where DB sales outlets are located.
Step-free access
If you have any questions, simply contact the relevant Triple-S centre or our mobility service centre at 0180 6 512 512 (EUR 0.20 per call from landlines, max. EUR 0.60 per call from mobile networks)
3-S-Zentrale, Telefon: 0711/20921055
The Triple-S concept is our masterplan for safety and customer focus at stations. Operating around the clock, Triple-S centres collect all important information regarding station processes. Some stations feature help points (emergency intercoms) that connect callers straight to the Triple-S centres.
Stations also have their own security teams, while Germany's Federal Police handle safety issues in the rail network on behalf of the national government.
Please note DB Station&Service AG's rules and regulations as well as locally published additions at the train station: they are designed to make your time at our stations safe and pleasant.


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The misty aqua colorway of the Oceania Baby Bedding reminds you of serene breezes and coastal tranquility. From the solid aqua bumper to the velvet burnout skirt you've got calming, cool colors for a soothing slumber. Aqua is about letting go and relaxing into your environment, receiving the positive energy in your room and letting go of the daily tensions that can sometimes surround motherhood. Building your room around this sophisticated contemporary set will ensure your nursery is a peaceful place for you to be the best mom you can be.
The Oceania set components can be modified, if you've got an idea call one of our Design Consultants!
Would you like us to help you find a similar item? Talk with our Design Consultants toll-free at1-800-927-5164.
*Shipping transit time varies based on destination. Free shipping offers are limited to the 48 contiguous states of the USA.
International Customers (including Alaska and Hawaii) please contact a Customer Service Representative if you have any questions about placing an order with PoshTots.
This item is custom made especially for you upon order.Click here for our policy on custom made items.
Promotion codes cannot be used for sale item purchases.
*Free shipping offers are limited to the 48 contiguous states of the USA.


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Mayfield Family Dentist, Mayfield Cosmetic Dentist
We know how important having a great smile is to looking and feeling good. That's why Dr. Bryan Freeman, Dr. Samantha J. Strange Spraggs, Dr. Dustin J. Hall and the entire team at our Mayfield, Kentucky dental practice is committed to providing the highest quality in family and cosmetic dentistry. Leveraging today's latest technology, Dr. Bryan Freeman, Dr. Samantha J. Strange Spraggs, and Dr. Dustin J. Hall can create results that change how you look and feel. Whether you need a routine checkup, or more advanced procedures like a smile makeover, our dental practice offers a wide variety of procedures to uniquely fit your needs. In addition, our friendly staff ensures your visit to the dentist is affordable and comfortable. If you are searching for a Mayfield family dentist or a Mayfield cosmetic dentist – look no further, contact us today at (270) 247-1966.
We invite you to look around our site to learn more about Dr. Bryan Freeman, Dr. Samantha J. Strange Spraggs, Dr. Dustin J. Hall and our team to see how we can be an integral part of your dental care. We know that the first step towards a beautiful smile begins with selecting a dentist that you can rely on. Don't hesitate to give us a call if you have any questions, or if you would like to schedule an appointment.
Now Offering the Dental Health Savings Plan The dental health savings plan includes two exams, two cleanings, and all x-rays for one year for only $189.00. If the patient is needing to have periodontal scaling and root planning or full mouth debridement these two services are not included in the plan. Also with this plan you can get up to 20 percent off most treatment. Call the office today for more information. (270) 247-1966


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Leisure Cookmaster CK100C210X Electric Ceramic Range Cooker - Stainless Steel
Cook up a storm with the Leisure Cookmaster CK100C210X Electric Ceramic Range Cooker and let it help you gain full control of your cooking.
Flexible cooking
The five zone ceramic hob with a warming zone provides you with plenty of space for different sized pots and pans. Whether you're boiling vegetables or warming soup, there's plenty of room for your pans, and you'll be able to keep food warm while you're cooking the rest of your meal when you use the warming zone.
