text:
(The original article can be found here.)
NOTE – In order to fully understand the content of this article (and it's companion article The Origin of Comets), you should read the book, In the Beginning by Dr. Walt Brown. This book fully explains Dr. Brown's Hydroplate Theory which is the foundation upon which this article is written. In fact, this "article" is actually a chapter in the book, In the Beginning.
Figure 156: Asteroid Ida and Its Moon, Dactyl. In 1993, the Galileo spacecraft, heading toward Jupiter, took this picture 2,000 miles from asteroid Ida. To the surprise of most, Ida had a moon (about 1 mile in diameter) orbiting 60 miles away! Both Ida and Dactyl are composed of earthlike rock. We now know of 68 other asteroids that have moons.1 According to the laws of orbital mechanics (described in the preceding chapter), capturing a moon in space is unbelievably difficult—unless both the asteroid and a nearby potential moon had very similar speeds and directions and unless gases surrounded the asteroid during capture. If so, the asteroid, its moon, and each gas molecule were probably coming from the same place and were launched at about the same time. Within a million years, passing bodies would have stripped the moons away, so these asteroid-moon captures must have been recent.
From a distance, large asteroids look like big rocks. However, many show, by their low density, that they contain either much empty space or something light, such as water ice.2 Also, the best close-up pictures of an asteroid show millions of smaller rocks on its surface. Therefore, asteroids are flying rock piles held together by gravity. Ida, about 35 miles long, does not have enough gravity to squeeze itself into a spherical shape.
SUMMARY: The fountains of the great deep launched rocks as well as muddy water. As rocks moved farther from Earth, Earth's gravity became less significant to them, and the gravity of nearby rocks became increasingly significant. Consequently, many rocks, assisted by their mutual gravity and surrounding clouds of water vapor, merged to become asteroids. Isolated rocks in space are meteoroids. Drag forces caused by water vapor and thrust forces produced by the radiometer effect concentrated asteroids in what is now the asteroid belt. All the so-called "mavericks of the solar system" (asteroids, meteoroids, and comets) resulted from the explosive events at the beginning of the flood.
Asteroids, also called minor planets, are rocky bodies orbiting the Sun. The orbits of most asteroids lie between those of Mars and Jupiter, a region called the asteroid belt. The largest asteroid, Ceres, is almost 600 miles in diameter and has about one-third the volume of all other asteroids combined. Orbits of almost 30,000 asteroids have been calculated. Many more asteroids have been detected, some less than 20 feet in diameter. A few that cross the Earth's orbit would do great damage if they ever collided with Earth.
Two explanations are given for the origin of asteroids: (1) they were produced by an exploded planet, and (2) a planet failed to evolve completely. Experts recognize the problems with each explanation and are puzzled. The hydroplate theory offers a simple and complete—but quite different—solution that also answers other questions.
Meteorites, Meteors, and Meteoroids
In space, solid bodies smaller than an asteroid but larger than a molecule are called "meteoroids." They are renamed "meteors" as they travel through Earth's atmosphere, and "meteorites" if they hit the ground.
Exploded-Planet Explanation. Smaller asteroids are more numerous than larger asteroids, a pattern typical of fragmented bodies. Seeing this pattern led to the early belief that asteroids are remains of an exploded planet. Later, scientists realized that all the fragments combined would not make up one small planet.3 Besides, too much energy is needed to explode and scatter even the smallest planet.
Failed-Planet Explanation. The most popular explanation today for asteroids is that they are bodies that did not merge to become a planet. Never explained is how, in nearly empty space, matter merged to become these rocky bodies in the first place,4 why rocky bodies started to form a planet but stopped,5 or why it happened only between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Also, because only vague explanations have been given for how planets formed, any claim to understand how one planet failed to form lacks credibility. In general, orbiting rocks do not merge to become either planets or asteroids. Special conditions are required, as explained on page 267 and Endnote 23 on page 288.] Today, collisions and near collisions fragment and scatter asteroids, just the opposite of this "failed-planet explanation." In fact, during the 4,600,000,000 years evolutionists say asteroids have existed, asteroids would have had so many collisions that they should be much more fragmented than they are today.6
Hydroplate Explanation. Asteroids are composed of rocks expelled from Earth. The size distribution of asteroids does show that at least part of a planet fragmented. Although an energy source is not available to explode and disperse an entire Earth-size planet, the eruption of so much supercritical water from the subterranean chambers could have launched one 2,300th of the Earth—the mass of all asteroids combined. Astronomers have tried to describe the exploded planet, not realizing they were standing on the remaining 99.95% of it—too close to see it.7
As flood waters escaped from the subterranean chambers, pillars, forced to carry more and more of the weight of the overlying crust, were crushed. Also, the almost 10-mile-high walls of the rupture were unstable, because rock is not strong enough to support a cliff more than 5 miles high. As lower portions of the walls were crushed, large blocks8 were swept up and launched by the jetting fountains. Unsupported rock in the top 5 miles then fragmented. The smaller the rock, the faster it accelerated and the farther it went, just as a rapidly flowing stream carries smaller dirt particles faster and farther.
Water droplets in the fountains partially evaporated and quickly froze. Large rocks had large spheres of influence which grew as the rocks traveled away from Earth. Larger rocks became "seeds" around which other rocks and ice collected as spheres of influence expanded. Because of all the evaporated water vapor and the resulting aerobraking, even more mass concentrated around the "seeds."Clumps of rocks became asteroids.
Question 1: Why did some clumps of rocks and ice in space become asteroids and others become comets?
Imagine living in a part of the world where heavy frost settled each night, but the Sun shone daily. After many decades, would the countryside be buried in hundreds of feet of frost?
The answer depends on several things besides the obvious need for a large source of water. If dark rocks initially covered the ground, the Sun would heat them during the day, so frost from the previous night would tend to evaporate. However, if the sunlight was dim or the frost was thick (thereby reflecting more sunlight during the day), little frost would evaporate. More frost would accumulate the next night. Frost thickness would increase every 24 hours.
Now imagine living on a newly formed asteroid. Its spin would give you day-night cycles. After sunset, surface temperatures would plummet toward nearly absolute zero (-460°F), because asteroids do not have enough gravity to hold an atmosphere for long. With little atmosphere to insulate the asteroid, the day's heat would quickly radiate, unimpeded, into outer space. Conversely, when the Sun rose, its rays would have little atmosphere to warm, so temperatures at the asteroid's surface would rise rapidly.
As the fountains of the great deep launched rocks and water droplets, evaporation in space dispersed an "ocean" of water molecules and other gases in the inner solar system. Gas molecules that struck the cold side of your spinning asteroid would become frost.9 Sunlight would usually be dim on rocks in larger, more elongated orbits. Therefore, little frost would evaporate during the day, and the frost's thickness would increase. Your "world" would become a comet. However, if your "world" orbited relatively near the Sun, its rays would evaporate each night's frost, so your "world" would remain an asteroid.
Heavier rocks could not be launched with as much velocity as smaller particles (dirt, water droplets, and smaller rocks). The heavier rocks merged to become asteroids, while the smaller particles, primarily water, merged to become comets, which generally have larger orbits. No "sharp line" separates asteroids and comets.
Asteroids are rock piles, often with ice acting as a weak "glue" inside. Large rocks that began the capture process are nearer the centers of asteroids. Comets, which are primarily ice, have rocks in their cores. Four years after this prediction was published in 2001 (In the Beginning, 7th edition, page 220), measurements of the largest asteroid, Ceres, found that it does indeed have a dense, rocky core and primarily a water-ice mantle.10
Question 2: Wasn't asteroid Eros found to be primarily a large, solid rock?
A pile of dry sand here on Earth cannot maintain a slope greater than about 30 degrees. If it were steeper, the sand grains would roll downhill. Likewise, a pile of dry pebbles or rocks on an asteroid cannot have a slope exceeding about 30 degrees. However, 4% of Eros' surface exceeds this slope, so some scientists concluded that much of Eros must be a large, solid rock. This conclusion overlooks the possibility that ice is present between some rocks and acts as a weak glue—as predicted above. Ice in asteroids would also explain their low density. Endnote 8 gives another reason why asteroids are probably flying rock piles.
Question 3: Objects launched from Earth should travel in elliptical, cometlike orbits. How could rocky bodies launched from Earth become concentrated in almost circular orbits between Mars and Jupiter?
Gases, such as water vapor and its components,11 were abundant in the inner solar system for many years after the flood. Hot gas molecules striking each asteroid's hot side were repelled with great force. This jetting action was like air rapidly escaping from a balloon, applying a thrust in a direction opposite to the escaping gas.12 Cold molecules striking each asteroid's cold side produced less jetting. This thrusting, efficiently powered by solar energy, pushed asteroids outward, away from the sun, concentrating them between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.13 [See Figures 157 and 158.]
Figure 157: Thrust and Drag Acted on Asteroids (Sun, asteroid, gas molecules, and orbit are not to scale.) The fountains of the great deep launched rocks and muddy water from Earth. The larger rocks, assisted by water vapor and other gases within the spheres of influence of these rocks, captured other rocks and ice particles. Those growing bodies that were primarily rocks became asteroids.
The Sun heats an asteroid's near side, while the far side radiates its heat into cold outer space. Therefore, large temperature differences exist on opposite sides of each rocky, orbiting body. The slower the body spins, the darker the body,14 and the closer it is to the Sun, the greater the temperature difference. (For example, temperatures on the sunny side of our Moon reach a searing 260°F, while on the dark side, temperatures can drop to a frigid -280°F.) Also, gas molecules (small blue circles) between the Sun and asteroid, especially those coming from very near the Sun, are hotter and faster than those on the far side of an asteroid. Hot gas molecules hitting the hot side of an asteroid bounce off with much higher velocity and momentum than cold gas molecules bouncing off the cold side. Those impacts slowly expanded asteroid orbits until too little gas remained in the inner solar system to provide much thrust. The closer an asteroid was to the Sun, the greater the outward thrust. Gas molecules, densely concentrated near Earth's orbit, created a drag on asteroids. My computer simulations have shown how gas, throughout the inner solar system for years after the flood, herded asteroids into a tight region near Earth's orbital plane—an asteroid belt.15 Thrust primarily expanded the orbits. Drag circularized orbits and reduced their angles of inclination.
