text:
Official Short: Manhattan Project National Historical Park Act
Long Title: To establish the Manhattan Project National Historical Park in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Hanford, Washington, and for other purposes.
Sponsors: Ms. Cantwell, Mr. Alexander, Mr. Heinrich, Mrs. Murray, and Mr. Udall of New Mexico.
- March 7, 2013.--Introduced.
- April 23, 2013.--Subcommittee on National Parks hearings held.
- May 16, 2013.--Full committee markup; Ordered to be reported with amendments favorably.
- June 27, 2013.--Reported to Senate with amendments. S. Rept. 113-65.
- June 27, 2013.--Placed on Senate Legislative Calendar [Calendar No. 119]
Manhattan Project National Historical Park Act
(Introduced in Senate - IS)
Ridge, Tennessee, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Hanford, Washington, and for other
Ms. CANTWELL (for herself, Mr. ALEXANDER, Mr. HEINRICH, Mrs. MURRAY, and Mr.
UDALL of New Mexico) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and
referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
Ridge, Tennessee, Los Alamos, New Mexico, and Hanford, Washington, and for other
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America in Congress assembled,
- This Act may be cited as the `Manhattan Project National Historical Park
- Act'.
- Congress finds that--
- (1) the Manhattan Project was an unprecedented top-secret program
- implemented during World War II to produce an atomic bomb before Nazi
- Germany;
- (2) a panel of experts convened by the President's Advisory Council on
- Historic Preservation in 2001--
- (A) stated that `the development and use of the atomic bomb during World War
- II has been called `the single most significant event of the 20th century';
- and
- (B) recommended that nationally significant sites associated with the
- Manhattan Project be formally established as a collective unit and be
- administered for preservation, commemoration, and public interpretation in
- cooperation with the National Park Service;
- (3) the Manhattan Project National Historical Park Study Act (Public Law
- 108-340; 118 Stat. 1362) directed the Secretary of the Interior, in consultation
- with the Secretary of Energy, to conduct a special resource study of the
- historically significant sites associated with the Manhattan Project to assess
- the national significance, suitability, and feasibility of designating 1 or more
- sites as a unit of the National Park System;
- (4) after significant public input, the National Park Service study found
- that `including Manhattan Project-related sites in the national park system will
- expand and enhance the protection and preservation of such resources and provide
- for comprehensive interpretation and public understanding of this nationally
- significant story in the 20th century American history';
- (5) the Department of the Interior, with the concurrence of the Department
- of Energy, recommended the establishment of a Manhattan Project National
- Historical Park comprised of resources at--
- (A) Oak Ridge, Tennessee;
- (B) Los Alamos, New Mexico; and
- (C) Hanford, in the Tri-Cities area, Washington;
- (6) designation of a Manhattan Project National Historical Park as a unit of
- the National Park System would improve the preservation of, interpretation of,
- and access to the nationally significant historic resources associated with the
- Manhattan Project for present and future generations to gain a better
- understanding of the Manhattan Project, including the significant, far-reaching,
- and complex legacy of the Manhattan Project; and
- (7) the permanent historical preservation of the B Reactor at Hanford as
- part of the Manhattan National Historical Park would provide significant savings
- to the Federal Government relative to placing the reactor into interim safe
- storage and subsequently dismantling the reactor--
- (A) as determined as part of the Record of Decision entitled
- `Decommissioning of Eight Surplus Production 3 Reactors at the Hanford Site,
- Richland, WA'; and
- (B) as included within milestone M-093-00 of the Hanford Federal Facility
- Agreement and Consent Order.
- The purposes of this Act are--
- (1) to preserve and protect for the benefit and education of present and
- future generations the nationally significant historic resources associated with
- the Manhattan Project;
- (2) to improve public understanding of the Manhattan Project and the legacy
- of the Manhattan Project through interpretation of the historic resources
- associated with the Manhattan Project;
- (3) to enhance public access to the Historical Park, consistent with
- protection of public safety, national security, and other aspects of the mission
- of the Department of Energy; and
- (4) to assist the Department of Energy, Historical Park communities,
- historical societies, and other interested organizations and individuals in
- efforts to preserve and protect the historically significant resources
- associated with the Manhattan Project.
- In this Act:
- (1) HISTORICAL PARK- The term `Historical Park' means the Manhattan Project
- National Historical Park established under section 5.
- (2) MANHATTAN PROJECT- The term `Manhattan Project' means the Federal
- program to develop an atomic bomb ending on December 31, 1946.
- (3) SECRETARY- The term `Secretary' means the Secretary of the
- Interior.
- (a) Establishment- Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this
- Act, there shall be established as a unit of the National Park System the
- Manhattan Project National Historical Park.
- (b) Eligible Areas- The Historical Park may be comprised of 1 or more of the
- following areas or portions of the areas, as generally depicted on the map
- entitled `Manhattan Project National Historical Park Sites', numbered
- 540/108,834-C, and dated September 2012:
- (1) OAK RIDGE, TENNESSEE- Facilities, land, or interests in land that
- are--
- (A) at Buildings 9204-3 and 9731 at the Y-12 National Security
- Complex;
- (B) at the X-10 Graphite Reactor at the Oak Ridge National
- Laboratory;
- (C) at the K-25 Building site at the East Tennessee Technology
- Park;
- (D) at the former Guest House located at 210 East Madison Road;
- and
- (E) at other sites within the boundary of the city of Oak Ridge, Tennessee,
- that are not depicted on the map described in this subsection, but are
- determined by the Secretary to be suitable and appropriate for
- inclusion.
- (2) LOS ALAMOS, NEW MEXICO- Facilities, land, or interests in land that
- are--
- (A) in the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory National Historic Landmark
- District or any addition to the Landmark District proposed in the National
- Historic Landmark Nomination--Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory (LASL) NHL
- District (Working Draft of NHL Revision), Los Alamos National Laboratory
- document LA-UR 12-00387 (January 26, 2012);
- (B) at the former East Cafeteria located at 1670 Nectar Street;
- and
- (C) at the former dormitory located at 1725 17th Street.
- (3) HANFORD, WASHINGTON- Facilities, land, or interests in land that
- are--
- (A) in the B Reactor National Historic Landmark;
- (B) at the Hanford High School in the town of Hanford and Hanford
- Construction Camp Historic District;
- (C) at the White Bluffs Bank building in the White Bluffs Historic
- District;
- (D) at the warehouse in the Bruggemann's Agricultural
- Complex;
- (E) at the Hanford Irrigation District Pump House; and
- (F) at the T Plant (221-T Process Building).
- (c) Availability of Map- The map described in subsection (b) shall be kept
- on file and available for public inspection in the appropriate offices of the
- National Park Service and the Department of Energy.
- (a) In General- Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this
- Act, the Secretary and the Secretary of Energy (acting through the Oak Ridge,
- Richland, and Los Alamos site offices) shall enter into an agreement governing
- the respective roles of the Secretary and the Secretary of Energy in
- administering the facilities, land, or interests in land under the
- administrative jurisdiction of the Department of Energy that is to be included
- in the Historical Park, including provisions for public access, management,
- interpretation, and historic preservation.
- (b) Responsibilities of the Secretary- Any agreement under subsection (a)
- shall provide that the Secretary shall--
- (1) have decisionmaking authority for the content of historic interpretation
- of the Manhattan Project for purposes of administering the Historical Park;
- and
- (2) ensure that the agreement provides an appropriate role for the National
- Park Service in preserving the historic resources covered by the
- agreement.
- (c) Responsibilities of the Secretary of Energy- Any agreement under
- subsection (a) shall provide that the Secretary of Energy--
- (1) shall ensure that the agreement appropriately protects public safety,
- national security, and other aspects of the ongoing mission of the Department of
- Energy at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, Hanford Site, and Oak Ridge
- Reservation;
- (2) may consult with and provide historical information to the Secretary
- concerning the Manhattan Project; and
- (3) shall retain responsibility, in accordance with applicable law, for any
- environmental remediation and structural safety that may be necessary in or
- around the facilities, land, or interests in land governed by the
- agreement.
- (d) Amendments- The agreement under subsection (a) may be amended, including
- to add to the Historical Park facilities, land, or interests in land described
- in section 5(b) that are under the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Energy.
- (a) In General- The Secretary shall consult with interested State, county,
- and local officials, organizations, and interested members of the public--
- (1) before executing any agreement under section 6; and
- (2) in the development of the general management plan under section
- 8(b).
- (b) Notice of Determination- Not later than 30 days after the date on which
- an agreement under section 6 is executed, the Secretary shall publish in the
- Federal Register notice of the establishment of the Historical Park, including
- an official boundary map.
- (c) Availability of Map- The official boundary map published under
- subsection (b) shall be on file and available for public inspection in the
- appropriate offices of the National Park Service.
- (d) Additions- Any land, interest in land, or facility within the eligible
- areas described in section 5(b) that is acquired by the Secretary or included in
- an amendment to the agreement under section 6(d) shall be added to the
- Historical Park.
- (a) In General- The Secretary shall administer the Historical Park in
- accordance with--
- (1) this Act; and
- (2) the laws generally applicable to units of the National Park System,
- including--
- (A) the National Park System Organic Act (16 U.S.C. 1 et seq.);
- and
- (B) the Act of August 21, 1935 (16 U.S.C. 461 et seq.).
- (b) General Management Plan- Not later than 3 years after the date on which
- funds are made available to carry out this section, the Secretary, in
- consultation with the Secretary of Energy, shall complete a general management
- plan for the Historical Park in accordance with--
- (1) section 12(b) of Public Law 91-383 (commonly known as the `National Park
- Service General Authorities Act') (16 U.S.C. 1a-7(b)); and
- (2) the agreement established under section 6.
- (c) Interpretive Tours- The Secretary may, subject to applicable law,
- provide interpretive tours of historically significant Manhattan Project sites
- and resources in the States of Tennessee, New Mexico, and Washington that are
- located outside the boundary of the Historical Park.
- (d) Land Acquisition-
- (1) IN GENERAL- The Secretary may only acquire land and interests in land
- within the eligible areas described in section 5(b) by--
- (A) transfer of administrative jurisdiction from the Department of Energy by
- agreement between the Secretary and the Secretary of Energy; or
- (B) purchase from willing sellers, donation, or exchange.
- (2) FACILITIES- The Secretary may acquire land or interests in land in the
- vicinity of Historical Park for visitor and administrative facilities.
- (e) Donations; Cooperative Agreements-
- (A) IN GENERAL- The Secretary may enter into 1 or more agreements with the
- head of a Federal agency to provide public access to, and management,
- interpretation, and historic preservation of, historically significant Manhattan
- Project resources under the jurisdiction or control of the Federal
- agency.
- (B) DONATIONS; COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS- The Secretary may accept donations
- from, and enter into cooperative agreements with, State governments, units of
- local government, tribal governments, organizations, or individuals to further
- the purpose of an interagency agreement entered into under subparagraph
- (2) TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE- The Secretary may provide technical assistance to
- State, local, or tribal governments, organizations, or individuals for the
- management, interpretation, and historic preservation of historically
- significant Manhattan Project resources not included within the Historical
- Park.
- (3) DONATIONS TO DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY- For the purposes of this Act, or for
- the purpose of preserving or providing access to historically significant
- resources relating to the Manhattan Project, the Secretary of Energy may accept,
- hold, administer, and use gifts, bequests, and devises (including labor and
- services).


