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Amidst the wretched events that happened at work recently, I forgot about an interesting development in running apps on a cloud. Google AppEngine finally released Java support on the AppEngine platform. For those uninitiated, AppEngine is Google's cloud computing platform that allows developers to serve up applications on Google's infrastructure. When it was first released in April 2008, the only language supported was Python. Python is a great language but doesn't appeal to my inner Rubyist so it didn't catch my attention. Until now that is.
While Java is no longer my language of choice nowadays, Ruby actually runs pretty well under JRuby with Java. And with the addition of the Java support for AppEngine, it became a lot more interesting. A few weeks back I wrote Snip, a TinyURL clone, in about 40 lines of Ruby code, and deployed it on Heroku. It seems like a good idea to take Snip out for a spin on the Google AppEngine for Java (GAE/J).
The first thing you need to do is to create an application on the GAE/J. Start by going to this URL – http://appengine.google.com/start and log in using a Google account. After logging in, create a new application following the instructions given on the screen. When you're done you should have an application id. In this case, it is 'saush-snip'. We will be needing this application id in our configuration later. You will also need to enable Java for your GAE/J. At this point in time, GAE/J is still in beta and Google is only limiting the first 10,000 developers from enabling Java for GAE/J. Unfortunately if you don't get Java enabled for your account, you won't be able to try this out until it is fully released and available to all.
Once you have signed up and gotten an email approval for your GAE/J account, the first thing to do is to install JRuby, if you haven't done so yet. Even if you have installed it previously you might want to install at least 1.3.0RC1 since some fixes were added into this release to make it run better under GAE/J. Run this:
$ git clone git://github.com/jruby/jruby.git
This will clone a copy of JRuby into your computer. Then go into the jruby folder that was just created and run this:
$ sudo ant && sudo ant jar-complete
This will install JRuby and create the jruby-complete.jar library that you will need in a while. Take note of this path to JRuby, you'll need it in the subsequent commands. Assume that you just installed JRuby in ~/jruby, do a quick check to see if the install is ok:
$ ~/jruby/bin/jruby -v
If you installed version 1.3.0RC1 you should see something like this:
jruby 1.3.0RC1 (ruby 1.8.6p287) (2009-05-11 6586) (Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM 1.6.0_07) [x86_64-java]
After installing JRuby, you'll need to install all gems needed for this application. Remember that even if you have installed gems for your normal Ruby installation you'll need to install it all over again for JRuby. For Snip, you need Sinatra and HAML, but you'll also need Rake and Warbler, the JRuby war file packager.
$ ~/jruby/bin/jruby -S gem install rake sinatra haml warbler
Now that the basic JRuby and related gems are done, let's look at the Snip code itself. One thing that is pretty obvious upfront when dealing with AppEngine is that it doesn't have a relational database for persistence. Instead of a familiar RDBMS, we get a JDO interface or a DataStore API. How do we use it? As it turns out, we don't need to do anything major. Ola Bini wrote a small wrapper around DataStore, called Bumble, to allow us to write data models just like we did with DataMapper. Well, almost.
Using Bumble is very much similar to DataMapper and ActiveRecord, so I didn't have to change my code much. This is the DataMapper version of the Url model:
DataMapper.setup(:default, ENV['DATABASE_URL'] || 'mysql://root:root@localhost/snip') class Url include DataMapper::Resource property :id, Serial property :original, String, :length => 255 property :created_at, DateTime def snipped() self.id.to_s(36) end end
And this is the Bumble version of the Url model:
class Url include Bumble ds :original def snipped() self.key.to_s end end
I didn't add in the time stamp for the Bumble version because I don't really use it but as you can see there are quite a bit of similarities. I didn't need to put in my own running serial id because it's managed by the AppEngine. Also, instead of using the object id, I used the object's key, which again is managed by the AppEngine. A key is a unique identifier of an entity across all apps belonging to the user. The key is created automatically by Bumble through the low-level DataStore Java APIs. Besides this, using the Url class is slightly different also. Instead of
@url = Url.first(: original => uri.to_s)
We use:
@url = Url.find(: original => uri.to_s)
Finally because we don't use the id anymore and use the key instead, we don't need to do the base 36 conversion so we let the AppEngine handle everything. Instead of:
get '/:snipped' do redirect Url[params[:snipped].to_i(36)].original end
We use:
get '/:snipped' do redirect Url.get(params[:snipped]).original end
This is the full source code:
%w(rubygems sinatra bumble uri).each { |lib| require lib} get '/' do haml :index end post '/' do uri = URI::parse(params[:original]) raise "Invalid URL" unless uri.kind_of? URI::HTTP or uri.kind_of? URI::HTTPS @url = Url.find(:original => uri.to_s) @url = Url.create(:original => uri.to_s) if @url.nil? haml :index end get '/:snipped' do redirect Url.get(params[:snipped]).original end error do haml :index end use_in_file_templates! class Url include Bumble ds : original def snipped() self.key.to_s end end __END__ @@ layout !!! 1.1 %html %head %title Snip! on Google AppEngine %link{:rel => 'stylesheet', :href => 'http://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/Core/Modernist', :type => 'text/css'} = yield @@ index %h1.title Snip! on Google AppEngine - unless @url.nil? %code= @url.original snipped to %a{:href => env['HTTP_REFERER'] + @url.snipped} = env['HTTP_REFERER'] + @url.snipped #err.warning= env['sinatra.error'] %form{:method => 'post', :action => '/'} Snip this: %input{:type => 'text', :name => 'original', :size => '50'} %input{:type => 'submit', :value => 'snip!'} %small copyright © %a{:href => 'http://blog.saush.com'} Chang Sau Sheong %br %a{:href => 'http://github.com/sausheong/snip-appengine'} Full source code
The code is ready but here comes the packaging. GAE/J is a Java servlet environment, which means our app needs to be packaged into a war (Java Web ARchive). Fortunately instead of building up the war by hand we can use Warbler, the JRuby war packager. Before running Warbler, we need to have a couple of things. Firstly we need to build the warble configuration file:
$ mkdir config $ ~/jruby/bin/jruby -S warble config
We create a directory called config and get Warbler to copy a default configuration file to it. Replace the contents with this minimal setup. If you want to explore more, read warble.rb itself.
Warbler::Config.new do |config| config.dirs = %w(lib public views) config.includes = FileList["appengine-web.xml", "snip.rb", "config.ru", "bumble.rb"] config.gems = ['sinatra', 'haml'] config.gem_dependencies = true config.war_name = "saush-snip" config.webxml.booter = :rack config.webxml.jruby.init.serial = true config.java_libs.reject! { |lib| lib =~ /jruby-complete/ } end
Note that we don't really need the public and view directories in Snip because everything is in a single file. The 2 other configuration files we will need are appengine-web.xml and config.ru. We also need to include the snip.rb and bumble.rb into the war file for deployment. To get bumble.rb, go to Ola Bini's Bumble GitHub repository and get the file that is in the sub-folder (not the main one). The last line tells us not to include the jruby-complete.jar library in the lib folder when we run Warbler. I'll explain this in a minute. Also note the war file is the application id of the application we created in the GAE admin console earlier on (saush-snip).
Next, create a lib folder. Go to the GAE/J download site and download the GAE/J Java library. It should be called something like appengine-api-1.0-sdk-1.2.0.jar. Copy that into the lib folder you've just created. We will also need the Java libraries in the lib folder. Normally for a JRuby deployment, Warbler will package it in, but Google has a 1,000 file limit which Ola Bini kindly pointed out. He also provided a script to split the JRuby library into 2 files. You can find the script here and when you run it, it should split jruby-complete.jar into 2 files named jruby-core-1.3.0RC1.jar and jruby-stdlib-1.3.0RC1.jar. You will also need JRuby-Rack but it's included in Warbler and as you will see later, Warbler will copy it into the war when you run it. JRuby-Rack is an adapter for the Java servlet environment that allows Sinatra (or any Rack-based application) to run.
The next piece is appengine-web.xml. I used Ola Bini's version as the base:
<appengine -web-app xmlns="http://appengine.google.com/ns/1.0"> <application>saush-snip</application> <version>1</version> <static -files /> <resource -files /> <sessions -enabled>false</sessions> <system -properties> <property name="jruby.management.enabled" value="false" /> <property name="os.arch" value="" /> <property name="jruby.compile.mode" value="JIT"/> <!-- JIT|FORCE|OFF --> <property name="jruby.compile.fastest" value="true"/> <property name="jruby.compile.frameless" value="true"/> <property name="jruby.compile.positionless" value="true"/> <property name="jruby.compile.threadless" value="false"/> <property name="jruby.compile.fastops" value="false"/> <property name="jruby.compile.fastcase" value="false"/> <property name="jruby.compile.chainsize" value="500"/> <property name="jruby.compile.lazyHandles" value="false"/> <property name="jruby.compile.peephole" value="true"/> <property name="jruby.rack.logging" value="stdout"/> </system> </appengine>
The list row in the property line sets logging to STDOUT, which is very useful for debugging. If you don't set this, you might not be able to see any console output. Again, we need to set the application id that we got earlier on (saush-snip).
Finally we need a config.ru Rackup file to start the whole thing:
%w(rubygems sinatra snip).each { |lib| require lib} root_dir = File.dirname(__FILE__) set :environment, :production set :root, root_dir set :app_file, File.join(root_dir, 'snip.rb') disable :run run Sinatra::Application
You can of course also find all these things in the Snip-AppEngine repository at git://github.com/sausheong/snip-appengine.git. However it is so much more fun to do it step by step right?
Now that we have all the pieces let's package our files for deployment. First we need to generate the exploded war file:
$ ~/jruby/bin/jruby -S warble
You should see output like this:
mkdir -p tmp/war/WEB-INF/gems/specifications cp /Users/saush/jruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/specifications/sinatra-0.9.1.1.gemspec tmp/war/WEB-INF/gems/specifications/sinatra-0.9.1.1.gemspec mkdir -p tmp/war/WEB-INF/gems/gems JRuby limited openssl loaded. gem install jruby-openssl for full support. http://wiki.jruby.org/wiki/JRuby_Builtin_OpenSSL cp /Users/saush/jruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/specifications/rack-0.9.1.gemspec tmp/war/WEB-INF/gems/specifications/rack-0.9.1.gemspec cp /Users/saush/jruby/lib/ruby/gems/1.8/specifications/haml-2.0.9.gemspec tmp/war/WEB-INF/gems/specifications/haml-2.0.9.gemspec mkdir -p tmp/war/WEB-INF/lib mkdir -p tmp/war/WEB-INF/public mkdir -p tmp/war/WEB-INF/views cp lib/appengine-api-1.0-sdk-1.2.0.jar tmp/war/WEB-INF/lib/appengine-api-1.0-sdk-1.2.0.jar cp lib/jruby-core-1.3.0RC1.jar tmp/war/WEB-INF/lib/jruby-core-1.3.0RC1.jar cp lib/jruby-stdlib-1.3.0RC1.jar tmp/war/WEB-INF/lib/jruby-stdlib-1.3.0RC1.jar cp appengine-web.xml tmp/war/WEB-INF/appengine-web.xml cp snip.rb tmp/war/WEB-INF/snip.rb cp config.ru tmp/war/WEB-INF/config.ru cp bumble.rb tmp/war/WEB-INF/bumble.rb cp /Users/saush/.gem/jruby/1.8/gems/warbler-0.9.13/lib/jruby-rack-0.9.4.jar tmp/war/WEB-INF/lib/jruby-rack-0.9.4.jar cp /Users/saush/.gem/jruby/1.8/gems/warbler-0.9.13/lib/jruby-rack-0.9.4.jar tmp/war/WEB-INF/lib/jruby-rack-0.9.4.jar mkdir -p tmp/war/WEB-INF jar cf saush-snip.war -C tmp/war .
You will also get a saush-snip.war file and a bunch of files under the tmp folder, which is really just the war file exploded. We won't need the war file (saush-snip.war) itself for deployment, only the tmp directory. Before doing the deployment, we need to make a minor adjustment to the tmp/war/WEB-INF/gems/gems/sinatra-0.9.1.1/lib/sinatra.rb file. Somehow the line 'use_in_file_templates!' gives an error when deploying to the GAE/J so comment it out.
That's it! We are ready for the deployment. To deploy run this command:
$ ~/appengine-java-sdk-1.2.0/bin/appcfg.sh --email= --passin update tmp/war/
You should see output like this:
Reading application configuration data... 2009-05-15 19:51:38.916::INFO: Logging to STDERR via org.mortbay.log.StdErrLog Beginning server interaction for saush-snip... Password for : 0% Creating staging directory 5% Scanning for jsp files. 20% Scanning files on local disk. 25% Scanned 250 files. 28% Initiating update. 31% Cloning 340 application files. 33% Cloned 100 files. 34% Cloned 200 files. 35% Cloned 300 files. 40% Uploading 0 files. 90% Deploying new version. 95% Will check again in 1 seconds 98% Will check again in 2 seconds 99% Closing update: new version is ready to start serving. 99% Uploading index definitions. Update complete. Success. Cleaning up temporary files...
Now go to http://saush-snip.appspot.com and you should be able to see the new deployment of Snip on the Google AppEngine for Java.
A few other tutorials on the Internet also describe how to deploy Sinatra or Rails-based apps on GAE/J, amongst which Samuel Goebert's tutorial and Ola Bini's stand out the most.
A few thoughts on comparing Heroku and GAE/J since I've deployed on both of them now. Heroku is definitely the easier platform to deploy, with a just few simple steps compared to the hoops I had to jump for GAE/J. Heroku also has the arguably more familiar persistence mechanism as it uses the familiar RDBMS (postgresql) compared to Google's DataStore implementation, which today only has Ola Bini's Bumble implementation compared to the established ActiveRecord, DataMpper and Sequel ORMs. In addition, Google's implementation has many limitations, some harder to understand than others, which forces applications to suit this platform rather than having the platform really service the application.
On the other hand, Google's set of tools in its console is really impressive, with graphs of usage, data and log viewers. Google AppEngine also has memcached, url fetcher, integration with Google accounts, sending out mails and hosts of other helper services. Also, Google's brand name does add some weight when you throw in more mission critical projects though Heroku, backed by Amazon's EC2 services is no push-over. As for costs, until large deployments emerge it is hard to say which is the better deal, also it really depends highly on usage patterns.
So are they evenly balanced out? Not for me at least. For now I would still favor Heroku over GAE/J because Heroku is more friendly to Ruby developers. But who knows? It's exciting times for Rubyists.