Figure 158: The Radiometer Effect. This well-known novelty, called a radiometer, demonstrates the unusual thrust that pushed asteroids into their present orbits. Sunlight warms the dark side of each vane more than the light side. The partial vacuum inside the bulb approaches that found in outer space, so gas molecules travel relatively long distances before striking other molecules. Gas molecules bounce off the hotter, black side with greater velocity than off the colder, white side. This turns the vanes away from the dark side.
The black side also radiates heat faster when it is warmer than its surroundings. This can be demonstrated by briefly placing the radiometer in a freezer. There the black side cools faster, making the white side warmer than the black, so the vanes turn away from the white side. In summary, the black side gains heat faster when in a hot environment and loses heat faster when in a cold environment. Higher gas pressure always pushes on the warmer side.
Question 4: Could the radiometer effect push asteroids 1–2 astronomical units (AU) farther from the Sun?
Each asteroid began as a swarm of particles (rocks, ice, and gas molecules) orbiting within a large sphere of influence. Because a swarm's volume was quite large, its spin was much slower than it would be as it shrank to become an asteroid—perhaps orders of magnitude slower. The slow spin produced extreme temperature differences between the hot and cold sides. The cold side would have been so cold that gas molecules striking it would tend to stick, thereby adding "fuel" to the developing asteroid. Because the swarm's volume was large, the radiometer pressure acted over a large area and produced a large thrust. The swarm's large thrust and low density caused the swarm to rapidly accelerate—much like a feather placed in a gentle breeze. Also, the Sun's gravity 93,000,000 miles from the Sun (the Earth-Sun distance) is 1,600 times weaker than Earth's gravity here on Earth.17 So, pushing a swarm of rocks and debris farther from the Sun was surprisingly easy, because there is almost no resistance in outer space.
Question 5: Why are 4% of meteorites almost entirely iron and nickel? Also, why do meteorites rarely contain quartz, which constitutes about 27% of granite's volume?
Pillars were formed in the subterranean chamber when the thicker portions of the crust were squeezed downward onto the chamber floor. Twice daily, during the centuries before the flood, these pillars were stretched and compressed by tides in the subterranean water. This gigantic heating process steadily raised pillar temperatures. [See "What Triggered the Flood?" here.] As explained in Figure 159, temperatures in what are now iron-nickel meteorites once exceeded 1,300°F, enough to dissolve quartz and allow iron and nickel to settle downward and become concentrated in the pillar tips.18 (A similar gravitational settling process concentrated iron and nickel in the Earth's core after the flood began. See "Melting the Inner Earth" here.)
Evolutionists have great difficulty explaining iron-nickel meteorites. First, everyone recognizes that a powerful heating mechanism must first melt at least some of the parent body from which the iron-nickel meteorites came, so iron and nickel can sink and be concentrated. How this could have occurred in the weak gravity of extremely cold asteroids has defied explanation.19 Second, the concentrated iron and nickel, which evolutionists visualize in the core of a large asteroid, must then be excavated and blasted into space. Available evidence shows that this has not happened.20
Figure 156: Asteroid Ida and Its Moon, Dactyl. Most iron-nickel meteorites display Widmanstätten patterns. That is, if an iron-nickel meteorite is cut and its face is polished and then etched with acid, the surface has the strange crisscross pattern shown above. This shows that temperatures throughout those meteorites exceeded 1,300°F.16 Why were so many meteoroids, drifting in cold space, at one time so uniformly hot? An impact would not produce such uniformity, nor would a blowtorch. The heating a meteor experiences in passing through the atmosphere is barely felt more than a fraction of an inch beneath the surface. If radioactive decay generated the heat, certain daughter products should be present; they are not. Question 5 explains how these high temperatures were probably reached.
Question 6: Aren't meteoroids chips from asteroids?
This commonly-taught idea is based on an error in logic. Asteroids and meteoroids have some similarities, but that does not mean that one came from the other. Maybe a common event produced both asteroids and meteoroids.
Also, three major discoveries suggest that meteoroids came not from asteroids, but from Earth.
1. In the mid-1970s, the Pioneer 10 and 11 spacecraft traveled out through the asteroid belt. NASA expected that the particle detection experiments on board would find 10 times more meteoroids in the belt than are present near Earth's orbit.21 Surprisingly, the number of meteoroids diminished as the asteroid belt was approached.22 This showed that meteoroids are not coming from asteroids but from nearer the Earth's orbit.
2. A faint glow of light, called the zodiacal light, extends from the orbit of Venus out to the asteroid belt. The light is reflected sunlight bouncing off dust-size particles. This lens-shaped swarm of particles orbits the Sun, near Earth's orbital plane. (On dark, moonless nights, zodiacal light can be seen in the spring in the western sky after sunset and in the fall in the eastern sky before sunrise.) Debris chipped off asteroids would have a wide range of sizes and would not be as uniform and fine as the particles reflecting the zodiacal light. Debris expelled by the fountains of the great deep would place fine dust particles in the Earth's orbital plane.
3. Many meteorites have remanent magnetism, so they must have come from a larger magnetized body. Eros, the only asteroid on which a spacecraft has landed and taken magnetic measurements, has no net magnetic field. If this is true of other asteroids as well, meteorites probably did not come from asteroids.30 If asteroids are flying rock piles, as it now appears, any magnetic fields in the randomly oriented rocks would be largely self-canceling, so the asteroid would have no net magnetic field. Therefore, instead of coming from asteroids, meteorites likely came from a magnetized body such as a planet. Because Earth's magnetic field is 2,000 times greater than that of all other rocky planets combined, meteorites probably came from Earth.
Remanent magnetism decays, so meteorites must have recently broken away from their parent magnetized body. Those who believe that meteorites were chipped off asteroids say this happened millions of years ago.
Most rocks comprising asteroids will be found to be magnetized.
Two Interpretations
With a transmission electron microscope, Japanese scientist Kazushige Tomeoka identified several major events in the life of one meteorite. Initially, this meteorite was part of a much larger parent body orbiting the Sun. The parent body had many thin cracks, through which mineral-rich water cycled. Extremely thin mineral layers were deposited on the walls of these cracks. These deposits, sometimes hundreds of layers thick, contained calcium, magnesium, carbonates, and other chemicals. Mild thermal metamorphism in this rock shows that temperatures increased before it experienced some final cracks and was blasted into space.31
Hydroplate Interpretation. Earth was the parent body of all meteorites, most of which came from pillars. [Pages 381–386 explain how, why, when, and where pillars formed.] Twice a day before the flood, tides in the subterranean water compressed and stretched these pillars. Compressive heating occurred and cracks developed. Just as water circulates through a submerged sponge that is squeezed and stretched, mineral-laden water circulated through cracks in pillars for years before they broke up. Pillar fragments, launched into space by the fountains of the great deep, became meteoroids. In summary, water did it.
Tomeoka's (and Most Evolutionists') Interpretation. Impacts on an asteroid cracked the rock that was to become this meteorite. Ice was deposited on the asteroid. Impacts melted the ice, allowing liquid water to circulate through the cracks and deposit hundreds of layers of magnesium, calcium, and carbonate bearing minerals. A final impact blasted rocks from this asteroid into space. In summary, impacts did it.
Figure 160: Shatter Cone. When a large, crater-forming meteorite strikes the Earth, a shock wave radiates outward from the impact point. The passing shock wave breaks the rock surrounding the crater into meteorite-size fragments having distinctive patterns called shatter cones. (Until shatter cones were associated with impact craters by Robert S. Dietz in 1969, impact craters were often difficult to identify.)
If large impacts on asteroids launched asteroid fragments toward Earth as meteorites, a few meteorites should have shatter cone patterns. None have ever been reported. Therefore, meteorites are probably not derived from asteroids. Likewise, impacts have not launched meteorites from Mars.
Question 7: Does other evidence support this hypothesis that asteroids and meteoroids came from Earth?
Yes. Here are seventeen additional observations that either support the proposed explanation or are inconsistent with other current theories on the origin of asteroids and meteoroids:
1. The materials in meteorites and meteoroids are remarkably similar to those in the Earth's crust.32 Some meteorites contain very dense elements, such as nickel and iron. Those heavy elements seem compatible only with the denser rocky planets: Mercury, Venus, and Earth—Earth being the densest.
A few asteroid densities have been calculated. They are generally low, ranging from 1.2 to 3.3 gm/cm3. The higher densities match those of the Earth's crust. The lower densities imply the presence of empty space between loosely held rocks or something light such as water ice.33
Rocks in asteroids are typical of the Earth's crust. Expensive efforts to mine asteroids34 to recover strategic or precious metals will be a waste of money.
2. Meteorites contain different varieties (isotopes) of the chemical element molybdenum, each isotope having a slightly different atomic weight. If, as evolutionists teach, a swirling cloud of gas and dust mixed for millions of years and produced the Sun, its planets, and meteorites, then each meteorite should have about the same combination of these molybdenum isotopes. Because this is not the case,35 meteorites did not come from a swirling dust cloud or any source that mixed for millions of years.
3. Most meteorites36 and some asteroids37 contain metamorphosed minerals, showing that those bodies reached extremely high temperatures, despite a lifetime in the "deep freeze" of outer space. Radioactive decay within such relatively small bodies could not have produced the necessary heating, because too much heat would have escaped from their surfaces. Stranger still, liquid water altered some meteorites38 while they and their parent bodies were heated—sometimes heated multiple times.39
Impacts in space are often proposed to explain this mysterious heating throughout an asteroid or meteroite. However, an impact would raise the temperature only near the point of impact. Before gravel-size fragments from an impact could become uniformly hot, they would radiate their heat into outer space.40
For centuries before the flood, heat was steadily generated within pillars in the subterranean water chamber. As the flood began, the powerful jetting water launched rock fragments into space—fragments of hot, crushed pillars and fragments from the crumbling walls of the ruptured crust. Those rocks became meteoroids and asteroids.
4. Because asteroids came from Earth, they typically spin in the same direction as Earth (counterclockwise, as seen from the North). However, collisions have undoubtedly randomized the spins of many smaller asteroids in the last few thousand years.41
5. Some asteroids have captured one or more moons. [See Figure 156 at top of this page.] Sometimes the "moon" and asteroid are similar in size. Impacts would not create equal-size fragments that could capture each other.42 The only conceivable way for this to happen is if a potential moon enters an asteroid's expanding sphere of influence while traveling about the same speed and direction as the asteroid. If even a thin gas surrounds the asteroid, the moon will be drawn closer to the asteroid, preventing the moon from being stripped away later. An "exploded planet" would disperse relatively little gas. The "failed planet explanation" meets none of the requirements. The hydroplate theory satisfies all the requirements.
