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How the Owl Tracks Its Prey
By Masakazu Konishi
Experiments with trained barn owls reveal how their acute sense of hearing enables them to catch prey in the dark.
Experiments with trained barn owls reveal how their acute sense of hearing enables them to catch prey in the dark.
Editor's Note: This Classic article was first published in the July–August 1973 issue, and is reprinted as part of American Scientist's centennial year celebration. The author is recognized for his research on prey capture auditory systems in owls and singing in songbirds. Konishi received his B.S. and M.S. in zoology from Hokkaido University in Japan before coming to the University of California at Berkeley, where he obtained his Ph.D. in zoology in 1963. After two years in Germany in postdoctoral positions at the University of Tubingen and at one of the Max-Planck Institutes, he returned to the United States, working as a professor first at University of Wisconsin, then at Princeton University, and finally at California Institute of Technology, where he spent the rest of his career. He was elected into the National Academy of Sciences in 1985. Dr. Konishi's current address: Division of Biology, MC 156-29, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; konishim at caltech dot edu.
Payne and Drury (1958) were the first to demonstrate the ability of the barn owl (Tyto alba) to locate mice acoustically in total darkness. In a series of experiments, I have replicated their observation. A barn owl in pursuit of a mouse in the dark flies about 3.6–4.0 meters per second; it will fly faster if the mouse is visible or more slowly if the identity of the target is uncertain. As the owl comes within a range of about 60 centimeters from the mouse, it brings its feet forward and spreads the talons in an oval pattern. Just before hitting the mouse, it stretches its legs forward with the face and the wings lagging behind, often closing its eyes during this last phase of the strike.
The mouse does not seem to die instantly despite the powerful impact of the strike. Soon after landing, the owl always manages to bite the back of the mouse's neck to kill it. Should the owl miss the mouse it will remain motionless on the ground and listen to the mouse in order to strike again from the landing site. If the owl can see the mouse hide behind the wall or under the floor, it will eagerly search for and run after it like a cat.
In the infrared photograph in Figure 1 it appears as if the owl were looking at the tethered mouse as it is about to strike. This worried me a little, since I could see through three layers of infrared filters the strobe filaments glow red as they fired. Of course, the owl could catch mice without the infrared strobes. My worry was whether or not the pictures I was taking depicted the true behavior of the owl in total darkness. In order to clear this doubt I repeated a clever experiment conducted by Payne (1962).
When a mouse walked quietly on foam rubber towing a rustling piece of paper several inches behind its tail, the owl tried to strike the paper instead of the mouse. Figure 2 shows the owl preparing to land on the paper, without noticing the mouse a small distance away. Besides demonstrating that the owl cannot see the mouse, this experiment proves two other important points: the owl cannot locate the mouse either by its smell or by its body heat (infrared radiation). (See Payne 1962 and 1971 for earlier papers on prey capture by owls with methods other than passive sound location.)
The above and later experiments might give the reader the impression that the owl strikes any sources of noise indiscriminately. Quite the contrary is true; the owl will not strike sounds new to it. Also, it can learn quickly slight differences between sounds bringing reward and no reward. If the owl has associated the appearances and sounds of prey and enemy a few times, it should be able to discriminate between the two in the dark by hearing alone.
The rustling noises of the prey contain all the information needed for the owl to locate it in space. In order to design the later experiments, precise knowledge of the physical characteristics of these noises was needed. Since the vole is the main diet of the barn owl in the northeastern United States, I recorded and spectrographically analyzed the noises made by a vole moving through its subterranean hay-lined tunnel runways in a 20-gallon container within a soundproof room. The rustling noises contain a wide range of frequencies, as shown in Figure 3, but these data alone do not mean anything without knowing the auditory capability of the owl, and thus the hearing threshold of the barn owl had to be determined.
Three owls were used for this purpose. They were trained to take off from the perch for reward when they could hear a tone. Figure 4 presents the results from the owl that was most carefully tested. The owl's hearing curve was drawn by connecting sound levels at which it responded correctly 75 percent of the time. The figure also compares the audibility curves of man, cat, and barn owl. Note that the cat and the owl have very similar auditory sensitivities up to about 7 kilohertz, beyond which the cat continues to be sensitive, while the owl's sensitivity starts declining sharply. Both animals are much more sensitive than man in the frequency range from about 500 hertz to 10 kilohertz. No other birds that I studied are so sensitive as the barn owl, although some songbirds may be able to hear frequencies as high as the barn owl can (Konishi 1970).
Besides these quantitative data, I compared people and the owls under the same conditions. The owls could hear sounds which were so faint that none of my young undergraduate students and assistants could register them at the distance of the owl's perch; however, above 12 kilohertz man is more sensitive than the barn owl. The barn owl thus can hear a large portion of the prey's rustles, but it does not necessarily follow that the entire audible part of the rustles is equally important for sound location by the owl.
If the owl can be trained to locate electronically generated sounds, the cue effectiveness of various acoustic parameters can be analyzed under rigorously controlled conditions. I trained three owls to strike in the dark protected loudspeakers emitting various sounds of known physical properties. This I did in the following manner.
Since the hand-reared owls used in this work had had no experience catching mice in the dark, the training was done in several steps. The owls were first allowed to catch live mice under dim illumination and then in the dark. When pure tones and noises were broadcast through an earphone placed next to a dead mouse in dim light, the owls quickly learned to associate the artificial sounds and the mouse. After this step, they struck in the dark the earphone emitting those sounds.
Since the owls would stop striking the target as soon as they had eaten two mice, I constructed a device to dispense small pieces of meat as rewards for accurate location of the target. The owls learned to eat from the feeder within a few days. In the final stage of the training, the owls struck protected loudspeakers in the dark, then moved to the feeder for reward under dim illumination, and returned to the perch to wait for the next signal.
The accuracy of location was measured by an electronic device that registered the position of the owl as it struck the floor. It consisted of 100 square masonite plates, 10 centimeters x 10 centimeters and 20 centimeters x 20 centimeters, laid out like a chessboard covering the part of the floor where the owls were trained to land. The smaller plates surrounded the speakers, and the larger ones filled the remaining space. These plates were padded with foam rubber so that the owl could strike them hard without damaging the talons.
When the owl struck the plates, the microswitches installed beneath them closed and turned on small neon lamps which projected the chessboard pattern in a reduced size onto a panel. Six loudspeakers were installed under the chessboard floor. Short rubber tubing led sound from the loudspeakers to fixed intersections on the surface of the chessboard. The distance between the owl's position and any one of the speakers could be read immediately on the lamp panel.
The resolution of this measuring system was satisfactory for the purpose of the work. It was adjusted to the owl's talon spread, which covered an area slightly larger than one 10 centimeters x 10 centimeters plate. When only one plate was struck, the midpoint between the owl's feet was always close to the center of the plate. A slight deviation from the center would cause the owl to step on an adjoining plate, which means that little would be gained by using plates smaller than 10 centimeters x 10 centimeters. All training and tests were done in a soundproof, anechoic room 5 meters in length and 3 meters in width and height. The general layout of the room is shown in Figure 5. (Other technical details and the statistical treatments of the results are partly covered in Konishi 1973.)
Let us first consider how man locates pure tones in order to provide some theoretical framework for experiments with owls. Man can locate pure tones by binaural comparison of intensity, phase and time of arrival. We discuss here the first two methods. Figure 6 shows the angular errors of location of pure tones of different frequencies in man. Notice that man can locate low and high frequencies rather well. There is a curious hump around 2–4 kilohertz where man makes larger errors. The theory to explain these results is as follows.
Tones of long wavelengths (i.e., low frequencies) bend around the head without creating intensity differences in the sound field around the head, whereas shorter wavelengths (higher frequencies) can be bounced back by the head, causing differences in sound intensity around the head. Since the magnitude of intensity differences between two ears varies with the direction of sound propagation, man can determine the direction by binaural comparison of intensity. The shorter the wavelength relative to the diameter of the head, the more distinct is the sound shadow so created. Therefore, man can locate higher frequency tones relatively accurately.
Low-frequency tones are located by detecting phase differences between the ears, which are due to differences in the paths traveled by sound to reach the two ears. For each frequency, the magnitude and sign of phase differences vary according to the position of the sound source relative to the median plane of the head. This is the basis for location by binaural phase comparison.
For this method to be effective tones of wavelengths longer than at least twice the interaural distance are necessary, that is, d < λ/2, where d is the distance between the ears and l wavelength. When d > λ/2, a binaural phase difference of more than 180 degrees results, and it be comes impossible to discern which ear is in the leading phase, since a phase difference of 180° + φ is equivalent to an opposite phase difference of 180° - φ (from 180° + φ - [180° - φ] = 360° = 0, where φ is the excess angle over 180°). It is this ambiguity that makes the phase method ineffective with higher frequencies (Gulick 1971; Mills 1972; Steven and Newman 1934).
These conditions, higher frequencies for intensity comparison and lower frequencies for phase comparison, create for man a frequency range (2–4 kilohertz) in which neither the phase nor the intensity method is very effective. This explains the hump in Figure 6. Whether or not the above theory applies to the owl, it can suggest useful research strategies.
Since continuous pure tones can produce differences between the ears only in two acoustic parameters, namely intensity and phase, they are suitable for analyzing the acoustic method used by the owl. Tone signals were broadcast at a constant intensity of 4 decibels (re 0.0002 dynes per centimeter squared) at the perch. The signals lasted until the owl landed. The results from one owl are graphically summarized in Figure 7. Low- and high-frequency tones such as 3 kilohertz and 10 kilohertz were harder for the owl to locate than those between 6 and 9 kilohertz. These differences in the error of location are due neither to the variation in the owl's auditory sensitivity nor to the directionality of the speakers, both of which depend on frequency. Adjustment in sound intensity according to the owl's audibility curve did not significantly affect the error curves. The speakers did not become sharply directional at higher frequencies.
The results can be partly explained in terms of binaural intensity comparison, although this cannot account for the sudden increase in the error of location above 10 kilohertz. The barn owl does not seem to use the phase method, at least in the same way that man does, because it located low-frequency tones poorly and because it did not have any intermediate frequency range in which the error of location increased. Since the distance between the owl's ears is shorter than that of man, the frequency range unsuitable for both the intensity and phase methods, if it exists, should be higher for the owl than for man.
The mouse rustles are not steady but discontinuous noises. Abrupt inflections in these noises would be useful for binaural comparison of time. Instead of binaural phase differences of a continuous tone, the time method uses differences in time of arrival which are caused by differences in the paths traveled by the first wave of sound. This method is independent of frequency. A series of tone beeps should provide the owl with sufficient time cues, because each beep has an onset and a cutoff. I compared the errors of location obtained by using tone beeps (50 or 100 milliseconds in duration separated by silent intervals of 80 or 150 milliseconds) and sustained tones and found no consistent differences between them. Moreover, just as the errors of location with sustained tones depended on frequency, so did those with tone beeps (Figure 7).
In theory, a single pure tone should be hard for the owl to locate, because even two ears are insufficient to define a point in three dimensions. For example, there is not one but a family of points around the head where a tone can produce a given inequality in intensity between the ears. The relatively good location of some pure tones by the owls is perhaps due to head movements. The rustling noises of prey contain many frequencies, as mentioned earlier, and the reason why the owl can use them so effectively will be sought next. The results of the pure-tone tests should provide bases for useful predictions. It would also be possible to find out which components of the noises are used by the owl by systematically removing different parts. However, I decided to use a more systematic and controllable approach.
I constructed signals with a constant center frequency and different bandwidths (maximum frequency minus minimum frequency) to study the effects of bandwidths on the error of location. The signals were broadcast at a constant intensity of -12 decibels (re 0.0002 dynes per centimeter squared) at the perch and lasted until landing. For comparison with the noise signals, the errors of location were measured for a 7 kilohertz tone delivered at an intensity of 4 decibels (re 0.0002 dynes per centimeter squared). The noise signals were delivered at a lower intensity in order to demonstrate their superiority as location cues over the most effective puretone broadcast at a higher sound level.
Since the differences in the errors of location were small, they were compared by scoring and statistical procedures that were immune to the errors in estimating the owl's position. The distribution of strikes in Table 1 shows a general tendency for larger proportions of strikes to fall within the four-plate zone and its immediate vicinity with increasing bandwidths. Noises containing frequencies between 5.5 and 9.5 kilohertz were more accurately located than those involving other frequency ranges. A 4 kilohertz band noise centered around 7.5 kilohertz is sufficient for accurate location. Additional frequencies do not contribute to more accurate location.
The owl needs, therefore, only a small portion of the frequency spectrum in the prey's rustles. No wonder the owl can precisely locate small rodents that make wideband noises rich in frequencies in the range most suitable for sound location. It should be noted that 5.5–9.5 kilohertz is the range in which the barn owl is most sensitive, although a higher sensitivity itself does not contribute to more accurate location, as mentioned before.
Small rodents make noises by moving. How does the barn owl catch a moving prey in the dark? What happens if, after the owl takes off, the prey moves or stops making sound? When I simulated these conditions electronically, I found that all three owls made larger errors when the signal stopped upon take-off than when it continued until landing (Figure 8). For example, when the signal continued until landing, one owl hit 46 times out of 58 trials within the area covered by the four 10 centimeter x 10 centimeter plates surrounding the target, while the same bird missed that area 69 times out of 86 trials in the absence of a post-take-off signal. Making the signal louder did not help the owl locate the target better without post-take-off signals.
The above results suggest that the owl can make mid-flight course corrections, like the moon shots, in order to strike the target accurately. Small rodents make noises intermittently, and the owl must be able to adjust to this condition. In another series of tests, I let the signal stop upon take-off and reappear after the owl had flown for varying periods. When the signal reappeared after the owl had flown for 0.5 second out of the total flight time of 1.2 seconds, the owl still struck the target as accurately as when the signal continued until landing.
The accuracy of location was not affected until about 80 percent of the total flight time was devoid of signal. When the owl had to fly for a period of 1 second without signal, it located the target as poorly as when the signal stopped completely upon take-off. Another factor that affects mid-flight corrections is the timing of post-take-off signals. When the owl could hear a faint and brief (50 milliseconds) noise burst three times (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 second after take-off), it could locate the target as accurately as with a continuous noise.