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Stress, Sleep, and 10 Other Signs You Need Your Thyroid Checked
Whether you've got too many thyroid hormones or too little, brain fog is a common symptom of some abnormality. Too much thyroid hormone - hyperthyroidism - can cause difficulty concentrating, making you feel scatterbrained. Too few thyroid hormones - hypothyroidism - can hinder brain responses and trigger forgetfulness and feeling spacy. A dose of one of these mind-clearing nutrients could help you manage it, but the only real solution is to treat the thyroid abnormality with the help of your doctor.istockphoto.com
Either you're coming down with a fever or your thyroid is throwing off your body temperature. (Feed your cold and starve your fever... Or is it starve a cold and feed a fever?) But if it's the thyroid that's to blame, you need more thyroid hormones in your bloodstream, stat. Fewer hormones means slower activity - and less heat production. On the other hand, if you're inexplicably sweaty and warm, your thyroid might be overactive and producing too much heat.istockphoto.com
Constant Hunger
Thyroid hormones are closely intertwined with your metabolism - so even if you're eating the same amount of food, your hormones could be throwing off your energy balance. (Is that why you're always tired?) With a hyperactive thyroid and a revved metabolism, you may feel hungry more often and crave random types of food. If your weird cravings aren't coming from one of these other probable sources, your thyroid might be the culprit.istockphoto.com
Before assuming it's your thyroid at risk, do a thorough assessment of your diet first. Are you eating enough? If so, are you eating enough dietary fiber? Eating too much protein or too many healthy fats can also slow things down.
However, if your diet isn't to blame, your hormones could be causing your digestive processes to stall. Hypothyroidism results in fewer signals sent to your digestive tract to keep things moving, essentially resulting in your natural bodily functions moving at a sluggish pace.istockphoto.com
Down in the dumps? Feeling more depressed than usual is a sign that your thyroid is underactive. Too little of the thyroid hormone could cause you to have too little serotonin, the body's "feel good" hormone, as well. To try to lift your spirits, you could try one of these depression-fighting foods - but taking a trip to your doctor is probably a good call.istockphoto.com
Dry Skin
Dry skin is one of your body's cries for help. In some cases, it's just an indication you need to hydrate more effectively. Try loading up on hydrating beverages or sipping on electrolytes with your water. However, dry skin is also a common symptom of thyroid troubles - if your skin doesn't return to its usual flushed state after trying a soothing remedy for dry skin, something else might be going on. A slowing metabolism can cause skin to dry out. The reduced energy usage means that you'll sweat less, resulting in a fluid imbalance on your skin. Your hair and nails might become flaky and brittle, as well.istockphoto.com
After sleeping a ton, you might still feel lethargic and slow. Over time, this can build into full-blown fatigue - a common sign of a thyroid disorder. Hypothyroidism, which occurs when you have too little of the thyroid hormones, causes the signals that tell your muscles to get up and get going to stall. But a little fatigue doesn't always mean your thyroid is having issues - it may be due to one of these surprising reasons you're always tired.istockphoto.com
Irregular Menstrual Cycle
There's a very strong link between irregularities in your menstrual cycle and a disrupted thyroid, for both hyper- and hypothyroidism. With hyperthyroidism, periods tend to be shorter, lighter, and farther apart. With hypothyroidism, the opposite reaction occurs: Periods are longer, more frequent, and more painful. You can probably guess which symptom prompts more women to splurge for the doctor's visit - but both cases are cause for concern.istockphoto.com
Feeling Jittery or Anxious
People experiencing hyperthyroidism, or overproduction of thyroid hormones, often report feeling jittery and wired. Your body is flooded with hormones telling it to go go go, hyping up your adrenaline and other anxious responses. Some people describe the symptom as feeling like they just can't relax. Either you need to cut back on coffee or you have a hormonal problem. Having an overactive thyroid could make any existing anxiety you have feel intolerably worse. One of these 20 habits could be to blame for your anxiety, as well.istockphoto.com
If you're constantly craving sleep to the point where any soft surface starts to look cozy for a mid-day nap, something might be wrong. Sleep-deprived people understand why they feel this way - lack of sleep can seriously mess with your body. But if you are getting enough shut-eye and somehow still feel like you need time to rest, your thyroid could be the cause. A sluggish thyroid can make you sluggish, too.
On the other hand, if you can't sleep and keep waking up numerous times throughout the night, you're either eating the wrong bedtime snacks or your thyroid might be your unwanted alarm clock. An overactive thyroid can cause an overactive heart rate, jolting you awake when you really wanted to be asleep.istockphoto.com
Your thyroid and your adrenal glands are good friends - together, they regulate your hormones and balance your emotions. But since they're so in sync, when one of them is thrown off, the other is shoved off the rails, as well. Stress actually affects your thyroid more than your thyroid affects your stress. But an imbalance of either is bad news. Keeping your stress levels in check can help prevent further damage to your thyroid's regular functioning.istockphoto.com
Unexplained Pain
If you hadn't gleaned this by now, there's nothing painless about a thyroid disorder - the symptoms are often awkward and uncomfortable. But this symptom might be the worst part. Your thyroid can actually cause you physical pain. Over time, hypothyroidism can cause irreparable damage to the nerves responsible for sending brain signals to your extremities. The result? Inexplicable twinges and pains in your limbs and joints. Unexplained pain is actually a really common symptom for many medical problems - read more about its probable causes and the things your body is trying to tell you with these 20 other common symptoms.
More From The Daily Meal:
10 Signs You Should Cut Back on Coffee
35 Symptoms You Shouldn't Ignore
Ways You Didn't Know Your Body Changes After 50
Unexpected Signs of an Unhealthy Heart
15 Telltale Signs You Might Have Canceristockphoto.com

