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For other uses, see Asphalt (disambiguation). Note: The terms bitumen and asphalt are mostly interchangeable, Asphalt Pavement Construction in Westcliff except where asphalt is used as a shorthand for asphalt concrete. Natural bitumen from the Dead Sea Refined asphalt The University of Queensland pitch drop experiment, demonstrating the viscosity of asphalt
Asphalt (/ˈæsˌfɔːlt, -ˌfɑːlt/), also known as bitumen (UK English: /ˈbɪtʃəmən, ˈbɪtjʊmən/,[1] US English: /bɪˈt(j)uːmən, baɪˈt(j)uːmən/)[2] is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.
The primary use (70%) of asphalt Asphalt Driveway Sealing Companies is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
The terms "asphalt" and "bitumen" are often used interchangeably to mean both natural and manufactured forms of the substance. In American English, "asphalt" (or "asphalt cement") is commonly used for a refined residue from the distillation process of selected crude oils. Outside the United States, the product is often called "bitumen", and geologists worldwide often prefer the term for the naturally occurring variety. Common colloquial usage often refers to various forms of asphalt as "tar", as in the name of the La Brea Tar Pits.
Diverging diamond interchange
Naturally occurring asphalt is sometimes specified by the term "crude bitumen". Asphalt Pavement Construction Its viscosity is similar to that of cold molasses[6][7] while the material obtained from the fractional distillation of crude oil boiling at 525 °C (977 °F) is sometimes referred to as "refined bitumen". The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural asphalt in the Athabasca oil sands, which cover 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England.
The word "asphalt" is derived from the late Middle English, in turn from French asphalte, based on Late Latin asphalton, asphaltum, which is the latinisation of the Greek ἄσφαλτος (ásphaltos, ásphalton), a word meaning "asphalt/bitumen/pitch" which perhaps derives from ἀ-, "without" and σφάλλω (sfallō), "make fall". Asphalt Driveway Pavers Cost the first use of asphalt by the ancients was in the nature of a cement for securing or joining together various objects, and it thus seems likely that the name itself was expressive of this application. Specifically, Herodotus mentioned that bitumen was brought to Babylon to build its gigantic fortification wall.[11] From the Greek, the word passed into late Latin, and thence into French (asphalte) and English ("asphaltum" and "asphalt"). In French, the term asphalte is used for naturally occurring asphalt-soaked limestone deposits, and for specialised manufactured products with fewer voids or greater bitumen content than the "asphaltic concrete" used to pave roads.
The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit words jatu, meaning "pitch", and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating" or "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo-Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.
In British English, "bitumen" is used instead of "asphalt". The word "asphalt" is instead used to refer to asphalt concrete, a mixture of construction aggregate and asphalt itself (also called "tarmac" in common parlance). Bitumen mixed with clay was usually called "asphaltum",[13] but the term is less commonly used today.[citation needed]
Asphalt concrete
In Australian English, "bitumen" is often used as the generic term for road surfaces.
In American English, "asphalt" is equivalent to the British "bitumen". However, "asphalt" is also commonly used as a shortened form of "asphalt concrete" (therefore equivalent to the British "asphalt" or "tarmac").
In Canadian English, the word "bitumen" is used to refer to the vast Canadian deposits of extremely heavy crude oil,[14] while "asphalt" is used for the oil refinery product. Diluted bitumen (diluted with naphtha to make it flow in pipelines) is known as "dilbit" in the Canadian petroleum industry, while bitumen "upgraded" to synthetic crude oil is known as "syncrude", and syncrude blended with bitumen is called "synbit".[15]
"Bitumen" is still the preferred geological term for naturally occurring deposits of the solid or semi-solid form of petroleum. "Bituminous rock" is a form of sandstone impregnated with bitumen. The tar sands of Alberta, Canada are a similar material.
Neither of the terms "asphalt" or "bitumen" should be confused with tar or coal tars.[further explanation needed]
See also: Asphaltene
The components of asphalt include four main classes of compounds:
The naphthene aromatics and polar aromatics are typically the majority components. Most natural bitumens also contain organosulfur compounds, resulting in an overall sulfur content of up to 4%. Nickel and vanadium are found at <10 parts per million, as is typical of some petroleum.
The substance is soluble in carbon disulfide. It is commonly modelled as a colloid, with asphaltenes as the dispersed phase and maltenes as the continuous phase.[16] "It is almost impossible to separate and identify all the different molecules of asphalt, because the number of molecules with different chemical structure is extremely large".
Asphalt may be confused with coal tar, which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century, when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of coal tar to macadam roads led to the word "tarmac", which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. "Pitch" is another term sometimes informally used at times to refer to asphalt, as in Pitch Lake.
Bituminous outcrop of the Puy de la Poix, Clermont-Ferrand, France
The majority of asphalt used commercially is obtained from petroleum.[18] Nonetheless, large amounts of asphalt occur in concentrated form in nature. Naturally occurring deposits of bitumen are formed from the remains of ancient, microscopic algae (diatoms) and other once-living things. These remains were deposited in the mud on the bottom of the ocean or lake where the organisms lived. Under the heat (above 50 °C) and pressure of burial deep in the earth, the remains were transformed into materials such as bitumen, kerogen, or petroleum.
Natural deposits of bitumen include lakes such as the Pitch Lake in Trinidad and Tobago and Lake Bermudez in Venezuela. Natural seeps occur in the La Brea Tar Pits and in the Dead Sea.
Bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4×10^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the output is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.
Road surface
The world's largest deposit of natural bitumen, known as the Athabasca oil sands, is located in the McMurray Formation of Northern Alberta. This formation is from the early Cretaceous, and is composed of numerous lenses of oil-bearing sand with up to 20% oil.[19] Isotopic studies show the oil deposits to be about 110 million years old.[20] Two smaller but still very large formations occur in the Peace River oil sands and the Cold Lake oil sands, to the west and southeast of the Athabasca oil sands, respectively. Of the Alberta deposits, only parts of the Athabasca oil sands are shallow enough to be suitable for surface mining. The other 80% has to be produced by oil wells using enhanced oil recovery techniques like steam-assisted gravity drainage.
Much smaller heavy oil or bitumen deposits also occur in the Uinta Basin in Utah, US. The Tar Sand Triangle deposit, for example, is roughly 6% bitumen.
Bitumen may occur in hydrothermal veins. An example of this is within the Uinta Basin of Utah, in the US, where there is a swarm of laterally and vertically extensive veins composed of a solid hydrocarbon termed Gilsonite. These veins formed by the polymerization and solidification of hydrocarbons that were mobilized from the deeper oil shales of the Green River Formation during burial and diagenesis.
Bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites.[23] However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct.[24] The vast Alberta bitumen resources are considered to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over time, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres and trapped into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.
The use of natural bitumen for waterproofing, and as an adhesive dates at least to the fifth millennium BC, with a crop storage basket discovered in Mehrgarh, of the Indus Valley Civilization, lined with it.[25] By the 3rd millennia BC refined rock asphalt was in use, in the region, and was used to waterproof the Great Bath, Mohenjo-daro.
In the ancient Middle East, the Sumerians used natural bitumen deposits for mortar between bricks and stones, to cement parts of carvings, such as eyes, into place, for ship caulking, and for waterproofing.[3] The Greek historian Herodotus said hot bitumen was used as mortar in the walls of Babylon.
The 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) long Euphrates Tunnel beneath the river Euphrates at Babylon in the time of Queen Semiramis (ca. 800 BC) was reportedly constructed of burnt bricks covered with bitumen as a waterproofing agent.
Bitumen was used by ancient Egyptians to embalm mummies.[3][28] The Persian word for asphalt is moom, which is related to the English word mummy. The Egyptians' primary source of bitumen was the Dead Sea, which the Romans knew as Palus Asphaltites (Asphalt Lake).
Approximately 40 AD, Dioscorides described the Dead Sea material as Judaicum bitumen, and noted other places in the region where it could be found.[29] The Sidon bitumen is thought to refer to material found at Hasbeya.[30] Pliny refers also to bitumen being found in Epirus. It was a valuable strategic resource, the object of the first known battle for a hydrocarbon deposit—between the Seleucids and the Nabateans in 312 BC.
In the ancient Far East, natural bitumen was slowly boiled to get rid of the higher fractions, leaving a thermoplastic material of higher molecular weight that when layered on objects became quite hard upon cooling. This was used to cover objects that needed waterproofing,[3] such as scabbards and other items. Statuettes of household deities were also cast with this type of material in Japan, and probably also in China.
In North America, archaeological recovery has indicated bitumen was sometimes used to adhere stone projectile points to wooden shafts.[32] In Canada, aboriginal people used bitumen seeping out of the banks of the Athabasca and other rivers to waterproof birch bark canoes, and also heated it in smudge pots to ward off mosquitoes in the summer.
In 1553, Pierre Belon described in his work Observations that pissasphalto, a mixture of pitch and bitumen, was used in the Republic of Ragusa (now Dubrovnik, Croatia) for tarring of ships.
Crocodile cracking
An 1838 edition of Mechanics Magazine cites an early use of asphalt in France. A pamphlet dated 1621, by "a certain Monsieur d'Eyrinys, states that he had discovered the existence (of asphaltum) in large quantities in the vicinity of Neufchatel", and that he proposed to use it in a variety of ways – "principally in the construction of air-proof granaries, and in protecting, by means of the arches, the water-courses in the city of Paris from the intrusion of dirt and filth", which at that time made the water unusable. "He expatiates also on the excellence of this material for forming level and durable terraces" in palaces, "the notion of forming such terraces in the streets not one likely to cross the brain of a Parisian of that generation".
But the substance was generally neglected in France until the revolution of 1830. In the 1830s there was a surge of interest, and asphalt became widely used "for pavements, flat roofs, and the lining of cisterns, and in England, some use of it had been made of it for similar purposes". Its rise in Europe was "a sudden phenomenon", after natural deposits were found "in France at Osbann (Bas-Rhin), the Parc (Ain) and the Puy-de-la-Poix (Puy-de-Dôme)", although it could also be made artificially.[35] One of the earliest uses in France was the laying of about 24,000 square yards of Seyssel asphalt at the Place de la Concorde in 1835.
Among the earlier uses of bitumen in the United Kingdom was for etching. William Salmon's Polygraphice (1673) provides a recipe for varnish used in etching, consisting of three ounces of virgin wax, two ounces of mastic, and one ounce of asphaltum.[37] By the fifth edition in 1685, he had included more asphaltum recipes from other sources.
The first British patent for the use of asphalt was "Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen" in 1834.[35] Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement,[39][40] having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain.[41][42] Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)".[43] Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.
Claridge obtained a patent in Scotland on 27 March 1838, and obtained a patent in Ireland on 23 April 1838. In 1851, extensions for the 1837 patent and for both 1838 patents were sought by the trustees of a company previously formed by Claridge. Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company—formed in 1838 for the purpose of introducing to Britain "Asphalte in its natural state from the mine at Pyrimont Seysell in France",—"laid one of the first asphalt pavements in Whitehall". Trials were made of the pavement in 1838 on the footway in Whitehall, the stable at Knightsbridge Barracks,"and subsequently on the space at the bottom of the steps leading from Waterloo Place to St. James Park". "The formation in 1838 of Claridge's Patent Asphalte Company (with a distinguished list of aristocratic patrons, and Marc and Isambard Brunel as, respectively, a trustee and consulting engineer), gave an enormous impetus to the development of a British asphalt industry".[45] "By the end of 1838, at least two other companies, Robinson's and the Bastenne company, were in production",[50] with asphalt being laid as paving at Brighton, Herne Bay, Canterbury, Kensington, the Strand, and a large floor area in Bunhill-row, while meantime Claridge's Whitehall paving "continue(d) in good order".
Asphalt Pavement Construction in Westcliff ?Boulevard Haussmann in Paris, France. The Straße des 17. Juni in Berlin, Germany.
A boulevard (French, from Dutch: Bolwerk – bulwark, meaning bastion), often abbreviated Blvd, is a type of large road, usually running through a city.
In modern American usage it often means a wide, multi-lane arterial thoroughfare, often divided with a median down the centre, and perhaps with roadways along each side designed as slow travel and parking lanes and for bicycle and pedestrian usage, often with an above-average quality of landscaping and scenery.
Phnom Penh has numerous boulevards scattered throughout the city. Norodom Boulevard, Sisowath Boulevard, Monivong Boulevard, and Sothearos Boulevard are the most famous.Marine Drive, Mumbai View of Rajpath from Raisina Hill with India Gate at its terminal Keshavarz Boulevard of Tehran, Iran in mid 1970s