The most crucial test of the owl's ability to make mid-flight corrections involves the use of two loudspeakers: the signal shifts from one speaker to the other during flight. Figure 9 shows an owl changing its flight direction as the signal shifted from one speaker to another. Notice the direction of the owl's face. It turns its face toward the new target position before orienting its body.
In Figure 9 infrared flashes were delivered at constant intervals of 250 milliseconds. Notice that the second and third exposures are closer together than the others; this is because the owl reduces its flight speed as soon as it hears a shift in the target position. When the owl has to make a large course correction, it comes to a sudden halt in midair and hovers before advancing toward the new target position. Because of this deceleration and the longer flight path required, the owls took a significantly longer time to reach a speaker when it was used as a second target than as a single source.
To hear faint and brief noises in flight and correct the flight course must be a difficult feat. One would wonder how the owl manages to do this when its own wing noises might mask the signal. Owls are known to fly much more quietly than other birds. Their body feathers are soft, and the leading edge of their wings has a fine comb, which is supposed to suppress the wing noises (Graham 1934). A recent study, however, reports that the removal of the comb had no effect on the wing noises of the tawny owl (Neuhaus, Bratting, and Schweizer 1972).
When I recorded and analyzed the wing noises of one of the barn owls during location tests (Figure 10), I found that the flight noises are not only faint but also lack high-frequency components. Most of their energy is concentrated below 1 kilohertz; above 3 kilohertz there is too little energy to record even with a very sensitive set of equipment. Similar results were reported for other species of owls (Gruschka, Borchers, and Coble 1971; Neuhaus, Bratting, and Schweizer 1972).
These findings imply that the owl's wing noises would not interfere with the detection of acoustic clues for mid-flight correction, since useful cues are noises between 6 and 9 kilohertz. The lack of high frequencies is also advantageous for the owl, because small rodents capable of hearing high frequencies cannot hear and locate the approaching owl. The house mouse and some deer mice are rather insensitive to frequencies below 3 kilohertz (Ralls 1967).
Some rodents, such as the kangaroo rat, however, are quite sensitive to low frequencies, which might enable them to hear and discover the owl. The resonance frequency of the kangaroo rat's middle-ear cavity, which is low due to its enlarged mastoid bulla, increases the sensitivity of the rat ear to low frequencies (Webster 1972). If the bulla cavities of a kangaroo rat are obliterated, its chance of being caught by an owl greatly increases, which is perhaps due to the inability of the rat to hear the flight noises of the owl (Webster 1962).
In some species, such as the barn owl and the saw-whet owl, the left and right ear openings differ from each other in their size and/or position. In the barn owl the ear openings are about the same in size, but the left one, together with the skin flap in front of it, is located higher than the right ear hole and skin flap (Figure 11).
There does not seem to be any individual difference in this asymmetry—no left- or right-handed owls. Also, in the barn owl the asymmetry is restricted to the ear opening without affecting the middle and inner ears. The binaural methods of sound location make use of the lateral displacement between the ears to determine the azimuth of the source. By the same token, the vertical displacement has been thought to enable the owl to determine the elevation of acoustic targets (Norberg 1968; Payne 1962, 1971).
I tested this idea by a simple experiment that involved plugging one ear. The owls (I used two) with one ear plugged veered toward the side of the target opposite to the plugged ear. This would be expected if the owl uses binaural comparison of intensity; the signal should sound louder to the intact ear, and thus the owl estimates the target position too far toward that side.
One of the owls that I tested more extensively made systematic errors in the vertical direction. When its right ear was plugged, it struck short of the target, and blocking its left ear caused it to land slightly beyond the target on the average (Figure 12). These results suggest that the vertical displacement between the ears is not used in the same simple way described for the lateral displacement. To make the matter more complex, both owls struck closer to the target with their right ear unplugged than with their left ear unplugged. This may be due to differences in the degree of ear blockage, which could not be precisely controlled, although the same bird produced a similar set of results twice. It is also possible that the right ear plays a more important role than the left one in location. A person deaf in one ear is known to be able to locate sound. The pinna seems to play a crucial role in monoaural sound location in man (Batteau 1967).
Owls do not have a structure homologous to the mammalian pinna, but some of them have a fold of skin extending from the forehead above the eye and along the orbit behind the ear to the base of the lower mandible. In the saw-whet owl, this skin fold is quite large around the ear. In the barn owl, the skin fold itself is not so prominent, but it carries a tall curved wall of densely packed feathers which encircles each half of the face. The left and right halves meet along the midline of the face, where the feather walls from the two sides form a pointed ridge (see Figure 13). When the owl is not attentive, this ridge broadens.
On each side of the face, the curved wall looks like a trough with a paraboloid inner surface. At the level of the ear opening, the skin flap covers the trough, forming a tunnel in which the ear hole is located. The entire facial structure makes up the well-known heart-shaped outline of the owl's face, called the facial disc. When one sees the whole design of the facial disc, one cannot help thinking of a sound-collecting device.
Does the facial disc facilitate directional hearing? Payne (1962, 1971), using a stuffed barn owl, and Norberg (1968), using a stuffed Tengmalm's owl, measured the directionality of the ears by monitoring sound near the eardrum. According to Payne, for low frequencies the barn owl's ear is only moderately directional. For high frequencies above 8.5 kilohertz, the ear becomes highly directional and also the pattern of directionality reflects the vertical displacement of the ears. Slight changes in the shape of the facial disc and the orientation of the skin flap affected the pattern of directionality for higher frequencies.
I removed the facial-disc feathers of a barn owl to find out whether and how its errors of location would be affected. The owl was tested with a continuous noise broadcast at the lowest sound level that assured accurate location, so as to be able to detect any slight change in the accuracy of location in the absence of the facial disc.
The operated owl made large errors by landing short of the target. However, when I increased the sound level by 10 decibels, the owl improved its accuracy of location considerably. No greater improvement resulted with an increase of 20 decibels. A 5-decibel increase did not reduce errors at all (Figure 14). These observations suggest that the facial disc may be a sound amplifier; it collects sound from a large area and focuses it onto a smaller area. Payne (1962) thought the facial disc was too small to be an effective amplifier in the frequency range audible to the owl.
The amount of amplification (gain) of a paraboloid antenna is a function of its diameter and the wavelength of sound expressed as G = η(πD)/λ)2, where G is gain, η is the aperture efficiency and is larger than 0 and smaller than 1, D is diameter, and λ wavelength. The widest part of the facial disc is about 7 centimeters in diameter, and the wavelength of 7 kilohertz is 4.9 centimeters. Using these values in the above equation and assuming η = 0.5, we obtain G = 10, which means a gain of 10 decibels. This is a small amount of amplification but should be useful when the owl must detect faint noises.
The facial disc may not function as a paraboloid antenna, but the above calculation should provide some idea as to the operating conditions and effectiveness of such a sound-collecting device. The facial disc seems also to contribute to directional hearing, since the owl, even with increased sound intensities, failed to recover the degree of accuracy attained before the operation. The directionality of a parabola is also a function of its diameter, shape, and wavelength. It is not yet known to what extent the owl controls the shape of the facial disc and the orientation of the skin flap during sound location. Solution of these problems seems essential for the understanding of the mechanism of sound location in this species.
Payne (1962, 1971) used his directionality data to conclude that, if the owl moves its head so that the amplitudes of all frequencies are maximized at both ears, it must be directly facing the target. Since the ear becomes sharply directional for higher frequencies, these would help obtain a fine azimuthal bearing. Since the asymmetry of the ears causes a vertical displacement in their directionality at higher frequencies, these would enable the owl to align its head precisely in the vertical direction.
Two lines of evidence make this theory untenable. First, the barn owl does not need such high frequencies as 8.5–13 kilohertz, which Payne's theory requires. The owl can locate noises containing frequencies between 6 and 8.5 kilohertz accurately. Second, a simple experiment will show that the theory fails to explain the ability of the owl to recognize the direction of sound before it moves its head. Man can locate sound quite well without head movement, although it seems essential in the absence of the pinna (Freedman and Fisher 1968). I have not tried to restrain the owl's head, but I used a trick to get the same effect.
If the owl turned its head toward a signal lasting shorter than the time required to initiate or complete the turning of the head, the owl should not have been able to align its head direction with the target by successive steps of readjustment, which Payne's theory requires. I examined the direction of the owl's face in infrared pictures taken during tests in which the owl was allowed to hear only one brief noise burst to redirect its flight course from one speaker to another. In every case the owl's head continued to turn well after the signal had stopped. The owl oriented its head in the general direction of a signal lasting as short a time as 10 milliseconds, which is too brief an interval for the owl to initiate head movement.
Pumphrey (1948) developed a theory for owls with asymmetric ears to explain the location of sound without head movement. This theory also uses the frequency-dependent asymmetry of the ears' directionality. It requires two ears and at least three bands of frequencies. As mentioned before, there are many points around the head at which a tone can produce a given inequality in intensity between the ears. These points are contained in a surface; each band of frequencies defines a surface. Because of the asymmetry, some surfaces intersect one another, and three of them can define a point in space unambiguously. The test of this theory must be done without head movement.
There are other general theories of sound location which will not be described here. The errors of sound location discussed so far consist of two components—errors in auditory location and deviations in the control of flight direction. We have recently designed a different type of experiment to measure the true accuracy of auditory location without flight. This work is still in progress. My studies demonstrate what the barn owl can do under the experimental conditions used. In nature, it must hunt under different and varying conditions which might render some of these potentials unusable or require capabilities not uncovered by my studies. Combinations of field and laboratory experiments will be necessary to learn more about the natural acoustic behavior of the barn owl. It should also be emphasized that other species of owls may have different acoustic capabilities.
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Ninety-five pounds of animal covered in reddish brown fur saunters around the crowd. Slowly sniffing at a child's feet before settling onto the floor, Trinity looks around, calm and quiet, as 10 small hands caress her fur.
Trinity is a high percentage wolfdog - more wolf than dog. She loves attention.
Traveling from Ignacio, Trinity and her handler Paula Watson, appeared at the Cortez Public Library on Saturday, Jan. 25 to give a presentation on wolves and wolf behavior. Watson is the proprietor of Wolfwood Refuge, one of the largest wolf enclosures in the western United States. The refuge is home to 68 wolves and wolfdogs who come to Watson because they were abused, injured or close to being euthanized.
At 3 months old, Trinity came to Wolfwood having been born with hip complications. The bones of her hind legs did not fit into her hip sockets, the result of bad breeding, Watson said. They waited as Trinity grew older, to see if the problem would correct itself. One of her legs fused correctly, the other did not.
Trinity has had several hip surgeries. The latest had her leg bone cut in half with muscle wrapped around the bone to hold it in place. It will take six months to a year for the muscles to fuse around the leg. The wolf was a little shaky on the leg as she visited with the audience at the library, becoming spooked only once by loud clapping. As Watson spoke, Trinity made herself at home, looking for children to make friends with.
"Trinity is an exceptional animal, which I knew immediately when she arrived," Watson said. "She loves just about everybody and we often take her to preschools."
Trinity is an ambassador wolf, meaning she travels with Watson and a crew of volunteers, to events, schools and libraries around the Four Corners area. There are at least five wolves who work as ambassadors. Trinity is one of the newer ambassador wolves of Wolfwood. Even though she has medical problems, it has not affected her patience and tolerance for people and crowds.
From May until October, ambassador wolves are usually out of the refuge once a week, with one weekend event scheduled a month. The refuge also holds tours, field trips and other events during their busy season.
"They have to be able to tolerate large crowds and new situations fairly well," Watson explained. "They have to be patient, tolerant and leashed. Some of my animals like people, but they hate the leash. Or they like people to visit but they do not like to travel. It takes a lot of practice, mutual respect and understanding on all our parts."
Trinity's low-key demeanor and sweet disposition made her a good candidate for wolf ambassador. Her hips cause a little pain and sometimes she has to have pain medication. She gets tired more easily, but she is attentive.
Less than one-sixth of the animals at the refuge do not seek human touch or contact. Watson interacts with all of her wolves at least once a day. Whether she is showing them affection, feeding or cleaning their enclosures, she is present. "We try to socialize them as much as possible but they are not domestic," Watson said. "That is something completely different. Trinity is an exception."
It is the animal's well being that Watson is most concerned with. She and the volunteers at Wolfwood encourage the animals but they do not want to overwhelm or stress them. Many of her wolves have come from harsh circumstances, and she is compliant with their trust issues.
Situations of trust don't seem to be a problem for Trinity, but there was an extra wolf on hand that day who was content with being out of the spotlight.
Oakley is 120 pounds and six-feet tall on his hind legs. He is all wolf. Hailing from Alaska, Oakley is one of eight wolves that live together in a pack at the refuge. They came to Wolfwood in dire need of a safe place. Their breeder was being prosecuted by the Attorney General who did not want them to end up being evidence in a court case. This group of pups was the largest rescue effort Wolfwood has participated in. The largest enclosure Watson and her volunteers ever built belongs to Oakley and his brethren.
"People with kids know that two is a pair but nine is a gang," Watson said.
Oakley is brand new at being an ambassador. He loves affection from Watson and the other volunteers, but would only allow friendly pats of others from his cage. Approaching 2 years old, Oakley is being assimilated to his new role. As of right now, he does not like walking into buildings so he comfortably watches Trinity and Watson work the crowds.
By default, Oakley is the alpha male of his pack. His large stature, compared to the other wolves, placed him at the head. However, Watson said he's not very good at it.
"If he has food and is happy that's all he cares about," Watson said. "The rest of the pack could be running amok behind him."
Oakley is pure wolf compared to Trinity but Watson stressed that doesn't make her life any less important. Many breeders strive for a certain percentage wolfdog, which Watson said is impossible. In their eyes Trinity may have been a disappointment, but to Watson she is a blessing.
For 20 years Watson has been rescuing wolves. She knows how to interact with them and she has a different relationship with them all. She can receive five to 15 wolves at the refuge in a year, and although they used to adopt out, they have since stopped. All the wolves currently at the refuge, live there permanently with Watson
She is right at home with her wolves. She has found her pack.

