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Owl Club Debutantes
The 22 Owl Club debutantes, presented at a black-tie dinner held at the Marriott City Center, are:
Lameisha Elise Banks: A graduate of Hinkley High School and the daughter of Cheryl Lyn Banks, Lameisha plans to attend Benedict College, to which she has been given a Trustee Scholarship. At Hinkley, she was a member of the National Honor Society, the track and field team and was named Most Valuable Player of 2005 for the volleyball team. She has volunteered at the Medical Center of Aurora.
Kiara Nasha Calbart: The daughter of Livia Granita Richard and a graduate of East High School, Kiara plans to attend Loyola Marymount University. At East, she played varsity basketball and belonged to the Black Student Alliance and Link Crew. She was active in the Colorado I Have A Dream Foundation, receiving its Summit Award, and volunteered for the COMPA Food Ministries. She also is the recipient of a Sachs Foundation scholarship.
Ashley Michelle Gaffney: The daughter of David Brian Keith Gaffney and Tamara Michelle Gaffney,Ashley is a graduate of Smoky Hill High School and plans to attend Wheaton College on scholarships awarded by the WalMart/Sam's Club Foundation and the Sachs Foundation. She also received the James E. Burr Minority Scholarship and the Ian James Wallace Scholarshi. She has participated in the Cherry Creek Excellence in Art Showcase and received the Silver Key in the Scholastic Arts and Writing.
Jasmyne Larin Garrett: A graduate of Ponderosa High School and the daughter of Darla Kay Stephens, Jasmyne plans to attend Colorado State University. In high school she was a member of the track team, National Honor Roll, DECA and World of Difference. She also was an intern at Pioneer Elementary School.
Amber Linn Harris: The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Leon Richard Harris, Amber graduated from Smoky Hill High School, where she was named to Who's Who of American High School Students and was a member of Successful Minorities United, the Kaiser Permanente Youth Advisory Council and EDGE Youth Ministries. She has volunteered for the March of Dimes and the Bridges tutoring program and received Outstanding Achievement awards in algebra and history. She'll attend Arapahoe Community College.
Athenna Raanae Harrison: A graduate of Hinkley High School, Athenna is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Victor Elliott Harrison and is bound for Marymount University. At Hinkley, she was a member of the National Honor Society, the National Society of High School Scholars, the Theatre/Drama Club and the Thespian Society. She received the Editor's Choice Award from Poetry.com and the Marymount University Academic Success Award.
Ashley Simone Knight: The daughter of Lucille C. Johnson, Ashley graduated from Smoky Hill High School and has her sights set on Colorado State University. She was a member of the high school tennis team and was a peer counselor at Overland High School, as well as a former Miss Jabberwok for Denver alumnae chapter of Delta Sigma Theta sorority.
Echoe Alexandria Malone: A graduate of Thomas Jefferson High School, Echoe is the daughter of Robert Bandy Jr. and Mariska Mary Ann Malone. She was named Most Dedicated in the Miss Colorado Teen USA pageant and participated in the pre-collegiate program at the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center. She's a Mile High Scholar and was named to the State of Colorado Honor Roll and will attend Howard University. In addition, she was a Digital Currents camp counselor, an officer in DECA and Manager of the Year for the Project Management Institute.
Brittney Marie Martinez: An Olympic hopeful in swimming, Brittney is a state record-holder in that sport. She was named MVP for three years by All American Swimming and will attend Texas Christian University on a swimming scholarship. She's a graduate of Grandview High School and has volunteered as a Special Olympics swimming instructor. Her parents are Mr. and Mrs. Dino Joseph Martinez.
Paige Le'Tease Mayes: A graduate of Hinkley High School, Paige is a dancer who plans to attend Arizona State University. She has been affiliated with Sisters Involved in the Community, Cleo Parker Robinson Dance, the Black Student Alliance and Who's Who in American High Schools. Her parents are William Howard Mayes III and Sinickas Davis.
Jaleesa Dawn McIntosh: The daughter of Paulette McIntosh, Jaleesa is a graduate of Denver School of the Arts, where she was in the National Honor Society. A gifted singer, Jaleesa is a Daniels Fund Scholar and is the recipient of the Alphone Robinson Scholarship as well as a grant from the Sachs Foundation. She received an Outstanding Senior Girl award from Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority, volunteered at the Northeast Women's Center, the Arthritis Foundation and the Parade of Lights. Jaleesa will attend Colorado State University.
Rhesa Marie Melvin: A Hinkley High graduate, Rhesa played varsity tennis, belonged to Future Business Leaders of America, was vice president of the National Honor Society and president of Sisters Involved in the Community. She also received a 7News Academic All Star award, a Sachs Foundation scholarship and was named Student of Integrity by the Better Business Bureau. Her parents are Mr. and Mrs. Eddie Lee Hart and she'll attend Colorado State University.
Simonique Jessie Mitchell: A Daniels Fund Scholar, Simonique was treasurer of the student council at George Washington High School where she was enrolled in the International Baccalaureate program. Her parents are Robert H. Mitchell and Alice M. Mitchell; she'll attend the University of San Francisco.
Penda Jahmil N'diaye: Penda graduated from Denver School of the Arts, where she sang in the gospel choir and became a Mile High Scholar. She has been a volunteer and instructor for Cleo Parker Robinson Dance and has taken part in activities at the James Beckworth Outdoor Education Center. Her parents are Mr. and Mrs. Alioune Badara N'diaye; she'll attend New York University on a dance and academic scholarship.
Keatra Lynn Nesbitt: The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Prince Albert Nesbitt III, Keatra graduated from Montbello High School, where she was a member of student council, National Honor Society and the Lady Warriors track and field team. Scholastic awards include the Masonic Scholars Award, the Optimist Club Youth Optimist Appreciation Award and Denver Mile High Scholars. She'll attend the University of Northern Colorado.
Grace Njaki Njau: At East High School, Grace was a member of the Honor Roll, the International Club and Philosophy Club. She also was coordinator of Teens Against Alcohol. The daughter of Elizabeth Wanjugu Mariga, Grace will attend the University of Colorado at Denver, majoring in biochemistry with an eye toward pharmacy school and returning to her home country of Kenya.
Aliese Hasana Polk: This Grandview High School graduate plans to attend Howard University. In high school she was an AP Scholar, the recipient of the Wolf Award and the Team Academic Award for track and field, and a member of the Spanish Honor Society. She also belongs to Jack & Jill of America and volunteers for the Denver Rescue Mission. Her parents are Mr. and Mrs. Derek Polk.
Ashanti Libya Robinson: Ashanti was on the Principal's Honor Roll at George Washington High School, where she lettered in varsity track, basketball and softball and was a varsity cheerleader. She has volunteered at Samaritan House and on behalf of George Washington Mental Health for Kids. Her parents are Arthur Jerome Robinson Sr. and Tina Renee Roquemore; she'll atend Colorado State University.
Desiree Evette Spencer: The daughter of Darryl Spencer Sr. and Vera Spencer, Desiree is a graduate of George Washington High School. There, she was on the Honor Roll and a member of the Pep Club, DECA, Future Business Leaders of America, student council, the dance team and Project R.A.R.E. She'll be pre-med at Prairie View A&M, with plans to become a neurologist.
Jamilia Lynette Walker: Jamilia was president of the National Honor Society at Denver School of the Arts, and was named to Who's Who Among High School Students. She was a 2006 Tribute to Black Youth honoree, the recipient of a Community Outstanding Youth Award, an Alpha Kappa Alpha sorority Outstanding Senior Girl award recipient and is teen president of Denver chapter of Jack & Jill of America. She has volunteered at Montessori School of Washington Park and plans to attend Howard University. Her parents are Mr. and Mrs. James Anthony Walker.
Hana Bay Willis: The daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Booker Thomas Willis Jr., Hana was on the Honor Roll at East High School and has received certifications in cardiopulmonary resuscitation and universal precautions. She is also a certified nursing assistant. Hana hopes to become a pediatrician and will be pre-med at the University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center.
Shayla Marie Yon: Shayla was on the Honor Roll all four years at George Washington High School, where she also was a member of student council and the George Washington Alumni and Friends Association. She has volunteered at Montclair Elementary's Head Start Program and plans to become a sports attorney. Her parents are Mr. and Mrs. Terry Yon; she'll attend the University of Arizona.
Pictures taken at the 56th Owl Club Debutante Ball can be viewed at denverpost.com/SeenGallery.
Society Editor Joanne Davidson's columns appear every Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday and Friday. She can be reached at 303-809-1314 or email@example.com.