In Iran, "Boulevard" is generally defined as a wide road surrounded by trees in sides and divided by a green space line including grass, trees or buxuses in the middle. There are many boulevards in Iran. One of the most famous one is Keshavarz Boulevard in Tehran which is usually referred to as "The Boulevard". Isfahan has also a historical boulevard which is called Chaharbagh Boulevard.
Tel Aviv, was originally designed along the guidelines set out by architect Sir Patrick Geddes. Geddes designed a green or garden ring of boulevards surrounding the central city, which still exists today and continues to characterize Tel Aviv. One of the most famous and busy streets in the city is Rothschild Boulevard.Roxas Boulevard in Manila, Philippines.
Roxas Boulevard is a major boulevard in Metro Manila, Philippines. The boulevard, which runs along the shores of Manila Bay, is popular for its view of Manila's famous sunsets and stretch of coconut trees. The boulevard is an eight-lane major arterial road designated as Radial Road 1 that connects the center of Manila with Pasay and Parañaque.
Other boulevards in Metro Manila include the Shaw Boulevard, España Boulevard, Pedro Tuazon Boulevard and Quezon Boulevard. Not all boulevards in the Philippines have ornamentation, or slow lanes, like the Aurora Boulevard and E. Rodriguez Sr. Boulevard, which have no ornamentation at all.
Osmeña Boulevard is a boulevard in Cebu City, the Philippines' second city. It is Cebu's most important street and is its primary ceremonial avenue,[1] the conventional route of the city's civic and cultural parades. Measuring six to ten lanes wide with 3-5 meter-wide sidewalks on both sides and a landscaped central median, the boulevard is lined with narra trees. Midway is the park and roundabout of Fuente Osmeña.See also: Vienna Ring Road
The Ring Road (German: Ringstraße) is a circular ring road surrounding the Innere Stadt district of Vienna, Austria and is one of its main sights. Constructed in the mid-19th century after the dismantling of the city fortification walls, its architecture is typical of the eclectic, historicist style called Ringstraßenstil (Ring Road Style) of the 1860s to 1890s.
Known for its unique architectural beauty and history, it has also been called the "Lord of the ring roads", and is inscribed by UNESCO as part of Vienna's World Heritage Site.
The Ringstraße is 5.2 kilometers (3.2 miles) long and has several sections. It surrounds the central area of Vienna on all sides, except for the northeast, where its place is taken by the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the street going along the Donaukanal (a branch of the Danube). Starting from the Ringturm at the northern end of the Franz-Josephs-Kai, the sections are:See also: Boulevards of Paris
Baron Haussmann made such roads well known in his re-shaping of Second Empire Paris between 1853 and 1870. The French word boulevard originally referred to the flat summit of a rampart (the etymology of the word distantly parallels that of bulwark which is a Dutch loanword [bolwerk]). Several Parisian boulevards replaced old city walls; more generally, boulevards encircle a city center, in contrast to avenues that radiate from the center.
Boulevard is sometimes used to describe an elegantly wide road, such as those in Paris, approaching the Champs-Élysées. Famous French boulevards: Avenue Montaigne, Montmartre, Invalides, Boulevard Haussmann. Frequenters of boulevards were sometimes called boulevardiersUnter den Linden, Berlin, Germany.
The historically most famous boulevard in Berlin and arguably in all of Germany is Unter den Linden: location of the Berlin State Opera, Berlin Cathedral, the former royal palace, Humboldt University, the Neue Wache state memorial, the Germany Historical Museum housed in the old arsenal and Brandenburg Gate being the boulevard's focal point. Most famed for its classy shopping facilities is Berlin's Kurfürstendamm.
In the 1920s it was considered one of the most cosmopolitan places in Europe, being not only an elegant residential area but also a major centre of nightlife and leisure. Ku'damm retained this air throughout the Cold War becoming the hub of free West-Berlin. Still today it is the city's most frequented shopping district.
A notable boulevard in Berlin's East is Karl-Marx-Allee, which was built primarily in the 1950s in Stalinist Classicism architecture with decorative buildings. One section of the boulevard is more decorative while the other is more modern. In the center of the boulevard is the Strausberger Platz, which has buildings in wedding-cake style. The boulevard is divided into various blocks. Between 1949 and 1989, it was the main center of East Berlin. The Königsallee in Düsseldorf is known for its many famous fashion stores and showrooms.
Munich is well known for its four royal avenues constructed by the Bavarian monarchs of the 19th century, which can also be classified as boulevards: Brienner Straße, Leopoldstrasse, Maximilianstraße, and Prinzregentenstraße.Combino Supra at the Grand Boulevard, Budapest, Hungary
The Hungarian capital Budapest is also known for its well planned street system with wide avenues and boulevards, running through the city. There are three main boulevards, named Little Boulevard, Grand Boulevard and Hungária Boulevard. Little Boulevard was built on the demolished medieval city walls of Pest in the late 19th century. Grand Boulevard, the most prominent, was built for the 1000th anniversary of the Hungarian conquest in 1896. It has a uniform facade, and the busiest tram line in Europe.[2]
Hungária Boulevard was built from 1980 to 2000 and it is the widest (70 meters, like Champs-Élysées) and longest (13 kilometers) boulevard in Budapest with six to ten traffic lanes and a rapid tram line. Although the construction of the boulevard was finished in 2000, the facade is still incomplete, as there are many empty parcels due to demolition of old apartments and factories.
As in the UK, Ireland also has a lack of boulevards, but O'Connell Street in Dublin is one of Europe's widest streets and is very like a Victorian boulevard. In recent housing developments in Dublin, the boulevard is becoming more and more common in addresses (e.g. Tyrellstown Blvd, Park Blvd, Bayside Blvd), and a boulevard was opened in Gorey, County Wexford in early 2015.Boulevard in Florence, Italy
Florence's historic centre, for example, is surrounded by the Viali di Circonvallazione, a series of 6-lane wide streets; the boulevards follow the outline of the ancient walls of Florence, that were demolished since 1865 to make Florence, then the capital of Italy (for 5 years, 1865–1870), a modern and big city like the other European capitals. The Viali were inspired by the similar Parisian boulevards.Oder in Szczecin
Boulevards are representative places in cities situated near big rivers and usually parts of their centres, for example in Cracow, Warsaw, Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Gdańsk, Gorzów Wielkopolski, Wrocław and Świnoujście.
One of the most famous boulevards in Poland is the street named Wały Chrobrego (former German name: Hakenterrasse) in Szczecin, where the final events of The Tall Ships' Races took place in 2007 and 2013. This is a street complex, about 100 years old, at the river bank of Oder with some connections to the harbour in Szczecin and the Baltic Sea. There are many tourist attractions e.g. National Museum in Szczecin, The Contemporary Theater (Teatr Współczesny), Statue of Hercules fighting the Centaur and the waterfront for ships, including harbour cruise ships and hydrofoil to Świnoujście. In the area there are more historic buildings situated, for instance The Ducal Castle.
Some tourist towns and villages are known among others for their boulevards and esplanades. There are many localities situated by the sea, for example Sopot, Gdynia, Kołobrzeg, Misdroy and Świnoujście, or other types of big water areas as Trzebież lying on the Szczecin Lagoon. Feliks Nowowiejski Seaside Boulevard in Gdynia was the first stage of the Tour de Pologne in 2003. Boulevards are also representative places in Gryfino (dictrict town in Poland) and German village Mescherin localized by both sides of the valley of Oder river protected with Lower Odra Valley Landscape Park.
There are also many boulevards by lakes and small rivers, mainly in harbours areas, as in Giżycko, and in urban parks, for example in Łobez, Piotrków Trybunalski, Poznań and the oldest Polish urban park in Kalisz founded in 1798. Boulevards and paths in Łazienki Park in Warsaw surround Palace on the Water. The medieval port crane, called Żuraw, over Motława river, the junction of two boulevards - Długie Pobrzeże and Rybackie Pobrzeże - is the symbol of the medieval harbour of Gdańsk. The Old Town Promenade (Promenada Staromiejska) in Wrocław was built on the former on the former defensive fortifications along the City Moat and a small section along the Oder river. The boulevard in Kasprowicz Park in Szczecin leads along Rusałka Lake from the City Hall area to The Summer Theater (Teatr Letni) and then to Różanka Rose Garden and the forest of Puszcza Wkrzańska. The scenic above ground promenade in Augustów enables the observation of the Augustów Canal and national roads 8 and 16.Clean Ponds in the wide median green of Chistoprudny Boulevard, Moscow, Russia
The dictionary defines boulevard as a wide green strip in the middle of a city street or on the embankment.[3] Historical Boulevard Ring in Moscow emerged on the site of the former White City walls (demolished in the 1760s and 1770s) before the Fire of 1812, starting with Tverskoy Boulevard in 1796.[4] The whole ring was replanted and rebuilt after the fire, in the 1820s; together with the embankments of Moskva River the boulevards form the second centremost city ring.
Green boulevards of that period were terminated with corner hotel and shop buildings, most of them eventually demolished to make way for street traffic. Garden Ring, developed in the middle of the 19th century, had traditional median boulevards in its western part and side gardens in the east (streets with side strips of green, even those separating main traffic and frontage roads, are not usually considered boulevards).
Street names of Saint Petersburg evolved differently: median greens of major avenues were called boulevards, but the avenues themselves typically were and still are called prospekts (i.e. Bolshoy Prospekt of Vasilievsky Island).
Owing to city planning and physical geography, the UK has only a few boulevards. Glasgow's Mosspark Boulevard, a former segregated tram and car wide road along Bellahouston Park, and Great Western Road, colloqially known as 'The Boulevard' north of the River, is a good example, a mostly dual carriageway road running to the outer suburbs passing through the fashionable West End district, with many shops and bars dotted along the route.
After the Great Fire of London, London was supposed to be formed of straight boulevards, squares and plazas which are seen in mainland Europe, but due to land ownership issues these plans never came to fruition. Boulevards in London are rare but examples, such as Blackfriars Road, do exist. Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, is one of only a handful of examples where boulevards are a key feature. This is due to Milton Keynes being built as a modern new town in the 1960s.
Nottingham (and to a lesser extent, Leicester) also have extensive networks of boulevards, although some lower-capacity highways are named boulevards even when they are streets; for example Gilbert Boulevard, Arnold[5] (Asquith Way/Boulevard, West Knighton).
Furthermore, the north-west town of Warrington in Cheshire has a large number of boulevards, some more recent than others. Lining the Gemini Retail Park in Warrington is Europa Boulevard with the traditional tree lined pavements and two-lane traffic. Also, on the recent housing development, Chapelford - built on the old Burtonwood Airbase site, are a number of boulevards such as Boston and Santa Rosa Boulevard, built in reference to the American history associated from World War II on the site.Barbaros Boulevard in Istanbul, Turkey
Barbaros Boulevard is opened in 1958 due to new city planning in Istanbul. Ankara also has a lot of boulevards.View of Mexico City's Paseo de la Reforma from Castillo de Chapultepec.
In the Dominican Republic, more specifically in Greater Santo Domingo there is the Winston Churchill and 27 de Febrero Boulevard in Downtown Santo Domingo and Las Americas Boulevard in Santo Domingo Este. These boulevards are known for their wide median with plazas and trees on it.
Paseo de la Reforma (English: "Reform Promenade") is a 12 kilometer long boulevard in Mexico City, Mexico that runs in a straight line, cutting diagonally across the city. It runs from Chapultepec Park, then passes alongside the Torre Mayor (currently Latin America's tallest building), continues through the fashionable Zona Rosa and then to the Zócalo by Juárez Avenue and Francisco I. Madero Street. One of the most famous monuments of the Paseo is El Ángel de la Independencia – a tall column with a gilded statue of a Winged Victory on its top and marble statues at its base depicting the heroes of the Mexican War of Independence.
The Paseo de la Reforma was designed in the 1860s during the Second Mexican Empire by the Austrian military officer and engineer Ferdinand von Rosenzweig on the orders of Maximilian I of Mexico. He wanted to connect his imperial residence, Chapultepec Castle, to the Palacio Nacional in the city's center. When it was inaugurated, it was named the Paseo de la Emperatriz (The Empress's Promenade), after his consort, Empress Carlota of Mexico. The name now commemorates the liberal reforms of 19th-century president Benito Juárez.Queens Boulevard in New York City Road verge (or Boulevard) in Oak Park, Illinois Roosevelt Boulevard in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
In many places in the United States of America and Canada, municipalities and developers have adapted the term to refer to arterial roads, not necessarily boulevards in the traditional sense. In California, many so-called "boulevards" extend into the mountains as narrow, winding road segments only two lanes in width. However, boulevards can be any divided highway with at-grade intersections to local streets. They are commonly abbreviated Blvd. Some celebrated examples in California include:
In Chicago, the boulevard system is a network of wide, planted-median boulevards that winds through the south, west, and north sides of the city and includes a ring of parks. Most of the boulevards and parks are 3–6 miles from The Loop. Trucks are not allowed on boulevards in Chicago. Seattle also features a network of boulevards that connect most of the city's public parks to each other, a design recommended by the Olmsted Brothers.[6]
In Philadelphia, the boulevard system includes the length of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway known as the Museum District. It also includes the arterial roadway of the Roosevelt Boulevard and the Southern Boulevard Parkway built as a connecting median of two urban parks, but now also serves as the west roadway entrance of the world class centralized Philadelphia Sports Complex and gatehouse entrance of the Philadelphia Navy Yard in South Philadelphia.