text:
Ultra Racing
Full catalog of production Ultra Racing, tuning chassis and suspensions for most cars. Front Strut Bar, Front Upper Brace, Front Tower Bar, Rear Anti-roll Bar, Rear Sway Bar, Rear Stabilizer Bar, Fender Bars, Fender Brace, Front Anti-roll Bar, Front Sway Bar, Front Stabilizer Bar, Front Lower Bar, Front Member Brace, Rear Lower Bar, Rear Member Brace, Rear Strut Bar, Rear Tower Bar, Rear Torsion Bar, Rear Frame Brace, Room Bar, Rear Cross Bar, Side Lower Bar, Side Floor Bar. Big and easy choice with low cost. International shop & delivery. Pictures, descriptions, tests, movies.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
It wouldn't be the end of the year without end-of-year lists. So we thought we'd get a little meta and pick our best of the best-of-the-year lists of science and technology stories from around the web. As with our usual weekly rundown, this list is less about what was most popular, and more about the articles that people found the most memorable, stimulating or thought-provoking over the past 12 months.
So, in no particular order, here's our pick of the bloggers, magazines and sites who selected their favourite articles in science and tech. We'll add more links to the list as we see them. If you have any suggestions that you think we've missed, let us know in the usual way on Twitter or Facebook, and if we agree we'll add them to the list.
Top 10 science longreads of 2012
Ed Yong | Phenomena
We may be biased because he's a columnist at Future, but Ed Yong's list of his favourite long science articles online is a must-read compilation. From the story of a woman who moved a robotic limb with her imprisoned mind to an exploration of what makes humans explore, each article leaves a lasting image in the mind. And don't miss his list of hidden gems in 2012 too.
Best of 2012: Science
Best of 2012: Tech
Editors | Longform
The editors at Longform are heavyweight curators of new and classic writing online, and so their best-of lists will always be one to pick. This year's selection of science articles range from how we name colours (and why it messes with our brains), to the person who cannot feel pain, to the student who achieved nuclear fusion at the age of 14. They are also one of the very few outlets we saw that had a list of favourite tech articles, covering internet smears, scams and the 21st Century version of Hitchcock's Rear Window.
The 25 best reads on the web this year
Thomas Houston | The Verge
Rare is the time that we don't read The Verge's weekly must-read list, and here they've done the unenviable task of narrowing down their lists to the year's 25 best non-fiction writing on technology, art, science and culture. You can expect to discover everything from unmasking the biggest internet troll, the immense difficulties in building an artificial heart, and what Google Maps means for the future of everything.
Must-reads of 2012: Science
Curtis Brainard | The Observatory | Columbia Journalism Review
"Let your dork flag fly", says the article, introducing a briefly written but good list from Brainard. Subjects covered include nuclear plants, dinosaur farts, bed bug hysteria, and the biggest oil spill you've never heard of.
The best animal stories of 2012
Jason G Goldman and Matt Soniak | Thoughtful Animal | Scientific American
Stories about animals have a unique ability to captivate us, say Soniak and Future columnist Goldman, and to illustrate this their list contains selections that range from the scientifically important, to the quirky and to the surprising. Here, you can find out about a tool-making cockatoo, the perils of rising sea levels, gorillas that outsmart humans and the death of Lonesome George.
Features of the year
Editors | Nature
It's a selection of their own reads, but it's a selection of some of the best science writing as picked by some of the best editors around. As you'd imagine the list covers the full spectrum of science: from heroic measures to restore the fertility of a three-footed Sumatran rhino, to a scientist creating instruments that could help date features on the Moon and Mars.
In-depth 2012: The best long reads of the year
Editors | New Scientist
Another compilation of their own articles, but here the New Scientist editors also provide insight in what made their picks so memorable. You'll need to register to see their picks, but it's worth it; subjects covered include the algorithm that runs the world, the precious material carried in a sperm whale's gut, and a reporter who tried to hack her own brain.
The best feature stories of 2012
Editors | SciDevNet
A truly global look at scientific innovation, SciDevNet's pick of its best features covers Fiji's fisheries, Arab science education and deep-sea mining in Africa. One to read if you want to see the developments at grassroots levels that often don't make it to the mainstream news.
2012: The year in graphics
New York Times
Story-telling comes in many forms, and a good infographic can portray a message instantly in a way that a thousand words can often fail to do. Some of the best graphics in the business come from the New York Times, and they collected their year's best – covering front-page news stories like the history of US drought, Facebook's IPO or Hurricane Sandy's destruction, or illuminating an esoteric subject, like their memorable motion-capture-derived graphic that showed the gestures involved in conducting an orchestra look similar to Picasso's "light drawings."
If you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on Future, head over to our Facebook page or message us on Twitter.


text:
SET 1: Take the 'A' Train > Reba, Colonel Forbin's Ascent[1] > Fly Famous Mockingbird, Bathtub Gin, David Bowie, Lawn Boy, Bouncing Around the Room, The Oh Kee Pa Ceremony > AC/DC Bag
SET 2: Rocky Top[2], Uncle Pen[2], Run Like an Antelope[3], Mike's Song > I Am Hydrogen > Weekapaug Groove, Hold Your Head Up[4] > Fee[5], Terrapin[6] > Hold Your Head Up, Possum, Fee, Big Black Furry Creature from Mars, Contact
Add a Review
March 27, 1993
25 years ago
Warfield Theatre
Set 1: Llama, Guelah Papyrus, Rift, Stash, Reba, My Friend, My Friend[1], Uncle Pen, Sample in a Jar, I Didn't Know[2], David Bowie[3]
Set 2: Buried Alive > Halley's Comet > It's Ice > Bouncing Around the Room, Chalk Dust Torture, The Man Who Stepped Into Yesterday > Avenu Malkenu > The Man Who Stepped Into Yesterday > Mike's Song > I Am Hydrogen > Weekapaug Groove, Hold Your Head Up > Cracklin' Rosie > Hold Your Head Up, Poor Heart > Golgi Apparatus
Encore: The Squirming Coil, Carolina
[1] Beginning featured Trey on acoustic guitar.
[2] Fish on trombone.
[3] All Fall Down signal in intro.
Phish.net is a non-commercial project run by Phish fans and for Phish fans under the auspices of the all-volunteer, non-profit Mockingbird Foundation.
This project serves to compile, preserve, and protect encyclopedic information about Phish and their music.
Credits | Terms Of Use | Legal | DMCA
The Mockingbird Foundation is a non-profit organization founded by Phish fans in 1996 to generate charitable proceeds from the Phish community.
And since we're entirely volunteer – with no office, salaries, or paid staff – administrative costs are less than 2% of revenues! So far, we've distributed just about $1,500,000 to support music education for children – hundreds of grants in all 50 states, with more on the way.