text: Failed - Cannon 24-70mm 2.8L lens dropped w/camera 2 Great design and I loved it until it failed on me and the camera and pro lens went falling down on the ground. Lucky it was soft forest floor and not concrete. Any part holding strength should have been metal. The clip that the strap attaches to needs to be made of high strength metal. It cannot break like the plastic one did on me. Tuan T. Sacramento, CA 2016-03-06

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Obama, Evangelical Leaders Discuss Immigration Overhaul
President Barack Obama met with evangelical leaders at the White House Tuesday to discuss overhauling the immigration system, part of an effort to keep pressure on Congress to act.
The Oval Office meeting included Russell Moore, president of the Ethics and Religious Liberty Commission of the Southern Baptist Convention, Noel Castellanos, chief executive of the Chicago-based Christian Community Development Association, and other faith leaders. It took place as the administration is reviewing its deportation practices for illegal immigrants amid sharp criticism that Hispanic families are being hurt. The review is aimed at determining whether deportation policies could be carried out more humanely.


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• Authorities unleash reprisals when journalists question oil company deal.
• Nation mourns the death of pioneering journalist Pius Njawé.
4: Journalists jailed for leaked document. One dies in custody, a second alleges he was tortured.
When four newspaper journalists jointly sent questions to a top presidential adviser in late 2009, they hoped to learn more about alleged misuse of state oil company funds. Instead, they set off virulent government reprisals beginning in February that left one editor dead, another alleging he was tortured in state custody, and two others imprisoned for nine months. The case, the worst press freedom abuse in Cameroon in at least a decade, highlighted the brutal intimidation meted out by powerful public figures against journalists scrutinizing their activities.
• Main Index
Regional Analysis:
• Across Continent,
Governments Criminalize
Investigative Reporting
Country Summaries
• Angola
• Cameroon
• Democratic Republic of Congo
• Ethiopia
• Nigeria
• Rwanda
• Somalia
• South Africa
• Uganda
• Zimbabwe
• Other nations
The case began when the journalists sent a series of questions to Laurent Esso, secretary-general of the presidency and chairman of the state-run oil company SNH, along with a copy of a document that had been leaked to them. Their questions centered on whether 1.3 billion CFA francs (US$2.6 million) had been improperly paid to three SNH managers as "commissions" in the purchase of an offshore service ship, according to news reports and CPJ interviews. The accompanying document purported to be a June 2008 confidential memorandum signed by Esso that described the payments. (Esso has not publicly commented on the allegations, and did not respond to CPJ's requests for a response.)
The newspapers never got a chance to publish the story; ironically, details of the allegations emerged instead from coverage of the journalists' arrests.
On February 5, intelligence agents arrested editors Germain Cyrille Ngota Ngota of the bimonthly Cameroon Express, Harrys Robert Mintya of the weekly Le Devoir, Serge Sabouang of the bimonthly La Nation, and reporter Simon Hervé Nko'o of the weekly Bebela. Agents with the Directorate-General of External Intelligence pressed the journalists for the source of the 2008 memo, holding them each for several days, they later told colleagues. By February 25, news reports said, judicial police charged the journalists with falsifying a government document. Nko'o had gone into hiding by that time, but the others were rearrested and placed at Kondengui Prison in the capital, Yaoundé.
On April 22, while in pretrial detention, Ngota died in his cell. The 38-year-old died from "abandonment, improper care," and the authorities' "failure to render assistance," according to a prison doctor's initial death certificate, which his family shared with local journalists. A 15-year veteran of the press, Ngota was the first journalist to lose his life in the line of duty in Cameroon since CPJ began documenting media casualties in 1992.
CPJ and other groups immediately called for an independent investigation into the death. President Paul Biya did order a judicial police probe "independent of the executive," but appeared to immediately predetermine its result. Biya asserted the case was "not a matter of restriction of freedom of the press," according to news reports, and said that Ngota had died of poor health. The ensuing government inquiry was riddled with irregularities.
Just two days after Biya's announcement, Communication Minister Issa Tchiroma Bakary said Ngota had tested positive for HIV and died from its complications--a claim disputed by the journalist's widow. Tchiroma said the findings were based on a second medical examination of Ngota's body, which he said was held in the presence of the journalist's family--a claim denied by Ngota's brother, Bruno Ntede, according to Agence France-Presse. Félix Cyriaque Ebolé Bola, a local journalist invited by the government to be an independent witness at the examination, told CPJ that he was given the wrong address and didn't make it to the exam.
In September, Justice Minister Amadou Ali presented the findings of his agency's inquiry into the death, which absolved authorities of any responsibility. The National Union of Cameroonian Journalists and Ngota's family criticized the investigation as opaque--relatives were never consulted or apprised of its progress--and inherently conflicted because the same judicial police conducting the probe were involved in the initial arrests of the four journalists. The report found no mistreatment.
But Nko'o, the fellow journalist who went into hiding, told CPJ that he was tortured during his brief time in prison. A doctor who examined Nko'o said in a signed statement on February 22 that he found bruises on the soles of the journalist's feet. The statement, obtained by CPJ, also outlined Nko'o's claims of being subjected to waterboarding, sleep deprivation, and exposure to cold as state agents tried to force him to reveal his sources for the memo.
Local and international groups, including CPJ, decried the lack of independence in the investigation, and said the government bore responsibility for the detainees in its custody.
On May 3, World Press Freedom Day, armed troops broke up a sit-in protest being held in front of Prime Minister Philémon Yunji Yang's office in Yaoundé by hundreds of journalists demanding justice for Ngota and the release of the other jailed journalists, according to news reports. Biya finally ordered the release of Mintya and Sabouang in November, but the criminal charges against them were still pending. Mintya's condition suffered in prison: He was hospitalized in August after he was assaulted in his cell, according to news reports.
In a May report, the U.N. Committee Against Torture expressed concern for "the high number of journalists and human rights defenders in detention and allegations of torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment." The committee also said it was deeply concerned by the number of pretrial detainees and "the deplorable living conditions" in detention centers. It cited overcrowding, inmate violence, lack of hygiene and adequate food, and the absence of suitable medical care.
One other journalist, Lewis Medjo of the now-defunct La Détente Libre, was imprisoned in ill health during the year. Medjo was finally freed in May after serving 20 months in New Bell Prison on charges of publishing "false news," according to local journalists and news reports. While in detention, the journalist suffered heart ailments and a severe ear infection, according to CPJ research. He was first detained in September 2008 in connection with a column speculating, incorrectly as it turned out, that Biya had fired the Supreme Court president, according to the same sources.
At least eight other journalists worked under pending criminal charges related to their reporting on public officials, CPJ research showed. The highest-profile case involved four leading journalists who appeared on a June 2008 television debate program to offer critical commentary on Operation Sparrowhawk, the government's controversial corruption investigation. Spectrum TV Editor-in-Chief Thierry Ngogang, reporter Anani Rabier Bindzi of Canal 2 International, and journalist union executives Alex Gustave Azebaze and Jean-Marc Soboth continued to face charges of "biased commentary" and "unauthorized disclosure of a confidential document." During the program, Bindzi had displayed a document he described as a deposition.
Soboth fled into exile in January after receiving death threats from people he believed were state agents. Operation Sparrowhawk, which was in its seventh year in 2010, has been widely criticized for being biased and politicized.
Cameroon, which has Central Africa's largest economy, was among the 35 worst nations worldwide on Transparency International's 2010 Corruption Perception Index, which ranks nations on government integrity, and was in the bottom 40 on the 2010 U.N. Human Development Index, which gauges such things as life expectancy, education, and standard of living. Biya, in power since 1982, was expected to stand for re-election in 2011 after pushing through the ruling Cameroon People's Democratic Movement-dominated parliament in 2008 a constitutional amendment scrapping term limits. In March, amid opposition protests, the chamber passed a law transferring oversight of the polls from an independent electoral body to the government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, according to Reuters. In a report released in May, the International Crisis Group, an independent think tank, warned of the risk of political unrest due to a combination of persistent corruption, widespread poverty despite energy and mining wealth, and disenchantment with the pace of reforms.
Biya's administration has kept a tight rein on independent broadcasting through a combination of exorbitant fees and a de facto policy called "administrative tolerance," which allows stations to operate pending the payment of fees. The Ministry of Communication cracked down on critical reporting on at least five politically sensitive occasions since 2008 by suddenly invoking nonpayment of licensing fees to suspend broadcasters, according to CPJ research. As a result, a handful of independent broadcasters operated under significant self-censorship, according to local journalists.
