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Under the hegemony of King Philip II of Macedonia and, later, his son Alexander III (the Great), the Greek city-states bound themselves to a military alliance (the League of Corinth) for the purpose of invading the Achaemenid Empire. This Pan-Hellenic crusade was meant to rescue the Aegean world from a long history of Persian influence and to avenge the fifth-century BCE invasion by Xerxes, which had destroyed much of Athens. In 336, Philip II was assassinated on the eve of the Greek advance, but his young son Alexander (356–323) took up the cause after securing his position on the Macedonian throne.
In 334 BCE the new Macedonian king led nearly 40,000 troops across the Hellespont into Achaemenid Anatolia. He quickly defeated a satrapal (Persian provincial) army at the battle of the Granicus River and then systematically captured the coastal strongholds of the Persian fleet from the Hellespont to Cilicia. The Achaemenid king, Darius III (r. 336–330), personally commanded his troops in a move to halt the Greek advance into Syria. At the battle of Issus (late 333), Alexander defeated, but did not capture, the king of Persia. While Darius regrouped in Mesopotamia, Alexander continued his coastal campaign down the eastern Mediterranean. The offshore fortress of Tyre resisted for seven months but fell in a brutal assault when Alexander's forces completed a 1,600-meter siege mole out to the island. After besieging the city of Gaza in late 332, the Greeks marched unopposed into Egypt.
Alexander was seen by the Egyptians as a liberator who respected their ancestral customs and religion. He undertook an arduous journey to consult the oracle of Zeus-Ammon at Siwah in the Libyan Desert, where he was supposedly assured of world conquest. Alexander's most enduring achievement in Egypt was the construction of a city, bearing his name (Alexandria) and destined to become an unrivaled intellectual and commercial success under the patronage of his successors.
In early summer 331, Alexander's forces marched back to Phoenicia and then east toward Mesopotamia for a showdown with Darius. The Persian king had not been idle. His forces numbered over 100,000, and he had carefully prepared a battlefield near Arbela. On 1 October 331 Alexander's army routed the Persians at the battle of Gaugamela. Again Darius escaped eastward, hoping to rally a defense of Bactria (Afghanistan), but he had lost the heart of his empire. The major cities of Mesopotamia lay open to Alexander, who marched triumphantly into Babylon, Susa, and finally Persepolis In January 330. The vast Achaemenid treasures were seized and the palace destroyed. The Greeks were avenged for the sack of Athens a century and a half before. [See Persians; Babylon; Susa; Persepolis.]
Alexander soon resumed his pursuit of Darius. Near Hecatompylos (modern Shahr-i Qumis), however, a desperate group of Iranian nobles led by Bessus, satrap of Bactria, assassinated Darius. As successor to the Achaemenid throne, Alexander gave Darius a royal burial, but Bessus tried to undermine Alexander's legitimacy by declaring himself the rightful Persian king. Thus, Alexander was compelled to continue his advance eastward against this new adversary. These next campaigns carried Alexander's army beyond the Near East into Central Asia (329–327) and the Indus Valley (326–325). On their return, a fleet commanded by Nearchus explored the coastline from Pattala to the Persian Gulf while Alexander led the land forces on a disastrous desert march through Gedrosia back to Babylon.
Alexander encountered many military hardships during these years in the distant east, and he faced a growing tide of related problems: opposition of his high command to acts of reconciliation with the defeated Iranian nobility, sagging morale of his troops because of physical and emotional strain, limited resources to occupy and administer the eastern empire, and misconduct among the senior officials in charge of the Near Eastern satrapies during Alexander's absence in India.
When Alexander returned to Mesopotamia In 324, he began to address the emerging crisis in his newly won empire. He punished some officials and pardoned others, paid his army handsomely from the revenues earlier stockpiled after the plunder of Susa and Persepolis. He arranged a massive wedding ceremony at Susa in which senior officers took noble Persian brides, and 10,000 Macedonian soldiers formalized their liaisons with native women. When Alexander then organized a force of indigenous soldiers to help meet his military needs, he had to face down at Opis In 324 the mutinous insubordination of his Macedonian veterans who opposed an ethnically mixed military system.
In the midst of plans for future conquests, including an expedition to Arabia, Alexander fell ill and died at Babylon in early June 323. The army and its officers soon quarreled over the issue of succession. A compromise provided for a dual monarchy shared by two nonentities: Philip III Arrhidaeus, Alexander's infirm half brother, and Alexander IV, Alexander's posthumous son. In truth, the empire was governed by ambitious generals down to 306/05. First, Perdiccas asserted authority as regent for the kings but was assassinated In 320. In Macedonia, the aging general Antipater served as the next regent until his death a year later.
The fragile unity of the empire endured as the diadochoi ('successors') competed for the regency, often in shifting coalitions sealed by marriage alliances and satrapal appointments. Until his defeat at the battle of Ipsus In 301, the lead in this struggle was taken by Antigonus the One-Eyed, along with his son Demetrius the City-Sacker. Those not aiming for supreme power staked out smaller domains for that day when the empire would splinter beyond a single man's grasp. As expected, the assassination of the two kings, Philip III (317/16) and Alexander IV (311/10), exhausted the bloodline of Alexander the Great and opened the way for the formation of new royal dynasties in the Near East headed by Ptolemy (Egypt), and Seleucus (Syria).
The political unity of the Alexandrian Empire had not long survived the fall of the Achaemenids, as the competition for greatness inspired by Alexander led to an unprecedented period of kingmaking among the Macedonians and, later, the local nobility of the Near East as well. Generally known as the Hellenistic Age, the three centuries following Alexander's death (323–30) witnessed the reigns of fourteen Ptolemies in Egypt, capped by the remarkable career of Queen Cleopatra VII (r. 51–30). In addition to the Nile Valley, the Ptolemies controlled a few Aegean ports, Cyprus, and Cyrene; they fought five major Syrian wars against the Seleucids for dominion over Coele-Syria (Palestine) down to 200. [See Ptolemies; Cyrene; Coele-Syria.]
The Seleucid dynasty produced over two dozen kings and numerous usurpers. In addition, the slow dissolution of this vast state, which under Seleucus I (312–281) had stretched from Anatolia to Afghanistan, allowed the rise of many local dynasties in areas such as Bactria, Parthia, Commagene, Pergamon, Judea, Iturea, Nabatea, and Characene; smaller principalities and numerous cities also gained their independence, most notably in Phoenicia. By the time that Rome annexed the remains of the Seleucid Empire In 63, only the region around Antioch was left in Macedonian hands. [See Seleucids; Pergamon; Antioch.]
This Near Eastern world gradually absorbed into the Roman Empire was very different from the Achaemenid world rapidly absorbed into the Alexandrian Empire some three centuries earlier. These differences give measure to the impact of Alexander the Great upon this region. We may here summarize that legacy in its archaeological context.
First, the rise of an Alexandrian Empire introduced a strong and lasting Hellenic influence into the rich cultural milieu of the Near East. This is not to say that Greek culture wholly dominated the area during the Hellenistic Age nor that some Greek influence had not already been felt in the Near East long before Alexander's invasion. Greek mercenaries had been recruited earlier into the armies of the Achaemenid kings, and Greek merchants had long plied their trade in the ports of the eastern Mediterranean. A Greek trading colony had existed at Naukratis (Egypt) since the seventh century. [See Naukratis.] The degree of Hellenic influence clearly intensified, however, no longer incrementally, but exponentially, in the wake of Alexander's wars. Rather than a few thousand Greek mercenaries, the Near East witnessed a wave of Greek military colonists (klēroukoi) that crested in the hundreds of thousands. Wherever there were permanent camps of Greek soldier-settlers, there were now islands of Hellenism in the Semitic Near East. Of course, non Greeks inhabited these "islands" as well, some as soldiers or support personnel, others as wives or workers. Recent excavations on Ikaros (modern Failaka) reveal a Seleucid military settlement where traditional Mesopotamian artifacts and non Greek graffiti exist side by side with dedications to Greek gods made by the garrison commander and his troops. [See Failaka.] From Anatolia as far east as Ai Khanum (Afghanistan), evidence of this type demonstrates how immigrant Greek soldiers introduced a new but not overwhelming cultural element in terms of their language, religion, art, and architecture. In Egypt, where papyrus documents tell the story more fully, we can follow the family histories of some of these settlers. In some cases, the colonists held doggedly to their Hellenic background and insulated themselves as far as possible from native influences; others married Egyptian wives, worshiped local deities, and raised bilingual children. Whatever the degree of cultural "fusion" in a given klērouchia, the rather sudden and sustained presence of Greek soldiers occupying the Near East contributed greatly to the changes wrought by Alexander the Great.
Second, the number of Hellenistic urban centers grew. The one Greek entrepôt at Naukratis was quickly supplanted by dozens of full-fledged cities founded throughout the Near East by Alexander and his successors. Alexandria in Egypt blossomed under the Ptolemies into a major Mediterranean city that attracted Greek artists, intellectuals, administrators, merchants, and many others into its population. Although non-Greeks certainly played a vital role in the city's history, the Hellenic element under Ptolemaic patronage enjoyed a privileged position both politically and culturally. [See Alexandria.] The same occurred at Antioch, one of the capitals of the Seleucid Empire, and many other places. The administration of these Hellenistic cities was generally Greek, though we can trace in the documentary sources the appointment of some officials bearing non-Greek names and titles; some city business was conducted in native languages and according to local customs. Babylon provides a well-known example of how traditional Mesopotamian temple and civic practices survived the intrusion of the Greeks. In the main, however, the Greek language and Hellenic political institutions took root in these new foundations. Care was often taken by the Macedonian dynasts to give these cities a Greek appearance to go along with their Greek names (usually dynastic, but occasionally transplanted place-names from Greece) and institutions (e.g., boule [council] and agora [assembly]). Though often adapted to local building methods and materials (e.g., mud brick), Hellenic structures such as gymnasia and theaters rose on Near Eastern soil. Greek terra cottas, column drums and capitals, propylaea [entrance structures], and Macedonian palaces could be seen in many of these cities, along with Greek pottery and other Greek domestic items in private houses built of Greek design. Even burial practices and tomb construction were influenced by Hellenic models, as at Jerusalem, Marisa (Mareshah), Deir ed-Derb in Samaria, Suweida in Syria, Hermel and Kalat Fakra in Lebanon, and of course Petra in the Negev. Clearly, places such as Babylon and Jerusalem did not become thoroughly hellenized, but a substantial Greek presence could easily be seen there by any visitor, and some cultural interaction and blending was inevitable over the course of three centuries. [See Jerusalem; Mareshah; Suweida; Petra.]
Through military occupation and city founding, then, Greek culture made a lasting impact upon the Near East. The Greek language, in the Koine (common Greek) dialect of the Hellenistic world, became the lingua franca of the Near East, a role previously played by Aramaic under the Achaemenids. Yet, when the Romans arrived on the scene in the first century BCE, they could still hear spoken a variety of Semitic languages and local dialects. They could see in the Seleucid archives recent cuneiform texts, or in Egypt the ongoing use of hieroglyphs and demotic script on monuments and inscriptions such as the famous Rosetta Stone from the reign of Ptolemy V (205–180). But the language of the Hellenistic rulers was Greek (only the last of the Ptolemies, Cleopatra VII (51–30), learned the Egyptian language), and court life required Koine for business and pleasure. The educated elite seldom strayed into the languages or literatures of the Near Eastern peoples. Native works of note had to be translated into Greek for further study, as in the case of the Septuagint, the Egyptian history preserved by Manetho, or the Babylonian lore translated by Berossos. When Alexander invaded the Near East, interpreters were required to make it possible for Greeks and non-Greeks to communicate. When the Romans arrived, Greek was a second language throughout the region, at least among the privileged classes. That did not change, even through centuries of Roman rule. The New Testament took form in Koine, Roman coinage in the Near East employed Greek inscriptions, and Byzantium inherited from the Alexandrian Empire an administrative system based on Greek rather than Latin. [See Greek.]
Third, the Alexandrian Empire increased the production of coins, which made trade easier. Greeks, especially merchants and mercenaries, were long accustomed to the convenience of coinage. The Achaemenids had established mints, therefore, in those regions where Greeks were normally recruited and stationed, but had not pressed to have a monetized economy replace traditional barter in other areas of their empire. Trading centers, such as Phoenicia and Egypt, had been compelled to import Greek coinage or to mint locally. Alexander and his successors changed this situation very rapidly, not so much as part of a grand economic scheme to stimulate the "stagnant" Near East (an old view that still holds too much influence), but rather to meet the immediate needs of a massive invasion and occupation. To pay his troops, Alexander operated nearly two dozen royal mints in Anatolia, Cyprus, Syria, Phoenicia, Egypt, and Mesopotamia. These mints produced a homogeneous, "imperial" coinage on the Attic Greek standard (see figure 1). Massive supplies of bullion came to hand when Alexander captured the treasuries of the Achaemenid palaces; Persepolis alone yielded some 120,000 talents' worth (more than 3 million kg or 6.8 million lbs.) of silver. Most, but not all, of this plunder was converted into coins to meet the military expenses of Alexander and the diadochoi. Over time, a monetary economy replaced barter in most parts of the Near East, particularly the urbanized areas. This is especially evident in the increased production of bronze fiduciary currencies, and the striking of Greek-style coinage in areas beyond the control of the Ptolemies and Seleucids. All of the native dynasties that broke free of the Seleucids minted Hellenistic coinage. Widespread monetary production facilitated trade. Archaeology confirms this development through coin finds, the diffusion of Mediterranean amphorae, and the luxury goods that flowed in and out of the Near East. From the death of Alexander down to 167 BCE, when punished by Rome with crippling economic sanctions, Rhodes served as the wealthy center of East Mediterranean maritime trade; its amphorae have been found from the British Isles to India. [See Coins.]
In spite of economic growth in the Hellenistic Age, war still provided the usual means of expanding royal wealth. Taxes, tolls, and tribute seldom met the exorbitant needs of the kings, for whom conspicuous consumption on a grand scale was a hallmark of Hellenistic monarchy. If not by trade, then by conquest, these kings sought luxury goods to put on parade. On one famous occasion, Ptolemy II (285/82–246) marched through Alexandria an astounding display of prestige items, including exotic animals from India, Ethiopia, and Arabia. There was also competition among the kings either to develop the largest warships or to field the largest elephant corps. Everywhere in the Near East, the Macedonian military system took hold. Beginning with Alexander, levies of local troops were armed and trained in the Macedonian manner, a practice expanded by the successors from the late third century BCE onward. Advanced siege engines and artillery, not to mention the counterforce of intensive fortification, became standard features of Near Eastern warfare. Hellenistic armies were naturally the heirs of the Alexandrian Empire rather than of the Achaemenid. In fact, all processes of hellenization were essentially military in origin, from colonization to monetization. The legacy of the Alexandrian Empire remained imperialist and colonial in nature.
When looking so deliberately for Alexander's impact on the Near East, we must not leave the false impression that earlier patterns of social, cultural, political, religious, military, and economic life were totally swept away. In many ways, the Hellenic customs of the conquerors were held at bay by the resilient and often better-suited traditions of the indigenous peoples. Recall that local languages were not effaced by Greek and that many Greeks adopted Near Eastern religious practices or, at the very least, adapted them to their own use through syncretism. Even in warfare, the Greeks grew fond of the elephants and scythed chariots employed by the Achaemenids. In fact, Seleucus I traded India to Chandragupta Maurya for five hundred elephants, which proved a good investment at the battle of Ipsus In 301.
No reign or region of the Hellenistic Near East was thoroughly Greek. The important political institutions of the Greeks, most notably those of the polis (city), functioned within an administrative system that was largely Achaemenid. Alexander had retained the successful bureaucratic structure of the Near East, with its diverse collection of "temple-states", semi-independent cities and tribes, tributary kings, and satraps. Before becoming kings, all of the eastern diadochoi had first been satraps. When, for example, the Seleucids later established their royal dynasty, they appointed satraps of their own, some of whom in turn became independent kings who straightaway divided their former satrapies into smaller satrapies. Clearly, the Greeks could find nothing better than the old Achaemenid structure within which to build their new Hellenistic states.
The hellenization of the Semitic East was, therefore, a long, complex process that did not touch all areas nor all classes with the same effect. The aggressive measures to compel cultural change in Judea under Antiochus IV (175–164), for example, sparked intensive resistance that, itself, divided many non-Greeks over the issue of hellenization. Everywhere in the Near East, Alexander's legacy was a patchwork of languages and cultures that included for the first time a substantial Greek element that clearly inspired some and incensed others.
- Austin, M. M., ed. The Hellenistic World from Alexander to the Roman Conquest: A Selection of Ancient Sources in Translation. Cambridge, 1981. Convenient collection of 279 items, including literary sources as well as documentary evidence.
- Bosworth, A. B. Conquest and Empire: The Reign of Alexander the Great. Cambridge, 1988. The best recent biography, meticulously researched with excellent chapters on administration and the army.
- Burstein, Stanley B., ed. and trans. The Hellenistic Age from the Battle of Ipsos to the Death of Kleopatra VII. Translated Documents of Greece and Rome, vol. 3. Cambridge, 1985. Well-chosen selection of 112 documents, with first-rate commentary and bibliographical references.
- Downey, Susan B. Mesopotamian Religious Architecture: Alexander through the Parthians. Princeton, 1988. Close scholarly examination of how Near Eastern traditions endured under foreign occupation.
- Eddy, Samuel K. The King Is Dead: Studies in Near-East Resistance to Hellenism, 334–31 B.C. Lincoln, Neb., 1961. Classic attempt to see the Near Eastern side of the Hellenistic world.
- Fedak, Janos. Monumental Tombs of the Hellenistic Age: A Study of Selected Tombs from the Pre-Classical to the Early Imperial Era. Toronto, 1990. The best work of its kind, covering tomb architecture from pre-Classical to Roman periods.
- Grainger, John D. The Cities of Seleukid Syria. Oxford, 1990. Useful case study of Hellenistic city-founding in the heart of the Seleucid Empire, with summaries of excavations and surveys.
- Green, Peter. Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age. Berkeley, 1990. Opinionated but expert essay of nearly a thousand pages that minimizes the geniune interaction of Greek and non-Greek cultures.
- Green, Peter, ed. Hellenistic History and Culture. Berkeley, 1993. Eight articles on important aspects of Hellenistic studies, with an excellent balance of critical responses and discussion.
- Hengel, Martin. Jews, Greeks, and Barbarians: Aspects of the Hellenization of Judaism in the Pre-Christian Period. London, 1980.
- Kuhrt, Amélie, and Susan Sherwin-White, eds. Hellenism in the East: The Interaction of Greek and Non-Greek Civilizations from Syria to Central Asia after Alexander. Berkeley, 1987. Six studies giving much needed attention to the non-Greek side of Hellenistic history and making effective use of new archaeological evidence.
- Lewis, Naphtali. Greeks in Ptolemaic Egypt: Case Studies in the Social History of the Hellenistic World. Oxford, 1986. Uses papyrological evidence to explore cultural interaction on the personal level.
- Momigliano, Arnaldo. Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization. Cambridge, 1975. Based on a series of lectures at Cambridge, this work examines the intellectual meeting ground of Greeks, Romans, Persians, Jews, and Celtic tribes.
- Rostovtzeff, Michael. The Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World. 3 vols. 2d ed. Oxford, 1953. Venerable and still valuable treatment of the scattered evidence; nothing is likely to replace its scope.
- Samuel, Alan E. From Athens to Alexandria: Hellenism and Social Goals in Ptolemaic Egypt. Series Studia Hellenistica, vol. 26. Louvain, 1983. Careful analysis of all phases of contact and conflict between Greek and Egyptian cultures in the Hellenistic Age.
- Samuel, Alan E. The Shifting Sands of History: Interpretations of Ptolemaic Egypt. Publications of the Association of Ancient Historians, vol. 2. Lanham, Md., 1989. Rich historiographical survey for the educated nonspecialist.
- Sherwin-White, Susan, and Amélie Kuhrt. From Samarkhand to Sardis: A New Approach to the Seleucid Empire. Berkeley, 1993. The best single volume now available on the Seleucids, with detailed regional surveys and up-to-date archaeological evidence.
- Thompson, Dorothy. Memphis under the Ptolemies. Princeton, 1988. Very detailed but readable account of a key Egyptian city, fully documented and illustrated.
- Walbank, F. W., and A. E. Astin, et al. The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 7.1, The Hellenistic World. 2d ed. Cambridge, 1984. The best starting point for all aspects of Hellenistic history. Note also the article on later Seleucid history by Christian Habicht, "The Seleucids and Their Rivals," in The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 8, Rome and the Mediterranean to 133 B.C., edited by A. E. Astin et al., pp. 324–387 (Cambridge, 1989).
Frank L. Holt


