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The Quintessential New Years Post
I actually had to look "quintessential" up since I didn't know it's exact meaning. My use of it is misleading since I'm not writing a list specific resolutions, thus making this post not a quintessential New Years post. But it's such a fun word that I refuse to change it. This is my blog and I can name my posts whatever I want. So there.
I hope everyone welcomed in the New Year is a good way. (And yes, I consider sleeping to be a good way!)
I found that while Christmas Eve made me miss my family (my parents are building their new house and don't have a phone or stable internet yet so I couldn't talk to them), New Year's Eve made me miss my hometown.
Generally I appreciate my quiet, hardworking new compatriots (being a quiet, sortof hardworking person, I fit right in), but for one night, I missed the rowdy, overly affectionate way we highlight the changing of years. Americans talk about kissing someone for New Years. I think this is the first time in my adult life (with the exception of the New Years I spent in California with Clockwork Bard, where we cooked all day and ended up spending New Years half passed out on the couch, watching Serenity) where I don't lock lips with what feels like half of Québec city. But it was nice to meet some other young people in town, I had a blast chasing the kids around the house, and OMG I'm hooked on Dance Central. I'm heading to WalMart like RIGHT NOW to buy an XBox Kinect.
I wasn't going to do a New Years post, but after reading everyone elses, I feel like I have things to say.
Of Resolutions and stuff
I don't do resolutions because when I decide to make a change, I just do. I don't wait until a special occasion. Last year was an exception – as I was thinking about 2010, I reflected on how much blogging (aka learning to really write) has had a positive impact on my life. Speaking is extremely difficult for me so I need to rely on writing to get by. Blogging helped me develop writing skills and throughout that year, those skills opened a lot of doors for me. I was suddenly angry that not everyone receives that opportunity: there are tons of Canadians who are illiterate. So I resolved to become involved in literacy.
Which I didn't do.
The closest I came was writing a 3 part FAQ on blogging (part 1, part 2, part 3).
But maybe this year I will. My town does have a literacy program. It focuses on English Second Language, not on primary literacy, but it's still a step in the right direction.
2011 in Blogging
My most read post in 2011 was actually written in 2010 so it doesn't count. It was that post on Holy Paladin reforging. It's so terribly outdated too. I cringe whenever I see the hits come in from search engines.
Otherwise, 2011 was pretty quiet on the blog. My real life was hectic with clerkships, graduation, Pharmacy Board Licensing exams, moving across the country, my parents selling the house I grew up in and building my new career (made especially difficult by the fact that the store I was sent to was in terrible, terrible condition when I got there). Blogging obviously took the hit, with real life holding my interest far more than my virtual one.
I don't believe I did any real comedy posts. I miss writing funny posts (I'm very proud of WoW on the First Date), but I'm:
1)just too tired to look at the world in an amusing way
2)too comfortable in the blogging world to feel the need to rely on jokes.
Let me take a nap, then pull the rug out from under me. Should make me spill comedy posts all over the place.
Anyway, my favorite posts of 2011:
This post completely summarizes my attitude toward guilds and playing with guildies vs playing with strangers. Accept the Social Contract in your guild life, accept that PuGs are very close to a state of nature (there is a social contract in PuGs, but it's very temporary and very shallow), and your WoW life will be way less stressful.
How to Keep Shyness from Ruining Your Game
I usually write about social phobia in a comical way because I believe that my eccentricities should be used positively. And thus I clumsily attempt to turn them into an art form for the enjoyment of all.
I get annoyed at the social premise that shyness is bad and should be eradicated at all costs. Obviously, a crippling mental illness that prevents you from enjoying the things you'd like to enjoy in life is bad. And social phobia/anxiety is that horrible mental illness.
But there are ways to work around shyness to get what you want out of life without changing who you are as a person. It's totally possible to live a satisfying life (and play multiplayer games…we're still talking about WoW, right?) and love yourself while being a shy person.
When I started ignoring those who want to turn me into a social butterfly, I came to like being shy. Being shy forces me to think more, it forces me to appreciate the people in my life more, it makes me appear to be a gentler, calmer, more sensitive person, it teaches me empathy, it prevents me from acting impulsively, and it inspires me creatively.
So yeah, social phobia = bad, but shyness = neutral personality trait with a shitton of upsides.
Don't let shyness ruin your game.
The 5 Traits I Want in a Leader
This post was so much fun (and so therapeutic) to write. The grievances I hold against my past guilds (all woopin' two of them) are all leadership-related. So I thought about the WoW leaders I enjoyed working with, and what about them made me tick.
