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Ancestry.com - Maine Death Index, 1960-1997 $
Original source: State of Maine. Maine Death Index, 1960-97. Augusta, ME, USA: State of Maine Department of Human Services. Ancestry.com has searchable indexes; database results and some digitized images are available with a fee-based subscription. Free articles and helpful research materials.
Archives.com - Maine Death Records, 1960 to 1996 $
401,960 Records. Source: Maine Department of Human Services. Use Archives.com with a FREE 7-day membership and search over 2.1 billion records. Pay-for-use after the seven day free trial.
FamilySearch - Maine, Deaths and Burials, 1841-1910 FREE
Name index to death and burial records from the state of Maine. Microfilm copies of these records are available at the Family History Library and Family History Centers. This set contains 172,879 records. Due to privacy laws, recent records may not be displayed. The year range represents most of the records. A few records may be earlier or later.
Maine Department of Health and Human Services - Frequently Asked Questions
Provides contact information and fees for vital records in Maine.
Secret Death Records - Not Listed on the Social Security Death Index
Searchable index of more than 15 million death records from California, Florida, Illinois, Maine and Texas that are not listed on the government's Social Security Death Index.
vitalrec.com - Vital Records Information - Maine
Resources to help you obtain a birth certificate, death record, marriage license and more by mail or online.
Where to Write for Vital Records - Maine
From the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS).
WorldVitalRecords.com - Maine Deaths 1960-1996 $
This index, made available by the Maine Department of Human Services, contains an individual's name, date of death, death certificate number, age, and the location where the death occurred. Data for 1996 is not complete. Later data is not currently available from the archives in electronic form.
WorldVitalRecords.com - Publishments, Marriages, Births and Deaths from the Earlier Records of Gorham, Maine $
Publishments, Marriages, Births and Deaths from the Earlier Records of Gorham, Maine. Marquis King. (1897).This is a valuable compilation of vital statistics copied from the early records of the town of Gorham, Maine. First published in 1895 in the Portland Evening Express, the records included here are divided into four sections (Intentions of Marriage, Marriages, Births of Children, and Deaths) and arranged alphabetically by surname. Each entry in the first two sections contains the name of the bride and groom; date of publishment or marriage; race, if nonwhite; and place of residence if other than Gorham. The Births of Children section gives the names of each parent; names and birth dates of children; and, in some instances, places of residence and death dates of children, if known. Because the early records of Gorham listed few deaths, the compiler relied on church records, newspaper notices, and gravestone inscriptions to gather the list of deaths included in this volume. Each entry provides the name of the deceased and date of death and sometimes the name of the deceased's spouse, the place and cause of death, the deceased's age at death, and other biographical notations. Also of interest to genealogists are the introductory notes, which include abstracts from the first town meeting in 1765 and biographical information on Judge William Gorham. WorldVitalRecords.com is an inexpensive, growing set of pay-for-use databases. Including vital records, court records, military records, and an extensive collection of newspapers.
Death Records » Locality Specific: United States » Maine
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Welcome to the website of the independent distributor of Coral Club. We will help to choose the necessary products for health prevention and will consult how to apply it correctly.In our company there are exclusive products, such as:
To begin with, we offer you to familiarize yourself with the step-by-step system of healing - the Concept of Health and Methods of Cleansing the body at home.
All Coral Club products are certified and have the GMP quality mark. For those who wish to purchase products with a 20% discount, fill out the application form on the official website of the company using the Register button. Consultant, under whom you have been registered, will contact you and tell you about delivery methods and location of sales offices in your city.
Are you interested in the issue of additional earnings and partnership with Coral Club? Or you have other questions about the product line. Contact your consultant in any convenient way for you. E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
General health concept with Coral ClubWe offer a General Health Concept with the Coral Club, through which you will acquire a set of skills. They will help to maintain health, beauty, youth for many years.
Living Water Coral-MineTo preserve health and longevity, you need the living water of Coral-Mine. It has the correct structure, low surface tension, is able to normalize the pressure, and also to restore the cells.
Cellular nutritionIf you want to live long and stay healthy, then take care of the cells. For their life, an aquatic environment is needed, since they are born and live in it.
Cleansing the bodyHeadaches, fatigue, weak immunity - you know, this is a violation of the intestine. Do cleaning the body with an integrated approach.
Coral DetoxThere is no strength and energy, a mood at zero. We recommend starting cleansing from toxins and poisons without stopping from work, with the help of Coral Detox.
Purification from parasitesTake the rule of twice a year to cleanse the parasites. The program consists of plant components, designed for 21 days.
Purgation Colo-VadaClear the body, as well as colon of parasites and toxins, with the help of effective Fourteen day program Colo-Vada Plus.
Coral-Mine SilverWish to drink structured water, enriched Minerals and calcium in ionic form, we offer to get to know mini-filter packages Coral-Mine Silver.
Program 2 Colo-Vada PlusEffective anti parasites program Colo-Vada Plus on the basis of plant tissue and vitamin-mineral complex.
Target program: Healthy intestineWith the help of the target program: healthy intestine you will be able to restore the work of all of gastrointestinal tract, raise immunity and get rid of overweight.
Coral Detox programCoral Detox helps to get rid of toxins and poisons on the cellular level, as well as enhances the work of immunity.
Daily Delicious High Fiber tasteful assai and blueberryProduct Delicious high Fiber enhances the work of the intestine, metabolism and helps to reduce the cholesterol.
H-500 (60 capsules)Want to stay young and energetic. do for sports and do not know how to get rid of pain in the muscles. powerful H-500 you in the help.
Microhydrin (60 capsules)Establish metabolism in the body, restore the work of cells, as well as contribute to treat many illnesses will help Microhydrin.
Tasty B tasteful lime (30 chewing tablets)Vitamins Tasty B this is a complex vitamins group B. They are needed for a brain and nervous system. Important for the immune and digestive system.
To get advice, please register.
After registration you will be contacted by a personal consultant who will answer all questions.
Upon registration, you will receive a club card number to purchase products with a 20% discount.
If you are already registered at Coral Club, please contact your referrer.
|Alina Antonenko
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.com
Phone: +38 (066) 778-02-45
Phone: +38 (097) 075-78-38
Viber: +38 (066) 778-02-45
WhatsApp: +38 (066) 778-02-45
Site: mariupol.incoral.com


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Gentle Monster
Visionary eyewear label Gentle Monster was founded in 2011 with the ambitious objective of creating an immaculate pair of frames. With core values rooted in the purity of design, radical experimentation, and cutting-edge technology, the South Korean label leads the vanguard in modern eyewear innovation. The brand's conceptual seasonal collections explore the intersections of architecture, photography, art, and philosophy, with each pair of women's sunglasses encompassing the dualities between playfulness and elegance, fragility and destruction, past and future. The elegantly simple lines of the brand's covetable Didi A and Dreamer models draw upon the allure of vintage silhouettes, while the futuristic Love Punch and Big Bully styles demonstrate a drive for boundary-pushing artistry. Sculptural sunglasses are crafted from an array of unconventional materials, from titanium and acetate to ceramic and monel, while vibrantly tinted lenses add a touch of eccentricity to minimalist styles. Through a series of avant-garde collaborations with luxury labels including Hood By Air and Opening Ceremony, Gentle Monster's boldly modern vision continues to evolve.
There are currently no products available for Gentle Monster.
Please select another designer or sign up below to receive email updates on new product arrivals, special offers and exclusive events.