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Charts (Report Builder and SSRS)
When you want to summarize data in a visual format, use the chart data region. Charts enable you to present large volumes of aggregated information at a glance. It is important to carefully prepare and understand your data before you create a chart, as this will help you design your charts quickly and efficiently. For more information, see Add a Chart to a Report (Report Builder and SSRS). To start to use a chart immediately, see the bar, column, sparkline, and pie chart tutorials in Tutorials (Report Builder) or the bar and pie chart tutorials in Reporting Services Tutorials (SSRS).
The following illustration shows many of the different elements used in the chart.
You can publish charts separately from a report as report parts. Report parts are self-contained report items that are stored on the report server and can be included in other reports. Use Report Builder to browse and select parts from the Report Part Gallery to add to your reports. Use Report Designer or Report Builder to save report parts for use in the Report Part Gallery. For more information, see Report Parts (Report Builder and SSRS) and Report Parts in Report Designer (SSRS) on the Web at microsoft.com.
You can create and modify report definitions (.rdl) in Report Builder and in Report Designer in SQL Server Data Tools. Each authoring environment provides different ways to create, open, and save reports and related items. For more information, see Designing Reports in Report Designer and Report Builder (SSRS) on the Web at microsoft.com.
In This Article
Designing a Chart
Similarities to a Matrix
Adding Data to the Chart
Category and Series Groups in a Chart
Dataset Considerations Before Creating a Chart
Best Practices When Displaying Data in a Chart
Aggregating Values from a Data Field on the Chart
In This Section
Designing a Chart
After you add a chart data region to the design surface, you can drag report dataset fields for numeric and non-numeric data to the Chart Data pane of the chart. When you click the chart on the design surface, the Chart Data pane appears, with three areas—Category Groups, Series Groups, and Values. If the report has a shared or embedded dataset, the fields in the dataset appear in the Report Data pane. Drag fields from the dataset into the appropriate area. By default, when a field is added to one of the areas of the chart, Reporting Services calculates an aggregate for the field. You can also use series grouping to dynamically generate series. The chart is also closely related to the matrix.
The data in the chart at design time is different from the data in the chart when the report is processed. It is not your real data. It is generated data that has been added so that you can design your chart with an idea of what the chart will look like.
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Similarities to a Matrix
One way to think about how charts work is to compare them to matrices.
Conceptually, their organization is identical:
The Columns group in the matrix is identical to the Category Groups area in the chart.
The Rows group in the matrix is identical to the Series Groups area in the chart.
The Data area in the matrix is identical to the Values area in the chart.
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Adding Data to the Chart
Suppose you have a report that shows Sales by Name. You drop the Full Name field to the Category Groups area and the Sales field to the Values area.
When you add the Sales field to the Values area, the text of the data field appears in the legend, and the data from this numeric field will be aggregated into one value. By default, the value is aggregated using the built-in function Sum. The Chart Data pane will contain a simple expression for your field. In our example, [Sum(Sales)] will appear for the field expression =Sum(Fields!Sales.Value). If no groups are specified, the chart will only show one data point. In order to show multiple data points, you must group your data by adding a grouping field. When you add the Name field to the Category Groups area, a grouping field of the same name as the name of the field is automatically added to the chart. When fields that define the values along the x and y axes are added, the chart has enough information to plot the data correctly.
When the Series Groups area is left empty, the number of series is fixed at design time. In this example, Sales is the only series that appears on the chart.
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Category and Series Groups in a Chart
A chart supports nested category and series groups. Charts do not display detail data. Add groups to a chart by dragging dataset fields to the category and series drop zones for a selected chart.
Shape charts such as pie charts support category groups and nested category groups. Other charts such as bar charts support category groups and series groups. You can nest groups, but make sure that the numbers of categories or series do not obscure the presentation of information in the chart.
Adding Series Grouping to a Chart
If you add a field to the Series Groups area, the number of series depends on the data that is contained in that field. In our earlier example, suppose you add a Year field to the Series Groups area. The number of values in the Year field will determine how many series will appear on the chart. If the Year field contains the years 2004, 2005, and 2006, the chart will display three series for every field in the Values area.
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Dataset Considerations Before Creating a Chart
Charts provide a summary view of your data. However, with large datasets, the information on a chart can become obscured or unreadable. Missing or null data points, data types ill-suited to the type of chart, and advanced applications such as combining charts with tables can all affect the readability of a chart. Before designing a chart, you should carefully prepare and understand your data so that you can design your charts quickly and efficiently.
You can have as many charts in your report as you want. A chart, like any other data region such as a matrix or table, is bound to a single dataset. If you want to display multiple datasets on the same chart, you can create an additional dataset that uses a JOIN or UNION statement in your SQL query before adding data to the chart. For more information about the JOIN and UNION statement, see Books Online or another SQL reference.
Consider pre-aggregating data in the dataset query if detail data is not necessary or useful. To display each data point more clearly, reduce the number of categories in your dataset. You can filter the dataset or add a condition to your query that reduces the number of rows returned. Back to Top
Best Practices When Displaying Data in a Chart
Charts are most effective when the number of elements that are displayed presents a clear image of the underlying information. Some charts, like scatter graphs, benefit from numerous data points, while others, like pie charts, are more effective with fewer data points. Choose a chart type carefully based on the values in your dataset and how you want this information to be shown. For more information, see Chart Types (Report Builder and SSRS).
There are several ways you can consolidate data on a chart:
When using a pie chart, collect small slices into one slice called "Other." This will reduce the number of slices on your pie chart. For more information, see Collect Small Slices on a Pie Chart (Report Builder and SSRS).
Avoid using data point labels when there are numerous data points. Data point labels are most effective when there are only a few points on the chart.
Filter unwanted or irrelevant data. This helps you highlight the key data that you are trying to show on the chart. To filter data points in a chart, set a filter on a category group or a series group. By default, the chart uses the built-in function Sum to aggregate values that belong to the same group into an individual data point in the series. If you change the aggregate function of a series, you must also change the aggregate function in the filter expression. For more information, see Filter, Group, and Sort Data (Report Builder and SSRS).
To display ratio data in a table or matrix template, consider using a linear gauge instead of a bar graph. Gauges are better suited for showing a single value inside a cell. For more information, see Nested Data Regions (Report Builder and SSRS).
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Aggregating Values from a Data Field on the Chart
By default, when a field is added to the Values area of the chart, Reporting Services calculates an aggregate for the field. If you drag a field onto the chart without dropping the field into a specific area, the chart will determine whether this field belongs on the category (x) axis or value (y) axis based on the data type of the field. Numeric fields that are dropped in the Values area are aggregated using the SUM function. If the data type of your value field is String in the Values area, the chart cannot display a numeric value, even if there are numbers in the fields, so the chart displays the COUNT function. To avoid this behavior, make sure that the fields that you use have numeric data types, instead of Strings that contain formatted numbers. You can use a Visual Basic expression to convert String values to a numeric data type using the CDbl or CInt constant. For example, the following complex expression converts a field that is named MyField that contains numeric values that are formatted as Strings.
For more information about aggregate expressions, see Aggregate Functions Reference (Report Builder and SSRS).
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In This Section
Add a Chart to a Report (Report Builder and SSRS)
Describes the first steps in adding a chart to your report.
Chart Types (Report Builder and SSRS)
Describes all of the chart types and sub-types available in Reporting Services, including considerations and best practices for using various chart types.
Formatting a Chart (Report Builder and SSRS)
Use formatting to improve the overall appearance and highlight key data points of your chart.
Empty and Null Data Points in Charts (Report Builder and SSRS)
Describes considerations when working with charts based on fields with empty or null values.
Displaying a Series with Multiple Data Ranges on a Chart (Report Builder and SSRS)
Describes how to add scale breaks to a series that contains more than one range of data.
Multiple Series on a Chart (Report Builder and SSRS)
Describes several methods of showing multiple series on the same chart, including combining chart types, using the secondary axis, specifying different chart types and using multiple chart areas.
Linking Multiple Data Regions to the Same Dataset (Report Builder and SSRS)
Provide different views of data from the same report dataset.
Add or Delete a Group in a Chart (Report Builder and SSRS)
Describes adding groups and nested groups to a chart.
Add a Moving Average to a Chart (Report Builder and SSRS)
Describes using the Moving Average formula to calculate the average of the data in your series.
Troubleshoot Charts (Report Builder and SSRS)
Describes tips for working with charts.
See Also
Tutorial: Add a Column Chart to Your Report (Report Builder)
Tutorial: Add a Pie Chart to Your Report (Report Builder)
Tutorial: Add a Bar Chart to Your Report (Report Builder)
Images, Text Boxes, Rectangles, and Lines (Report Builder and SSRS)
Interactive Sort, Document Maps, and Links (Report Builder and SSRS)


