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Active galactic nucleus
An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact region at the centre of a galaxy that has a much higher than normal luminosity over at least some portion – and possibly all – of the electromagnetic spectrum. Such excess emission has been observed in the radio, microwaves, infrared, optical, ultra-violet, X-ray and gamma ray wavebands. A galaxy hosting an AGN is called an active galaxy. The radiation from AGN is believed to be a result of accretion of mass by a supermassive black hole at the centre of its host galaxy. AGN are the most luminous persistent sources of electromagnetic radiation in the universe, and as such can be used as a means of discovering distant objects; their evolution as a function of cosmic time also puts constraints on models of the cosmos.
Models of the active nucleus 1
- Accretion disc 1.1
- Relativistic jets 1.2
- Radiatively inefficient AGN 1.3
- 2 Particle acceleration
- Observational characteristics 3
Types of active galaxy 4
- Radio-quiet AGN 4.1
- Radio-loud AGN 4.2
Unification of AGN species 5
- Radio-quiet unification 5.1
- Radio-loud unification 5.2
- Criticism of the radio-quiet unification 5.3
- Cosmological uses and evolution 6
- See also 7
- References 8
- External links 9
Models of the active nucleus
For a long time it has been argued[1] that an AGN must be powered by accretion of mass onto massive black holes (106 to 1010 times the Solar mass).[2] AGN are both compact and persistently extremely luminous. Accretion can potentially give very efficient conversion of potential and kinetic energy to radiation, and a massive black hole has a high Eddington luminosity, and as a result, it can provide the observed high persistent luminosity. Supermassive black holes are now believed to exist in the centres of most if not all massive galaxies since the mass of the black hole correlates well with the velocity dispersion of the galactic bulge (the M-sigma relation) or with bulge luminosity.[3] Thus AGN-like characteristics are expected whenever a supply of material for accretion comes within the sphere of influence of the central black hole.
Accretion disc
In the standard model of AGN, cold material close to a black hole forms an accretion disc. Dissipative processes in the accretion disc transport matter inwards and angular momentum outwards, while causing the accretion disc to heat up. The expected spectrum of an accretion disc peaks in the optical-ultraviolet waveband; in addition, a corona of hot material forms above the accretion disc and can inverse-Compton scatter photons up to X-ray energies. The radiation from the accretion disc excites cold atomic material close to the black hole and this in turn radiates at particular emission lines. A large fraction of the AGN's radiation may be obscured by interstellar gas and dust close to the accretion disc, but (in a steady-state situation) this will be re-radiated at some other waveband, most likely the infrared.
Relativistic jets
Some accretion discs produce jets of twin, highly collimated, and fast outflows that emerge in opposite directions from close to the disc. The direction of the jet ejection is determined either by the angular momentum axis of the accretion disc or the spin axis of the black hole. The jet production mechanism and indeed the jet composition on very small scales are not understood at present due to the low resolution of astronomical instruments, and as a result, observations cannot provide enough evidence to support one of the various theoretical models of jet production over the many that exist. The jets have their most obvious observational effects in the radio waveband, where very-long-baseline interferometry can be used to study the synchrotron radiation they emit at resolutions of sub-parsec scales. However, they radiate in all wavebands from the radio through to the gamma-ray range via the synchrotron and the inverse-Compton scattering process, and so AGN jets are a second potential source of any observed continuum radiation.
Radiatively inefficient AGN
There exists a class of 'radiatively inefficient' solutions to the equations that govern accretion. The most widely known of these is the Advection Dominated Accretion Flow (ADAF),[4] but other theories exist. In this type of accretion, which is important for accretion rates well below the Eddington limit, the accreting matter does not form a thin disc and consequently does not efficiently radiate away the energy that it acquired as it moved close to the black hole. Radiatively inefficient accretion has been used to explain the lack of strong AGN-type radiation from massive black holes at the centres of elliptical galaxies in clusters, where otherwise we might expect high accretion rates and correspondingly high luminosities.[5] Radiatively inefficient AGN would be expected to lack many of the characteristic features of standard AGN with an accretion disc.
Particle acceleration
AGN are a candidate source of high and ultra-high energy cosmic rays (see also Centrifugal mechanism of acceleration).
Observational characteristics
There is no single observational signature of an AGN. The list below covers some of the historically important features that have allowed systems to be identified as AGN.
- Nuclear optical continuum emission. This is visible whenever there is a direct view of the accretion disc. Jets can also contribute to this component of the AGN emission. The optical emission has a roughly power-law dependence on wavelength.
- Nuclear infra-red emission. This is visible whenever the accretion disc and its environment are obscured by gas and dust close to the nucleus and then re-emitted ('reprocessing'). As it is thermal emission, it can be distinguished from any jet or disc-related emission.
- Broad optical emission lines. These come from cold material close to the central black hole. The lines are broad because the emitting material is revolving around the black hole with high speeds causing a range of Doppler shifts of the emitted photons.
- Narrow optical emission lines. These come from more distant cold material, and so are narrower than the broad lines.
- Radio continuum emission. This is always due to a jet. It shows a spectrum characteristic of synchrotron radiation.
- X-ray continuum emission. This can arise both from a jet and from the hot corona of the accretion disc via a scattering process: in both cases it shows a power-law spectrum. In some radio-quiet AGN there is an excess of soft X-ray emission in addition to the power-law component. The origin of the soft X-rays is not clear at present.
- X-ray line emission. This is a result of illumination of cold heavy elements by the X-ray continuum that causes fluorescence of X-ray emission lines, the best-known of which is the iron feature around 6.4 keV. This line may be narrow or broad: relativistically broadened iron lines can be used to study the dynamics of the accretion disc very close to the nucleus and therefore the nature of the central black hole.
Types of active galaxy
It is convenient to divide AGN into two classes, conventionally called radio-quiet and radio-loud. Radio-loud objects have emission contributions from both the jet(s) and the lobes that the jets inflate. These emission contributions dominate the luminosity of the AGN at radio wavelengths and possibly at some or all other wavelengths. Radio-quiet objects are simpler since jet and any jet-related emission can be neglected at all wavelengths.
AGN terminology is often confusing, since the distinctions between different types of AGN sometimes reflect historical differences in how the objects were discovered or initially classified, rather than real physical differences.
Radio-quiet AGN
- Low-ionization nuclear emission-line regions (LINERs). As the name suggests, these systems show only weak nuclear emission-line regions, and no other signatures of AGN emission. It is debatable whether all such systems are true AGN (powered by accretion on to a supermassive black hole). If they are, they constitute the lowest-luminosity class of radio-quiet AGN. Some may be radio-quiet analogues of the low-excitation radio galaxies (see below).
- Seyfert galaxies. Seyferts were the earliest distinct class of AGN to be identified. They show optical range nuclear continuum emission, narrow and occasionally broad emission lines, occasionally strong nuclear X-ray emission and sometimes a weak small-scale radio jet. Originally they were divided into two types known as Seyfert 1 and 2: Seyfert 1s show strong broad emission lines while Seyfert 2s do not, and Seyfert 1s are more likely to show strong low-energy X-ray emission. Various forms of elaboration on this scheme exist: for example, Seyfert 1s with relatively narrow broad lines are sometimes referred to as narrow-line Seyfert 1s. The host galaxies of Seyferts are usually spiral or irregular galaxies.
- Radio-quiet quasars/QSOs. These are essentially more luminous versions of Seyfert 1s: the distinction is arbitrary and is usually expressed in terms of a limiting optical magnitude. Quasars were originally 'quasi-stellar' in optical images as they had optical luminosities that were greater than that of their host galaxy. They always show strong optical continuum emission, X-ray continuum emission, and broad and narrow optical emission lines. Some astronomers use the term QSO (Quasi-Stellar Object) for this class of AGN, reserving 'quasar' for radio-loud objects, while others talk about radio-quiet and radio-loud quasars. The host galaxies of quasars can be spirals, irregulars or ellipticals. There is a correlation between the quasar's luminosity and the mass of its host galaxy, in that the most luminous quasars inhabit the most massive galaxies (ellipticals).
- 'Quasar 2s'. By analogy with Seyfert 2s, these are objects with quasar-like luminosities but without strong optical nuclear continuum emission or broad line emission. They are scarce in surveys, though a number of possible candidate quasar 2s have been identified.
Radio-loud AGN
See main article Radio galaxy for a discussion of the large-scale behaviour of the jets. Here, only the active nuclei are discussed.
- Radio-loud quasars behave exactly like radio-quiet quasars with the addition of emission from a jet. Thus they show strong optical continuum emission, broad and narrow emission lines, and strong X-ray emission, together with nuclear and often extended radio emission.
- "Blazars" (BL Lac objects and OVV quasars) classes are distinguished by rapidly variable, polarized optical, radio and X-ray emission. BL Lac objects show no optical emission lines, broad or narrow, so that their redshifts can only be determined from features in the spectra of their host galaxies. The emission-line features may be intrinsically absent or simply swamped by the additional variable component. In the latter case, emission lines may become visible when the variable component is at a low level.[6] OVV quasars behave more like standard radio-loud quasars with the addition of a rapidly variable component. In both classes of source, the variable emission is believed to originate in a relativistic jet oriented close to the line of sight. Relativistic effects amplify both the luminosity of the jet and the amplitude of variability.
- Radio galaxies. These objects show nuclear and extended radio emission. Their other AGN properties are heterogeneous. They can broadly be divided into low-excitation and high-excitation classes.[7][8] Low-excitation objects show no strong narrow or broad emission lines, and the emission lines they do have may be excited by a different mechanism.[9] Their optical and X-ray nuclear emission is consistent with originating purely in a jet.[10][11] They may be the best current candidates for AGN with radiatively inefficient accretion. By contrast, high-excitation objects (narrow-line radio galaxies) have emission-line spectra similar to those of Seyfert 2s. The small class of broad-line radio galaxies, which show relatively strong nuclear optical continuum emission[12] probably includes some objects that are simply low-luminosity radio-loud quasars. The host galaxies of radio galaxies, whatever their emission-line type, are essentially always ellipticals.
|Galaxy type
|Active Nuclei
|Emission lines
|Excess of
|Strong Radio
|Seyfert I
|Seyfert II
|BL Lac
|stronger than BL Lac
|Radio galaxy
Unification of AGN species
Unified models propose that different observational classes of AGN are a single type of physical object observed under different conditions. The currently favoured unified models are 'orientation-based unified models' meaning that they propose that the apparent differences between different types of objects arise simply because of their different orientations to the observer.[14][15] However, they are debated (see below).
Radio-quiet unification
At low luminosities, the objects to be unified are Seyfert galaxies. The unification models propose that in Seyfert 1s the observer has a direct view of the active nucleus. In Seyfert 2s the nucleus is observed through an obscuring structure which prevents a direct view of the optical continuum, broad-line region or (soft) X-ray emission. The key insight of orientation-dependent accretion models is that the two types of object can be the same if only certain angles to the line of sight are observed. The standard picture is of a torus of obscuring material surrounding the accretion disc. It must be large enough to obscure the broad-line region but not large enough to obscure the narrow-line region, which is seen in both classes of object. Seyfert 2s are seen through the torus. Outside the torus there is material that can scatter some of the nuclear emission into our line of sight, allowing us to see some optical and X-ray continuum and, in some cases, broad emission lines—which are strongly polarized, showing that they have been scattered and proving that some Seyfert 2s really do contain hidden Seyfert 1s. Infrared observations of the nuclei of Seyfert 2s also support this picture.
At higher luminosities, quasars take the place of Seyfert 1s, but, as already mentioned, the corresponding 'quasar 2s' are elusive at present. If they do not have the scattering component of Seyfert 2s they would be hard to detect except through their luminous narrow-line and hard X-ray emission.
Radio-loud unification
Historically, work on radio-loud unification has concentrated on high-luminosity radio-loud quasars. These can be unified with narrow-line radio galaxies in a manner directly analogous to the Seyfert 1/2 unification (but without the complication of much in the way of a reflection component: narrow-line radio galaxies show no nuclear optical continuum or reflected X-ray component, although they do occasionally show polarized broad-line emission). The large-scale radio structures of these objects provide compelling evidence that the orientation-based unified models really are true.[16][17][18] X-ray evidence, where available, supports the unified picture: radio galaxies show evidence of obscuration from a torus, while quasars do not, although care must be taken since radio-loud objects also have a soft unabsorbed jet-related component, and high resolution is necessary to separate out thermal emission from the sources' large-scale hot-gas environment.[19] At very small angles to the line of sight, relativistic beaming dominates, and we see a blazar of some variety.
However, the population of radio galaxies is completely dominated by low-luminosity, low-excitation objects. These do not show strong nuclear emission lines — broad or narrow — they have optical continua which appear to be entirely jet-related,[10] and their X-ray emission is also consistent with coming purely from a jet, with no heavily absorbed nuclear component in general.[11] These objects cannot be unified with quasars, even though they include some high-luminosity objects when looking at radio emission, since the torus can never hide the narrow-line region to the required extent, and since infrared studies show that they have no hidden nuclear component:[20] in fact there is no evidence for a torus in these objects at all. Most likely, they form a separate class in which only jet-related emission is important. At small angles to the line of sight, they will appear as BL Lac objects.[21]
Criticism of the radio-quiet unification
In the recent literature on AGN, being subject to an intense debate, an increasing set of observations appear to be in conflict with some of the key predictions of the Unified Model, e.g. that each Seyfert 2 has an obscured Seyfert 1 nucleus (a hidden broad-line region).
Therefore, one cannot know whether the gas in all Seyfert 2 galaxies is ionized due to photoionization from a single, non-stellar continuum source in the center or due to shock-ionization from e.g. intense, nuclear starbursts. Spectropolarimetric studies[22] reveal that only 50% of Seyfert 2s show a hidden broad-line region and thus split Seyfert 2 galaxies into two populations. The two classes of populations appear to differ by their luminosity, where the Seyfert 2s without a hidden broad-line region are generally less luminous.[23] This suggests absence of broad-line region is connected to low Eddington ratio, and not to obscuration.
The covering factor of the torus might play an important role. Some torus models[24][25] predict how Seyfert 1s and Seyfert 2s can obtain different covering factors from a luminosity- and accretion rate- dependence of the torus covering factor, something supported by studies in the x-ray of AGN.[26] The models also suggest an accretion-rate dependence of the broad-line region and provide a natural evolution from more active engines in Seyfert 1s to more "dead" Seyfert 2s[27] and can explain the observed break-down of the unified model at low luminosities[28] and the evolution of the broad-line region.[29]
While studies of single AGN show important deviations from the expectations of the unified model, results from statistical tests have been contradictory. The most important short-coming of statistical tests by direct comparisons of statistical samples of Seyfert 1s and Seyfert 2s is the introduction of selection biases due to anisotropic selection criteria.[30][31]
Studying neighbour galaxies rather than the AGN themselves[32][33][34] first suggested the numbers of neighbours were larger for Seyfert 2s than for Seyfert 1s, in contradiction with the Unified Model. Today, having overcome the previous limitations of small sample sizes and anisotropic selection, studies of neighbours of hundreds to thousands of AGN[35] have shown that the neighbours of Seyfert 2s are intrinsically dustier and more star-forming than Seyfert 1s and a connection between AGN type, host galaxy morphology and collision history. Moreover, angular clustering studies[36] of the two AGN types confirm that they reside in different environments and show that they reside within dark matter halos of different masses. The AGN environment studies are in line with evolution-based unification models[37] where Seyfert 2s transform into Seyfert 1s during merger, supporting earlier models of merger-driven activation of Seyfert 1 nuclei.
While controversy about the soundness of each individual study still prevails, they all agree on that the simplest viewing-angle based models of AGN Unification are incomplete. While it still might be valid that an obscured Seyfert 1 can appear as a Seyfert 2, not all Seyfert 2s must host an obscured Seyfert 1. Understanding whether it is the same engine driving all Seyfert 2s, the connection to radio-loud AGN, the mechanisms of the variability of some AGN that vary between the two types at very short time scales, and the connection of the AGN type to small- and large-scale environment remain important issues to incorporate into any unified model of active galactic nuclei.
Cosmological uses and evolution
For a long time, active galaxies held all the records for the highest-redshift objects known either in the optical or the radio spectrum, because of their high luminosity. They still have a role to play in studies of the early universe, but it is now recognised that an AGN gives a highly biased picture of the 'typical' high-redshift galaxy.
More interesting is the study of the evolution of the AGN population. Most luminous classes of AGN (radio-loud and radio-quiet) seem to have been much more numerous in the early universe. This suggests (1) that massive black holes formed early on and (2) that the conditions for the formation of luminous AGN were more common in the early universe, such as a much higher availability of cold gas near the centre of galaxies than at present. It also implies that many objects that were once luminous quasars are now much less luminous, or entirely quiescent. The evolution of the low-luminosity AGN population is much less well understood due to the difficulty of observing these objects at high redshifts.
See also
- ^ Lynden-Bell, D. (1969). "Galactic Nuclei as Collapsed Old Quasars". Nature 223 (5207): 690–694.
- ^ Kazanas, Demosthenes (2012). "Toward a Unified AGN Structure". Astronomical Review 7 (2).
- ^ Marconi, A.; L. K. Hunt (2003). "The Relation between Black Hole Mass, Bulge Mass, and Near-Infrared Luminosity". The Astrophysical Journal 589 (1): L21–L24.
- ^ Narayan, R.; I. Yi (1994). "Advection-Dominated Accretion: A Self-Similar Solution". Astrophys. J 428: L13.
- ^ Fabian, A. C.; M. J. Rees (1995). "The accretion luminosity of a massive black hole in an elliptical galaxy".
- ^ Vermeulen, R. C.; P. M. Ogle, H. D. Tran, I. W. A. Browne, M. H. Cohen, A. C. S. Readhead, G. B. Taylor, R. W. Goodrich; Tran, H. D.; Browne; Cohen, M. H.; Readhead, A. C. S.; Taylor, G. B.; Goodrich, R. W. (1995). "When Is BL Lac Not a BL Lac?". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 452 (1): 5–8.
- ^ HINE, RG; MS LONGAIR (1979). "Optical spectra of 3 CR radio galaxies". Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices 188: 111–130.
- ^ Laing, R. A.; C. R. Jenkins; J. V. Wall; S. W. Unger (1994). "Spectrophotometry of a Complete Sample of 3CR Radio Sources: Implications for Unified Models". The First Stromlo Symposium: the Physics of Active Galaxies. ASP Conference Series, 54.
- ^ Baum, S. A.; E. L. Zirbel, C. P. O'Dea; O'Dea, Christopher P. (1995). "Toward Understanding the Fanaroff-Riley Dichotomy in Radio Source Morphology and Power". The Astrophysical Journal 451: 88.
- ^ a b Chiaberge, M.; A. Capetti; A. Celotti (2002). "Understanding the nature of FRII optical nuclei: a new diagnostic plane for radio galaxies". Journal reference: Astron. Astrophys 394 (3): 791–800.
- ^ a b Hardcastle, M. J.; D. A. Evans; J. H. Croston (2006). "The X-ray nuclei of intermediate-redshift radio sources". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 370 (4): 1893–1904.
- ^ Grandi, S. A.; D. E. Osterbrock (1978). "Optical spectra of radio galaxies". Astrophysical Journal 220 (Part 1): 783.
- ^ http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/media/active_galactic_nuclei.jpg
- ^ Antonucci, R. (1993). "Unified Models for Active Galactic Nuclei and Quasars". Annual Reviews in Astronomy and Astrophysics 31 (1): 473–521.
- ^ Urry, P.; Paolo Padovani (1995). "Unified schemes for radioloud AGN". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 107: 803–845.
- ^ Laing, R. A. (1988). "The sidedness of jets and depolarization in powerful extragalactic radio sources". Nature 331 (6152): 149–151.
- ^ Garrington, S. T.; J. P. Leahy; R. G. Conway; RA LAING (1988). "A systematic asymmetry in the polarization properties of double radio sources with one jet". Nature 331 (6152): 147–149.
- ^ Barthel, P. D. (1989). "Is every quasar beamed?". Astrophysical Journal 336: 606–611.
- ^ Belsole, E.; D. M. Worrall; M. J. Hardcastle (2006). "High-redshift Faranoff-Riley type II radio galaxies: X-ray properties of the cores". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 366 (1): 339–352.
- ^ Ogle, P.; D. Whysong; R. Antonucci (2006). "Spitzer Reveals Hidden Quasar Nuclei in Some Powerful FR II Radio Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal 647 (1): 161–171.
- ^ Browne, I. W. A. (1983). "Is it possible to turn an elliptical radio galaxy into a BL Lac object?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 204: 23P–27P.
- ^ Tran, H.D. (2001). "Hidden Broad-Line Seyfert 2 Galaxies in the CFA and 12 $\mu$M Samples". The Astrophysical Journal 554: L19–L23.
- ^ Wu, Y-Z; et al. (2001). "The Different Nature in Seyfert 2 Galaxies With and Without Hidden Broad-line Regions". The Astrophysical Journal 730 (2): 121–130.
- ^ Elitzur, M.; Shlosman I. (2006). "The AGN-obscuring Torus: The End of the Doughnut Paradigm?". The Astrophysical Journal 648 (2): L101–L104.
- ^ Nicastro, F. (2000). "Broad Emission Line Regions in Active Galactic Nuclei: The Link with the Accretion Power". The Astrophysical Journal 530 (2): L101–L104.
- ^ Ricci, C.; Walter R.; Courvoisier T.J-L; Paltani S. (2010). "Reflection in Seyfert galaxies and the unified model of AGN". Astronomy and Astrophysics 532: A102–21.
- ^ Wang, J.M.; Du P.; Baldwin J.A.; Ge J-Q.; Ferland G.J.; Ferland, Gary J. (2012). "Star formation in self-gravitating disks in active galactic nuclei. II. Episodic formation of broad-line regions". The Astrophysical Journal 746 (2): 137–165.
- ^ Laor, A. (2003). "On the Nature of Low-Luminosity Narrow-Line Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal 590: 86–94.
- ^ Elitzur, M.; Ho L.C.; Trump J.R. (2014). "Evolution of broad-line emission from active galactic nuclei". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 438 (4): 3340–3351.
- ^ Elitzur, M. (2012). "On the Unification of Active Galactic Nuclei". Astrophysical Journal Letters 747 (2): L33–L35.
- ^ Antonucci, R. "A panchromatic review of thermal and nonthermal active galactic nuclei".
- ^ Laurikainen, E.; Salo H. (1995). "Environments of Seyfert galaxies. II. Statistical analyses". Astronomy and Astrophysics 293: 683.
- ^ Dultzin-Hacyan, D.; Krongold Y.; Fuentes-Guridi I.; Marziani P. (1999). "The Close Environment of Seyfert Galaxies and Its Implication for Unification Models". Astrophysical Journal Letters 513 (2): L111–L114.
- ^ Koulouridis, E.; Plionis M.; Chavushyan V.; Dultzin-Hacyan D.; Krongold Y.; Goudis C. (2006). "Local and Large-Scale Environment of Seyfert Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal 639: 37–45.
- ^ Villarroel, B.; Korn A.J. (2014). "The different neighbours around Type-1 and Type-2 active galactic nuclei". Nature Physics 10 (6): 417–420.
- ^ Donoso, E.; Yan L.; Stern D.; Assef R.J. (2014). "The Angular Clustering of WISE-Selected AGN: Different Haloes for Obscured and Unobscured AGN". Monthly Notices of Royal Astronomical Society, to be published.
- ^ Krongold, Y.; Dultzin-Hacyan D.; Marziani D. (2002). "The Circumgalactic Environment of Bright IRAS Galaxies". Astrophysical Journal 572: 169–177.
- General
Dusty surprise around giant black hole
External links
- Media related to at Wikimedia Commons