The 58-litre fan oven promotes faster cooking to give larger meals a boost, so you'll be able to cook quickly. The second conventional oven can be used when you need that extra space, and is perfect for baking.
The Leisure Cookmaster CK100C210 takes minimal effort to maintain as the catalytic liners use heat to reduce the build up of grease and make it easier to keep clean.
The Leisure Cookmaster CK100C210 Electric Ceramic Range Cooker can cater for a vast range of cooking needs, making it an adaptable kitchen appliance.
- Type: Freestanding electric range cooker
- Colour: Stainless Steel
- Fuel: Electric
- Hob type: Electric ceramic
- Number of zones: 5
Oven type:
- Main: electric
- Second: electric
- Number of ovens: 2
- Number of grills :1
- Storage compartment: Yes
Timer type:
- Programmable
- Countdown timer
- Display type: LED
- Control type: Dials
- Warming plate: Yes
- Elements: Ceramic
- Safety features: Hot hob indicators
Oven type:
- Main: fan
- Second: conventional
- Main: medium
- Second: medium
- Main: 58 litres
- Second: 58 litres
Energy rating:
- Main: A
- Second: B
Viewing window:
- Main: double glazed
- Second: double glazed
Interior light: Yes
Oven cleaning:
- Main: catalytic
- Second: catalytic
Safety features: Cooling fan
- Grill type: Separate variable electric grill
- Grill capacity: 28 litres
- Box contents:Leisure Cookmaster CK100C210C Electric Ceramic Range Cooker
- Shelves x 5
- Grill pan
- Grill handle
- 900 x 1000 x 600 mm (H x W x D)
Boxed dimensions:
- 1070 x 1060 x 700 mm (H x W x D)
- Boxed weight: 103 kg


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Window Cleaning Services in Windsor.
Premier Window Cleaning Services provide the following domestic window cleaning and associated services within the Windsor area:
- External Window Cleaning
- Internal Window Cleaning
- Conservatory Cleaning
- Gutter Clearing and Cleaning
- Cleaning of Wall Claddings
- Jet Washing of Patios, Paths and Driveways
Our professional Windsor cleaning team is dedicated to doing a superb job for our customers and to giving you peace of mind, complete satisfaction and value for money. For us, that means:
- Providing you with a friendly, reliable, uniformed and police-checked window cleaner
- Confirming each appointment with you in advance
- Offering a variety of payment options
- Using our Pure Water Reach & Wash System for a spotless clean – detergent free
- Providing you with a Quality Guarantee


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Kimbrel has successful 'pen session
PHILADELPHIA -- Craig Kimbrel, who sat out of consecutive games before Tuesday's rainout, didn't make a big deal of the shoulder soreness that crept up on him Saturday night. The closer was confident that it was just something that happens over the course of a season, and he appeared happy after his scheduled 15-pitch session before the Braves' game against the Phillies at Citizens' Bank Park.
"It was actually 14," Kimbrel joked. "I felt so good, I didn't need to throw another pitch.
"It went good today. The ball was coming out of my hand good. The offspeed was good and nothing was uncomfortable. Yesterday was just a side throw. I didn't throw anything hard enough to know anything."
Kimbrel's only road block to return is the weather in Philadelphia. The temperature has been dropping and around 10 p.m., which is likely when Kimbrel would be used as he pursues John Smoltz's franchise record of 154 saves, it's likely to be near freezing. Manager Fredi Gonzalez admitted it would impact his decision.
"It would," Gonzalez said. "But he'd probably be able to talk us into using him."
"We have heaters in the bullpen," Kimbrel said. "I'll be nice and warm."


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Does experience continue after death? RealityTest believes so but proving this is quite the challenge. Mediumship is much more art than science, in most situations requiring a translation of subjective impressions. Suppose a more objective means of communication could be developed, one that would satisfy those who insist on so called empirical evidence?