Figure 161: Chondrules. The central chondrule above is 2.2 millimeters in diameter, the size of this circle: o. This picture was taken in reflected light. However, meteorites containing chondrules can be thinly sliced and polished, allowing light from below to pass through the thin slice and into the microscope. Such light becomes polarized as it passes through the minerals. The resulting colors identify minerals in and around the chondrules. [Meteorite from Hammada al Hamra Plateau, Libya.]
Chondrules (CON-drools) are strange, spherical, BB-size objects found in 86% of all meteorites. To understand the origin of meteorites we must also understand how chondrules formed.
Their spherical shape and texture show they were once molten, but to melt chondrules requires temperatures exceeding 3,000°F. How could chondrules get that hot without melting the surrounding rock, which usually has a lower melting temperature? Because chondrules contain volatile substances that would have bubbled out of melted rock, chondrules must have melted and cooled quite rapidly.23 By one estimate, melting occurred in about one-hundredth of a second.24
The standard explanation for chondrules is that small pieces of rock, moving in outer space billions of years ago, before the Sun and Earth formed, suddenly and mysteriously melted. These liquid droplets quickly cooled, solidified, and then were encased inside the rock that now surrounds them. Such vague conditions, hidden behind a veil of space and time, make it nearly impossible to test this explanation in a laboratory. Scientists recognize that this standard story does not explain the rapid melting and cooling of chondrules or how they were encased uniformly in rocks which are radiometrically older than the chondrules.25 As one scientist wrote, "The heat source of chondrule melting remains uncertain. We know from the petrological data that we are looking for a very rapid heating source, but what?"26
Frequently, minerals grade (gradually change) across the boundaries between chondrules and surrounding material.27 This suggests that chondrules melted while encased in rock. If so, the heating sources must have acted briefly and been localized near the center of what are now chondrules. But how could this have happened?
The most common mineral in chondrules is olivine.28 Deep rocks contain many BB-size pockets of olivine. Pillars within the subterranean water probably had similar pockets. As the subterranean water escaped from under the crust, pillars had to carry more of the crust's weight. When olivine reaches a certain level of compression, it suddenly changes into another mineral, called spinel (spin-EL), and shrinks in volume by about 10%.29 (Material surrounding each pocket would not shrink.)
Tiny, collapsing pockets of olivine transforming into spinel would generate great heat, for two reasons. First, the transformation is exothermic; that is, it releases heat chemically. Second, it releases heat mechanically, by friction. Here's why. At the atomic level, each pocket would collapse in many stages—much like falling dominos or the section-by-section crushing of a giant scaffolding holding up an overloaded roof. Within each pocket, as each microscopic crystal slid over adjacent crystals at these extreme pressures, melting would occur along sliding surfaces. The remaining solid structures in the olivine pocket would then carry the entire compressive load—quickly collapsing and melting other parts of the "scaffolding."
The fountains of the great deep expelled pieces of crushed pillars into outer space where they rapidly cooled. Their tumbling action, especially in the weightlessness of space, would have prevented volatiles from bubbling out of the encased liquid pockets within each rock. In summary, chondrules are a by product of the mechanism that produced meteorites—a rapid process that started under the Earth's crust as the flood began.
Also, tidal effects, as described on pages 425–428, limit the lifetime of the moons of asteroids to about 100,000 years.43 This fact and the problems in capturing a moon caused evolutionist astronomers to scoff at early reports that some asteroids have moons.
Figure 162: Peanut Asteroids. The fountains of the great deep expelled dirt, rocks, and considerable water from Earth. About half of that water quickly evaporated into the vacuum of space; the remainder froze. Each evaporated gas molecule became an orbiting body in the solar system. Asteroids then formed as explained on pages 298–302. Many are shaped like peanuts.
Gas molecules captured by asteroids or released by icy asteroids became their atmospheres. Asteroids with thick atmospheres sometimes captured smaller asteroids as moons. If an atmosphere remained long enough, the moon would lose altitude and gently merge with the low-gravity asteroid, forming a peanut-shaped asteroid. (We see merging when a satellite or spacecraft reenters Earth's atmosphere, slowly loses altitude, and eventually falls to Earth.) Without an atmosphere, merging becomes almost impossible.
Japan's Hayabusa spacecraft orbited asteroid Itokawa (shown above) for two months in 2005. Scientists studying Itokawa concluded that it consists of two smaller asteroids that merged. Donald Yeomans, a mission scientist and member of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, admitted, "It's a major mystery how two objects each the size of skyscrapers could collide without blowing each other to smithereens. This is especially puzzling in a region of the solar system where gravitational forces would normally involve collision speeds of 2 km/sec."45 The mystery is easily solved when one understands the role that water played in the origin of comets and asteroids.
Notice, a myriad of rounded boulders, some 150 feet in diameter, litter Itokawa's surface. High velocity water produces rounded boulders; an exploded planet or impacts on asteroids would produce angular rocks.
6. The smaller moons of the giant planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are captured asteroids. Most astronomers probably accept this conclusion, but have no idea how these captures could occur.44
As explained earlier in this chapter, for decades to centuries after the flood the radiometer effect, powered by the Sun's energy, spiraled asteroids outward from Earth's orbit. Water vapor, around asteroids and in interplanetary space, temporarily thickened asteroid and planet atmospheres. This facilitated aerobraking which allowed massive planets to capture asteroids.
Recent discoveries indicate that Saturn's 313-mile-wide moon, Enceladus (en-SELL-uh-duhs), is a captured asteroid. Geysers at Enceladus' south pole are expelling water vapor and ice crystals which escape Enceladus and supply Saturn's E ring.46 That water contains salts resembling Earth's ocean waters.47 Because asteroids are icy and weak, they would experience strong tides if captured by a giant planet. Strong tides would have recently48 generated considerable internal heat, slowed the moon's spin, melted ice, and boiled deep reservoirs of water. Enceladus' spin has almost stopped, its internal water is being launched (some so hot that it becomes a plasma),49 and its surface near the geysers has buckled, probably due to the loss of internal water. Because the material for asteroids and their organic matter came recently from Earth, water is still jetting from cold Enceladus' surprisingly warm south pole, and "dark green organic material"50 is on its surface.
7. A few asteroids suddenly develop comet tails, so they are considered both asteroid and comet. The hydroplate theory says that asteroids are weakly joined piles of rocks and ice. If such a pile cracked slightly, perhaps due to an impact by space debris, then internal ice, suddenly exposed to the vacuum of space, would violently vent water vapor and produce a comet tail. The hydroplate theory explains why comets are so similar to asteroids.
8. A few comets have nearly circular orbits within the asteroid belt. Their tails lengthen as they approach perihelion and recede as they approach aphelion. If comets formed beyond the planet Neptune, it is highly improbable that they could end up in nearly circular orbits in the asteroid belt.51 So, these comets almost certainly did not form in the outer solar system. Also, comet ice that near the Sun would evaporate relatively quickly. Only the hydroplate theory explains how comets (icy rock piles) recently entered the asteroid belt.
9. If asteroids passing near Earth came from the asteroid belt, too many of them have diameters less than 50 meters,52 and too many have circular orbits.53 However, we would expect this if the rocks that formed asteroids were launched from Earth.
10. Computer simulations, both forward and backward in time, show that asteroids traveling near Earth have a maximum expected lifetime of only about a million years. They "quickly" collide with the Sun.54 This raises doubts that all asteroids began 4,600,000,000 years ago as evolutionists claim—living 4,600 times longer than the expected lifetime of near-Earth asteroids.
11. Earth has one big moon and several small moons—up to 650 feet in diameter.55 The easiest explanation for the small moons is that they were launched from Earth with barely enough velocity to escape Earth's gravity. (To understand why the largest of these small moons is about 650 feet in diameter, see Endnote 8.)
12. Asteroids 3753 Cruithne and 2000 AA29 are traveling companions of Earth.56 They delicately oscillate, in a horseshoe pattern, around two points that lie 60° (as viewed from the Sun) forward and 60° behind the Earth but on Earth's nearly circular orbit. These points, predicted by Lagrange in 1764 and called Lagrange points, are stable places where an object would not move relative to the Earth and Sun if it could once occupy either point going at zero velocity relative to the Earth and Sun. But how could a slowly moving object ever reach, or get near, either point? Most likely, it barely escaped from Earth.
Also, Asteroid 3753 could not have been in its present orbit for long, because it is so easy for a passing gravitational body to perturb it out of its stable niche. Time permitting, Venus will pass near this asteroid 8,000 years from now and may dislodge it.57
13. Furthermore, Jupiter has two Lagrange points on its nearly circular orbit. The first, called L4, lies 60° (as seen from the Sun) in the direction of Jupiter's motion. The second, called L5, lies 60° behind Jupiter.
Visualize planets and asteroids as large and small marbles rolling in orbitlike paths around the Sun on a large frictionless table. At each Lagrange point is a bowl-shaped depression that moves along with each planet. Because there is no friction, small marbles (asteroids) that roll down into a bowl normally pick up enough speed to roll back out. However, if a chance gravitational encounter slowed one marble right after it entered a bowl, it might not exit the bowl. Marbles trapped in a bowl would normally stay 60° ahead of or behind their planet, gently rolling around near the bottom of their moving bowl.
One might think an asteroid is just as likely to get trapped in Jupiter's leading bowl as its trailing bowl—a 50–50 chance, as with the flip of a coin. Surprisingly, 1068 asteroids are in Jupiter's leading (L4) bowl, but only 681 are in the trailing bowl.69 This shouldn't happen in a trillion trials if an asteroid is just as likely to get trapped at L4 as L5. What concentrated so many asteroids near the L4 Lagrange point?
According to the hydroplate theory, asteroids formed near Earth's orbit. Then, the radiometer effect spiraled them outward, toward the orbits of Mars and Jupiter. Some spiraled through Jupiter's circular orbit and passed near both L4 and L5. Jupiter's huge gravity would have slowed those asteroids that were moving away from Jupiter but toward L4. That braking action would have helped some asteroids settle into the L4 bowl. Conversely, asteroids that entered L5 were accelerated toward Jupiter, so they would quickly be pulled out of L5 by Jupiter's gravity. The surprising excess of asteroids near Jupiter's L4 is what we would expect based on the hydroplate theory.