More than 400 private newspapers were registered in Cameroon, according to government data, but with scant advertising the overwhelming majority struggled to publish regularly, according to local journalists. Print journalists often went unpaid for up to 10 months at a time, according to a September 2009 Union of Journalists Workers in Cameroon survey. The significant financial and political pressures left journalists vulnerable to bribes and unethical practices that undermined freedom of the press, according to CPJ research.The press corps also mourned the death of an icon during the year. Pius Njawé, 53, founder of the leading independent daily Le Messager and a 1991 recipient of CPJ's International Press Freedom Award, died in a traffic accident in the U.S. state of Virginia on July 12. Njawé had launched the Jane & Justice Foundation for Human Development dedicated to improving traffic safety following the September 2002 death of his wife, Jane, in a car accident in Cameroon. Although the Biya administration had repeatedly jailed and harassed Njawé, it issued a public statement calling Njawé "one of the pioneers of the opinion press" in Cameroon. "He has contributed, in his manner, to the liveliness of the national political and media landscape," declared Communication Minister Tchiroma, who read the presidential statement on state television.


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Businesses should plan for flu disruptions, doctor says
(HealthDay)—With flu widespread throughout the United States this season, businesses need to prepare to deal with productivity challenges, a doctor advises.
"An organization can be severely impacted by people coming to work when they're sick," Dr. Mary Capelli-Schellpfeffer, medical director of Loyola University Health System Occupational Health Services, said in a health system news release.
"We know illness can spread from person to person, causing entire work groups to be affected. But less obvious is how job performance, organization, productivity, creativity and financial stability can all be affected," she added.
Worker illness can reduce productivity by causing a distraction and leading the sick employees and colleagues to focus on the illness instead of their jobs.
"Encourage employees who are sick to use their sick time. Some don't know they have it because they've never had to use it," Capelli-Schellpfeffer said. "Put a plan in place now so if you have a deadline there are procedures in place—like how to work from home. By making small changes, we can protect each other and our businesses."
She offered the following tips to help businesses protect themselves from a flu outbreak:
- Make sure that workers know about the company's attendance policy and designate a person to handle questions. Provide workers with examples of when they should stay home because of illness.
- Prepare for unexpected worker absences, such as when workers are ill or have to stay home to care for sick children. Be sure to have a plan in place to meet staffing needs in such cases.
- Keep your workplace clean. Regular surface cleaning reduces workers' exposure to germs. Eliminating clutter on counters, especially around sinks and food preparation areas, makes it easier to clean these areas.
- Promote good health. This includes having a prevention program that offers annual flu shots, informs employees about ways to stay healthy and how to avoid infectious illnesses. Put up posters to remind workers to wash their hands before meals, after sneezing and coughing, and when moving between tasks.
Explore further
Copyright © 2013 HealthDay. All rights reserved.


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Miguel Aznar – Director, Education
The founder of KnowledgeContext, Mr. Aznar has a rich and varied background in management consulting, technology, and education. As Executive Director of KnowledgeContext, he...
Mr. Aznar serves on the Educational/Consulting Advisory Board of the Acceleration Studies Foundation. He is a graduate of the University of California at Berkeley with a degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and is a member of Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society and Tau Beta Pi Engineering Honor Society. A synopsis of his professional experience prior to KnowledgeContext includes:
Mr. Aznar has also served on the Board of Directors for Acacia, a non-profit social organization, and was the chapter advisor, providing strong leadership and guidance for students at the University of California at Berkeley. Each summer, Mr. Aznar leads the Sierra to the Sea Bicycle Tour, which takes 140 cyclists from California's Gold Country through the Wine Country and to San Francisco. He is an avid road cyclist and mountain biker with an abiding love of nature, enjoys hiking, communal cooking with friends and even finds time to write poetry.
Miguel Aznar
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KHOU's Ron Trevino breaks silence about DWI arrest
The longtime newsman thanks the viewers for their support
KHOU's morning anchor Ron Trevino is finally breaking his silence. The popular Houston newsman was arrested on suspicion on DWI on March 11 while leaving the rodeo.
During the news broadcast, Trevino addressed the incident:
"I am now dealing with this through the system and making my case," Trevino says. "Regardless of how it goes, I do want to express my deepest gratitude to the many viewers who have given me their support, their best wishes and their prayers.
"We've been together on the air for a long time and I value the fact that you were with me as I work through this," says Trevino, who has been with KHOU for 29 years. "This has been an embarrassing thing for me, my family, and to KHOU but it's important for me to talk about it."
This is Trevino's first offense of this nature, according to Harris County court records. The newsman was released from a city jail on a $500 bond.
"Nothing like this has ever happened to me before and I'm still processing it myself," Trevino continues. "I do want you all to know that I understand how serious this charge is and while I may not agree with the allegations against me, I absolutely support what HPD does to keep us all safe from drunk drivers."
KHOU was the first to report the charges, and Trevino says, the station "will tell you how it ends." Trevino's next court date is March 19.


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Sydney Sixers' general manager Stuart Clark will step down from his post at the end of the Twenty20 Big Bash League.
Fairfax Media understands the former Australian fast bowler will continue his sports administration elsewhere after the tournament ends in January.
Clark quickly developed a reputation for innovation during his tenure as Sixers' boss and the franchise has been the success story of the Australian domestic Twenty20 scene.
The Sixers won the inaugural Big Bash League when they thrashed the Perth Scorchers at the WACA Ground earlier this year and last month they were crowned the best domestic Twenty20 team on the planet when they won the Champions League in South Africa.
"The last two years have been a great experience for me and I thank everyone at Cricket NSW for the opportunity. I never started out believing I would ever be a cricket administrator forever and now look forward to the exciting opportunity of moving into the corporate world," Clark said in a statement published on the Sydney Sixers website.
"I have no immediate plans once I have finished with Sydney Sixers and will look at every possible avenue that is put in front of me."
Cricket NSW boss David Gilbert said, "The remarkable success of the Sydney Sixers in its short history is testament to Stuart's ability to build a winning team. He has made a smooth transition from player to administrator and is well placed for the next phase of his career. Whilst it is disappointing to lose a person of Stuart's calibre, I understand and respect his decision and wish him the very best for the future."
The Sixers will take on arch rivals Sydney Thunder in the season opener Dec 8 at the SCG.


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And then he'll brush my hair back and ask me what I'm really worried about. And then reassure me that I'm gonna knock the socks off this natural birth thing. And that he'll practice with me every day, because dude, I'm supposed to have the capacity to breath in slowly for a count of 20. And right now, my lungs think that 4 is a good stopping point.
But now it's locked in my noggin {thanks blog!}


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Sochi organizers have unveiled the medals for the 2014 Winter Olympics featuring a "patchwork quilt" design representing the different regions of Russia.
Organizers produced a record 1,300 medals for the Olympics and Paralympics, which will be held in the Black Sea resort next February and March. The medals depict the sun's rays reflecting through a prism of mountains and beaches.
The design was approved Thursday by the IOC executive board.
U.S. & World
The medals are 0.4 inches thick and 4 inches in diameter.
The Olympic gold medals weigh 16 ounces. A total of 6.6 pounds of gold was used to make the medals, which are gold-plated.
Visit NBCNews.com for breaking news, world news, and news about the economy
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Credit: lorenzodom
Surely you've noticed: The scientific community is undergoing a research-and-data-sharing sea change. Perhaps slower to take to Web-based dissemination than some professions, science—the endeavor for which the World Wide Web was developed—has gradually been adopting new online methods for distributing knowledge. Some say the changes could accelerate scientific progress.
From open-access journals to research-review blogs, from collaboration by wiki to epidemiology by Blackberry, networked knowledge has made more science more accessible more quickly and to more people around the globe than could have been imagined 20 years ago.
And it's not just new media businesses that are pioneering the Science 2.0 movement. Traditional scientific journals are part of this social evolution too, innovating ways to engage scientists online and enable global collaboration and conversation. Even the 187-year-old Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences has joined the digital age. The Academy now permits free public access to selected online content and has digitized every volume dating back to 1823.
That wider, freer, faster access to scientific data and research results will benefit the world is, to many, intuitively obvious. "We work on the assumption that the reason we publish is to keep science moving forward," says Public Library of Science founder Harold Varmus. "If everybody can see the work that we do, and new work is built on what's come before, science moves faster."
Varmus is among a cadre of iconoclasts calling for immediate open access to scientific papers. They're impatient for colleagues to give up their allegiance to the conventional process that they say keeps new research under wraps for too long. And they're eager for publishers to break out of business models that require a paid subscription to read the most current publications.
To be sure, some changes are easier advocated than adopted. The most esteemed peer-review journals have taken great leaps toward openness in the last decade. Some now help readers network with each other online or enable posting on their Web sites of commentary and conversations about scientific publications. Many make papers openly accessible after a certain time. But how to sustain a business that publishes peer-vetted, high-quality content without requiring payment for access remains a hotly debated question.