Sometimes, the word "boulevard" is used as a standalone name, as is the case in Atlanta, and Roosevelt Boulevard in the Northeast section of Philadelphia is sometimes referred to, chiefly by locals, simply as "The Boulevard." In Pittsburgh, "The Boulevard of the Allies" runs through and connects major areas of the city.
Kansas City, Missouri and St. Louis, Missouri are famous for having more boulevards and avenues in the world than any city (if the term is used lightly). In Charlotte, North Carolina, Independence Boulevard connects Uptown to the southeastern section of the city, although the westernmost segment is actually a freeway.
New York City has a lot of boulevards, many of which are not designated as such (like Ocean Parkway or Broadway). In the borough of Queens, many important thoroughfares are designated as Boulevards.
Nineteenth century parkways, such as Brooklyn's Ocean Parkway, were often built in the form of boulevards and are informally referred to as such. In some cities, however, the term "boulevard" does not specify a larger, wider, or more important road. "Boulevard" may simply be used as one of many words describing roads in communities containing multiple iterations of the same street name (such as in the Ranchlands district of Calgary, where Ranchlands Boulevard exists side-by-side with Ranchlands Road, Ranchlands Court, Ranchlands Mews, etc.) Nowadays boulevards can be found most anywhere and their original structured meaning has lost almost all meaning.
Lake Shore Boulevard, a six-lane thoroughfare runs along the lakefront in Toronto from Woodbine Avenue in the east to the city limits in the west. The section between Jameson Avenue and the Humber River (the original section), as an example of urban planning, was laid out to provide a pleasant drive with a view of Humber Bay on Lake Ontario and easy access to the park lands by automobile. It was later expanded for commuting.
A famous American example is Las Vegas Boulevard in Las Vegas, Nevada.Norodom Boulevard
Melbourne has at least four roads named "the Boulevard." These are, generally, long roads with many curves which wind alongside the Yarra River. In addition, the spelling of boulevard with an extra 'e' is common, for example the Southlands Boulevarde shopping centre in southern Perth. Australia post officially abbreviates boulevard as "BVD".[7]
Several Melbourne thoroughfares not named as a boulevard do in fact follow the boulevard configuration of multiple lanes and landscaping. These include St Kilda Road, Royal Parade, Victoria Parade, Flemington Road, and the outer section of Mount Alexander Road.
Boulevards in Sydney include:
Additionally, single-suburb boulevards are situated in Brighton-le-Sands, Cammeray, Cheltenham, Epping, Lidcombe, Lilyfield, Malabar, Newport, Sans Souci, Strathfield and Yagoona.
Construction began on the Orewa Boulevard in March 2009, the works are expected to be complete by February 2010. This boulevard will be approximately 400 m long with Pohutukawa and palm lined footpaths, a wide cycleway will be constructed on the beach side of the road and carparks on the business side. The Orewa Boulevard is a project commissioned by the Rodney District Council with the vision of connecting the CBD to Orewa Beach.
Central Christchurch is surrounded and connected by a series of large boulevards (usually called "avenues" in New Zealand). These include four which surround the central city, Bealey Avenue, Fitzgerald Avenue, Deans Avenue, and Moorhouse Avenue, and also Riccarton Avenue, which traverses the large central city park, Hagley Park. The centre of the city is often described locally as being "within the Four Avenues".[8]
Avenida 9 de Julio in the heart of Buenos Aires, which is the capital city of Argentina, is as wide as 7 lanes in each direction, with 4 further lanes flanking the main boulevard in parallel roads on either side.View of Bogota's La Soledad Park Way Boulevard
In Bogotá, '''La Soledad Park Way Boulevard''' is an 1 kilometer important boulevard, in the Locality of Teusaquillo located in Bogotá's City Center and it crosses from the street 35 to street 45.
In the boulevard you can see several monuments and restaurants including Crepes & Waffles, Kokoriko, Subway, The Cheesecake Factory, and the historical hotel ''Hotel Park Way Boulevard''
In Montevideo, Artigas Boulevard is an important avenue (40 metres (130 ft) wide) that encloses the central area.
MacadamStandard design on a wide median.[1] Stylized depiction of the design in Grand Haven, Michigan, at US 31 and Robbins Road (north to the right), showing the additional area necessary to make a turn on a narrow median.[1] 43°2′40.18″N 86°13′12.57″W / 43.0444944°N 86.2201583°W / 43.0444944; -86.2201583 (US 31 at Robbins Road, Grand Haven, Michigan)
A Michigan left is an at-grade intersection design which replaces each left turn with a U-turn and a right turn. The design was given the name due to its frequent use along roads and highways in the U.S. state of Michigan since the late 1960s.[2] In other contexts, the intersection is called a median U-turn crossover or median U-turn.[1][3] The design is also sometimes referred to as a boulevard left,[4] a boulevard turnaround,[5] a Michigan loon[6] or a "ThrU Turn" intersection.[7][8]Two versions of signs posted along an intersecting road or street at an intersection. Top: most commonly used; Bottom: lesser-used variant.
The design occurs at intersections where at least one road is a divided highway or boulevard, and left turns onto—and usually from—the divided highway are prohibited. In almost every case, the divided highway is multi-laned in both directions. When on the secondary road, drivers are directed to turn right. Within 1⁄4 mile (400 m), they queue into a designated U-turn (or cross-over) lane in the median.
When traffic clears they complete the U-turn and go back through the intersection. Additionally, the U-turn lane is designed for one-way traffic. Similarly, traffic on the divided highway cannot turn left at an intersection with a cross street. Instead, drivers are instructed to "overshoot" the intersection, go through the U-turn lane, come back to the intersection from the opposite direction, and turn right.
When vehicles enter the cross-over area, unless markings on the ground indicate two turning lanes in the cross-over, drivers form one lane. A cross-over with two lanes is designed at high-volume cross-overs, or when the right lane turns onto an intersecting street. In this case, the right lane is reserved for vehicles completing the design. Most crossovers must be made large enough for semi-trailer trucks to complete the crossover. This large cross-over area often leads to two vehicles incorrectly lining up at a single cross-over.
The maneuver forces the driver to quickly merge into the extreme left lane to complete the turn, usually from a complete stop. The turning vehicle is potentially a hazard and may cause a disruption in the flow of traffic in the left lane.[citation needed]
When the median of a road is too narrow to allow for a standard Michigan left maneuver, a variation can be used which widens the pavement in the opposite direction of travel. This widened pavement is known as a "bulb out"[7] or a "loon" (from the pavement's aerial resemblance to the aquatic bird).[6] Such a design is sometimes referred to as a Michigan loon; in Utah, as a ThrU Turn, which is a portmanteau combining the terms "Through" (the intersection, followed by a) "U Turn".[7]
In 2013, Michigan lefts were installed in Alabama for the first time, in several locations along heavily traveled U.S. Route 280 in metro Birmingham.[9]
Tucson, Arizona, began introducing Michigan lefts in 2013, at Ina/Oracle and Grant/Oracle. Their reception has been mixed.[10]
The design is relatively common in New Orleans, Louisiana, and its suburb Metairie, where city boulevards may be split by streetcar tracks,[11] and suburban thoroughfares are often split by drainage canals.[12] Some intersections using this design are signed similarly to those in Michigan, but with more descriptive text,[13] however in some cases the only signage is "No Left Turn" and drivers are left to figure it out for themselves.[14]
Since the redevelopment of the intersection between University Boulevard (MD 193) and Colesville Road (US 29) in Silver Spring, Maryland, a Michigan left has been used to increase efficiency of traffic through an otherwise underdeveloped and congested intersection. Due to its proximity to the Capital Beltway, heavy traffic is handled more safely and efficiently.[citation needed]A typical Michigan left layout: Telegraph Road (US 24) at Warren Road near Detroit, showing Michigan lefts 42°20′28″N 83°16′23″W / 42.341°N 83.273°W / 42.341; -83.273 (US 24 (Telegraph Road) at Warren Road, Dearborn, Michigan)
The Michigan Department of Transportation first used the modern design at the intersection of 8 Mile Road (M-102) and Livernois Avenue[15] (42°26′46″N 83°08′28″W / 42.4461°N 83.141°W / 42.4461; -83.141 (M-102 (8 Mile Road) at Livernois Avenue))[16] in Detroit in the early 1960s. The increase in traffic flow and reduction in accidents was so dramatic (a 30–60% decrease[17]) that over 700 similar intersections have been deployed throughout the state since then.[18]
North Carolina has been implementing Michigan lefts along US 17 in the southeastern part of the state, outside Wilmington.[18] In 2015, a Michigan left was constructed at the intersection of Poplar Tent Road and Derita Road in the Charlotte suburb of Concord.[citation needed]
Columbus, Ohio introduced a Michigan left at the intersection of SR 161 and Strawberry Farms Boulevard in 2012. Reception has been mixed with several accidents occurring per year.[citation needed]
At least two Michigan lefts have existed in Texas. One was located at the intersection of Fondren Road and Bellaire Boulevard in Houston from the 1980s through 2007, when it was replaced with conventional left-turn lanes. Another was built in mid-2010 in Plano at the intersection of Preston Road and Legacy Drive.[19] In January 2014, the city announced plans to revert the turn to a traditional intersection as a result of drivers' confusion.[citation needed] A section of State Highway 71 east of Austin-Bergstrom International Airport at FM 973 in Austin, Texas did have a signalized Michigan U-turn which was constructed in 2014—this was a temporary fix until the SH71 tollway over SH130 (including the re-routing of FM973) was completed in early 2016.[citation needed] There are multiple Michigan left turns currently being used along US 281 north of Loop 1604 in San Antonio. These were adopted as a short-term solution for traffic issues as development expanded north, but will likely be phased out as US 281 is elevated.[citation needed]
The city of Draper, Utah, a suburb of Salt Lake City, announced in 2011 that it would be building Utah's first "ThrU Turn" at the intersection of 12300 South and State Street, just off Interstate 15 through Salt Lake County. Construction began in summer 2011 and was completed in fall 2011.[7][20][21] Other similar intersections were implemented in South Jordan[22] and Layton.[23]
In Australia, where traffic drives on the left, the Victorian state government introduced the "P-turn", similar to the Michigan left, at one intersection in 2009. This requires right-turning vehicles to turn left then make a U-turn. As of May 2015, the intersection in the southeastern Melbourne suburb of Frankston remains the only one of its kind in the state, and local residents have called for its removal.[24]
A similar style P-turn is used in the junction of the A4 Great West Road and A3002 Boston Manor Road in Brentford, England.
The design has been proposed in Toronto, Ontario, to relieve motorists who wish to make a left-turn on roadways which will contain a proposed streetcar line by the Transit City project.
In Ottawa, Ontario, a Michigan left exists to proceed from Riverside Drive, northbound, to Bank Street northbound.
Another Michigan left exists in Windsor, Ontario, on Huron Church Road, just north of the E.C. Row Expressway, where a narrow-median variant put in place years ago is now seldom used due to the realignment of the expressway in conjunction with the construction of the Herb Gray Parkway.
In Mexico, Guadalajara has a grade-separated variation of this setup in the intersection of Mariano Otero Avenue and Manuel Gómez Morín Beltway (20°37′50″N 103°26′06″W / 20.630666°N 103.434981°W / 20.630666; -103.434981).[25] Traffic flowing through Mariano Otero is routed through an overpass above the beltway, with two access roads allowing right turn on all four possible directions; the U-turns, meanwhile, are built underneath the beltway and allow the left turn from Mariano Otero avenue to the beltway. U-turn intersections are very common throughout Mexico, particularly in Mexico City.
Brazil is also known to utilize this setup especially in São Paulo.
This is the design at some busy junctions in Hong Kong. In Hong Kong Island examples include the junction of Fleming Road and Harbour Road in Wan Chai North, and the junction of Hennessey Road and Canal Road Flyover in Wong Nai Chung. In Kowloon this design exists between Cheong Wan Road and Hong Chong Road/Salisbury Road.
The capital city of Angola, Luanda, makes widespread use of a simplified variant of this type of intersection on its two- and three-lane, median-separated throughways instead of using traffic lights. Larger junctions use this intersection type instead of much more costly grade-separated interchanges.
This type of intersection configuration, as with any engineered solution to a traffic problem, carries with it certain advantages and disadvantages and has been subject to several studies.
Studies[by whom?][when?] have shown a major reduction in left-turn collisions and a minor reduction in merging and diverging collisions, due to the shifting of left turns outside the main intersection[clarification needed].[1] In addition, it reduces the number of different traffic light phases, significantly increasing traffic flow. Because separate phases are no longer needed for left turns, this increases green time for through traffic. The effect on turning traffic is mixed.[1] Consequently, the timing of traffic signals along a highway featuring the design is made easier by the elimination of left-turn phases both on that highway and along intersecting roadways contributing to the reduction of travel times and the increased capacity of those roadways.[1]
It has been shown to enhance safety to pedestrians crossing either street at an intersection featuring the design since they only encounter through traffic and vehicles making right turns. The left-turning movement, having been eliminated, removes one source of potential vehicle-pedestrian conflict.[1] One minor disadvantage of the Michigan left is the extra distance required for the motorist to drive. Sometimes the distance to the turnaround is as far away as 1⁄4 mile (400 m) past the intersection. This design leads to each motorist driving an additional 1⁄2 mile (800 m) to make a left turn. It also results in left-turning vehicles having to stop up to three times in the execution of the turn.