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BrandGuru necesitaba un nuevo diseño de logotipo y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 120 diseños de 16 diseñadores freelance.
Chickasaw Council, Boy Scouts of America (BSA)
Chickasaw Council is one council (of many Boy Scouts of America councils) that covers seventeen counties in the US states of Tennessee, Arkansas and Mississippi. The existing logo (attached) has been used for years with the feather being representative of the Native American history we're most associated with (the Chickasaw were the area's indigenous peoples), and the fleur-de-lis (versions attached) being the national Scouting symbol.
We wish to update our logo as we celebrate 100 years of Scouting this year, moving us toward the next 100 years! (embrace our legacy while looking to the future)
Existing and potential youth, parents, leaders, donors, and alumni.
Here is some insight into scouting's "tonality":
• BSA prepares young people to make ethical and moral choices a lifestyle
• BSA has a rich history and a bright future; Celebrating the Adventure. Continuing the Journey! (tagline fyi, not to be included in design)
• Scouting is fun and adventurous
• Scouting if worth investing in
Logo must have 3 elements:
We must continue to associate ourselves with the national organization using the 1) fleur-de-lis, as well as 2) incorporate the name Chickasaw Council and 3) incorporate a recognized North American Native American artifact or symbol (like a feather or an arrowhead.)
Important caveat -The fleur-de-lis design may not be tampered with; individual components of the emblem cannot be broken apart or used separately and it shouldn't be reproduced with any tint, screen or truncated. You have 3 versions to choose from.
Nothing else is a sacred cow, just keep with the scouting tonality - type/lettering, artifact, colors (other than fleur-de-lis) are open to your wonderful creative expression. Old logo is there for reference, we are not tied to any elements.
Please present design layouts on a solid white background - makes it easier to present consistently. Include a B/W version.
Also, we need your designs submitted as jpg's, at max size of 2000 x 2000 and 1MB-8MG, or as large as allowed by 99designs. This just helps us present clear,readable designs on a '22" screen or in a print-out to management. Your designs show better that way, promise:).
Descubre cómo funciona un concurso de diseño u obtén más información sobre nuestros servicios de diseño de logo.