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Call for info: (855) 423-8527
Last Updated: 22 hours ago
61 TrustBuilder Reviews in Jacksonville-St. Augustine, FL Area
7632 Buck Hills Court, Jacksonville FL 32222
From $211,990 Why 'From' pricing?
New homes can be personalized to your needs and taste.
Builders pricing can vary greatly. Builders display base pricing because you have not selected your options and upgrades yet and some homes may indicate that the land cost is not included.
Elevation HA 1/12Previous Next
The Alexia floor plan at Longleaf - Classic Collection. Has 3 bedrooms/2.5 bathrooms/ 2 car garage and 1 story at a sq footage of 1,714.
Builder Community Sales Office
7632 Buck Hills Court, Jacksonville, FL 32222
Sales Agent: Chanel Flowers, Matthew Zimmerman
Hours: Mon 12-6 | Tue 10-6 | Wed 10-6 | Thu 10-6 | Fri 10-6 | Sat 10-6 | Sun 11-6
Please be aware that current conditions may impact hours of operation.
Longleaf - Longleaf 40' Classic Collection
The family-friendly community of Longleaf is offering newly designed single-family homes in five different floorplans that have up to 2,260 square feet. These homes are part of the Everything's Included® features that include many upgrades, such as quartz countertops, Frigidaire® kitchen appliances, 42 inch cabinets, paver driveway and walkways and more. Fabulous amenities are available too, including a community clubhouse, swimming pool, fitness center and playground. With easy access to I-295, Longleaf is minutes away from entertainment, shopping and dining.Visit the website Free brochure
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As the only course nestled along Lake Tahoe's scenic shoreline, there's no better place to play the greatest game on Earth than at Edgewood Tahoe's revered 18-hole championship course.
With three acclaimed dining options and seasoned chefs who handcraft the season's finest plates; feed your soul and your spirit at Edgewood Tahoe.
Whether you're looking to enjoy a post-golf massage or want to jumpstart your day with steam, unwind at the Spa at Edgewood.