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Thanks to Patrick Swayze, Demi Moore, and a pottery wheel, a bonafide classic was re-introduced to the hearts of radio listeners and record buyers. When Bobby Hatfield belted out "Unchained Melody" in that famous scene from the 1990 movie Ghost, it wasn't the first time the public heard the song. It wasn't even the first time they'd heard that version.
By some counts, the song has been recorded over 500 times, making it one of the most recorded of the 20th century. WK However, the one that has become the best known is the 1965 recording by the Righteous Brothers (although technically a solo performance by Bobby Hatfield). WK
The song first surfaced under the Righteous Brothers moniker in 1965 as a B-side to their single "Hung on You." When DJs took to "Melody" instead, the song climbed to #4 on the U.S. pop charts and #14 in the U.K. A quarter century later, it re-gained airplay thanks to Ghost, but was only commercially available as a single in a newly recorded version. In an unsual occurrence, both versions charted and hit the U.S. top 20. On the AC charts, the 1990 version went #1, while the 1965 version scaled to the top of the U.K. charts.
The song originated in an obscure prison film called Unchained in 1955. Todd Duncan sang it for the film, WK but three other renditions charted on the U.S. pop charts, most notably a chart-topper by Les Baxter. Al Hibbler's top 10 version also reached the summit of the R&B chart. Both were million sellers. TY In the U.K., Jimmy Young took it to #1. All told, the song can make the unique claim of topping four different charts with five different versions in three different decades.
- one of the top 100 songs of the rock era, according to the DMDB
- one of the top 1000 songs of all time
- Grammy Hall of Fame
- Songwriter Hall of Fame – Towering Song Award
- top 100 adult contemporary songs of all time
- one of the top 100 songs of the 1960s
Resources and Related Links:
- the DMDB page for "Unchained Melody"
- The Righteous Brothers' DMDB Encyclopedia entry
- TY Don Tyler (1985). Hit Parade 1920-1955. New York, NY: Quill. Page 164.
- PM Joel Whitburn (1986). Pop Memories 1890-1954. Menomonee Falls, WI; Record Research, Inc.
- WK Wikipedia.org