subset: commoncrawl


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Fermat's last theorem
|Number Theory Index
|History Topics Index
Pierre de Fermat died in 1665. Today we think of Fermat as a number theorist, in fact as perhaps the most famous number theorist who ever lived. It is therefore surprising to find that Fermat was in fact a lawyer and only an amateur mathematician. Also surprising is the fact that he published only one mathematical paper in his life, and that was an anonymous article written as an appendix to a colleague's book.
You can see a statue of Fermat and his muse in his home town of Toulouse at THIS LINK
Because Fermat refused to publish his work, his friends feared that it would soon be forgotten unless something was done about it. His son, Samuel undertook the task of collecting Fermat's letters and other mathematical papers, comments written in books, etc. with the object of publishing his father's mathematical ideas. In this way the famous 'Last theorem' came to be published. It was found by Samuel written as a marginal note in his father's copy of Diophantus's Arithmetica.
Fermat's Last Theorem states that
xn + yn = znhas no non-zero integer solutions for x, y and z when n > 2. Fermat wrote
I have discovered a truly remarkable proof which this margin is too small to contain.Fermat almost certainly wrote the marginal note around 1630, when he first studied Diophantus's Arithmetica. It may well be that Fermat realised that his remarkable proof was wrong, however, since all his other theorems were stated and restated in challenge problems that Fermat sent to other mathematicians. Although the special cases of n = 3 and n = 4 were issued as challenges (and Fermat did know how to prove these) the general theorem was never mentioned again by Fermat.
In fact in all the mathematical work left by Fermat there is only one proof. Fermat proves that the area of a right triangle cannot be a square. Clearly this means that a rational triangle cannot be a rational square. In symbols, there do not exist integers x, y, z with
x2 + y2 = z2 such that xy/2 is a square. From this it is easy to deduce the n = 4 case of Fermat's theorem.
It is worth noting that at this stage it remained to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for odd primes n only. For if there were integers x, y, z with xn + yn = zn then if n = pq,
(xq)p + (yq)p = (zq)p.Euler wrote to Goldbach on 4 August 1753 claiming he had a proof of Fermat's Theorem when n = 3. However his proof in Algebra (1770) contains a fallacy and it is far from easy to give an alternative proof of the statement which has the fallacious proof. There is an indirect way of mending the whole proof using arguments which appear in other proofs of Euler so perhaps it is not too unreasonable to attribute the n = 3 case to Euler.
Euler's mistake is an interesting one, one which was to have a bearing on later developments. He needed to find cubes of the form
p2 + 3q2and Euler shows that, for any a, b if we put
p = a3 - 9ab2, q = 3(a2b - b3) thenThis is true but he then tries to show that, if p2 + 3q2 is a cube then an a and b exist such that p and q are as above. His method is imaginative, calculating with numbers of the form a + b√-3. However numbers of this form do not behave in the same way as the integers, which Euler did not seem to appreciate.
p2 + 3q2 = (a2 + 3b2)3.
p2 + 3q2 = (a2 + 3b2)3.
The next major step forward was due to Sophie Germain. A special case says that if n and 2n + 1 are primes then xn + yn = zn implies that one of x, y, z is divisible by n. Hence Fermat's Last Theorem splits into two cases.
Case 1: None of x, y, z is divisible by n.Sophie Germain proved Case 1 of Fermat's Last Theorem for all n less than 100 and Legendre extended her methods to all numbers less than 197. At this stage Case 2 had not been proved for even n = 5 so it became clear that Case 2 was the one on which to concentrate. Now Case 2 for n = 5 itself splits into two. One of x, y, z is even and one is divisible by 5. Case 2(i) is when the number divisible by 5 is even; Case 2(ii) is when the even number and the one divisible by 5 are distinct.
Case 2: One and only one of x, y, z is divisible by n.
Case 2: One and only one of x, y, z is divisible by n.
Case 2(i) was proved by Dirichlet and presented to the Paris Académie des Sciences in July 1825. Legendre was able to prove Case 2(ii) and the complete proof for n = 5 was published in September 1825. In fact Dirichlet was able to complete his own proof of the n = 5 case with an argument for Case 2(ii) which was an extension of his own argument for Case 2(i).
In 1832 Dirichlet published a proof of Fermat's Last Theorem for n = 14. Of course he had been attempting to prove the n = 7 case but had proved a weaker result. The n = 7 case was finally solved by Lamé in 1839. It showed why Dirichlet had so much difficulty, for although Dirichlet's n = 14 proof used similar (but computationally much harder) arguments to the earlier cases, Lamé had to introduce some completely new methods. Lamé's proof is exceedingly hard and makes it look as though progress with Fermat's Last Theorem to larger n would be almost impossible without some radically new thinking.
The year 1847 is of major significance in the study of Fermat's Last Theorem. On 1 March of that year Lamé announced to the Paris Académie that he had proved Fermat's Last Theorem. He sketched a proof which involved factorizing xn + yn = zn into linear factors over the complex numbers. Lamé acknowledged that the idea was suggested to him by Liouville. However Liouville addressed the meeting after Lamé and suggested that the problem of this approach was that uniqueness of factorisation into primes was needed for these complex numbers and he doubted if it were true. Cauchy supported Lamé but, in rather typical fashion, pointed out that he had reported to the October 1847 meeting of the Académie an idea which he believed might prove Fermat's Last Theorem.
Much work was done in the following weeks in attempting to prove the uniqueness of factorization. Wantzel claimed to have proved it on 15 March but his argument
It is true for n = 2, n = 3 and n = 4 and one easily sees that the same argument applies for n > 4was somewhat hopeful.
[Wantzel is correct about n = 2 (ordinary integers), n = 3 (the argument Euler got wrong) and n = 4 (which was proved by Gauss).]
On 24 May Liouville read a letter to the Académie which settled the arguments. The letter was from Kummer, enclosing an off-print of a 1844 paper which proved that uniqueness of factorization failed but could be 'recovered' by the introduction of ideal complex numbers which he had done in 1846. Kummer had used his new theory to find conditions under which a prime is regular and had proved Fermat's Last Theorem for regular primes. Kummer also said in his letter that he believed 37 failed his conditions.
By September 1847 Kummer sent to Dirichlet and the Berlin Academy a paper proving that a prime p is regular (and so Fermat's Last Theorem is true for that prime) if p does not divide the numerators of any of the Bernoulli numbers B2 , B4 , ..., Bp-3 . The Bernoulli number Bi is defined by
x/(ex - 1) = Bi xi /i!Kummer shows that all primes up to 37 are regular but 37 is not regular as 37 divides the numerator of B32 .
The only primes less than 100 which are not regular are 37, 59 and 67. More powerful techniques were used to prove Fermat's Last Theorem for these numbers. This work was done and continued to larger numbers by Kummer, Mirimanoff, Wieferich, Furtwängler, Vandiver and others. Although it was expected that the number of regular primes would be infinite even this defied proof. In 1915 Jensen proved that the number of irregular primes is infinite.
Despite large prizes being offered for a solution, Fermat's Last Theorem remained unsolved. It has the dubious distinction of being the theorem with the largest number of published false proofs. For example over 1000 false proofs were published between 1908 and 1912. The only positive progress seemed to be computing results which merely showed that any counter-example would be very large. Using techniques based on Kummer's work, Fermat's Last Theorem was proved true, with the help of computers, for n up to 4,000,000 by 1993.
In 1983 a major contribution was made by Gerd Faltings who proved that for every n > 2 there are at most a finite number of coprime integers x, y, z with xn + yn = zn. This was a major step but a proof that the finite number was 0 in all cases did not seem likely to follow by extending Faltings' arguments.
The final chapter in the story began in 1955, although at this stage the work was not thought of as connected with Fermat's Last Theorem. Yutaka Taniyama asked some questions about elliptic curves, i.e. curves of the form y2 = x3 + ax + b for constants a and b. Further work by Weil and Shimura produced a conjecture, now known as the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil Conjecture. In 1986 the connection was made between the Shimura-Taniyama- Weil Conjecture and Fermat's Last Theorem by Frey at Saarbrücken showing that Fermat's Last Theorem was far from being some unimportant curiosity in number theory but was in fact related to fundamental properties of space.
Further work by other mathematicians showed that a counter-example to Fermat's Last Theorem would provide a counter -example to the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil Conjecture. The proof of Fermat's Last Theorem was completed in 1993 by Andrew Wiles, a British mathematician working at Princeton in the USA. Wiles gave a series of three lectures at the Isaac Newton Institute in Cambridge, England the first on Monday 21 June, the second on Tuesday 22 June. In the final lecture on Wednesday 23 June 1993 at around 10.30 in the morning Wiles announced his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem as a corollary to his main results. Having written the theorem on the blackboard he said I will stop here and sat down. In fact Wiles had proved the Shimura-Taniyama-Weil Conjecture for a class of examples, including those necessary to prove Fermat's Last Theorem.
This, however, is not the end of the story. On 4 December 1993 Andrew Wiles made a statement in view of the speculation. He said that during the reviewing process a number of problems had emerged, most of which had been resolved. However one problem remains and Wiles essentially withdrew his claim to have a proof. He states
The key reduction of (most cases of) the Taniyama-Shimura conjecture to the calculation of the Selmer group is correct. However the final calculation of a precise upper bound for the Selmer group in the semisquare case (of the symmetric square representation associated to a modular form) is not yet complete as it stands. I believe that I will be able to finish this in the near future using the ideas explained in my Cambridge lectures.In March 1994 Faltings, writing in Scientific American, said
If it were easy, he would have solved it by now. Strictly speaking, it was not a proof when it was announced.Weil, also in Scientific American, wrote
I believe he has had some good ideas in trying to construct the proof but the proof is not there. To some extent, proving Fermat's Theorem is like climbing Everest. If a man wants to climb Everest and falls short of it by 100 yards, he has not climbed Everest.In fact, from the beginning of 1994, Wiles began to collaborate with Richard Taylor in an attempt to fill the holes in the proof. However they decided that one of the key steps in the proof, using methods due to Flach, could not be made to work. They tried a new approach with a similar lack of success. In August 1994 Wiles addressed the International Congress of Mathematicians but was no nearer to solving the difficulties.
Taylor suggested a last attempt to extend Flach's method in the way necessary and Wiles, although convinced it would not work, agreed mainly to enable him to convince Taylor that it could never work. Wiles worked on it for about two weeks, then suddenly inspiration struck.
In a flash I saw that the thing that stopped it [the extension of Flach's method] working was something that would make another method I had tried previously work.On 6 October Wiles sent the new proof to three colleagues including Faltings. All liked the new proof which was essentially simpler than the earlier one. Faltings sent a simplification of part of the proof.
No proof of the complexity of this can easily be guaranteed to be correct, so a very small doubt will remain for some time. However when Taylor lectured at the British Mathematical Colloquium in Edinburgh in April 1995 he gave the impression that no real doubts remained over Fermat's Last Theorem.
Article by: J J O'Connor and E F Robertson


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Oyster Bay
Set in the alluvial heart of Marlborough, one of the world's most recognised wine-growing regions and a place as beautiful as it is abundant, you will find the vineyards that grew the reputation of Oyster Bay. On the shallow stony soils of the tranquil Wairau Plains, where long, slow summers and cool autumn nights give birth to grapes of intense and fruity flavours, Oyster Bay began, from the very outset, to produce wines of international stature. Marlborough provides Oyster Bay with the perfect mix of sun and soil to produce wines of great character - distinctive, assertive, cool-climate chardonnays, sauvignon blancs and pinot noirs that define the very essence - and exclusivity - of New Zealand viticulture. If Marlborough was the birthplace of Oyster Bay, then Hawkes Bay, on the east coast of New Zealand's North Island, is its second home. Here on silty, sun-drenched alluvial plains carved by ancient glaciers, Oyster Bay grows some of New Zealand's most elegant and exciting, cool-climate Merlots.