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I became a computer programmer during the 1960s and it happened in a hotel room in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. At the start of the '60s, no one really knew what a "programmer" was or how to become one. At first, programmers were the engineers who understood the circuits and processors, but it became obvious that if a company wanted to sell computers, the buyer would need a way to program them. By the mid '60s, a rigor was being established and programmers were being produced with some frequency.
In January 1966, I went to work for the Bell Telephone Company of Pennsylvania and learned to program the IBM 1401. I was 18-years old, had graduated from high school the previous June, and I applied for a job with Bell Tell because I wanted to be a telephone repairman. Actually, I wanted to have my own repair truck. Whenever I went to one of the local diners for breakfast, the parking lot would have five or six telephone company trucks scattered about while the repairmen were inside seated around a big table having a good time. What a job! You go to work, get in your truck, and go to the diner for breakfast, all on company time.
One of the pre-employment tests I was given was a programming aptitude test. The test must have ratted me out because after about two weeks on the job I got a notice to report to the personnel department where I was introduced to a recruiter who had come all the way from Philadelphia to Harrisburg (about 100 miles by turnpike) to offer me a job as a "computer programmer." That I had never seen a computer was not important. No one had seen a computer. The Bell Telephone company would train me, move me, and put me to work. The clincher was the 10 percent raise that would take my salary to $82.50 per week. Done deal. The next Monday morning I started to learn about computer programming.
The company trained programmers in a room at the Ben Franklin Hotel in Philadelphia. That first Monday morning, however, our instructor led his 15 students from the classroom to the telephone company's data center on Arch Street. There we saw computers. The 1401, used by the telephone company to process telephone bills, was a slave to the IBM 7070. At the data center, the 7070 was center stage in front of the picture window into the machine room. The 1401 was placed to the side and behind its bigger brother. Although both were second-generation mainframe computers with transistor circuits, the 7000 series machines were bigger and faster. They were so fast that neither card-processing equipment nor printers were attached to it, only tape drives. In second-generation computers, there was one program resident in memory at a time. No software was delivered with the mainframe. There were no operating systems, compilers, or utilities in general use. When the resident program issued an instruction to read a card, the computer read a card. Then it waited. All of those machine cycles that passed while the card fed into the hopper of the card reader, ran under the read head, and transmitted data to memory, were unused. Since tapes held bigger records and transmitted data to the processor quickly, they wasted fewer machine cycles. Of course, there was one small problem with removing the card readers and printers from the 7070. Telephone bills were printed, mailed, and received on 80-column cards. It was those darn cards that created the need for the 1401.
IBM called it the "1401 Computer Processing System." It was a system because there were three original components:
- The 1401 computer.
- The 1402 card reader-punch.
- The 1403 printer.
Tape drives were added later. IBM introduced the 1401 in 1959 and by the end of 1961 it was installed in over 2000 locations. In 1961, there were fewer than 10,000 mainframe computers installed anywhere and the 1401 was becoming the solid-state generation's star performer. It was relatively cheap, with monthly leases starting at $2,500, and it was a workhorse. Any company that was already using equipment to process 80-column cards could fit the 1401 into its machine room. The 1401 was equipped with 4,000 (not 4096), 8,000, 12,000, or 16,000 8-bit characters of core memory. The first 6 of a memory position's 8 bits were used to encode a character in Binary Coded Decimal (BCD). The two remaining bits were for parity check and a word mark. The 1401 was a true child of the '60s. By 1971, IBM discontinued the line.