As Varmus himself points out, the essential importance of the scientific paper has a lot to do with why it's not just for-profit publishers, but scientists themselves who are moving toward open access with such caution. "Publication is not an addendum to, but the heart of the career of scientists," he says. "The way you've built a legacy is through your publication—it's the most important thing you do." To give up the emotional reward of seeing their research published in a distinguished journal is a lot to ask of scientists raised in this tradition.
Seed Media Group CEO Adam Bly hints at how the up-and-coming generation of scientists—the so-called "digital natives" who've never known a world without the Internet—might move science past the paid-access paper. Says Bly, "In a Seed research study, one scientist said to us, 'The soul of your identity is on the Web, because it is your most direct form of communication out into the wide world. You have a great degree of control over how you present yourself, your ideas, and your findings, and it's fast, and it's free.'"
For help considering whether the desire for open access contradicts the value of peer evaluation, and envisioning what the future of science publishing could look like, the New York Academy of Sciences Magazine spoke with Varmus, Bly, and five other pioneers at the forefront of the Science 2.0 movement. These experts in Web technology, publishing, law, and science have the vision and passion to change the future of the way you work. As Bly says, "Open science is not this maverick idea; it's becoming reality."
Harold Varmus
Varmus, a Nobel Laureate, President and CEO of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and member of the Academy's President's Council, led the team of biomedical scientists who set out in October 2000 to liberate access to scientific research in their field by petitioning publishers to post peer-reviewed papers in free, public online archives. Varmus and his cohorts ultimately launched a nonprofit open-access publishing venture, which achieved financial sustainability this year. The Public Library of Science journals—there are now seven of them at www.plos.org—make scientific papers immediately available online, with no charges for access and no restrictions on subsequent redistribution or use, as long as the authors and source are cited, as specified by the Creative Commons Attribution License.
NYAS: Would you define what you mean by "open access?"
Varmus: Some people think that if their content is online it's "open access." That's not the case. "Public access" is what the National Institutes of Health now operates under; if your work is supported by the NIH, then you must be sure that it's available in less than a year on a public database like PubMed Central. That was a big victory for us, but it's not anywhere near the goal.
True "open access" is different from "public access." It means that the author holds the copyrights, that the journal places the work immediately and freely in the public domain under a Creative Common license or something equivalent to it, and that the work is in public libraries and available for all kinds of reasonable use, as long as attribution is maintained.
NYAS: Have scientists been slow to embrace submitting their work to open access journals?
Varmus: There's now pretty wide acceptance of Public Library of Science journals, but most of my colleagues are still tormented by the need to publish in Nature, Cell, and Science, which are not open access journals. This is about much more than just publishing; it's about values in the scientific academic community. Biomedical trainees are completely obsessed with the idea that they can't get a job unless they publish papers in Nature, Cell, and Science. This is unfortunate, because those journals are going to be the last to go completely open access.
NYAS: PLoS is now publishing far more research than any of those journals, isn't it?
Varmus: Yes. We publish over 600 articles a month. The only way you really can change the culture is to take on those top journals, so we decided we would publish two journals, PLoS Medicine and PLoS Biology, to compete with the very best. We've achieved a high level of credibility for PLoS Medicine and PLoS Biology. They're so-called high-impact journals. But to do that means rejecting a lot of articles, which gets expensive because of the costs of reviewing articles that do not get published. We afford those two journals because we make very modest amounts of money from other higher volume journals and we cover the cost of the whole enterprise by balancing things out.
NYAS: What about the importance of the impact factor in scientific publishing?
Varmus: The impact factor is a completely flawed metric and it's a source of a lot of unhappiness in the scientific community. Evaluating someone's scientific productivity by looking at the number of papers they published in journals with impact factors over a certain level is poisonous to the system. A couple of folks are acting as gatekeepers to the distribution of information, and this is a very bad system. It really slows progress by keeping ideas and experiments out of the public domain until reviewers have been satisfied and authors are allowed to get their paper into the journal that they feel will advance their career.
NYAS: What are some ways PLoS is taking knowledge-sharing to the next level?
Varmus: One of the most important developments is not particular to open access journals, and that is the addition of online commentary. Here's our opportunity to make every article an occasion for conversation and a way to have another kind of evaluation. I can imagine search and promotion committees of the future spending more time looking at the kind of commentary that a paper has elicited than calculating impact-factor scores.We've tried another experiment in the last few months called PLoS Currents. We've done this with one subject so far—influenza, a topic of great interest with a need for rapid publication.
We invite people to post in PLoS Currents anything that can be looked at by a board of curators in 24 hours. The point is to get an article or an idea or a single result into the public domain quickly so people can build on it. Look at PLoS Currents: Influenza on our Web site and you'll see it's been quite a nice experiment. Some postings look like full-fledged articles, others look much more primitive, but most have anywhere from a few to 10 or 20 commentaries attached to them. This is a way for scientists to get others to comment while they're still working.
Information can also be aggregated and put together in very useful ways on sites that we've been calling Hubs, a project still in development. The idea is to try to wrest deeper ideas out of aggregated material without violation of copyright. We hope to create communities that migrate to these sites every day and then use them as platforms for fostering their field. This is another way to make science more energized.
NYAS: What would be one technical fix you'd wish for right now to enable more sharing of science?
Varmus: We have problems about sharing in our community that are not very technical, and it's important to keep those in mind. Getting people to share their reagents, their mice, their plasmids—there's a problem. People seem to forget that they were paid by the government or by some charitable agency or an institution to do this work and that they don't own it. Say you made a new transgenic mouse 10 years ago or even two years ago and somebody else wants it. You ought to give it to them, and you don't need cloud computing to do that. Before we make all sharing digital, let's remember that there are some simple things that reflect community values that we don't subscribe to with the kind of enthusiasm we should. Of course, we'd also like to see everyone publishing more papers in open-access journals, especially at PLoS!
Adam Bly
After a three-year stint researching cancer at Canada's National Research Council while still a teenager, Adam Bly set out to launch a magazine to cover "the 21st century scientific renaissance." Five years later, his Seed Media Group has expanded beyond its glossy print flagship, Seed, to launch several online products serving science, including: ScienceBlogs.com, a social media site reaching more than 2.5 million readers; ResearchBlogging.org, which aggregates and feeds to relevant journals blog conversations about the peer-reviewed research that they publish; and ScienceWide, a platform that aims to drive advertising dollars to support open-access science publications and other innovative online science tools. Bly's company's mantra: "We are inspired by the potential of science to improve the state of the world, and we make media and technology to help realize that potential."
NYAS: What do you mean when you say that science publishing needs to adopt a digital core?
Bly: Science has gone digital. Open science is not this maverick idea; it's becoming reality. About 35 percent of scientists are using things like blogs to consume and produce content. There is an explosion of online tools and platforms available to scientists, ranging from Web 2.0 tools modified or created for the scientific world to Web sites that are doing amazing things with video, lab notebooks, and social networking. There are thousands of scientific software programs freely available online and tens of millions of science, technology, and math journal articles online. What's missing is the vision and infrastructure to bring together all of the various changes and new players across this Science 2.0 landscape so that it's simple, scalable, and sustainable—so that it makes research better.
NYAS: How will that happen?
Bly: To affect this kind of change is a grand challenge and will take the participation of many stakeholders—from government agencies to funding bodies to scientists themselves. The next generation of PIs is already establishing new behaviors. They feel comfortable blogging, using social media tools, and using wikis to advance their research. It will take the big institutions to support open-access journals, for example. And it will take technological innovation in the form of software that is purpose-built for this unique community and its set of challenges. The culture of science resists change to science itself, and it's important that it does. Part of that is practical: nobody sets rules for all of science. So it might take 10 or 20 years or more to effect a complete transformation. We're talking about something as fundamental and important as modernizing the architecture of science.
NYAS: What are some ways your company is contributing to this transformation?
Bly: We're listening to scientists and introducing software and digital and social media platforms to help spur and support this transformation. Any scientist who blogs anywhere can now go onto ResearchBlogging.org and download free software that we've built that allows them to easily affix to a post the digital object identifier (DOI) of the scientific paper they're blogging about along with some metadata.
We're aggregating all of the conversations that are happening around that specific paper, and, through ResearchBlogging Connect, feeding the conversations back to scientists and journals in the form of widgets and RSS feeds. Now, when you're reading the paper online, you see a feed of blog posts associated with that paper coming from across the Web. So in this example, we're tackling post-publication peer-review and working to connect analog to digital in a way that's seamless and useful to the scientist.