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Women's Ashes highlights - 2nd ODI
Lanning century helps Australia win the 2nd ODI in the Ashes series.
1:44 mins |
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Eoin Morgan plays Visually Impaired cricket See how our ace batsman fared when he played with the England Visually Impaired squad
Northamptonshire v Birmingham - Natwest T20 Blast, Birmingham Innings Willey sparkles as Bears struggle in semi-final
England v Australia - Women's Ashes T20, Australia Innings England bowlers restrict Australia to 107.
Women's Cricket Super League explained ECB Director of Women's Cricket Clare Connor explains today's announcement
A very good appointment for England - Jayawardene Sri Lanka's Mahela Jayawardene on England's new man in charge
Looking forward to the Ashes Series - Shrubsole England women's Anya Shrubsole on the upcoming Ashes series
Women's Ashes highlights - 2nd ODI Lanning century helps Australia win the 2nd ODI in the Ashes series.
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On Tuesday, Chef Rachel challenged us with preparing a unified set of dishes from produce from a Johnson's Backyard Garden CSA (Community Supported Agriculture) box, which was a fun challenge since we had no recipes to cook from. A CSA box is a box of produce from a farm or collection of farms and it's a way of supporting locally produced food. My team decided on an Italian theme and we made a white pizza with beet "pepperonis," a red leaf salad with mint and citrus, and a carrot cake. Of course, we knocked it out of the park. 🙂
Below: The goodies from Johnson's Backyard Garden.
A photographer from Johnson's Backyard Garden showed up to shoot our use of their CSA boxes. Chard, Brussels sprouts greens, beets, mint, carrots, and more were included in this week's box. The Natural Epicurean has been a heavy user of Johnson's produce – we cook with it every day – and it's nice to know that the school buys locally, so the produce is fresh, in season, and has minimal ecological impact from transportation.
Below: Photographer from Johnson's Backyard Garden and a woman taking notes on our handiwork while Chef Rachel (center) looks on.
Below: Some quinoa-stuffed tomatoes.
Below: My team's beet-pepperoni pizza (left), carrot cake (center), and citrus salad (above the cake).
Below: An artfully assembled de-constructed beet-chard salad.
Below: Me with two classmates after a successful morning of cooking. Fun! (Photo from Rachel Zierzow's Facebook page.)
Related articles
- Get Yer Veg On (dietiscorrect.wordpress.com)
- Soy Glad to Meet You (dietiscorrect.wordpress.com)


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Be aware that when you extract a piece of XML from a larger XML document using the readOuterXML() function, it tries to determine the namespaces (as defined in the original XML document) that apply to the new piece, and inserts them into the appropriate tags as xmlns attributes. This can be disconcerting, but it should be a benign alteration in most cases, and I understand that it causes the new chunk of XML to be correctly formatted so it is valid in it's own right.
As far as I'm aware it's not possible to change this behaviour.


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Recommended for: Adult 1+
IAMS Delights with Ocean Fish & Peas In Jelly is a 100% complete and balanced premium pet food for adult cats. Complete nutrition and an irresistible taste.
Taurine to support healthy heart and vision
Animal protein for strong muscles
Minerals to maintain strong teeth and bones
Biotin, minerals and vitamins to promote healthy skin and coat
Meat and animal derivatives, fish and fish derivatives (8% ocean fish), vegetables (4% peas, from dried peas), derivatives of vegetable origin, minerals.
For a 4kg cat give approximately 3 pouches per day split into at least two meals. Your cat may eat more or less depending on age, temperament and activity. Always ensure fresh water is available. When switching to Iams, gradually introduce over 4 days.
Vitamins: Vitamin D : 200IU/kg, Vitamin E: 100mg/kg. Trace elements: Cupric sulphate pentahydrate: 1.8mg/kg, Potassium iodide: 0.37mg/kg, Manganous sulphate monohydrate: 2.1mg/kg, Zinc sulphate monohydrate: 32mg/kg.
Subscribe to the IAMS newsletter for the latest pet care tips and advice, fun quizzes and exclusive offers.
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I like 7 because it is my lucky number and I'm good at Math, a bit.=)
Jump to navigation
Do the preparation exercise before you listen. Then do the other exercises to check your understanding.
Do this exercise before you listen.
0208 542 8976
25th June
1 metre 27
Do you like numbers? Are you good at maths?
I like 7 because it is my lucky number and I'm good at Math, a bit.=)
I don't like the number. No. I'm just medium with maths.
Yes, I do. I like the 2 and 9 because I write them very beautifully. I'm good at maths, but sometimes, I'm a bit careless. Now, I'm a little scared of the next class's maths, my friends said they don't understand anything that the teacher says. And tell me to go to study math. Hope maths is too much difficult. : >
I don't like number. I'm good at math.
I don't like number very much but I am good at math
I had fun. Dango 1
Dango2: I had lots of fun.
Dango1: I like it.
i like number. but i am not good in math :(
My favorite number is 11.Because it'my birth date.I really love that number.
I think I'm good at Math because I always get full marks at Math.
i like math
Yep, I like number, binary number. Only 0 and 1 combination. I think that the world can change only those numbers.
Yes, I like the numbers and I'm really good at mathematic!
I like numbers and I'm good at math.
Yes, I like the numbers and I'm very good at maths ;)
we study in English together.
is it ok?
why do you like the numbers?
I like numbers and im very very good with numbers.
I like numbers but i don t like maths.
i like nambers and i like maths
I love math numbers. And my favorite number is 7. My math is very well but This year sucks
I can't do this exercise so anybody have any idea to remember these numbers ?
Now i have got an idea so i don't need help!
I think so that i am not wrong but if i am then you can correct me. It saids do this exercise while you listen so it's simple i just play the audio and while hearing i do it. I'm new here and also poor in speaking english.
Hi sarfraz2003,
That's great! Can you share your idea with us? I'm sure other learners need help to remember numbers too.
Best wishes, Jo (LearnEnglish Teens Team)
I mean it says
Hi sarfraz2003! Thanks for your explanation. It's interesting for us to know if things are easy or difficult for our users. Your English sounds good to me! And I'm sure you're getting better all the time. Keep up the good work! :) Joanna (LearnEnglish teens team)
Hi Hadia, I'm here
Thank you for your answer and for your lovely Vietnamese greeting ! It's very perfect !
This Math exercise only have one answer, but you gave me two :) Which is your final choice ?
Good luck !
Hm...... I guess the second possibility is more rational.....I'll go for it :-)
Moreover, it's only mentioned that "ONE" of them is eldest. There no information about the other two. They may be twins :-) So yeah, i guess the 2nd one is right :)
( I hope I'm not wrong... *sighs* *panic's*)
Please reply soon :)
And here is my explanation : ( My english is not very good )
We- the readers do not know the house number of the farmer so we can't solve this Math exercise, but imagine that we are the worker, ( Okay, from now, I am that worker ). I visit the farmer's house, this means I know the house number ----> I know the sum of three daughters' age. Moreover, I also know the product of their age. So, I must find the answer easily, but I can't. I ( that worker ) still said that the information is not enough ? And.....and....and......I'm sorry, Hadia, I can't express my idea in English : (((. I wish my E were better. But let's see
There are many three-number group that their product is 72, e.g ( 2,3,12) or ( 1,8,9)......but we take notice of two choices ( 8,3,3) and ( 6,6,2), both of them have the same sum (14) -----> so, the house number must be 14. We also eliminate the answer ( 6,6,2) as the farmer has the eldest daughter. Therefore, our answer is ( 8,3,3).
Hi Hadia, I'm here !
Three daughters are 8,3,3 years old respectively ! You are right, congratulation !
Yes, I like numbers, I am interested in math and have good too
© British Council The United Kingdom's international organisation for cultural relations and educational opportunities. A registered charity: 209131 (England and Wales) SC037733 (Scotland).


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WILBURTON, OK (Nov. 14, 2012) – A group of 25 high-achieving Eastern Oklahoma State College students were recently inducted into the national honor society Phi Theta Kappa during a campus ceremony in Wilburton.
Founded in 1918, Phi Theta Kappa is recognized as the official honor society for community colleges. The organization seeks to foster scholarship, leadership, service and fellowship among its members. Membership is based on academic achievement and is granted by invitation only. To qualify for membership, students must have completed at least 12 hours of associate degree course work with a cumulative 3.5 grade point average.
Pictured at the event were (left to right) Callie Morris, Wilburton; Katelyn Coe, Fayetteville, Ark.; Rebecca Stewart, Stafford, Tex.; Caitlin Busby, Wilburton; Dan Wong, Wilburton; Lesa Curry, McAlester; Amber Jones, Stuart; Michael Staggs, McAlester; Chassidy Ward, Wilburton; Nichole Stuart, Talihina; Amanda Rhine, Lincoln, Ark.; Joseph Nelson, Talihina; Sarah Davidson, Haileyville; Larriann Chambers, Tushka; and Kyle Buck, Broken Bow.
Also inducted, but not in attendance were Misti Buckely, McAlester; Dianna Gage, Idabel; Seth Hix, Mannford; Chelsea Hofegartner, Canadian; Larry James, Millerton; Catherine Lively, Broken Bow; Sandra McCabe, Wilburton; John Troussel, McAlester; Chris Turner, Tulsa; and Larry Whitney, Talihina.