It's a personal post. Different people appreciate different leadership styles. That post was me, reflecting on which style makes me happiest.
Onto 2012
I make no promises. I have lots of blogging ideas for both this blog as well as the Giant Spoon without the Pally one, but so little energy. I'd like to write lots of funny posts. I'd like to share more travel stories. I'd like to talk about paladins more. But "like to" is not a promise. I do what I can do, and accept what I cannot do.
I hope to play more different games. I hope to play different games with the guildies that I'm about to leave.
I've always been the type of person who plays the shit out of a game, them moves onto another game with shit that needs to be played out of it. It's impossible to play the shit out of WoW, so I haven't played many other games. And I'll say that it's kind of embarrassing, when asked about my gaming, to say that I haven't played much other than WoW in years.
I'm not done with WoW and you'll probably see me around in each expansion to come. But maybe hell will freeze over and I'll have a year where my real life is stable (stability bores me, but maybe gaming will help), maybe I'll expand my gaming horizons a teensy bit.
And with that,
For auld lang syne, my dear,
for auld lang syne,
we'll take a cup of kindness yet,
for auld lang syne.
8 Comments on "The Quintessential New Years Post"
January 2, 2012 at 6:16 pm
I feel the same way about WoW, I've played it for 5 years nonstop with so much as looking at another game. Now I am playing ToR and finding it frustrating but amazing to be struggling again.
How do I get into LFG?
where is this flashpoint?
I don't know anything & I did not realize how much I missed that. In my WoW guild I was sometimes referred to as "WoWNiki" instead of WoWwiki because I knew the location of every npc, quest item or strange location. Just ask WoWniki, she'll know.
January 3, 2012 at 10:52 am
I was talking to a friend of mine about how I preferred to be at home with a book than out in a big crowd of people, and she said I could work on my shyness and eventually be 'more normal', to which I responded 'maybe I am happy being shy'. She seemed quite startled by that!
Being uncomfortable in social settings doesn't mean there is something wrong with you; as long as you are happy with your own life, that is all that matters.
Thanks for sharing your views; I always read them with interest.
January 3, 2012 at 11:59 am
I too wish to thank you for your blog, opinions, thoughts, and perspective and I too read it with interest each time I see a new post in my blogroll. Happy New year!
I'm not uncomfortable, per se, in crowds, I just don't care for them. I suppose I'm either hyper-aware and can read people very well, or I'm just an overly judgemental ass. Either way, I'm fine staying home reading or playing on the computer. I've been a WoW addict for years and it's not completely due to SWTOR's release, but I've been playing that a lot more than WoW over these last couple months (I was lucky enough to be in a lot of beta weekends.)
I will never quit playing WoW- I signed up for the Annual Pass! but I'm happy to have something else to do. It's always nice to see someone, like yourself, who is working on balancing real life and the virtual and who recognizes the need to distinguish between them.
January 4, 2012 at 11:17 am
Good luck in the new year, you have a whole new year to make all kinds of posts you'd "Like" to make, and I'm sure you will, even if you don't it's fine, you should always write what you feel. 🙂
I really enjoyed the Social contract post as well as the Shyness post. On that subject, don't feel bad that you're not a social butterfly. I've had people try to force me out there with other social butterflies and get me "out of my shell" too. It's just not natural and it turns out most people out there being super social are not compatible with me.
I like shy people because we usually have similar personalities. When I meet them the bonds are much stronger than someone super social who has a billion other friends/acquaintances etc. I have to say I like being shy as well, and I agree it does make one think more often and have the chance to observe the world around them more while others are making small talk. I admit I am probably in social phobia zone as well seeing as being around lots of people gives me a panic attack 90% of the time, and I try to work on that a bit here and there, but there's no way I'll stop being shy.
Happy New Year 🙂
Cheers- Dreamy


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Moderator: Cartographers
oaktown wrote:The trick will be writing all of this up in a way that is clear to the lowest common denomiator CC user. If you go with the symbols over the lines you will have one symbol for the shipping lanes, one for the ports, and I'm guessing a different symbol for the canal (since the canal is part of the shipping bonus and the ports are not). Your legend will have to explain who can attack what as well as how the shipping lane bonus works - this could be a bit wordy.
lgoasklucyl wrote:The words of the shipping lane could be the same color as the port symbols, and it could just be:
"Each (port symbol) can attack its respective color lane; and each (shipping lane symbol) can attack ports of the same color."