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III. Private Capital Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa: Financial Globalization's Final Frontier? »
Source: Regional Economic Outlook, April 2008, Sub-Saharan Africa
Series: Regional Economic Outlook
Author(s): International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Publisher: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Publication Date: 14 April 2008
Keywords: inflation, exchange rate, monetary policy, capital inflows, exchange rate regime
Private capital inflows to sub-Saharan African countries, having more than quadrupled since 2000, represent an increasingly important share of foreign financing to these countries. 1...


text:
but russia casts doubt on new hitler skull theory
from telegraph: Officials in Moscow say they have no record of a US researcher who claims to have examined a skull fragment said to belong to the late Nazi dictator. Russia responded after a History Channel documentary claimed to have subjected the bone, which is kept in Moscow, to DNA testing and discovered it belonged to a woman and not Hitler. The program suggested its findings bolstered the theory that Hitler did not commit suicide in 1945 as is widely thought. But Vladimir Kozlov, deputy director of Russia's state archive where the fragment is stored, has cast doubt on the programme. He says he has no record that an American scientist called Nick Bellantoni who is shown in the program taking samples from the skull had ever been granted access. "Nobody with that name – Bellantoni – has been into the archive for the last four years," he told state news agency RIA Novosti. "None of the directors or people who grant permission for this kind of thing know this name."
related update: when zionists made deal with the nazis
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
tests on skull fragment cast doubt on hitler suicide story
3 comments:
wait...you mean the History Channel broadcast something that might not be true? But is was on TV...
- Tuesday, September 29, 2009 8:13:00 PM
look over here look over here! come on ppl india found water on the moon and remember nostral dumbass said beware the blue turbin ...hello!! water, blue turbin, water helllo!!!!
- Tuesday, September 29, 2009 10:57:00 PM
all kidding aside this is a real find the jewish ppl can go on seeking out nazis of the next generation whos papas had a hand in the sacrificial burnt offering ..i meen holocaust god save the jooos
- Tuesday, September 29, 2009 11:03:00 PM
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From Telluride to Manitou Springs, a look at new legislative boundaries
More stories from around the state about what the Colorado Reapportionment Commission's new legislative boundaries mean for communities:
ASPEN: The state Senate district containing Aspen could be dropping the San Luis Valley and adding Eagle and Lake counties, according to a plan passed by a special state commission. Aspen Daily News.
AURORA: New legislative districts proposed this week could change Aurora's political landscape and would put one-third of the races in Colorado's split Legislature up for grabs in 2012. For Aurora's house districts, the new maps would mean a new mix of rural and urban for two legislators, as well as a new district that covers much of north Aurora. Aurora Sentinel.
COLORADO SPRINGS: Rep. Pete Lee wanted to hold on to Manitou Springs. House Majority Leader Amy Stephens wanted nothing to do with it. Both legislators got their wishes Monday. Colorado Springs Independent.