Legions of skilled engineers from the dawn of modern industry to present times are dead, including huge numbers of hardware, software, and communications engineers, with more dying every day. The possibility of some of them applying themselves to this challenge has given rise to RealityTest's Dead Techie Project, a collaboration between the living and the dead.
The project is akin to bridging a wilderness chasm by first firing an arrow across the gap, one to which a string is attached; rope is then attached to the string and drawn across. More arrows are fired and a bridge is constructed. In the Dead Techie Project, the dead provide preliminary instructions to the living "archers" through mediumship and trance writing. Can this be advanced to first primitive Morse Code, then ascii text files, before moving on to more complex communications?
This all hinges on the ability of the dead to influence matter or energy in space and time in a consistent and detectable way. Many would say this has already been accomplished, based on the results of ITC (Instrumental Transcommunication) and EVP (Electronic Voice Phenomenon), both pursued by growing numbers thanks to the Internet. Even so, output is somewhat limited -- nothing akin to, say, the channelled Seth material, in which trance dictation yielded a number of published books -- has been recorded. Is there some particular difficulty associated with creating voices? Might some other procedure yield superior results? Endless questions arise. Are both the living and the dead primarily beings of consciousness, the living temporarily embodied? If so, how are living beings interfaced with physical reality? Can an artificial and necessarily primitive interface be constructed? As for the answers, time will tell; stay tuned.Ken Olsen (1926-2011), Engineer and Co-Founder of Digital Equipment Corporation, was asked in September, 2012, whether he thought communication between the living and the dead might be facilitated by electronic means. A medium (unfamiliar with either Olsen or DEC) translated Olsen's thoughts into spoken words. Olsen replied in the affirmative, but added: "...you may have to involve venture capitalists, as considerable resources may be required."
Time Travel -- the State of the Art:
Arnold J. Toynbee -- Time Traveler
Mind Loosed from its Tether -- The Channelled H.G. Wells
Bringing the Body Along -- Physical Time Travel
Old Pages (The Change)
At a time when millions of conscious minds focus daily on technology, the business of technology, and all of its myriad applications and ramifications*, others are more intrigued with the nature of reality, devoting long moments to focusing in this most basic direction amidst their busy days**. Contrary to the great bulk of established beliefs, this focus requires first and foremost that exquisite attention be paid to subjective reality.
Such attention need not be equated with "navel gazing," as it results from a realization that there is nothing in the external or "objective" reality revealed by our physical senses which doesn't spring from subjective or inner reality. This verifiable truth has been known throughout the ages, but has generally been quite obscured during the last few centuries, with their emphasis on the truths of a rudimentary science -- a science gazing only outwards is inevitably incomplete.
Those investigating the subjective realms are not necessarily arcane philosophers deeply steeped in academic metaphysical theories, scientists plumbing the depths of quantum physics, psychologists working in the field of consciousness studies, or others focusing on the physical brain and its relationship to mind, although certainly these groups include important contributors.
Nor are these necessarily those who believe wholeheartedly in various "New Age" teachings, although surprising truths can be discovered in these areas by those willing to sift through them, much as Victorian archeologists discovered priceless and amazing treasures by carefully examining huge quantities of ancient sand in such places as Mesopotamia and Egypt.
*This was written before the dot.com era ended; since then, first "fire, blood
and iron" then the interrelated topics of climate change, oil (peak or not), and economics have gained sway.
The old era gives way grudgingly, amidst great difficulties and cries of "Doom!" as rearguard personalities emerge then
recede, taking their disastrous strategies with them. Things are changing, swiftly, even as great flaws appear in what has,
until recently, been the prevailing wisdom.
Generally speaking, those of a religious persuasion (omitting obvious and notable exceptions) are not to be numbered amongst those so engaged, either, as these people are often convinced that no further efforts are required to comprehend questions of reality and existence -- they have chosen to adopt fully formed beliefs as handed to them by any of the great number of religious authorities.