subset: commoncrawl


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Adolf Hitler (German pronunciation: ; 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, abbreviated NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party. He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and served as head of state as Führer und Reichskanzler from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is most remembered for his central leadership role in the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II and the Holocaust.
A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the precursor of the Nazi Party (DAP) in 1919, and became leader of NSDAP in 1921. He attempted a failed coup d'etat known as the Beer Hall Putsch, which occurred at the Bürgerbräukeller beer hall in Munich on November 8–9, 1923. Hitler was imprisoned for one year due to the failed coup, and wrote his memoir, "My Struggle" (in German Mein Kampf), while imprisoned. After his release on December 20, 1924, he gained support by promoting Pan-Germanism, anti-semitism, anti-capitalism, and anti-communism with charismatic oratory and propaganda. He was appointed chancellor on January 30, 1933, and transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism.
Hitler ultimately wanted to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe. To achieve this, he pursued a foreign policy with the declared goal of seizing Lebensraum ("living space") for the Aryan people; directing the resources of the state towards this goal. This included the rearmament of Germany, which culminated in 1939 when the Wehrmacht invaded Poland. In response, the United Kingdom and France declared war against Germany, leading to the outbreak of World War II in Europe.


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Submission Guidelines
Prospective authors (at least one author should be a woman) are invited to submit manuscripts reporting original unpublished research and recent developments in the topics related to the symposium. It is required that the manuscript follows the standard IEEE camera-ready format (IEEE standard format, double column, 10-point font). Submissions must include title, abstract, keywords, author and affiliation with email address. Please double-check the paper size in your page setup to make sure you are using the letter-size paper layout (8.5 inch X 11 inch). The paper should not contain page numbers or any special headers or footers.
The IEEE templates in Microsoft Word (US Letter) and LaTeX format can be found at :
ICACCI Paper Categories (7 pages maximum -3 additional pages allowed but at an extra charge):
Regular Paper
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Poster Paper
Regular papers should present novel perspectives within the general scope of the conference. Short papers (Work-in-Progress) are an opportunity to present preliminary or interim results. Posters are intended for ongoing research projects, concrete realizations, or industrial applications/projects presentations. The conference only accepts full manuscripts with minimum 3 pages. Manuscripts with less than 3 pages will not be considered for review. Literature reviews/survey papers will only be considered if they present a new perspective or clearly benefit the field. To be published, such papers must go beyond a review of the literature to define the field in a new way or highlight exciting new technologies or areas of research.
Authors should submit their papers online. We use EDAS system for submission of papers and review process. Unregistered authors should first create an account on EDAS to log on. Detailed usage instruction on EDAS can be found here. To avoid last minutes network problems, authors are strongly encouraged to create their EDAS submission system user accounts (if you don't already have one) and register their submission (the paper's author(s), title and abstract) well in advance of the deadline.
All submitted papers will be subjected to a "similarity test" by EDAS paper similarity checker (iThenticate). Papers achieving a high similarity score will be examined and those that are deemed unacceptable will be rejected/withdrawn without a formal review.
The manuscripts should be submitted in PDF format. Please compare all author names in EDAS with the author list in your paper. They must be identical and in the same order.
The ICACCI organizers regard plagiarism as a serious professional misconduct. All submissions will be screened for plagiarism and when identified, the submissions by the same author will be rejected. A submission SHOULD NOT be intended to get reviews from the Program Committee for the sole purpose of improving the quality of the paper. A submission implies that the author intends to ultimately register the paper upon a favorable response from the conference organizers. ICACCI doesn't encourage withdrawals after the paper is accepted.
The papers under regular and work-in-progress categories will be scheduled for oral presentation. Posters will be presented during sessions reserved for posters (Each poster session has two parts - a short oral presentation followed by the display of poster).
Accepted and presented papers will be published in the conference proceedings and submitted to IEEE Xplore as well as other Abstracting and Indexing (A&I) databases. Independently of the presentation type, all papers are included in the proceedings. To be published in the ICACCI 2018 Conference Proceedings, an author of an accepted paper is required to register for the conference at the full rate. All accepted papers MUST be presented at the conference by one of the authors, or, if none of the authors are able to attend, by a qualified surrogate.