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The Miami Heat has won 16 NBA games in a row. The Chicago Blackhawks have recorded a point in the standings through all 24 games they have played in the NHL season. Hey, didn't the Broncos win 11 straight times in 2012?
"Don't mean a thing," said Broncos linebacker Wesley Woodyard, who joined the debate for this edition of Kickin' It with Kiz.
A team can make headlines during the regular season with a winning streak. But that's nothing more than an ego stroke, Woodyard claimed. The playoffs? That's winning time.
Listen to Woodyard, Peter Burns and I discuss whether the streak by the Blackhawks or Heat is more impressive:
Can the Avalanche end Chicago's streak on Friday night in the Pepsi Center? Kiz says yes. Burns says no. What say you?
Kick it with Kiz and Peter Burns by joining the discussion on the radio Monday through Friday from 7-9 a.m. At 93.7 FM and 1510 AM.
Find Kiz on Twitter @MarkKiszla. And Peter Burns @PeterBurnsRadio.
And read Kiszla's latest column at denverpost.com/kiszla.


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XWiki Feedback
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Like to share some thoughts?
XWiki needs to meet your expectations. We're looking forward listening to what you have to say about our project and how we could improve it.
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Tool Contact Lenses – Pair – Hand Painted FX Lenses
Available in BC 8.6 – DIA 15
Available from -20.00 to +20.00
Gothika lenses are sold by many respected resellers across the country and overseas. This site is for information purposes only. If you want to purchase Gothika lenses please contact a Gothika reseller or your favorite Halloween / Costume dealer.
- Description
- Additional information
Custom Hand Painted Contact Lenses
If you are outside of our stock line of corrective lenses ( -6.00 ) getting corrective lenses to wear with your costume is now super easy!
Our contact lens lab can hand paint your new lenses in your prescription just for you! The lenses have a HUGE range of corrections and designs to choose from!
Remember! It takes a few weeks for us to hand paint these in our lab for you!
Available in BC 8.6 – DIA 15
PWR -20.00 through +20.00
Methafilcon Immersed in 0.9% Buffered Saline Solution USP
Additional information
|.33 lbs
|4 × 4 × 4 in


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JT Schroeder brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 81 Designs von 18 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
C4 Capital Markets, LLC
C4 Capital Markets is a newly founded, boutique investment banking firm that acts as a placement agent/broker for Public or Private Companies looking to raise capital. We raise Equity or Debt for companies across all industry groups and focus on providing, through our deep rolodex of investors, needed capital for companies looking to finance an acquisition, fund the launch of a new business or product line, or provide cash for working capital purposes.
C4 Capital Markets is a broker/dealer by definition and will be a member of FINRA and SIPC upon approval from those regulatory institutions. Bigger picture, we are looking to expand our business from only brokering private placements to providing research, instituting a trading desk, and possibly underwriting the actual capital raises for companies in the future. These are longer term plans, but should be considered by the designer when branding C4 Capital Markets.
Ultimately, we specialize in brokering institutional Private Investments in Public Equities (PIPEs).
C4 Capital Markets is targeting both Companies looking to raise capital and institutional investors (i.e. Hedge Fund, Private Equity Funds, Foundations, Endowments, etc.). We act as the placement agent for Companies looking to raise capital, and upon formal engagement with our firm, we represent their particular "deal" and try to raise them the needed capital from the institutional buyers that we have relationships with.
The Companies we represent are either publicly traded or privately held (most of them will be public companies listed on either a public stock exchange [Nasdaq, NYSE, AMEX] or the Over The Counter public market [OTCBB]). Typically, the Companies we will represent have a need for capital for a number of reasons: to facilitate an acquisition, deploy a new product line, and/or provide working capital so as to further develop current product lines and drive earnings towards break-even. They are small- and micro-cap companies (Market Capitalization less than $500mil).
Our investors are all institutional, meaning that they are not High Net Worth individuals. Our investors are Hedge Funds, Private Equity Funds, Endowments, and Foundations. They typically manage anywhere from $100 million to over $100 billion.
We want a very clean logo from which a formidable, professional brand can be built. The logo should be very business professional (not "cartoony") and should really reflect the "explosive nature" of our business philosophy and why we chose to use C4 as our name. We elected to go with C4 for a number of reasons, but our 4 key identifiers are: Capable, Creative, Consistent, and Cooperative. Meaning we are capable in doing the task, creative is finding solutions for the task, consistent in our record of success, and cooperative in working with both buy and sell side to find a solution. These are our "4 C's".
We also believe that based on some of our business model differentiators that they are "explosive" changes to how typical investment banking is done, hence C4.
Bottom line, we want a unique design that reflects all of the above given the target audience, etc.
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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Did You Know?
- There were over 2.1 MILLION burglaries in the USA last year.
- 61% of burglaries were forced entry, and over 32% were without force (unlawful entries).
- The average cost per burglary was over $1900 per homeowner/renter (*note this does not include increases in insurance permiums).
- Home burglaries accounted for over 67% of all burglaries.
- 2 in 3 Burglars get into a home through a door.
- 1 in 3 Burglars get into a home through the windows.
Home Safety, the Basics
It doesn't take a bank vault to protect your home. It is a matter of identifying the threats, and employing established solutions to protect your home and family.
When burglary is concerned, there are several key security points:
- Locked doors and windows
- Perimeter security, locked gates and fences
- Outdoor lighting
- Monitored Buglar Alarms as part of a home security system
- Neighborhood awareness
How would a burglar get into your home?
The first question is, how would you get into your home without keys? Is there an easy access window or door? If it's easy for you, it is far easier for a criminal that doesn't care what gets broken.
What happens if a burglar gets into your home?
Don't assume it won't happen to you. Perimeter defenses are strongly recommended for any home security system, but any home with windows is susceptible to having a burglar enter the home.
Monitored home security systems contact your alarm company once a burglar has entered your home. A home security system provides the peace of mind knowing that help will be on it's way. This is even more important if any family members are at home during the burglary attempt.


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Used primarily after sustaining massive injury or as a means to elude a seemingly inescapable attack, this technique allows the user to materialise a new body — typically by regurgitating it from their mouth — in a manner that somewhat resembles how a snake sheds its skin.[1] After emerging, the user's clothing and injuries are completely restored, with even amputated limbs being regenerated. Whilst the technique has the additional advantage of potentially being extremely difficult to detect, its use consumes a great amount of chakra.[2]
When used by Kabuto Yakushi who showed a more versatile use of this technique, he was able to shed his human form to reveal a humanoid-like form complete with a serpentine body.[3] He later appeared with a similar serpentine body with what appeared to be smaller limbs.[4] He would later use this technique to shed his body during battle as a means of taking his opponent by surprise.[5]
- Itachi Uchiha described this technique as an "Orochimaru-style Body Replacement Technique" (大蛇丸流の変わり身の術, Orochimaru-ryū no Kawarimi no Jutsu).[2]
- The technique and its nature of normally negating near-fatal injuries play with the cultural symbolism of snakes as symbols of immortality and rebirth via the shedding of their skin.


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August 6, 2014, 9:40 am
Cartoons of the day: Ray Rice suspension
The NFL recently suspended Baltimore Ravens running back Ray Rice for two games following his offseason arrest for domestic violence against his fiancee. The decision was widely criticized as being too lenient. Editorial cartoonist Mike Luckovich suggests NFL commissioner Roger Goodell might as well have fined Rice's fiancee, while Milt Priggee implies the league's decision was more of a crowning than a punishment.
Next Post »
« Previous Post


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Emerald gemstone engagement rings
Special decoration – emerald gemstone engagement rings
A wedding ring, emerald gemstone engagement rings, is not just an ornament of precious metal – it is a magical symbol of life and death. As you know, he has no end, no beginning, moreover, it has the ability to store the energy information of its owner.
For this reason, parents of newlyweds are not recommended to give them their wedding rings,emerald gemstone engagement rings, especially if the marriage of the parents has failed. In addition, no one should be allowed to measure or wear their wedding ring.
Do not remove the emerald gemstone engagement rings
It is also advisable not to take it off without a good reason for keeping good relations in the family. It is wrong to believe that the ring, emerald gemstone engagement rings, can be used twice – at engagement and at a wedding. If you are limited in funds, it is better not to present an expensive ring on matchmaking, limit yourself to a simple non-precious item or go without it at all. So, emerald gemstone engagement rings!
What hand wears emerald gemstone engagement rings
Wedding rings in Europe and America are worn on the left hand. And in some countries, the wedding ring,emerald gemstone engagement rings, is worn on the right hand. But in most cases, this choice does not depend on the location of the couple, but on the religion, they profess.
In 99% of cases, the wedding ring, emerald gemstone engagement rings, is worn on the ring finger. This is due to the ancient belief. Our great-great-great parents thought that this particular finger is directly connected by blood vessels to the heart. Very romantic version, isnt it?


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More Mainstream Media Coverage Brings the Dangers of Toxics to the Forefront
More Mainstream Media Coverage Brings the Dangers of Toxics to the ForefrontThe truth about the effects of toxic chemicals in our everyday lives is getting more mainstream media attention now than ever. Just last week, Time magazine published a list of ten common household toxins that 'mounting evidence' shows may be linked to health problems.
Here's the list, along with where these chemicals are commonly found:
1. Bisphenol A (BPA) - food wrap, water bottles and other plastics
2. Oxybenzone - moisturizers, sunscreens, lip balm
3. Flouride - toothpaste, tap water
4. Parabens - moisturizers, hair care and shaving products
5. Phthalates - skin care treatment products, crib mattresses, toys, shower curtains, just about everything made with pliable PVC/vinyl
6. Butylated Hydroxyanisole (BHA) - chewing gum, snack foods, diaper creams
7. Perflouroctanoic Acid - tap water, teflon and non-stick pots and pans
8. Perchlorate - drinking water, soil
9. Decabromodiphenyl Ether (DECA) - flame retardant in electronics, furniture, carpets
10. Asbestos - insulation, drywall, artificial fireplace logs, toys
The Time article doesn't give a lot of information on each chemical and, of course, the actual list of toxic chemicals commonly found is in the thousands. But that's not the point.
The important thing is that they are writing about it - more people are being educated, the powers that be will be more motivated to bring the issue to the top of their agenda, change will occur at a more accelerated rate, and we'll all be living healthier lives.