text:
Amerigo Vespucci
|Amerigo Vespucci
Statue outside the Uffizi, Florence.
March 9, 1454
Florence, Republic of Florence, in present-day Italy
February 22, 1512
Seville, Crown of Castile, in present-day Spain
|Other names
Américo Vespucio [es]
Americus Vespucius [la]
Américo Vespúcio [pt]
Alberigo Vespucci
|Merchant, Explorer, Cartographer
|Known for
|Demonstrating that the New World was not Asia but a previously unknown fourth continent.[a]
Amerigo Vespucci (Italian pronunciation: ; March 9, 1454 – February 22, 1512) was an Italian explorer, financier, navigator and cartographer who first demonstrated that Brazil and the West Indies did not represent Asia's eastern outskirts as initially conjectured from Columbus' voyages, but instead constituted an entirely separate landmass hitherto unknown to Afro-Eurasians. Colloquially referred to as the New World, this second super continent came to be termed "America", deriving its name from Americus, the Latin version of Vespucci's first name.[1][2]
Amerigo Vespucci was born and raised in Dominican friar of the monastery of San Marco in Florence.
While his elder brothers were sent to the [3] After these were delivered, Vespucci continued as a provision contractor for Indies expeditions, and is known to have secured beef supplies for at least one (if not two) of Columbus' voyages.[3]
At the invitation of king Manuel I of Portugal, Vespucci participated as observer in several voyages that explored the east coast of South America between 1499 and 1502. On the first of these voyages he was aboard the ship that discovered that South America extended much further south than previously thought.
The expeditions became widely known in Europe after two accounts attributed to Vespucci were published between 1502 and 1504. In 1507, Martin Waldseemüller produced a world map on which he named the new continent America after the feminine Latin version of Vespucci's first name, which is Americus. In an accompanying book, Waldseemüller published one of the Vespucci accounts, which led to criticism that Vespucci was trying to upset Christopher Columbus' glory. However, the rediscovery in the 18th century of other letters by Vespucci has led to the view that the early published accounts, notably the Soderini Letter, could be fabrications, not by Vespucci, but by others.
Historical role
In 1508 the position of chief of navigation of Spain (piloto mayor de Indias) was created for Vespucci, with the responsibility of planning navigation for voyages to the Indies.
Two letters attributed to Vespucci were published during his lifetime. Mundus Novus (New World) was a Latin translation of a lost Italian letter sent from Lisbon to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici. It describes a voyage to South America in 1501–1502. Mundus Novus was published in late 1502 or early 1503 and soon reprinted and distributed in numerous European countries.[4] Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci delle isole nuovamente trovate in quattro suoi viaggi (Letter of Amerigo Vespucci concerning the isles newly discovered on his four voyages), known as Lettera al Soderini or just Lettera, was a letter in Italian addressed to Piero Soderini. Printed in 1504 or 1505, it claimed to be an account of four voyages to the Americas made by Vespucci between 1497 and 1504. A Latin translation was published by the German Martin Waldseemüller in 1507 in Cosmographiae Introductio, a book on cosmography and geography, as Quattuor Americi Vespucij navigationes (Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci).[4]
On March 22, 1508, King Ferdinand made Vespucci chief navigator of Spain at a huge salary[5] and commissioned him to found a school of navigation, in order to standardize and modernize navigation techniques used by Iberian sea captains then exploring the world. Vespucci even developed a rudimentary, but fairly accurate method of determining longitude (which only more accurate chronometers would later improve upon).
In the 18th century three unpublished familiar letters from Vespucci to Lorenzo de' Medici were rediscovered. One describes a voyage made in 1499–1500 which corresponds with the second of the "four voyages". Another was written from Cape Verde in 1501 in the early part of the third of the four voyages, before crossing the Atlantic. The third letter was sent from Lisbon after the completion of that voyage.[4]
Some have suggested that Vespucci, in the two letters published in his lifetime, was exaggerating his role and constructed deliberate fabrications. However, many scholars now believe that the two letters were not written by him but were fabrications by others based in part on genuine letters by Vespucci. It was the publication and widespread circulation of the letters that might have led Waldseemüller to name the new continent America on his world map of 1507 in Lorraine. Vespucci used a Latinised form of his name, Americus Vespucius, in his Latin writings, which Waldseemüller used as a base for the new name, taking the feminine form America, according to the prevalent view (for other hypotheses, see the footnote in the introduction). The book accompanying the map stated: "I do not see what right any one would have to object to calling this part, after Americus who discovered it and who is a man of intelligence, Amerige, that is, the Land of Americus, or America: since both Europa and Asia got their names from women". It is possible that Vespucci was not aware that Waldseemüller had named the continent after him.[6]
The two disputed letters claim that Vespucci made four voyages to America, while at most two can be verified from other sources. At the moment there is a dispute between historians on when Vespucci visited the mainland the first time. Some historians like Germán Arciniegas and Gabriel Camargo Pérez think that his first voyage was made in June 1497 with the Spanish Pilot Juan de la Cosa.
Vespucci's real historical importance may well rest more in his letters, whether he wrote them all or not, than in his discoveries. From these letters, the European public learned about the newly discovered continents of the Americas for the first time; its existence became generally known throughout Europe within a few years of the letters' publication.
The first and fourth voyages are disputed to have occurred, while the second and third are certain voyages.
First voyage
A letter published in 1504 purports to be an account by Vespucci, written to Soderini, of a lengthy visit to the New World, leaving Spain in May 1497 and returning in October 1498. However, modern scholars have doubted that this voyage took place, and consider this letter a forgery.[7] Whoever did write the letter makes several observations of native customs, including use of hammocks and sweat lodges.[8] The names of Amerigo Vespucci's ships were the San Antiago, Repertaga, Wegiz, and the Girmand.
Second voyage
About 1499–1500, Vespucci joined an expedition in the service of Spain, with Alonso de Ojeda (or Hojeda) as the fleet commander. The intention was to sail around the southern end of the African mainland into the Indian Ocean.[9] After hitting land at the coast of what is now Guyana, the two seem to have separated. Vespucci sailed southward, discovering the mouth of the Amazon River and reaching 6°S, before turning around and seeing Trinidad and the Orinoco River and returning to Spain by way of Hispaniola. The letter, to Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de' Medici, claims that Vespucci determined his longitude celestially [10] on August 23, 1499, while on this voyage. However, that claim may be fraudulent,[10] which could cast doubt on the letter's credibility.
Third voyage
The last certain voyage of Vespucci was led by Gonçalo Coelho in 1501–1502 in the service of Portugal. Departing from Lisbon, the fleet sailed first to Cape Verde where they met two of Pedro Álvares Cabral's ships returning from India. In a letter from Cape Verde, Vespucci says that he hopes to visit the same lands that Álvares Cabral had explored, suggesting that the intention is to sail west to Asia, as on the 1499–1500 voyage.[9] On reaching the coast of Brazil, they sailed south along the coast of South America to Rio de Janeiro's bay. If his own account is to be believed, he reached the latitude of Patagonia before turning back, although this also seems doubtful, since his account does not mention the broad estuary of the Río de la Plata, which he must have seen if he had gotten that far south. Portuguese maps of South America, created after the voyage of Coelho and Vespucci, do not show any land south of present-day Cananéia at 25° S, so this may represent the southernmost extent of their voyages.
After the first half of the expedition, Vespucci mapped Ptolemy or Marco Polo and therefore, must be a New World, that is, a previously unknown fourth continent, after Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Fourth voyage
Vespucci's fourth voyage was another expedition for the Portuguese crown down the eastern coast of Brazil, that set out in May 1503 and returned to Portugal in June 1504. Like his alleged first voyage, Vespucci's last voyage in 1503–1504 is also disputed to have taken place.[12] The only source of information for the last voyage is the Letter to Soderini,[13] but as several modern scholars dispute Vespucci's authorship of the letter to Soderini, it is also sometimes doubted whether Vespucci undertook this trip.[b] However, Portuguese documents do confirm a voyage to Brazil was undertaken in 1503–04 by the captain Gonçalo Coelho, very likely the same captain of the 1501 mapping expedition (Vespucci's third voyage), and so it is quite possible that Vespucci went on board this one as well.[14] However, it is not independently confirmed Vespucci was aboard and there are some difficulties in the reported dates and details.
The letters caused controversy after Vespucci's death, especially among the supporters of Columbus who believed Columbus' priority for the discovery of America was being undermined, and seriously damaged Vespucci's reputation.[15]
Vespucci was a cousin of the husband of Simonetta Vespucci. He married Maria Cerezo. One of the very few references to Amerigo's wife is contained in a royal decree dated May 22, 1512 giving his widow, Maria Cerezo a lifetime pension of ten thousand marvedis per annum deducted from the salary of her husband's successor.[16]
Final years
Not long after his return to Spain, Vespucci became a Spanish citizen. On March 22, 1508 he was made the pilot major of Spain by Ferdinand II of Aragon in honor of his discoveries. Vespucci also ran a school for navigators. He died on February 22, 1512 at his home in Seville, Spain and was buried at Vespucci family burial place in Florence, Italy.[17][18]
- a Europeans had long conceptualized the Afro-Eurasian landmass as divided into the same three continents known today: Europe, Asia, and Africa. Once cosmographers realized that the New World was not connected to the Old (but before its true geography was fully mapped), they considered the Americas to be a single, fourth continent.
- b The question of the authenticity of Vespucci's authorship of the 1504 Mundus Novus and the 1505 Letter of Soderini, the only two texts published in Vespucci's lifetime, was famously raised by Magnaghi (1924). He proposed the Soderini letter was not written by Vespucci, but rather cobbled together by unscrupulous Florentine publishers, cutting and pasting together various accounts, some from Vespucci, others from elsewhere. Magnaghi was the first to propose that only the second and third voyages were true (as they are corroborated in Vespucci's other manuscript letters), while the first and fourth voyages (which are only found in the Soderini text) were fabricated by the publishers. The later (1937) discovery of a corrobotary Vespucci manuscript letter for the first voyage – the "Ridolfi fragment" (Formisiano, 1992: p.37-44) – means only the fourth voyage is really found in Soderini alone. The Magnaghi thesis has been a bitterly divisive factor in Vespucci scholarship. The Magnaghi thesis was accepted and popularized by Pohl (1944) but rejected by Arciniegas (1955), who posited all four voyages as truthful. Formisiano (1992) also rejects the Magnaghi thesis (although recognizing publishers probably fiddled with it), and declares all four voyages genuine, but in details (esp. the first) differing from Arciniegas. Fernández-Armesto (2007: p.128) declares the authenticity question "inconclusive", hypothesizes that the first voyage is probably just another version of the second, the third is unassailable, and the fourth probably true (but too mangled to be sure).
Further reading
- Amerigo Vespucci (Charles Lester Edwards, Amerigo Vespucci) [2009] Viartis ISBN 978-1-906421-02-1
- ^ See e.g. Encyclopædia Britannica Online, Amerigo Vespucci; and Room, Adrian. 2004. Placenames of the world: origins and meanings of the names for over 5000 natural features, countries, capitals, territories, cities and historic sights: America believed to have derived their name from the feminized Latin version of his first name.
- ^ Rival explanations have been proposed (see Arciniegas, Germán. Amerigo and the New World: The Life & Times of Amerigo Vespucci. Translated by Harriet de Onís. New York: Octagon Books, 1978.) For example, some have speculated that the name's origin may lie with Richard Amerike [1], or with the region Amerrique in Nicaragua. None of these theories has been accepted in mainstream academia.
- ^ a b c d C.R. Markham (1894) "Introduction", in The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci and other documents illustrative of his career. London: Hakluyt.
- ^ a b c Formisano, Luciano (Ed.) (1992). Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America. New York: Marsilio. ISBN 0-941419-62-2. Pp. xix–xxvi.
- ^ Ober, p. 234
- ^ Ray, p.93
- ^
- ^
- ^ a b
- ^ a b on a rainy and stormy day with calm seas, stars could be identified near the horizon to judge latitude/longitude celestially. Although South America's continental shelf drops quickly into the deep ocean beyond the Orinoco River, the mouth is on the shelf, avoiding the ocean swells and waves which hinder visibility of stars near the horizon. Seamen who could navigate from Europe to America and back could chart stars on the horizon, especially for a cartographer like Vespucci.
- ^ Dekker, Elly (1990), Annals of Science, vol. 47, pp. 535–543.
- ^ Ray, p.91
- ^ Markham, pp.52–56
- ^ Fernández-Armesto (2007: p.168-69).
- ^ Ray, pp.96–97; Arciniegas (1955:p.16)
- ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=T3AYguU0HcgC&pg=PT160&dq=amerigo+vespucci+death&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g3SqVJXCFIKjugTDyYLgCQ&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAw
- ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=QvP-m6EuU3UC&pg=PA20&dq=amerigo+vespucci+death&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qm2qVN3eDcaSuAT_9IHICQ&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAA
- ^ https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0eLn3I6iUtkC&pg=PA22&dq=amerigo+vespucci+death&hl=en&sa=X&ei=qm2qVN3eDcaSuAT_9IHICQ&ved=0CDYQ6AEwBQ
- Arciniegas, German (1955) Amerigo and the New World: The Life & Times of Amerigo Vespucci. New York: Knopf. 1955 English translation by Harriet de Onís. First edition published in Spanish in 1952 as Amerigo y el Nuevo Mundo, Mexico: Hermes.
- Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2007) Amerigo: The Man Who Gave his Name to America. New York: Random House.
- Formisano, Luciano (1992) Letters from a New World: Amerigo Vespucci's Discovery of America. New York: Marsilio.
- Magnaghi, Alberto (1924) Amerigo Vespucci: Studio critico, con speciale riguardo ad una nuova valutazione delle fonti e con documenti inediti tratti dal Codice Vaglienti, 2 vols, 1926 (2nd.) ed., Rome: Treves
- Pohl, Frederick J. (1944) Amerigo Vespucci: Pilot Major. New York: Columbia University Press.
- Ober, Frederick A. (1907) Heroes of American History: Amerigo Vespucci New York: Harper & Brothers
- Schulz, Norbert Amerigo Vespucci, Mundus Novus (mit Zweittexten). M.M.O., Verlag zur Förderung des Mittel- und Neulat (Vivarium (Series neolatina, Band II))) ISBN 978-3-9811144-2-3
- Markham, Clements R. (1894) The Letters of Amerigo Vespucci, and Other Documents Illustrative of His Career. Hakluyt Society. (Reissued by Cambridge University Press, 2010. ISBN 978-1-108-01286-7)
- Ray, Kurt (2003) Amerigo Vespucci: Italian Explorer of the Americas, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2003 ISBN 0823936155.
External links
- Canaday, James A. The Life of Amerigo Vespucci
- Works by Amerigo Vespucci at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Amerigo Vespucci at Internet Archive
- Vespucci, Amerigo. "Account of His First Voyage 1497 (Letter to Pier Soderini, Gonfalonier of the Republic of Florence)". Internet Modern History Sourcebook-Fordham University (U.S.)
- Mason, Wyatt, 'I am America. (And So?)' The New York Times, December 12, 2007.
Library resources about
Amerigo Vespucci
- Martin Waldseemüller, Franz Wieser (Ritter von), Edward Burke (trans), The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in facsimile: followed by the Four voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, The United States Catholic Historical Society, 1908.
- 1507 Waldseemüller Map from the US Library of Congress
- TOPS Lecture at Library of Congress, Drs. France and Easton
- World Digital Library presentation of the 1507 Waldseemüller Map in the Library of Congress. This is the only known surviving copy of the wall map edition of which it is believed 1,000 copies were printed. Four originals of the 1507 globe gore map are in existence in Germany, UK and US.
- Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries High resolution images of works by and/or portraits of Amerigo Vespucci in .jpg and .tiff format.
- Soderini Letters in Venetia, 1550, fol.138-140.Primo Volume delle Nauigationi et Viaggi,Giovanni Battista Ramusio,
- WorldHeritage pages with incorrect protection templates
- Biography with signature
- Articles with hCards
- All articles with unsourced statements
- Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011
- Articles needing more detailed references
- All articles with dead external links
- Articles with dead external links from September 2010
- Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009
- 1454 births
- 1512 deaths
- 15th-century Italian people
- 16th-century explorers
- 16th-century Italian people
- Deaths from malaria
- Explorers of South America
- Infectious disease deaths in Spain
- Italian cartographers
- Italian explorers
- Italian Roman Catholics
- Maritime history of Portugal
- People from Florence
- World Digital Library related
- Cartographers of North America
- Medieval cartographers
- 16th-century cartographers