text:
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Skywatch UnityPoint Health – Methodist
Unity Point Health - Methodist in peoria
The Skywatch Camera Network camera located atop UnityPoint Health – Methodist in downtown Peoria. The camera overlooks the busy I-74 corridor looking south to the Illinois River, through much of downtown Peoria toward the Murray Baker Bridge. The camera is brought to you by Avanti's Restaurant with 5 locations in Peoria, E. Peoria and Pekin. Home of the Gondola and great Italian food. Serving Central since 1966. Kids eat FREE on Sunday and Wednesday! The time lapse covers 90 minutes.


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Chimpanzee, Furuvik, Furuvik Zoo, Jane Goodall, PLoS, PLoS One, Projectile, Sweden
A chimpanzee in at the Furuvik Zoo in Sweden is documented to store various projectile object to be thrown at zoo visitors at a later time. The results of this study has been published in PLoS One, "Spontaneous Innovation for Future Deception in a Male Chimpanzee."
I think its a pretty fascinating discussion of foresight, deception and innovation. This male chimp had the foresight to identify projectiles and story them for later use. He deceived caregivers by hiding them projectiles in innovative hay stacks… All of which indicated premeditated thoughts. What do you think?


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the BLOG
Explore by Topic
Explore by Format
Search Results | 26 results found
Four Ways to Help Your Kids Navigate the World of Screens
Most parents haven't considered the impact smartphones and screens are having on their kids. Here are four practical steps you can take to help your kids develop healthy screen habits.
Mary, Joseph, and Jesus Were Not Refugees
A thought-provoking image depicting a nativity scene with Mary, Joseph, and Jesus in separate cages is powerful, especially in light of the current political climate. But is it truthful?
Three Things I Learned at ETS/EPS
At a recent theological and philosophical conference, Tim learned some things we should all keep in mind as Christian thinkers.
How Porn Kills Healthy Sexual Relationships
The sad truth is that pornography ruins sex, making it more difficult for spouses to connect sexually. Here's why that happens and some steps you can take to begin to reverse this.
Why Pornography Is Affecting This Generation More Than Any Other
This generation has been more affected by pornography than any other generation in history. Here are four reasons why this is the case.
Before Your Kids Have Access to the Internet, Read This
Here's a resource that can protect your young kids from pornography addiction by preparing them to recognize pornography, realize its dangers, and respond in a safe way.
Using PragerU to Engage the Minds of Your Kids
Critical thinking doesn't come naturally for kids, so we need to constantly be on the lookout for opportunities to engage their minds. Here's one idea for you.
Seven Issues to Consider as You're Thinking about Halloween
If you're wondering what to think about Halloween, here are seven issues to consider.
What "Living Biblically" Will Probably Get Wrong
There's a new TV show about a man living "100% by the Bible." But if you want to live biblically, first you need to understand the Bible, and Hollywood doesn't have a good track record in this area.
Is Faith A Feeling? (Video)
Tim explains that although faith and feelings might be related, they're actually two different things.


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Restaurant info
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🎉Deliveroo are proud sponsors of Ant and Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway. To celebrate this sponsorship, enjoy a £20 family bundle. Subject to availability. Delivery and service fees apply🎉


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The Nook Linear Library (Related Items to Previous Page)
Below is our Linear Library consisting of Reference Number Charts, Technical Glossaries, Design Considerations, Charts & Diagrams and other relevant information.Browse the Full Linear Library
Reference Number Chart
Trapezoidal Screw Assemblies - Trapezoidal screw assemblies reference system chart.
Technical Glossary
Acme Screw Glossary and Technical Data - Acme Screw glossary, technical data and diagram.
Acme Screw Load Definitions - Acme Screw technical glossary, definitions and diagrams.
Acme Screw Selection - Acme Screw selection technical glossary and diagrams.
Acme Screw Thread Form Terms - Acme Screw thread form technical glossary and diagrams.
Identifying Wear with Follower Nut Assemblies - Identifying Wear with Follower Nut Assemblies
Design Considerations
Acme Screw Design Considerations - Design Considerations for Nook Acme Screw Products.
Acme Screw Material Specifications - Acme Screw material design considerations.
Standard Locknut and Locknut Shaft Inch Dimensions - Standard Locknut and Locknut Shaft Inch Dimensions
Temperatures & Materials - Nook Product Temperatures & Materials
Linear Screw Alignment - For Ball Screws
Charts & Diagrams
Column Strength: Trapezoidal Screws - Trapezoidal screws column strength diagram.
Critical Speed: Trapezoidal Screws - Trapezoidal screws critical speed diagram.
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Fracking ban votes in Colorado, Ohio show much work remains to be done
By Jennifer Diggins
Guest Commentary
In early November, voters in seven communities in Colorado and Ohio were asked to ban hydraulic fracturing. A ban succeeded in five out of seven communities.
Out-of-state opposition groups misled voters to believe fracking contaminates water aquifers, increases air pollution and sacrifices public health. The outcome is a wake-up call for any American who values affordable energy, energy security and a cleaner environment.
If you think about the question from an objective and scientific standpoint, these bans never should have been approved. Scientific review and state and federal regulators have found shale gas production to be safe. Even Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator Gina McCarthy said, "there's nothing inherently dangerous in fracking."
Energy Secretary Ernest Moniz has reiterated that sentiment, stating, "I still have not seen any evidence of fracking per se contaminating groundwater."
Read more…