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KDE's Applications Konquerorinternet
Konqueror is KDE's Webbrowser and swiss-army-knife for any kind of file-management and file previewing.
- Webbrowsing using KHTML or KDEWebKit as rendering engines
- File management using most of Dolphin's features (including version-control, service menus and the basic UI)
- File management on ftp and sftp servers
- Full featured FTP-client (you can split views to display local and remote folders and previews in the same window)
- Embedded applications to preview files (e.g. Okular and Calligra for documents, Gwenview for pictures, KTextEditor for text-files)
- Different kinds of plugins: Service-menus, KParts (embedded applications), KIO (accessing files using special protocols like http or ftp) and KPart-plugins (like AdBlocker...)


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Sickle Cell Treatment Program
Our Comprehensive Sickle Cell Treatment Program is a state-designated service providing care to children and adolescents with sickle cell disease. The program staff is responsible for the care of all infants identified by New York State's newborn screening program.
We ensure that families are educated about the disease and can partner with us and their primary care physician to provide the best possible care. Throughout the continuum of care of childhood, the care is focused on the prevention and treatment of complications.


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I've been reading on the topic of parenting, to prepare for fatherhood.
Greg Hunter argued that: "...as far as boys are concerned, modern society is botching the job of parenting."
(18 New Rules of Fatherhood by Greg Hunter, Australian Men's Health, March 2009). It's true. Let's face it, modern society judge you based on how much you earn. Family balance is somewhere at the bottom in the priority list. I'm determine to change the pattern to have a balanced lifestyle.
For your reading page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
In the new house, I will reserve one room to be the library, it will be the hub of the family activities.


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Saturday, August 21, 2010
Mets Bats are back!
5 comments:
These are always great- I can't imagine how hard this is to do everyday. Thank you very much- I love them!ReplyDelete
Luis thank you...Everyday!!!!!ReplyDelete
- AnonymousAugust 21, 2010 at 4:53 PM
At the end of the season are you going to put in all in 1 book and sell them ?ReplyDelete
I would like to looking into it now.ReplyDelete
might have to wait for them to win something.ReplyDelete
Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)


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Controlled RC Tank - xciterc DAK pz.kpfw. IV F-1 - RTR Professional Remote qbxkhi2822-Tanks & Military Vehicles
We are a government-owned business development bank dedicated to making finance markets work better for smaller businesses.
Whether you're looking for finance to start a business, grow to the next level, or stay ahead of the competition, we're delivering greater volume and choice of finance.
The STARTUP, SCALEUP and STAY AHEAD boxes above can point you in the right direction. If you want to know more about the British Business Bank itself read on


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Home > Products > Smart Card General Machines > DOD Machine > DOD Smart Card Printing Equipment
|Payment Type:
|Min. Order:
|1 Bag/Bags
|Delivery Time:
|35 Days
Basic Info
Model No.: YMJ-DOD-5000
Transmission Type: Flexible
Automatic Production Line: Comprehensive
Certification: ISO, CE
Automation: Automation
Flexible Production: Intelligent Manufacturing
Rhythm: Flow Production Line
Production Scope: Product Line
Condition: New
Additional Info
Packaging: Wooden Case
Brand: YUANMINGJIE
Transportation: Ocean,Land,Air
Place of Origin: CHINA
Certificate: ISO, CE
Port: SHENZHEN
Product Description
DOD Smart Card Printing Equipment is used for UV printing, data changing, rewriting or encoding process. It adopts the new drop-on-demand inkjet heads, which can be applied in various industries and material, such as textile or packing industry. As the name "drop on demand", DOD inkjet will only save more ink than traditional printing method.
DOD ink jet is used widely because of its high benefit and low cost.
With the high printing quality of DOD printing equipment, it is suitable for official printing.
·UV Print
Speed: ≥10000 cards/hour
·Read UID Number
Speed: 6000 cards/hour
·M1 Card password change and data writing
Speed: 3000-4000 cards/hour
·Magnetic stripe encoding
Speed: 7000 cards/hour
Output rate:
UV print ≥10,000 pcs/h;
UID number read: 6,000 pcs/h;
Magnetic stripe encoding: 5000 pcs/h;
M1 card password change: 3,000-4,000 pcs/h.
Shenzhen Yuanmingjie Technology Co., Ltd was founded in 2010 for research and development of intelligent manufacturing equipment. With many years innovations and development, Yuanmingjie has become the High Technology Corporation who has got high reputation in China and overseas. Yuanmingjie is the Shenzhen innovative enterprise and the member of Shenzhen software industry association, we also got Guangdong province credible enterprise identification.
Yuanmingjie integrated R&D, manufacturing and sales, who concentrates on supplying better equipment and supporting facilities solution for smart card factories. Our main products include production line for contact smart card, contactless smart card, dual interface smart card, RFID electrical labeling and personalized equipment.
Elites are valued by Yuanmingjie technology, lots of professionals with more than 10 years experience in equipment development gather here. With so many years of technical innovation and experience, Yuanmingjie breakthrough the traditional dependence of domestic enterprises on foreign techniques, reaches a leading position in China, who firstly adopts advanced Ultrasonic Embedding technique and Precision Vibrator Bowl. Meanwhile dual interface smart card equipment and Milling And Embedding two in one equipment have got National Invention Patent and CE certificate.
Spirit of Yuanmingjie: To develop ourselves by guide of market, to gain customers by credibility, to gain reputation by better quality.
Mission of Yuanmingjie: To create value for customers and society constantly.
Vision of Yuanmingjie: With continual technical innovation, wisdom and efforts from members of yuanmingjie, we will fulfill customers current need and create high needs, to be the top automatic equipment and technical solutions supplier.Looking for ideal Smart Card Drop On Demand Printer Manufacturer & supplier ? We have a wide selection at great prices to help you get creative. All the DOD Smart Card Printer are quality guaranteed. We are China Origin Factory of Card Drop On Demand Printing Equipment. If you have any question, please feel free to contact us.
Product Categories : Smart Card General Machines > DOD Machine
Hot Products
Related Products
Send Inquiry
Mr. bencol
Email:Send Inquiry
Mobile Phone:+8613798273390
Address:9th Songyu Road, Songgang Street, Shenzhen, Guangdong


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Results 1 to 1 of 1
NOTA BENE: Homebrew Contest Scoresheet Posting Etiquette
If you are going to post your scoresheet results from any competition please be sure to:
- Contact judges via email and ask permission to post their names before doing so, it is common courtesy.
- If you have a beef with a judges opinion, take it up with them privately. Any posts that challenge the validity of judges scores or comments will be summarily deleted, and the poster will be given an infraction.
- Be accurate when you post comments and be sure to use quotes so that the readers are aware you are quoting something written by the judges.
- State the category, and sub-category in which the mead was entered along with sweetness level, carbonation level (still, petillant, sparkling) and strength of the mead you are discussing.
- Again, please be respectful of judges' privacy if they do not want to be named, don't do so, and don't try to turn this forum into a bully-pulpit. It is inappropriate and will not be tolerated.
Remember that judges volunteer their free time and go out of pocket for transportation, lodging, meals and other travel expenses. If you are abusive they can always decide there is a better way to spend their hard earned money and free time. We have a good group of judges that have been coming to the Mazer Cup International as well as the MeadFest before that.
We want that group to grow and flourish as the MCI grows in order to have enough judges for our competition. If you chase them away, the competition will follow.
Cheers and thank you for your cooperation,
Is it tasty . . . precious?
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Internal job searches are not very different from external searches. To be a successful applicant for any job you must present yourself in the best possible light. In essence you are "marketing" yourself as the right candidate for the position.
Resumes and cover letters tell a potential employer a great deal about you. A well-written resume can help you make the right first impression and land you an interview. Including a cover letter gives you an extra opportunity to promote your candidacy. In addition to the tips below, enroll in the 16-minute online course Successful Cover Letters (CAR 003) and/or the 20-minute online course Outstanding Resumes (CAR 001). Both courses may be found on NYUiLearn.
An interview is a mutual exchange of information between you and a potential employer. The interview is your opportunity to shine and to demonstrate to the interviewer that you are the best applicant for the position because you have something special to contribute. In addition to the tips below, learn how to put your best foot forward during a job interview in the 23-minute NYUiLearn online course Exceptional Interviewing (CAR 002).
NYU is committed to the growth and development of its employees. We're delighted that you're taking the step to explore additional roles within the University as part of your career journey here. If you are selected for an interview, we want to make sure you are prepared. Here are some tips:
> Above all, take your interview seriously. Remember that there will be other individuals interviewing from within and outside of the University and they are your competition. Put your best foot forward. This includes:
> Find out about the top priorities and projects happening in the school or unit and be prepared to answer questions about how you can apply your skills to assist with these initiatives.
> Complete the 23-minute online training Exceptional Interviewing (CAR 002) for tips on how to respond to particular types of questions. Review the resources attached to that course, which include typical questions interviewers ask and good questions for you to ask when it's your turn for questions.
> Use your internal NYU network to find out what you can about the people you will be interviewing with and what is important to them. Google the interviewer to find out who or what you might know in common (other candidates for this position are probably doing this, too).
> Send a thank you note within 24 hours after the interview.
Good luck!