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In the summer of 2008, I started reading Rosemary's Sampler, a blog by two of my favorite sisters from Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, and was inspired to start writing Lemon Verbena Lady's Herb Garden.
Picture are the two Rosemarys (their blog nicknames) who inspired me to blog.
Nancy Reppert (on the left) owns a tea room called Sweet Remembrances Tea Room, and Susanna Reppert-Brill (on the right) owns The Rosemary House and Garden, Inc. Thinking back on how we met, in the summer of 1992, I got to hear a wonderful herbal lady by the name of Bertha Reppert from Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania speak at the Rodale Institute about herbs, and it changed my life forever. I knew I wanted to continue learning from this very sharing herbal lady. You see, Bertha Reppert is the mother of Nancy and Susanna. Mrs. Reppert founded The Rosemary House in 1968 and has written a number of books, including my favorite, Mrs. Reppert's Twelve Month Herbal. I have read it multiple times over the years and always feel like I am in the garden with Mrs. Reppert.
So I have taken many of The Rosemary House's fabulous bus trips and each year, my herbal companion, Bonnie and I try to get to Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania to have tea with Nancy and take an herbal workshop with Susanna or at least shop at The Rosemary House as often as we can.
We got our chance just this past week to have tea at Sweet Remembrances all decked out for the holidays and to shop at The Rosemary House.
The holiday tea tray at Sweet Remembrances features an array of herbal delights.
Nancy Reppert opened Sweet Remembrances in 1990, a delectable tea room in Pennsylvania. Have I mentioned that Nancy likes to play with food, and her scones are the most delicate and delicious scones I have ever had? Well, you will just have to visit her website for a Sweet Remembrances' events list. If you are in the Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania area, she still may have places for you at her special tea sessions during the holiday season. She serves tea on Wednesdays and the first Saturday of each month for the public by reservation. Sweet Remembrances is mainly a private event and party tea room. Nancy also teams up with her sister to package box lunches for The Rosemary House bus trips and even puts together additional events for the Rosemary House's herbal calendar, including a garlic dinner that is always sold out. She has several cook booklets, including her Sweet Remembrances Recipe Collection from which I enjoy making her favorite recipes. Nancy's books are available through her website or through The Rosemary House. We always enjoy our late morning or afternoon teas with Nancy at Sweet Remembrances.
There are lots of herbal goodies available at The Rosemary House.
Susanna Reppert-Brill has been the manager and is now the co-owner of The Rosemary House & Gardens, Inc. Her husband David has been trained at the Herbal Therapeutics School of Botanical Medicine. In addition, he completed studies at the Wellspring Center for Natural Healing. He is primary consulting herbalist at The Rosemary House and is available for consultations.
When you walk into The Rosemary House your senses are immersed in all of the wonderful herbal smells. Susanna offers essential oils, homemade herbal extracts, used herbal and gardening books, Bertha Reppert's books and booklets, teas, tea accessories, fairie garden accessories, herbal gift items, dried flower and bulk herbs, and live plants and seeds in season. She also offers herbal mixes, such as "The Mayor's Magic Mustard Mix" and "Roastmary," which includes a recipe sheet, and Mail-A-Herb® cards, which also includes recipes for use. Susanna has even gotten a jump on the 2013 Herb of the Year, elderberry, by selling a DIY Elderberry Syrup bottle just in time for flu season. The store is just jammed with herbal delights. They even have a beautiful herb garden space that is shared between the two businesses. (See below.)
There is much whimsy in this herb garden. It even includes a tea cup ride!
My point is, if you are so lucky to have a unique small business in your area, especially an herb shop or tea room, please patronize them. They give great personal service and it will decrease your stress level during the holiday season. I will do additional posts on my blog about both of these businesses with more photos than I could put in this post. So please come over to my blog and check those out.
As always, if you have a comment or question about any of my posts, please write to me here with a comment or my email at email@example.com and put "Herb Comment or Question" in the subject line. The Herbal Husband and I wish you the happiest of holiday seasons! Talk to you soon.
You can read more from the Lemon Verbena Lady by visiting her personal blog Lemon Verbena Lady's Herb Garden.