But something is happening in our time, something is beginning to erupt in a great civilization changing groundswell, and amongst those most attuned to this something are a great number of nonconformists, dissatisfied with traditional explanations of reality -- whether scientific, religious, or philosophical.
It is from this area that the hazy preliminary outlines of a new and distinctly different global civilization are just beginning to emerge.
RealityTest, shifting its gears from an initial foray into the businesses and technologies of the moving image industry -- seen as manifestations of what it calls The Change (encompassing both widespread alterations of consciousness and accelerating technological changes linked to them, changes very noticeable when observing the passage of humanity from horse and buggy days through gargantuan industrialism and into today's world of rampant information devices and networks), will focus on the explorations of these nonconformists, rebels rapidly discarding established beliefs.
RealityTest initially used the word "meltdown" to describe the impact of The Change upon long established societal institutions, then replaced it with "metamorphosis" in response to comments from readers, seeking a gentler term. Perhaps "meltdown" was appropriate, after all; nevertheless, massive and rapid change in longstanding institutions, structures, and beliefs need not be perceived fearfully. Doing so may contribute, at worst, to an apocalyptic sense, at best to an obsessive longing for an imaginary golden past in which all is well and nothing changes. The Change can be seen not just as the end of a very long era, but also as the beginning of a new and expansive moment in time, one with great opportunities for resolving the challenges of life and increasing understanding in new and highly creative ways -- there is no reason to fear it; embracing it as fully as possible and exploring its nature will be RealityTest's preferred approach.
RealityTest will begin in this new direction by looking carefully at several forms of Time Travel, assisted somewhat by the discarnate H.G. Wells, dead since 1946. Wells, one of the modern world's first futurists (see Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress Upon Human Life and Thought published in 1901 when he was 35) and author of The Time Machine, a work of fiction published in 1895, is no less intrigued by contemporary developments, although his current perspective is naturally quite changed from that of his living self. RealityTest is pleased to offer his present day thoughts as filtered through the minds of various mediums and presented using technnologies entirely lacking during his lifetime.
[Editor's note: Is there any simple way to know, with any certainty, that we have indeed accessed Wells? No. When Wells first identified himself through these utterances, privately, he did so apologetically, as though not expecting to be believed. At that time, RealityTest hadn't thought to make them public. Wells or not, or even the greater being of Wells -- scrunching itself into the shape of its departed earth personality -- or not, it doesn't matter; the essays are interesting all by themselves and could just as well be treated as an unusual form of creative writing. There is more to this, however, underlying connections which make this all quite plausible. These will be explored here or in Explorer at some future date.]
This section will continue to grow (along with associated sections) as RealityTest develops it. RealityTest opens it by defining time travel as the transcendence of the apparent linear nature of time.
As always, RealityTest will encourage its readers to experiment with techniques offered in tandem with those areas it explores. Click here to access a mailing list loosely focused on concepts and experiential techniques discussed here. See also The Great Coordination Point Expedition, an informal organization sponsored by RealityTest.
One of these days RealityTest will finally launch Explorer, a collection of writings focused on issues and events of interest to both ardent time travel enthusiasts and devotees of the new civilization beginning to emerge around us.
Explorer will feature essays, articles, reviews, and fiction contributed by a wide variety of writers and correspondents, some long dead (including H.G. Wells and Sam Clemens), some quite alive, and some yet to be born, from our perspective. (The RealityTest Interviews affords readers a glimpse of the nature of this intended publication.) Those sceptical of or disturbed by so called "channelled" writing can relax; none of the writers in question will be even slightly offended if their offerings are treated as a particular kind of creative writing.
Guidance will be provided by C.P. Scott, editor of The Manchester Guardian for 57 years until shortly before his death in 1932. RealityTest believes Scott's assistance will prove invaluable, although Explorer will of course be a far cry from the M.G. -- it will lack both news, in the traditional sense, and views, in the political sense. It will not appear within the regular solar rhythms of a daily newspaper, either, arriving instead on a highly irregular basis in conjunction with unknown and peculiar celestial circumstances.