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Contact Supplier
Ms. silenLeave a message
|Payment Type:
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This is the cutest category among all rhinesotne transfer designs. Here we have Pineapple Rhinestone Hotfix Transfer for Children for your children customers. It is made of Rhinestone, in colors of Yellow, Emerald. great for lovely kids.
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A: We can send you goods 1-2 days after payment received. It will cost 3-7 days for shipping via DHL Express.
We'll show you the photos of the products and packages before shipping.
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The Next Chapter: WWII from a personal perspective
August 26, 2011
World War II and especially the Hitler regime is a perennial topic of books. The two books are written from the point of view of a participant and another as close observers....
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What Your Favorite Easter Candy Says About You
Sunday is Easter, which means that today's the last day when you can go to the drug store and find a sprawling selection of the seasonal sweets that only Jesus' resurrection brings. Everyone has their favorite treat around this time of year, and your selection says a lot about you. Now is your time to head to CVS and get a bag or box of your candy of choice, because after tomorrow the "Easter Bunny" will have bought up all the goodies. But before you go for that sugar rush, let's take a look at what your selection means. [Photo above via Flickr]
This marshmallow and sugar confection is the classic Easter treat.
What It Says About You: You're the type of person who likes to wait in lines for things even if you're not that excited about them. You wait all year round for those Peeps to show up and tell everyone just how damn much you love them and talk about saving some in your cabinet for when a fix really hits, but deep down inside, you don't really love them that much. You just want people to think that you're very excited about things. That's why you also have a gym membership you don't use and an iPad collecting dust on your desk. [Photo via Flickr]
Cadbury Creme Eggs
The only thing more amazing than this chocolate and sugar creme egg is the clucking bunny commercials of old.
What It Says About You: You normally have things under control but are subject to wild and uncontrollable cravings. While your life is typically together, you suffer from a serious flaw like constant tardiness, chronic attitude problems, or the lack of discipline to keep yourself in check when around seasonal chocolate treats. When you dedicate yourself to your vice, you go in whole hog. If you don't have a drinking problem now, you probably will in a year or so. Also, you hate people who like those tiny little eggs they sell in packs of twelve. They're like people who get wasted on New Years Eve and St. Paddy's Day. [Photo via Flickr]
Cadbury Mini-Eggs
The all-chocolate bastard stepchild of the Creme Egg is inexplicably a favorite.
What It Says About You: You always settle for second best but convince yourself that its really your taste and you don't want the best. You choose sausage over bacon, champion the career of Kelly Rowland at the expense of Beyoncé, and still will not let anyone tell you that Betamax was a complete failure. It's probably because you were rejected a lot as a youngster or find a thrill in promoting the undiscovered, like that somehow makes you cooler. That's OK, keep thinking that you're DaBomb.com. Just leaves more Creme Eggs for the cool kids. [Photo via Flickr]
Pastel M&Ms
They come in an assortment of colors just for this special season.
What It Says About You: Man, you are seriously boring. [Photo via Flickr]
Robin Eggs
These are the malted milk balls with the speckled shells that only come out in the springtime.
What It Says About You: There's something a little bit off about you, dude. It's not like you're a lotion in the basket kind of serial killer or a total shut-in hoarder, but you a little weird. Noticeably weird. You're the person in the office that everyone is nice to because they're a little afraid, but they don't want to sit down and actually eat lunch with you. So you eat at your desk and read the internet and obsessively comment on some obscure site and have a very active fantasy persona. Seriously, you're creepy. [Photo via Flickr]
Colored Easter Eggs
This isn't even a candy, but what says Easter more than hard boiled eggs?
What It Says About You: You are a killjoy. Don't you know that this is America and we don't want to eat real eggs with all their protein? We want ones made out of sugar and coconut and some gelatinous substance that we can't quite identify and is delicious. And there you are all thin and clinging to tradition like some sort of skinny school marm. Christ on a cross, will you just shut the hell up and eat some damn candy already? [Photo via Flickr]


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In this video you will learn how to enable content types in library in SharePoint 2010.
SharePoint › Videos › Enable content types in library in SharePoint 2010
About Author
Devendra Velegandla is a five-time recipient of Microsoft's Most Valuable Professional (MVP) award (2014-2019) for Office Apps and Services, Office Servers and Services MVP and SharePoint Server. He received the MCC award for his contributions in Microsoft MSDN/TechNet forums. He loves sharing articles, videos, and tutorial on SharePoint and Office 365.


text:
PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — The second day of a fierce winter storm blanketed parts of the Northwest with another half foot of snow Friday as icy conditions made highways treacherous and claimed another life.
New snow totals by Friday evening ranged from 9 inches in western Oregon's Willamette Valley at Corvallis to 2 inches in Portland and an inch in Vancouver, Wash. Corvallis, home to Oregon State University, has gotten 18 inches of snow in two days.
Forecasters extended a winter storm warning for freezing rain, sleet and snow to Saturday night for much of the Willamette Valley.
In the Portland area and southwest Washington, the snowfall was expected to decrease by Saturday morning before another snow surge arrives later in the day.
A female passenger was killed Friday in a single-vehicle crash on icy Interstate 84 in the Columbia River Gorge, Oregon State Police said.
One person died Thursday in an Interstate 5 pileup in southwest Washington.
Two children playing on what they thought was a frozen pond in the east Portland suburb of Troutdale fell through the ice and were rescued Friday by their mother, who went in after them and also fell through the ice. A fire official said the boys were about 8 and 10.
The children were submerged up to their necks in the pond, said Robin Franzen Parker, a spokesperson for the nearby city of Gresham.
Willamette Valley cities took the brunt of Friday's snowfall. Eugene got 7 more inches, Albany got 6 and the state capital of Salem got 4 �.
Freezing rain was reported Friday night in portions of the valley. State police warned of hazardous driving on Interstate 5 between Salem and Eugene.
Salem police declared that drivers were required to have chains or traction tires until midnight Saturday. Some city streets were impassable because of stranded, abandoned cars, they said.
Many Northwest residents took a snow day Friday and stayed home.
In downtown Portland, streets coated with a thin layer of packed snow were nearly traffic-free before the first flurries fell in the afternoon. Shops closed early or didn't open at all, office buildings generally packed with workers were quiet, and the city government was closed to all but essential personnel.
The first storm dropped more than a foot of snow on parts of the Northwest.
Portland International Airport reported 45 flights cancelled by Friday night — a mixture of arrivals and departures — but said most flights were expected to continue. The airport averages about 500 flights daily.
The storms socked a region more accustomed to rain than snow, leading organizers of several events to scrap or postpone their plans.
In bike-passionate Portland, organizers of the annual "Worst Day of the Year Ride" were going ahead with this weekend's 15-mile ride through downtown. A more challenging 46-mile ride through the hilly west side was canceled.
Also postponed were "Polar Bear Plunges" scheduled for Saturday in Corvallis, Eugene and Portland. The annual events send swimmers into cold winter water to benefit Special Olympics.
Team recruitment manager Lindsey Warner said travel conditions, a shuttle bus cancellation and the inability to set up changing tents because of the storms led to the decision.
"It's the Polar Plunge; we're not scared of the cold," Warner said.
Snow, freezing rain blanket much of Northwest
PORTLAND, Ore. (AP) — The second day of a fierce winter storm blanketed parts of the Northwest with another half foot of snow Friday as icy conditions made highways treacherous and claimed another life.