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"A superbly strong, smart and savvy group that uses its resources extremely wisely."
Swanson & McNamara LLP is a trial and appellate law firm specializing in criminal defense and complex civil litigation. Our highly skilled attorneys have extensive experience representing clients in a wide range of state and federal cases.
Swanson & McNamara LLP prides itself on handling complex matters efficiently and discreetly while providing our clients with the highest level of personal service. We work closely with our clients to develop creative and winning strategies for all types of legal problems. And in every case — from the largest to the smallest — we fight to achieve the best possible legal outcome.
Since our founding in 1998, our attorneys have built a national reputation as committed, hard-working, and tenacious advocates. The firm is AV-rated by Martindale-Hubbell and has been recognized by leading professional organizations as one of the premier law firms in its class. In its Best Law Firms rankings,U.S. News & World Report has listed the firm as Tier 1 in two practice area, Criminal Defense: General Practice and Criminal Defense: White-Collar, in California.


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Real-time Quotes | Nasdaq Last Sale
Buy or sell shares of CHH and other stocks commission-free!
Open a Webull account and fund it to get a free stock
Based on 12 analysts
Disclaimer: The analysis information is for reference only and does not constitute an investment recommendation.
Webull offers kinds of Choice Hotels International Inc stock information, including NYSE:CHH real-time market quotes, financial reports, professional analyst ratings, in-depth charts, corporate actions, CHH stock news, and many more online research tools to help you make informed decisions.


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Max Recommended Sauna Treatments: 2-3 Sauna Treatments a week.
Call us to get booked today!! 469-402-2800
Get the latest from #LoveHeals!
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On December 18, 2018 and Jan. 3, 2019 Dr. Gonino will be on Doug Kaufmann's Know the Cause TV show. Speaking about health, wellness, and some amazing miracles weve seen here at the practice. Tune in and share the news! Watch on www.knowthecause.com, Know the Cause Youtube, or on certain TV channels. Connect to website for more info on TV stations.more
Join us LIVE in Dallas July 28, 2018 or purchase the LIVESTREAM option that you can replay ANYTIME, ANYWHERE.
On Saturday, July 28, we bring together NINE health experts in Dallas, to inspire you to ReThink your HEALTH.
It's a not-to-miss, eye-opening live event that will educate & empower you to take BACK YOUR HEALTH from a medical/pharmaceutical industry that makes money keeping you and your family SICK -- not HEALTHY.
Event page:...more
Join us in a march to raise awareness about why our children are so sick! Dr. Gonino will be speaking at the rally at Dallas City Hall around 10am and later at the Health Summit at the Hotel Intercontinental approx. 1:30. To learn more visit their websites at www.childrensmarchforhumanity.org and www.learntherisk.orgmore
Don't forget!!!- Dr Sinatra is scheduled to be Linda and my guest on our radio show on Nov 18. The show's first aire date is Oct 7 , 3pm Central time. It will run on consecutive Fridays for 13 weeks. In addition to Dr Sinatra , we will also have the following guests: Doug Kaufmann host of the television series Know The Cause, Dr Richard Becker , co- host ( wife Cindy) of the television series , " Your Health Matters" , and Erin Elizabeth of Health Nut News , which has over 1 million followers to date. As we add more guests we will keep you posted. To join the show live, log in to VoiceAmerica.com . Linda and I and all of our staff appreciate your support so much.more
Dr. Gonino and Linda attended the Dr. Frank Shallenberger Ozone Therapy Intensive training in April of 2015. Learning the importance and effectiveness of Ozone Therapy in its' many forms. We now have instituted IV Ozone therapy into our regimen and it is proving successful in many patients especially those with Degenerative Diseases, Heart Disease/Coronary Artery Disease and liver disease.
Click here to learn more about I.V. Ozone.more


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Monitoring List Churn: 3 Email Delivery Metrics to WatchCarly Brantz
Subscribers come and subscribers go and while it's sad to say goodbye, that is the nature of the email marketing beast. List churn is a fact of life, but it's important to keep a sharp eye on the key data points that will give you clues as to how serious (or normal) you list churn actually is. Here are three metrics you should pay attention to with each deployment:
- Hard bounce rate: How many bad addresses do you have on your list? Automatically remove these addresses when they bounce once, but also try to identify the source. If people are putting in fake email addresses, implement a verification system. If it seems like bots are the culprit, then utilize a system like Captcha to humanize the experience. The average bounce rate is around 2%, but good mailers have averages far below this point. Try to be one of them.
- Unsubscribe Rate: How many people are politely removing themselves from your list? Average unsubscribe rates are around 0.3%. If your rate is higher, then this could be an indicator that something is wrong with your content. Look for trends so you can isolate the cause and make improvements. For example, if you sell baby clothes, then you may find that parents opt out of your emails when children reach a certain age. That is natural, but if you are an all around retailer, then you may need to think about adjusting your offer. To see a breakdown of unsubscribe rates by industry, take a look at this blog post.
- Complaint Rate: How many people are reporting your email as spam? High complaint rates not only ruin your sending reputation, but also impact your delivery. Each ISP has their own threshold for complaints, but top senders don't suffer from this problem at all. If you have a high complaint rate, check your content and also the placement of your unsubscribe. It could be that by making it hard to find the unsubscribe feature in your email, you are forcing people to report you as spam to get off your list.
If you want to learn more about email delivery best practices, download our free Deliverability Guide.


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Hibachi Japanese Steak House/Dover
- 691 N. Dupont Hwy.
- Dover, DE 19901
- Phone: (302) 734-5900
- Visit Website
Hibachi possesses all the qualities of a perfect dining experience. Enjoy the finest in steak and seafood skillfully prepared and presented with great flair by Master teppan-yaki chefs over an open flame on your table top grill. The speed and dexterity of our chefs will dazzle you and the exotic, elegant atmosphere will delight you.