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This chapter describes how Business Data Synchronization Server (BDSS) synchronizes Calendar domain records.
This chapter includes the following topics:
With the exception of the record data format- and attendee-related processing, the Calendar domain synchronizes in the same way as any other domains. However, the record data format for the Calendar domain is different than the record data format of other domains. That is, the other domains represent a domain record as a XML document where each field of the record is represented as a node in the XML document. For the Hub Calendar domain, a record is still a XML document, but instead of each field being a separate node in the document, there is a single node whose value is a iCalendar (ICAL) message (see RFC 2445: Internet Calendaring and Scheduling Core Object Specification, located at
http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2445.txt). The embedded ICalendar message contains the individual field names and values.
Note:While ICAL is the widely accepted standard for exchanging calendar data, it is not defined in terms of XML and, to date, there are no standards that map ICAL-to-XML (see the IETF draft for XCAL at
The Hub Calendar domain has only one field, ICalBody. The value for ICalBody is
VCALENDAR content that conforms to RFC 2445. The Hub-to-PIM and PIM-to-Hub XSL files map this field.
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="windows-1252" ?> <xsd:schema xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns="http://xmlns.oracle.com/bdss/hub/CalendarDomain" targetNamespace="http://xmlns.oracle.com/bdss/hub/CalendarDomain" elementFormDefault="qualified"> <xsd:element name="HubCalendarDomain"> <xsd:complexType> <xsd:sequence> <xsd:element name="ICalBody" type="xsd:string" minOccurs="1" maxOccurs="1" nillable="false"/> </xsd:sequence> </xsd:complexType> </xsd:element> </xsd:schema>
Note:This document refers to an XML document containing a field whose value is an ICAL message as Embedded-ICAL.
As with all other domains, it is a connector implementation detail regarding what the XSL transformation produces when translating between the Hub and PIM XML forms if the transformation satisfies the two XSDs.
When transforming a Hub XML record to PIM XML record, connectors perform a Embedded-ICAL-to-XML or a Embedded-ICAL-to-Embedded-ICAL transformation. Similarly, when transforming a PIM XML record to Hub XML record, connectors most likely perform an XML-to-Embedded-ICAL or an Embedded-ICAL-to-Embedded-ICAL transformation. For example, when transforming XML from Hub to PIM format, one connector's XSL implementation may transform the Hub ICalBody field to the XML-equivalent form of ICAL while another connector may keep the ICalBody as an ICAL message. In both cases, the resulting PIM XML must be parsed and converted to a form usable by the PIM API when creating or updating a record in the targeted PIM. For connectors that transform the Hub ICalBody field to the XML-equivalent form of ICAL, the PIM API conversion routines obtain the ICAL from the transformed XML, parse the ICAL, and build PIM API constructs. For connectors that retain the ICalBody as an ICAL message, the PIM API conversion parses the ICAL-like XML and build the PIM API constructs.
It is a connector implementation detail regarding how to perform field mapping customization, or if the connector implementation even allows customization. As described in Chapter 8, "Mapping Connector Fields to Hub Fields," connectors use XSD and XSLT to translate between Hub and PIM XML representations of a record. This is also true for the Calendar domain.
Because the calendar data flows through the system as an XML document with Embedded-ICAL, customizing field mappings between the Hub and PIM Calendar pose mappings that are more complicated than those described in Chapter 8, "Mapping Connector Fields to Hub Fields").
If a connectors' XSLT can transform ICAL-to-XML to XML-to-ICAL, then you can modify the XSL to customize the field mapping. This XSLT field mapping may be more complex than other domain XSLTs, however.
If a connectors' XSLT does not transform Embedded-ICAL-to-XML or XML-to-Embedded-ICAL, a connector implementation might provide a mapping customization capability by defining a separate set of PIM XSD and XSLT files that represent a template of a PIM calendar record (called a template in this document because it represents a calendar record containing a subset of fields but no recurrence properties). One XSD could contain a subset of the ICAL field names (that is, the fields of a single
VEVENT and perhaps not all fields are listed in the XSD) that would be mappable. The other XSD would contain the PIM field names. As the connector parses and processes a given
VEVENT form the ICAL message provided by the Hub, it can build a XML message for the
VEVENT using the ICAL data and then use the XSL to transform the data and thereby get the ability to customize the mappings. The connector can then perform the PIM API translation using the resulting XML. This document refers to this method as the secondary-translation method.
Figure 9-1 is a graphical representation of the XSD and XSLT. As the connector processes an ICAL VEVENT, it builds an XML message conforming to
exchangevirtualcalendar.xsd. It would then use the XSL to transform the XML to one that conforms to the
exchange2007calendar.xsd. The customization depicted in Figure 9-1 is that the
LOCATION is not mapped for synchronization.
You can add custom fields to a set of XSDs that are not exposed to the Hub using the secondary translation method. To enable a connector to synchronize with the Hub, you must create the following XSD files:
An XSD file that defines the field definitions for a connector
An XSD file that defines the ICAL counterparts of the field definitions
An XSLT file that transforms the connector's field definitions into ICAL definitions
An XSLT file that transforms the ICAL field definitions into the connector's definitions
These files are considered secondary files because they are never exposed to the Hub. For the Exchange 2007 connector, you can enable the synchronization of custom calendar fields by updating the secondary translation XSD and XSLT files. For more information, see Appendix D, " Custom Field XSLTs and XSDs."
Java-based connectors that leverage the BDSS Generic Connector components could use the Transformer API to perform this transformation. This translation is transparent to the Hub and the BDSS Generic Connector HubTransport component.
Note:The advantages to synchronization using the secondary translation method include:
A simpler XSLT to maintain. The XSLT would be similar to that of other domains.
You do not have to know the specifics of ICAL
Customizing field mappings is simpler
Synchronization support in the Hub schema is restricted to the
VALARM calendar components.
Note:In Oracle Fusion Middleware 11g release 1, BDSS does not support calendar synchronization for the
VJOURNAL, and
VFREEBUSY components.
The Hub also requires the following:
METHOD property must always be
A single ICAL message must represent a PIM calendar record. If the calendar record contains a recurrence pattern that has exceptions, the ICAL message must contain multiple
VEVENT components, such that the first
VEVENT component of the ICAL message is the master record of the pattern and each subsequent
VEVENT component represents an exception.
All ICAL messages that describe a meeting must have the same meeting ID. Identical meetings may present a problem on extraction if records from different system key fields match each other. If they match, then the records have different meeting IDs. When the Hub matches the records based on the configured key fields, it treats the match as a Create/Create Conflict and pushes an update to the loosing connector. The losing connector then performs an update operation to ensure that its record data matches the winning connectors' record.
Updating the
MeetingId in the target system may present problems to the calendaring system. Connectors should be careful when changing the
MeetingId. For example, Exchange uses the
MeetingId to correlate meeting update and meeting invitation e-mails across all attendees of the meeting. If the Exchange connector modifies the
MeetingId, it breaks the Exchange normal meeting processing and the e-mails would no longer function the way they should (that is, when attendee reads a meeting invitation and accepts it, it creates a calendar record. When an attendee reads a meeting update e-mail, the corresponding calendar record is updated, and so on).
As described in RFC 2445, Section 184.108.40.206: Non-Standard Properties, the ICAL standard allows for custom fields in the form of properties whose name begins with
X- . For example,
X-ORACLE-BDSS-EXCHANGE-F1 and
X-ORACLE-BDSS-BPEL-F1 are examples of valid custom field names. Further, custom fields and custom field values may differ for each exception to a recurring calendar record. To enable successful synchronization of the Calendar domain across all of the connectors that synchronize the Calendar domain, developers must implement connectors to allow custom fields through secondary translation or by including ICAL and custom fields in the Hub calendar definition.
If a connector opts to use the secondary-translation mechanism, you can define the custom fields in the PIM-specific XSDs and define the mappings. The custom fields remain in the ICAL message provided by the Hub.
If a connector opts not to use the secondary-translation option, you can define a Hub data type in the Hub type library XSD, and define the custom Hub and PIM fields to be of this type in the respective XSDs. You can then map them in the PIM-To-Hub and Hub-To-PIM XSLT files. The connectors would place custom field data outside of the ICalBody. The data type definition must allow multiple values so that connectors can specify different custom properties and values for each exception (perhaps something similar to the HubTokens data type). With this approach, there is a danger of data loss because it would be possible for a ICAL custom field in a source connector to be mapped to a regular ICAL field on the target connector. For more information, see Section 9.5.2, "Mapping a Custom ICAL Field to a Regular ICAL Field."
Data loss can occur because of:
As mentioned in Section 9.2, "Transforming Custom Calendar Fields," there is the danger of data loss if any ICAL field is not synchronized. Therefore, connectors should attempt to synchronize every ICAL field using hidden custom fields if the target calendar system does not support a given field.
If the connectors' PIM Server does not support hidden custom fields, a connector implementation must devise a method to persist and retrieve the field data. Data loss can occur even with this approach. In the case of an XSL that converts Embedded-ICAL to XML, if the XSL omits a ICAL field then data loss can occur because the target connector does not write a value to the field. If the connector uses the secondary-translation approach, the same problem occurs if a mapping of a ICAL field is not made. In both cases, this can be remedied by ensuring each ICAL field is mapped. A connector may appear as though a field is not synchronizing if it synchronizes the field to a custom PIM field that the client applications do not display by default. If the connectors' system does not support custom hidden fields, then the connector must devise a method to persist the field data so it can be provided back to the Hub during extractions.
If a connector cannot translate Embedded-ICAL to XML, or opts not to do the secondary-translation method, it may not support field mapping customization and rely on a natural map of ICAL field names to PIM field names. In this case, there would be no support for field definition or mapping customizations.
As noted in Section 9.4, "Creating Custom Calendar Fields," a connector that places field data outside of the ICalBody may result in an ICAL custom field in a source connector to be mapped to a regular ICAL field on the target connector. For example, suppose the BPEL calendar has a field called HTTP Link that, when clicked, navigates the BPEL user to a page in the BPEL application that provides information associated with the calendar record. Further, assume that the administrator wants to synchronize this field to a field in Exchange. Since there is no ICAL field that can represent this field, define a custom ICAL field, such as
X-ORACLE-BDSS-BPEL-HTTP-LINK. You then modify the Hub XSD to have a ICAL X- field, such as
X-ORACLE-BDSS-HUB-HTTP-LINK, and then map the two fields in the Hub-To-PIM and PIM-To-Hub XSLs used by the BPEL Task Connector. To synchronize the field to Exchange, define an Exchange custom ICAL field, such as
ORACLE-BDSS-EXCHANGE-HTTP-LINK and map it to the
ORACLE-BDSS-HUB-HTTP-LINK field in the Hub-to-PIM and PIM-to-Hub XSL used by the Exchange connector.
When defining the Exchange custom field in the Exchange XSD, you can define it as an extended field or an unindexed field. Writing the HTTP Link to the Location field on the Exchange calendar, define the field as the Exchange unindexed field Location. Because this unindexed field is naturally mapped to the ICAL LOCATION field, the connector uses the
ORACLE-BDSS-EXCHANGE-HTTP-LINK value instead of the ICAL LOCATION value to update the Location field, the BPEL Task Connector overwrites the field during subsequent synchronization sessions to which it naturally maps the ICAL LOCATION field with the link if the change comes from Exchange. If the connector uses the
ICAL LOCATION field and ignores the
ORACLE-BDSS-EXCHANGE-HTTP-LINK value to update the Location field, then a subsequent session results in the BPEL Task Connector deleting the HTTP Link field value if the change originates from Exchange.
If you defined the field as an Extended Field that specifies a custom field (that is, it would remain hidden unless you define an Outlook custom form that would expose the field in the Outlook UI), then this form of data loss would not occur.
Note:In this example, the BPEL Task Connector would not hard-code this customization by specifying the HTTP Link value as the LOCATION field value when it builds the ICAL that is sent to the Hub.


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Timekeeperforum is a watch enthusiast site where watch geeks can be themselves.
Enjoy RS3gold buying runescape 3 gold with up to $10 voucher till Apr13
You can create an album showcasing your collection watches. Create as many albums as you wish to display your collection of watches for everyone to see.
Want to do more than browse? Play the watch wars game where you are shown two watches and you must select which watch you like better.