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The Rocky Road to a New Constitution
The text of the new Afghan constitution that was prepared by a commission of experts has existed for quite some time already. It included 160 articles and contained-more so than the version that has now been approved-some contradictions in its basic contours and deliberately vague passages. Some observers even felt that the fundamental political question, whether the country around the Hindu Kush range would in future be governed democratically or as a theocracy, was not answered clearly enough. And some doubt still remains: Despite express mention of a democracy in the preamble, the approved draft also notes that no laws that oppose the laws of Islam shall be permitted.
On the road to a presidential form of government
Though lacking the federal structures anchored in the US constitution, the draft constitution was also clearly based on the US model of state, albeit in a weaker form. The draft was also unmistakably tailor-made for President Hamid Karzai. In it, the president was given far-reaching authority, practically without any serious counterbalances.
Over 500 delegates from all tribal groups, political parties, and regions had to go through hard negotiations in order finally to find a solution that was acceptable for all. The obstacles were in part due to political ambitions of individual delegates, but mostly they resulted from Afghanistan's fundamental, multiethnic nature.
More than 30 different ethnic groups in the country
There are more than thirty different ethnic groups living in Afghanistan, from the Pashtuns to the Tajiks to the Hazaras. They live together within the framework of a historically grounded-yet always fragile-balance. The Taliban, for example, come from among the Pashtuns. Non-Pashtun ethnic groups, on the other hand, have emerged from the prolonged war with a strong consciousness. They are well-organized politically and, especially since the collapse of the Taliban, have their own military power base.
They no longer accept the hegemony of the Pashtuns, the group from which almost all the kings in Kabul have come since the founding of the dynastic state of Afghanistan in 1747. These groups want to have adequate participation in the central government, no matter how the Afghan state is structured.
Representatives of Pashtun interests, on the other hand, including President Hamid Karzai, who is considered pro-Western, strove to regulate the question of power in their own way. A clash of the positions was virtually predestined.
President Karzai exerted pressure by declaring that he would not be a candidate in the upcoming elections if the new constitution refused to provide the office of president with the desired strong role. Karzai's powerful minister of finance Ashraf Ghani Ahmadzai supported this by promising a financial injection of one million dollars for each province. Of course he demanded something in return: the delegates were supposed to vote for the proposed draft constitution.
Wrestling over the articles
The delegates proved courageous, however, and Karzai's opponents were able to push through changes in some points. Compared to the original draft, for example, the power of the parliament was strengthened, extending so far as to have the power to veto the president on special important issues.
The new constitution for Afghanistan does provide for a presidential system as was desired, but one with a bicameral legislature, including the Wolesi Jirga (or House of the People), a house of representatives, and the Meshrano Jirga (or House of Elders), comparable to a Senate.
Political maneuvers behind the scenes
In getting the constitution approved, the old recipe used in December 2001 at the Petersberg talks proved applicable yet again: pressure from the international community and comprehensive lobbying behind the scenes. Leaders in the effort were again Lakhdar Brahimi, UN special representative for Afghanistan, and US ambassador to Afghanistan Zalmay Khalilzad. Khalilzad, a US citizen of Afghan descent, is also considered the architect of the 2001 Petersberg agreement.
Equal rights for women are anchored in the new constitution, as is the protection of human rights. Nevertheless, there is still much stuff for future conflict. Although the Sharia, the Islamic code of law, is not explicitly anchored in the new constitution, it is nonetheless possible to interpret the wording of the approved constitution such that Afghans can only enjoy their freedom within the scope of Islamic laws and prohibitions.
The new constitution is already the country's sixth since the 1920s. The five previous ones all failed in practice because the necessary prerequisites for a stable state were lacking, especially reliable civil institutions. Time will tell if the new constitution will be more lasting.
Said Musa Samimy © DEUTSCHE WELLE / DW-WORLD.DE
Translation from German: Allison Brown
The German Federal Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer welcomed the adaption of the constitution. Read the statement here.


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Ryan.mckenzie necesitaba un nuevo diseño de otro y lanzó un concurso de diseño en 99designs.
Un ganador ha sido elegido entre 21 diseños de 7 diseñadores freelance.
InfoBarrel / Infobarrel.com
InfoBarrel is a crowd sourced community where writers can generate a passive income stream by contributing content. InfoBarrel prides itself on customer service, meaningful/unique content and ease of use.
Our culture is a very friendly/open/transparent community, and our design philosophy is to keep it simple.
Our audience is two fold, we want to attract and satisfy our readers and secondly we need to attract new quality writers.
Keeping the site easy to read and navigate while maximizing advertising space is of key importance.
The most important piece of the puzzle we are looking for is a new header with a more streamlined overall logo.
We would like to continue using the IB speech bubble in some manner, but would like to see a more modern typographic logo. Essentially we want the words InfoBarrel recreated with a clean modern look.
Also, we would like the current blue navigation bar that has 'home/create/members/blog....' to be merged into the bottom of the header. The links in this header need to use web safe fonts. The blue bar doesn't necessarily have to come. Feel free to be creative with this. We will most likely be removing a few of these links from the header, but our mandatory ones are Create/Blog/Forum/Contests/Charity/FAQ/Contact Us
The maximum height on the header should be 100 pixels and should span the entire page however the usable width should be limited to 1000 pixels.
We will need a login box to appear in the top right corner where our users can login, register, and once logged in, access the site tools (My Infobarrel/create/My content/Settings/private messages).
Where the explore infobarrel currently resides we want to replace that with a search function for the site.
We would like to keep the same light blue color scheme, but are open to suggestions.