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Browse the largest collection of latest Karnataka government tenders, e-Tender, e-Procurement, online tenders, tender invitation notice, business tender notices, RFP, RFQ at TenderNews.com. There are more than 9000 active Karnataka tenders available in our database compiled from different sources like newspapers, trade journals and Internet and published by various Karnataka government departments, private companies, state PSUs and corporations. So, find your relevant Karnataka tender and get its complete information right here.
TenderNews.com app is on Google Play Now
Google Play and the Google Play logo are trademarks of Google LLC


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IBS hosts 3 Day Startup for aspiring entrepreneurs
5 ideas + 35 students + 54 hours = fine workshop for future in business
What do you get when you combine five entrepreneurial ideas, 35 sleep-deprived students and only 54 hours to bring those business concepts to fruition? It's a question that Brandeis International Business School (IBS) was happy to solve.
This past weekend the school hosted its second-annual "3 Day Startup" (3DS), a rigorous entrepreneurial workshop that encourages student teams to brainstorm, plan and pitch new tech-based companies under a weekend time-crunch.
Co-sponsored by the Asper Center for Global Entrepreneurship and organized by the Technology and Innovation Management Club (TIMC), the event expanded on last year's success by soliciting collaboration with additional organizations, like the Entrepreneur Club and the Business and Economics Club.
"We also marketed it really aggressively, which created a buzz across campus that led to a 40 percent increase in applications," said TIMC President and Program Moderator Raja Roy, MBA '13. "The result was amazing."
The weekend began on Friday afternoon, when participants met and began brainstorming possible business plans. Over the next two days, they had individual consultations with mentors, including both Brandeis IBS faculty and visiting entrepreneurs, and reached out to local businesses and students to get input on their ideas.
"It's about starting with an idea, trying to implement it, and constantly talking to the market to get feedback on whether things are going right," said Roy. "It's a 54-hour non-stop entrepreneurial extravaganza." He noted that the school even had pillows and blankets on hand for students who needed to catch some shut-eye between marathon working sessions.
Participants included both graduate and undergraduate students, with academic interests ranging from finance to biotechnology to English. Students embraced their varying skills and experiences, applying them to the diversity of entrepreneurial ideas.
The final products included:
- BeanSprout, a game-based mobile app that rewards users' eco-friendly food purchases
- KartNav, a smartphone app that consolidates a consumer's shopping preferences onto a single interface
- Seekr, an online service that provides a one-stop destination search engine for job listings
- Sizl, an app to assist groups with meal decisions by scheduling dinners and recommending restaurants
- vShare, a comprehensive website that serves both as a sharing database and social-networking site to match students with similar college necessities
Pooja Gandhi, MBA '14, a member of vShare, said that bringing a full business idea to completion in the space of just over two days initially did not seem possible.
"When we started off on Friday, it felt like a daunting task and we didn't imagine we'd be able to see ourselves through Sunday," she said. "But when we sat down on Saturday, we were determined to break our individual barriers and make a collaborative business to help the community as a whole."
Despite the stressful nature of the event, students were ultimately happy to have participated. "It was intense and super-busy," said Josh Hoffman-Senn, BA '13. "But we were able to focus on projects we were passionate about. It was a terrific way to learn about company creation."
Categories: Business, Student Life


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Letter from John Quincy Adams to Abigail Adams, 25 July 1810
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In a letter to his mother, Abigail Adams, written from St. Petersburg, Russia, on 25 July 1810, John Quincy Adams, the United States minister at the Court of the Czar, reflects upon the ferociously partisan politics of the day in Massachusetts, the complicated diplomatic scene in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars, and the tragic end to the disastrous reign of Gustav IV, the king of Sweden.
John Quincy Adams in 1810
Although he had accompanied his father, John Adams, to France during the American Revolution, travelled to Russia as a teenager with first American diplomatic mission to that country, served as the U.S. minister to the Netherlands and Prussia, been elected to the United Senate in 1803, and, while he served in the senate, been appointed the firsts professor of rhetoric and oratory at Harvard, John Quincy Adams dated the "really important period" of his life to the British attack on USS Chesapeake in 1807. Senator Adams split with his Federalist colleagues and supported President Thomas Jefferson's embargo on foreign trade—a crushing blow to maritime commerce in his native Massachusetts. When he attended the Republican presidential caucus that nominated James Madison in January 1808, Adams' Federalist supporters accused him of "apostasy." He replied that they had "deserted their country." Adams was driven from office: in a special election in May 1808, the Massachusetts legislature elected James Lloyd to succeed Adams six months before his senatorial term ended. Adams resigned a month later. In 1809, after briefly resuming his legal career and arguing two cases before the Supreme Court, he was nominated by President Madison to become the first minister plenipotentiary to represent the United States in Russia. You can follow Adams's line-a-day diary account of his voyage to St. Petersburg in August 1809 and his life at the Russian court on Twitter at http://twitter.com/#!/JQAdams_MHS.
By 1810, John Quincy Adams had spent years in foreign diplomatic service, but through regular correspondence with his mother and father—and his voluminous diary entries—he remained a faithful reporter of all he observed both abroad and, from a distance, at home. From his diplomatic post in St. Petersburg, he wrote to his mother, Abigail Adams, decrying the state of politics in Massachusetts: "There is something in the Spirit of Party which stupefies even those whom it cannot deprave, and which blinds the eyes, when it cannot succeed to vitiate the heart." Adams hoped that the election of Republicans Elbridge Gerry and William Gray as governor and lieutenant governor of Massachusetts would turn the policy of the "Eastern sages" (the "Anglo-federalist" leadership known as the Essex Junto), "if not to something useful and honourable, at least to something less pestilential to their Country and their Posterity—To any thing more pernicious, in my sincere opinion, the Prince of Darkness could not spur the most devoted of his instruments upon Earth."
While Adams' principled stand for the national interest against the wishes of his party is celebrated as a prime example of senatorial courage in John F. Kennedy's Profiles in Courage, his harsh views of his opponents may have robbed him of the ability to fully comprehend an increasingly tense political and diplomatic situation in the United States. Adams denigrated concerns in Massachusetts over the treatment of the British minister to the United States "Mr. [Francis James] Jackson" and the "panic terrors of a War, between the United States and England" less than two years before the War of 1812 began.
The murder of Axel von Fersen
In the second part of his long letter to his mother—almost a formal political and diplomatic report—John Quincy Adams described "the most remarkable political transactions of the present time … in Sweden—The late king of that Country [Gustav IV] laboured under the same prejudices as of late years have taken possession of almost all the New-England federalists—He not only hated Napoleon as he deserves, but he relied upon the friendship and protection of England…." After a disastrous war with Russia, the kingdom of Sweden was dismembered, losing its Finnish and Pomeranian territories, and the Swedish Diet "not only discarded him [the king], but his children—excluded all his descendants with him from the succession, and sent to Norway for a Prince of Holstein Augustenburg, to be the successor to the Swedish Throne." When the new heir apparent, Crown Prince Karl August died suddenly and mysteriously on 29 May 1810, the populace rose up and—in scenes that Adams compared to the French Revolution—at the crown prince's funeral a mob rioted and murdered Count Axel von Fersen, the grand marshal of Sweden.
What John Quincy Adams appears to have forgotten, or did not think he should include in a letter to his mother, is that many years before, in an entirely different context, he had taken note of Axel von Fersen. On 28 March 1785, seventeen-year-old Adams, then living in Paris, recorded in his diary that the son born to Marie Antoinette the day before had been given the title of the Duke of Normandy, and that rumors of a liaison between the queen and the gallant young von Fersen, a veteran of the American Revolution then commanding a Swedish regiment in French service, made the title doubly ironic. William the Conqueror, the "real" Duke of Normandy, had been both illegitimate and of Scandinavian descent and now, perhaps, the infant Duke was as well. Whatever the connection between von Fersen and Marie Antoinette, in 1791, during the French Revolution, he made a romantic but ultimately unsuccessful attempt to rescue the French royal family. The Duke of Normandy—by then the Dauphin of France—died in 1795, a child prisoner of the Revolution.
John Quincy Adams remained in Russia through the Napoleonic invasion of 1812, leaving in the spring of 1814 to travel to Ghent in Belgium where he led the negotiating team that brought an end to the conflict the New England Federalists had dreaded, the War of 1812, on Christmas Eve 1814—an event that he immediately analyzed and reported in another letter to his mother.
A new exhibition: "Mr. Madison's War: The Controversial War of 1812"
John Quincy Adams' 1810 and 1814 letters will be on display at the Massachusetts Historical Society from June 18-September 8, 2012, as part of a new exhibition, Mr. Madison's War: The Controversial War of 1812. The Historical Society will commemorate the bicentennial of the declaration of war on 18 June 1812, with an exhibition of letters, broadsides, artifacts, and images from the Society's rich collections. Mr. Madison's War will be on display, Monday-Saturday, 10:00 AM-4:00 PM, through 8 September 2012. Items from the exhibition, including John Quincy Adams' 24 December 1814 letter to his mother, also are on "virtual" display at the link to website.
Sources for Further Reading
For John Quincy Adams' own writings:
Digital images of more than 14,000 manuscript pages in the 68 volumes of John Quincy Adams' extraordinary diary are available at the Massachusetts Historical Society website: http://www.masshist.org/jqadiaries/.
A portion of the diary has been published as:
Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of his Diary from 1795-1848, ed. by Charles Francis Adams, 12 vols. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1874-1877.
Selections from Adams' personal and diplomatic correspondence from this period have been published in:
Adams, Charles Francis. "Correspondence of John Quincy Adams, 1811-1814," in Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, new ser., 23 (April 1913), p. 110-169.
Writings of John Quincy Adams, ed. by Worthington C. Ford, 7 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1913-1917.
Other sources:
Bemis, Samuel Flagg. John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. New York: Albert A. Knopf, 1949.
Jorgensen, Christer. The Anglo-Swedish Alliance against Napoleonic France. Basingstroke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
Kennedy, John F. Profiles in Courage. New York: Harper & Bros., 1956.
Lewis, James E. John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources, Inc., 2001.
Scott, Franklin D. Sweden: The Nation's History. Enlarged ed. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1988.