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Have fun with the cat's family! Kids can play it as a puzzle which helps develop problem solving and fine motor skills. Moreover, they can create a story from the figures to encourage imagination.
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text: Kaulana Akea is our full suite. It is located out of the main section of the house thus providing the most privacy. It has a bedroom with a king bed and a living room with a queen sleeper sofa making it ideal for a family or several adults traveling together. A gas-burning stove warms the suite on chilly nights. There is a private patio area with outdoor furniture, fenced by elegant lava rock, featuring a brand-new two-person spa.


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Who said the M&A market is dead? Sun Microsystems said this morning that it has acquired Q-layer, a company that automates cloud computing deployments. A noteworthy move for Sun (JAVA), which has been refocusing its attention on the cloud computing space–or trying to, anyway. Presumably, the company has been preoccupied with other matters these past few months–like "aligning its massive and struggling hardware business with the global economic climate" and aligning 18 percent of its workforce with unemployment benefits.
Sun shares are trading up on the news. That said, they've been trading higher for a few days now, inexplicably up about 20 percent versus Nasdaq, which isn't doing nearly as well.
Odd, that, isn't it?


text: This term is most frequently used as the inverse procedure of time-stretching. However, sound materials can also be compressed in time through any editing or brassage-based technique. Time compression may also be said to have a poetic dimension ; the telescoping of anecdotal material into a musical experience in Luc Ferrari's "Presque rien no 1", for example.


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You are hereHome ›
Girls hockey: Packers shut down Tartan attack
In a make-up girls hockey game Feb. 4, the South St. Paul Packers invaded Tartan Arena and left the Titans feeling as cold as the subzero temperatures that caused the weather-related postponement in the first place.
Though the Titans had a occasional sorties into the Packers zone, they could not penetrate the visitors' armor and the result was a 3-0 setback.
South St. Paul goalie Sydney Conley recorded 11 saves to gain the shutout.
Though they don't name three stars in high school hockey, perhaps earning a star would have been Tartan net keeper Maggie Straka.
The senior goalie nearly stood on her head while turning aside 28 of the 31 missiles hurled her way.
"I thought we played hard and were in the game all the way," said South St. Paul mentor Dave Palmquist. "We just came off a tough loss to Hill-Murray and today we played with renewed assertiveness. The entire team put forth a good effort.
"That is just what we need to get ready for the playoffs. We got back on track today," Palmquist said.
"We had a good effort today; it just didn't turn out to our advantage," said Tartan head coach Nick Fuerst. "We're kind of beat up having played five games this last week. We'll see what we can do in the playoffs."
The Classic Suburban Conference game was the season finale for each team.
Gaining what turned out to be the game-winning tally on a power play was Maddie DeSmith after taking assists off the sticks of Abby Palmquist and Makena Burke at 13:30 of the first period.
Once more after sustained pressure in the Tartan zone, the Packers scored again.
Following a charge up ice, they clicked for a second goal. Palmquist passed to Bridgette Miller, who relayed to DeSmith at 15:00 to move to a 2-0 margin at the end of one.
The Titans, behind the goaltending of Straka, held the Packers off for the second period and most of the third.
The last goal came when Anna Leadens fed the puck to Miller, who put it into the back twines at 14:42 for the 3-0 final.
Wally Wakefield can be reached at email@example.com.


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Diabetes' genetic underpinnings can vary based on ethnic background, Stanford studies say – the researchers "found a clear geographic pattern in the genetics behind type-2 diabetes. The genetic risk is highest for Africans and drops along the trajectory the first humans took when migrating out of Africa toward East Asia (primarily Japan, China and Korea), where diabetes-linked genes appear to be more protective. Based solely on what is currently known about type-2 diabetes genetics, native Africans would appear to be at higher risk for diabetes, while East Asians would appear to be protected." – see also genetic risk world map|diabetes.
Skin color affects ability to empathize with pain – "Humans are hardwired to feel another person's pain. But they may feel less innate empathy if the other person's skin color doesn't match their own, a new study suggests."
Motion quotient – "A brief visual task can predict IQ, according to a new study. This surprisingly simple exercise measures the brain's unconscious ability to filter out visual movement. The study shows that individuals whose brains are better at automatically suppressing background motion perform better on standard measures of intelligence."
Yikes! Cockroaches Evolved to Avoid Sugary Baits – natural selection is really a nuisance!
Face Blindness – greg cochran on prosopagnosia. also: Is Brad Pitt's Face Blindness For Real?
The Italian Invasion of American Culture – from steve sailer!
A response to two critical commentaries on Woodley, te Nijenhuis & Murphy (2013) – from woodley, te nijenhuis, & murphy @dr. james thompson's blog. see also: "Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence" – with respect to the claim of intelligence decline since Victorian times – from bruce charlton. (ftr, i never said either that woodley, et al., made an entirely "extraordinary claim," or that i require any extraordinary evidence.) see previous posts here and here.
More population structure in the Netherlands (Lao et al. 2013) – "Clinal distribution of human genomic diversity across the Netherlands despite archaeological evidence for genetic discontinuities in Dutch population history." – from dienekes.
New Theory Claims Humans Hunted, Ate Neanderthals
Are There Atheists in Foxholes? Combat Intensity and Religious Behavior – "Study 1 shows that as combat became more frightening, the percentage of soldiers who reported praying rose from 42% to 72%."
Marketing to the Big Data Inside Us – "In your DNA are clues to your health, your ancestry, and maybe even your purchasing preferences." – h/t charles!
Heroes of the Dark Enlightenment @radish magazine!
Liberal Race Realism – A Brief Definition – from robert lindsay – h/t hbd bibliography!
Fight Clubs: On Napoleon Chagnon – "One anthropologist's place in his field's ongoing battle over questions of power, means and ends."
A Brief History of Mental Illness in Art.
New 'atheist map' of the world dominated by China where half the country's population describes themselves as non-believers
Syphilis, sex and fear: How the French disease conquered the world – "Researching the Borgias, Sarah Dunant learnt how syphilis took Europe by storm during the 1490s, and the far reaching effects it's had ever since." – previously: stds and miiiind control.
bonus: Genuinely, unironically, shocked – from mr. mangan.
bonus bonus: Viruses and mucus team up to ward off bacteria – "Phages may play unforeseen role in immune protection."
bonus bonus bonus: Dog sniffs out grammar – "A border collie takes command of sentence rules."
bonus bonus bonus bonus: 2-Child Limit for Muslims in Parts of Myanmar – burmese eugenics.
bonus bonus bonus bonus bonus: The Multiple Origins of Wine Grapes
bonus bonus bonus bonus bonus bonus: What the heck is this strange red rectangle doing in our galaxy?
(note: comments do not require an email. ATTACK!)


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3101.0 - Australian Demographic Statistics, Jun 2003
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 11/12/2003
|Page tools: Print Page Print All RSS Search this Product
NT population increase - June 2003 results released
Northern Territory's population increased by 580 people in the three months ending 30 June 2003, according to the figures released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics today.
Whilst this quarterly increase offsets some of the decline in the Northern Territory's population over the previous 6 months, overall there has been a small decline of 310 people (0.2%) over the full 2002-03 financial year.
This quarter's growth in population was primarily due to a reduction in the NT's net loss of population to other states and territories. March Quarter 2003 saw a net loss of population interstate of almost 1,200 people, compared to a net loss of 300 people interstate in the June Quarter 2003.
The ABS said it was too early to determine if the population increase for the June quarter 2003 was heralding a turnaround in the trend of declining population observed in the NT over the last two years.
Today's release contains the latest available data on natural increase (the excess of births over deaths), net interstate migration and net overseas migration and their contribution to the population size and growth of the Australian states and territories.
Further details are in Australian Demographic Statistics, June Quarter 2003 (cat. no. 3101.0).
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Event Description
Join us online for our featured webinar to learn more about our two entry level physical therapy programs. Our Campus DPT program has on campus classes through out the week. Our FLEX DPT program is completed through on-campus, weekend labs, and online course work.
Register today to reserve your seat! For questions, please contact the Enrollment Team.
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Complete the form below to register for this or future webinars and get a jump start on your application for admissions to the USAHS Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT) program!
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text:
Model Crystal Harris appears to be dead set on exchanging vows with Playboy boss Hugh Hefner on New Year's Eve after calling off their wedding in 2011 just days before the big event.
The 26 year old will wed Hef, who is 60 years her senior, at the Playboy Mansion in Beverly Hills on Monday – and to silence the doubters who still think the nuptials won't happen, Harris is sharing photos of her December 19 bridal shower with fans online.
Her business partner, Ashley Matthau, threw the party at the pals' new lingerie store, Femme Fatale, and Harris tells Us Weekly magazine it was the perfect send-off: "We really love Disney. We are huge fans. We go to Disneyland together a lot. My favorite movie is 'The Little Mermaid,' so she (Matthau) got me an Ariel-themed cake.
"We played fun games too. We did questionnaires about who knows the bride best – Ashley won, and my mom came in second!"
And, in lieu of gifts, the bride-to-be asked guests to bring Christmas ornaments to decorate the tree in the bedroom she shares with the Playboy boss.
She tells the publication, "It was really sweet. I opened all the ornaments – some were wedding themed, some were Disney."
Now, Harris is looking forward to the wedding: "We're keeping it really small this time. We're happy about it. It's going to be a quiet private wedding here at the Mansion with our close friends… I think, with everything that happened before, we want to keep it quiet and private. Last time it turned into a big ordeal and then it all fell apart.
"I needed to explore out there and take the time away. The time away really helped make me realize that where I'm meant to be is here with Hef. Hef cares for me so much, and I care for him so much. We love each other. I felt like I needed to be home and this is home for me… This time around is amazing. Our relationship is better than it ever has been before."


text:
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Stone just broke! What did I do wrong?
Short answer: Nothing. We've found that stones do not last forever, though Jeff's first one lasted through 11 years of daily baking. It seems clear that the 1/2-inch thick ones are very durable, and and some brands (not all) of the 1/4-inch thick stones are less so.
Incidentally, you can often use the broken pieces of the stone, depending on the size and shape of the fragments.
Alternatives to these ceramic stones include the newer cast-iron pizza "stones," or even just a cast-iron skillet, which we've found work quite nicely. Or try a Dutch Oven http://artisanbreadinfive.com/?p=552 or even the baking cloches http://artisanbreadinfive.com/?p=566, though our best guess is that cloches, being ceramic, are eventually going to break like the stones. Iron, definitely not–these should never have a problem with cracking.
For a review of stones, click here. More in The New Artisan Bread in Five Minutes a Day, and our other books.