Figure 163: Asteroid Belt and Jupiter's L4 and L5. The size of the Sun, planets, and especially asteroids are magnified, but their relative positions are accurate. About 90% of the 30,000 precisely known asteroids lie between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, a doughnut-shaped region called the asteroid belt. A few small asteroids cross Earth's orbit.
Jupiter's Lagrange points, L4 and L5, lie 60° ahead and 60° behind Jupiter, respectively. They move about the Sun at the same velocity as Jupiter, as if they were fixed at the corners of the two equilateral triangles shown. Items 12 and 13 explain why so many asteroids have settled near L4 and L5, and why significantly more oscillate around L4 than L5.
14. Without the hydroplate theory, one has difficulty imagining situations in which an asteroid would (a) settle into one of Jupiter's Lagrange points, (b) capture a moon, especially a moon with about the same mass as the asteroid, or (c) have a circular orbit, along with its moon, about their common center of mass. If all three happened to an asteroid, astronomers would be shocked; no astronomer would have predicted that it could happen to a comet. Nevertheless, an "asteroid" discovered earlier, named 617 Patroclus, satisfies (a)–(c). Patroclus and its moon, Menoetius, have such low densities that they would float in water; therefore, both are probably comets70—dirty, fluffy snowballs. Paragraphs 5, 7, 8, and 13 (above) explain why these observations make perfect sense with the hydroplate theory.
15. As explained in "Shallow Meteorites," meteorites are almost always found surprisingly near Earth's surface. The one known exception is in southern Sweden, where 40 meteorites and thousands of grain-size fragments of one particular type of meteorite have been found at different depths in a few limestone quarries. The standard explanation is that all these meteorites somehow struck this same small area over a 1–2-million-year period about 480 million years ago.71
A more likely explanation is that some meteorites, not launched with enough velocity to escape Earth during the flood, fell back to Earth. One or more meteorites fragmented on reentering Earth's atmosphere. The pieces landed in mushy, recently-deposited limestone layers in southern Sweden.
16. Light spectra (detailed color patterns, much like a long bar code) from certain asteroids in the outer asteroid belt imply the presence of organic compounds, especially kerogen, a coal-tar residue.72 No doubt the kerogen came from plant life. Life as we know it could not survive in such a cold region of space, but common organic matter launched from Earth could have been preserved.
17. Many asteroids are reddish and have light characteristics showing the presence of iron.73 On Earth, reddish rocks almost always imply iron oxidized (rusted) by oxygen gas. Today, oxygen is rare in outer space. If iron on asteroids is oxidized, what was the source of the oxygen? Answer: Water molecules, surrounding and impacting asteroids, dissociated (broke apart), releasing oxygen. That oxygen then combined chemically with iron on the asteroid's surface, giving the reddish color.
Mars, often called the red planet, derives its red color from oxidized iron. Again, oxygen contained in water vapor launched from Earth during the flood, probably accounts for Mars' red color.
Mars' topsoil is richer in iron and magnesium than Martian rocks beneath the surface. The dusty surface of Mars also contains carbonates, such as limestone.74 Because meteorites and Earth's subterranean water contained considerable iron, magnesium, and carbonates, it appears that Mars was heavily bombarded by meteorites and water launched from Earth's subterranean chamber. [See "The Origin of Limestone" on pages 224–229.]
Those who believe that meteorites came from asteroids have wondered why meteorites do not have the red color of most asteroids.75 The answer is twofold: (a) as explained on page 301, meteorites did not come from asteroids but both came from Earth, and (b) asteroids contain oxidized iron, as explained above, but meteorites are too small to attract an atmosphere gravitationally.
Figure 164: Salt of the Earth. On 22 March 1998, this 2 3/4 pound meteorite landed 40 feet from boys playing basketball in Monahans, Texas. While the rock was still warm, police were called. Hours later, NASA scientists cracked the meteorite open in a clean-room laboratory, eliminating any possibility of contamination. Inside were salt (NaCl) crystals 0.1 inch (3 mm) in diameter and liquid water!58 Some of these salt crystals are shown in the blue circle, highly magnified and in true color. Bubble (B) is inside a liquid, which itself is inside a salt crystal. Eleven quivering bubbles were found in about 40 fluid pockets. Shown in the green circle is another bubble (V) inside a liquid (L). The length of the horizontal black bar represents 0.005 mm, about 1/25 the diameter of a human hair.
NASA scientists who investigated this meteorite believe that it came from an asteroid, but that is highly unlikely. Asteroids, having little gravity and being in the vacuum of space, cannot sustain liquid water, which is required to form salt crystals. (Earth is the only planet, indeed the only body in the solar system, that can sustain liquid water on its surface.) Nor could surface water (gas, liquid, or solid) on asteroids withstand high-velocity impacts. Even more perplexing for the evolutionist: What is the salt's origin? Also, what accounts for the meteorite's other contents: potassium, magnesium, iron, and calcium—elements abundant on Earth, but as far as we know, not beyond Earth?59 Dust-sized meteoroids often come from comets. Most larger meteoroids are rock fragments that never merged into a comet or asteroid.
Much evidence supports Earth as the origin of meteorites.
- Minerals and isotopes in meteorites are remarkably similar to those on Earth.32
- Some meteorites contain sugars,60 salt crystals containing liquid water,61 and possible cellulose.62
- Other meteorites contain limestone,63 which, on Earth, forms only in liquid water.
- Three meteorites contain excess amounts of left-handed amino acids64—a sign of once-living matter.
- A few meteorites show that "salt-rich fluids analogous to terrestrial brines" flowed through their veins.65
- Some meteorites have about twice the heavy hydrogen concentration as Earth's water today.66 As explained in the preceding chapter and in "Energy in the Subterranean Water" here, this heavy hydrogen came from the subterranean chambers.
- About 86% of all meteorites contain chondrules, which are best explained by the hydroplate theory.
- Seventy-eight types of living bacteria have been found in two meteorites after extreme precautions were taken to avoid contamination.67 Bacteria need liquid water to live, grow, and reproduce. Obviously, liquid water does not exist inside meteoroids whose temperatures in outer space are near absolute zero (-460°F). Therefore, the bacteria must have been living in the presence of liquid water before being launched into space. Once in space, they quickly froze and became dormant. Had bacteria originated in outer space, what would they have eaten?
Meteorites containing chondrules, salt crystals, limestone, water, possible cellulose, left-handed amino acids, sugars, living bacteria, terrestrial-like brines, excess heavy hydrogen, and Earthlike patterns of minerals, isotopes, and other components68 implicate Earth as their source—and the fountains of the great deep as the powerful launcher.
Water on Mars
Water recently and briefly flowed at various locations on Mars.76 Photographic comparisons show that some water flowed within the last 2–5 years!77 Water is now stored as ice at Mars' poles78 and in surface soil. Mars' stream beds usually originate on crater walls rather than in ever smaller tributaries as on Earth.79 Rain formed other channels.80 Martian drainage channels and layered strata are found at almost isolated 200 locations.81 Most gullies are on crater slopes at high latitudes82—extremely cold slopes that receive little sunlight. One set of erosion gullies is on the central peak of an impact crater!83
Figure 165: Erosion Channels on Mars. These channels frequently originate in scooped-out regions, called amphitheaters, high on a crater wall. On Earth, where water falls as rain, erosion channels begin with narrow tributaries that merge with larger tributaries and finally, rivers. Could impacts of comets or icy asteroids have formed these craters, gouged out amphitheaters, and melted the ice—each within seconds? Mars, which is much colder than Antarctica in the winter, would need a heating source, such as impacts, to produce liquid water.
Today, Mars is cold, averaging -80°F (112 Fahrenheit degrees below freezing). Water on Mars should be ice, not liquid water. Mars' low atmospheric pressures would hasten freezing even more.84
Did liquid water come from below Mars' surface or above? Most believe that subsurface water on Mars migrated upward for hundreds of miles to the surface. However, this would not carve erosion gullies on a crater's central peak. Besides, the water would freeze a mile or two below the surface.85 Even volcanic eruptions on Mars would not melt enough water fast enough to release the estimated 10–1,000 million cubic meters of water per second needed to cut each stream bed.86 (This exceeds the combined flow rate of all rivers on Earth that enter an ocean.)
Water probably came from above. Soon after Earth's global flood, the radiometer effect caused asteroids to spiral out to the asteroid belt, just beyond Mars. This gave asteroids frequent opportunities to collide with Mars. When crater-forming impacts occurred, large amounts of debris were thrown into Mars' atmosphere. Mars' thin atmosphere and low gravity allowed the debris to settle back to the surface in vast layers of thin sheets—strata.
Most sediments taken from layered strata on Mars and returned to Earth will show that they were deposited through Mars' atmosphere, not through water. (Under a microscope, water deposited grains have nicks and gouges, showing that they received many blows as they tumbled along stream bottoms. Sediments deposited through an atmosphere receive few nicks.)
Impact energy (and heat) from icy asteroids and comets bombarding Mars released liquid water, which often pooled inside craters or flowed downhill and eroded the planet's surface.87 (Most liquid water soaked into the soil and froze.) Each impact was like the bursting of a large dam here on Earth. Brief periods of intense, hot rain and localized flash floods followed.88 These Martian hydrodynamic cycles quickly "ran out of steam," because Mars receives relatively little heat from the Sun. While the consequences were large for Mars, the total water was small by Earth's standards—about twice the water in Lake Michigan.
Today, when meteorites strike icy soil on Mars, some of that ice melts. When this happens on a crater wall, liquid water flows down the crater wall, leaving the telltale gullies that have shocked the scientific community.77
As has been discovered on the Moon and apparently on Mercury, frost will be found within asteroids and in permanently shadowed craters on Mars. This frost will be rich in heavy hydrogen.
Are Some Meteorites from Mars?
Widely publicized claims have been made that at least 30 meteorites from Mars have been found. With international media coverage in 1996, a few scientists also proposed that one of these meteorites, named ALH84001, contained fossils of primitive life. Later study rejected that claim.