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The Democrat. (McKinney, Tex.), Vol. 1, No. 15, Ed. 1 Thursday, May 15, 1884
Description: Weekly newspaper from McKinney, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.
Date: May 15, 1884
Creator: Robertson, Orrin
Item Type: Refine your search to only Newspaper
Partner: Collin County Genealogical Society


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Housing Assistance / Provider Information / Program Manuals
Table 2: Allowable Program Components and Expenditure Table
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Sleeps 2-4, Max Occupancy: 6
Warm colors welcome you to this comfortable 1200 sq foot house that sleeps four in two queen beds, one on the main floor, and one in the private loft. A deluxe queen blow-up bed is also available in the upstairs closet. There are two bathrooms, one on the main floor and one upstairs. Washer and dryer are available.
The fully equipped, modern kitchen opens to the dining area and large windows overlooking the front patio, furnished with a table, chairs, and electric BBQ.The adjacent living room features a river rock gas fireplace. Upstairs is a cozy sitting area with flat-screen TV and DVD....no TV reception. Free high speed wireless internet is included, although it is not fast, and there is Verizon cell coverage.
This is an eco-friendly home using only Seventh Generation cleaning products.
Liberty Lodge is less than one half mile to the Methow Valley Trail and one mile north of the Brown's Farm trailhead parking. All you need are your skis, bikes, or hiking shoes.


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The comic will appear once a month on the TSA blog until the end of the series. Enjoy!
November 1956
The Texas Society of Architects Blog may not be used for knowingly transmitting or publishing any communications of a discriminatory or harassing nature, or which are derogatory to any individual or group, or which are obscene or X-rated communications, or are of a defamatory or threatening nature, or violate the United States antitrust laws, or violate the United States copyright laws, or for any other purpose which is illegal or against TSA policy or contrary to the Society's interests. The views and opinions expressed on this Page by participating individuals are strictly opinions by that individual and do not necessarily represent those of the Society.


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Wednesday, August 10, 2011
Ashes by Ilsa J. Blick
It's there that she meets Jack, and older man, his dog Mina, and his granddaughter Ellie, who Alex considers a major brat. What can go wrong does, but then something odd happens. Birds begin screaming, deer jump off cliffs, and Alex's head feels like it's about to explode….and then it stops. When Alex picks herself up, she see Jack, dead on the ground, and Ellie scared out of her wits.
Alex also notices a change in herself. She experiences things again that she hasn't been able to since the chemotherapy started, like taste and smell. More than that, she can sense the mood and energy of things through her sense of smell, and something is definitely not right. This is made all the more apparent when she and Ellie come upon a campsite and see two teens in a grisly situation – they aren't normal, and they're killing and eating their campmates…
Soon Alex and Ellie meet up with Tom, and their trek through the wilderness goes from bad to worse. The only thing keeping them alive is the survival skills both Alex and Tom learned and Mina, the faithful dog that keeps close to her. Now, Alex must not only keep Ellie safe but figure out just what happened and how far this eerie phenomenon has gone and why people, especially teens, are changing into monsters…
If your teens are gobbling (pun intended) up zombie books, this one will do your collection justice. Ilsa J. Blick not only reinforces her novel with page-turning action, but also creates a world gone horribly wrong through one energy blast that completely destroys all things humans now take for granted, making Alex's world even more difficult to survive in. The reader will find himself submerged in the details of this new world after "the Zap" as well as in the plot only to find that what one expects to happen, doesn't always. The ending takes a complete twist and Blick leaves this book begging for the sequel, which I want RIGHT NOW but sigh…this book doesn't come out until September 2012. Part horror, part dystopia, this one will grab attention from the first page. Recommended
Published by Egmont, 2011
Monday, August 8, 2011
This Dark Endeavor: The Apprenticeship of Victor Frankenstein by Kenneth Oppel
Although Victor and Konrad are twins, their personalities are vastly different. While Konrad is gentle and slow to anger, Victor is vicarious, always looking for adventure and prone to anger quickly. Elizabeth, with a fiery temper, is not one to back down, but also realizes the importance of kindness. And as with all twins, there is definitely sibling rivalry. This rivalry becomes apparent when Elizabeth gives more attention to Konrad than Victor.
One boring day, the three and their curiosity lead them to an old cellar door in the castle where they find the Dark Library. In the stacks are books of alchemy and old magic, including the Occulta Philosphia, and when the boys' father finds them there, he forbids them to ever come back. But when Konrad falls deathly ill, Victor will stop at nothing to save his brother, including taking this dark book from the Bibliotecka Obscura, to find a solution.
Without the help of the old magic, both Elizabeth and Victor know they'll lose Konrad. They soon learn about an alchemist, a dangerous castoff, who is willing to help them if they can procure the ingredients for an elixir to help Konrad. But is Polidori, the alchemist, truly trying to help or using them for his own dark gain?
This is an excellent premise to the birth of Victor Frankenstein in the classic tale by Mary Shelley. Part historical fiction, part fantasy, the reader will be drawn into the adventure, and mystery all the having the opportunity to see Victor become the man known in legend and what circumstances brought him to that dark place. Not only does Oppel create an adventure mystery, but he also adds the element of teenage relationships into the mix, giving this book credence for both guys and girls to pick up and read. Oppel leaves the ending open for another dark look into the making of Victor Frankenstein (this is Book One), but for now, this book does an excellent job of that. Recommended. Published by Simon & Schuster, 2011. Due out 8/11.
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Call for info: (888) 349-9016
1897 State Rt 89, Jeromesville OH 44840
From $153,000 Why 'From' pricing?
New homes can be personalized to your needs and taste.
Builders pricing can vary greatly. Builders display base pricing because you have not selected your options and upgrades yet and some homes may indicate that the land cost is not included.
This split-level plan is perfect for you and your family. You'll be amazed at the great design and space this home has to offer. The large living room and dining room area is open to a spacious kitchen, while the lower level features a family room and utility room plus basement for all your storage needs. Upstairs you'll find the master suite with private bath, 2 additional bedrooms and a full bath. You can tour the beautiful Princeton II model at the Delaware office.
This home has a basement.
Custom Homebuilder Sales Office
1897 State Rt. 89, Jeromesville, OH 44840
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The task of constructing a custom new home from the ground up is made less daunting thanks to Wayne Homes' four decades of experience. They help customers through every step from home-site prep and financing, to choosing from numerous floorplans, exterior elevations, features and finishes. The result is a custom Wayne home of high quality that perfectly suits the homeowner's needs. Homes range from 1,200 to over 3,600 square feet and from the $120s to $300s (plus land and land prep). Learn more about building a custom, energy-efficient home by visiting one of the company's nine model home centers or by visiting WayneHomes.comVisit the website Free brochure
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Downloading it now :3
please add multiplayer in the android version pls pls pls ......the game was complete in an hour.......
Yo yo yo, wassup, my name is R-Dizzle-Fo-Shizzle-My-Nizzle-Off-Da-Hizzle...Drizzle and check out my "Off Da Hizzle" Youtube Channel.
Spoiler for SE stuff:Here is the Shadowrath Tips, from your very own Shadowrath master.
You're welcome
Applause!!! This is my favourite game of the StickPage.Crazy Jay're a genius!
Amazing work, Crazy Jay and the rest of the crew! I've finished the campaign around 20 times now. Still enjoying it!
Cheers, Qwourtz
STICK WAR LEGACY IS OUT NOW!!!I write Stick War fanfics! Wattpad: wattpad.com/user/Qwourtz
WOOHOO YEAH i guess i don't play stick war oh no now you know I'm a big phony oh nooooo (i don't care about you knowing I'm a phony cuz I'm not)
love the game 5 stars and i love the sound track what are the songs called
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HiramEsq necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 255 diseños de 40 diseñadores freelance.
We are experienced media buyers that negotiate media buys and optimize online marketing campaigns. Essentially, we buy huge volumes of online advertising banners.
The President/CEO of MediaBuyingAgents.com is an attorney who has crystal clear knowledge of the defensive elements of media buying: compliance and contractual protection.
Essentially, we negotiate and optimize media placements to ensure the best possible value and the most traffic.
We are targeting current online/offline marketers nationwide that are ready to increase their sales with media buys. Our target audience is currently uses standard internet marketing tools such as search engine optimization and pay per click. They also use standard offline marketing tools such as direct mail. Our target audience has the advertising budget to enter the world of media buys but maybe is not familiar with this marketing option, thinks they can't afford it or wants media buys but has no idea how to do it.
We are looking for a design that will illustrate professionalism, competence, trustworthy and friendly. We DO NOT want to look like the boring corporate ad agencies of Fifth Avenue, NYC. The logo should include the company name but we will consider logo designs without the name.
Possible suggestions are to illustrate the concept of a helpful agent purchasing banners. I'm not creative so that's why we need help translating the action of our services to a logo.
Please stay away from building blocks in the design. The following are too boring for example:
This project is needed quickly! 24 hours is ideal.
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