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387 穀歌 google gmail
Buttons in your Gmail toolbar
When you select an email, you'll see buttons under the search box that let you take action on your messages. For example, you can use the buttons to delete a message or mark it as spam.
What the button icons & symbols mean
: Archive the message
: Report the message as spam
: Delete the message
: Move the message to a folder
: Add or remove a label
Change your buttons to text instead of icons
You can change your buttons so that they show the name of the button instead of an icon.
- Open Gmail.
- In the top right, click Settings .
- Click Settings.
- Scroll down to the "Button labels" section.
- Select Text.
- At the bottom of the page, click Save Changes.
最後更新:2017-05-24 02:44:13


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Discount Style cigarettes per carton. Buy high quality Style cigarettes at competitive low cost, shipped directly from the authentic bonded warehouse. We can offer cheap Style cigarettes prices as we are direct wholesale tobacco supplier. Enjoy Style cigarette brand smoking and excellent service provided by DiscountCigarettesMall.com
These special offers are limited time only, you have an opportunity to buy Style Cigarettes at the discount only until the end of this month!
Hurry up and buy your favorite Style Cigarettes right now!


text:
This official framed photograph is part of the official Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport collection and incorporates a genuine race-used piece of Nico Rosberg's Mercedes W04 Sidepod!
The action photo captures Nico racing his W04 around the 2013 Monaco Grand Prix circuit – where he achieved his first win of the 2013 season!
Professionally framed with a black wood frame and conservation-grade white/black double mount, the A4 photo is accompanied by a hand-carved piece of bodywork from Rosberg's W04 Sidepod and an official Mercedes-AMG Petronas Motorsport plaque containing Nico Rosberg's printed, digital signature.
The piece of bodywork measures W 7cm x H 4.5cm. Due to the unique race-used nature of the hand-carved bodywork, each is a one-of-a-kind. The detail on the section of race-used sidepod livery that you receive may look different to the one pictured. This framed display piece will be delivered ready to hang and complete with a certificate of authenticity.
Re-engineered in the UK under licence from Mercedes-Benz Grand Prix Limited.
Frame measures 48cmH x 50cmW x 3cmD
No posts found


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"Project Runway" has seen its share of cattiness on and off the runway this season, but contestant Nicolas Putvinski told Entertainment Weekly it's just good TV — some of the time.
"We have to be bitchy," he said. "Everybody's such a good designer on the show, so we have to amp it up a little."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: Heidi Klum & Seal
And he said that includes his tension with fellow designer Irina Shabayeva, who won Thursday night's challenge – the one that saw Nicolas exit the competition.
"Irina's a really good friend of mine," he told the mag, laughing. "We talked after the show, I see her all the time – she's a sweetheart, I know she's getting the bitch edit, but she's a really nice girl, I really like her."
VIEW THE PHOTOS: New York Fashion Week 2009
Though Nicolas had kind words for his fellow designers, not everyone felt the same about Irina's attacks.
"She's pretty much just like that in real life," Shirin Askari, who was booted from the show the previous week, told the mag in a separate interview. "They're portraying her perfectly. Some people have to put other people down to make themselves feel better, that's not the way I was brought up."
And Nicolas added that there was, indeed, more drama off-camera.
VIEW THE PHOTOS: 'Project Runway' Season 6
As for Johnny Sakalis, a designer who left the competition early on and called Nicolas a "jerk" on the runway, Nicolas said there was more harsh language behind the scenes.
"He called me a lot more than that, but we'll leave it at that," Nicolas said. "We're cool now."
However, Nicolas said his emotions in his profanity-filled exit interview were for real.
"I was so angry at getting kicked off," he said. "I just ripped everybody apart. I was pissed."
Six contestants are left on the Lifetime show, which is heading into the final weeks before its two-part Season 6 finale on November 12 and 19.
Related Content from AccessHollywood.com:
PLAY IT NOW: Tim Gunn: 'I Am Beyond Excited' For Season Six Of 'Project Runway'
PLAY IT NOW: Heidi Klum Talks 'Project Runway' & Pregnancy
MORE ACCESS ON THESE TOPICS: Project Runway - TV - Reality TV - Style


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Harnessing the power of the sea
Leveraging our proven solutions
Our cutting-edge technology opens up new opportunities to harness the large amounts of energy available from wave and tidal resources, and helps to create commercially-viable solutions. We are leveraging our proven solutions in multi-megawatt wind power generation to increase annual energy production of ocean energy devices and minimize their total life cycle costs.
Permanent magnet performance
Our permanent magnet (PM) generator and frequency converter packages are designed for best overall system efficiency and highest-level reliability. They have an extremely high average availability in all operating conditions and deliver superior efficiency over the entire speed range.
All of our solutions are designed for smooth operation in environmentally challenging conditions and feature a highly serviceable design. PM generator technology eliminates the use of wearing parts, which ensures fewer failures and significantly reduces the need for maintenance.
Permanent magnet generators
Thanks to improved density, a permanent magnet generator (PMG) is compact and lightweight, which leads to greater flexibility with limited space restrictions typically required in tidal and wave applications. The Switch PMGs provide excellent availability and highest efficiency also in partial loads. When combined with our full-power converters, The Switch PMGs meet the latest power quality and grid compatibility requirements.
Full-power converters
The Switch full-power converters have been designed specifically for demanding power applications. They are optimized to work with a wide range of PMG concepts. Each converter series is built to best match specific wave or tidal conditions and applications.
Read more on www.theswitch.com


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Belkin audio video accessories offer a variety of ways to expand and upgrade stereo and home theater systems. Our Speaker and Headphone Splitter lets you connect two stereo headphones or speakers to the same mini-stereo jack on your portable CD, MP3, DVD player, or your iPod device. Simply plug the Splitter into the headphone jack of your iPod or other portable stereo device, then plug two sets of headphones into the Splitters ports, and youre ready to go.
Connects via 3.5mm audio jack
Installs quickly and easily
Allows multi-user listening to your Apple® iPod player
Connects two headphones or speakers to portable CD, MP3, and DVD players
System Requirements:
MP3, portable DVD or CD player, iPod with mini-stereo jack
Stereo speakers or headsets
Package Includes:
Belkin Speaker and Headphone Splitter
Color: White


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The Origins of Immigrants to Augusta County
The Scotch-Irish cut a trail from Pennsylvania down through the Shenandoah Valley and into the region of Augusta County. During 1732, sixteen families from Pennsylvania crossed the Potomac and settled near the present town of Winchester. Joist Hite settled upon a land grant of 40,000 acres in the valley which had been acquired by Isaac Vanmeter and his brother from the Governor of Virginia. John Lewis, an immigrant from Ulster, Ireland who had waited for his family to join him from Europe, joined this group. The genealogist might do well to search the Burke and Berk Counties, Pennsylvania records first, while assuming that the earliest settlers came from Ulster and Antrim, Ireland. Source: History of Augusta County, Virginia. Augusta Co. VA Genealogy Resources


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All-in-one free web application security tool. Web application vulnerability and privacy scanner with support for HTTP cookies, Flash, HTML5 localStorage, sessionStorage, CANVAS, Supercookies, Evercookies. Includes a free SSL/TLS, HTML and HTTP vulnerability scanner and URL malware scanner.
This domain is set as target for 1 HTTP cookies.
We don't have any detailed information on its purpose but we constantly update our database. It's quite likely that this is just a first-party domain that is targeted by its own cookies and, as such, it doesn't deserve any specific classification.
designtoimprovelifeeducation.dk domain