The wormy-looking shapes discovered in a meteorite [supposedly] from Mars turned out to be purely mineralogical and never were alive.89
The 30 meteorites are presumed to have come from the same place, because they contain similar ratios of three types of oxygen: oxygen weighing 16, 17, and 18 atomic mass units. (That presumption is not necessarily true, is it?) A chemical argument then indirectly links one of those meteorites to Mars, but the link is more tenuous than most realize.90 That single meteorite had tiny glass nodules containing dissolved gases. A few of these gases (basically the noble gases: argon, krypton, neon, and xenon) had the same relative abundances as those found in Mars' atmosphere in 1976. (Actually, a later discovery shows that the mineralogy of these meteorites differs from that of almost all Martian rock.91) Besides, if two things are similar, it does not mean that one came from the other. Similarity in the relative abundances of the noble gases in Mars' atmosphere and in one meteorite may be because those gases originated in Earth's preflood subterranean chamber. Rocks and water from the subterranean chamber may have transported those gases to Mars.
Could those 30 meteorites have come from Mars? To escape the gravity of Mars requires a launch velocity of 3 miles per second. Additional velocity is then needed to transfer to an orbit intersecting Earth, 34–236 million miles away. Supposedly, one or more asteroids slammed into Mars and blasted off millions of meteoroids. Millions are needed, because less than one in a million92 would ever hit Earth, be large enough to survive reentry, be found, be turned over to scientists, and be analyzed in detail. Besides, if meteorites can come to Earth from Mars, many more should have come from the Moon—but haven't.93
For an impact suddenly to accelerate, in a fraction of a second, any solid from rest to a velocity of 3 miles per second requires such extreme shock pressures that much of the material would melt, if not vaporize.94 All 30 meteorites should at least show shock effects. Some do not. Also, Mars should have at least six giant craters if such powerful blasts occurred, because six different launch dates are needed to explain the six age groupings the meteorites fall into (based on evolutionary dating methods). Such craters are hard to find, and large, recent impacts on Mars should have been rare.
Then there are energy questions. Almost all impact energy is lost as shock waves and ultimately as heat. Little energy remains to lift rocks off Mars. Even with enough energy, the fragments must be large enough to pass through Mars' atmosphere. To see the difficulty, imagine throwing a ball high into the air. Then visualize how hard it would be to throw a handful of dust that high. Atmospheric drag, even in Mars' thin atmosphere, absorbs too much of the smaller particles' kinetic energy. Finally, for large particles to escape Mars, the expelling forces must be focused, as occurs in a gun barrel or rocket nozzle. For best results, this should be aimed straight up, to minimize the path length through the atmosphere.
A desire to believe in life on Mars produced a type of "Martian mythology" that continues today. In 1877, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli reported seeing grooves on Mars. The Italian word for groove is "canali"; therefore, many of us grew up hearing about "canals" on Mars—a mistranslation. Because canals are man-made structures, people started thinking about "little green men" on Mars.
In 1894, Percival Lowell, a wealthy, amateur astronomer with a vivid imagination, built Lowell Observatory primarily to study Mars. Lowell published a map showing and naming Martian canals, and wrote several books: Mars (1895), Mars and Its Canals (1906), and Mars As the Abode of Life (1908). Even into the 1960s, textbooks displayed his map, described vegetative cycles on Mars, and explained how Martians may use canals to convey water from the polar ice caps to their parched cities. Few scientists publicly disagreed with the myth, even after 1949 when excellent pictures from the 200-inch telescope on Mount Palomar were available. Those of us in school before 1960 were directly influenced by such myths; almost everyone has been indirectly influenced.
Artists, science fiction writers, and Hollywood helped fuel this "Martian mania." In 1898, H. G. Wells wrote The War of the Worlds telling of strange-looking Martians invading Earth. In 1938, Orson Welles, in a famous radio broadcast, panicked many Americans into thinking New Jersey was being invaded by Martians. In 1975, two Viking spacecraft were sent to Mars to look for life. Carl Sagan announced, shortly before the tests were completed, that he was certain life would be discovered—a reasonable conclusion, if life evolved. The prediction failed. In 1996, United States President Clinton read to a global television audience, "More than 4 billion years ago this piece of rock [ALH84001] was formed as a part of the original crust of Mars. After billions of years, it broke from the surface and began a 16-million-year journey through space that would end here on Earth." "… broke from the surface …"? The myth is still alive.
Final Thoughts
As with the 24 other major features listed on page 106 [of the book, In the Beginning], we have examined the origin of asteroids and meteoroids from two directions: "cause-to-effect" and "effect-to-cause."
Cause-to-Effect. We saw that given the assumption listed on page 115 [of the book, In the Beginning], consequences naturally followed: subterranean water became supercritical, the fountains of the great deep erupted; large rocks, muddy water, and water vapor were launched into space; gas and gravity assembled asteroids; and gas pressure powered by the Sun's energy (the radiometer effect) herded asteroids into the asteroid belt. Isolated rocks still moving in the solar system are meteoroids.
Effect-to-Cause. We considered seventeen effects (pages 302–306)[of the book, In the Beginning], each incompatible with present theories on the origin of asteroids and meteoroids. Each effect was evidence that many rocks and large volumes of water vapor were launched from Earth.
Portions of Part III will examine this global flood from a third direction: historical records from claimed eyewitnesses. All three perspectives reinforce each other, illuminating in different ways this catastrophic event.


text:
SKF Marine offers a full portfolio of high quality components, including the trusted Simplex and Turbulo products and services. And SKF Marine has a marine-dedicated engineering and technical team ready to work with you worldwide – for service, advice, maintenance and more. The business is complex enough. When you're ready to simplify, the name is SKF Marine.
Discover all the ways SKF Marine can help you keep it simple!
Marine News
Marine News
- New corporate Campign – Simplify with SKF Marine
- SKF provides remote diagnostics for predictive maintenance to the Edison Chouest Offshore fleet
- SKF concludes strategic service agreement with Floatel International AB
- SKF equips Tsakos Columbia Shipmanagement fleet with Marine Condition Monitoring kit
- New company name SKF Marine GmbH (94.5 KB)
Upcoming Events

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Please provide as much information as you can about the wood products you would like us to quote: product(s) of interest, dimensions, quantities, any special requirements, etc.
Is there a specific time frame during which you would like to take delivery of the materials?
Please attach photos, drawings, documents, spreadsheets, etc. if available.
If different from project location


text:
Welcome Medical Association of Georgia Members!
Medical Association of Georgia Members now have special access to reduced home loan rates and fees.
- $1,100 Instant Savings by Waiving the Origination Fee
- Members-Only Rate Discounts
- VIP Service for Medical Association of Georgia Members
Our knowledgeable and experienced team of home loan experts is committed to providing you with VIP service. At PennyMac, we continually work to make sure the discounts offered to Medical Association of Georgia members provide substantial savings. That means when you choose PennyMac, you'll have access to lower rates and pay no loan origination fee.
Speak with a Licensed Loan Officer
Enter your contact information below and a loan officer will reach out to you to assist you with the loan process and answer any questions.
Your special discount offer from PennyMac for Medical Association of Georgia members is simple and straightforward. Even if you have already inquired with other lenders, you owe it to yourself to find out how much you could save.
Access PennyMac's special rate discounts on both purchase and refinance home loans.* Whether you are looking to move to a new home, want cash out to renovate or need money for another purpose, your savings could add up to thousands of dollars over the life of the loan.
Your savings start right up front when we waive our $1,100 loan origination fee. When you add that to your access to discounted interest rates, you could end up with the perfect, money-saving loan.
All we do are home loans, and we're great at it.
Happy homeowners served
employees eager to help
you every step of the way
in loans serviced


text:
UTAS Brand
Achieve the extraordinary
Welcome to the University of Tasmania's brand website.
Every day, the gap between ordinary and extraordinary grows ever wider. But since it takes something truly extraordinary to change the world, we've made its pursuit a never-ending commitment. More than just something we talk about, we're actively setting out to achieve the extraordinary every day.
This website explains how we do this through our marketing language and visual identity, and core brand positioning. When we deliver these elements together, through all of our communications, environments and behaviours, and in accordance with our guidelines, we can deliver a truly extraordinary brand.
Contact us
Email: email@example.com
For Students requiring access to branding materials please contact the email address above.
Who is this site for?
Anyone at the University of Tasmania who communicates on the University's behalf should find this site a useful and inspiring resource.
- Deans, Directors, and other leaders can use the principles of our brand as a platform to focus their initiatives
- Academics and professional staff can use it to understand the principles of the brand platform and how to apply it in their day to day work, and download useful tools and templates to make work simpler
- Writers and communicators can use it to draw inspiration when they create stories about the achievements of their people
- Designers can use the wealth of typography, colour, imagery and design elements to give life to their design creations
What comes next?
This site will evolve over time, as we add more examples and supporting material to help you produce materials and communications that reflect the University's brand. If you have any questions regarding the University's brand, would like to make suggestions for useful materials or templates, or if you want to share your own successful examples, please contact the Office of Marketing at firstname.lastname@example.com


text:
Heart disease is one disease where risk factors such as excess body weight and high cholesterol can start developing in childhood. FamilyatHeart.org is devoted to providing useful information for your family's well-being, particularly related to heart-healthy nutrition for the whole family.
Since many children, by age two, already have one or more risk factors for heart disease, including high cholesterol, excess body fat and low physical activity levels, it's more important than ever to improve your family's heart health.
Diet can affect your family's cholesterol levels. Try to start choosing heart-healthy foods more often.
Your child may be
developing risk factors for
heart disease that may
not show up until later
in life.
Compelling research
shows that heart
disease can begin to
develop very early
in life.
Eating heart healthy meals
doesn't mean giving up on taste.
You can make "health" a special ingredient in your recipes.


text:
Table of Contents
Research and general acceptance
The Cambridge diet is a commercial very-low-calorie diet (VLCD). The diet was first used only in weight-loss clinics in the United Kingdom. In the early 1980s, the products associated with the diet (powder mix, meal bars, and liquid meals) started selling commercially in the United States and the United Kingdom. Formulations of the Cambridge diet in the United Kingdom differ from that sold in the United States. In both the United Kingdom and North America, the Cambridge products are available only from distributors; they cannot be purchased over the counter at pharmacies or supermarkets.
(Illustration by GGS Information Services/Thomson Gale.)
United Kingdom and Western Europe
A scientist at Cambridge University in England, Alan Howard, initiated the research that eventually lead to the development of the Cambridge diet in the 1960s. Howard became interested in obesity as an increasingly common nutritional problem. He worked together with Ian McLean-Baird, a physician at the West Middlesex Hospital, to create a formula diet food that would allow people to lose weight rapidly without losing lean muscle tissue, create a mild ketosis (a condition in which the body begins to use fat rather than carbohydrates as a source of energy), and contain enough vitamins, minerals, and micronutrients to maintain health. Howard and Mc-Lean Baird also organized the first national symposium on obesity in the United Kingdom, which was held in 1968.