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Rule #1 - Be Patient - Rule #2 - Don't ask when, if you don't contribute - Rule #3 - You have coding skills - LinuxMCE's small brother is available: http://www.agocontrol.com
I am logging into pluto-admin and want to change some settings but when I save the changes I get a message that user is not allowed to change settings. How do I create a super-user for pluto-admin or does that user already exist? Root can't login, I can't give myself permission to edit, not sure what to do. I didn't see a way to setup user permissions when running the wizard.Thanks,


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After the advice given by the Government, NHS and WHO, we have taken the appropriate measures to ensure the safety of all our delegates attending our classrooms and events. This has been, and always will be, our number one priority.
We wanted to reassure you that all our scheduled classrooms and events will still be running. However, we will be now be offering them Virtually.
This decision to move all learning to Virtual and to offer support remotely has been taken to protect delegates and trainers. This allows delegates to continue their learning and for trainers to maintain the same level of service.
Because the situation is changing daily, we will do our best to provide you with the most up-to-date information, and this will be communicated via our website or email.
For anyone with queries regarding classrooms you are about to attend, please contact us on firstname.lastname@example.com or +44 (0) 02 3198 7706.
Please stay safe.


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Sunday November 30, 2008
One reoccurring theme the past several weeks is the Steelers defense has had to face at least one of the top 10 Total offensive teams in the league... with the exception being the Bengals last week. Regardless though, the defense has showed it does not matter who they play because they always seem to show up and shut down their opponent. Lately Cassel has been putting up big numbers but this weekend will be his first true test!
Big Ben continues to show some improvements. It's odd thinking Big Ben needs to improve but he just was not looking sharp at all for a few games. The last two though he hasn't held onto the ball and he hasn't turned the ball over. It looks like Willie Parker might be banged up for this game, which means Ben will have his favorite dump off target in the backfield, Moore! Between Moore and Parker it's hard to choose which one is better anymore. They each bring different things to the table, I just think it's a matter of which team they are facing and how their skills match up against that team.
Last year and whack guarantee was blown out of proportion by the media, well this year Smith ran his mouth again and said the exact same thing as last year. The only difference is it hasn't been getting as much hype as last year because the Patriots are nto 11-0 right now. For the Steelers to knock off the Patriots on their home field they need to do the following:
- Offense needs to wake up and put some point son the board
- Not take chances on their end of the field to put the pressure on the Defense
- The "D" needs to do what they have done all year long... shut down their opponent!
Join us this Sunday afternoon as we talk about the game and cheer our Steelers to a victory!


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Hope you are planning a festive night - either in or out!
Here is what we'll be making today and enjoying tonight :
*The only thing not listed here is a simple Butter Lettuce Salad with Balsamic Vinaigrette, pickled onions, cherry tomatoes and a toasted Goat Cheese topped Toast. I'll post it soon - it has been my go-to salad for entertaining this holiday season!
Lobster Mac & Cheese
(with lobster for us, without for Emma - her request)
Seared Filets
(the best way to prepare delicious steaks at home! so easy.)
Parsnips & Carrots
This post leads to the post from a Valentine's Dinner we hosted a couple of years ago featuring recipes from Barefoot Contessa's book, Foolproof. They are orange braised carrots and parsnips with shallots and thyme. I'm embracing all things citrus this month - fresh citrus always sounds so good after holiday richness.
Balsamic Brussels Sprouts
This is also from the same post and Barefoot Cookbook.
Chocolate Ganache Tarts
This was the dessert from the same post (sorry for being a broken record, but it was such a good inspiration for this dinner!).
Here is a link that shares the link for the recipe for the cupcake version of this cake and my milk chocolate glaze - recipe is the same for the cake.
I'll try to post on Instagram throughout the day as we create our flowers, the table, DIY party supplies and the dinner! Follow me on Insta, here.
Have a great day preparing for your festive evening!


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Safeguarding 1: Child Welfare and Basic Awareness Course
This course educates participants on the implementation of best practice in protecting the welfare of children involved in sport. The workshop provides introductory information on codes of conduct, bullying, recruitment, etc. as well as child protection guidelines. By following the principles, policy and practical guidelines contained in the Code, sports leaders are playing their part in providing a safe and enjoyable environment in which children can learn and thrive.


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Privacy Notice
WholesalePoolMart.com Principles
We built WholesalePoolMart.com to make it easy to share information with your friends and people around you. We understand you may not want everyone in the world to have the information you share on WholesalePoolMart.com, that is why we give you control of your information. Our default privacy settings limit the information displayed in your profile to your networks and other reasonable community limitations that we tell you about.
WholesalePoolMart.com follows these core principles:
You should have control over your personal information.
WholesalePoolMart.com helps you share information with your friends and people around you. You choose what information you put in your profile, including contact and personal information, pictures, interests and groups you join. And you control the users with whom you share that information through the privacy settings on the Privacy page.
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WholesalePoolMart.com Privacy Policy is designed to help you understand how we collect and use the personal information you decide to share, and help you make informed decisions when using WholesalePoolMart.com, located at www.WholesalePoolMart.com and its directly associated domains (collectively, "WholesalePoolMart.com " or "Web Site")
By using or accessing WholesalePoolMart.com, you are accepting the practices described in this Privacy Policy.
The Information We Collect
When you visit WholesalePoolMart.com you provide us with two types of information: personal information you knowingly choose to disclose that is collected by us and Web Site use information collected by us as you interact with our Web Site.
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When you enter WholesalePoolMart.com, we collect your browser type and IP address. This information is gathered for all WholesalePoolMart.com visitors. In addition, we store certain information from your browser using "cookies." A cookie is a piece of data stored on the user's computer tied to information about the user. We use session ID cookies to confirm that users are logged in. These cookies terminate once the user closes the browser. By default, we use a persistent cookie that stores your login ID (but not your password) to make it easier for you to login when you come back to WholesalePoolMart.com . You can remove or block this cookie using the settings in your browser if you want to disable this convenience feature.
Any improper collection or misuse of information provided on WholesalePoolMart.com is a violation of the WholesalePoolMart.com Terms of Service and should be reported to email@example.com .
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NOTE: We will not sell, share, or rent your email address or any other personal information collected on this site.
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I received a Form 1099-MISC instead of a Form W-2. I'm not self-employed and I do not have a business. How do I report this income?
My son is a newspaper carrier. I would like to know if this income is subject to social security and Medicare taxes, and if I must file a Schedule C for him.
I received a Form 1099-MISC with an amount in box 7, (nonemployee compensation). What forms and schedules should be used to report income earned as an independent contractor?
What, if any, quarterly forms must I file to report income as an independent contractor?
My child has joined AmeriCorps and has received an income statement. Are these payments taxable?
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|MIG Welding
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|Plasma Cutting
|We offer you a 90-day money back guarantee on all of our equipment, including welders and plasma cutters & no questions asked! Try the machine or tool in your own shop, on your own projects, for 90 days & if you aren't satisfied we will take it back. It's that simple.
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Our online store offers information to help you select the products that best fit your needs. If you have a question which our website does not answer, need more information or would like to place an order by phone, please call us at 800-USA-WELD (800-872-9353).
If you have an older machine that you cannot find a part for or do not see what you are looking for, please give us a call, our customer service representatives specialize in finding the unique and hard-to-find parts that meet your needs.