NYAS: It sounds like you could have a new way of measuring a paper's impact.
Bly: There are a lot of people trying to bring forth some new ideas about how to create more dynamic indicators. There are people merging scientometrics with data visualization, and there's amazing work being done at universities around the world to develop new ways of measuring scientific progress. One thing we're really interested in at Seed is whether blogs and the conversations we're now organizing can serve in any way as an indicator of the momentum of scientific ideas. Technology can afford us more dynamic intelligence and useful knowledge.
James Boyle
Boyle is a widely published leader of the global discussion about the ways that current copyright, patent, and trademark laws stand in the way of innovation by interfering with access to information that is in the public domain. He was one of the original board members of Creative Commons, which works to facilitate the free availability of art, scholarship, and cultural materials by developing licenses that individuals and institutions can attach to their work. And he was a co-founder of Science Commons, which aims to expand the Creative Commons mission into the realm of scientific and technical data. In 2000 he joined the faculty at Duke University, where he is William Neal Reynolds Professor of Law and co-founder of the Center for the Study of the Public Domain. He is also a board member of the Public Library of Science.
NYAS: What do you see as the current problem with access to science knowledge?
Boyle: Science knowledge generation has gone digital, but our method of knowledge processing is still analog. Most scientific literature is behind pay walls. You may be able to find it with Google, but you probably can't read it. That's Science 1.0: You don't have access unless you're sitting in a great research university where it's free, and you certainly can't send a robot to crawl the literature to create a mini index of all the articles, and cross index them and see whether, for example, a particular gene known by multiple names is referenced by them.
NYAS: Is the prestige attached to publishing with closed journals part of the problem?
Boyle: Right now, if your article gets into Nature or Science it's a big help in getting tenure and grants and retaining grad students. That's important—we should encourage people to publish. But perhaps we could refine the incentives so that you get more of a bump for publishing openly. I would like to see people's resumes say when their database has been downloaded more than 1,000 times. You want the prestige economy to reward the pro-social behavior, not the anti-social behavior.
NYAS: So, how can incentives be changed?
Boyle: When you've got centrally funded science, it should be a pretty easy cascade to start. The funders get much more bang for their buck if they do this. You're actually saving the public money and increasing the yield of every research dollar.
Once the idea can be explained to people, it makes an enormous amount of sense. I tell scientists, "There are a billion people connected to the, the Web. At least one of them has a smarter idea about what to do with your data than you do." Their first take, though, is "Oh, great. You're going to force me to annotate my data, and put everything out there. You're going to troll it and publish ahead of me. I'm going to get no credit, I'm not going to get tenure, and I'm going to end up living under a Dumpster. And you're going to win the Nobel Prize." That mindset is the big obstacle.
We need funders to say that a condition for the funding is data deposit in an open, accessible format. That's beginning to happen—the public-access mandate from NIH is beginning to make the literature openly available. But we're just at the beginning.
NYAS: Beyond social/cultural issues, what else needs to change?
Boyle: Nobody ever wants to fund infrastructure because it's boring, but enabling Science 2.0 is the Eisenhower freeway system of the mind. And then we need to get past the legal restrictions so that we can have technologies that troll for data, make sense of it, and import it mechanically.
NYAS: How is Science Commons addressing those issues?
Boyle: We're sort of the public interest lawyer to the sciences. Say you want to use a database which was generated in Europe. We come up with a data protocol, a legal tool, which says "this gets your data free to the greatest extent possible in every jurisdiction in the world that we have lawyers in" (and we have lawyers pretty much everywhere, because a lot of really smart lawyers have volunteered to produce this high-quality tool). We're also attempting to show people what it might look like if you could wire together all this open stuff.
We have a project called the Neuro Commons which is putting all the publicly available neurological literature and open databases together in a vast, open network that anyone can download, use, or build upon. We've had high-throughput arrays, robotization, in silico studies, genetic sequencing, and the personal genome. All of these were supposed to catapult us off into a scientific revolution, but didn't. It reminds me of what people were saying about the personal computer in 1985: "This thing's just a paperweight. What does it do for me?" The answer was, "Nothing until it's wired together with all of the other ones." Then suddenly you can't imagine being without it.
Anurag Acharya
Computer scientist Anurag Acharya and colleague Alex Verstak were onto something big when they took a break from building the Google Web index to focus on improving the rankings of scholarly articles within Google searches. The result of their sabbatical was Google Scholar beta. The specialized section of the larger Google search engine, which was launched in late 2004 and is now managed by a team of four people, has been transformational for enabling people to get their hands on all the world's scholarly publications from their desktop. Acharya says the goal of Google Scholar is simple: a resource for anyone to find all scholarly literature across all disciplines, languages, and time periods.
NYAS: Did your interest in creating Google Scholar stem from a need you saw in your own academic experience?
Acharya: It was an experience I had as an undergraduate back in India. I grew up on the Indian Institute of Technology campus in Kharagpur. My uncle was a faculty member, and doing research was what the cool people did, at least in my head. I thought you did some work and you wrote it up and you sent it for publication, because that's what people do. You go to the library, you look up citations, you follow references, and you learn what you can. If the papers don't exist in your library, you write letters to people—this is 1985—and some fraction of them send you back their reprints.
You send your own paper out for publication, and the reviews from the U.S. come back saying, "This is all very smart stuff, but you're making this key assumption that is four years out of date." So you've gone through all this effort and ultimately what you have done is not relevant because you didn't know what was already being done. With Google Scholar, first and foremost we make it possible for you to find the literature. Whether you can read it is a more complicated problem, but if you don't know it exists, you have no hope.
NYAS: Has it been difficult to persuade publishers to permit you to index their paid-subscription content?
Acharya: Oh, yes. I started talking to publishers in 2001. We're now indexing all the major publications, publishers, and societies, but it was a slow process. Initially the scholarly publishers didn't believe that scholars used a lowly thing like a search engine. I'm serious. I had to convince people that researchers do use this. It was a mindset that search engines are used for casual things and not for real research. The attitudes really have changed.
NYAS: If you could have some problem solved immediately, what would that be?
Acharya: If I had one silver bullet I would apply it to translation. We index papers in every language that has any significant number of papers. We have a feature that allows you to find related articles, and relatedness can jump across language. All of this is trying to facilitate discovery. A Google group has been working on a translation feature for many years now. There are groups that are using it to point to open-access journals and outside the English-speaking countries to make it possible for people to read papers that are not originally in English. Translation could open up the space to a population that previously we have not had an opportunity to reach.
Timo Hannay
A doctor of neurophysiology based in London, Timo Hannay manages Nature.com, Naturejobs.com, Natureevents.com, Nature Methods/ and Nature Protocols. He is coorganizer of Science Foo Camp, an annual interdisciplinary scientific "unconference" at Google headquarters. And he was a contributor to The Fourth Paradigm: Data Intensive Scientific Discovery, a collection of essays that envision the future of discovery based on data-intensive science. In the "interests" field on his Nature Network profile, Hannay lists just one: "Making the most of the Web in scientific communication."
NYAS: You have called the Web "the ultimate global collaborative medium" and science "the ultimate global collaborative pursuit."
Hannay: Yes, that's one of the reasons why I decided to work on the Web in science. Tim Berners-Lee originally considered the Web a scientific communication means. But, ironically it hasn't been scientists and the research community pushing the Web to its limits. It's my job to try and make the Web more useful as a scientific communication medium.
The volume of data is important and has profound implications, but an even more profound change will be if it's all linked together. It's going to be messy. We're going to be using tags and microformats and ontologies and links and all sorts of strategies. But one way or another we're integrating this data more and more. It's not the volume of data, it's the interconnectedness of it that's critical in my mind.
NYAS: Some would say that one of the obstacles to connecting scientific data is the traditional method of scientific publishing that doesn't permit open access to research.
Hannay: The fundamental issue is that the unit of contribution to the scientific knowledge base has become the paper. Journals grew up as a means for scientists to be able to share their discoveries and ideas. The incentive for doing so was that by publishing in journals their contributions would be recognized by citation and other means. So you have this pact: be open with your ideas and share them through journals and you will get credit.
Publishing in peer-review journals is no bad thing. I work for a company whose main business is publishing peer-review journals. They're useful. However, we need to move beyond the view that peer-review publications are the only kinds of significant contributions that scientists make to the research process. A classic example would be genome sequences. Large teams of scientists put enormous amounts of effort into providing genome sequences. Fundamentally, their contribution is making that data available to other scientists to draw insights from it. They can also provide reagents and materials to other scientists, or they can provide software and code and algorithms.