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Let's get Facebook to run on clean, safe, renewable energy!
Take action:
1. Click the LIKE button above
2. Click SHARE to post it on your Facebook Wall:
Get in touch:
Dear Employee of Facebook,
This page is just for you. Because we think you're among the smartest designers, engineers, managers, developers, marketers, etc. in the biz. And we love Facebook. We use it every day to address the world's most pressing environmental issues, like climate change
But we're curious to know what you think about Facebook's coal problem.
We want to talk about solutions.
There are things the big bosses can do now to make Facebook an environmental leader and ensure that you guys aren't increasing demand for dirty energy as you continue to build new infrastructure to support your growth.
Here's the Big IDEA:
1. Increase Facebook's use of clean energy: Facebook can buy cleaner energy directly from the utility to feed the grid where Facebook locates new infrastructure, invest capital in renewable energy development and deployment, or install and self-generate clean energy on site like Google has done.
2. Develop an infrastructure siting policy that prioritizes renewable energy: Facebook has made two major investments in large data center infrastructure (Oregon and North Carolina) where the main power source is coal. A good investment and siting policy that factors in available renewable energy resources would help Facebook make better choices about the sources of energy that power its data centers.
3. Educate users about Facebook's footprint and need for strong US energy policy: Many IT companies are publically reporting overall energy consumption, facility level GHG emissions, and percentage of renewable energy in their operations through the Carbon Disclosure Project and other reporting entities. Facebook has yet to provide data on its energy consumption or related GHG emissions at either a corporate or facility level. Hey, we thought transparency was Facebook's middle name!
4. Advocate for clean energy policies at a local, national and international level. You've got a big brand and a big bully pulpit. Use it to show political leadership and push for climate and energy policies that make renewable energy more available so you can power your future.
Social networking is changing the way the world communicates and, in some places, is governed. Over the past few years, Facebook has helped to foment positive, historical change in places such as Cairo and Tehran. Now Facebook, the biggest name in social networking, has the opportunity to help create another kind of revolution: An Energy Revolution.
Send us an email (
Because we know you want it just as bad as we do,
The "Unfriend Coal" Team, Greenpeace International
A small selection of photos from our photo petition/competition.
Blog entry
Unfriend Coal


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Marion in Cannes, Guillaume in NY
As I reported yesterday, Guillaume Canet was not in Cannes with Marion Cotillard yesterday for the premiere of De Rouille et d'os. Guillaume stayed back with Marcel in New York where he's directing Blood Ties. How CUTE are these pictures of him playing with his boy? That child's face is the exact perfect combination of his parents.
While Guillaume continued working on set, a beautiful Marion premiered her movie at the Palais. They say she's Angelina Jolie for the French. It certainly sounded like it on the Croisette. The way the carpet is set up in Cannes, it's like no other venue, not even the Oscars. Because it's photo only. And the gauntlet leads right up to the steps, majestically overlooking thousands of fans, subjects below a castle. So, if there's anywhere a bun that size is appropriate, it's Cannes. There is no such thing as over the top in Cannes. It's impossible.
Wenn, Splash


text: Self Storage » Massachusetts Self StorageMethuen Self Storage 10x30 Self Storage Methuen Self Storage Search Results Refine Search Size 5x5 5x10 5x15 10x10 10x15 10x20 10x30 Features Climate Controlled Drive-up Access Auto/Boat/RV Neighborhood None Found Need Massachusetts storage in another city? Need storage in another Massachusetts zip code? View additional Massachusetts self storagefacilities?


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1. Please inform us of your intention to return the goods. You can either send an e-mail to firstname.lastname@example.com or by writing to us.
2. Send your items to Lees Army Store, 1 Armitage Road, London NW11 8QB. You must ensure that the items are in their original condition with the orginal packaging. You must also include proof of purchase, such as the delivery note.
3. Please also enclose a brief not stating the reason for the return and, where necessary, details of any item(s) required in exchange.
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Follow This Company
Short Description
We at Capgemini are looking for Developer - Autosar Configuration (BSW) for Bangalore Location.
Job Responsibilities
Work Experience - 3 to 6 years
Location - Bangalore
Job Description -
Contact Person - Pallavi Patwari
Capgemini, one of the world's foremost providers of consulting, technology and outsourcing services, enables its clients to transform and perform through technologies. Capgemini provides its clients with insights and capabilities that boost their freedom to achieve superior results through a unique way of working - the Collaborative Business Experience - and through a global delivery model called Rightshore®, which aims to offer the right resources in the right location at competitive cost. Present in 36 countries, Capgemini reported 2007 global revenues of EUR 8.7 billion and employs over 83,000 people worldwide.


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Explore. Enjoy. Every day.
The PLUS for all journeys
Comfort for two
As a sporty parent you may want to go jogging with your pushchair. We offer pushchairs that are approved for running and skating by TüV. This means that you can take your little one, or even two children, with you on your runs. And thanks to the hand-activated rear drum brakes you have better downhill control, so there is no limit to your sportiness.
Your travel companion
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I've had a manager request internet browsing history for one of his employees. Through searching online, actually speaking with Checkpoint support, and just trying reports that seem to be what I need, none of them seem to be very friendly to hand to a generic user. Most of them just contain IP addresses or cloud DNS names and are not useful for what the manager is seeking. I hate to say this, but ISA/TMG was much better at this sort of thing than Checkpoint. Am I just not looking in the right place? Does Checkpoint not actually have a good way to get this information? Has anyone done this before? If so I would love to know how.
I've dug around in SmartView Monitor and SmartReporter but not found anything useful. I would appreciate any guidance someone could give.


text:
LaughingLizard necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 70 diseños de 18 diseñadores freelance.
How do you visualize http://weblogtoolscollection.com and how can you help us transform the blog?
We are looking for carefully placed advertising that does not follow the format of other blogs in the industry(along the side in a
straight line is bad), better format of display on the front page, better organization and better placement of features,
subtle style features that make things pop, better commenting/threading of comments (2.7) and better clickthroughs with summaries of posts on the front page. PLEASE READ THE BRIEF CLOSELY. AS DISCUSSED IN THE COMMENTS, QUARTER OF PAYMENT AT PSD DELIVERY AND THE REST AT XHTML/CSS DELIVERY. ALSO YOU CAN BREAK UP THE XHTML/CSS WITH CLASSES AND IDS AS YOU PLEASE TO MAKE THE THEME WORK.
Please use the fire logo and match the colors with the fire logoand favicon. This is a news magazine and not a personal blog. So pleasetreat it as such. We reserve the right to discard designs and notchoose any if we do not like the designs presented. Prize will beawarded after all the deliverables (see below) are received. Please askquestions without assuming anything.
How do you visualize http://weblogtoolscollection.com and how can you help us transform the blog?
Weare looking for carefully placed advertising that does not follow theformat of other blogs in the industry(along the side in a
straight line is bad), better format of display on the front page, better organization and better placement of features,
subtlestyle features that make things pop, better commenting/threading ofcomments (2.7) and better clickthroughs with summaries of posts.
In general we want to increase subscribers and clickthroughs and make weblogtoolscollection.com better that it is.
We want to look more professional and be innovative and attractive at the same time.
Here are some designs that have recently caught my eye, though some are not very minimalist:
http://www.gapersblock.com/ (Personal favorite)
and of course http://en.blog.wordpress.com/
What features of wordpress are planning on using and currently using?
While that is a very good question, it is not relevant to this design exercise. Any custom WordPress work will be taken care of by us. We can program around anything you design. Just make sure your design works around the default WordPress CSS classes and IDs and just mock up the other features in HTML.
What ad sizes are you running?
125x125 and 468*60. Other ad sizes welcome as long as they flow with the content.
Are you looking for a layout with content left and right while having your ads in the middle around a custom design?
I am truly not sure what would work the best but that format is definitely appealing.
We could program around anything you design. Get the HTML into shape, mock up new items in HTML and we will work out the rest. Please use the WordPress CSS classes and IDs.
- HTML, graphics and CSS compatible with WordPress 2.7. Please use the original WordPress classes and IDs.
- Index page (front page) with *summaries* and various other pieces.Help us find efficiencies and important information for the front page. Please look at existing site for content ideas and existing modules.
- Comment threading.
- Organized better, with better ad spaces.
- "Modules" with bits of news and information and a space for announcements via a WordPress page.
- Form styling and list styling
- Design details are important. Subtle styling nuances are nice and will make the difference.
- Think modern, efficient, minimalist, colorful.
- This SEO, clickthroughs and ads. Think usability and user-friendly. No "in your face" ad placement please.
- Single post will also double as a WordPress page.
- Less information on single post page than front page
- Archives page could be like the single post pages.
- Photoshop PSD document ONLY. We will not award the prize to a design that is not HTML and CSS for WordPress 2.7. An image of a design is fine in the submission stage but not acceptable as a deliverable.
- Unfinished, uncoded, broken or buggy HTML/CSS