Um, your oceans are in the wrong place.
I like the basic idea of the post symbols - now that the attack dots are gone I see that it'll be important to make the port symbols and sea routes stand out to make it impossible to miss them. The wheels with the light strokes get lost over the sea for me. Dark stroke will be necessary - the wheel in the legend is the best in my opinion.
You are aware that the sea routes to the islands are gone?
There are some little spacing points that I see - Orange Walk and The Cayes look bunched; the "Atlantic Sea Route looks like it is more a part of the mini map than the main map; and I like how the wheel on the south coast of Canal seems to be more on land than on sea.
The map is coming along nicely, Igo... glad to see you're back at it!
Compass is washed out. It looks like you found that image on google, then pasted it onto this map, then desaturated (or used a darker layer blend) to remove the background. It still doesn't fit with the map
Would you consider droping the helms all together, and just adding sea routes, like you had it earlier in the previous versions? Or in the Italy map? I just think the Pacific and Atlantic Sea Routes in the middle of the ocean are a bit confusing. I've added an alternate wheel just to show you a different style. I added a little shadow on the ground to make it "pop" more.
Consider using a black outline/stroke on your lakes. It may help. (not sure)
Is there a way to keep your legend seperated from the rest of the map, like maybe in a subset box or some type of border around it? I think the map would look a bit better if that were cleaned up a bit. See my example. Not saying this is the greatest, but it cleans up that area more.
PSD included, feel free to use or trash this. Good Luck.
Photoshop CS3 File Link Below
lgoasklucyl wrote:OakWould you consider droping the helms all together, and just adding sea routes, like you had it earlier in the previous versions? Or in the Italy map? I just think the Pacific and Atlantic Sea Routes in the middle of the ocean are a bit confusing. I've added an alternate wheel just to show you a different style. I added a little shadow on the ground to make it "pop" more.
-I/quite a few people like the additional attack routes as a new gameplay feature- makes it interest past a straightforward map and avoids a lot of bunching up the center like on Indochina (nowhere near as much, but it could end up similar).
anyone who starts in nicaragua is at an obvious disadvantage: as well as being stuck in the middle of the map, it isn't next to a tiny bonus. we can reduce this disadvantage by merging 4 of nicaragua's regions into 2 (merge RAAN with RAAS and jinotega with chinandega, perhaps?).
i also think there would be fewer starting issues if the 2-region el salvador bonus became a 3-region one by adding santa ana in western el salvador (the san salvador troop count can be moved sotuh-east, with the name can going in the sea).
to restore the starting count of 32 regions, an extra one in guatemala reduces the existing benefit of staring in the north (in 4-player singles, it's always nice to start at one end of a linear map, especially next to two easy bonuses).
to help nicaragua even more (after being reduced to 5 regions), maybe the helm at rio san juan can disappear, sheltering it more?
Incandenza wrote:While adding a terit to el salvador isn't a bad idea, I tend to think that nicaragua can stay the way it is... given the sea lanes, this'll be a pretty easy map to move around in, and it's not like someone's going to really "start" in nicaragua (and even if they did, they have quite a few options for proceeding). In a 1v1, sure, if someone predominantly drops nic and their opponent ends up strong in the small bonuses, that sucks, but that's kinda life when you're talking 1v1s on small maps. And the map is small enough already.
The thing that works for me now is that nic is something of a transitional area, a bonus that probably won't be held all that often, but nevertheless serves as the overland attack route from north to south.
lgoasklucyl wrote:Way to fast-post my extra long post breaking his apart
Incandenza wrote:The hippo speaks wisdom, even though the way he used "playful" in the last paragraph has always felt like nails on a chalkboard to me...
Incandenza wrote:btw, you should update your first post, as there are now 34 terits, not 32.
whew, a lot has happened since I last checked in. There seems to be concerns that Niacaragua is at a disadvantage because of 1) its size and 2) lack of proximity to a small bonus.
It seems like a simpler remedy would be to just make Costa Rica a three territory +2 region. Merging Guanacaste and San Jose would mean it has three territories, two of which are northern borders and two of which are southern borders.
We wouldn't have to eliminate a territory, because there'd be 33 territories (the sea routes no longer have to start neutral) which means the following # of starting positions:
- 1v1: 11 each, 11 neutrals
- 3 player: 11 each, 0 neutrals
- 4 player: 8 each, 1 neutrals
- 5 player: 6 each, 3 neutrals
- 6 player: 5 each, 3 neutrals
- 7 player: screw em... nobody should start seven player games on a small map.