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Dana Siegelman was once Alabama's first daughter, but she will always be Don's first daughter.
by Jesse Chambers, Photo by Liesa Cole
The media routinely shines klieg lights on the central players in legal and political scandals, people like former Alabama Governor Don Siegelman and Birmingham health-care magnate Richard Scrushy, who were convicted of bribery and other charges in 2006 and sentenced in 2007.
Less attention is paid to the friends and family members of those central players and the collateral damage they face.
Siegelman's wife Lori, daughter Dana and son Joseph have certainly paid a heavy price for the former Democratic governor's legal travails — facing financial problems, depression and even strained relationships with friends and family members.
"Joseph and I went through depression when dad was sentenced the first time [in 2007] and dragged away to prison," Dana told Joan Brunwasser at opednews.com in August. "We lost our faith in government, particularly the Justice Department. We worried about our mom, and we felt ashamed to really show our faces in Alabama. It helped that I lived overseas and out of state for most of it."
I met Dana recently at a coffee shop in Five Points South to hear more about the effect of her father's case on her and her brother, her arguments for her father's innocence and her online campaign to have him exonerated by President Obama (www.free-don.org).
She and other defenders of her father allege that he was wrongfully convicted by politically motivated Republican judges and prosecutors acting on orders from George W. Bush's political mastermind, Karl Rove. But regardless of your opinions about Don Siegelman, his guilt or innocence, or any Republican conspiracy to take down a popular Democratic politician, this outspoken young woman's story is compelling.
I met Dana in mid-September, only two days after Dana, Joseph and Lori drove Don to Oakdale federal prison in Louisiana.
First, some background:
Siegelman's legal problems began with a May 2004 indictment on corruption charges. The judge threw out most of the evidence, and prosecutors dropped the case, but the former governor's problems were just beginning.
He was indicted on bribery and other charges, this time in connection with an alleged deal with Scrushy, in October 2005.
A federal jury found Siegelman and Scrushy guilty on several counts in June 2006, finding that the former governor sold the HealthSouth CEO a seat on a state hospital board in exchange for $500,000 in donations to Siegelman's campaign to create a state lottery to fund college educations for Alabama residents.
Both men were sentenced in 2007, with Scrushy completing his sentence and being released in July 2012. Siegelman served nine months of an 88-month sentence before being released in March 2008 on appeal.
An appeals court threw out some of the charges against Siegelman, hence the need for another sentencing hearing in August 2012.
U.S. District Judge Mark Fuller sentenced Siegelman to spend almost six more years in prison, in addition to the nine months he had already served.
The politician's daughter is now in fight mode. "I've had five years to be depressed and sad and to leave my hope with the U.S. government, and when that didn't work, anger took over, and that anger needs to be channeled into productivity and positive outcomes," Dana says.
She strongly defends her father. "There could be a new trial based solely on misconduct by the judge, prosecution and jury," Dana says, referring to Fuller, a Republican appointee, who the Siegelmans and others sympathetic to their case say was biased against Siegelman and other Democrats, to federal prosecutors who had ties to Siegelman's political rivals, and to alleged improper contacts between the prosecutors and the jury.
"But the significant point is that what he was charged with has never been a crime in this country," she says. "He was charged with an implied quid pro quo… an inferred bribe. There was no explicit proof of a bribe, yet the judge and the prosecution allowed the jury to infer that a bribe took place."
She adds, "There was no proof of enrichment [or] an enrichment scheme."
She says her dad's case "raises a red flag because it sets a precedent that anyone donating to any political candidate seeking to benefit in any way, whether there is an explicit agreement for self-enrichment, could be prosecuted."
Dana hopes that President Obama, should he be re-elected, will pardon her father. She also hopes that Obama will appoint a non-partisan "truth commission" to investigate what she calls the many "political prosecutions" of Democratic office-holders by Republican U.S. Attorneys during the Bush administration.
It's ironic that the governor's problems began with a lottery meant to fund college educations for Alabamians, since they nearly derailed his own kids' college plans.
According to Dana, now 27 years old, her father had money put aside to pay for tuition for Dana and her younger brother, Joseph, now 24. "He always told us we could go to school wherever we wanted," Dana says. However, the former governor's legal costs intervened.
"Our college fund was wiped dry my freshman year," says Dana, who was 19 and a freshman at California State University at Long Beach at the time of Siegelman's May 2004 indictment.
Fortunately for Dana and, eventually, Joseph, who was only 16 at the time, they were both able to earn scholarships. Dana nearly moved back to Alabama to attend UAB but was able to establish California residency and obtain a state scholarship in time for her junior year in 2005. Joseph attended the University of Alabama, where he now attends law school, on a presidential scholarship,
Dana earned a degree in communication studies at CSULB, then a Master's in international relations with an emphasis on the Middle East at Cambridge. She later moved to Cairo to pursue a Master's in Middle East studies at the American University but has put that degree on hold because of her dad's case.
The ordeal has taught the governor's kid some lessons about human nature. "It's amazing how many people think that politicians are not human," Dana says. "I've gotten comment after comment… 'Well, if he's a politician, he must be corrupt,' which is sad. It discourages good people from going into politics, thinking that the word 'politician' comes with such a negative tone."
She says that some people even dehumanized her and Joseph. "A lot of people just saw us as politician's kids and not as human beings who were persecuted and threatened and embarrassed and hurt, which was disappointing, but a good learning experience for me," she says.
The scandal also affected some of Dana's friendships. As the scandal broke, she did not hear from some of her Alabama friends. She took solace in the fact that she had developed relationships with people in California who knew her as an individual, not a politician's daughter. They were people, Dana says, "Who loved me as I was, and didn't know anything regarding the case until I had to tell them."
Beliefs about the case and her father's culpability among members of her extended family have been interesting to track the last few years, according to Dana. "There are people in my family who've never stopped to research the case, because… people don't have time for this, so they chose to believe that dad was guilty, but they loved him anyway," she says.
Dana says that some of these family members have come to view the case differently. "It's interesting now to see their disposition change," she says. "It's almost like they have five years of apologizing to do, and they're just coming back into my life and my mom's and brother's life. 'We wish we had known earlier that you had been railroaded.' She adds, "It's incredible and wonderful, and I'm so grateful, but it is almost overwhelming."
The effort to free her father from jail is "very much a family affair this time," according to Dana. She credits Joseph with putting his legal training to work. Her brother, she says, is a "huge asset" as he helps her write letters and sifts through court transcripts for hints of misconduct by the judge or jury or prosecutor, for what she calls "things that don't line up in the transcript but should he appealable."
Dana described the drive to Oakdale with her father, which included a stop for a final lunch at Newk's in Tuscaloosa. "Anybody who knows my dad knows that he's really goofy and is always trying to put people at ease, so the trip down was relatively enjoyable, because Dad was in the car cracking jokes and keeping us all entertained and assuring us that everything would be OK," she says.
The light atmosphere would not last, however. "As soon as we dropped him off, his absence was so heavy that we literally couldn't say a word to each other for about four hours," Dana says. "We sat in silence."
Dana describes the feel of those last few minutes the family spent together outside the prison. "Silence, everybody in quiet meditation in themselves," she says. "Dad, when he walked across the lawn to the prison, we were still in the parking lot watching him, and he turned slowly and waved, then he turned around slowly and blew kisses, then walked inside."
Dana hopes a freshly re-elected Obama will let Don out of jail, thereby allowing her to return to academic life in Cairo. "God willing, I will return to the Middle East and continue my degree in January, after Dad is exonerated," she says. She is also applying to PhD programs in political science or Middle East studies and wants to teach.
As for Joseph, Dana says, "He would like to pursue opportunities out of state, but admits that leaving his mother alone would be incredibly difficult if our dad is still in prison."
I asked whether she and the former governor's other supporters have received any inkling, any hint, as to whether Obama would be predisposed to pardon her dad. "There's no way to know," she admits. "We have not spoken to the President."
What if nothing works and her dad has to serve his sentence? "I will camp out in front of the White House, and people will see my face, and they will know my name," she says. "This is so much bigger than about my Dad, [with] the judge benefiting in defense contracts from the war on terror."
She is referring to allegations found on liberal blogs and other outlets that Judge Fuller, while still on the bench, had an interest in an aviation company that received no-bid contracts from such federal agencies as the Department of Defense.
"If you think I am going to lie down and serve under that judge's verdict, you're wrong," Dana says. "I believe Americans deserve better and are better. Prejudice in the courtroom has to end." She also says, "I won't stop informing people about what's happened to my father.
Sidebar: Dana Siegelman / Karl Rove
Dana Siegelman, as part of her efforts to win freedom for her father, accompanied him and her brother to the Democratic National Convention in Charlotte, N.C., from September 3-6.
While at the Time Warner Cable Arena, site of the DNC, Siegelman had a sudden, unexpected encounter with the powerful Republican that she and other supporters of her father allege played a role in his conviction and imprisonment on corruption charges.
It was Karl Rove, who served as a senior advisor and deputy chief of staff for President George W. Bush and was at the DNC working as an analyst for the Fox News Network.
Siegelman told me that just before she encountered Rove, she had an odd feeling of anticipation. "Do you ever feel that something's going to happen, and you know you're in the right place at the right time to make something happen?" she asked.
She was standing in a hallway or concourse waiting for a media person — a young man, she said, also named Carl — who had spoken to her on the phone and wanted to introduce her father to some other people.
While she waited for Carl, Don and Joseph were over against the wall charging their cell phones.
It was then that chance or fate brought her face to face with Rove, viewed by many liberals as the nearly demonic mastermind of all sorts of Republican mischief.
"From the arena floor, here come Karl Rove with his security, and I just knew that this was my moment," Siegelman told me.
"I smiled at him, and he probably thought I was a reporter, and when I stuck out my hand, he probably thought I was trying to get an interview, because otherwise why would he talk to me if he thought I was a member of the Democratic Party or something" Siegelman said.
"I stuck out my hand and said, 'I'm Dana Siegelman, Don Siegelman's daughter,' and his disposition changed immediately," she said. "He got really angry really fast. At the same time that he was trying to get away from me, he was yelling at me, and pointing his finger in my face, so much so that I could smell his breath. He said, 'I have a message for your father. You tell your father to stop using my name to make money or I'm going to press charges.' "
Siegelman said she had to process Rove's reaction. "I was kind of shocked and weirded out by that comment, so I had to stop and think about it," she said. "I didn't really have anything to say. And he was also running away from me, so I decided not to chase him, because that would have been silly."
Upon reflection, Siegelman said she believed that Rove was "projecting" when he accused her dad of using his name to make money, at least in part, she says, because "everything [Rove] does is about making money."
Siegelman says that in Rove's book — Courage and Consequence: My Life as a Conservative in the Fight (2010) — he included a chapter about her father in which Rove tried to defend himself against allegations that he targeted the Alabama Democrat.
"And he does a horrible job doing so," she says. "It makes him sound more guilty, because it makes it sound more important — his involvement in this whole affair — and the fact that he says he wasn't involved doesn't work, so that's why he had to say, 'I'm not guilty of anything.'"
She adds, "He's capitalized on Dad's name."
While at the DNC, Siegelman, her father and her brother spoke to members of the press, convention delegates, and other members of the party in order to raise awareness regarding the former governor's plight.
According to Siegelman, she, Don and Joseph received what she called "a brilliant reception" at the DNC. "These people are very aware of the political prosecutions taking place" she said. "Many, many of these senators and governors and congressmen and women have been investigated, threatened, some indicted and prosecuted, and some were convicted."
She added, "Not a single person shunned away from us."
Tags: Alabama, B metro Magazine, Birmingham, conviction, crusade, Dana Siegelman, Don Siegelman, Jesse Chambers, liesa cole, politics, prison, sentence, trial