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2013 Land Rover LR2 First Drive
New Engine, Interior Breathe New Life Into Entry-Level Rover
In the roughly five years since the U.S.-market Land Rover Freelander became the Land Rover LR2, the compact luxury SUV segment has grown from a handful of players to one of the cornerstones of a luxury automaker's business plan, and extensive in-car technology has gone from a luxury to a necessity. As a result, the edge given to the LR2 by its standout off-road capability has eroded. With an all-new model not yet in the cards, Land Rover had to rummage through its toolbox to bring the 2013 Land Rover LR2 up to snuff.
The Brits must not think there's anything wrong with the LR2's exterior, because the sheetmetal remains almost the same. Exterior updates are limited to new HID headlights, LED taillights, and a few tweaks to the front and rear fascias. A more significant update to the sheetmetal would have been welcome, but nobody can blame Land Rover for spending the money on replacing the older and far more profitable Range Rover instead.
Changes under the skin are far more substantial. Under the hood, the 3.2-liter I-6 makes way for the Evoque's 240-hp, 250-lb-ft, 2.0-liter turbo-four. The engine swap not only increases output by 10 hp and 16 lb-ft, but also increases fuel economy by a couple of mpg in the city and on the highway. (Final EPA numbers are not yet available.) The new engine improves towing capacity to 4400 pounds. Fortunately the LR2 didn't inherit the Evoque's overly aggressive throttle tip-in, a complaint of ours that was also addressed on the 2013 Evoque. A six-speed automatic remains the only transmission offered.
Where the 2013 refresh is most apparent is inside the cabin. The 2013 LR2 gets a new gauge cluster with a center LED display, an updated steering wheel, and a completely revamped center stack and center console. The former dispenses with the sea of buttons design that characterized the old one in favor of a much cleaner layout anchored by a 7-inch touch screen, while the latter offers more storage space by replacing the handbrake with an electronic parking brake and the Terrain Response knob with a simple button-based selector. The overall effect is a cleaner, more modern design.
On the road, the 2013 LR2 is surprisingly smooth and quiet for an SUV -- and if you really want to drown out the noise, you can crank the up volume on the optional 825-watt (!) Meridian sound system. A storm rolled in as we made our way from Montreal to Mont-Tremblant, providing us the opportunity to see how well the LR2 handled snowy pavement. The answer: quite well, even on twisty back roads. Only when it hit the occasional patch of ice did the SUV become at all unsettled, and that has more to do with ice's inherent slickness than the car. Even though the LR2 uses a Haldex setup that's biased towards the front wheels, the all-wheel system gets the job done without fuss or unpredictability. After all, Land Rover does know a thing or two about this sort of thing.
Of course, there was an obligatory off-road section on the drive. Thanks to the storm, it was a bit snowier and muddier than Land Rover may have anticipated, but with Terrain Response in Snow (and, one section, Mud) mode, the LR2 didn't have any problems keeping up with the leading LR4 as it made its way through the forest trail. Like the LR4, the LR2 is also equipped with hill descent control, a feature that came in handy on the steep downhill sections of this expedition. We wouldn't take it onto anything that would challenge the LR4 or a Jeep Wrangler Rubicon, but the LR2 will definitely be able to tackle just about any casual off-roading trail.
There is one complaint to lodge, and that's with the LR2's steering. It's completely devoid of feel or feedback to the point that asking if it's actually connected to the steering rack doesn't seem unreasonable. For suburban duty, it's not a big deal, but the lack of feedback increases the sketchiness factor of an off-road expedition by a not-insignificant amount.
Overall, Land Rover has done enough to keep the LR2 putting along in an increasingly crowded segment until an all-new model is ready, without making its price-leading offering substantially more expensive. In fact, at $37,250 to start, the 2013 LR2 is just $700 more than the 2012 -- and still noticeably cheaper than a BMW X3. Its styling may be starting to get stale, but anyone that's looking for a luxury compact SUV that needs to go to places few other than a Land Rover can will find the 2013 LR2 to be a suitable companion.
|2013 Land Rover LR2
|Front-engine, AWD, 5-pass, 4-door SUV
|2.0L/240-hp/250-lb-ft turbocharged DOHC 16-valve I-4
|6-speed automatic
|3950 lb (mfr)
|104.7 in
|177.0 x 86.5 x 68.5 in
|8.2 sec (mfr est)
|17/24 mpg
|198/140 kW-hrs/100 miles
|0.99 lb/mile