- 8 player: see above.
I think it might be worthwhile to code El Salvador as starting positions. Splitting up El Salvador between the two players means 31 starting territories, so there would still be 11 territories for each to start the game. Splitting up additional regions - the three territory regions - just means fewer neutrals in a 1v1, which in turn means a bigger drop for the first player, which is what we're trying to avoid.
RjBeals' mini map is worthy of closer inspection: note the playful font he's used for the regions, which really works with the colors you have going on so far, lgoask. And the border makes it really sharp - sharpen the little map up and you can get away with making it smaller, as he has. As for his flowers...
Incandenza wrote:The hippo speaks wisdom, even though the way he used "playful" in the last paragraph has always felt like nails on a chalkboard to me...
lgoasklucyl wrote:leprepotamus wrote:It seems like a simpler remedy would be to just make Costa Rica a three territory +2 region. Merging Guanacaste and San Jose would mean it has three territories, two of which are northern borders and two of which are southern borders.
With your suggestion, however, wouldn't Costa Rica still have three border territs? I don't know the math, but would that make it a +2 or +3?
lgoasklucyl wrote:-I can't even begin to tell you how excited I am to have this territ count. A map just small enough to NOT give the 1st play; 12 territ advantage is something I can look forward to greatly. I hate having to go second in a 12 or 13 starting territ map.
oaktown wrote:A ship's wheel behind each of the sea routes would tie them together. As it is, I'm afraid users will think that the wheels can attack each other, as they can on other CC maps - making the Sea Route symbols more prominent might help alleviate this. Better yet, make the sea route symbol slightly different, and slip it behind the words "Sea Route" in the legend. And a period after sea route.
Plenty of room to bring the compass down - it's crowding the map title.
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text:
SKF selected for first international order of Dongfang Electric New Energy Equipment
2014 July 07, 09:00 CEST
Gothenburg, Sweden, 7 July, 2014: SKF has been selected to deliver Nautilus bearings for Dongfang Electric New Energy Equipment (Hangzhou) Co Ltd.'s first order of wind turbines outside China.
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Dongfang Electric New Energy Equipment is a leading manufacturer of wind turbines to a broad range of customers in China. The company recently received its first international order of 2.5 MW direct drive wind turbines and selected SKF as single supplier of main shaft bearings.
A large number of the wind turbines manufactured by Dongfang Electric New Energy Equipment for international export will be delivered to Skellefteå Kraft, one of Sweden's largest energy companies. The collaboration between China and Sweden is unique and will result in one of Europe's largest land based wind parks. The agreement was announced during an official ceremony in Stockholm in presence of the Chinese ambassador in Sweden and the Swedish minister of trade.
The Nautilus bearings will mainly be produced in SKF's factory in Dalian, China.
Dongfang Electric New Energy Equipment (Hangzhou) Co. Ltd. is a subsidiary of Dongfang Electric Corporation Ltd.
Aktiebolaget SKF
For further information, please contact:
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Investor Relations: Marita Björk, +46 31-337 1994; +46 705-181 994; firstname.lastname@example.com
SKF is a leading global supplier of bearings, seals, mechatronics, lubrication systems, and services which include technical support, maintenance and reliability services, engineering consulting and training. SKF is represented in more than 130 countries and has around 15,000 distributor locations worldwide. Annual sales in 2013 were SEK 63,597 million and the number of employees was 48,401. www.skf.com
® SKF is a registered trademark of the SKF Group.


text:
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Comic books browse by: Shop category:
Artist Will EisnerAvailable series in store category "Comic books"
Will Eisner (AKA William Erwin Eisner) in the COMICLOPEDIA
" Will Eisner, probably the godfather of American comics, was born in Brooklyn, New York in 1917, to Jewish immigrant parents. He went to school at De Witt Clinton High School in the Bronx, and his first drawings were published in the school's newspaper. He made his debut in..." [ Read more ]


text: While we wait for Kanye's Super Secret Surprise Guests (Rebecca Black?), let's glance back at yesterday's highlights. AnCo, Erykah Badu, Arcade Fire, Big Audio Dynamite, Bright Eyes, Cults, Suede, Glasser, Mumford & Sons, and many more were on hand for Day 2 in the desert. Photos by Graeme Flegenheimer. Enjoy.