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A company develops composite materials using core-shell particles: ceramic, metal, or polymer elements coated with a ceramic oxide shield. The particles are mixed into thermoplastic resins, including polyethylene. During the melt processing, the high shear in the mixing damages or removes the particle shell and exposes the core particle surface. Due to the aggressive action of mixing core-shell particles with the polymer, the particles become deformed, and the coating scrapes off or cracks. The coating on core-shell particles needs to be preserved during thermoplastic mix processing; the matrix must remain a thermoplastic resin.
Respond to this TechNeed at:
Phone: 781-972-0600


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Hey everybody! My sweet little boy turns 5 months old today, and as a little birthday present we went for a nice walk downtown. Whilst on the walk, we discovered a very strange habit of his...he is determined to walk into the road but acts terrified while he does it.
Little bit of a background story: my boy was super anxious when I first got him, he wouldn't even walk on concrete or leave his crate. He's been adapting super well and super fast, we go for great walks all over our apartment complex and parks, even restaurants. This was his first time going for a long walk next to a road.
He was acting scared, and didn't want to walk next to me (but other times he was perfectly fine). He kept trying to pull away from me and walk in the road, cowering down with his tail tucked. When I tried to pull him back onto the sidewalk, he just laid down. He's never chased cars or anything else on wheels, he didn't seem to be interested in them at all...he just wanted to get into the road.
What in the world is he thinking? Anyone have advise? I want to be able to take him with me everywhere, and am doing my best to acclimate him to all sorts of situations, but this one in particular is very frustrating
Obsession with the road...
Tricks, obedience, behavior, and more.
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I first heard about Orly nail polishes when details of the upcoming Mac Disney Venomous Villains collection details emerged (Orly Galaxy Girl and Space Cadet being dupes for Mac Formidable! and Mean & Green nail polishes), so that just shows you how much I'm not into nail polishes. The problem with my nails is that they're very soft and bendy, so most nail polishes chip and peel off within 48 hours. So after a while I would just give up and not bother with painting my nails, especially since I also didn't know about Seche Vite, so it took forever for my nails to dry which is not very doable when you're a mum of 3 young children. Nail polish still chips on my nails within 1-2 days, but at least painting them again isn't as time consuming anymore. Unfortunately since I hardly ever paint my nails, I'm also pretty rubbish at it, especially when it comes to my right hand (I cannot do anything with my left hand, it's pretty rubbish, wish I was ambidextrous).
Anyway, I have ordered a few Orly nail polishes and today I am sporting Lunar Eclipse. It's part of the Cosmic FX collection (the one that also includes Galaxy Girl and Space Cadet), and I believe it's limited edition. Unfortunately my camera isn't very good, so what you can't see in the pictures is the beautiful purple sheen. Not so noticable on my nails, but gorgeous in the bottle. The blue is amazing, so sparkly and pretty, really gorgeous. Not too dark, not too bright, just right.
I did find that the polish was a bit on the runny side and it needed 2-3 coats to look even, which it still isn't in a few places, but that's probably down to my clumsiness. Unfortunately it also peeled off my nails more quickly than usual, I painted them last night at 8 pm, the pictures were taken at 10 am this morning and by 4 am I had 2 big chips and several small ones. With a colour like this, you can't walk around with chipped nails, something which I used to do when using light pink / pearly white nail polish in the past as I couldn't be bothered to do my nails every 2 days. Luckily you get 18 ml in the bottle, so plenty to go around. I don't think I will ever use it up to be honest, half the size would do me just fine.
Have you tried Orly nail polishes? What do you think of them?
See more photos after the jump!
Have you tried Orly nail polishes? What do you think of them?
See more photos after the jump!


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Pachamama Alliance has created the Up to Us engagement pathway to educate, inspire and engage a critical mass of pro-activist leaders who are committed to bringing forth a thriving, just and sustainable world for all.
The Up to Us engagement pathway is designed to wake people to the critical issues we are facing today, pierce through the apathy and resignation blocking effective action, inspire a new vision for the world, and engage people in innovative game changing solutions.
The first step in the engagement pathway is the Awakening the Dreamer program, a transformative educational workshop that explores the role people can play in creating a new future.Get Started


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Principal Proposed Uses
Other Proposed Uses
The herb vervain is a common perennial wildflower in England, found growing at the edge of roads and in meadows. It has a long history of use in Celtic religious tradition, and has been used as medicine by many cultures. The leaf and flower are the parts used medicinally.
Like other bitter plants, vervain has been used to stimulate appetite and digestion. Other traditional uses include treating abdominal spasms, fevers, depression (especially following illness or childbirth), and inadequate flow of breast milk.
What Is Vervain Used for Today?
Vervain is commonly recommended today to increase flow of breast milk , as well as to treat insomnia and menstrual pain . However, there is no meaningful evidence to support any of these uses.
One study in rats found possible sedative effects with a vervain extract. 1 A test-tube study found hints of potential anti-cancer effects. 2 However, evidence like this is far, far too preliminary to show efficacy. Only double-blind , placebo-controlled studies can prove that a treatment really works, and no studies of this type have been performed on vervain. (For information on why such studies are essential, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies? )
A typical dosage of vervain is 2–3 grams three times daily, taken as dry herb or made into tea. Equivalent dosages are also available in tincture form, and may be more palatable.
Safety Issues
Although vervain is thought to be a relatively safe herb, it has not undergone any meaningful safety testing at a modern scientific level. There is some reason to believe it may not be safe for use in pregnancy. 3 Despite its reputation for enhancing flow of breast milk, safety in nursing women has also not been established. Additionally, safety in young children or people with severe liver or kidney disease remains unknown.
Revision Information
- Reviewer: EBSCO CAM Review Board
- Review Date: 12/2015 -
- Update Date: 12/15/2015 -


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Endorsements for the civil district bench, Part 2
On yesterday's Editorial page, we made recommendations in seven of the 14 races for civil district court benches in Harris County. Today we offer our recommendations for the remaining seven.
The civil district courts are the legal arenas where disputes from car wrecks to complex litigation are settled. Unlike the criminal courts, there are no jail or prison penalties involved in the civil process. More often than not, winning or losing is totaled in dollars, not the loss of personal liberty.
The proper administration of civil courts is utterly necessary to maintain order - and civility - in our society. The courts referee disputes between individuals, between the Davids and Goliaths of the world and major players in business and finance.
The selection of competent civil district court judges is worthy of careful attention by voters. The enemy of that attention is straight-ticket voting. This political season offers county voters choices between qualified candidates wearing both the Democratic and Republican labels.
We urge voters not to "outsource their democracy," as one judicial candidate put it, by voting a straight ticket. Here are our recommendations:
Civil District Court 133: With 30 years' legal experience under her belt, Democratic incumbent Judge Jaclanel McFarland was a strong candidate when first elected in 2008. But with a life story that ranges from a cotton farm in north Texas to studying at Oxford University and serving on the Baylor University Board of Regents, she was also a prime candidate to be a uniquely Texan judge. Over the past four years, Judge McFarland has not let us down, proving that she has the work ethic and dedication that we like to see on the bench - with a good measure of small-town friendliness.
Civil District Court 151: Since his election in 2008, Judge Mike Engelhart has been a leader within the Harris County Civil Courts, spearheading e-filing initiatives that save time at the courthouse and money for taxpayers. Inside the courtroom, this Democrat has stood out as one of the hardest-working judges, writing thoughtful opinions where many others would issue quick rulings. Board-certified in personal injury law and fluent in Spanish, Judge Engelhart is among the top judges in the county, if not the state, and deserves another term on the bench.
Civil District Court 164: Before she even graduated law school, Judge Alexandra Smoots-Hogan made headlines for her legal skills, winning national and global moot court competitions at South Texas College of Law. Since her election in 2008's Democratic sweep, her court has had its own fair share of news, from overseeing the ground-breaking injunction against gang members trespassing at the Haverstock Hills apartment complex to the Treasures strip club public nuisance case. Smoots-Hogan has an energy and friendly disposition that serves Harris County well.
Civil District Court 165: The party coattail swings of election years always risk kicking out some of our best judges - such was the case with Republican Elizabeth Ray in 2008. But another four years of private sector experience, after serving four terms as judge, only bolster her impressive credentials, which include being named 2006 Trial Judge of the Year by the Texas Association of Civil Trial and Appellate Specialists and serving as the first female Administrative Judge in Harris County. But beyond legal credentials, she recognizes how the civil courts can affect issues that reach deep into local communities and currently sits on the board of directors for Texas Appleseed.
Civil District Court 215: Republican Ken Shortreed is a property manager-turned-attorney whose business experience makes him a unique candidate for civil court judge. In addition to working in private legal practice for almost two decades, Shortreed has also taught business and real estate courses at Lone Star College. Shortreed is an especially attractive candidate in contrast to his opponent, Elaine Palmer, whose controversial victory in the Democratic primary was almost entirely funded by a single plaintiff attorney who not incidentally had lost a major judgment under the court's current judge, Steve Kirkland.
Civil District Court 333: In 2008, Judge Joseph "Tad" Halbach was one of the few Republican judges to survive the Democratic sweep, and for good reason. Having served in the 333rd since 1995, Halbach has earned a reputation as an experienced, level-headed judge with a healthy sense of humor. And as chair of the Paperless Courts Committee, he has been an advocate for technological innovation in our courts. Board-certified in civil trial law and an adjunct professor at the University of Houston Law Center, Judge Halbach should be voters' choice in this race.
Civil District Court 334: Though he lost his position on the 152nd District Court in the 2008 election, Republican Ken Wise was appointed judge of the 334th District Court last year, and voters should cast their ballots to keep him there. Unanimously elected administrative judge by the 59 district judges in Harris County, Judge Wise has a broad base of support and a history of working with county and state government to improve the Texas judiciary.