Scott may sometimes bristle as he views contemporary events and personalities, feeling an occasional urge to pen provocative and Liberal -- in the old sense -- leaders, but death can enable an enlarged perspective, one from which even the most outrageous activities can be seen in a different light. Scott knows, too, that today's world is very different from his in many ways; his 19th-Century Oxford education, Unitarian upbringing, and earnest Liberal-Progressive outlook are seemingly very much out of place -- or, more correctly, out of time -- in the early 21st Century.
Like Wells, Scott was not fond of the occult in his lifetime, but has since gained a new understanding of such matters. Scott can well understand Wells' extreme pessimism just before his death, too, after reviewing world events taking place from 1932 to 1946 (and beyond), but like the discarnate Wells knows that the world of The Change offers optimistic possibilities.
In his well known 1921 "Comment is free, but facts are sacred" thoughts on journalism, Scott wrote: "Neither in what it gives, nor in what it does not give, nor in the mode of presentation, must the unclouded face of Truth suffer wrong." Scott's idealism may be quite difficult to apply to Explorer, considering its subject matter; nevertheless, RealityTest expects Scott's long experience in guiding diverse collections of writers and reporters will provide a necessary backbone for this new publication.
RealityTest, as part of its continuing experiments combining mild trance conditions with Internet interactivity, offers the following missive, posted to a Comment is Free discussion thread following Madeleine Bunting's New Atheism encourages what it disavows blog found here; Comment is Free is part of the guardian.co.uk site, yet another symbol of our rapidly changing mass reality and quite distinct from The Manchester Guardian, once delivered by horse-drawn wagons.
Is this a variation of creative writing, a genuine expression of the mind of Scott, or something else? It has much in common with the examples provided of the channelled Wells, being obtained in a similar way by a different conscious personality. RealityTest will continue to experiment before rendering any firm judgement (if one can even be obtained). In the meantime, it is not offended by those who insist this can only be a form of creative writing. Whatever it is, wherever it issues from, both the process and content provide food for thought; perhaps such utterances will cease to be at all unusual as we continue to move into an era of expansive consciousness.
Comment No. 574502
May 10 15:35 USA
I was a newspaperman and neither a scientist nor an atheist; God was a given, while science seemed likely to continue to reveal the secrets of the material universe He had created.
I could call myself a "subpersonality" (one of an unknown but apparently large number), occasionally viewing a very changed world through the eyes (and beliefs) of a conscious mind; a living self part of this changed world.
The situation offers me at times the ability to express myself, although all I write is colored or filtered through this contemporary conscious mind. Our backgrounds and educations, vocabularies, and mental associations are all quite different, so that I cannot quite "sound" like myself -- writing requires cooperation and the result is a kind of blending of two minds.
Details of my own experience are limited. The chief connection is the act of writing itself. (I wrote leaders, year after year; he posted -- and posts -- to Internet sites.)
This discovery came about quite gradually; a key experience was writing with such an intense focus so as to inadvertantly enter a mild trance condition, then noticing, afterwards, that what had seemed like a few minutes had in fact been many hours. The writing itself had an odd Victorian whiff to it, creating a peculiar puzzle for the conscious personality.
For the most part, neither religion nor science offers much of anything in the way of an explanation, while philosophy has been of little help, either.
The investigative activities of, say, Arthur Conan Doyle, never interested me during my lifetime; seances in darkened rooms were never anything I took at all seriously and I simply had no need whatsoever for Spiritualism.
Yet here I am, nevertheless.
I have been forced to conclude that something very significant, very basic, is missing from all officially accepted areas of knowledge, be those scientific, religious, or philosophical, and has been for a very long time.
A great hindrance to discovering what is lost or missing is the incredible hubris attending those who promote any of the officially accepted views.