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I tried 7 trendy workout routines. Here are my favorites
To try out a bootcamp-style class, I went to one of the biggest up-and-coming studios in New York City: Tone House. I signed up for the class labeled for first-timers, Tone House 101.
I left this class on 1) an endorphin high that reached the clouds and 2) an exhaustion level that forced me to sit down on the train ride home. Talk about a mix of emotions... This left me with a few. The exercises themselves were great; achievement-based goals such as pushing 100-pound sleds, finishing a certain number of heavy reps, and doing laps around the room while jumping into burpees were a couple of stand-outs. You watch the instructor demo each task thinking, "I'm genuinely not sure I am capable of that," and then you find out you are. Everyone cheers for you. It feels pretty great.
But the tone of the instructors wasn't always uplifting. While people were encouraged to clap and cheer each other on, there was also a mentality of, "Wow, look at that 6-foot dude with huge pecs! Everyone gawk at how high he can jump!" which I find annoying and, frankly, destructive. In my view, any person in class should feel just as impressive as that man who has good genes and a lot of time on his hands to spend in a gym basement. I go to a class to feel supported - not talked down to. The instructors also made me feel as though they expected me to fail. They questioned my choice of dumbbells. A couple times, they called out how surprised they were that yes, I am actually kind of good at this. News flash: You can't tell how strong I am just by looking at me. What is this, a fitness magazine photoshoot?!
It's also worth noting that this workout is not for the weak - or even for many of the strong. Regulars are applauded while newcomers are largely left behind. Though I have taken similar classes many times and felt familiar with the complex movements, I could easily imagine feeling alienated and disadvantaged by having never been to class before. In my opinion, anyone should be able to walk into a class and learn how to do something right. I watched many of my fellow classmates make some potentially dangerous errors that went uncorrected. But you will leave that class feeling accomplished. That's a fact.Tone House
#6 Barre
Barre is a ballet-inspired, Pilates-style workout where you perform various poses and "toning" exercises using a ballet bar. I tried Pure Barre, a studio with locations in multiple cities. This workout was a different experience than I am used to. For one, everything focused on control - much different than the high-impact, short-interval movements I'm used to doing in a HIIT class. Also, all the movements were really small - nothing like the big jumps and heavy weights I usually work with. This class forced me to focus. And it worked. The next day, I found myself feeling sore in a different way than I usually do. That class definitely helped me get stronger. It also focused on flexibility in a way that I really enjoyed.
Some of the messaging in the class talked about lighter weights for the purposes of toning, which is total BS. But it is true that lighter weights can be used for a larger number of reps - and this barre class had us doing the same movement with those tiny weights for so long that I could not wait to put them down at the end.
The instructor was great at explaining which muscles we were meant to use for each move. I never felt lost or like I had to catch up - everything was explained and corrected. I did find myself getting a little bored. But this is one of those things that rely on personal preference. To each their own. I also don't like yoga, but that seems to be pretty popular. So who knows?istockphoto.com
#5 On-Demand Workout
On-demand workouts have been increasingly popular, likely due to how incredibly convenient they are. Peloton is one of a few of these nationwide companies, offering on-demand fitness classes (as well as streaming classes that are happening live at a studio) to machines people purchase for their homes. You can either take a class on the machine itself from anywhere or attend one of the Peloton studios; I tried a spin class in the studio as it was broadcast live to thousands of viewers on their at-home bikes.
The experience was innovative, fast-paced, and a little unsettling in that it felt oddly futuristic. The bikes themselves were high-end and came installed with screens on which you could track your progress and your pace. I appreciated that; it made goal-setting during the workout much easier. The woman at the front of the room was done up in makeup and trendy clothes. She had the look of a fitness model. As a former instructor, I can confidently say that I do not envy her job. I loved showing up to work in athleisure and no makeup.
She also spent some of the time talking to the class and some of the time talking to the camera. This honestly didn't really detract from the experience; it was just hard to get used to. Once the music was going and my legs were moving, it didn't matter how many stay-at-home moms in Colorado were tuned in. It was a great workout with a fun playlist ('90s themed!) and I was glad they could all join in, too!
There was some talk of metabolism-boosting, toning, calorie burn, and other fitness concepts I've learned are total myths. So that was annoying. But tune all that noise out and focus on other things they talk about - like feeling good in your body, accomplishing goals, and enjoying the class - and you'll have a great time.Peloton
#4 Pole Dancing
Pole dancing classes and studios started as a niche interest, but their popularity has exploded in past years. The studios typically put a heavy emphasis on inclusivity of all kinds - fitness level, body size, gender, etc. Though you might not think of it this way, pole dancing is actually a performative form of dance that's intensely fitness-focused. Try suspending your body sideways off of a small metal pole - it is not easy. People who practice pole dancing have core muscles of steel.
I must admit, I'd wanted to try one of these classes for quite some time. One of my family members runs a studio and I'd attended one of their shows last summer. The dancers reached heights of 10 feet into the air, spinning and turning upside down, holding their bodies above ground with nothing to support them but their own strength. Of course, I knew I wouldn't be doing flips anytime soon; but I could learn a spin or two. So I signed up for the Intro to Pole class at Body & Pole (not affiliated with my family, since I wanted to be fair).
The 90-minute class was slow-paced, yet surprisingly difficult. Many of the moves rely on skills like flexibility and spatial awareness, of which I have neither. Each move and sequence was challenging in its own way; sometimes physically, but most of the time mentally. Not only was I forced to overcome my own sense of discomfort (much of pole dancing is improvisational and I'm used to mimicking a fitness instructor's movements to a tee) but I also had to remember which moves came next and pay attention to the beat of the music.
But here's the thing: None of that mattered. The studio and instructors were so accepting of literally every person, movement, and idea that entered the room. It was amazing. I left the room feeling light and happy, having accomplished something unique. It made me want to come back again and again until I could climb up to the ceiling like the others.
#3 Treadmill Classes
Running is one of the most popular (and oldest) workouts in existence. But treadmill-based classes are a new thing - in a studio-like environment, you race over hills and through sprints alongside a class of others. An instructor tells you what to do: how much speed to add on, how long of an interval you have to sprint, etc. I tried a class at Mile High Run Club called DASH 28. The class involved 28 minutes of treadmill work followed by approximately 10 minutes of strength training and a stretch.
My relationship with running in general is touch and go. I like to run when I can do so outside - surrounded by fresh air, sunlight, and zero expectations of where to go or how fast. I enjoy participating in races because the atmosphere is so addictively positive and they leave me hyped. However, I hate (and I mean hate) the idea of running on a treadmill. But I actually really enjoyed this class.
The playlist was motivating. The atmosphere was electric; everyone was running together and that really appealed to my competitive side. If the girl next to me was still sprinting, there was no way I was slowing down. And the runner's high I experienced afterwards was a huge bonus.
For someone who wants to get faster or stronger or gain more endurance, these classes definitely have a practical purpose as well. The instructor will lead you through the sequences you need to do to work on those skills. Additionally, you might not think there's a lot of form involved in running, but there is. The arch in your spine, the orientation of your feet on the tread, and your shoulder posture are all important to get right during your run. The instructor walks around and lets you know what you should change to improve. No matter whether you're a beginner runner or a marathoner, this class could be right for you.Mile High Run Club
#2 Dance Fitness
There are all kinds of dance fitness classes out there to try: Zumba, Pound, actual dance classes like salsa or ballet... For the purposes of this trial, I chose 305 Fitness, a dance studio that teaches cardio and strength classes through hip-hop dance. I've tried Zumba before and I used to be part of a dance crew - but this class was by far the most fun I've ever had while dancing. Ever. And it was a great workout. The class was an hour long (though it felt shorter) and had two cardio dance sessions and one strength-building session. I took the advanced cardio class - a choice that, after the instructor warned that the steps might be a little tricky, I thought I would regret. But I didn't.
In that class, it didn't matter whether you got the steps right. It didn't matter if you made a fool of yourself. All that mattered was that you kept moving and you had fun. And honestly, it seemed impossible not to have fun. The moves are pretty loose and you're encouraged to have some attitude, show off a little, and improvise. I don't think of myself as someone who can dance - but I forgot all of that and just went with it. The lights are flashing and everything is loud. People all around you are smiling and laughing. There's also a live DJ in the back of the room, adding to the club-like experience.
The instructor, who I later found out was the founder of 305 Fitness, looked like she was having the time of her life. She moved around the whole room, making sure every person felt personally included in the class. Everything out of her mouth was positive and supportive. I didn't think a fitness class could feel like a party - but this one did.305 Fitness
#1 Boxing
There are all kinds of boxing-inspired workouts at fitness studios, but rarely do you find a workout that's taught by actual competitive fighters. I wanted the real boxing experience - I wanted to train like a real boxer. So I took a class at Overthrow, a fitness studio that teaches high-intensity boxing classes that alternate between time spent doing work on the bag and on the floor. The workout itself was so fun. I mean, when else are you encouraged to punch something - as hard as you can - without holding back? Letting go of my stress by hitting the bag felt amazing (hello, endorphins) without feeling difficult. There was some partner work to help the group atmosphere, bodyweight moves to build stamina and strength, and opportunities to work one on one with the instructor.
The trainer was a competitive boxer; but regardless of his experience and no-nonsense attitude, he was still a great instructor. You weren't shamed if you didn't know the punches. No person in the class was ever left behind. In fact, he broke everything down to the basics and would come correct your form if you were doing something incorrectly. But at the same time, the workout was challenging for everyone in the room, no matter their level.
In addition to being physically challenging, this boxing workout felt like a workout for my mind. The instructor calls out combinations of different punches for you to follow. 1! 1-2-3-1! It might seem simple, but when you're knocked out of breath and have been hearing numbers for the past 30 minutes, those combos are hard to remember. The mental challenge - as well as the diversity of the workout - made the 45-minute class fly by. If I could, I would have stayed there all day. Heck, I'd take boxing classes every week if I could. I have tried working out before work every day for a month - though maybe I was doing the wrong workouts. That wasn't anywhere near as successful as my time in the ring.
More From The Active Times:
16 Trendy Workouts You Should Consider Trying in 2019
25 Annoying Things You Should Never Do at the Gym
The Most Popular Fitness Trends Over the Past 6 Decades
20 Exercise Tips for People in Their 40s
This Is What Actually You Should Never Do Before a Workoutistockphoto.com