There are all kinds of ways in which scientists can contribute to the global endeavor. And yet one type of contribution, the peer-reviewed publication, has priority over all the others in the way that it's measured and in the way that credit is assigned. The incentive structure has not caught up with what we really want scientists to do. We do want them to be able to share their ideas and their data and their reagents and so forth as well as publish traditional peer-review research reports.
At Nature Publishing Group we try to be open to new ideas and try them out. From making tagging of scientific information possible to things like Nature Network and Nature Precedings which are venues for scientists to be able to share information with one another more informally and more immediately than they could through a scientific journal. Some things worked well and some didn't, but that's the nature of trying to understand a new medium and how it can be harnessed to best effect. I think the only way to effect change is by the funders, publishers, the scientists all working together.
John Wilbanks
Wilbanks was named one of "50 visionaries who are changing your world" by the Utne Reader, and a "Revolutionary Mind of 2008" by Seed Magazine. He writes the Common Knowledge blog on Science Blogs, and is known simply as Wilbanks on Twitter. As VP for Science at Creative Commons, he runs Science Commons from an office at MIT. Wilbanks joined Creative Commons from a Fellowship at the World Wide Web Consortium in Semantic Web for Life Sciences. Previously, he founded and led to acquisition the bioinformatics company Incellico.
NYAS: How is Science Commons different from Creative Commons?
Wilbanks: The primary way that we convey scientific knowledge is to compress it down into text and distribute that through a journal. But with the Internet we can now distribute a lot of the tools, data, stem cells, and so forth that used to simply be described in the paper. Making data useful to people who didn't generate it is the most important problem, and it requires an enormous investment of time, infrastructure, curation, data standards, standard formats, and giant computers that can store it. If you add the law to that complexity, you have what we would call an NP-hard problem. Unsolvable.
When we got into this, we thought that the way we license software or literature was going to be the solution—that a Creative Commons license would take care of the problem. But data is much more foundational than literature or software and it's more like the Web than it is like software. In other words, we all take software and run it, but the human genome is the knowledge equivalent of the Internet—it's the common language of biotech, and if that foundational architecture imposed downstream restrictions it would really screw things up.
The genome being in the public domain was much better than the genome being licensed. Imagine if every time a distributed annotation server ran across the genome it had to attribute whoever put that piece of genome online?
What we use instead of the law there is citation. You know that if someone published the first paper about that piece of the genome, when you write your paper you should add a citation to it. Citation norms scaled much better than the legal aspect of licensing. So we stopped working on licensing for data and we started working on public domain pools for data. We worked on a tool called CC0—Creative Commons zero—which is a legal tool that achieves a legal status that is similar to the public domain. The idea is to waive the rights that are associated with data.
Let's say you and I try to generate something like the genome now. If we had the money, we could sequence both of our genomes in a couple of days. But there are little bits of copyright that stick around data when you put them into a database in the U.S. They attach not to the data itself, but to the look and feel and the structure of the database. It's unclear to many people where those rights stop and start, so the first thing CC0 does is waive those elements.
If we want to have that data be interoperable with the public genome, we have to get rid of the database rights and the copyrightable pieces of it. The second thing CC0 does is get rid of those database rights. If we can make things legally interoperable, then the only problems we leave are the monstrously complicated technical and semantic ones.
So we wrote the Science Commons Protocol for Implementing Open Access Data. The first two requirements are: waive your intellectual property rights to the extent they exist, and don't put a contract on your data. The third requirement is to request behavior through norms, not through the law. That's about using citation, not attribution. In science, citation scales in a way that attribution doesn't, because attribution is tied to this very old way of thinking about copyrightable object as opposed to massive data structures.
NYAS: What would be one change you'd put at the top of your wish list?
Wilbanks: It would be for the various funding agencies to put meaningful requirements or evaluation systems in place for sharing data and tools, not just papers. Right now, there's no incentive to go through the effort of curating, annotating, and posting your data. The biggest thing the NIH could do would be to begin looking at a two-pronged mandate, similar to the open-access literature mandate, and provide minimum requirements for sharing data that you generate.
That would create incentives for researchers to get their data online and share their tools and it would create an environment where some of the startups can have success. In the absence of putting some teeth behind those requirements, all we're going to see is an increase in the number of PDFs deposited, and I don't think that revolutionizes scholarly communication.
Stewart Wills
On his Twitter profile, Stewart Wills describes himself as the "aging online editor of a scientific journal, trying to stay young in 140 characters or less." An earlier adopter than many a "digital native," he's been Tweeting diligently, usually several times a day, since June 2008 about all things science and media. In 2000, when he completed a PhD in geological sciences at Columbia University, Wills joined Science. His principal goal at present, he says (via his Linked In profile), is, "Keeping the Science site moving forward, to provide the best possible value and utility to users, the scientific community, and the public."
NYAS: How is your publication responding to the move of science onto the Web?
Wills: At Science we pay a lot of attention to how the digital natives are changing everything. We have a set of users with new expectations, new assumptions, new ways of learning that we in publishing need to figure out how to address. As an editor working with a scientific publication, I have an interest in making our content as available as possible and serving the community as well as possible. Whatever the business models we're dealing with, we have to find a way to serve the community on this.
Moreso than the general population, scientists are do-it-yourselfers. If there's a tool available, they figure out how to use it. The Web is one huge, highly flexible tool. Certain groups of scientists are in there using open notebook science and open wetware and various things like that to do their jobs. They are exploring new ways of doing science. For that reason, we increasingly hear the community's need not just for open access but for open science—for open data.
NYAS: How are you changing the way Science makes research and data available?
Wills: The data supporting the papers has always been free on our Web site, and Science has had full text on the Web since 1996. Now we're doing some of the more obvious things to improve the syndication of research results—RSS feeds, Twitter, and Facebook. We're active on these social channels because that's where the users are having conversations. It's a way to capture some of the conversation around our content. And we are experimenting with adding different kinds of content, such as a pilot with the Journal of Visualized Experiments to create video methods to go along with certain papers.
NYAS: Would you say that scientists who aren't on Facebook or following Twitter are at a competitive disadvantage?
Wills: That's an interesting question and I'll answer it this way: It's going to depend on the network that you're following. I heard Cameron Neylon, a senior scientist with the U.K.'s Science and Technology Facilities Council, speak at a conference recently. He filters his content through a tool called FriendFeed. It's the most sophisticated use of tools like Twitter or Facebook to deal with the information glut: a collection of friends he trusts helps him with discovery by filtering papers that are of interest to him. It's a certain kind of peer review.
This article was originally published in the Spring issue of the New York Academy of Sciences Magazine. We thank Adrienne J. Burke for the opportunity to collaborate.
Originally published May 20, 2010


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The Climbing Gym was opened to the public on October 10, 1994, the culmination of a decade-long effort by members of the Dartmouth Mountaineering C...
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text: The Greater Lansing Board of REALTORS® holds member REALTORS® to the highest standards of conduct. In doing so, we have established a "Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice" that should provide an ethical framework for all parties in the real estate transaction. If you have a question or issue regarding a transaction or the application of these standards, please read the Frequently Asked Questions below. If you still have questions, or need to file a grievance, please use the appropriate form attached or call our office to discuss the issue.


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'Bay Lights' to shine at Tuesday kickoff
Webcast, parties Tuesday for colorful 2-year project
With a few taps on the keyboard of a small laptop and a couple of mouse clicks, Leo Villareal brought the Bay Bridge to life at dusk late last week from a darkened hotel room overlooking the Embarcadero and got to work.
Villareal is the artist behind the spectacular "Bay Lights" installation on the four-tower suspension span of the Bay Bridge. He spent the weekend putting the finishing touches on the public art display, which uses 25,000 individually programmable white LED lights to create a constantly changing image on the north side of the 1.8-mile bridge.
The New York artist has been testing the light sculpture intermittently since January, drawing a lot of attention on the waterfront and building a big buzz at cocktail parties and in social media. But the "Bay Lights" project will make its official debut on Tuesday at 8:30 p.m. with a lighting ceremony that will be webcast, and a series of parties, official and unofficial.
Speeches will be made, compliments will be dispensed, then Villareal will click a mouse and illuminate "Bay Lights," which will appear on the bridge nightly from dusk to 2 a.m. for at least two years.
"There's no big public event happening that night," said Tami Kelly, a spokeswoman for the project. "We would like folks to find their perfect viewing point, whether along the Embarcadero, in the Marin hills or in the East Bay."
They'll witness an impressive display of images displayed on the four towers of the bridge against the night sky. The lights shine brightly enough to be easily visible without seeming garish or obtrusive. Sometimes they glitter or shimmer, move up or down or blink slightly. Images move across the bridge resembling traffic, clouds, flocks of birds, giant fish.