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Double Pedestal Office Desk by NDI Office Furniture
As Low As $401.95
MSRP $1,108.00 Save 64%
Double Pedestal Office Desk (30" X 60")Stock #82037 Model #PL3060DP
Double Pedestal Office Desk (36" X 71")Stock #82038 Model #101/107(2)
Sliding Keyboard DrawerStock #82238 Model #EZ0046
Sliding Keyboard Tray - BlackStock #82048 Model #EZ0036
Articulating Keyboard TrayStock #82239 Model #EZ0021
Center Desk Drawer - BlackStock #82049 Model #CDR1
Distinguish your office with the sophisticated look of the ultra laminate series by Office Furniture Distributors. Bold, thick tops in stunning colors will add prestige and warmth to any office environment. Attention to detail, use of premium grade laminates and superior hardware on all components ensures years of trouble free use. Desks come in two sizes and four colors to finish any office.
Other Features
- Available in 2 sizes
- 3 mil PVC Tough Edge on all exposed edges
- Choice of Cherry, Mahogany, Honey, or Espresso laminate finishes
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Attracting Songbirds Livens Up Lackluster Landscapes
By Joan Casanova
The backyard can seem barren and bleak when the leaves fall off the trees and the last blooming plant retires until spring. But there's an easy way to brighten your backyard and fill it with color and song this winter – charm the area songbirds looking for an easy, reliable food source.
Birds are the most accessible and abundant of wild creatures that live among us, and every home – apartment to estate – can offer them a safe way station to refuel. To attract the greatest number of birds, choose feeders and foods that suit a variety of wild bird species.
Don't wait until the snow flies to get feeders in place. Fall is a good time to choose a location visible from your favorite window, to secure feeders with sturdy brackets, poles or hangers, and to arrange convenient storage for your seed and supplies.
New birdwatchers may be bewildered by the huge assortment of feeders available today. A good place to start shopping is a Web site like www.SongbirdEssentials.comthat can direct you to a nearby retailer or online source.
Feeders come in many sizes and styles, and fall into a few broad categories. The three feeders every backyard bird lover should have include a tube feeder to hold sunflower or nut meats, a hopper feeder for mixed seed, and a suet holder to attract woodpeckers and other tree trunk "clingers."
Tube feeders can be made of clear plastic or wire mesh. They're sized to hold peanut kernels, sunflower or nyger seed for finches. Experts recommend filling tubes with just one type of seed so birds don't rummage through the contents in search of their favorite treats. Songbird Essential's Seed Hoop is a unique and useful accessory to keep feeding areas tidy. The mesh tray attaches below feeders and catches 90 percent of spilled seed, keeping it off the ground and away from rodents. The hoop also serves as a platform feeder for cardinals, buntings and juncos.
Spiral Feeders offer three worthwhile innovations: a continuous spiral perch that allows more birds to feed at once, a locking lid to foil squirrels, and a twist-off bottom for easy cleaning. A squirrel-proof wire mesh model is ideal for shelled sunflower or peanut hearts. Another Songbird Essentials feeder innovation is their "Clingers Only" feeder to primarily serve smaller avian guests like chickadees, small woodpeckers, titmouse, nuthatches, goldfinches and others.
Suet is a high-energy fuel that helps birds survive cold winters. Tail Prop Suet Feeders attract the larger red-bellied and red-headed woodpeckers with support for their stiff tails, as well as the smaller and more common downy woodpeckers and nuthatches. Pre-formed suet cakes sized to fit feeders can include seeds, fruit or nuts for extra energy and appeal.
Position feeders near the protective cover of trees and shrubs to offer feathered friends shelter from predators. A small metal trash can with a tight lid is handy for storing seed nearby, and a scoop makes refills quick and easy.
Once feeders are up, the wait for the first bird can make even patient people antsy. Experts suggest sprinkling some seed in a shiny pie plate set under feeders. When curious birds come to investigate, they'll find your feeders, too.
For more information on feeders and other bird necessities visit www.songbirdessentials.com.
Joan Casanova is the founder of Green Earth Media Group in Avondale, PA
Category: Featured Articles, Home & Garden
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Goldfinches don't look like that in winter …


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Pac-12 Team Previews: Oregon DucksPosted by Connor Pelton on October 22nd, 2012
Throughout the preseason, the Pac-12 microsite will be rolling out these featured breakdowns of each of the 12 league schools. Today's release is the Oregon Ducks.
Strengths: After having to share the spotlight with Devoe Joseph and Garrett Sim last season, E.J. Singler will get all the touches he can handle in 2012-13. The senior forward has the skill set to make an All-Pac-12 list by season's end, but he'll need some help so opponents don't key in solely on him all game long. That's where Arsalan Kazemi comes in. A late transfer from Rice, Kazemi had been projected by many to win the C-USA Player of the Year award in many preseason publications. Now he's in Eugene, where head coach Dana Altman has described him as the best player in practice so far this October. Assuming the NCAA grants him a hardship waiver to play immediately, the Ducks go from a fringe NIT team to the NCAA bubble.
Weaknesses: If you're wondering who will start in the backcourt, you're in the same boat as Altman. Junior Johnathan Loyd will get the nod at the one spot, but while his passing game is one of the best in the league, his scoring ability leaves much to be desired. Whoever starts at the two is anyone's guess, and we likely won't know until the season opener against Northern Arizona. It could be junior walk-on Nicholas Lucenti, who played in all of five games last year for an astounding average of 0.0 PPG. Or it could very well be one of the six newcomers at the guard spot for 2012-13. Either way, the Ducks are going to be relying heavily on post play to put some points on the scoreboard.
Non-Conference Tests: The Ducks will face four stiff non-conference tests this season, three of which will come in an eight-day span in late November. Oregon will host Vanderbilt on November 16, and just seven days later will face #17 UNLV (RTC Poll used in this post) in the Thomas & Mack Center. Their strength of schedule would get a major boost if they faced a fringe Top 25 club in Cincinnati the next day instead of Iowa State. The final test will come on New Year's Eve at Matthew Knight Arena against a possible NCAA bubble team in Nevada.


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The Web has become an integral part of our daily lives and plays an increasingly vital role in the modern business world. At Sanford-Brown, our Web design and development programs focus on helping students learn skills in diverse areas, from designing websites and other interactive media projects to programming and using content management systems.
Students in Sanford-Brown have opportunities to learn about essential topics such as search engine optimization, human-computer interaction and client-side scripting development. Studying with instructors, many who are experienced web professionals, they can learn the skills needed to design and develop effective interactive projects.
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Is telling someone that they have food stuck in their teeth really that awkward? Awkward enough to necessitate an iPhone app to tell it to them discreetly rather than out loud? Apparently it is!
Toothpict is an app that lets you send someone a diagram of their mouth pointing out exactly where the food is in their teeth. It is way, way less convenient than simply getting their attention and miming picking at your teeth where the offending object is. Of course, maybe you aren't with the person and just sense that there is spinach between their teeth. Well, in that case this should work out perfectly for you. Otherwise, well, I don't get it.
But hey, at least it's free.
Via Toothpict
Copyright DVICE - DVICE


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Online Degrees
Ready to take your education to the next level? Earning a higher learning degree means you can now access a greater range of career opportunities with the best salary perks. Thanks to the many accredited degree programs made available through YourDegree.com you can actually earn your next degree right from the comfort of your own home.
Explore Your Opportunities
Many students understand the need for higher learning, but aren't sure of which major to declare. E-learning can let you explore your career curiosity without a four year commitment. Suppose you're intrigued by crime scene investigations. Take an introductory forensics class online, and at the end of that course you'll know if going for an online criminal justice degree is for you. If not, you can still use the credits you've earn towards whatever program you settle on.
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Featured Blog Posts
- A New Study from MIT Shows Exactly How You Act When Taking an Online Class
There have been many behavioral studies performed on what an in-class experience is like, ranging from students' attention spans to the body language a professor uses and how effective it is.
- Why Going to the Gym Could Increase Your GPA
College students are under a lot of pressure to perform at the top of their potential, and look for anything (safe) that can give them an edge. Typically, this includes study groups, tutoring and making the library their second home. But what if we told you there was another way of boosting your GPA? You shouldn't necessarily give up your other study habits, but rather make room for a new one: heading to the gym.
- 7 Most Useful Master's Degrees
Many students go on to achieve a Master's degree because they love learning and want to do it at an even more in-depth level. Graduate degrees, especially the Master's, offers that by training you to becoming a near-expert in a specific field by doing your own unique research
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- Are MOOCs Failing?
Only 5% of MOOC students finish a course and receive a certificate of completion
- Will MOOCs Ever Replace a College Degree?
An interesting point of comparison when it comes to online education is that of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) versus online credits. To the untrained eye, they both seem like the same thing: students sit in front of their computers and learn information, interacting with their professor(s) and classmates through chat forums, Skype and email.
- 4 Things Online Students Are Tired of Hearing
Whether you're a student, employee or retiree, society seems to always have something negative to say about what you do. However, one demographic sticks out in getting the flak the most: online students.