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OKANOGAN – Okanogan County performed its final ballot count for the general election on Tuesday, Nov. 29, with no changes in the election leaders for County Commissioner Positions 1 and 2, and Public Utility District Commissioner Position 3.
general election
County certifies general election results
Updated: Incumbents still ruling the day for local office
UPDATE: Even after the second vote count all incumbents for office, except Lael Duncan for North Valley Hospital Commissioner, have been returned to their previous posts. In fact, as of last Friday's vote count, Teresa Hughes has gained in her run for the NVH Commissioner Position 5 seat. Dick Larson, in Position 4 for the Hospital Board maintained his lead against challenger Rosa Snyder.
Talking with Oroville Mayor and City Council candidates
OROVILLE – All positions open at the top of Oroville city government have challengers this upcoming Tuesday, Nov. General Election. Chris Allen is challenging Chuck Spieth for the top spot at mayor, Russell Round challenges Jon Neal for Position 1 and Paul Bouchard challenges Tony Koepke for Position 2. The Gazette-Tribune asked the candidates to give us a little information about themselves, why they're running and what issues are important to them.


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You've sliced them into your salads. You've boiled them down to borsch. They may even sweeten your soda. But you've never seen the mighty beet quite like this: cast onto city streets as a deicer during winter. That's right; among the sugar beet's many qualities is an ability to fend off freezing in sub-zero conditions.
More specifically, it is the sugar beet's by-product — a de-sugared liquid typically fed to animals or flushed down the drain—that can withstand temperatures down to -30 °F. In the same way the gin in your icebox has a low freezing point, so does this sugar-free beet juice. Legend has it that a farmer discovered the vegetable's unique quality when a pond where he dumped his beet remains never froze.
Fable or not, today, combinations of beet juice and rock salt are being sprayed on streets and highways by the transportation departments in DC, Missouri, and Ohio and in cities scattered throughout the Midwest and Northeast. The mixture is reported to have a lower freezing point than salt alone and stays on the road longer, reducing the number of applications. The Ohio DOT says it's currently testing a beet-salt concoction called GeoMelt in 9 of its 88 counties.
"It may take us a couple of seasons to see the effectiveness. We want to make sure the money we spend proves the result," before increasing their use of it says information officer Joel Hunt. So far they've applied 35,000 gallons this year.
While it's fun to envision beet molasses staining streets and pedestrians red (and, actually, the stuff is brown and leaves no trace), there's a serious reason behind its rise in popularity. In 2005, the US purchased more than 20 million tons of rock salt, an all-time-high, to pour on our roads and keep them ice free.
Usable roadways are essential, but there's an environmental cost to dousing them with so much sodium chloride. A 2005 study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) found that if we continue our current road salting practices in the northeastern US, chloride concentrations in many rural streams will exceed 250 mg/liter—the maximum limit for national drinking water secondary standards—in the next century, making them undrinkable and toxic to freshwater life.
A century may sound like a long time before our rural streams are too salty to consume, but some waterways are already in trouble. Since 2001 EPA scientist Paul Mayer has been studying ground and surface water near Baltimore, Maryland. He's found that already it consistently measures 250mg/liter year round and sometimes twice that high.
"We have evidence that indicates road salt contributes to that chronically elevated chloride level," Mayer says. "You would expect to see that level in brackish water."
The trend is not easily reversible. Ground water tends to accumulate salt over long periods and then feed it into surface water. According to Mayer, "If you stopped adding road salt today, it might take decades [to leave the system]."
So are beets the answer? Beet juice is 100 percent biodegradable: "I could drink it. It's completely safe," says Mike Bellovis, owner of the beet juice company GeoMelt. The stuff also cuts salt application by 25 percent, according to GeoMelt. And that's not nothing when you consider the state of Ohio alone uses 650,000 tons of salt each year.
But even beet juice isn't completely innocuous. Adding it to water can have an impact says Sujay Kaushal, assistant professor of environmental science at University of Maryland's Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, and lead author of the PNAS study.
"Organic matter—anything from leaves to amino acids—anything carbon based that breaks down, needs to consume oxygen," explains Kaushal.
Oxygen-depleted water can also come at an environmental cost, killing animal and plant life. In one of the most extreme cases of oxygen depletion, known as hypoxia, more than 22,000 square km in the Gulf of Mexico lost much of its commercial fishing industry.
While Kaushal says he has not studied the effects of beet juice on fresh water specifically, he sees a larger problem with adding anything to our water systems. The solution, he says, lies in how and where we build our roads.
The increasing mileage of roads and other impermeable paved surfaces causes more debris to be flushed into waterways. The web of streams, rivers, lakes, and wetlands that converge into a single waterway is called a region's watershed, or drainage basin; according to a 2002 Pew Oceans Commission study, a watershed begins to change in shape, temperature and pollution level once 10 percent of its land area is paved.
"Don't feel bad about what we do with deicer," Kaushal says, "because it keeps accident rates down. The driving factor is land use."
So, even if the beet can't fix the root of the problem, it could unearth questions as fundamental as how to keep our drinking water clean.
Story by Victoria Schlesinger. This article originally appeared in "Plenty" in February 2008.
See also:


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Rob Jones finds new identity in rowing
Oksana Masters and Rob Jones won the United States' first medal in mixed double sculls, a bronze at the London 2012 Paralympic Games.
Rob Jones started rowing in as part of his rehabilitation after losing both legs in an improvised explosive device (IED) explosion in Afghanistan in July 2010. The journey for the bilateral above knee amputee is still in its infancy but Jones is already making a name for himself in the Paralympic community.
In September, he and partner Oksana Masters became the first Americans to win a medal in the mixed double sculls at the 2012 Paralympic Games in London.
For his efforts, Jones was recognized as USRowing's Man of the Year on Dec. 1 at the organization's national convention in Oklahoma City. The award is given in recognition of outstanding contributions to men's rowing or to an outstanding man in rowing.
"I feel like I'm getting all the credit for a lot of the work other people have done," Jones said. "It's a privilege and I just plan on living up to the name."
Jones, a Virginia Tech graduate, arrived to the event sporting University of Virginia polo. The Cavaliers rowing program has meant a lot to him and his partner in their quest to make it to the Paralympic Games.
"Virginia has helped me out so much by letting Oksana and I train there for free and helping us out with our boat and everything," he said. "They let me come back so I thought since this is a rowing event, I'd wear their shirt."
Jones spent the first half of 2011 adjusting to life with prosthetics. He started rowing three months into his rehabilitation and in addition to rowing, started training for two triathlons. His only previous experience with rowing was on the rowing machine at a gym.
Jones was accustomed to being in great shape as a combat engineer in the U.S. Marines. After losing his legs, he worried about not being able to work out. Rowing helped change that.
One of the first big challenges after his injury were the Nations Olympic Distance Triathlon in Washington D.C., and the CFI Mini Triathlon. Then came the qualification process for the Paralympic Games.
"It's always fun to participate in other sports," Jones said of competing in the triathlons. "I always liked cycling before I was injured. I wasn't as in to running and swimming but they're fun. Those two races were my first big sports challenges after my injury. I succeeded in them, and that was a big step for me to get out there and challenge myself and succeed at it."
Jones took his competitive spirit to the next level with rowing. He joined with Masters and the two, who dubbed themselves "Bad Company", went on to win the U.S. Paralympic Trials - Rowing race in March 2012.
The U.S. had yet to qualify a mixed double sculls boat for the Games so the duo got the chance to do that in Serbia where they won the event. What the duo did in London was a first for the Americans in the event and something Jones is extremely happy to be a part of.
"It was really satisfying to make good on all the work we had been doing – all the help we'd gotten," he said. "I'm happy about winning bronze, but I'm not quite satisfied because there's two more places we could move up."
Jones has not decided if he will try to compete at the Rio de Janeiro 2016 Paralympic Games. His next event is the world championships and then he has plans to bike across the country.
When looking back on what he has done in his brief rowing career, Jones carries a positive spirit, reflective of his military background.
He also has aspirations to become a stand-up comedian one day. For now, he will continue training and may take part in a few open mic nights around the Washington, D.C., area.
"I just tell people I think anybody could've done (what I've done)," he said. "I just happen to come along at the perfect time. I saw guys in the hospital every day that were just as positive as I was and working just as hard as I was. It's not totally a unique experience to me, but I guess I didn't have a choice but to move on. It wasn't a difficult decision for me."
Cassie Gage is a freelance contributor for USParalympics.org. This story was not subject to the approval of any National Governing Bodies.


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These games teach valuable skills and have a high fun and educational rating.
Your child develops their vocabulary as they watch short clips from Martha Speaks.
Your child improves cognitive development by controlling a vehicle using a remote control and hitting the correct button at the appropriate time.
Your child improves creative development by creating a musical beat using various instruments.
Your child develops artistic and creative abilities as they print and color these Martha coloring sheets.
Zoodles 11.8.7 Copyright (c) 2014 Inquisitive Minds, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Welcome to the Douglas County Clerk-Treasurer's Website
Welcome to Douglas County Clerk-Treasurer's website! Our goal is to provide you with excellent customer service as we perform vital functions for Douglas County. This website is developed as an extension to our offices within the County. Whether you use our website or visit our Treasurer's office, Clerk's Office or Tahoe General Services Office, we look forward to serving you. I would love to hear your suggestions and comments about our website or office operations. Please contact me at firstname.lastname@example.com with any concerns, comments or suggestions.
Thank you and Enjoy,
Kathy Lewis, CPA, Clerk/Treasurer


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"I start early and I stay late, day after day, year after year, it took me 17 years and 114 days to become an overnight success."
– Lionel Messi
Rome was not built in a day. And yes there is nothing like the so called overnight success. You need to practice day in and day out on your pathway to success. So for an ideal GATE 2017 preparation, you need to start early and there can't be a better than by starting it right now! Inorder to be successful, focus on your Civil Engineering stream, cover all the topics from very basic to the latest advanced topics. You can also prepare using previous years' GATE solved question papers that are available online or purchase them from your nearest offline book store.
This video is based on series of lectures on Basic Civil subject. We would like to thank Head Educational Technology Service Center IIT New Delhi for providing us this highly educative video. Here we look into Module 14 of Civil Engineering Building Materials and Construction which deals with Roof and Floor Construction. Come let us join Dr.B.Bhattacharjee for Lecture 1 on this topic…
Please click on the link below to watch the video on Roof and Floor Construction:


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Denver University's Chamberlin Observatory celebrates an anniversary
There is a unique and elderly structure near the University of Denver campus that draws spectators all year round. The university's Chamberlin Observatory celebrates 120 years of astronomical study this year. Its refracting telescope, a beautiful 20-inch Alvan Clark-Saegmuller device, dates from 1894.
The Observatory is on the National Register of Historic Places and is kept active on the community's calendar by the Denver Astronomical Society's monthly events. The Observatory is situated in Observatory Park, near DU, at 2930 East Warren Avenue, Denver. It is made of red sandstone, a typical material used for buildings of distinction at the time of its construction in 1890. A wealthy local donor, Humphrey B. Chamberlin, gave the initial funds for its establishment.
Interested astronomers can contact the Denver Astronomical Society for details of public and special events. An anniversary celebration will be held at the Observatory from 9 a.m. to 1 p.m. on July 19. At 8:30 p.m. that night, an evening of star-gazing awaits all visitors attending the open house.
It's a fascinating destination for all ages and a step back in time to Denver as it looked in the 19th Century. More importantly, the Observatory introduces new astronomers to the science. Below, five-year-old Aiden Miller of Littleton gazes through the 26-foot length of the Clark-Saegmuller telescope to get a view of Venus in its crescent phase in this 2009 photo.


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they have been due lately but I think we go in their and sweep them 3 straight and come home to the cardinals rollin...
they have been due lately but I think we go in their and sweep them 3 straight and come home to the cardinals rollin...
Win the first, then win the second, then think about sweeping.
Sweep would be great, but 2 out of 3 again would be alright.
the reds have 53 games remaining, im just hoping they can go on 53, one game winning streaks.
It would be nice to sweep them but not for shure
A sweep should be the goal. God knows the Reds need to rack up the wins now before they head out for their west coast trip.
Just keep winning series
no, when is the last time we actually swept someone?
The last time a thread started like this the Reds was the team that got swept. :thumbdown
oakland series is the last sweep.
Yes!!! I vote sweep!!! Who's with me??? :all_cohol
The Cubs have been better as of late
He must have meant today. The Cubs were better, today
haha, The cubs kind of scare me, only because I think they're one of the more talented "bad" teams if that makes sense. Aramis Ramirez has started to hit a little bit, and Lee, Soriano, Byrd, and Colvin can always have a good game. That being said, i'll be happy with 2/3. A sweep vs. St. Louis would be unbelievable!
It seems like the Reds have had a few opportunities for sweeps this year, but lost the series finale several times. Or maybe I'm just imagining that. Winning series is the goal but, as someone else mentioned, the Reds need to rack up a lot of W's before they head out west. Sure would like to put some space between us and the Cardinals before that trip. And sweeping the Cubs would be a great start.
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Last night, our country sat through the second of three Presidential Debates (it was like detention for America).
Just my opinion (it's my blog after all), President Obama and Mr. Romney acted like spoiled immature children.
And that's an insult to spoiled immature children everywhere.
If they talked that way in school, we would have big trouble.
And by we, I mean them.
Did they not learn anything in kindergarten?
Did they not learn to play fair?
Did they not learn to say I'm sorry when they hurt somebody's feelings?
I wonder if they washed their hands before the debate?
Did they take a nap beforehand?
Do they not understand when you go out into the world, you need to stick together? It's one for all, not one against one.
Did their teachers and parents not teach them how to talk nicely?
Did they not learn that in order to get respect, you have to show others respect?
Did they miss the day when they should have learned to listen to other peoples' opinions without interrupting?
They probably weren't embarassed by their behavior, but I was embarassed for them (this is how I always feel about junior high boys).
I may be the only one, but I'm not comfortable electing a President who doesn't seem to have the basic skills and understanding I expect from a 5 year old.
I know two gentlemen who need a time out. And I bet they would color outside the lines if someone wasn't watching them.


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Day's Worst: Please, no price gouging for fire victims
The rents are going up in Colorado Springs as a result of victims of the Black Forest fire looking for accommodations.
According to the Colorado Springs Gazette, the number of available rental properties in the Pikes Peak Association of Realtors Multiple Listing Service for Colorado Springs was 698, or a 1.5 month supply.
The average rental price for those listed properties had increased to $1,289 per month, up from $1,200 as of May 30.
Realtors think the rents, which have already been climbing for years as a result foreclosures and prolonged unemployment, will keep climbing more.


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This guide provides an overview of OnApp's cloud deployment and management software, and explains in detail how to configure and manage your cloud using the OnApp Control Panel interface.
Key to interface and icons
This guide refers to various elements of the OnApp interface, including Menu items, Tabs, Icons and Buttons. These are illustrated below. The specific functions available depend on the permissions assigned to the user currently logged in.
This guide is aimed at Administrators and Users with limited permissions will not be able to access all functionality, or may be denied access to functions they can see.
The following icons are referred to in this guide:
Unknown macro: {next_previous_links}


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In the highest-scoring game in team history and one of the most exciting games of the season, the Houston Dynamo earned a gutsy 4-4 road tie with Mexican power Pumas UNAM in Mexico City Tuesday night.
It is the first time any MLS team has ever earned a point in a competitive road game against a Mexican club, a streak that has included 12 games over more than 10 years.
The Dynamo opened up a 2-0 lead in the first 16 minutes but saw their momentum halted in the 19th minute, when midfielder Stuart Holden, who had led the way on both sides of the ball in the early going, went down injured. Pumas continued playing and scored its first goal with Holden still on the ground. Holden left the game due to injury four minutes later.
Kei Kamara scored two first-half goals for the Dynamo, with the first goal coming after sensational team buildup that included Geoff Cameron and Corey Ashe and the second coming on a penalty kick after Ashe was fouled in the box. Kamara now has five goals in 12 games with the Dynamo in all competitions.
Defender Craig Waibel scored his first two goals of the season to bookend the scoring, striking in the fourth minute with a header from a Stuart Holden corner kick and tying the game in the 50th minute when Brian Mullan followed the clearance of his own corner kick and played it to the back post, where Waibel headed it past Sergio Bernal.
Midfielder Ricardo Clark, playing in his 31st total Dynamo game this season, was substituted for the first time all year in the 61st minute after playing all 2,791 minutes when available for selection.
Houston goalkeeper Pat Onstad made five saves, including a crucial breakaway save in the 36th minute, as the Dynamo played to their fourth consecutive tie.
Houston is now 0-0-3 on its current road swing, which includes four games in four different countries in 12 days. The Dynamo will play at the Colorado Rapids on Saturday before returning home October 7.
Houston Dynamo (0-0-2) vs. Pumas UNAM (1-0-2)
September 30, 2008 – Estadio Olimpico Universitario, Mexico City MEX
2008-09 CONCACAF Champions League -- Group B
Scoring Summary:
HOU -- Craig Waibel 1 (Stuart Holden 1) 4
HOU -- Kei Kamara 1 (Corey Ashe 1, Geoff Cameron 1) 16
PUM -- Dante Lopez 1 (Francisco Palencia) 19
PUM -- Efrain Juarez 1 (unassisted) 26
HOU -- Kei Kamara 2 (penalty kick) 34
PUM -- Francisco Palencia 1 (Fernando Morales) 41
PUM -- Dario Veron 1 (Ismael Iniguez) 47+
HOU -- Craig Waibel 2 (Brian Mullan 1) 50
Houston Dynamo -- Pat Onstad, Craig Waibel, Bobby Boswell, Eddie Robinson, Wade Barrett, Geoff Cameron (Dwayne De Rosario 65), Ricardo Clark (Richard Mulrooney 61), Stuart Holden (Brian Mullan 23), Corey Ashe, Nate Jaqua, Kei Kamara.
Substitutes Not Used: Tony Caig, Patrick Ianni, Mike Chabala, Chris Wondolowski.
Pumas UNAM -- Sergio Bernal, Efrain Juarez, Humberto Gonzalez, Dario Veron (Marco Antonio Palacios 50), Efrain Velarde, Ismael Iniguez, Israel Castro, Jehu Chiapas, Fernando Morales, Francisco Palencia (Martin Bravo 77), Dante Lopez (Juan Carlos Cacho 64).
Substitutes Not Used: Odin Patino, David Cabrera, Fernando Espinoza, David Toledo.
Misconduct Summary:
HOU -- Eddie Robinson (caution; Reckless Tackle) 26
Referee: Walter Quesada (CRC)
Referee's Assistants: Leonel Leal (CRC); Edgar Mora (CRC)
4th Official: Jorge Gasso (MEX)
Attendance: 9,179
Weather: Clear-and-64 degrees
All statistics contained in this boxscore are unofficial