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New Zealand Social Entrepreneur Fellowship on National Radio Ideas Programme with Chris Laidlaw (Sept 2010)
listen download mp3
" For me the word "entrepreneur" means someone with drive and ideas, a person with the potential and passion to create something new where there was nothing before — someone with the knack for making a lot out of very little. Social Entrepreneurs are doing just that: creating a better New Zealand by combining inventive ideas with energy and resources. Very often, fresh approaches to development and community work can be traced back to inspired self-starters, who understand instinctively the who, why, what and how of community work. They sweat blood to make an idea happen. You can't buy that sort of enthusiasm — you can only try and support it when you find it. "
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Dog food reviews
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2 Star Dry Dog Food
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Best Breed Poodle Diet
Date of last review
Sun December 30, 2007
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Chicken meal, oat flour, corn, beet pulp, poultry fat, whole eggs, brewers yeast, natural flavors, fish meal, tomato pomace, barley, lecithin, vegetable oil, fish oil, salt, lysine, di-methionine, potassium chloride, alfalfa meal, perna canaliculus, garlic powder, vitamin C, monosodium phosphate, iron sulfate, vitamin E supplement, zinc oxide, zinc proteinate, iron proteinate, citric acid (preservative), manganese oxide, manganese proteinate, vitamin A supplement, niacin supplement, pantothenic acid, riboflavin supplement (vitamin B2), copper proteinate, copper oxide, thiamine mononitrate (vitamin B1), pyridoxine hydrochloride (vitamin B6), vitamin D3 supplement, menadione dimethylprimidinol, bisulfite (vitamin K), folic acid, biotin supplement, calcium iodate (source of iodine), sodium selenite (source of selenium), vitamin B12 supplement
Protein not less than ......................25%
Fat not less than .............................12%
Fiber not more than .........................5%
Moisture not more than .................10%
Ash not more than ............................7%
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Registered: October 2005
Posts: 3953
Review Date:
Sun December 30, 2007
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First ingredient is a named meat product
Insufficient meat content, some low quality ingredients, controversial filler, fat of unidentifiable origin
The first ingredient in this food is a named meat product, in meal form. There is a further meat meal ingredient 9th on the ingredient list. This is too far down to make any significant contribution to the overall meat content of the food. We note this ingredient is fish meal, but find no sign on the manufacturers website of a guarantee that they use only ethoxyquin-free protein sources (ethoxyquin is a chemical preservative commonly added to fish ingredients and that is banned or heavily regulated in human food due to the belief that it is carcinogenic).
The main grains in the food are oat flour and corn, neither of which is high quality. Oat flour is a grain fragment that we consider to be primarily filler. Corn is a difficult to digest grain of limited value, that is commonly implicated in allergy problems. Poultry fat is a low quality ingredient rarely found in anything but very low quality foods. Poultry fat is an ingredient of unidentified origin for which it is impossible to determine source or quality. Unidentified ingredients are usually very low quality. AAFCO define this as obtained from the tissues of poultry in the commercial processes of rendering or extracting. It consists predominantly of glyceride esters of fatty acids and contains no additions of free fatty acids. If an antioxidant is used, the common name or names must be indicated, followed by the words "used as a preservative"
Beet pulp is controversial filler which appears to be used in large quantities in this food. It is a by-product, being dried residue from sugar beets which has been cleaned and extracted in the process of manufacturing sugar. It is a controversial ingredient in dog food, claimed by some manufacturers to be a good source of fibre, and derided by others as an ingredient added to slow down the transition of rancid animal fats and causing stress to kidney and liver in the process. We note that beet pulp is an ingredient that commonly causes problems for dogs, including allergies and ear infections, and prefer not to see it used in dog food. There are less controversial products around if additional fibre is required. Tomato pomace is further filler.
There are no fruits/vegetables in the food though we appreciate the use of whole eggs. We note that this product includes synthetic vitamin K, a substance linked to liver problems and that is progressively being removed from better quality dog food products.
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Louis Vuitton
Mr Louis Vuitton walked to Paris at the age of 16, became an apprentice luggage maker, and after 17 years perfecting his craft, established his own company, Louis Vuitton, in 1854. The superb craftsmanship that he learnt is still seen in today's products. In the 1920s the first "soft luggage" was launched, the "Keepall". Other iconic pieces from that era, still in great demand, are the "Speedy", and "Alma".Shop all vintage Louis Vuitton products
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Key resources
The Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet's translational research contributes to 'closing the gap' in health between Indigenous and other Australians by informing practice and policy in Indigenous health. It does this by making the knowledge generated by various types of research and other information readily accessible to people working and studying in the area of Indigenous health (see: www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au).
Access to the best, up-to-date knowledge and information is being increasingly recognised as crucial to 'bridging the gap between what is known and what is actually being done' in health ([1], p.3). The Institute of Medicine reached a similar conclusion after its recent review of the health care system in the United States: the system 'frequently falls short in its ability to translate knowledge into practice' ([2], p.3). The report commented on the chasm 'between the health care we have and the care we could have' ([2], p.1).
Recognition of the need to translate knowledge into policy and practice is not new however, with terms such as research utilisation, knowledge utilisation, research transfer, knowledge transfer, implementation science, and, more recently, knowledge translation having been used in recent decades to describe the process [3]. The term 'translational research' has emerged recently as a potentially integrative description for these various terms [4][5][6][7][8][9]. None of the earlier terms has been used widely in Australia, but 'translational research' appears to be gathering some momentum, including its use by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) [10].
Since its establishment in 1997, the HealthInfoNet has been addressing the need for policy-makers and practitioners to have access to the best, up-to-date knowledge and information about Indigenous health. As with other groups undertaking this type of translational work, the HealthInfoNet has drawn on the various terms noted above, but now recognises that 'translational research' provides a much better description of its work. This is despite the fact that the term is currently used principally in relation to biomedical and clinical translation.
The purpose of the paper, then, is to position the HealthInfoNet's work within a translational research framework.
In recognition of the fact that translational research (TR) is a new, inherently broad concept, the paper begins with a general overview of this important type of research. Drawing on the most recent international literature, the overview considers the various types of TR, with particular attention to its nature and methods at a population-level. The paper then summarises the various aspects of the HealthInfoNet's TR.
As noted above, the term 'translational research' has emerged recently as a potentially integrative description for the various terms that have been used over several decades to capture the need for greater attention to transforming research and other information into action. The term appears to be bringing together most, if not all, of the other terms, including research utilisation, knowledge utilisation, research transfer, knowledge transfer, implementation science, and knowledge translation.
There is not yet an agreed definition of translational research (TR), but a reasonable general definition is: 'comprehensive applied research that strives to translate the available knowledge and render it operational in clinical and public health practice' ([6], p.1794).1 This definition applies to the health field, but the need to turn research and other information into action (translational research) applies generally to all areas of knowledge. TR has also been characterised as 'effective translation of the new knowledge, mechanisms, and techniques generated by advances in basic science research into new approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease' ([11], p.1728), a characterisation reflecting the genesis of the term in the link between basic science and clinical practice.
The emergence of the term appears to have originated mainly from the deliberations of the US Institute of Medicine's Clinical Research Roundtable, which identified 'two translational blocks … impeding the transfer of basic science into clinical studies and of clinical studies into medical practice' ([9], p.1278). These two translational blocks led to a focus on two types of translational research: T1, focusing on 'the transfer of new understandings of disease mechanisms gained in the laboratory into the development of new methods for diagnosis, therapy, and prevention and their first testing in humans' ([7], p.211); and T2, focusing on 'the translation of results from clinical studies into everyday clinical practice and health decision-making' ([7], p.211).
The emergence of TR in the United States was preceded by the Canadian concept of knowledge translation. This concept was recognised as being so important that it was embodied, along with the creation of new knowledge, in the mandate of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), the agency created in 2000 to take overall responsibility for health research in the country. The CIHR's mandate is: 'to excel, according to internationally accepted standards of scientific excellence, the creation of new knowledge and its translation into improved health for Canadians, more effective health services and products and a strengthened Canadian health-care system' (emphasis added) [12].2
As a part of its work into the concept, the CIHR has developed a useful graphical representation of knowledge translation (translational research) and the 'knowledge to action' process (Figure 1) [13]. The underlying knowledge creation process involves knowledge inquiry ('first generation knowledge'), knowledge synthesis ('second generation knowledge'), and development into various knowledge tools and products ('third generation knowledge') ([13], p.18-19). The diagram illustrates also the various aspects that need to be considered in making tailored knowledge useful and accessible to users. Importantly, the diagram recognises that turning knowledge into action is a multi-faceted process, involving a wide range of areas in both policy and practice. As well as the adaptation of knowledge to local contexts, the knowledge to action cycle directs attention to issues related to the broad context of knowledge use, including its sustainability.
Figure 1: Knowledge to action process
Source: Graham et al., 2006 [13]
The focus of work covered by the US TR T1 and T2 and Canadian knowledge translation has been largely on clinical aspects of health, and much less attention has been directed to the broader aspects of health.
In view of the IOM's stated concern 'with all aspects of the protection and advancement of the health of the people of this nation and the world' it is somewhat surprising that it hasn't included attention to TR for public and population health, arguably much more complex than that related to clinical medicine and related health care ([14], p.1) (see Box 1 for a brief summary of the use in this paper of terms related to public and population health). The WHO's World report on knowledge for better health certainly recognised the need for substantial attention to be directed to its application to the broader aspects of health, as well as to clinical medicine [1].
In parallel with the WHO's call for TR to be applied to much more than just clinical medicine [1], it has been recognised in the US that the need for TR extends beyond the areas covered by types T1 and T2. A variety of four-type models have been proposed, including the one proposed by Khoury and colleagues [5] (see Figure 2). In this model, T3 relates to the widespread adoption in clinical practice of the discovery, and T4 to application of the practice to maximise its impact at a population level.