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Signs of Spring
Easter Lily
The Buffet Basket
Bunny Time
Welcome to Contri Brothers
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Suborder: Haplorrhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Atelidae
Subfamily: Alouattinae
Genus: Alouatta
Species: A. macconnelli, A. sara, A. seniculus
Subspecies: A. seniculus arctoidea, A. seniculus juara, A. seniculus seniculus
Other names: A. sara: Bolivian red howler monkey; A.
seniculus: red howler monkey, red howling monkey; rode brulaap (Dutch);
hurleur roux (French); aullador amazónico, coto rojo, guariba vermelha,
mono araguato (Spanish); röd vrålapa (Swedish); A.
macconnelli: A. s. insulanus, Guyanan red howler, Trinidad howling
monkey; A. s. juara: juruá red howling monkey; guariba vermelha
(Spanish); A. s. seniculus: Colombian red howling monkey; guariba
vermelha (Spanish).
The taxonomy of red howler monkeys is debated. Groves (2001) lists three
subspecies of A. seniculus; A. s. arctoidea, A. s.
juara, and A. s. seniculus. In their taxonomic review, Rylands et
al. describe seven subspecies of the type, A. s. seniculus, A. s.
insulanus, A. seniculus ssp. (formerly stramineus), A. s.
amazonica, A. s. juara, A. s. puruensis and A. s.
arctoidea (2000). Groves subsumes A. s. amazonica and A. s.
puruensis under A. s. juara. In addition, he folds both A. s.
ssp. (formerly stramineus) and A. s. insulanus into A.
macconnelli (Groves 2001) (for a description of the differences in taxonomy
see Rylands 2001). Thus, both the Guianan and Trinidad red howler monkeys are
listed here as A. macconnelli. Otherwise, Groves' taxonomy of
A. seniculus and its subspecies is followed.
Red howlers are a member of the Atelinae, a subfamily of primates that includes the heaviest of the New World Monkeys
(Di Fiore & Campbell 2007). (Average weights for males can range between 6 and 7.6 kg (13.2-16.8 lbs)
while female weight averages range between 4.5 and 6.3 kg (9.9-13.9 lbs) in the
wild (Thorington et al. 1979; Camacho & Defler 1985; Ayres JM 1986 cited in
Ford & Davis 1992; Rodríguez & Boher 1988). Head and body length
in adults averages 52.3 and 57.0 cm (20.6 and 22.4 in) in males and 46.8 and
49.7 cm (18.4 and 19.6 in) in females (Thorington et al. 1979; Rodríguez
& Boher 1988). Sexual dimorphism of weight ranges between populations, but
males are larger than females with females averaging between 69 and 95 percent
of the body weight of the male (Thornington et al. 1979; Camacho & Defler
1985; Ayres 1986 cited in Smith & Jungers 1997; Rodríguez & Boher
1988; Smith & Jungers 1997). The tail is prehensile and is somewhat longer
than the head and body together, averaging 65.5 cm (Thorington et al. 1979;
Bergeson 1993; Richard-Hansen et al. 1999). Pelage is predominantly red,
red-orange or golden red (Hill 1962; Thorington et al. 1979; Crockett pers.
observ. cited in Crockett & Eisenberg 1987). Dorsal surfaces are golden red
and the ventral surfaces are darker than the rest of the body, especially in the
beard area, ranging from black to brown and maroon (Hill 1962; Crockett pers.
observ. cited in Crockett & Eisenberg 1987). The face is blue-black with
few hairs (Hill 1962). Variation in the darkness of the red pelage exists
between locations and may reflect climatic variables (Thorington et al. 1979).
There are no color differences between males and females (Hill 1962).
Bolivian red howlers (Alouatta sara) are brick red, with slightly darker and
more reddish limbs, head and base of tail. In addition, their body size is
larger than A. seniculus (Groves 2001).
One of the most characteristic features of the red howler, and indeed of the
genus Alouatta as a whole, is the large hyoid bone, functioning to deepen the
pitch, resonate, and amplify the species' vocalizations (Thornington et
al. 1979; Crockett & Eisenberg 1988). Among the howlers, the hyoid in the
red howler is largest and there is significant sexual dimorphism in its size,
with male hyoid volume averaging 69.5 ml (2.4 oz) and female hyoids averaging
12.5 ml (0.4 oz) (Sekulic 1981 cited in Crockett & Eisenberg 1987; Crockett
& Eisenberg 1987).