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The story and history of sheep in this country, dates back to the 16th and 17th Centuries when they were brought here by the Spanish through South America and Mexico. As they have since the early part of the century, sheep migrate north each spring from the Snake River plains of Southern Idaho, traveling in bands of close to 1,500 sheep, through the Wood River Valley to summer and graze on mountain pastures. This trail leads up highway 75, through newly populated residential areas and the towns of Bellevue, Hailey and Ketchum. Some continue their journey into the Stanley Basin. In the fall, the animals retrace this trail south to desert pastures. The Trailing of the Sheep Festival celebrates this return migration, honoring the history, heritage and traditions of the sheep rancher, herder, wool shearer and weaver.
The Trailing of the Sheep, started with a few dozen children taken out of school to watch the sheep parade through town at the end of a summer of grazing, has expanded into a three day popular community event that attracts visitors from around the world.
This year's 12th Annual Celebration gets off to a festive start Friday evening with a cocktail reception and art exhibition of sheep inspired original images, executed by a "flock" of 29 well known local artists, at Sweetwater Village's new Grange Club House in Hailey. I chat with many of the artists whose work is for sale; I am attracted to, and buy, a small oil of an adorable and compelling lamb's face with sweet pink ears. Roy, a sheep herder who lives on the Navajo Reservation in Northern Arizona is here with his mother and niece to demonstrate weaving techniques, and to share the importance of the sheep in Native American culture. "We value sheep; they teach us many things, many life links; sheep is sacred; it is our livelihood; it is revered more than worshiped. According to Navajo legend, sheep were placed on earth when God sent a handful of clouds down to shape the body; a branch of a willow tree was broken into equal pieces and inserted into the body to form the legs; the rainbow then came down to form the hoofs and horns; the face was made from the early dawn; left over rock crystals from other animals were placed into the eye sockets for sight, and then the wind people came and blew life into the sheep." My people believe sheep were placed on earth to care for the earth… a talking God animal to oversee natural elements; by caring we learn".
Saturday's events are held at Wood River High School in Hailey. They include: sheep dog trials, knitting and weaving demonstrations, artisans selling handmade wool clothing and artwork, special lamb dishes prepared and served by popular local chefs. Folk dancers and singers provide entertainment, and sheep ranchers are on hand to share their knowledge.
As part of the celebration, two dozen local restaurants offer special lamb dine around menus. CK'S Real Foods at 320 Main Street South in Hailey serves amazing spicy BBQ lamb ribs. Lava Lake lamb, a local sheep ranch supplies their lamb. Owners and chefs Chris and Rebecca Kastner, along with their daughter and son, use as much local organic produce in season as possible. Chris is in the kitchen most nights, overseeing the menus; Rebecca has developed the desert menu, daughter Simone makes all the ice creams and sorbets; it's no wonder CK's has a strong local following.
The Peavey family, John, Dianne and their son Tom, are owners of Flat Top Sheep Co. a sheep and cattle operation. Four generations of the Peavey family have worked their land along the Little Wood River, calling it home since the late 1920's. They run 3,500 ewes and market their meat through a cooperative of Western sheep families. The Peavey's are very active in organizing the festival, and a vital part of its support. The Peaveys take turns with five other ranchers in running their sheep through town.
John graciously takes time to drive me out to a sheep herder camp in search of the flock of sheep making their final decent from the mountains; they are moving at a slower pace than anticipated, and nowhere to be found. Sheep herders live and work in pairs, and we are told one of the herders is unfamiliar and new to sheep herding in Idaho. It is cold and beginning to snow, but our patience pays off when we hear barking Border collie dogs and more than a thousand sheep come into view. Border collies play an important role in helping herders round up and control the sheep. Most of the herders are from Peru; they live together in small wagons, cook their rice and beans with perhaps some chicken to stew, sleep huddled together in one bunk, and send their money home to their families; It is a lonely existence.
Sunday morning is unseasonable cold; I stand on Main Street in Ketchum, huddled against the wind, shoulder to shoulder with 10,000 adults and children from as far away as Puerto Rico, Canada, Hawaii and Wales, waiting for the highlight of this three day celebration … The Trailing of the Sheep Parade. It begins with a medley of bag pipes, Polish and Peruvian dancers and the march of the parade master.
The struttin of the muttin, gets off to a confused start when close to 1,800 ram bumptious sheep lose control, run in circles, jumping over and knocking each other down. It is almost like a carnival, and many of the young children and cheering crowd think this is part of the fun.
Diane Peavey tells me: "sheep trailing is not an enactment, its part of history. Those of us who live and work in the valley know we have an extraordinary life, and that's why we try to share it".


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AOCenteno necesitaba un nuevo diseño de página web y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 48 diseños de 7 diseñadores freelance.
A Tailored Suit
This is a facelift for A Tailored Suit dot com. The current website is cluttered, dark, and down right ugly. It is not clear as to what we do and the overall look is unprofessional.
Key Points for new Website
1. Simplicity – Clean with a focus on usability and download speed.
2. Quality - we are selling a high end product.
3. Old World Feel - we value the classics and teach style history.
4. Uniformity – One voice; all colors and lines work in harmony
This contest is for the Homepage only. If you nail this we will move on to other pages. I look forward to quickly responding to your submissions with detailed feedback.
Income 40K+
Prefers classic style to fashion trends
Basic Technology Understanding
General Guidance
1. Use the Wireframe as a guide for at least one of your submissions.
2. Use the colors in the logo – besides that you are free to bring in colors you like however remember we are an old school tailor shop. Nothing too flashy please.
3. Choice of font is up to you
4. We will not be using heavy plugins, Flash, or pictures – we like simplicity and speed.
5. Try to use images found on our website (there are over 200) – if you have a set look you want to achieve feel free to use a stock image that we will look to replace without own unique image later.
6. Headlines should be text not graphics
7. PSD layered with all graphics must be provided.
8. Fonts must be provided if not standard Windows/Mac
9. Website will be developed later in XHTML/CSS & ASP.Net. Please keep this in mind when designing.
Specific Guidance - Please note this is a guide only and is meant to help you understand the wireframe. You can deviate from this mix.
-Main Focus
1. Main Slideshow - How this works video link (50% weight)
2. Design Clothing (20% weight)
3. Learn about Men's Style (17% weight)
-Secondary Focus
1. 100% Satisfaction Guarantee (3% weight)
2. Suit & Shirt Pictures/Gallery (3% weight)
3. Build Your Wardrobe (3% weight)
4. Measurements (2% weight)
-Other Links – Logo (1.5%), Contact/Login/Search Folder (-1%), All other Links (-1%)


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Orr: A few lessons I've learned since I stood in the eye of Betsy
I stood in the eye of Betsy, looked up and saw stars in a clear sky, and thought, 'How can this be?' I felt like I was wrapped in a wet blanket. It was that humid and still. My father then grabbed me, and we ran inside as all hell broke loose again.
Betsy was bad. It was like the world was coming to an end the way the house was swaying back and forth. It was blowing so hard that my father opened the windows and doors and let it all just blow through the house. Now we know that was the wrong thing to do. The wind blows in, and then up and takes the roof right off. No wonder we lost part of the roof that night! Lesson learned. Make sure your house is protected from windows and doors being blown out.
Betsy was the first billion-dollar storm. The winds in New Orleans gusted to 135 mph. Levees failed, and a large area flooded. The storm surge at Grand Isle was 15.7 feet and 10 feet in New Orleans. People died trying to escape the floodwaters in their attics. They just couldn't get high enough, and then they couldn't get out. A friend's father rescued the ones who made it to the rooftops. They had an axe. Lesson learned. If you are staying during a hurricane, keep an axe in the attic.
The Corps of Engineers built the levee protection system as a result of Betsy, and it basically lasted until Katrina. Another lesson: Build a strong levee system.
I've seen a lot of depressions, storms and hurricanes. The good news is you can see them coming. The bad news is a lot of people think, 'It's not going to hit me.'
Camille was a category 5 when it hit the Mississippi coast August 17, 1969 with 200 mph winds and a storm surge of 25 feet. It was a small hurricane in size. When Katrina came along August 29, 2005 it had diminished just before landfall to a category 3 with winds of 125 mph. Some people thought, 'I survived Camille. I don't have to worry about Katrina.' So they did not evacuate, and some did not survive. Katrina was a bigger storm and created a higher storm surge and destroyed areas that survived Camille. Lesson learned. Size matters.
Isaac came along last year as a category one with winds of 80 mph. People thought they were safe because it was a minimal hurricane. It stalled just west of New Orleans. The geography of southeast Louisiana and coastal Mississippi forms a funnel. Gulf water was funneled right into southeast Louisiana and into our lakes and over land areas where water had never been before. Because it stalled, it dumped a lot of rain on already saturated grounds. The rain water quickly flowed into the rivers but couldn't flow into the lakes because of the onshore flow. The rivers overflowed, causing massive flooding. Lesson learned: The speed of the storm, the direction of motion and the geography of your area play a major role in the impact of the storm. There will also be a greater impact if the ground is saturated from earlier rains.
The National Hurricane Center's forecasts are getting better and better every year. Some of you may say, "Well, what about that fiasco with Debby?" The NHC had Debby going west then made an about face and had it going east. It's all about steering currents. If the steering currents are weak, it's hard to say where a storm is going to go until something moves in to make it move out. If the spaghetti models are all over the place, that tells you the steering currents are weak. If the spaghetti models are all pretty much pointed in the same direction, steering currents are strong, and you have a good idea where a storm is going.
If you live on the coast, and a hurricane is forecast to make landfall near you, leave. The worst place to be is on the east side of a landfalling hurricane on the coast. That is where the storm surge is the highest. The forward motion and the counter-clockwise flow of the storm push water onshore. As a hurricane moves towards the coast, it creates large waves ahead of it. These waves run up on the coast, but they cannot roll back out because the storm is moving forward. Over time the water level begins to increase. Hurricane Ike was just a category two as it approached Galveston. People thought they had time to evacuate. But Ike was a large storm, and created a large surge, which was enhanced by the funnel effect of the Texas and Louisiana coasts.
Look at the rain bands in a hurricane. As each band moves toward the coast, there will be an increase in surge. The main surge will come with the eye wall. I once had a frantic phone call from someone calling about his sister who was trapped by rising water. I never heard what happened. Once a hurricane is in full swing, it's impossible to send a boat out to rescue people. How many times have you seen footage of people trapped in homes with rising water. Lesson learned: Do not put you, your family or your pets in harm's way. Leave. Hopefully all will be well when you return.
Sign up for our email newsletters to get the latest on the tropical weather right in your inbox. Click here from your desktop computer to sign up; on our mobile website, use the drop down to the right to "Get Email Alerts."