Figure 2: Translational research: from basic science to the impact of clinical practice and impact at a population level
Source: Khoury, Gwinn and Ioannidis, 2010 [5]
The typology suggested by the Harvard Catalyst, a consortium headed by Harvard University, is very similar, but its impact at a population level is clearly stated as relating to public health rather than the application of clinical practice to maximise its impact at a population level (see Figure 3) [4]. The Harvard typology acknowledges the importance of the 'social determinants of health' in considering health at a population level, but the extent to which these and the other determinants of health are addressed in their T4 TR it is not clear . 3
Figure 3: Translational research: from basic science to specific public health interventions
Source: Harvard Catalyst, 2012 [4]
Some experts question the 'usefulness' of the T3 and T4 categories [15]. But, if anything, the categories don't go far enough to provide for the complex TR required for addressing population health issues, particularly as they relate to specific population groups. As noted by Ogilvie and colleagues, public and population health TR requires 'a more fundamental and wide-ranging societal response than those that can be offered through the established systems of delivering health care' ([16], p.1).
The broader societal responses required for population health TR reflect the vast range of complex factors contributing to health and not just the most immediate so-called health risk factors [17][18][19]. Health research, particularly TR, that doesn't include attention to these complex social, cultural, and environmental factors is clearly not taking a sufficiently holistic view of health and strategies for promoting health [17].
The complexity of these aspects is reflected in the framework developed by Ogilvie and colleagues [16] in the United Kingdom. An adapted version of the Ogilvie framework, shown in Figure 4, captures: (1) the interplay between the various areas of underlying health-related research; (2) the essential surveillance of health and wellbeing, and the factors contributing to health; (3) the complex nature of health policy-making within the public realm; and (4) how population-level TR feeds into both health policy and professional practice.
Figure 4: Framework for translational health research at a population level
Source: Adapted from Ogilvie et al. [16]
Box 2: About the framework
The endpoint in the framework for TR in public and population health is population health improvement. This is much broader than the endpoint for TR in medicine - the incorporation of an effective clinical intervention into clinical practice.
The primary inputs into TR in population health are the various forms of health-related research of the knowledge inquiry type (see Figure 1), as well as surveillance information related to health status, health-related behaviours, health services and the various determinants of health (see Figure 4).
Reflecting the major difference in endpoints, the underlying sciences are also quite different. Whereas laboratory sciences and clinical epidemiology are the basic disciplines for TR in medicine, TR in public and population health draws on a variety of disciplines: social and environmental epidemiology (as well as the more clinical types of epidemiology), psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science and economics.
The framework emphasises the central role of knowledge synthesis in public and population health TR for both professional health practice and health policy. At a population health level, the two main broad types of knowledge synthesis are: (1) decision-support, important for policy-makers and senior program managers; and (2) knowledge support, of particular value for health professionals (see Attachment 2, 'Knowledge synthesis in health' for more detail). Figure 4 shows some of the complexity, including the roles of the media, culture and public opinion, in the use of knowledge syntheses, mainly of the decision-support type to inform health policy. It does not, however, attempt to show the complexities of professional practice, including attention to the need for continuing professional development.
Sources: Graham et al., 2006 [13]; Ogilvie el al., 2009 [16]
Note: The framework by Ogilvie and colleagues did not explicitly link surveillance information with knowledge synthesis.
The complexity of interventions implied by the Ogilvie framework reveal the need for TR to go beyond the impact of specific public health interventions on population-level health outcomes (identified as T4 in Figure 3 above of the Harvard Catalyst model [4]). To address the overall health of the population - and of specific sub-populations - there is need for TR that considers a variety of clinical and public health interventions and population-level interventions that relate to the social and other determinants of health.
So, rather than restrict the number of types of TR, the addition of T5, as shown in Table 1, appears necessary to capture the complex research required in addressing broader population-level issues, including the health of specific population groups. Unlike the other types of TR, attention to the social and other determinants of health is an essential aspect of T5 TR.
|Area of translation
|Attention to social and other determinants of health
|Source: Derived from Khoury et al. (2010) [5], Harvard Catalyst (2012) [4] and Ogilvie et al. (2009) [16]
|Basic research to clinical effect
|Clinical effect to clinical intervention
|Clinical intervention to clinical practice
|Specific public health intervention at a population level
|Clinical, public health and determinants-related interventions applied to the population or specific sub-populations
The specific components of a TR activity vary largely according to the type of TR, but the main aspects are shown in Figure 1, 'Knowledge to action process'.
The crucial first step is, of course, synthesis of the relevant information, termed 'second-generation knowledge' by the CIHR [13], p.19. Again, this varies largely according to the type of TR, ranging from the relatively straightforward methodological syntheses - in the form of systematic reviews - for T1 TR, through to the narrative reviews/syntheses required for the T5 TR of a complex societal health issue [16]. (See Attachment 2 for a brief summary of types and issues related to knowledge synthesis.) As shown in Figure 4, 'Framework for translation health research at a population level', the narrative reviews/syntheses for T5 TR may need to combine the findings of both quantitative and qualitative research from basic science, modifiable factors, and interventions with surveillance information, and also take account of various aspects in the public realm. T5 TR also needs to draw on a variety of disciplines, including psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science and economics, which provide the essential social context for specific health analyses.
The CIHR's guide for translating knowledge to action also provides for 'third generation knowledge', the preparation of knowledge tools or products (such as practice guidelines, and decision aids and tools) ([13], p.19). By providing knowledge in 'clear, concise and user-friendly formats', these tools should facilitate the 'uptake and application of knowledge' ([13], p.19). The other steps shown in Figure 1 comprise the 'action cycle' representing other 'activities that may be needed for knowledge application' ([13], p.20).
In addressing the needs of people working, studying or interested in Indigenous health, 4 the HealthInfoNet's TR attempts to provide some coverage of (1) around 30 health and health-related topics of relevance to Indigenous health; (2) eight population groups (such as women, infants and children, and offenders); and (3) Indigenous health by states and territories. (The funds available to the HealthInfoNet mean that its TR is very modest: only selected topics benefit from a reasonable TR attention, and, even of those topics, the coverage is much less than ideal.)
The HealthInfoNet's main contributions to professional practice in Indigenous health through translational research, summarised below, are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: HealthInfoNet's contributions to professional practice in Indigenous health through translational research
As with all TR, an important focus of the HealthInfoNet is on the synthesis of knowledge and information related to specific health issues. The purpose of these narrative reviews of the knowledge-support type is to provide comprehensive, authoritative, up-to-date reviews of health issues among Indigenous people to inform practice and, to a lesser extent, policy in the area.
The HealthInfoNet's current syntheses provide an overview of health issues in terms of:
The syntheses draw on all the relevant evidence, including the relevant scientific literature5 and essential contextual evidence. The HealthInfoNet currently undertakes its syntheses at three levels. The highest level involves HealthInfoNet staff working with relevant experts in the field with the synthesis subjected to formal peer-review. At the second level, the synthesis prepared by HealthInfoNet staff is subjected to peer-review. The third level is similar to the second, but without peer-review. 6
The HealthInfoNet recognises that there is considerable scope for expanding the way that it undertakes its syntheses, but the funds available currently preclude such expansion.
Ideally, preparation of these syntheses would be undertaken with a suitable combination of Indigenous and non-Indigenous experts in the area, including practitioners, policy-makers and researchers. Attention to the evidence would be widened to include close scrutiny of the international literature related to the specific health topic. The preparation would probably also involve a face-to-face meeting of the people involved to reach some consensus on contentious issues. 7
The HealthInfoNet also synthesises evidence of Indigenous health in its Overview of Indigenous health status, a comprehensive summary of the major issues. The overview is updated annually.
In line with the CIHR's action cycle, the HealthInfoNet works at adapting/tailoring knowledge for specific groups of health workers, with special attention directed to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health workers. Many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health workers do not have the benefit of upper high school and/or tertiary education, so versions of recent HealthInfoNet syntheses are being made available in 'plain language' forms. 8
The HealthInfoNet has also developed special sections of its site for specific groups of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health workers. Examples are the sections for Indigenous environmental health workers, and social and emotional wellbeing workers.
The HealthInfoNet's searchable bibliography of almost 18,300 journal articles, reports and the like on Indigenous health and related areas is a valuable tool for people involved in the area - directly for continuing professional development and also in assisting them to turn knowledge into action. 9 The HealthInfoNet's bibliography, which includes both the formal and 'grey' literature, 10 is by far the most comprehensive collection of Indigenous health sources available. In being similar to an intermediate bibliography for people involved in other types of TR, it is particularly valuable for people who are undertaking population-level TR in Indigenous health. 11
The HealthInfoNet also maintains extensive searchable databases on: (1) health promotion and practice resources; and (2) programs and projects. Both of these databases facilitate knowledge use.
The core products of the HealthInfoNet's TR are important in informing Indigenous health practitioners, but effective health practice needs more than this 'propositional knowledge': it also needs 'professional craft knowledge' (arising from professional experience) and 'personal knowledge' ([20], p.61). Implicit also is the need for a range of contextual knowledge.
Reflecting the breadth of knowledge required for effective health practice, most health topic sections of the HealthInfoNet's web resource provide a range of other information specific to the topic (such as policies and strategies, health promotion and practice resources, programs and projects, organisations, and publications) as well as a topic-specific synthesis.
The HealthInfoNet also provides details of new evidence under the relevant sections of its online journal, the Australian Indigenous HealthBulletin ('journal articles' and 'resources', for example) (see healthbulletin.org.au). 12 The 'Just in' section lists new entries in reverse chronological order and each entry in the relevant section shows when it was added to the HealthBulletin. Users can also check for entries on specific issues from the 'Topics' navigation button.