Red howlers travel most frequently occurs on tree branches and lianas but can
occur arboreally as well as terrestrially (Schön Ybarra 1984; Youlatos
& Gasc 2001). The most important mode of movement is clambering, followed
by quadrupedal walking and running (Youlatos & Gasc 2001). Travel is mostly
slow quadrupedal progression (Fleagle & Mittermeier 1980). Bipedalism and
tripedalism are infrequent compared to quadrupedalism (Schön Ybarra 1984).
Gap crossing, especially in the upper canopy, is mainly by bridging, in which
the monkey maintains contact with supports with at least one of its extremities
or its tail at all times (Youlatos 1993; Youlatos & Gasc 2001). Leaping is
rarely used to cross gaps (Fleagle & Mittermeier 1980; Schön Ybarra
One unique form of locomotion is the vertical descent in which the red howler
will face the ground and walk quadrupedially down a support with the tail
helping to control the descent (Youlatos & Gasc 1994). Suspensory postures
are typically seen during feeding and rarely during resting, and normally
consist of tail suspension. Red howlers
will stand both bipedally as well as quadrupedally, and other postures include
reclining and sitting (Schön Ybarra 1984). Red howlers are capable of
swimming and are able to cross moving water 200 m (656.2 ft) or greater in width
(Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976; Soini 1986; Izawa & Lozano
1990b). In addition, the species will also cross savannah and other types of
open ground on foot, often during group movements (Neville 1977;
Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976; Rudran 1979).
In captivity, red howlers have lived past 22 years old (Weigl 2005).
Red howlers are found only in neotropical South America. They live in a
number of countries including Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana,
Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela
(http://www.cites.org). In general, the red howler range extends from northwest
Colombia east and south to the river Amazon in eastern Brazil. In addition,
they are found east of the Andes down the western coast of South America from
Colombia through Peru and northern Bolivia and east into western Brazil as far
as the rivers Purus and Juruá (Napier 1976; Wallace et al. 1998). Within
their extensive range however, there are often many areas where they are not
found, probably due to ecological factors (Iwanaga & Ferrari 2002).
Subspecifically, A. s. seniculus is found in northern Colombia and
northwestern Venezuela. A. s. arctoidea is found along the coast of
Venezuela in the Rupununi savannah and Paramaraibo. A. s. juara is
found mostly in Brazil and likely ranges into Ecuador, northern Peru, Colombia
and Venezuela. A. macconnelli are found only in Trinidad and Guyana,
and into Brazil north of the eastern parts of the Amazon river (Groves 2001).
A. sara are found in the Bolivian Amazon (Cortés-Ortiz et al.
2003). Often there are not discrete demarcations between subspecies (see Crockett 1998a:553 for a map).
Red howlers can be found in a large variety of habitats within its range.
They are found in tropical rain, humid, and dry forests, high terra firma
forest, southern forests, mora forests, premontane and lower montane forests,
cloud forests (including oak forests), southeast seasonal forests, swamp
forests, Igapo forests (seasonally flooded blackwater forest) as well as other
seasonally inundated forests, Bajos (floodable lowlands), transition forest, low
seasonal forests, semi-deciduous and deciduous seasonal forests, floodplain
forests, river terraces, riparian forests, swamp woodlands, eastern Wallaba
forests, marsh woodlands and swamps and cacao plantations
(Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976; Rudran 1979; Braza et al. 1981;
Gaulin & Gaulin 1982; Cordero & Boher 1988; Yoneda 1990; Wallace et al.
1998; Youlatos 1998; Palacios & Rodriguez 2001; Lehman 2004).
An example of this widespread use of habitat is in Guyana, where they are
found in every forest habitat type in the country (Lehman 2004). The widespread
use of forest habitats is seen in Colombian red howlers as well where the
species is found at high altitudes, absent only from forests near the alpine
treeline (Gaulin & Gaulin 1982). While red howlers are capable of occupying
a variety of forest types, in Amazonia, they do not live in habitats more than 1.6-1.8 km
(1.0-1.1 mi) inland and they prefer lake and river edge habitat over terra firma
forests (Peres 1993; Defler pers. comm. & Peres and Defler pers. comm. cited
in Palacios 1998; Palacios 1998).