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You have seen cosmetics labels reading "no animal testing" or "cruelty free". This is a good thing, of course, as none of us wants our personal care or beauty products to put an animals well being at risk. Lavera does not perform any animal testing – Lavera products are tested on human volunteers under dermatogist supervision.
It is important to keep in mind, however, that cruelty free is not synonymous with organic, natural, or non-toxic. While it is true that most manufacturers of natural beauty products are against animal testing, there are no legal definitions for "cruelty free". Furthermore, a cosmetics manufacturer can label their products as cruelty free, but still purchase ingredients from suppliers who conduct animal testing.
There are a few societies that certify products are cruelty free. The BDIH is the organization that certifies Lavera products to be both Natural and Cruelty free. Its requirements for certification include the following:
- No animal testing may be performed or commissioned when end products are manufactured, developed or tested.
- Raw materials that were not available on the market before 01.01.1998 may only be used if they have not been tested on animals. This does not include animal testing performed by third parties who neither were ordered/prompted by the ordering party to do so nor are associated to the ordering party by company law or by contract.
- It is prohibited to use raw materials obtained from dead vertebrates (e.g. spermaceti, terrapin oil, mink oil, marmot fat, animal fats, animal collagen or living cells).
The European Union established a ban on animal testing implemented in 2004 on finished cosmetics products. In March of 2009 an amendment to the ban outlawed animal testing in seven toxicity tests on any ingredient used in a cosmetic product. These tests are for skin irritancy, sensitivity to light, corrosivity, skin absorption, genetic toxicity, eye irritancy, and acute toxicity. The amendment also bans the import of cosmetics containing ingredients that have been animal tested in this way. Another ban, set for March of 2013, would outlaw eight more tests – these to determine long-term effects, like cancer or birth defects. Currently, the US has no such restrictions on animal testing of cosmetic ingredients or finished cosmetic products.
So, what exactly is animal testing? In the cosmetics world, ingredients are tested on animals to determine whether they are safe for use by human beings. But let's look at the big picture here.
Animal research is a booming business, killing upward of 100 million animals each year. Organ transplants and certain vaccines are just a couple of the hugely beneficial findings garnered from animal research. But then there are the rats, rabbits, monkeys, and dogs who are harmed and killed to test ingredients for lipstick, body shimmer and the latest anti-aging serum. Is this really worth it? Surely does not seem so.
These tests aim to measure an ingredient's toxicity level, and irritation or damage to skin and eyes. During the Draize test, caustic substances are placed in the eyes of rabbits to determine the damage to their eye tissue. There is also the lethal dosage (LD) test, which is used to figure out how much of a certain substance it takes to kill a predetermined ratio of animals.
Besides the ethical issue of testing on animals, another issue is its effectiveness. The effects of an ingredient on an animal can vary greatly from that of a human. And because our lifespan is so much longer than animals, the negative effects of an ingredient can build over time in our bodies and show up as having no negative effects when tested on animals.
There are alternatives to animal testing that can achieve the same, if not better measurement of results. Testing on individual cells or on proteins in a lab environment (in vitro) or on human volunteers (in vivo) are much more ethical practices, and many cosmetics companies are beginning to use them.
All Lavera products carry BDIH certification, adhering to stringent guidelines for ingredient usage and manufacturing processes, including the prohibition of animal testing. Even more, over 100 Lavera products are certified vegan by the Vegan Society. With Lavera products, you can look AND feel great knowing you are not harming your health or that of other animals!


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Men's Sterling Silver Sea Turtle Ring from Bali, "Gallant Turtle"
Coming Back!
This item is available for backorder and will ship within 2 to 8 weeks. Read more
Pre-Order Now!
This item is available for pre-order and will ship within 2 to 8 weeks. Read more
Depicting the image of a gallant sea turtle in relief, this sterling silver men's ring is designed by Bali's Putu Gede Darmawan. Local artisans craft the ring, detailed around the band with turtle shell patterns.
- 11 grams
- 0.39 oz
- Ring front dimensions: 1.8 cm L x 1.2 cm W x 0.5 cm H
- Ring front dimensions: 0.7" L x 0.5" W x 0.2" H
- Band width: 4 mm
- Band width: 4 mm
- View ring size chart
He has been able to grow his workshop and offer now offers work to others. people. Putu has created a number of jobs for artisans in his community and has helped them achieve better lives.
Putu Gede Darmawan has received 8 microcredit loans with 0% interest from Kiva and Novica, the first for $2300 and the most recent for $5000. Proceeds were used to purchase silver and natural gemstones.
This artist is currently supporting and providing for the education of their children, grandchildren, or children in their community, whether it be at the primary, secondary, or university level.
This artist uses traditional techniques handed down through the generations and/or creates culturally significant items, helping keep these traditions alive.
This artist striving to supporting their own or their family's basic needs and improve their livelihood.
Every purchase from this artist has a profound impact on their livelihood and income.
This artist has dramatically improved their livelihood by working with NOVICA.
Putu has four children that he cares for.
1 Artisan Impacted
0 Helpful Vote (verified_buyer)
Verified Buyer
"Gallant Turtle Ring"
I am very pleased with the excellent quality and workmanship of this ring. It exceeded my expectations and I?ve found it to be flawless! I would not hesitate to recommend it and Novica to my friends and family. Thank you very much! Larry Swarer Tulsa, Oklahoma USA
Best Uses
- Fashionable jewelry
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Meet the Artist
Putu Gede Darmawan
Handcrafted sterling silver and gemstone jewelry
Bali and Java58 artist reviews
Cause Badges
Putu Gede Darmawan Handcrafted sterling silver and gemstone jewelry
"I've come to realize the importance of having a skill so that one may have more opportunities in life, so I've made a point of offering free training in silversmith techniques."
"There are many people in my neighborhood who were unable to finish their studies due to financial difficulties. Some of them have had to resort to begging on the streets. I've come to realize the importance of having a skill so that you may have more opportunities in life, so I've made a point of offering free training in silversmith techniques. My hope is that by doing so, people in need will eventually be able to earn a living and support their families.
"By purchasing my collections through Novica's website, you're not just helping me, but at the same time you will be helping other families get the opportunity to learn and work with me in order to reach better quality of life."
58 Testimonials for Putu Gede Darmawan
pittsburgh pa
Casper, Wyoming, USA
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US Ring Size: 9,11
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SandstormMen's Patterned Sterling Silver and Brass Band Ring
US Ring Size: 115.0


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Oceanaut Men's Barletta
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About Oceanaut
Oceanaut watches evoke a lifestyle of luxury and fashion. Classic designs, with bold dial colors, textured and two dimensional dials, curved cases and sapphire crystals are some of the details enjoyed by Oceanaut consumers. Oceanaut watches are designed by master craftsmen, using the highest quality Swiss components, genuine diamonds and ceramic. This attention to detail is what makes Oceanaut a true timepiece.
Stainless steel case, Leather Strap, Silver dial, Swiss Quartz movement, Scratch resistant mineral, Water resistant up to 5 ATM – 50 meters – 165 feet
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This watch is offered by Kogan HK Ltd and is imported directly from the USA. The price you pay for this product does not include any taxes or duties. There may be customs fees and GST payable by you upon the importation of this product into Australia. For more information on instances where customs fees and GST may apply, click here.
All watches sold by Kogan are authentic, brand new timepieces supplied in the manufacturer's packaging with all accessories included.
All watches sold by Kogan come standard with a 12 month warranty, with the option for you to purchase an extended warranty of 3 or 5 years. See our warranty terms and conditions for more details.
This Product is offered and supplied by Kogan HK Limited pursuant to the Terms and Conditions.


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Youth Meetings
19-25 July 2014: The 9th ELSA Youth Meeting, The Netherlands
The European League of Stuttering Associations (ELSA) is holding a Youth Meeting in July 2014 at a location in the centre of The Netherlands. This is ELSA's 9th Youth Meeting, the first being in Linköping at the time the World Congress in 1995, the second in Nijmegen in 1997, the third in Mullsjö, Sweden in 2000 and the fourth, fifth, and sixth again in Nijmegen in 2003, 2005 and 2007, the seventh and eight were in Giggleswick in 2009 and 2011.
A letter is addressed to the Boards/Committees and offices of every European National Stuttering Association inviting them to nominate up to four people between 18 and 27 years old who stutter to participate in the Youth Meeting.
The meeting will be 6 days starting Saturday evening 19 July and finishing Friday morning 25 July. The Meeting will consist of workshops, lectures, presentations, social outings and many other activities. The title of the Youth Meeting is, because of it's connection with the World congress of 2013 :
"See no Evil, Hear no Evil, Speak no Evil"
Breaking Taboos around Stuttering
Download the official invitation letter to all associations as PDF.
Download the extra letter for participants as PDF.
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This protocol simulator started one weekend as a test program while developing a SCADA/HMI with modbus RTU and TCP/IP and afterward came in useful testing an embedded gnu-Linux device too. It has worked so well for me, I decided to put a nice GUI onto it and release it for free.
The modbus protocol, also called open-mbus is implemented in many process control and monitoring devices, while most SCADA or HMI systems have a driver. Please download it to try it out.
- Why is it called MOD_RSSIM?
- Because it started out as a Modbus RS-232 Simulator ...but it grew as all applications do, I added TCP/IP support and later, Allen Bradley DF1 slave. Even a simple DF1 master with fixed polling.
Typical uses include:
- Verifying a SCADA/HMI configuration.
- Developing modbus master and slave drivers, for embedded devices and desktop platforms.
- Learning the Modbus protocols.
Quick-start to using the free Modbus Slave


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On A Positive Note: Ben Roethlisberger Foundation makes grant to Denver Sheriff's K-9 Unit
The Denver Broncos gave the Pittsburgh Steelers a shellacking on Sunday night at Sports Authority Field, beating them 31-19 in the NFL season opener. Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger may have been bummed out by the score, but he left the Mile High City feeling pretty good about his visit.
Why? Because before suiting up, Roethlisberger announced that the first grant of the 2012-13 season from his Ben Roethlisberger Foundation at The Giving Back Fund would be to the Denver Sheriff's Department. The money will be used to help purchase a canine trained in explosives detection and the necessary training and certification for the handler. In July, the department's existing K-9 was used to sweep the theaters after the Aurora shooting tragedy.


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A fruity pear fragrance, sweet and long lasting
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A fresh, ripe, juicy watermelon fragrance. Top notes of watermelon, strawberry and pineapple. Mid notes of floral an sweet peach. Musk, vanilla and...Read More