'It's what people see'
Villareal, who has programmed the lights to create images that will look familiar but never repeat, is reluctant to define or describe the look of the light patterns on the bridge.
"I don't want to deconstruct it too much," he said. "It's abstract; it's what people see. It's meant to be something optimistic, tranquil, something people want to see."
Even during the testing phase, it has been a sight to see - and talk about. Since January, Villareal, 46, has been splitting his time between San Francisco and New York, working on "Bay Lights" a few days a week. But he's heard - and read via social media - many compliments.
A Yale-educated sculptor, Villareal later became interested in technology and worked in Silicon Valley. He melded his love of technology and art into sculpting with light, which involves custom software and lights. The artist created his first light sculpture for Burning Man in 1997. His works since then have been displayed around the world and are part of the permanent collection of museums including the Museum of Modern Art in New York. The most prominent work is a 200-foot walkway at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, where he used 41,000 LEDs. He recently created the "Buckyball," a 30-foot illuminated sculpture using colored LED tubes, on display in New York's Madison Square Park.
While Villareal is the artistic creator, the inspiration came from Ben Davis, head of Words Pictures Ideas, a San Francisco public relations agency that has worked on the Bay Bridge eastern span project.
In 2011, a few months before the bridge's 75th birthday, Davis was sitting outside the Ferry Building looking at the span and wondering how to focus the public's attention on it as an amazing structure rather than a commute impediment. He had seen a Villareal exhibit in San Jose and wondered if the bridge could be transformed into a light sculpture. The concept was introduced at a low-key Bay Bridge birthday party in November 2011.
Contributions sought
Since then, the "Bay Lights" folks have worked their way through a tangle of bureaucratic red tape - Villareal, however, says Caltrans has been very supportive - and began fundraising efforts to raise the $8 million cost of the project. So far, they've raised $6 million, and Davis says he's confident they'll secure the rest through large contributions as well as people willing to donate $50 to choose and name a light.
About a dozen people, including a crew of eight electricians, worked atop the bridge cables, high above the bay, in the dead of the night, to install the 25,000 lights, using zip ties to attach strings of lights to the suspender cables. They also installed a master computer in the center anchorage and an elaborate network.
"It was difficult working up there," said Saeed Shahmirzai, construction manager. "Especially on the cold windy nights, especially being 200 feet above the bridge and 500 feet above the water."
Installation, which could be done only between 9 p.m. and 5 a.m., started in October and was completed in January. Villareal has been testing and fine-tuning the light sculpture since, usually working outside all night on the Embarcadero, bundled up.
Very public testing
Given that this light sculpture is on the side of a bridge, the testing has been very public - "It's not like we could put a curtain over it," Villareal says - and Davis and Villareal have received instant reviews.
Davis said he heard people in a waterfront restaurant gasp then go silent when the lights were turned on one night. Villareal said he has been most gratified by hearing people say that they've missed it on nights when he wasn't testing.
"If I can make something that becomes that much a part of people's lives," he said, "I think I've succeeded."
'Bay Lights'
More information on the project, including how to contribute, is at www.thebaylights.org.
Michael Cabanatuan is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com Twitter: @ctuan


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- Home
- Departments & Services
- Departments
- Fire Department
- Fire Prevention
Fire Prevention
The Fire Prevention Bureau provides the highest level of fire and life safety inspections. The Healdsburg Fire Department works as a team to provide these inspections and includes the Fire Prevention Bureau performing life safety and CUPA Hazardous Materials inspections and Fire Suppression Engine Companies performing life safety and fire pre-plan inspections.
Fire Safety Inspections
Throughout the year, both suppression and prevention staff perform general and specific fire inspections in businesses and apartments throughout the city. Most of these inspections are general life safety inspections. The staff that performs these inspections look for fire hazards and exiting violations. Generally these inspections take very little time, but may help business owners remain compliant with fire and safety codes, while providing a safe working environment for their employees, and consumers.
For Inspections please contact:
- Front Office: 707-431-3360
- Ruben Mandujano, Fire Inspector: 707-431-3357
- Linda Collister, Fire Marshal: 707-431-3125
State Mandated Inspection of Buildings with 3 or more Dwelling Units
Most fire service resources are designed and dedicated to responding to events after they have occurred to minimize any potential destruction. A small portion of our resources are directed at preventing problems from occurring. It is much better to prevent the damage from occurring than to respond to the damage after it has occurred.
Any act or omission that is predictable is preventable. We can predict that fire will occur more in residential settings than in any other type of occupancy. The number of fires in non-owner occupied residential structures tends to be high. Fires in multi-family residential structures, such as apartments, represent a high life hazard due to the large number of people. California passed legislation requiring local fire authorities to conduct annual inspections of multi-family residential structures including apartments, hotels, motels and lodging houses to prevent fires in an effort to reduce loss of life and property. The intent of the City of Healdsburg Fire Department is to inspect dwellings with 3 or more units, apartment buildings, hotels and motels once yearly for basic fire safety features.
In 2018, SB1205 was passed based upon the tragic loss of life in the Ghost Ship fire in Oakland. Thirty-six people lost their lives in a warehouse that was turned into an artist collective. It lacked proper inspection and enforcement to meet the basic fire and life safety regulations. SB1205 requires that all R-1, and multi-family dwelling units be inspected annually and inspection numbers be reported to City Council.
Please return the following Certificate of Compliance with updated information when requested by fire department personnel.
Knox Box
In order to expedite the ordering of a Knox Box, the Healdsburg Fire Department has registered with Knox Company to allow orders online. Select Healdsburg Fire Department only if you are in the city limits. If you are a county parcel select Sonoma County Fire and Emergency Services even though Healdsburg Fire is the responding agency. Both of these agencies will be shown with others if you put in your zip code as 95448.
A Knox Box or Knox key is required when access to or within a structure or area is determined to be unduly difficult because of secured openings (doors or gates), or due to the presence of hazardous materials or fire protection systems.
Knox locking fire department connection caps (FDC) are required on all newly installed FDC's and on any existing FDC's found to be vandalized. FDC's will typically be found on commercial fire sprinkler systems.
The Knox Box and FDC caps are delivered to the fire department where we will remove the door with a secure key and contact you. Once the box has been installed in an approved accessible location, the fire department will put keys necessary to gain access and emergency contact information supplied by the business into the box and lock it. If it is a gate lock, the fire department will ensure that the key works correctly once it is installed.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Devices
As of July 1, 2011, the Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Prevention Act (Senate Bill - SB 183) will require all single-family homes with an attached garage or a fossil fuel source to install carbon monoxide alarms within the home. Owners of multi-family leased or rental dwellings, such as apartment buildings have until January 1, 2013 to comply with the law.
The California State Fire marshal has created the frequently asked questions (FAQ) on carbon monoxide devices to provide the citizens of California with information on this important matter. You may also download the State Fire Marshal approved Carbon Monoxide Alarm / Smoke Detector list (PDF).
Local Fire Code Amendments
Download the 2019 Local Fire Code Amendments for the City of Healdsburg. The Sonoma County Fire Prevention Officers (FPOs) worked together to provide consistency among the agencies on these local fire code adoptions.
2019 Fire Code Amendments
On January 1, 2020 the State of California will mandated that the 2019 California Fire Code go into effect. During the six-month period preceding this date, local jurisdictions have an opportunity to prepare amendments to the code that reflect local conditions.
The Sonoma County Fire Chiefs (the "Fire Chiefs") directed a committee of fire and building officials to provide local amendments that could be adopted by the cities or fire districts within the County. A majority of fire officials representing Sonoma County cities participated on the committee. The Fire Chiefs saw a need for local amendments to provide County wide consistent regulations to the construction industry by alleviating obstacles for development. The Healdsburg Fire Marshal and Building Official further amended the code realizing the unique characteristics of Healdsburg's older residential and downtown commercial buildings.
The State of California will mandate that the 2016 California Fire Code go into effect January 2020. The City of Healdsburg prepared amendments and additions to the codes to reflect local conditions through the Health & Safety Code Sections 17958.5 and 17958.7. Staff has made recommended findings to add, delete and amend specific portions of the mandated code due to local climatic, geological and topographical conditions in order to mitigate the potential damage caused by earthquakes, flooding, erosion, and fires.
The local amendments provide regional consistency with regards to the administrative portions of the codes and fire sprinkler installations. The proposed fire code amendments have very few changes from the previous code adoption.