Preferred feeding trees have trunks between 20 and 29 cm (7.9 and 11.4 in) in
diameter (Yoneda 1990). Lower strata, including those close to the ground, are
sometimes used for feeding but the species is frequently and most often found in
higher forest strata. When sympatric with other primates, howlers prefer higher
strata than the other species in the habitat (Soini 1986; Yoneda 1988; Peres
1993). Finally, red howlers can live in very small forest patches and secondary
growth (Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976). The altitudinal limit of
the red howler distribution is 3200 m (10498.7 ft) in the central Andes
(Hernández-Camacho & Cooper 1976).
Due to its large distribution, different red howler habitats have different
temperature and rainfall totals as well as differing in seasonality. In one
study in the Andes at an altitude of 2300 m (7545.9 ft) in lower montane wet
forest at Finca Merenberg, Colombia, temperatures were recorded to range between
8.5 and 21°C (47.3 and 69.8°F) and to average 12°C (53.6°F).
At the same site, annual rainfall was 194.2 cm (76.5 in) with January as the
driest month, and March the wettest (Gaulin & Gaulin 1982). At the
Estación Biológica Caparú (EBC) in southeastern Colombia in
the lowland tropical rain forest, rainfall averages 383.6 cm (151.0 in) yearly,
with the lowest rainfall in September with 25.8 cm (10.2 in). There is no
discrete dry season at this study site (Defler & Defler 1996). In northern
Venezuela in the Barlovento region, mean annual temperature ranges from
25-28°C (77-82.4°F) with between 180 and 240 cm (70.9 and 94.5 in) of
rain yearly. Most of the yearly rainfall occurs during the May-January rainy
season at this location (Cordero & Boher 1988).
Due to its expansive range, the ecology of the red howler can vary
significantly between study sites. Red howlers are, for the most part,
herbivores and are predominantly frugivorous and folivorous, consuming mainly
fruits and fruit pulp and leaves, supplemented by roots, flowers, epiphytes,
seeds, berries, drupes, petioles, leaf buds, bark, wood, vine and liane parts
and other plant material (Braza et al. 1983; Soini 1986; Neves & Rylands
1991; Julliot 1996a; de Thoisy & Richard-Hansen 1996; Palacios &
Rodriguez 2001; Simmen et al. 2001). Common foods include plants from the
genera Ficus, Clarisia, Xylopia, Cecropia,
Ogcodeia, and Inga (Soini 1986). In
general, red howlers prefer medium or large fruits with juicy pulp and that are
bright in color (Julliot 1996a). Of the neotropical primates, they are likely
the most folivorous as well, preferring young leaves as opposed to mature leaves
(Gaulin & Gaulin 1982; Neves & Rylands 1991; Julliot 1992). The number
of plant species eaten can be quite high, with as many as 195 species from 47
families being consumed although relative to usual exploitation; this number is
exceptional and probably reflects high biodiversity and food availability at the
study site (Julliot 1992; Julliot & Sabatier 1993). The species is also an
important seed dispersal mechanism for the plants which it consumes (Andresen
Fruit availability in red howler habitat is often very seasonal and as a
result, its relative importance in the diet varies throughout the year and
between study sites. Thus, at some times during the year, the species can be
described as predominantly folivorous while at other times they are
predominantly frugivorous (for an example see Simmen et al. 2001). In Colombia
at Tinigua National Park, red howler diet varies with food availability, but the
two main staples are fruits and leaves which range between 10-49% and 43-76%
of the diet respectively throughout the year. In the fruit scarcity period at
the end of the wet season at this location, between September and November,
leaves form a greater percentage of the diet than fruits. Seeds (2-8%),
flowers (3-6%) and other foods (1-2%) make up the rest of the diet over the
course of the year. Also at Tinigua, fruit abundance goes up during the
beginning of the wet season (March-May) and during the dry season
(December-February) (Stevenson et al. 2000). In Peru at the Pacaya-Samiria
National Reserve, fruit availability is similar to that at Tinigua except for a
general scarcity in the dry season. At this study site, feeding time was
divided into fruit (72%), leaves (25%) and flowers (3%) and leaves are eaten
year-round (Soini 1986). Red howler monkeys do not need to drink water and thus
can live in areas away from natural water (Crockett 1998b). Red howlers have
also been known to eat soil at natural saltlicks and to eat termite nest
material, doing so every two or three days (Izawa & Lozano 1990a). In
addition, a solitary male howler was observed catching and consuming green
iguanas in French Guiana; however this is the only recorded example of predatory
behavior in the species and may be unique to this one individual (de Thoisy
& Parc 1999).