The formula that satisfied the researchers" goals was successful in helping people in hospital obesity clinics lose weight, but was not particularly appetizing. The researchers collaborated with food technologists to improve the flavor of the formula. After further testing with clinic patients, the Cambridge diet was marketed commercially in the United Kingdom in 1984, four years after it was available in the United States. In 1985 the Cambridge diet became available in Germany, France, and the Scandinavian countries, and in 1990 in Poland and Eastern Europe. The British company, Cambridge Manufacturing Company Limited (CMC), which manufactures the diet products as well as the Cambridge Health and Weight Plan, were owned by the Howard Foundation between 1982 and 2005, a charitable trust established by Alan Howard to offer scholarships to international students and to fund research in obesity and nutrition. In 2005 the Cambridge Manufacturing Company was sold to its three senior managers and became Cambridge Nutritional Foods Limited.
The present Cambridge diet products available in the United Kingdom are sachets (packets) of powder, Mix-a-Mousse granules, liquid meals, and meal bars. The sachets are intended to be mixed with a half-pint of water (hot or cold) to produce a shake or soup. The sachets, which provide about 138 calories, are sold in boxes of 21 servings, a week's supply. There are 12 different flavors including banana, mixed fruit, and chicken mushroom. The dieter may also purchase Mix-a-Mousse granules that add 20 calories to the powdered formula but give it a thicker texture. The liquid formula is available in a ready-to-drink version packaged as Tetra Briks—sealed cartons with straws. Tetra Briks come in banana or chocolate flavor. There are four flavors of chocolate-covered meal bars (caramel, chocolate, orange, and toffee), one of which can be consumed each day.
Each sachet or liquid formula contains enough nutrients to be used as a complete meal. The meal bars can replace a meal as well but have extra carbohydrates and should only be eaten once a day. The Cambridge diet products can be consumed exclusively
as meal replacements or used in conjunction with regular food (e.g., sachet for breakfast, Tetra Brik for lunch, and normal dinner).
United States
Rights to the original Cambridge diet formula—a powder to be mixed in a blender with water or diet soft drinks—in the United States were obtained by Cambridge Direct Sales in 1979. After working to improve the formula's flavor, the diet was placed on the market in 1980. It was initially quite popular. The original version of the Cambridge diet is sometimes known as the "Original 330 Formula" in the company's promotional literature because Dr. Howard's first rapid weight-loss program called for a total daily consumption of only 330 calories, provided by three servings of the original powder formula (110 calories per serving). The nutrient ratio of the original formula is 10–11 g of protein per serving, 15 g of carbohydrates (derived primarily from fructose or fruit sugar), and 1 g of fat.
In 1984 Cambridge Direct Sales hired Dr. Robert Nesheim to develop Cambridge Food for Life products. Like the Original 330 Formula, Food for Life is a powder that comes in a can to be reconstituted with conventional foods. Food for Life is available in a super oats cereal version as well as flavor choices including tomato, potato, mushroom, chicken soup, vanilla, chocolate, strawberry, and eggnog. Nesheim was specifically asked to meet guidelines for nutrition supplements established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The company states that Nesheim "increased the protein and carbohydrate content for an extra margin of safety when used as the sole source of nutrition." Food for Life contains 140 calories per serving, 13-15 g of protein, 18 g of carbohydrates, and 1 g of fat.
The American company introduced a Cambridge nutrition bar in 1983, but was unsuccessful as the product had a short shelf life, and lacked flavor appeal. Dr. Nesheim tripled the shelf life of the nutrition bars and improved their taste. Each bar contains 170 calories, with 10 g of protein, 19-22 g of carbohydrates, and a low fat content.
British version
The British version of the Cambridge diet cannot be used without the supervision of an official counselor, who "provide[s] a personal screening, advisory, monitoring and support service." The counselors are trained and accredited by the company, and must follow a code of conduct in their dealings with customers. According to the company, most counselors are people who have successfully used the Cambridge diet themselves.
The British version of the Cambridge diet is for adults over the age of 16 and has four stages:
- Preparation: The dieter is asked to reduce food intake gradually over a week to 10 days before beginning the diet.
- Stabilization: After four weeks on the Sole Source program, the dieter can add a meal of 3 oz lean white fish or poultry, cottage cheese, and a portion of green or white vegetables to the basic Cambridge meals for a total of 790 calories per day. The dieter can then return to the Sole Source regimen for further rapid weight loss. There are other options allowing the dieter 1,000-1,200 calories per day that are better suited for gradual weight loss.
- Weight maintenance: Begins at an intake of 1,500 calories per day.
American version
The American version of the Cambridge diet is divided into five separate programs:
- Regular: Designed for a weight loss of 2-5 lb per week, the Regular Program provides 820 calories per day: three servings of Cambridge Food for Life formula plus one 400 calorie conventional meal. The dieter is advised to drink a minimum of 8-10 8-oz glasses of water each day. Tea and coffee are allowed, but not as substitutes for the water. There is no stipulation that the Regular program is limited to four weeks.
- Fast Start: Similar to the British Sole Source program, the Fast Start program is to be followed no longer than two weeks at a time. The dieter is advised to return to the Regular Program and contact a physician if they experience headaches, nausea, or vomiting.
- Physician-Monitored: Recommended for persons who need to lose 30 lb or more, or who are under a doctor"s care for other medical conditions. It is essentially the British Sole Source program with the added provision that the dieter should switch to the Regular Program when he or she is 10-15 lb from their goal weight.
- Maintenance: Uses the Food for Life nutrition formula as a foundation, while adding conventional foods until a caloric intake is determined to maintain an ideal weight.
- Lifetime Nutrition: The Food for Life company recommends using the Cambridge diet products as meal substitutes for one or two meals a day, or as snacks indefinitely. This maintenance program is not endorsed by any government agency.
The Cambridge diet claims to be a flexible plan that can be used as a VLCD for rapid initial weight loss and then modified to serve as a maintenance diet.
The Cambridge diet offers a rapid initial weight loss that compensates (for some dieters) the low calorie intake and other food restrictions. The American version also offers a peer support network and a self-instruction program based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) called Control for Life.
People under a physician's care for high blood pressure, kidney or liver disease, diabetes, or who need to lose more than 30 lb should consult their physician before starting the Cambridge diet or any VLCD The Cambridge diet should not be used by adolescents under the age of 16, and should be used by elderly persons, pregnant women, or nursing women only with caution.
VLCDs in general should not be attempted without consulting a physician, and the Cambridge diet is no exception. The diet is not suitable for people whose work or athletic training requires high levels of physical activity. One physical risk from this diet, as from other VLCDs, is an increased likelihood of developing cholelithiasis, or gallstones.
There is also some financial risk to using the Cambridge diet. Although the American website states that the Physician-Monitored version is less expensive than VLCD hospital programs, all forms of the Cambridge diet cost $95–100 for a 15-day supply of the Original 330 Formula or $85–89 for a 15-day supply of the Food for Life formula. A case of six cans of the Original 330 Formula, supplying a total of 126 servings, is about $160. Although the cost per meal is between $1.25 and $1.45, the fact that the dieter must purchase at least a two-week quantity at a time is a risk for people who may not like the products well enough to remain on the diet.
A common criticism of the Cambridge diet, as of all VLCDs, is that it does not teach the dieter how to make wise food choices or the other lifestyle changes necessary to maintain weight loss. The British website states rather defensively, "To these armchair critics [the Cambridge diet] is just another fad diet. Nothing could be further from the truth as anyone can vouch.
who has used the diet as a sole source of nutrition for several weeks. For the first time one realises that vast quantities of food are not indispensable to life. It trains you to live without having food continually on your mind and the experience has a beneficial effect on most people."
Research and general acceptance
Proponents of the Cambridge diet claim that it is scientific and has been subjected to clinical research, however, there are no recent studies in mainstream medical journals specific to this diet. The British Cambridge diet website cites research papers from the late 1990s on VLCDs as a group, most of them concerning studies conducted in England, Sweden, and Finland. In addition, neither the two British researchers who originally developed the diet nor the American scientist who reformulated the British products for the American market in 1984 began their careers as weight reduction experts. John Marks was trained as a psychiatrist and published a number of books in psychological medicine, dependence as a clinical phenomenon, and the misuse of benzodiazepine tran-quilizers as well as editing an encyclopedia of psychiatry. He wrote a book on the use of vitamins in medical practice in 1985, one year before the book he co-authored with Alan Howard on the Cambridge diet.
Robert Nesheim, the American physician credited with reformulating the original Cambridge diet products for the American market, began as a researcher in agricultural medicine. Dr. Nesheim acted as chief of research and development at the Quaker Oats Company until he retired in 1983. He believed in promoting products on the basis of taste, convenience, and cost.
Opinion is somewhat divided among medical and health care professionals on the subject of VLCDs as a group of weight reduction regimens, with European researchers tending to be more favorable to these plans than physicians in North America. The first report of the National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity on these diets noted that ":Current VLCDs are generally safe when used under proper medical supervision in moderately and severely obese patients (body mass index 30) and are usually effective in promoting significant short-term weight loss. . . . [but] long-term maintenance of weight loss with VLCDs is not very satisfactory and is no better than with other forms of obesity treatment."
In general, researchers in the United States and Canada maintain that VLCDs are not superior in any way to conventional low-calorie diets (LCDs). One Canadian study reported in 2005 that a history of weight cycling tended to lower the health benefits that obese patients could receive from VLCDs, while a 2006 study carried out at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia found that the use of liquid meal replacement diets (LMRs) with a daily calorie level of 1000–1500 calories "provide[d] an effective and less expensive alternative to VLCDs."The American Academy of Family Practice (AAFP), a professional association of primary care physicians, discourages the use of VLCDs in general, and categorizes the Cambridge diet in particular as a liquid "fad diet." The only study that reported that VLCDs are "one of the better treatment modalities related to long-term weight-maintenance success" was completed in the Netherlands in 2001. The Dutch researchers added, however, that an active follow-up program, including behavior modification therapy or cognitive behavioral therapy and exercise, is essential to the long-term success that they reported.
Howard, Alan, ed. Nutritional Problems in Modern Society London: J. Libbey, 1981.
Marks, John. The Vitamins: Their Role in Medical Practice. Lancaster, UK, and Boston: MTP Press, 1985.