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Click here for links to the other wolf galleries in this section.
Copyright belongs to Monty Sloan for the wolf photographs in this section. These pictures are for educational purposes only.
Wolf pictures below are 800 x 600.
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This page is dedicated to Monty Sloan [and used with permission]
for all the very hard work he has done for wolves over the years.
These photographs are the property of Monty Sloan and Wolf Park.
All credit goes to them for the photographs on this page.
Please visit http://wolfpark.org/
for 100's of wolf photographs and info. (opens in new window)
Email Monty Sloan


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Spring 2020 classes have resumed online.Please visit
dcccd.edu/coronavirus for additional information and to
learn how to prepare for online classes.
Gina Lyn Daniel
gdaniel.dcccd.edu or 214-378-1603.
Please contact
ERS to update personal information and beneficiaries or go online and update.
Read about the latest Hall of Honor awardees and find out who to contact to nominate someone and how to obtain nomination forms.
The Retirees Association has established a
student scholarship to assist full-time students in the district. Read the essay written by the latest scholarship awardee.
The recent establishment of the DCCCD Retirees Association Scholarship reaffirms our former employees' continuing commitment to the college district and its students. As a retiree, you have a variety of opportunities to make a difference beside cash donations to our scholarship funds. Have you considered planned giving?
Planned giving is a great way for you to leave a lasting legacy for generations to follow. The DCCCD Foundation provides the options below to give you the leverage to touch many lives in the long haul. You also have the opportunity to endow a student scholarship or make a bequest in memory of a loved one.
Here are ways you can give:
For more information about these planned giving options or other ways to give, please contact the DCCCD Foundation at
214-860-2053 or visit the
Foundation website and select "Ways to Give."


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Course Search
Staff/Faculty Dir.
Waterbury & Danbury
The NVCC campus is closed for the remainder of the semester due to COVID-19. All credit classes are now online.
During our campus closure, please use the following links to speak live with an Admissions Representative:
Or email questions to an Admissions Advisor:Blayre Millo at email@example.com Erika Carrington at email@example.com
For a list of campus-wide virtual support resources please visit: nv.edu/virtualsupport
Request program information.
Thinking of applying to NVCC? A campus tour and/or information session will help you:
En Español
All Waterbury admissions information sessions are held in Technology Hall. No appointment is required. Convenient parking is accessible from the East Entrance. View maps and directions.
Waterbury Student Tours: Tours begin immediately following the information session. If you are interested in a tour only, please come to the location noted above 30 minutes after the time listed above.
All sessions are held at 750 Chase Parkway, Waterbury, CT. Technology Hall - use east entrance. An appointment is NOT necessary. Call (203) 575-8054 for more information.
*SPA Sessions presented in Spanish
Danbury Student Tours: All sessions are held at 190 Main Street, Danbury, CT. Tours are available Monday through Friday, 8 am to 5 pm. No appointment is necessary. Parking is available in the Patriot Garage. View maps and directions*SPA Sessions presented in Spanish Only
Sesiones Informativas y recorrido por el colegio
Conozca más sobre NVCC…
Todas las sesiones serán en Technology Hall.
Todos los recorridos empiezan después de la sesión informativa. No es necesario hacer una cita. Tenga en cuenta que hay dos sesiones en Español, las demás son en Inglés.
Request your SAT, ACT or AP test scores
CLEP (College Level Examination Program) information and testing at NVCC
Official transcripts are prepared by a college bearing their official seal and provided in a sealed envelope. If the envelope is opened by anyone other than an official at the receiving college, it is no longer considered official.
Unofficial transcripts is a record of college classes taken including grades received. The document can be produced by the college or student, but does not have a raised college seal. It may also be a transcript that bears the official seal, but is not in the original sealed envelope. These transcripts can be emailed or faxed to NVCC.
To Waive Placement Testing or Prerequisite Requirements (Unofficial transcript accepted)
Unofficial college transcripts may be submitted to waive placement testing and prerequisite requirements. Contact the respective college to request your transcript. These transcripts may be emailed to firstname.lastname@example.com or faxed to 203-596-8766.
To transfer credits to NVCC (Official transcript needed)
An official college transcript is required to assess if your courses are eligible for transfer towards your NVCC degree or certificate. Contact the respective college to request your official transcript or CollegeBoard.org to transfer AP credits. Transcripts are only considered official when received in the original sealed envelope. Transcripts may be sent from the college directly to the Admissions Office.
Naugatuck Valley Community College
Admissions, Room K502
750 Chase Parkway
Waterbury, CT 06708
Please note: Official college transcripts may also be used to waive placement testing or prerequisite requirements.
If your college credits were earned overseas, you must get your transcripts professionally evaluated in order for transfer credits to be considered. Choose one of these evaluation services to assist you with the process.
For students born after December 31, 1956: Connecticut State Law requires that all full-time (degree seeking and non-degree/non-matriculating) and part-time matriculating students enrolled in post-secondary schools be adequately protected against measles, mumps and rubella. Beginning August 1, 2010 all full-time and matriculating students, except those born in the continental United States prior to January 1, 1980 must provide proof of immunization against Varicella (chicken pox). Student must have two (2) doses of each vaccine administered at least one (1) month apart to insure adequate immunization.
Download the Proof of Immunization Form.
The following proof will be accepted:
F-1 visa students applying from overseas:
Schedule an exam at www.toefl.org or www.ielts.org.
Students already in Connecticut may choose to take the Accuplacer instead.
The Center for Early Childhood Education at NVCC, which was then Mattatuck Community College, opened its doors in January 1977 to provide a training laboratory for early childhood education majors at the college as well as a quality educational environment for young children ages 3 - 6.
The initial set-up of the center included one large preschool and a toddler classroom. Today there are three classrooms, including two preschools, one with an integrated Kindergarten component, a toddler class.
The enrollment of the center includes children of staff, faculty, students and the local community.
In 1998, the Center for Early Childhood Education at NVCC received a school readiness grant from the state of Connecticut, expanding it's role in the community through collaboration with the Waterbury School System. There are currently 20 full-time slots and two part-time slots designated under the umbrella of Waterbury School Readiness.
The Center has evolved through the years to become a nationally accredited, high-quality model school that serves as the training ground for approximately 40 early childhood education students per year as well as students in other related disciplines, such as psychology, English and nursing.
The Center is the only training facility in the state to incorporate the Reggio Emilia approach into its teacher preparation program as well as fully utilize the approach in the classrooms with young children.
High-interest, in-depth studies that encompass a variety of learning and embedded curriculum and assessment are considered the Project Approach.
Reggio Emilia Italia
No Way. The hundred is there.*
The child
is made of one hundred.
The child has a hundred languages
a hundred hands
a hundred thoughts
a hundred ways of thinking
of playing, of speaking.
A hundred always a hundred
ways of listening
of marveling of loving
a hundred joys
for singing and understanding
a hundred worlds
to discover
a hundred wolds
to invent
to dream.
The child has
a hundred languages
(and a hundred, hundred, hundred more)
but they steal ninety-nine.
The school and the culture
separate the head from the body.
They tell the child:
to think without hands
to do without head
to listen and not to speak
to understand without joy
to love and to marvel
only at Easter and Christmas.
to discover the world already there
and of the hundred
they steal ninety-nine.
that work and play
reality and fantasy
science and imagination
sky and earth
reason and dream
are things
that do not belong together.
And thus they tell the child
that the hundred is not there.
The child says:
No way. The hundred is there.
-Loris Malaguzzi
*Translated by Lella Gandini


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Kids with Autism Enjoy Well Served Tennis Academy Summer Camp with Support from Pratt & Whitney
Summer is now in full swing, which also means it's summer camp time for countless numbers of kids in Connecticut. Children with autistic spectrum disorders have also been given the opportunity to enjoy a special camp experience of their own courtesy of Well Served Tennis Academy, located in Simsbury, Connecticut.
The camp, which was founded by Executive Director Shannon Knall, has been running for just a few years, but was an instant success. This year, it enjoyed its biggest turnout thus far with 18 campers attending the June 23 through July 2 session.
Knall is a mother of three boys, one of whom is autistic. She is also a lifelong tennis player.
"I appreciate the calming impact the sport has had on me. It is a sport I love for its rhythm, its ability to challenge me both physically and mentally and for the opportunity it presents to participate on any level," she said.
When Knall's son was diagnosed with autism, the sport not only became an outlet for her, it also sparked an idea.
"I contemplated the similarly calming impact it might have on him," she said.
"At the time I was playing on a USTA team and shared this hypothesis with my teammate Chris O'Connor. Chris has had years of running summer camps for various organizations in Connecticut, so we decided to combine our mutual love of tennis with our life experiences to create Well Served Tennis Academy, which was formed in 2010," explained Knall.
Camp features group tennis instruction, fitness training, hands-on team building or social activity and snack and lunch time. Approximately 25 volunteers are at camp on any given day offering one-on-one volunteer support.
The cost of camp is kept to a "bare minimum" of $25 per camper for eight days, said Knall, who added, "We will not turn away any camper due to financial hardship."
None of this would be possible, however, without the financial support of Pratt & Whitney.
"We know that one of the areas Pratt & Whitney focuses on is investing in vibrant communities. As you know, autism affects one in 68 children, so I took a chance that this might be an effort they would be interested in supporting. And they have been an outstanding partner," said Knall.
Well Served Tennis Academy is also financially supported by the Simsbury Junior Women's Club, fundraisers and in-kind donations from Farmington Valley Racquet Club, Melissa Richards Photography, the town of Simsbury and Simsbury Parks and Recreation.
For more information about Well Served Tennis Academy, visit them on Facebook and at http://wstennisacademy.org/.