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Hope everyone had a peaceful, perhaps hangover-nursing Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. We were off, too, so that explains the "Week in Nightlife" post coming today. Anyway, on with the shows:
On Tuesday, the Guess Who's lead singer Burton Cummings performs a sold-out solo show at Rams Head on Stage in Annapolis. If you're really in need of live music, head south for Bike Trip at D.C.'s Black Cat.
On Wednesday, Southern sludge-metal married couple Jucifer plays Sonar's Talking Head Lounge. Heavy. Tickets are $10.
On Thursday, Baltimore artist Elena Johnston celebrates the end of her BOUM exhibition at the Metro Gallery with a closing party. BAMBOO, Vlonde and Nest will perform. The show is 18+. Tickets are available here.
On Friday, you have your choices between local acts: Domino Falls and Alice Anna play Rams Head Live, while singer-songwriter Garrett Anderson headlines a rescheduled album release show ("Within and Around") at the 8x10 in Federal Hill. Three Fifths will also perform. After Ticketmaster's fees, you're looking at just under $18 for tickets.
On Saturday, one of the city's most successful groups ever, Dru Hill, will perform at Rams Head Live. Sisqo will also get a solo set, which he says will include new material. Dru Hill's Nokio and Tao have a rock-inspired band called Black Angel Down, and they'll also perform that night. (And FYI: I wrote the forthcoming Live! cover story on Dru Hill and the group's very public ups and downs. It hits stands on Friday.) Tickets, $35, are still available here. If traditional R&B isn't your thing, Cass McCombs plays the Ottobar that night as well.
On Sunday, the Where's the Band? 2012 Tour comes to Charm City. Anyone who grew up loving pop-punk should get excited about the line-up: Chris Conley (Saves the Day), Ace Enders (The Early November), Evan Weiss (Into It. Over It.), Anthony Raneri (Bayside) and Matt Pryor (The Get Up Kids) will also play solo sets. Expect some collaborations, too. Doors open at 6 p.m. Tickets are $15.


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Houston — Man Dies After Crashing into Signal Light Pole on Westpark Drive
Posted on Sunday, February 16th, 2020 at 9:20 pm by Williams Hart
At around 5:30 a.m. on Sunday, February 9, 2020, a man was killed in a single-vehicle accident that occurred in Houston, Texas.
According to initial reports, the man was driving a black Ford Fusion along Westpark Drive and stopped at a red light in the 6100 block. For unknown reasons, he then accelerated at a high rate of speed and struck a signal light pole.
The man was pronounced dead while being transported to an area hospital. Meanwhile, a female passenger with him was also transported to an area hospital in an unknown condition.
The crash still remains under investigation.
It is unfortunate to hear of what happened to the victims in this accident. Alas, there are countless other victims who suffered the same fate. Car accidents are a problem in this day and age, and yet they still continue to happen on a regular basis. In statistics provided by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), car accidents occur almost every minute of every day, and every 16 minutes, someone dies from a car accident. This can be translated to be about 6 million car accidents every year and about 37,000 people dying from them.
Moreover, statistics show that about 16% of these car accidents are crashes where the vehicle leaves the road. In this type of car crash, a car would usually collide into a lamppost, a tree, or a building, etc. Lamppost and tree collisions comprise about 31% of fatalities in this type of vehicular accident.
There are a lot of possible causes and factors for this kind of vehicular crash. Some of these are drunken/distracted driving, traffic accidents, medical emergencies, age, and even the weather (for example, the fog making the roads not visible, or the rain making the road slippery, etc.).
Car accidents are quite difficult for the victims and their respective families. Thankfully, there are lawyers that specialize in car accidents, so if you are a victim of this kind of accident, or you know someone who is, or you lost a loved one because of this, then please never hesitate to ask for help from these lawyers. They will help you in protecting your rights and in getting you the justice that you deserve.
If someone you love was seriously hurt or killed in an accident, you may be unsure of where to turn. The attorneys of Williams Hart have experience helping people through the aftermath of catastrophic accidents, and we can help you too. Contact our law firm at (713) 352-7071 to speak with an experienced lawyer today.
Note: We report on the types of accidents and injuries our law firm has experience handling. Our hearts go out to victims of the accidents described on this blog, and we hope that future accidents, injuries, and deaths can be prevented. These posts are gathered from recent stories in the news. As new developments occur, these stories are often updated. If information contained within this article is false or outdated, please contact us so we can include the new information or make a correction.
Disclaimer: Williams Hart hopes that by showing how often catastrophic accidents occur, we can begin a conversation about how to reduce or prevent them. We sincerely hope that the articles on our blog arm readers with the information needed to avoid being involved in such accidents. Content on this blog should not be construed as legal advice.


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The examination of the computers and devices seized on Friday by local law enforcers from a technology blogger that got his hands on an unreleased iPhone prototype has been put on hold while authorities discuss if the operation conflicted with California's shield law.
San Mateo County chief deputy district attorney Stephen Wagstaffe said attorneys with tech blog Gizmodo recently asked San Mateo prosecutors to consider how the raid on Gizmodo editor Jason Chen's home and the seizure of several items – including laptops, digital cameras, flash drives, a credit card and credit card bills – might conflict with the state's shield law, which protects journalists from sharing unpublished, work-related material.
"The computers are not being examined to make sure we don't invade anybody's privacy," Wagstaffe said.
He added that his office is studying the situation and is expected to send a legal memo this week to the Rapid Enforcement Allied Computer Team, the state high-tech crimes task force that served the search warrant, with its recommendations on the matter.
Chen's property is currently in REACT's hands, which will have the final call on whether they inspect Chen's computers or return them, Wagstaffe said.
At the heart of the matter is the question of whether law enforcers overstepped their authority by seizing Chen's belongings or if the shield law's protections evaporated when Gizmodo agreed to purchase an item reported as stolen property.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation criticized the search warrant for not specifying if Chen was being considered a criminal suspect or the particular crime being investigated. It called the warrant's language "plainly overbroad" and added it should have never been issued in the first place, since state and federal law protect journalists from government searches and seizures.
Gizmodo had already returned the phone to Apple, but Wagstaffe said the case continued to be investigated as possible property theft felony because Apple had previously reported the device as missing.
CNET notes that the investigation might expand beyond Gizmodo and writes:
One reason for an expanded investigation is obvious: law enforcement wants to learn who found the so-called 4G prototype and offered it for sale. California law makes it a crime for someone to find lost property but not return it.
Felony charges may follow the investigation if authorities proceed with the examination of Chen's devices. It remains unclear exactly who would be charged if that happens.
– Posted by Alejandro Martinez-Cabrera