Marks, John, and Alan Howard. The Cambridge Diet: A Manual for Practitioners. Lancaster, UK, and Boston:MTP Press, 1986.
Gilden Tsai, A., and T. A. Wadden. "The Evolution of Very-Low-Calorie Diets: An Update and Meta-Analysis." Obesity (Silver Spring) 14 (August 2006): 1283–1293.
Hart, K. E., and E. M. Warriner. "Weight Loss and Bio-medical Health Improvement on a Very Low Calorie Diet: The Moderating Role of History of Weight Cycling." Behavioral Medicine 30 (Winter 2005): 161–170.
National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity, National Institutes of Health. "Very Low-Calorie Diets." Journal of the American Medical Association 270 (August 25, 1993): 967–974.
Nesheim, Robert O. "Current Methods of Assessing Food Intake." Progress in Clinical and Biological Research 67 (1981): 49–57.
Nesheim, Robert O. "Measurement of Food Consumption— Past, Present, Future." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 35 (May 1982): 1292–1296.
"Not by Cereal Alone." Time, August 17, 1979. Available online at http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,909591,00.html (accessed March 2, 2007).
Saris, W. H"Very-Low-Calorie Diets and Sustained Weight Loss." Obesity Research 9 (Suppl. 4): 295S–301S.
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Fad Diets: What You Need to Know. Leawood, KS: AAFP, 2005. Available online at http://familydoctor.org/ (accessed March 2, 2007).
National Digestive Diseases Clearinghouse. Gallstones. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), 2006. Available online at http://www.pueblo.gsa.gov/cic_text/health/gallstones/gallstns.htm.
Partnership for Healthy Weight Management (PHWM). Weight Loss: Finding a Weight Loss Program That Works for You Washington, DC: PHWM, 2006. Available online in PDF format at http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/conline/pubs/health/wgtloss.pdf.
American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). P.O. Box 11210, Shawnee Mission, KS 66207-1210. Telephone: (800) 274-2237 or (913) 906-6000. Website: http://www.aafp.org1.
Cambridge Direct Sales, 2801 Salinas Highway, Suite F, Monterey, CA 93940-6240. Telephone: (800) 4-HEALTH. Website: http://www.cambridgedietusa.com.
Cambridge Health and Weight Plan, Clare House, Hunter"s Road, Corby, Northants, NN17 5JE. Telephone: (44) 1536-403344. Website: http://www.cambridge-diet.co.uk.
Partnership for Healthy Weight Management (PHWM), c/o Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Bureau of Consumer Protection. 601 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Room 4302, Washington, DC. 20580. Website:http://www.consumer.gov/weightloss/.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857. Telephone: (888) INFO-FDA [(888) 463-6332]. Website: http://www.fda.gov.
Rebecca J. Frey, PhD


text:
We offer a spacious villa located in a spectacular natural landscape with views of the surrounding area of Kalkan.
The villa consists of 6 bedrooms, private pool and a spacious terrace.
Kalkan — this is more than the usual resort town, it attracts travelers looking for not only a beach holiday. Along the coast of Turkey, there is no such Kalkan town. The town is located around the historic harbor at the foot of the towering Taurus Mountains. Narrow streets with old whitewashed villas with mixing window, next to the small local shops and restaurants in historic buildings coming down the harbor.
Originally carved Ottoman Greek wooden balconies with colorful cascades bougainvillea's, decorated with garlands running down the street. This is a very special place with a unique atmosphere.
Due to the very strict building regulations town remains small and architecturally blended with the historic center of the city, known as Old Kalkan.
Many restaurants, built in the style of the famous historic architecture creates a special atmosphere of Kalkan. A good dining has always been part of the tradition in Kalkan and continues to this day.


text:
Everyone must stay at home to help stop the spread of coronavirus.
You should only leave the house for very limited purposes:
Important - These reasons are exceptions – even when doing these activities, you should be minimising time spent outside of the home and ensuring you are 2 metres apart from anyone outside of your household.
There is separate advice about staying at home if:
Do not leave your home if you have either:
To protect others, do not go to places like a GP surgery, pharmacy or hospital. Stay at home.
Use the 111 online coronavirus service to find out what to do.
Only call 111 if you cannot get help online.
Read general information such as:
Silverdale SurgeryTel: 01444 233450
The Avenue SurgeryTel: 01444 233450
Link to NHS Choices Child Health Information
OUT OF HOURS - When we are Closed Please ring 111
FREE Blood Pressure Check
The Avenue site has an easy to use Blood Pressure machine. No need to book.
Information about your health and care helps us to improve your individual care, speed up diagnosis, plan your local services and research new treatments. The NHS is committed to keeping patient information safe and always being clear about how it is used.
How your data is used
Information about your individual care such as treatment and diagnoses is collected about you whenever you use health and care services. It is also used to help us and other organisations for research and planning such as research into new treatments, deciding where to put GP clinics and planning for the number of doctors and nurses in your local hospital. It is only used in this way when there is a clear legal basis to use the information to help improve health and care for you, your family and future generations.
Wherever possible we try to use data that does not identify you, but sometimes it is necessary to use your confidential patient information.
You have a choice
You do not need to do anything if you are happy about how your information is used. If you do not want your confidential patient information to be used for research and planning, you can choose to opt out securely online or through a telephone service. You can change your mind about your choice at any time.
Will choosing this opt-out affect your care and treatment?
No, choosing to opt out will not affect how information is used to support your care and treatment. You will still be invited for screening services, such as screenings for bowel cancer.
What do you need to do?
If you are happy for your confidential patient information to be used for research and planning, you do not need to do anything.
To find out more about the benefits of data sharing, how data is protected, or to make/change your opt-out choice visit www.nhs.uk/your-nhs-data-matters
Download a copy of the patient leaflet
Copyright 2006 - 2020 My Surgery Website | Privacy & Usage | Edit | Staff Home | Site Map | Accessibility | Site T&C's | Service T&C's


text:
A memorable Charleston experience along the historic waterfront!
Best Location in Charleston and full breakfast.
Circa 1735, Chareston single house in heart of historic District. 1/2 block north of battery. Close to shopping.
The Palmer Home Bed and Breakfast, also known as "the Pink Palace," is one of the fifty most famous homes in the historic city of Charleston.
Water's Edge Inn
Historic B&B nestled on the scenic marsh, located on beautiful Folly Beach, 10 miles east of Historic Charleston.
Regatta Inn BNB
The 10 bright rooms feature screened-in porches with ocean, river or garden views, as well as gas fireplaces, and en suite bathrooms with soaking tubs. All come with flat-screen TV
Stay at a Charleston, South Carolina Bed and Breakfasts and Inns for the personal attention you desire. A Charleston B&B is a great alternative to hotels or motels while visiting the state of South Carolina!
Visit our Charleston, South Carolina bed and breakfast directory of historic, romantic, and adventure B&B's. You can browse through our detailed listings of Charleston, South Carolina bed and breakfasts and inns with nearby city listings that include pictures, room rates, booking information and area activities. Every Charleston, South Carolina b&b inns has complete contact information and a direct link to the innkeepers.


text:
The Shaw Prize Award Presentation Ceremony 2018
The Shaw Prize Award Presentation Ceremony 2018 will take place in Hong Kong on Wednesday, 26 September 2018. The Honourable Mrs Carrie Lam Cheng Yuet-ngor, Chief Executive of the HKSAR, People's Republic of China has kindly consented to officiate at the ceremony.
The Shaw Laureates for 2018 had been announced earlier. Details of the Shaw Laureates are as follows:
The Shaw Prize in Astronomy is awarded to
Jean-Loup Puget
Researcher, Institut d'Astrophysique Spatiale (IAS) of CNRS and the Paris-Saclay University, France
for his contributions to astronomy in the infrared to submillimetre spectral range. He detected the cosmic far-infrared background from past star-forming galaxies, and proposed aromatic hydrocarbon molecules as a constituent of interstellar matter. With the Planck space mission, he has dramatically advanced our knowledge of cosmology in the presence of interstellar matter foregrounds.
The Shaw Prize in Life Science and Medicine is awarded to
Mary-Claire King
American Cancer Society Professor, Department of Medicine and Genome Sciences, University of Washington, USA
for her mapping of the first breast cancer gene. Using mathematical modeling, King predicted and then demonstrated that breast cancer can be caused by a single gene. She mapped the gene which facilitated its cloning and has saved thousands of lives.
The Shaw Prize in Mathematical Sciences is awarded to
Luis A Caffarelli
Professor of Mathematics, University of Texas at Austin, USA
for his groundbreaking work on partial differential equations, including creating a theory of regularity for nonlinear equations such as the Monge–Ampère equation, and free-boundary problems such as the obstacle problem, work that has influenced a whole generation of researchers in the field.
An approximate 5-minute segment will be uplinked via satellite transmission at Hong Kong time 2230-2300 (GMT 1430-1500). Photos of the ceremony will also be uploaded onto the website www.shawprize.org from Hong Kong time 2230 (GMT 1430) from 26 September 2018 onwards.
For press enquiries, please contact Link-Work Communications (HK) Ltd:
|Joanne Yik
|Tel: (852) 2918 0901 / 9216 3710
|Email: email@example.com
|Viviane Pang
|Tel: (852) 2918 0907 / 6414 8496
|Email: email@example.com
Press Invitation
12 September 2018 Hong Kong


text:
Refine your search
Add to shortlist button.
Rainy Day Attractions in Eastbourne
Collecting and exhibiting contemporary art for nearly 100 years, Towner Eastbourne presents an ambitious and high quality programme of historic, modern and contemporary art.
Devonshire Park, College Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 4JJ
tel: 01323 434670
Urban Jump offers something for everyone. We have trampolines, a soft play area and an Urban Rainforest Experience all under one roof.
Ghyll Road Industrial Estate, Ghyll Road, Heathfield, East Sussex, TN21 8AW
tel: 01435 863277
Fort Fun provides a multitude of indoor and outdoor amusement, exhilarating play areas, mini golf adventures, bouncy fun and so much more, all on the beautiful Eastbourne seafront.
Royal Parade, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 7LU
tel: 01323 642833
Award winning Drusillas Park offers a fun-tastic family day out that includes the best small zoo in Europe where you'll come face to face with hundreds of exotic animals from monkeys and meerkats to penguins and pandas.