Fire Department Fee Schedule
Download the Fire Department Fee Schedule
Office of State Fire Marshal Guidance on Residential Sprinkler Systems in Accessory Dwelling Units (ADU's)
The Office of the State Fire Marshal has written a guidance document to define when sprinklers will be required in an ADU. If you are planning on building an ADU, please schedule a One-Stop at the Community Development Department at (707) 431-3346 or contact the Fire Department at (707) 431-3360 to talk with the Fire Marshal or Fire Inspector about residential sprinkler requirements. Access and water supply will dictate if fire sprinklers are required within an ADU.
- OSFM Guidance Document on Fire Sprinklers for ADU's


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HDD Pictures of Lovely Outdoor Kitchens Pictures
The Background of Outdoor Kitchens Pictures
The first thing that usually shows up in the picture is the background of the outdoor kitchens. It's usually park with garden or greenery view from outdoor location. It's really refreshing to see those backgrounds as the background of the kitchen. It's also making the kitchen looks so lovely.
The Design of the Outdoor Kitchen
The second thing and the main thing that show up in the picture is the design of the kitchen. The kitchen is usually in the rustic theme. Many people are preferred to use rustic theme for the outdoor kitchen rather than other themes. This rustic theme means that the materials for the kitchen furniture are probably from old wood or bricks. That's really impressive, right? Those old yet classic materials made the kitchen looks so lovable. You need to see the picture yourself.
Pictures of outdoor kitchen areas pictures is created to be the inspiration of for you. This image was published on July 10, 2017 and published by admin this is fall into the category Kitchens, the size of image is
1280 x 960
and this post has 23 related images. If you have any questions please Contact Us. Hope it could inspire you, our beloved reader in tharavu.com, back to article please click Lovely Outdoor Kitchens Pictures.
Here we have 23 great photos about Lovely Outdoor Kitchens Pictures. We hope you enjoyed it and if you want to download the pictures in high quality, simply just click the image and you will be redirected to the download page of Lovely Outdoor Kitchens Pictures.


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simple question... why is it that all the pollen substitute recipes I find call for brewers yeast over any other type of yeast? It's much easier to find a type of baking yeast. Any idea?
simple question... why is it that all the pollen substitute recipes I find call for brewers yeast over any other type of yeast? It's much easier to find a type of baking yeast. Any idea?
From Healthline.com
"Brewer's yeast contains all the essential amino acids, 14 minerals, and 17 vitamins. It is one of the best natural sources of the B-complex vitamins thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, pantothenic acid, biotin, and folic acid. It is also high in minerals, including chromium, zinc, iron, phosphorus, and selenium. Brewer's yeast is also a good source of protein. It contains approximately 16 g of protein per 30 g of powdered yeast."
From University of Maryland:
Brewer's yeast is made from a one-celled fungus called Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is used to make beer. It also can be grown to make nutritional supplements. Brewer's yeast is a rich source of minerals -- particularly chromium, an essential trace mineral that helps the body maintain normal blood sugar levels; selenium; protein; and the B-complex vitamins. It tastes bitter and should not be confused with baker's yeast, nutritional yeast, or torula yeast. All those types of yeast are low in chromium. Brewer's yeast has been used for years as a nutritional supplement.
Brewer's yeast is often used as a source of B-complex vitamins, chromium, and selenium. The B-complex vitamins in brewer's yeast include B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B9 (folic acid), and H or B7 (biotin). These vitamins help break down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, which provide the body with energy.
Zone 4a-b
They are both the same thing: Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I suspect that brewer's yeast is more readily available in bulk and is cheaper than a bunch of packages of bakers yeast. Brewer's yeast is also a current healthfood fad as well.
Honey Badger Don't Care ಠ_ಠ ~=[,,_,,]:3
Has anyone ever experimented with any other "main" ingredients.... I was sitting here thinking of different possibilities to get more protien in the mix. I think they make an unflavored protien powder you can add to food. I'm wondering if a small dash of that in a mixture would be safe............ Only one way to find out
I made a batch of pollen patties the bees gobbled up. I use baker's yeast (cause I have it and it's cheap), powered milk, rice bran and sugar plus or minus equal parts. If I have soybean meal I add that too
I have also used mega bee and sugar and watched them carried it out as trash. I started adding powered milk and make it a little more water and they don't carry it out.
Find a local vintner or brewer and ask them for their yeast. It is a by-product/waste for them. Boil the yeast they give you to sterilize it and use it. Craigslist and such. Search the threads. It has been posted/mentioned.
Why use brewers yeast from a brewery vs. store bought dry? I have a source for yeast from a local brewery but just wondered if there is any advantage for the bees or is it a cost consideration?
We want our bees eating the yeast, sugar, and water. We don't want to give our bees yeast and alcohol.
If you think anything organic is good for you, go drink some organic solvents.
geek, learning how to be a beek
Brewers yeast is not available in my locality as alcohol is almost banned here. So, could you please tell me what else can i use instead of brewers yeast ? Or can i only use soy+milk powder+vitamin c ?
thank you
Torula yeast may be a reasonable substitute for brewers yeast in pollen substitute recipes. Of course, I don't know whether torula yeast is available in Kashmir.
Here is a reference on torula yeast used in pollen sub:
Note that the link is not a "recipe", but is an indication that torula yeast is one option. Global Patties is a sub manufacturer.
More on torula yeast in sub: http://www.honeybee.com.au/Library/Beefeeds.html
Keith may feel that sub with torula yeast instead of brewers yeast may not be quite the same, but if it is a situation where brewers yeast is not available the choice may be between sub with torula yeast or no sub at all.
Torula yeast is sometimes used by olive gowers as a control for olive flies.
USDA Zone 7A Elevation 1400 ft
You may use corn flour in place of yeast. Corn compliments soy well. Your overall protein content will be lower, but that is okay.
You may also omit the Vit C as bees appear to be able to synthesize their own Vit C.
Breeder Queens & Honey Bee Nutritional Supplements
I always thought one was to turn sugar into alcohol and the other to make CO2.


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Lumina's goal—that 60% of Americans hold degrees, certificates or other high-quality postsecondary credentials by 2025—is essential to meeting our nation's growing need for talent.
Between now and 2025, assuming current rates of degree and certificate production continue, about 24.2 million Americans will earn postsecondary credentials. To reach the goal, 16.4 million more need to be added to that total. Lumina is committed under our current strategic plan to make substantial progress by 2020 toward this total. Specifically, our target is to increase attainment by 5.9 million over the next three years. These credentials will be earned by the millions of Americans who will not obtain postsecondary credentials if we keep doing what we're doing but could be added to the total counting toward the goal.
Over the course of our first two strategic plans, we have made substantial progress toward the goal. With clear and abundant evidence, we now know that to increase postsecondary attainment to the levels we need, we must work with many partners to build an equitable postsecondary learning system out of our current disparate and disconnected systems. Fortunately, the need to increase postsecondary attainment is now widely recognized by the American people, and state and local leaders throughout the nation are mobilized to take action.
It is time to move to action on solutions that dramatically increase attainment to reach the goal. The comprehensive system of postsecondary learning that Lumina is committed to help build will allow all Americans to obtain credentials representing the knowledge and skills they—and the nation—need. It is the key to meeting the nation's growing demand for talent.
What is the Issue?
The U.S. lags behind its global competitors in postsecondary attainment. America currently ranks a disappointing 11th in global postsecondary attainment, but the pace of attainment among younger adults is even more troubling. According to the OECD data, an astounding 64 percent of young adults (ages 25-34) in South Korea have completed education beyond high school. Those rates in Japan and Canada are approaching 60 percent, while young adults in the U.S. are hovering just above 40 percent.
Why is the Goal so Urgent?
Our rapidly evolving, complex economy is causing a surge in demand for skilled employees. Two-thirds of all jobs created in this decade will require some form of postsecondary education, according to the Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce. Today, only about 40 percent of adults in the U.S. have achieved that level of education. Americans with a high-school diploma or less accounted for four out every five jobs lost in the recent recession.
Who is Affected?
Students who've traditionally been under-represented by the old system. When we talk about access for underserved students, it's with a focus on today's student These are low-income, racial and ethnic minorities, working adults, and first-generation students. The students we once called nontraditional are no longer the exception in postsecondary education … they are the rule. These 21st-century students represent our future—not merely the future of the higher education enterprise, but the future of the nation itself.
How Can I Help?
Read about the many ways to contribute to the national effort to increase attainment. We have suggestions for innovative thinkers, institutional leaders, policymakers, student advocates, and families to connect and share strategies with others working to help students succeed. There is a role for everyone in both public and private sectors to contribute. The goal is not just Lumina Foundation's goal, it's the nation's goal for creating a stronger nation through higher education.