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Directly Observed Therapy for HIV Infected Adolescents
|The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Read our disclaimer for details.
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00259389
Recruitment Status : Completed
First Posted : November 29, 2005
Last Update Posted : September 18, 2012
- Study Details
- Tabular View
- No Results Posted
- Disclaimer
- How to Read a Study Record
|Condition or disease
|HIV Infections
|Behavioral: Directly observed therapy (DOT)
|Not Applicable
For HIV infected people, control of HIV infection is best achieved by adhering to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen prescribed by their doctors. Poor adherence to a HAART regimen leads to clinical failure and the development of resistance. Many HIV infected adolescents have difficulty adhering to their prescribed anti-HIV regimens or OI prophylaxis; often, they cite forgetting to take their medications as the reason for poor adherence. This is a pilot study of using DOT and assessing adherence during DOT in HIV infected adolescents who have had difficulty adhering to HAART regimens in the past. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy in increasing patient adherence and the feasibility of using DOT among HIV infected adolescents.
This study will last 24 weeks. For the first 2 weeks of the study, DOT will be provided 7 days a week at the study site; participants will visit the study site daily and will be observed taking their medication. For the next 6 weeks, the frequency of DOT will be reduced from 7 days a week to 5 days a week. Based on adherence from Weeks 4 to 8, each participant will be recommended to continue with a DOT strategy as follows:
- Adherence Level 1 (greater than 93%) - DOT 3 days a week
- Adherence Level 2 (86% to 93%) - DOT 5 days a week
- Adherence Level 3 (less than 86%) - DOT 7 days a week
Participants will decide whether to accept their DOT assignment and to continue in the study. At Week 12 and every 4 weeks thereafter, adherence will be assessed and DOT may be adjusted as follows:
- Adherence Level 1 - Reduce frequency of DOT. Those already receiving DOT 3 days a week stop DOT and start self-administered therapy.
- Adherence Level 2 - Keep same frequency of DOT as the past 4 weeks.
- Adherence Level 3 - Increase frequency of DOT by one level, as described in previous list.
HAART will not be provided by this study, so participants must have access to their HAART medications coordinated separately through the study site. Participants who are taking medication requiring twice-daily dosing will self-administer their second doses.
There will be 7 study visits; they will occur at study entry and every 4 weeks thereafter. Medical history will occur at study entry. At every visit, participants' adherence to their regimens will be assessed, and they will also be interviewed by a social worker about their use of support services. Participants will undergo several assessments at study entry and Weeks 12 and 24 to determine participant confidence, beliefs about medicine, severity of depression, feelings of hopelessness, coping responses, and emotional and behavioral problems. Blood collection will occur at study entry and Weeks 8, 12, and 24. When participants successfully complete their prescribed courses of DOT or elect to discontinue DOT, they will again be interviewed by study staff.
|Study Type :
|Interventional (Clinical Trial)
|Estimated Enrollment :
|24 participants
|Intervention Model:
|Parallel Assignment
|None (Open Label)
|Primary Purpose:
|Official Title:
|Directly Observed Therapy (DOT) in HIV-1 Infected Adolescents
|Study Start Date :
|April 2006
|Actual Study Completion Date :
|September 2007
- Proportion of completed directly observed therapy (DOT) facilitator-participant interactions, among all scheduled interactions, for each participant during the second 4-week period on study
- number and proportion of participants who were able to complete the recommended duration of DOT
- Subject satisfaction with DOT, assessed by the Exit Survey Instrument
- cost of implementing DOT per participant
- effective ratio of DOT facilitators to participants, determined by the calculation of actual time spent by each DOT facilitator
- reproducibility of DOT implementation across sites and participants' adherence to DOT interactions and ability to complete the prescribed duration of DOT, compared across sites
- adherence for each participant in the 4-week period prior to a study visit, determined at Weeks 8 and 12 by participant self-report and adherence to DOT interactions and by pill count and participant 4-week recall at Week 24
- virologic outcomes, determined by the suppression of HIV-1 viral load at Weeks 8, 12, and 24
- immunologic outcome, defined by a change in absolute CD4 count from baseline to Week 24
- self-efficacy (confidence), assessed by Patient Assessment Tool - Part I and Beliefs About Medicine Scale
- beliefs about highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), assessed by Beliefs About Medicine Scale
- severity of depression experienced by each participant, assessed by Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II
- hopelessness, assessed by Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS)
- emotional and behavioral problems, assessed by Youth Self Report (YSR)/Adult Self Report (ASR)
- coping of each participant, assessed by Coping Responses Inventory (CRI)-Youth and CRI-Adult
- perceived barriers to adherence, assessed at baseline and Weeks 12 and 24 by Patient Assessment Tool - Part I and Beliefs About Medication Scale
- substance abuse, assessed at baseline and Weeks 12 and 24 by Patient Assessment Tool - Part II
- sustainability of DOT benefits, assessed as the proportion of participants adherent at Week 24 among those who successfully complete the first 8 weeks of DOT and are taken off DOT at 12 weeks
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
|Ages Eligible for Study:
|16 Years to 25 Years (Child, Adult)
|Sexes Eligible for Study:
|Accepts Healthy Volunteers:
Inclusion Criteria:
- Infected with HIV after age 12
- Initiating, continuing, changing, or reinitiating a daily or twice-daily HAART regimen AND have demonstrated adherence problems (less than 85% of prescribed doses taken, as clinically disclosed, on 2 consecutive occasions at least 1 month apart). More information on this criterion can be found in the protocol.
- Able and willing to swallow medication
- Have access to HAART
- Parent or guardian willing to provide informed consent, if applicable
- Willing to use acceptable forms of contraception
Exclusion Criteria:
- Clinically significant diseases other than HIV infection or clinically significant findings during screening or physical examination that, in the opinion of the investigator, would require much closer follow-up and frequent monitoring than would be generally done for other HIV infected patients of comparable age
- HAART regimens that include medications taken more often than twice-daily
- Investigational agents (HAART or other medications) administered as part of other clinical trials
- Pregnant or breastfeeding
To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor.
Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.gov identifier (NCT number): NCT00259389
|United States, California
|Childrens Hospital Los Angeles
|Los Angeles, California, United States, 90027
|Los Angeles County Medical Center/USC
|Los Angeles, California, United States, 90033
|UCSD Mother, Child & Adolescent HIV Program
|San Diego, California, United States, 92103
|United States, Michigan
|Childrens Hospital of Michigan
|Detroit, Michigan, United States, 48201
|United States, New York
|University of Rochester Medical Center
|Rochester, New York, United States, 14642-0001
|United States, Tennessee
|St. Jude Childrens Research Hospital, Memphis
|Memphis, Tennessee, United States, 38105-2794
|Study Chair:
|Aditya Gaur, MD
|Department of Infectious Disease, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital
Publications of Results:
Other Publications:
|Responsible Party:
|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
|ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:
|Other Study ID Numbers:
10044 ( Registry Identifier: DAIDS-ES )
|First Posted:
|November 29, 2005 Key Record Dates
|Last Update Posted:
|September 18, 2012
|Last Verified:
|September 2012
Treatment Experienced
Directly Observed Therapy
Treatment Naive
HIV Infections
Lentivirus Infections
Retroviridae Infections
RNA Virus Infections
Virus Diseases
Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes
Immune System Diseases


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New Year Resolutions have a long history, the Babylonians pledged to return borrowed objects and repay their debts at the start of each year, while the Romans kicked off January by making a vow to the god Janus (from whom the month takes its name).
As we have been repeating and updating this featured article now for several years, many artists have looked back and lamented at their broken promises but also as you read, you will see that many rejoice at the acomplishments that they have achieved.
In assessing my goals for the New Year, I don't list tasks, I analyze the optimal approaches in reaching those goals, breaking them down into steps. I think we need to challenge ourselves – to stretch, purposefully, beyond our comfort zones. I make a plan, which includes a roadmap to consciously pursuing new ideas, and discovering possibilities. Each step forward, into unknown territory, emboldens us.
In 2015, I have watched us all grow, creatively, exponentially, in part because we build on a collective intelligence. Having a context, and a community, helps us know ourselves, better.
I'm excited to think of what you each will bring to this New Year. We have shared great energy, camaraderie, encouragement, information, and imagery. We have connected, mourned each other's losses, and celebrated our victories, large and small, together.
Many thanks to our international community, to all those who have submitted artwork to TheAppWhisperer project, commented on articles, and spread the word about mobile artistry. Thank you to the extraordinary group of features editors who volunteer their efforts and expertise to make TheAppWhisperer a rich and diverse resource. As always, I am grateful for your friendship and support. You move me.
I would like to thank all the artists who have participated our New Years Resolution project this year. Everyone enjoys reading and learning more about you all and it's a wonderful opportunity to share and rejoice in all your achievements and of course, to bathe in your glorious art.
Thank you, Allyson Marie, Andrea Brigiarini, Sylvia DeVoss, Marian Rubin, Marguerite Khoury, Alejandro Cendan Rodriguez, Illse Harris, Gianluca Ricoveri, Giulia Baita, Jaime Glasser, Albion Harrison-Naish, Maria Thiago, Ile Mont, Wanphen Sangkamee, Brendan O Se, Teri Lou Dantzler, Gizem Karayavuz, Maria Flourou, Bonobo Stone, Dani Salvadori, Jay Desind, Louise Whiting, Lee Atwell, Ale De Gangi, Jill Lian, Patricia Januszkiewicz, Carolyn Hall Young, Kerryn Benbow, Petyr Campos, Robi Gallardo, Kate Zari Roberts, Lisa Waddell, Deborah McMillion, Cindy Buske, Eliza Badoiu, Susan Tuttle, Ioannis Sidiropoulos, Michel Pretterklieber, Cheryl A Townsend, Elaina Wilcox, Michelle Robinson, Fiona Christian, Andrew Proudlove, Matthew Kayden, Candice Railton, Paul Brown, Brett Chenoweth, Meri Walker, Janine Graf, Ocean Morisset, Amy Leibrand, Karen Divine, Leinaala Mitchell Art, Jane Schultz, Andrew B White, Juta Jazz, Robin Sacknoff, Vanessa Vox, Yulia Naganova, Alix Carmichele, Jim Perdue, Yoni Mayeri, Tommy Vee, Angie Lambert, Martin Durr, Riel Noir, Cecily Caceu, Ed Kriner, Cathrine Halsor, Dilshad Corleone, Diana Nicholette Jeon, Rad Drew, Rob Pearson-Wright, Gina Costa, Marianne Rieter, Gillia Brodie, Karen Axelrad, Christine O Sobczak, Mariette Schrijver, Claude Panneton, Lanie Heller, Bobbi McMurry, Tania Konnerth, Constance Rosethnal, Tina Rice, Lrh Arquitecto, Paula Broom Carlos Austin Armineh Hovanesian Hovanesian, Yoni Mayeri, Ginger Lucero, Mandolina Moon, Jennifer A Thomas, Jackson Mah, Shirley Drevich, Erika C. Brothers, Lorenka Campos, Isabella Matthews, Bonny Breddels, Maurizio Zanetti, Keisuke Takahashi, Mehmet Omur, Elsa Brenner and Jo Jo.
Read moreMobile Photography / Art New Year Resolutions 2016 From Around The World