Alfriston, East Sussex, BN26 5QS
tel: 01323 874100
Discover over 200 year of history at this iconic seafront fortress, recognised by English Heritage as being of national importance.
Royal Parade, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 7AQ
tel: 01323 410611
A quaint village in Eastbourne full of charm, inbetween the town centre and Beachy Head. Browse shops or enjoy stunning views across the seafront from the upper promenade.
Meads Street, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN20 7ZZ
tel: 01323 415 415
The Observatory Science Centre is one of the leading """"hands-on"""" science centres with over 100 exhibits.
Wartling Road, Herstmonceux, Hailsham, East Sussex, BN27 1RN
tel: 01323 832731
Discover Eastbourne the story of how the town developed into a fashionable, stylish, well-planned Victorian seaside resort. Visit the Heritage Centre cinema and watch films about Eastbourne.
2 Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 4BT
tel: 01323 411189
Join The Adventure - If You Dare! Our pirate themed adventure park & its unique mix of indoor & outdoor attractions offer you a great day out - Whatever the weather!
Royal Parade, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN22 7AE
tel: 01323 411077
Following a extensive refurbishment the brand new Congress Theatre has now reopened its doors. The roomy first and third floor foyers double as meeting areas and exhibition spaces.
- 1655
Carlisle Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 4BP
tel: 01323 415437
Bateman's is the 17th century home of The Jungle Book author Rudyard Kipling. The rooms are much as he left them with his Rolls Royce in the garage, a watermill at the bottom of the garden & a 300 acre estate to explore.
Bateman's Lane, Burwash, Etchingham, East Sussex, TN19 7DS
tel: 01435 882302
Discover Pevensey's former Court House, Gaol and Town Hall dating back to Tudor times. Visit the Old Court Room and Dock as it was used until 1886, enter the prison cells and visit the stocks and exercise yard below.
High Street, Pevensey, East Sussex, BN24 5LG
tel: 01323 733419/760581
Explore Michelham's fascinating 800 year history, from its foundation by Augustinian canons, through the destruction caused by the dissolution of the monasteries in Tudor times and into its later life as a country house.
Upper Dicker, Hailsham, East Sussex, BN27 3Q
tel: 01323 844224
The Hippodrome Theatre, Seaside Road, opened in 1883 as the New Theatre Royal and Opera House, having been granted a Royal Patent by the Prince of Wales.
106-114 Seaside Road, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 3PF
tel: 01323 802020
Originally Tudor, Firle Place is the home of the Gage family and has been for over 500 years.
Firle, Lewes, East Sussex, BN8 6LP
tel: 01273 858567
Children's soft play centre suitable for ages 6 months to 12 years. Many slides, tunnells and other adventurous obstacles for your child to enjoy. Coffee shop available for light refreshments.
3 & 4 Commercial Road,, Eastbourne, East Sussex, BN21 3XE
tel: 01323 411527


text:
Auras and Tricks
Fairy Auras and Fairy Tricks[edit]
Although magic isn't a job skill, its benefits and abilities come predictably. All Fairies gain their skills in the same order, and you'll be alerted via notification when fairies realize their maximum potential.
We'll list all spells here and their affects, sorted by when they are learned. Note that "level" is simply our term for when the Fairies learn their spells, but isn't actually indicated anywhere in the game other than a notification.
Unlike Witches, Fairies' magic is practical and extremely useful from the start. Fairy auras affect all Sims nearby, even through walls. Fairies are therefore best served in families, though their auras affect themselves too, and so they're still useful as bachelors or bachelorettes.
When auras are active, all nearby Sims (including the fairy himself or herself) gains a buff or debuff to explain the aura. Also, any affected Sim will have a small "light" that hovers around them. If the fairy moves too far away, the "light" disappears and the aura is disabled.
Although keeping on aura all the time is ideal for training, you'll want to be careful if your fairy has a job. If she goes by carpool to a "rabbit hole" job (the conventional jobs where she disappears from the world), she'll keep the aura on as well, which will likely lead to a depleted mana bar and debuff. Always shut your auras off before getting in the carpool.
Level 1[edit]
The first aura a fairy can use is still extremely useful. The Aura of Soothing creates a navy blue light that applies a strong buff. It doesn't actually do anything else, but it can offset any light debuffs or one strong debuff, thus keeping the Sims' moods nice and high. Keeping it active during a party, group outing, or date, this will almost guarantee a good time.
Chattering Teeth and Hot Head are the two fairy tricks available from the start, which make the target temporarily cold or hot, respectively. Remember that if the target has the No Sense of Humor trait, it's likely any fairy trick will fail.
Level 2[edit]
Aura of Creativity gives off a green light and somewhat increases the skill gain rates for anything artistic. This means it speeds the gain rate for Writing, Painting, Piano, Guitar, Drums, and Singing. The aura will stack with other bonuses, so a Sim who has the Artistic trait and is under the influence of the Aura of Creativity will learn Painting extremely fast.
Fairies don't gain any addition fairy tricks in Level 2, but they gain a separate targeted social command called Bestow Flight of Felicity. This allows the target to hover temporarily, just like a fairy's inherent flight. It doesn't let the target fly around town, but the target's general movement speed is slightly faster than walking.
Level 3[edit]
Aura of Body and Mind gives off a red light and increases the gain rate for the Logic, Charisma, and Athletic skills. As with the Aura of Creativity, the Aura of Body and Mind stacks with traits.
As with Level 2, fairies won't gain any new tricks here, but will gain a new ability called Fairy Repair. Using this on a broken object makes the fairy turn into the little fairy form, allowing him or her to make repairs faster than doing it by hand.
Level 4[edit]
Level 4 doesn't bring any new auras, but it does introduce another fairy power: Fairy Trap! Similar to a teenager's pranks if you have Generations installed, fairy traps are set on specific objects. When any other Sim uses the object (including NPCs like the mailman), the other Sim gets some sort of effect on them. It's always temporary, and usually the victim doesn't draw a debuff unless they have a No Sense of Humor trait, but the fairy will gain a strong buff for a successful prank. Your first fairy trap is set on the external trashcan, which means it probably won't be activated very often.
Also at Level 4, you'll gain a new Fairy Trick called Tummy Twister. All tricks generally have the same effect, just different animations.
Level 5[edit]
Level 5 brings another new power: Bloom. The fairy can use the power on any planted crop at any stage of growth, and it will force the plant to grow up. It can take several shots of Bloom to make a plant grow completely from just being planted to a full crop, but you can usually do so on one full bar of mana.
In addition to bloom, you'll be able to set fairy traps on showers and bath tubs. Also, you'll gain the fairy trick Skivvies, which instantly makes the target switch to their sleeping wear. This usually results in an "Embarassed!" debuff.
Level 6[edit]
Gold and Toads is the only new power here, and it's a fairy trick. Basically what happens is that the target gets a stomachache and draws a debuff for six hours. During this time, the target will vomit up either chunks of gold or useless toads. Pretty amusing, and the target actually stands something to gain.
Level 7[edit]
The only new abilities you'll gain here are a couple new fairy traps, which you can set on the mailbox. Likely, the only person you'll get is the mailman, but it's still good for a laugh. You can also set a fairy trap on couches and love seats.
Level 8[edit]
Level 8 brings a new location for a fairy trap. Assuming you have a LLAMA Network in your neighborhood, you can set a trap on the phone booth-like LLAMA devices.
The new Moonlight Falls neighborhood has them everywhere, but they won't automatically be applied to old neighborhoods and save files. However, LLAMA booths are buyable in Buy Mode even without cheats, so if you're willing to spend a little time editing the neighborhood, you can set up as many LLAMA booths as you wish, and they'll feed into a single network.
This fairy trap, when triggered, will send the victim to a random location. It's fun, and easily reversible; it only happens that first time, so the misdirected Sim can just get back into the booth after being misdirected and go to their proper location.
Level 9[edit]
Your final reward is a fairy trick called Inner Beauty, and it's a little complicated. When cast, the target's head and face will grossly change, and he'll get a 24-hour debuff called "Inner Beauty." It warns that the Sim needs to be on his "best behavior."
In practice, it makes a lot of positive social interactions tougher to do. Targets will be less likely to laugh at jokes or accept romantic advancements, and it'll be much easier to use "Mean..." interactions and the like. The point, however, is for the main target's "inner beauty" to shine through, despite the ugly face.
After 24 hours, the buff is removed. If the Sim was mean anyway, then their appearance will be permanently frozen! It could still be overridden with plastic surgery objects, but still: that's an expensive option! If the Sim was kind-hearted however, the Sim's appearance will return to normal.


text:
What is all the hype about Rick Otton hot property financing?
You may have heard about the concept of real estate vendor financing and you may have seen Rick Otton featured in popular tv shows like Todays Tonight, SBS, ABC Reality Bites, Hot Property and A Current Affair.
You may have heard about the concept of real estate vendor financing and you may have seen Rick Otton featured in popular tv shows like Todays Tonight, SBS, ABC Reality Bites, Hot Property and A Current Affair.
If you're wondering who Rick Otton is, he is the famous real estate guru who has gained a huge number of following because of his property financing strategy. Rick Otton used to be just a regular guy in Sydney, until he began property financing and sold hundreds of real estate properties in Australia and the US.
The concept of Rick Otton hot property financing is simply about rent-to-own properties. Qualified home buyers are given the opportunity to buy the house they want without necessarily applying for a bank loan. Because many people are experiencing difficulty getting a home loan approval, vendor selling or property financing is certainly a great deal.
What makes Rick Otton's strategy better than others? He has designed what is known in real estate terms as wrapping or property wrapping. It is a long term contract that guarantees the investor that he will be able to generate positive cash flow by providing people with the home financing they need.
Are you in search of a lucrative market to invest your money in? If you would like to be a property investor, then Rick's proven marketing strategy is the best path to take. Why do we say so? First of all, it does not require a huge amount of investment. In fact, Rick himself started with just a handful of cash, a brilliant idea, and optimism.
Property financing is also a promising business because it involves less risk compared to other businesses. As long as you can buy good properties, you can be sure that its value will increase as time passes.
Last but not the least, real estate vendor financing has a high market demand. People are in search of houses to live in and many of them cannot qualify for a bank loan because of an imperfect credit. By giving them what they need and when they need it, you will never run out of potential market.
To find out more about Rick Otton hot property financing, click here now. Sign up and get free instant access to an exclusive 30-minute video presenting the truth behind bank loans as well as your step-by-step guide to vendor selling or property financing.