Red howlers, a diurnal species, show differences in daily activities between
the dry and wet seasons. In Venezuela during the dry season, activities on a
daily basis consisted of sleeping (37.9%), snoozing (24.0), feeding (19.8%) and
locomotion (18.4%). During the rainy season, percentages of daily activities
changed to sleeping (43.2%), snoozing (18.2%), feeding (23.8%), and locomotion
(14.8%) (Braza et al. 1981). Elsewhere, activity rates are similar, with over
half of the time spent resting with feeding and traveling making up the rest of
the activities for the day (Schön Ybarra 1984; Neves & Rylands 1991).
The predominance of resting activity in the red howler has been proposed to be
the result of their highly folivorous diet and the difficulties associated with
leaf digestion (Gaulin & Gaulin 1982). In the rainy season, more time is
spent feeding than in the dry season and less time is spent resting (Sekulic
1982c). Daily during the dry season, there are two main feeding bouts--one
intense bout in the morning and one in the afternoon, a pattern followed in the
Andes as well (Sekulic 1982c; Gaulin & Gaulin 1982). In addition, there can
be up to three or four smaller feeding bouts throughout the day. A general
pattern follows of more fruit being eaten in the earlier hours of the day and
more leaves later in the day (Gaulin & Gaulin 1982). Daily activities,
especially feeding, often start before the sun rises but stop before nightfall
(Soini 1986). Red howlers spend the night in the canopy, huddled in groups
(Soini 1986).
Home range can vary between .03 and 1.82 sq. km (.01 and 0.7 sq. mi), but in most
studies, ranges are at the lower end of that variance (Braza et al. 1981;
Sekulic 1981; Gaulin & Gaulin 1982; Soini 1986; Izawa 1997b; Kimura 1999;
Yumoto et al. 1999; Palacios & Rodriguez 2001). There is some indication
that home ranges are stable (Izawa 1997b). Home ranges often have some overlap
with those of other troops and thus, the species is not strictly territorial
(Sekulic 1981; 1982; Izawa 1997b; Kimura 1999). Sleeping trees are located in
exclusive home range areas as well as areas of overlap with the home ranges of
other troops (Sekulic 1982c). Daily path averages between 980-1150 m
(3215.2-3773.0 ft) per day, but can range between 340 and 2200 m (1115.5 and
7217.8 ft) (Sekulic 1981; Gaulin & Gaulin 1982; Yumoto et al. 1999; Palacios
& Rodriguez 2001).
A possible instance of tool use or object manipulation was observed in which
a wild male red howler was observed to hit a two-toed sloth (Choloepus
didactylus) repeatedly with a stick, however the reason for this behavior is
unknown (Richard-Hansen et al. 1998).
Due to its large range and extent of occurrence, the red howler is sympatric
with a number of primates. These include members of the genera Callithrix,
Saguinus, Saimiri,
Aotus, Callicebus,
Pithecia, Cacajao,
Lagothrix, and Ateles
(Peres 1997b). Spider monkeys (Ateles paniscus) are
displaced by red howlers when encountered in the same fruit tree (Simmen 1992).
In addition, white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) will form feeding
associations with red howlers by remaining below the arboreal primates and
collecting otherwise inaccessible foods accidentally dropped to the forest floor
by the monkeys (Agoramoorthy 1997).
Raptors are predators of red howlers. Harpy eagles (Harpia harpyja) have
been observed attacking, killing, and consuming adult howlers and the species is
particularly vulnerable in forest edge habitats and open forest (Eason 1989;
Peres 1990; Sherman 1991). Other evidence for predators includes strong circumstantial
evidence of jaguar (Panthera onca) predation on the species that was not
directly observed (Peetz et al. 1992). Potential but unconfirmed predators of
red howlers include pumas (Felis concolor), foxes (Cerdocyon thous), ocelots
(Leopardus pardalis), spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodiles) and Boa
constrictor snakes (Sekulic 1981; Crockett 1996).
Communal defecation is characteristic of red howlers although sometimes
individuals will defecate alone (Andresen 2002). Usually the group will
simultaneously defecate from the same tree or group of trees, a behavior that
usually occurs in the morning after waking up and at midday after the resting
period (Braza et al. 1981; Julliot 1986b).
Content last modified: November 26, 2007
Written by Kurt Gron. Reviewed by Carolyn Crockett.
Cite this page as:Gron KJ. 2007 November 26. Primate Factsheets: Red howler (Alouatta seniculus) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology . <http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/red_howler>. Accessed 2020 March 28.
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