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In previous postings, the presence of Audi product placement in the recently released Iron Man 3 movie has been spotlighted. The involvement of Audi in the Marvel Comics based blockbuster was heavily publicized and (to a degree) blatant. Drawing a North American audiences to fork out 175.3 million dollars during the opening weekend, the success of Iron Man 3 and several related media appearances have placed vehicles like the Audi S7 Sportback as well as the R8 e-tron in view of maximum eyeballs.
In contrast to the on-screen promotion of Iron Man 3 where Audis were placed alongside Robert Downey Jr. and Gwyneth Paltrow, the German automaker has forged a connection to another upcoming 2013 Hollywood blockbuster. Not specifically related to the film Star Trek Into Darkness, an Internet video released ahead of the movie's May 17th release features the actors behind the franchise's most popular Science Officer in competition. A video titled "The Challenge", the original Spock Leonard Nimoy and the new Spock Zachary Quinto face-off in an Earth-based driving adventure.
Pitting Spock against Spock, the video has Leonard Nimoy and Zachary Quinto racing to a golf country club with the losing participant paying for lunch. Quinto loads his golf clubs into an Audi S7 Sportback while Nimoy attempts to win "The Challenge" in his Mercedes-Benz CLS 550. It's amazing that the Spock actors just happen to be driving competing European vehicles presented in the four-door coupe sub-category. Being an Audi video, it is natural to see the Quinto's drive in the S7 Sportback is a more harmonious experience than Nimoy did with his CLS 550. As a Star Trek fan, Hearing Leonard Nimoy's dialogue getting bleeped was as amusing as the time in Star Trek 4 and at the end of Star Trek 6 when Spock dropped some "colourful metaphors". Without giving much away, the Audi S7 Sportback obviously prevails in "The Challenge".
The end of the challenge but not the Audi video, both Spocks present at the country club delivers additional treats to Star Trek fans. For those fans of the original series bitter about Zachary Quinto beating Leonard Nimoy, the older Spock drew upon a logical move to triumph in the challenge despite the drive. At the very end of the video, a cameo appearance is made by the autonomous-driven Audi TTS. Witnessing the self-driving vehicle firsthand, both Nimoy and Quinto respond "Fascinating!".
Since Star Trek was set in a futuristic setting, product placement had proven difficult on the popular sci-fi series for decades. The current attitude of Hollywood has not left the Star Trek franchise immune to the influence of in-film advertising. The J.J. Abrams 2009 Star Trek has found an occasion to depict a 23rd century existence for Budweiser and Nokia. The Audi video is one of what have been several satirical occasions where the actors explore their Star Trek personas in real life to advertise products. In a continuing mission to explore new worlds, the Internet video is final frontier in advertising.
Audi's Zachary Quinto vs. Leonard Nimoy: "The Challenge"
Information, photo and video source: Audi AG


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This guest post is by John Burnside of MoneyIn15Minutes.
My name is John Burnside and I am a recovering traffic addict.
I got sucked into the analytics quicksand, and barely got out alive! I used to wake up in the morning and check how many hits I had over night. I used to stay up until after 12, even if I was tired, because that is when the day's Google Analytics results came out. As soon as I got a mobile phone that could access the internet anywhere and everywhere I wanted that was when I was truly lost to my cravings. I would check at least once an hour and sometimes twice.
The thing with traffic addiction is that checking up on your traffic then leads on to more procrastination. 'I've had one more person on my blog. Maybe they sent me an email or a comment?' Then you go and check your emails and log in to your admin area. The list could go on and on and you can make that cycle last all day (I know because it's been done!). This means that you will actually do nothing towards getting more traffic and you will end up just watching your traffic get smaller and smaller which is exactly the opposite of what you watch traffic for.
Hopefully these techniques that I'm about to share will help you, just like they have helped me, to actually get on with something that will help your blog.
Method 1. Rigorous planning
Now I know the nature of the traffic addict is not to plan. That is how I got stuck in the rut in the first place. I would say to myself, "I'll just check this while I am thinking of what to do."
The way to get around this is to plan out your day to the letter the day before. Give yourself tasks and time limits for the next day that you are going to work on your blog. If you are part-time, then plan when you are going to work and what you are going to work on during that time. Do not use the excuse, "I only have a couple of minutes." A couple of minutes is enough time to get a bit of exposure for your blog.
Go to another blog and write a comment or have a look on a forum to see if anything interesting has been talked about that, day and if there is anything you can help with. That only takes a second, but that work will stay online helping you for a long time with a backlinks and, we hope, relevant traffic.
Method 2. Restrict the times when you look at your statistics
This method is very basic and reminds me of dieting or quitting cigarettes. Simply do not allow yourself to look at your emails or your analytics outside a certain time of the day. Write down all of the things that are included in your "procrastination list" and then give yourself a small window of time during the day that you are allowed to check them.
This is the method I use to restrict myself from checking all day. I have allowed myself to look at them first thing when I wake up and then after I have finished my work for that day. Also for the morning check so that I actually start work I actually time myself and give myself a 15-minute limit. I realize this sounds a little extreme, but when I look back over how much time I have wasted when I could have been expanding my blog, I know the restriction was worth it.
Method 3. Replace the cravings
This method is very simple and I think of it a bit like shocking the system out of the habit. As soon as you think of going to check up on your stats, redirect your activity. By this, I mean change that thought into something constructive. For example, every time you have that bad thought of wasting time, do something else like write an article or socialize on your networks (yes, this can also be a form of procrastination, but that's another article entirely!). After doing this for a little while, you will soon get into the habit of doing constructive things.
Once you employ these methods, you will start to see results very soon in your traffic rankings. Keep in mind that everything you are doing instead of checking up on your statistics will stay online and help you for a long time. Checking your stats does nothing to help you.
My name is John Burnside and I am an internet entrepreneur. If you want to learn more about blogging or making money online then please subscribe to my feed.


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Engaging families in the joy of scientific discovery and wonder of nature
ECHO's engaging, interesting, relevant and fun exhibits and programming that make sure that each visit offers something new and something memorable. From the more than 70 species of animal ambassadors to a look ahead at what must be done to keep Lake Champlain healthy and vibrant, ECHO has something for everyone.
Dive into the Lake with us and discover the mysteries hidden below.
Explore a life-sized recreation of The General Butler, which is 1876 set sail from Isle La Motte, destined for Burlington. As The General Butler approached Burlington's breakwater, an intense winter storm stirred up incredible waves that raised and smashed the Butler into Burlington's breakwater. Moments later, as the last of the vessel's crew jumped ship, down it went to the bottom of the lake. Explore a life-sized recreation of this shipwreck and learn about this and the estimated 300 other shipwrecks that make up Vermont's Underwater Historic Preserve in Lake Champlain.
Is the Legend of Champ a myth or reality? In 1609 Samuel de Champlain spotted a twenty foot serpent in what was to become Lake Champlain. The Abenaki and Iroquois cultures have their own legends about a Lake creature. So does Champ exist? You decide! See images from Champ sightings. Discover the stories of those who have seen Champ, and hear biologists' reflections on whether or not Champ lives in Lake Champlain.
The Lake Champlain Aquatic Display contains some of the biggest and most impressive fish found both at ECHO and in Lake Champlain. Check out the daily program schedule to see if there will be a live feeding today!
Teens and adults can engage in this sophisticated take on ecology. Shape watersheds using the augmented reality sandbox, created by the LakeViz3D project – UC Davis KeckCAVES, UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center, Lawrence Hall of Fame, ECHO Leahy Center for Lake Champlain, and Audience Viewpoints. Watch water flow through a watershed you created to illustrate how the landscape is connected to its water.
Take a trip down the 120-mile virtual Lake Champlain or view sunsets going back a year with the Lake Expedition Station. See with your heart at the Eastern Spiny Softshell Turtle viewing station. These baby turtles are overwintered at ECHO as part of a collaboration with Vermont Fish and Wildlife. Young members of the threatened species receive food, care, and attention before being released into Lake Champlain in the summer.
This incredible exhibit, created especially for ages 0-6, engages children in science play, or learning about science using open-ended play scenarios. This means interacting with the world through all five senses, meeting science tools for the first time and becoming comfortable with them, refining balance and developing spacial awareness, and sorting, categorizing, or counting objects to learn the basics of mathematics.
From the alpine zone of the surrounding mountains to the sparking shores of Lake Champlain, the Lake Champlain Basin provides a land of opportunity for plants and animals, including humans. The Land of Opportunity exhibit highlights some of the fascinating interactions between nature, plants, animals, and the resources that exist within the Basin. How do we all utilize these natural resources? How does nature foster or limit the opportunities that abound?
Travel back in time to explore the world of the Champlain Valley when the Adirondack Mountains were as high as the Himalayas. Or to the time when beluga whales and seals swam in the salty waters of the Champlain Sea. Touch a live sea star, build your own mountain, or try your hand eroding rocks. These activities and much more await your explorations as you uncover the mysterious time Before the Basin.
Built in collaboration with scholars and experts, including Smithsonian Institution Archaeologist and Anthropologist Stephen Loring and Abenaki Historian Frederick Wiseman, this exhibit explores the human-landscape connections that go back thousands of years, from the Paleoindians of the last Ice Age to the Abenaki and Mohawk today.
Also check out ECHO's Indigenous Expressions film series:
Do you love to share photos, videos, and stories with friends and family? Have you had an experience you wish you could share with other people that are interested in Lake Champlain? Voices for the Lake provides the place to connect with others, share your stories, and affect local change.
This innovative community-driven collection of stories has been growing online since the launch of a contributory website on Earth Day 2010. People are sharing their photos, recordings, videos, and written stories from across the watershed illustrating how individuals connect and care about the waterways in their community andAdd your story to the exhibit, and VoicesfortheLake.org, at our contribution station. ultimately Lake Champlain.
In 2012, ECHO began the work on ten short films designed to engage visitors on messages of cultural history, stewardship, environmental caring and the ecological richness and vulnerability of the Lake Champlain Basin. Five ECHO-produced films were filmed in and around the Lake Champlain Basin, on all sides of the water, to tell the whole story about animals that call this area home. Learn about the balancing act they must perform to survive and thrive in the region. Also, ECHO teamed with Vermont ethnographer Ned Castle and award-winning filmmaker Matt Day to create four short films examining the region's Native American heritage.


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Landlords. Chances are if you don't have one now, you've had one in the past. I do and his job is simple. Make sure the lease is current and collect the rent when it's due.
I don't pay, I get kicked out.
When it's time for a lease renewal the landlord takes a look at the current real estate market and makes adjustments (usually upward) for the next lease agreement.
U.S. & World
The state of California operates with its tenants in much the same way. The tenants are the companies that lease land from the state in order to conduct business.
The landlord? That would be the State Lands Commission.
An audit by the state released this week shows the landlord hasn't been keeping up with the job.
Over time California has lost many millions of dollars in rents that haven't been collected from tenants who do business on land the state owns. Some 4 million acres in all.
It's a grim reality, considering the state has been slashing budgets from social services to schools and prisons.
That's not likely to sit well with those who've been fighting a losing battle to keep programs like those in place.
So what's behind the breakdown? Ironically, budget cuts are a big part of the problem.
Some of those cuts have come at the expense of the State Lands Commission.
Twenty years ago the Commission had 242 people on staff, many of whom spent their time tending to the leases.
Today they have 63.
Sisxty three people trying to keep track of more than 4,000 leases.
Among that 4,000: land leased to a gas company that hasn't paid its rent for five years, and land leased to an oil company that's been paying the same amount since their lease with the state expired sixteen years ago.
Then there's a resort that hasn't paid for the rent on its coastal parcel in 22 years.
One of the most egregious examples is Dow Chemical. The giant company that hasn't paid any rent for the past 17 years.
These are just a few examples.
The question is, what's being done about it?
Lt. Governor Gavin Newsome called the situation "unacceptable" and State Controller John Chiang says he'll work to fix the problem. AS it happens they both service on the lands commission, so they're partly to blame for this mess.
Curtis Fossum, executive director of the commission, points out that despite the mutiple oversights. his department brought in about $400 million in revenues last year.
Imagine how much went uncollected.
At a time when budgets for school and social programs continue to be slashed, the landlord's job is more important than ever.
Time to start knocking on doors.
Let us know what you think. Comment below, send us your thoughts via Twitter @PropZero or add your comment to our Facebook page.