text: This ad by Qualcomm is more impressive and less gross than I thought it would be — it uses bugs on miniature circus equipment to charge an Android phone with a Snapdragon processor. I'm guessing it's an attempt to show off how low-powered the Snapdragon processor can be? Whatever, complex bugs are cool. [Bug Circus Generator via Laughing Squid]


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Bittermens Boston Bittahs, 5 oz
- 5 oz. bottle
- Tasting Notes: Citrus, Chamomile and more Citrus!
Boston Bittahs - A peculiar combination of citrus & chamomile. Great for warm summer night libations. As Bittermans says, "After the rousing success of the 'Elemakule Tiki Bitters, we set forth to come up with a new bitter that celebrated both the return of summer and our return to Boston after 14 years. It's citrus, citrus, citrus and more citrus, supported with a heavy dose of chamomile. We think it smells like summer. Try it in your favorite fizz, sour or bright tropical drink. It works extremely well with pisco and scotch as well."
water, alcohol, natural citrus flavor with other natural flavors, spices and salt


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Lose 4% in 4 weeks
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Pairs perfectly with our matching bra, our bikini briefs are an everyday essential offering a gorgeous cut and absolute comfort.
The smooth fabric offers an invisible look.
Matching bra is sold separately.
Product Specifications
Material: 80% Nylon, 20% Spandex
Available in Small, Medium and Large
Manufactured for Inner Desire
Additional Information


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We have several PAYMENT OPTIONS available at checkout- Visa, MasterCard, & Discover.PAYPAL is available through the shopping cart for USA CUSTOMERS ONLY- no exceptions. We will only ship to a CONFIRMED USA PAYPAL SHIPPING ADDRESS ONLY and it must match the shipping address on your order. No exceptions.Please remember to follow back to the shopping cart to finalize your order once you have submitted your payment through PayPal.You can also pay by Money Order, Official Check or Wire Transfer.Secure shipping is usually expedited by FedEx. ALL ORDERS SHIPPED TO FLORIDA ARE SUBJECT TO 6% SALES TAX AT CHECKOUT.ORDERS RECEIVED AFTER 12 NOON EASTERN TIME GO OUT NEXT BUSINESS DAY. Business Hours9:00am to 4:00pm ET Monday thru Friday. Saturday, Sunday and holidays closed.NOW SHIPPING TO CANADA.OCCASIONALLY BUT RARELY, DUE TO CIRCUMSTANCES BEYOND AND OUT OF OUR CONTROL, YOUR "NEXT BUSINESS DAY" ORDER MAY NOT SHIP OUT THE SAME DAY. WE SINCERELY APOLOGIZE FOR THIS IN ADVANCE AND WILL DO OUR BEST TO KEEP YOU INFORMED AND UPDATED. FEDEX ONLY DELIVERS ON BUSINESS DAYS- NOT WEEKENDS OR HOLIDAYS.ORDERS PLACED ONLINE OR BY PHONE AFTER 12 NOON EASTERN TIME WILL TYPICALLY BE SHIPPED OUT THE FOLLOWING BUSINESS DAY. ALL ORDERS SHIP FROM OUR GEORGIA DISTRIBUTION CENTER.WE DO NOT SELL AT PRICES LOWER THAN THOSE PUBLISHED ON THE WEBSITE.Priority FedEx Delivery to most USA zip codes is before noon the following day- Friday shipments are delivered on Monday. To Europe and Asia we use FedEx International Economy and most packages are delivered to the door within 2-4 business days. We offer a 3-day inspection period for you to decide if you have bought the right knife.As long as the knife is in the same condition as when we shipped it, you may return it for a full refund, minus all shipping costs.Returns may be sent to our Peachtree City, GA by FedEx or UPS Ground - not USPS. Contact us first for more info and a RMA before returning any product. We reserve the right to charge a restocking fee of 10%.True North Knives does not accept any responsibility for the use or misuse of the products it sells. All responsibility shall be at buyer's own risk. It is the buyer's responsibility to be aware of and to comply with all local, state, provincial, federal and international laws in regards to all purchases. Duties and/or taxes may apply to items shipped outside of North America.ALTHOUGH MOST KNIVES ARE OK, WE DO NOT SHIP CERTAIN PROHIBITED KNIVES TO THE 5 BOROUGHS OF NEW YORK CITY. PLEASE CHECK WITH US BEFORE ORDERING IF YOU ARE NOT SURE.ABSOLUTELY NO SALES TO MINORS.FOR CUSTOMERS "OUTSIDE" THE UNITED STATES WE WILL "NOT" UNDERVALUE YOUR PACKAGES. FULL CUSTOMS VALUE AND INSURANCE IS APPLIED TO ALL INTERNATIONAL ORDERS.Try using our Product Notification system to be notified of Out of Stock items.Click my Golden Retriever Cody on the right side navigation pane while looking at the Out of Stock item you wish to buy. Its very easy and it really works!Remember, our inventory is REAL TIME LIVE- if it says it is In Stock then it is!Please call or contact us for an RMA and return instructions before sending a product back to us. Click Here
FREE SHIPPING ON ALL ITEMS TO all USA (inc AK and HI) ADDRESSES ONLY.DELIVERY WILL BE BY USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL.PACKAGES WILL GO OUT THE FOLLOWING BUSINESS DAY.WE STILL OFFER FAST NEXT DAY (PLUS 2ND / 3RD DAY) SHIPPING AT THE LISTED RATES IN THE SHOPPING CART.Type this coupon in the "Enter Redeem Code" box at checkout. FREESHIPPING THIS COUPON WILL REMOVE ANY SHIPPING $$ YOU HAVE SELECTED AND YOUR PACKAGE WILL BE SENT BY USPS FIRST CLASS MAIL.YOUR "FREE SHIPPING" ORDER WILL BE SENT BY USPS "FIRST CLASS" MAIL. 7-10 DAY TRANSIT TIME. THE KNIVES ARE GUARANTEED BY THE MAKER OR MANUFACTURER AGAINST FLAWS IN THE CRAFTSMANSHIP.THANKS FOR YOUR COOPERATION AND SUPPORT.NEIL OSTROFF - TNK : TRUE NORTH KNIVES
We are pleased to offer the following FLAT RATE shipping options (subject to final quote) available at checkout.ALL PACKAGES MUST BE SIGNED FOR ON DELIVERY - NO EXCEPTIONS. USA - FEDEX STANDARD OVERNIGHT (NEXT BUSINESS DAY) US $45.00 USA - FEDEX ECONOMY (2 DAYS) US $35.00 USA - FEDEX EXPRESS SAVER (3 DAYS) US $25.00USA - FEDEX GROUND (5-7 DAYS) US $15.00USA - FEDEX SATURDAY DELIVERY (CONUS ONLY) US $65.00CANADA FEDEX EXPRESS INTL SAVER - (2-3 BUSINESS DAYS) US $55.00ALL PACKAGES DECLARED AT FULL INVOICE VALUE FOR CUSTOMSCANADA USPS PRIORITY MAIL - (7-10 BUSINESS DAYS) US $45.00ALL PACKAGES DECLARED AT FULL INVOICE VALUE FOR CUSTOMSWESTERN EUROPE/SCANDINAVIA - FedEx Intl Economy (2-3 DAYS) US $65.00 and up. ALL PACKAGES DECLARED AT FULL INVOICE VALUE FOR CUSTOMS*Subject to final quote.ASIA and the rest of the world - FedEx Intl Economy (3-4 Days) US $75.00 and up.ALL PACKAGES DECLARED AT FULL INVOICE VALUE FOR CUSTOMS*Subject to final quote.WE STRONGLY RECOMMEND USING FEDEX FOR YOUR SHIPPING OPTION. IT HAS BEEN OUR EXPERIENCE THAT PACKAGES SHIPPED VIA FED-EX ARE DELIVERED IN A MORE ACCURATE AND TIMELY MANNER. IN ADDITION, THE PACKAGE IS FAR LESS LIKELY TO BE DAMAGED IN SHIPMENT WHEN SHIPPED VIA FEDEX THAN IT IS VIA ANY OTHER CARRIER.
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Sell Gold At
Legacy is one of the largest and most respected Cash For Gold Buyers in the nation. We have many retail locations nationwide. We believe we offer the best way to sell gold!
** "Any Price referenced on this website are not actual and in real time, actual prices vary and are based on a number of factors such as weight, carat/karat, clarity and the authenticity of the purchased items. Goldmax reserves the right to change its pricing and pay for items based on its standards, policies and procedures. All prices are determined in the sole and absolute discretion of Goldmax."


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. An everyday classic in shiny 18/10 stainless steel. The Madison cutlery is an excellent choice for everyday use with the busy family or household. If you enjoy entertaining, the Madison cutlery range is a full range of 27 pieces, from table knives and forks to cake forks, soda spoon, gravy ladles & servers. Madison has all your cutlery requirements sorted.