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Stevens Dr. Miasnikov and Dr. Gilman Receive National Security Agency Grant
Dr. Alexei Miasnikov and Dr. Robert Gilman of the Department of Mathematical Sciences at Stevens Institute of Technology recently received a two-year research grant from the National Security Agency's (NSA) Mathematical Sciences Program to test their novel approach to the Andrews-Curtis conjecture, a famous unsolved problem from topology and combinatorial group theory. Their innovative computation-based approach will pave the way for future exploration of this and other conjectures.
The Andrews-Curtis conjecture demonstrates that even with today's technology, many areas of mathematics remains undefined. Dr. Gilman and Dr. Miasnikov's investigation will illuminate our understanding with a new method based on computation with finite - but huge - approximations to the infinite Andrews-Curtis graphs. "We have a novel approach in using computers to solve these theoretical problems," Dr. Miasnikov explains. "Our research could change the way people think about the conjecture. Beyond that, our computations have potential applications to theoretical math as well as physics."
Proposed in 1965, the Andrews-Curtis conjecture asserts that a certain family of infinite graphs derived from finite presentations of the trivial group is connected. Although the groups involved are trivial, the conjecture is not.
The conjecture is thought by many to be false, and a list of possible counterexamples to the conjecture was proposed in 1985, but even these needed to be verified. Mathematicians have since attempted to prove or disprove the counterexamples as a way to prove or disprove the conjecture. In 1999 Dr. Miasnikov and his nephew Alex Myasnikov disproved one of the proposed counterexamples through the use of genetic algorithms. Though some other counterexamples have been disproven, many may remain beyond the reach of present day computers.
"From a group theory standpoint, the Andrew-Curtis conjecture seemed too good to be true," Dr. Gilman says, "but so far no one has been able to prove or disprove it." His work along with Dr. Miasnikov is a step toward better understanding unsolved problems in mathematics.
"The grant serves as an acknowledgement of Dr. Misasnikov and Dr. Gilman's success in mathematics, and speaks to their outstanding contributions to the field," says Dr. Michael Bruno, Dean of the Charles V. Schaefer, Jr. School of Engineering and Science. "Their techniques have the potential to unravel some mysteries of mathematics and open new avenues of exploration."
About the Professors
Dr. Robert Gilman is a Professor of Mathematical Sciences in the Charles V. Schaefer, Jr. School of Engineering and Science. He is Director of the Algebraic Cryptography Center, which focuses on research in specific thrust areas, including Cryptography and Cryptanalysis, Generic Complexity, Statistical Algebra, and Asymptotic Group Theory.
Department Director of Mathematical Sciences in the Charles V. Schaefer, Jr. School of Engineering and Science, Dr. Miasnikov is a also member of the Algebraic Cryptography Center at Stevens. Dr. Miasnikov is also a recent recipient of the prestigious and competitive Marsden Fund Award as a Principal Investigator in a project that studies mathematical structures described by finite state machines such as automata and beyond.
About the NSA Mathematical Sciences Program
The NSA Mathematical Sciences Program supports self-directed, unclassified research in the areas of Algebra, Number Theory, Discrete Mathematics, Probability, and Statistics.


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Santos Anne
- 50% off
- Only on the App
- Williamsburg
- French, Mexican
When you grab a menu at this cozy spot in Williamsburg, expect to see spicy escargot and homemade guacamole in the same appetizer section. And the Salmon Taco with buttery leeks and mozzarella is not to passed by.Very rarely do you see two classically different cuisines come together on a plate as beautifully as those coming out of the kitchen at Santos Anne. To distinguish this place from other French restaurants, owner Laurent teamed up with chef friend Andres Gonzales, formerly of L'Orange Bleu in SoHo, to create a wholly French menu with a twist of Mexican flavor.
When you grab a table at this cozy and eclectically decorated spot on Union, expect to see spicy escargot and homemade guacamole share the same appetizer square. Highlights on the entree side include the Hanger Steak Taco with kale and mozzarella, a Salmon Taco with buttery leeks or the Magret Loco, a tender pork atop dauphinoise gratin, sweet banana and pineapple, with a spicy Mexican sauce. But it's not just the food that makes this place great. As Laurent says, he doesn't want to just create a restaurant, but a universe where people can come and just enjoy themselves. To that note, there's live music every night, open mic on Sundays, free tarot readings on Mondays and outback, a beautiful patio with a bocce ball court and an open challenge: If you can be the owner at a game, he'll buy you a drink.
Menu Highlights:
Hanger Steak Taco, $11
Salmon Taco, $11
Magret Loco, $17
Shrimp Risotto, $13
Daily, noon to 12:30 a.m.


text: I'm going to but on a Micatech top case but would like to know how much weight can I put in a case mounted with your rear mount setup? This is for an R1200GS. I'll not be using it to store my helmet or jacket in while I go into Starbucks, doesn't look as cool as bumping into everything and one while knocking stuff over I'm leaning toward the big case but if weight is the issue I will be satisfied with the medium. The front mount makes it easy but I'm trying to figure out how much is to much to load not going overboard with the rear rack but understanding my maximum capacity. I also want to use the roof racks on my Pilots which is another reason I want to use the rear mount.


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out of (one's) face(redirected from out of their faces)
out of (one's) face
Heavily intoxicated by drugs or alcohol, especially to the point of becoming unconscious, nonsensical, or out of control. I think someone might have spiked Jack's drink with some kind of drug because he's out of his face all of a sudden. Jane is a lightweight. Only one or two beers and she gets totally out of her face. I had to take my brother away from the party because he was out of his face on LSD.


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This engagement ring is designed for those love the classics! This design is both feminine and sophisticated. This set is design to be oh so thin!! This band is 100% American made with conflict free diamonds and recycled 14kt WHITE gold (as listed). Please allow 3-5 days for us to size the item(s) before shipping.
Rosados Box is a line created by Love & Promise Jewelers that focuses on making 100% American designed and crafted jewelry. We pride ourselves in creating quality products that are all made using conflict-free stones and the finest recycled metals; all while keeping the prices affordable and our level of service high. We use biodegradable solutions for cleaning our jewelry in our studio, we recycle our paper, metals, and plastics whenever we can, and all purchases come in a beautiful box and reusable/recyclable tote! We feel it's our responsibility to touch, sell, and promote love from the tiniest stone to the final product. With each handcrafted piece we are working toward a cleaner, greener, and happier earth; thanks for joining our movement!
Details of Ring
Engagement Ring (1/2)
Center Stone: Forever Brilliant Moissanite by Charles and Colvard with Authenticity Card
Color: Crystal Clear like a Diamond
Shape: Round cut
Measurement: Approximately 10mm
Weight: Approx 3.60cts
Quality:AAA fine quality
Diamonds on the ring:
Diamonds go roughly 3/4 around (almost all around)
Diamond Weight: approx 0.23cts
Diamond Quality: G in color SI in clarity
Band Width: approx 1.30mm
Wedding Ring (2/2)
Diamonds go roughly 3/4 around (almost all around)
Diamond Weight: approx 0.20cts
Diamond Quality: G in color SI in clarity
Band Width:approx 1.30mm
Sizes available: 4.5-8
Metal Available: 14kt WHITE gold (priced as shown)
Please allow 3-5 days for us to size the item(s) before shipping.
Email or call us at
Our mission is to touch people with beautifully crafted and affordable jewelry,
paired with excellent customer service.
By submitting, you agree to our Terms, and that you have read our Privacy Policy.


text: The previous generation Cayman was one of our favorite sports cars, especially in its final "R" trim. Could this new one, unveiled moments ago at the Porsche stand top the old car? We'll have to wait until we can carve out some time behind the wheel to find out. But judging on looks along, we're smitten. The new Cayman goes on sale in April starting at $52,600.


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First Look: All the Cocktails at The Wayland, NYC
It's not often you see a cocktail that uses fresh kale juice—in fact, I'm not sure I've seen it ever, but a bright and gingery kale cocktail is right at home on Jason Mendenhall's constantly-changing cocktail menu at The Wayland, which opened one month ago on Avenue C in New York's East Village.
Mendenhall and chef-partner Robert Ceraso share one side of the bar's space: the kitchen is just two cooktops, and the two share ingredients, leading to food-friendly drinks that easily complement the dishes on the menu. Homemade jams and chutneys, bitters, and sodas come together with herbs (soon to be grown in The Wayland's plot at the community garden across the street), spices, and a well-edited spirits selection in Mendenhall's cocktails.
"We aim to be an unpretentious neighborhood bar," says Mendenhall, and the space is casual and warm, decorated with cabinets from Ceraso's grandparents' house, antique glassware, and wood reclaimed from a recently demolished neighborhood school. There's a piano against one wall and they'll have live music—including stylings from two multitalented bartenders, who'll step out from behind the bar for a song or two on quieter evenings.
We tried every drink on The Wayland's current cocktail menu, from the ginger-kale margarita to the spiced and spiked mezcal hot chocolate. Check them all out in the slideshow.
The Wayland
700 East 9th Street (at Avenue C, map) 212-777-7022; thewaylandnyc.com
All products linked here have been independently selected by our editors. We may earn a commission on purchases, as described in our affiliate policy.


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283 members
83 members
249 members
175 members
Started this discussion. Last reply by michael dunston Feb 18, 2015. 7 Replies 3 Likes
Guys, a very nice project I found on internet, this is a PPM encoder using an Arduino nano and you can use ANY TX module you want to do yourself a TX Joystick or use the PPM signal in your…Continue
Added by Guto Santaella 3 Comments 0 Likes
Added by Guto Santaella 0 Comments 0 Likes
Added by Guto Santaella 0 Comments 0 Likes
Posted on September 17, 2013 at 7:00am 11 Comments 10 Likes
Hi guys,
I would like to show a wonderful ground station solution achieved by Roberto Bonfim here in Brazil, he used a dual screen lap top Acer Iconia 6120, it is a dual screen monitor with a third extra video output, in this configuration you can arrange three different screens as…Continue
Posted on July 4, 2013 at 5:30pm 10 Comments 5 Likes
Second test (much better image quality!)
My first night test.
Hexacopter: 810mm wheelbase
Firmware AC3.0
Running a full auto mission witn 5 WPs and RTL /autolanding
Soon I will upload more…Continue
I think this is a good body for my needs .... your said the body is pricey. Do you have a link to a dealer that sells the model and replacement parts...price lists... so I could start a budget for my build??
Hi Brad, a Happy New Year dear buddy...
You can import and buy the Maja direct in Bormatec website visiting Bormatec on-line shop:
There you can buy an electronic Kit for Maja and other things and models as well.
The owner's name is Franz, a good guy.
See you!


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Solidarity with Charlottesville Anti Fascists! Never Again! in London
US Embassy: London, UK. 14th August, 2017. Supporters of Unite Against Fascism holding a vigil outside the US embassy in solidarity with anti-fascists in Charlottesville, Virginia, and in memory of Heather Heyer who was killed during an attack on anti-fascists there by a white supremacist.