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Cold, Cold Heart
(1) Spread word of Legion atrocities.
Important Items...[edit]
Like a few other side quests, this one is extremely easy to get through quickly, so long as you've been following our Walkthrough to a tee . If you were (or have been), then you would have found yourself in a destroyed settlement known as Nipton during the main mission They Went That-a-Way. In Nipton, upon a thorough exploration of the town, you should have run headlong into a man named Vulpes Inculta, who is an officer in the Legion, the NCR's arch-rival group of scum and villainy. You'll find him in front of the town hall, and as long as you don't attack him and his friends, and let them leave without issue (after speaking with Vulpes for as long as you can), you'll be given this side quest. Just as Vulpes suggested, you should tell everyone about the death and destruction you witnessed in Nipton at the hands of the Legion.
While the instructions you receive from Vulpes upon the start of this side quest are quite vague, undertaking the task isn't nearly as lengthy or time-consuming as it might initially strike you. You don't have to tell everybody about Legion atrocities. Hell, you don't even have to tell multiple people about their atrocities. Rather, all you're tasked with doing is speaking with a single person (though you won't immediately know it from those vague instructions). The one person you're looking for is named Sgt. Kilborn. He'll be roaming around the Mojave Outpost, southwest of Primm. Speak with him, exploring all conversation paths, and you'll conclude this side quest without really knowing you did anything. Nice!


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Unauthorized Access
You do not have the rights to manage this Event.
We welcome all Mazda Miata MX-5 owners and friends to join us. We're a group of fun-loving car enthusiasts who meet every month to discuss our cars, enjoy road trips, share information and have fun.
Road Trips: we depend on all members and friends to seek out adventurous activities for the club. Please keep your eyes open for interesting venues, locations, and scenic drives that your fellow members might enjoy discovering together. Click to offer Road Trip Suggestions.
Miata Members, when you log in, put your username (not your email address) and password below. Click on the button that says "remember me" if you want to automatically fill in your login information next time.
It's easy to register here on the South Florida Miata Club web site to become a member. Registration gives you privileges and adds you to the mailing list for news and updates. We have no dues, thanks to the generous sponsorship of Grieco Mazda of Delray.
Contact us by clicking on this link for help.
Visit our Facebook Page.
Here's a link to our official club logo.
Copyright South Florida Miata Sportscar Club - all rights reserved.


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Power lift recliners include an easy-to-use handheld wand that controls the power-assisted sitting and standing as well as recline. Recliners feature three positions and a battery pack that activates in the event of a power failure, ensuring the simplest operation possible. A sturdy frame design and heavy-gauge coils make for a recliner with quiet and safe movement.
The Sensate massage mechanism takes your reclining chair to the next level of comfort by turning your recliner into your own personal home masseuse. Control the three-speed massage or add relaxing heat with the easy-to-use power remote.
This manufacturer offers infinite-position power recline on most models of recliner. Customized motion means that you can find the position that best suits you, whether you need to soothe back pain or relax and watch TV. This gentle motion is suitable for all levels of mobility, and is as easy to use as a single touch.
This "Pow'r Lift" Recliner will help any one who has a hard time moving around. It features plush chaise seating and a comfortable waterfall back. The deluxe heat and massage capabilities will leave you feeling completely and utterly relaxed. This lift chair offers incredible features that will bring extra comfort and joy to your home. Adding to the extreme quality, this recliner is available in Autumn, Vino, Galaxy and Woodland fabrics to give you plenty of design options.
The Soother "Pow'r Lift" Full Lay-Out Chaise Recliner w/Heat and Massage by Catnapper at AHFA in the area. Product availability may vary. Contact us for the most current availability on this product.
Do you or a loved one have limited mobility? Then you will love the 4825 Soother. This "Pow'r Lift" Recliner has many features that will make getting up and down a lot easier. There is a wonderful waterfall back and plush chaise seating for the ultimate in comfort. There is even heat and massage for those days when you are really sore or need some extra comfort. You can rest assured knowing that this "Pow'r Lift" Recliner is sturdily constructed and will last for years to come. The Construction of these recliners feature: 1. Omega Reclining Mechanism, with "Limited Lifetime Warranty" the smoothest, quietest reclining mechanism is precision manufactured for years of operation.2. 100% Steel Seat Box, the strongest seat box ever manufactured. No warping or splitting in this critical area! 3. Direct Drive Cross Bar, ensures that both sides of the mechanism operate together, in sequence for longer life. 4. Unitized Steel Base, the strongest most durable rocker base in the recliner industry. Resists bending or wear. 5. Spring System, Heavy 8-gauge sinuous steel springs in the seat provide strength, comfort and flexibility. Springs are inserted into the steel seat box with computer-positioned steel clips. No wood to warp or split. 6. Only premium grade, 8-gauge sinuous No-SagTM steel wire, seat springs are used to provide superior support and comfort in the seating system.7. Each corner joint of the solid hardwood seat box is double doweled and steel "L" brackets are screwed on for durability and quality.8. Each arm assembly is attached to the seat box using heavy-duty bolts (Not Staples) for superior quality and durability 9. Furniture-grade plywood is precision cut on our C.N.C. saws to create interlocking component frame parts. Mortise and Tenon joints are used throughout our frame for strength. So get up and go with 4825 Soother Recliner!
The Soother collection is a great option if you are looking for Casual furniture in the area.
This item has been tagged as: Recliner, Reclining Chair, Glider Rocker Recliner, Rocking Recliner, High Leg Reclining Chair, Lift Recliner, Pop - Up Recliner, Reclining Chair and Ottoman, Motion Recliner, Standard Recliner, No - Rock Recliners, Wall Recliners, Easy Chair, Living Room Chair, Living Room Furniture, TV Chair, Chair Recliner, Massage Chair, Massage Recliner, Swivel Rocker Recliner, Massaging Recliner
Nothing on this page may be copied or reproduced without explicit permission.


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|Acacia Flat campground
Back to nature camping near the Blue Gum Forest that offers a wilderness base for birdwatching and walking.
Acacia Flat campground is in the Grose Gorge precinct of Blue Mountains National Park.
No motor vehicle access
Parking is available at: Perrys Lookdown; Govetts Leap carpark; Loop carpark at Grand Canyon, Blackheath; or Pierces Pass, on Bells Line of Road.
|Euroka campground
Euroka campground is in the Glenbrook precinct of Blue Mountains National Park.
To get there:
Take the Great Western Highway to Glenbrook
Turn off at Ross Street, opposite Glenbrook Oval and follow it to the end
Turn left into Burfitt Parade, which becomes Bruce Road
The campground is 4.2km past the park entry gates
|Ingar Campground
Wentworth Falls
Ingar campground is in the southern precinct of Blue Mountains National Park.
To get there:
Turn off the Great Western Highway at Wentworth Falls at Tableland Road
Drive for 1.6km, then turn left onto Elizabeth Drive.
The Ingar fire trail starts at the end of Queen Elizabeth Drive
Follow the unsealed road for approximately 9.5km, taking the left fork near the end of the trail.
|Katoomba Christian Convention Camping
In an ideal location right next to Scenic World, our accommodation is nestled amongst 13 hectares of mountainous bush land on the edge of the Blue Mountains National Park in Katoomba. Our camping ground is a beautiful bushland area with sun and shade, quiet and well away from roads, right next to amazing lookouts, bush walks and Scenic World. Sites: 20 powered & 30 un-powered Included: Fast Wi-Fi, BBQ, fridge, kitchen sink, laundry access. (Please note we have older amenities and no kitchen – just a fridge, kitchen sink, BBQ, plenty of toilets and showers. Not all sites are level, powered sites don't have water taps, however filtered water is available.) Info: No alcohol, smoking, illegal drugs or pets allowed on site.
|Murphys Glen campground
Rustic Murphys Glen campground offers walking and birdwatching for a perfect nature getaway weekend in Blue Mountains National Park, near Woodford.
|Perrys Lookdown campground
Perrys Lookdown campground is in the northern precinct of Blue Mountains National park.
To get there follow Hat Hill Road from Blackheath and follow the signs.


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PaulSecor necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 104 diseños de 23 diseñadores freelance.
STEMGrants.com will be a site which will organize and list grant opportunities in the areas of Science, Technology Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM). The site will be designed to connect schools, universities, and non-profits with grant funding available via the federal government, state government, or foundations. The site will also feature news and tips on how to win grants. You can visit http://STEMgrants.com to view my current logo.
K-12 Science Teachers
K-12 School Grant Writers
University Students
University Faculty
University Researchers
Non-profit Educational Organizations
The logo should be fairly straightforward and simple. It should also incorporate the themes of Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics. If you can work in "funding" into the concept that is great, but not required. Please also sure that the logo is not too juvenile. It needs to appeal to grade school teachers, high school teachers, university faculty, grant writers etc. These are all adults.
STEM is an acronym, so it needs to be in all caps. I would suggest making grants lower case to make it easier to read. However, you can decide what looks best on the word "grants".
The logo should hold up well when reduced to a small size. Also, I will be using a WP Theme for this site. I am currently considering http://wpsn-theme.com . So, I need something that will work in this aspect ratio.
I will also ask the WINNING designer to provide me with the following:
a) a second version that is more square in aspect ratio for other applications (just need a re-cut on aspect ratio)
b) a version that incorporates the word "Conference" after STEM Grants. I am going to be doing a conference, so I just want to make sure the font style looks the same
c) A variety of formats and resolutions. IE 72 DPI, 300 DPI, jpg, gif, PNG, etc. I would also like a high res photoshop version I can re-size or add elements on to when necessary
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.