One is forced to prowl amongst the fringes of knowledge, fringes considered in the large part disreputable and treated with disdain.
Fortunately, I have found old friends in my prowlings; I am not alone. To encounter a familiar mind in such strange cirumstances, one with whom I share experiences of a bygone England and one who became quite intrigued with this odd region -- a place where psychology meets the supernatural -- long before I did, greatly lessens my initial sense of a fearful isolation.
After conferring a bit, I must conclude that we live on the edge of new awakenings, and that what we had supposed we knew, collectively, was really little better than the imaginings of children.
Some humility is called for; our science, our religion, our philosophy, the myths we live by -- these will all become obsolete faster than nearly anyone might imagine.
(The full text of C.P. Scott's 1921 "Comment is free but facts are sacred" essay, published on the occasion of the centenary of The Manchester Guardian, is found here.)
If you're interested in contributing to Explorer, please send
correspondence (including email address) to the address below.
RealityTest is edited by Bill I. -- on-line alter-ego of Bill Ingle, an
independent provider of business services for management consultants and technology research firms in Boston and London.
You may contact RealityTest by writing to:
P.O. Box 5326
Magnolia, MA 01930


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Go from zero to hero in little over a second as you feel the full power of this amazing dragster racing experience! You're looking at an incredible - if a little crazy - rocket ride that puts you in the driving seat and fighting unbelievable G-Forces, as you accelerate off the start line from 0 to 110mph in just over a second!
You'll get three fast and furious runs, filled with heart stopping speed and smokey burnouts, at the infamous Maple Grove Raceway, all under the watchful eye of the sport's very best instructors. These guys feel the need for total speed, and in the pre-drive briefing you'll be armed with all the theory you'll need to handle these incredible racing rocket machines. The rest, as they say, is up to you! Reckon you can handle the absolute racing fury as one of these monsters flies at incredible speed down the strip?
If you've ever wanted to drive a dragster, now's your chance to experience the mind-blowing thrill of powering off the starting grid at speeds that would make your mom faint!
Allow half a day for the entire experience
The course starts with a one hour orientation, where basic safety and operational procedures are discussed. When orientation is completed, all drivers will be issued with the necessary safety equipment.
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When both the driver and instructor feel comfortable enough to take to the racetrack, the student begins with a long, smoky burnout that allows them to feel the real horsepower they now command. Then it's time to step on the gas for real and launch the high-horsepower dragster down the track, zipping from a standing start to 100 mph quicker than any street car in production. It is an experience that will be cherished and remembered forever. All runs are done incrementally with each driver making a minimum of three passes, the last being a full quarter-mile pull, just like the professionals. Warning: Smiles may last for a long time!


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Search our database of handpicked sites
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Search results on physics.org
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Light pollution - does anyone care?
The Science of His Dark Materials
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The Physics of Light and Color
An in depth guide to light, optics and colour, covering wave particle duality, reflection, refraction, waves, diffraction, polarisation, birefringence, colour temperature, human perception and more.
Northern Lights photos
Presentation of pictures, photographs, articles and links related to the Aurora Borealis, or northern lights.
The Color of Light
What happens when coloured lights are added. An experiment shows the effects of adding red, green and blue. Main site has hundreds of similar useful links with a good search facility.
How Christmas Lights Work
A brief description of how Christmas Lights work from HowStuffWorks.com.
Could lightning keep the lights on?
Just how realistic is it to try and use lighting as a source of power.
Colored Shadows
An experiment in mixing different coloured lights.
The CSE Light Tour
The light tour will let you discover information about light in the universe and how astronomers make use of light wavelengths.
Messing about with Dr Light
Optics experiments with Infra-Red light, light bulbs and liquid crystal post cards.
How Light Works
A simple introduction to what light is, touching on particle wave duality and other aspects of light. From HowStuffWorks.com.
Light: a learning unit
Lots of information about light, colour and the history of lighting from Edison's light bulb to recent innovations.