The HealthInfoNet also encourages and supports the sharing of knowledge and experiences among practitioners, policy-makers and others working to improve Indigenous health. Its yarning places enable people with common interests and purposes to share information, knowledge and experiences from different states, territories, regions and sectors.
Recognition that the health-care system - in both developed and developing countries - falls well short of what could be achieved has been increasing in recent years, promoting calls for more effective ways of translating knowledge into practice [1][2]. The initial focus of these calls for TR was directed at the translation of basic and clinical studies into clinical practice, but the need for similar research at the public and population health levels is now starting to attract the attention it deserves [1][16].
The increasing attention directed at public and population health TR provides clear directions for the Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet, which has been working in the area since its establishment in 1997. These directions have been used already in the refinement of its reviews of health topics, which fit generally within the narrative review/synthesis type. Importantly, the lessons from TR are also being used to improve the HealthInfoNet's work aimed at the knowledge support of people working at improving the health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.
The terms 'public health' and 'population health' are frequently used interchangeably, and the latter term is often used, loosely, when referring to the health of populations. The confusion from the imprecise use of these terms is compounded by the incorrect use of 'public health' as an adjective when referring to publicly funded health-care services. Particularly within Australia, incorrect references to 'public health' services when considering public hospital and other clinical services led to the replacement by some agencies of the term 'public health' by 'population health'. The lack of clarity with these terms may not be of great concern in a lay context. On the other hand, it is important that the terms are used more precisely when considering aspects of health policy, including policies and strategies relating to health research.
'Population health' and 'the health of populations' are deceptively similar, but the latter term is used generally in its literal sense. Population health, on the other hand, is a complex, relatively new term, the meaning of which is subject to debate [21][22][23][24][25][26][27]. For a start, there is some tension about whether population health is 'a field of study about health determinants' or 'a concept of health' ([21], p.381). Under the latter interpretation, population health is 'the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group' ([21], p.381). The populations can be regional or national, or specific sub-populations, such as older people, women or Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. An important aspect of population health is that its 'outcomes ... extend beyond diseases to also include functional status and wellbeing, both physical and mental' ([28], p.367).
Regardless of the particular population, the 'hallmark' of population health is the attention given to the broad determinants of health, including 'medical care, public health interventions, aspects of the social environment (income, education, employment, social support, culture) and of the physical environment (urban design, clean air and water), genetics, and individual behaviour' ([21], p.381).
'Public health' is defined as 'activities that a society undertakes to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy. These include organised community efforts to prevent, identify and counter threats to the public' ([22], p.147). This definition is broad enough to include the broad areas covered by 'population health', and probably did so in the past [25][29].
The emergence of 'population health' has been attributed, at least partly, to increasing dissatisfaction with the scope of 'public health', which had been seen as becoming much more narrow than in previous times [22][25][29]. As noted by The Milbank Quarterly in changing its sub-title from 'A journal of public health and health care policy' to 'A multidisciplinary journal of population health and health policy':
These understandings of population health and public health are shown in the Figure. Public health, 'activities that a society undertakes to assure the conditions in which people can be healthy' fits within the scope of the much broader population health.
Figure: Relationship of population health and public health
The breadth of population health, directing attention, as it does, to much more than medical care and public health interventions, requires the involvement of a variety of disciplines not normally associated with medical and health research. This breadth, and the variety of disciplines involved, has ultimately led to debate about the nature of population health research of the knowledge inquiry type [24][25][26][27][31]. The relevance of the debate to population health translational research (knowledge synthesis of the decision-support and knowledge support categories) is less clear, as much of this research draws on population health knowledge inquiry research, and surveillance and other information.
As noted above, the distinction between 'population health' and 'the health of populations' is generally quite clear. However, the increasing use of population health as summarised above has created some ambiguity in expressions like 'population health impact'. Clinical, public health and population health interventions can all be expected to have a positive impact at a population level. For clarity, it appears desirable to avoid expressions like 'population health impact', referring instead to 'impact at a population level'.
The use of systematic reviews is now well established in assessing 'what works' in health, particularly in clinical medicine, but their emergence in relation to health is a relatively recent phenomenon [32][33][34]. Until the late 1980s, most reviews in health were 'written by acknowledged experts in the field and provided little information with respect to how the expert had conducted the review, what evidence the expert considered when writing the review, or the scientific basis for any of its recommendations' ([33], p.1-2). This was despite a long history of interest in research synthesis generally, and increasing sophistication in methods relating to a variety of disciplines, including medicine, physics, agriculture, and, particularly the social sciences [32].
The enormous success of systematic reviews in confirming the effectiveness or otherwise of various health-care interventions, 13 particularly related to clinical medicine was accompanied by the relative neglect of other reviews; but, as noted by Mays and colleagues ([35], p.S1.6): 'decision-makers must address complicated questions about the nature and significance of the problem to be addressed; the nature of the proposed interventions; their differential impact; cost-effectiveness; acceptability; and so on....Cochrane-style reviews alone are not sufficient'.
The realisation that Cochrane-style reviews alone are not sufficient for many people in the health sector has stimulated close consideration, particularly in the United Kingdom, of the types of reviews that are appropriate [35][36][37][38][39][40].
It was recognised that reviews 'to support the complex and often messy decision-making that policy-makers and managers are involved will of necessity have to address a wider range of questions at different points in the decision-making process ... [and] will often need to draw on diverse sources of evidence' ([35], p.S1.6-7). These diverse sources could include quantitative and qualitative data from both research and non-research sources. By extending beyond just research evidence, reviews of this type are more appropriately called knowledge synthesis.
Generally, are required for both 'knowledge support' and 'decision support' ([35], p.S1.8), and need to be explicit about the methods used and the nature and quality of their evidence.
Mays and colleagues (2005) [35] identify four types of reviews: narrative approaches; qualitative approaches; quantitative approaches; and Bayesian meta-analysis and decision analysis. The following discussion will focus on narrative approaches, of which there are two sub-types: narrative reviews and narrative syntheses. 14
Narrative reviews 'summarise, explain and interpret evidence on a particular topic/question ... [and] may draw on qualitative and/or quantitative evidence and often include some form of thematic analysis' ([35], p.S1.11). Mays and colleagues conclude that their 'flexibility and ease of handing a very wide range of evidence means that narrative reviews are likely to remain an important tool for policy and management' ([35], p.S1.11). By bringing together a wide range of evidence on a particular topic, narrative reviews also provide the very important 'knowledge support' function for people working at the health 'coal face'. Bearing in mind the wide variety of people working at the 'coal face', the findings of a narrative review may need to be presented in a number of forms, including a 'plan language' form. Narrative syntheses differ mainly from narrative review in that they also synthesise, in various ways, evidence from a number of studies.
Importantly, unlike the health reviews typical of times before the advent of systematic reviews, which were described as often haphazard, biased and subject to the idiosyncratic impressions of the reviewer [41], narrative syntheses and reviews need to be explicit in the methods used and the nature and quality of their research and non-research evidence.
The almost total focus within the health field remains on research synthesis of Cochrane-style systematic reviews of 'what works', but it is being recognised increasingly that these quite narrow, quantitative syntheses of purely research evidence are not enough. Knowledge synthesis, in the form of narrative reviews/syntheses, are important for both policy and management purposes. Perhaps even more important is their role in knowledge support of the wide range of people working in the health and related sectors.
The HealthInfoNet works systematically to identify and collect all possible Indigenous-specific material of relevance to each health and related topic. As well as the basic literature, comprising journal articles, reports, books and the like, attention is directed to practice-related material, such as details of programs and projects and health promotion and other resources.
The means of identifying and collecting information vary according to the type of material and to the staff resources available to fully implement the appropriate search strategies. 15
The identification of some published literature is relatively straightforward, but the identification of 'grey' literature can be more complex. 16 The attention to the Indigenous health grey literature recognises its great importance for practitioners and policy-makers in addressing various aspects of health and wellbeing among Indigenous people. The HealthInfoNet has taken an inclusive approach to identifying relevant material with a major focus on grey literature.
Searches are mainly conducted online and are focused on journal articles and reports by government and non-government organisations and by tertiary institutions published in hard copy and/or online formats (such as PDFs, videos, PowerPoint presentations and audio files).
A blanket search is conducted daily by using alerts and RSS feeds with the use of a range of key words for generic search terms, specific search terms, and multiple search terms in order to discover every available source of information relevant to the HealthInfoNet collection. Alerts and RSS feeds are accessed from databases such as Wiley Online Library, BioMed Central, Australian Bureau of Statistics, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, Drug Info Clearinghouse, Medical Journal of Australia, Sage Journals, and many others.
A systematic search is also made of individual websites that have no alert system in place: these include government departments, university organisations and thesis programs, Menzies School of Health Research, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Australian Lung Foundation, and the Australian Indigenous Doctors Association, to name a few from the more than five hundred checked regularly.
Further specific searches are also made by the use of Boolean search strategies, which enable the identification of specialised literature that would be missed by the use of generic terms. Searches using Boolean strategies are conducted within databases such as Medline, Mednar, PsycInfo, CINAHL, and BioMedCentral when a particular specialised aspect of health or disease is required.
Some of the websites accessed also provide information about programs, projects and resource materials (such as guidelines, fact sheets, flipcharts, booklets, pamphlets, audiovisual material online, DVDs, and CDs). The identification of these types of material usually requires direct contact methods, which are staff intensive and time-consuming. Their identification is important, however, as it can enable health workers to access the newest and most relevant resources.