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House committee passes 'alimony reform'
TALLAHASSEE, Fla. – A House committee passed a bill Wednesday that would give judges the option to end lifetime alimony for divorcees.
The bill would also allow judges the option to reexamine current alimony arrangements and set up guidelines for future divorce cases.
Thomas Duggar with the Florida Bar calls the legislation a nightmare for divorcees and children from broken families.
"It is very vindictive in my opinion," Duggar said. "It is very hurtful for Florida families, especially for women who stay at home and raise kids, or for men who stay at home and raise kids."
The bill was filed last year, but lacked the support needed to become law.
Copyright 2013 by News4Jax.com. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.


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Photo: (Photo by Bob Chamberlin-Pool/Getty Images)
We usually refrain ourselves from making comments about Chinese politics. No one knows what exactly is going on in many cases, including many of those self-proclaimed experts who are forever whining about how misunderstood China is.
We have noted that Chinese people do not like the regime. Every local Chinese we had a chance to talk to seems to be rather critical of the regime. Part of the reasons why the last stimulus in 2008/09 is regarded as a big mistake by the general public is that the stimulus seemed to have benefited property owners, real estate developers, corrupt government officials and the likes most, while an average worker suffer from high inflation and property bubble, thus most people simply does not believe in the regime.
The scandal of Bo Xilai brought some attention on whether the leadership transition is going to be smooth. But things seemed to have gone quite smoothly, on the surface at least. Until now that Xi Jinping seems to have disappeared. Some rumours even said that some (perhaps some supporters of Bo Xilai) has attempted to assassinated him in a mysterious car crash.
There is no credible source to confirm this, but we would not be surprised if the infighting among the top leadership is very serious. Let's face it, infighting in the Communist Party is not even news. Cheng Li of the Brookings Institution, that Chinese leadership is in crisis, according to Daily Telegraph. Cheng Li said that "This legitimacy crisis is worse than in 1989, and may be the worst in the history of the Communist Party. People are afraid that it could lead to revolution if it is not handled well.".
We are not going to make any prognostication here about what will happen in Chinese political sphere. We would just say this: that China has never been as stable as it looks, yet it is not easy either to have a truly catastrophic political crisis either. Of course, we cannot rule out anything despite its low probability. And needless to say, if something as serious as a catastrophic political crisis happens, whatever that means, the story in the economic side will be straight forward: in the worst case scenario, there is no pointing touching anything related to China at all.
Of course, that is absolutely not our base case. Just beware of some black swans swimming around.
This article originally appeared here: China's political risk and the economy
Also sprach Analyst – World & China Economy, Global Finance, Real Estate
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Learn More
Raybiotech Inc Mouse DLL4 ELISA Kit
Manufacturer: Raybiotech Inc ELMDLL41
For Serum, Plasma, and Cell Culture Supernatants. Sensitivity: 0.2 ng/ml. Pre-coated 96-well strip plate with additional reagents to allow for use in multiple experiments. Specificity: This ELISA antibody pair recognizes Mouse DLL4.
The Fisher Scientific Encompass Program offers items which are not part of our distribution portfolio. These products typically do not have pictures or detailed descriptions. However, we are committed to improving your shopping experience. Please use the form below to provide feedback related to the content on this product.
Your feedback has been submitted. Fisher Scientific is always working to improve our content for you. We appreciate your feedback.Ok


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Fans of the Denver Broncos have never been shy about wearing the team's signature bright orange — particularly when it's the color of a jersey emblazoned with the name and number of a favorite player.
Look around at any game and you'll not only see lots of people wearing 18 — Peyton Manning's number — but also 7, which John Elway wore for many winning years. And lots of other player numbers.
Count us among the fans who think the guys on the field should wear the jerseys. We'd would rather spend the $100 or more they get for the official NFL gear on looks that can go beyond game.
With the Super Bowl just days away, it's time to plan what you'll wear. And if you're in need of a color boost, stores have put every piece of orange and blue apparel front and center.
Here are a few ideas we spotted.
First, start with jeans. The darker the better, and yes, skinnies still rule. On top, look for an orange sweater, puffer, blouse or T-shirt. You'll find options in every shade from melon to citrus-y orange.
Another option is to wear a neutral top and layer a sweater, vest or jacket in a Broncos-proud orange or blue over it. (Or you can reverse the order and wear orange jeans with a navy top — but be sure you've got further use for such eye-popping jeans, maybe a resort vacation planned.)
A colorful jacket gives a pop to your winter wardrobe, particularly welcome after months of wearing black and brown. We spied some cute faux leather ones at Mariel.
If you're hanging out with a super swanky (i.e., not typical football) crowd — or maybe going out to celebrate after the team wins — Neiman Marcus has just the look: an orange fox stole worn over a figure-hugging Herve Leger dress in navy blue.
Francesca's has a number of youthful looks in its windows, from flippy skirts to short-sleeved tops. Mixed prints and textures lend a sporty feel.
Even if you're not the rah-rah type, don't show up without at least an accessory or small bit of Broncos color. It's time to cheer them on. We love Alex and Ani's bangle that shows team pride — subtly — with a single charm.


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Dodgers still hope Beckett can make start
LOS ANGELES -- Dodgers pitcher Josh Beckett, on the disabled list with a bruised hand, was still a possibility to start next week after injuring his ankle in a Friday night Minor League rehab start, manager Don Mattingly said Saturday.
However, Beckett did not play catch Saturday, which makes a bullpen session Sunday unlikely, which would make a start Wednesday against Detroit even less likely, considering he's had three injuries since last pitching in a Major League game.
The Dodgers were pointing Beckett toward Wednesday night's game in hopes of giving extra rest to Hyun-Jin Ryu, who made 69 pitches in his third start Friday. Thursday is a day off and, ideally, Ryu would be rested until Friday night.
If Beckett doesn't start Wednesday, the Dodgers would either give the ball again to Ryu on normal rest or call up a Minor Leaguer. Matt Magill started for Triple-A Albuquerque on Friday, so it would be his regular day to pitch.
"It's a little sore this morning," Mattingly said. "I think he's frustrated, honestly. He felt his stuff was good, his arm felt good. Right now, nothing's changed [about his chances to start]. The next couple of days will tell us."
Beckett bruised his right hand in Spring Training as he was coming back from thoracic outlet syndrome surgery to remove a rib.


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This medication is typically used for erectile problems in men. Its effects can be felt within 1 hour.
Certain heart medication (nitrates) must be avoided while taking this product. If in doubt, consult your doctor or pharmacist.
Generally, this medication is used only as needed. Important: Follow the instructions on the label. Do not use more of this product, or more often, than prescribed.
This medication does not produce erections by itself. It simply facilitates erections with sexual arousal. It may be taken with or without food. Taking it with a high fat meal, however, can delay its onset. Avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice during your treatment. Grapefruit can seriously affect how this medication works.
In addition to its desired action, this medication may cause some side effects, notably:
Each person may react differently to a treatment. If you think this medication may be causing side effects (including those described here, or others), talk to your doctor or pharmacist. He or she can help you to determine whether or not the medication is the source of the problem.
As with most medications, this product should be stored at room temperature. Store it in a secure location where it will not be exposed to excessive heat, moisture or direct sunlight. Keep it out of reach of young children. Make sure that any leftover portion is disposed of safely.
If you have an erection which lasts continuously for 4 hours or more, you should contact a doctor immediately.
This medication may interact with other medications or supplements, sometimes significantly. Many interactions, however, may be dealt with by a dosage adjustment or a change in medication schedule. Check with your pharmacist before using this medication in combination with any other medications (including non-prescription products), vitamins or natural products.
It is important to tell the health professionals you consult:


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theace brauchte ein neues Logo Design und hat einen Wettbewerb auf 99designs gestartet.
Aus 107 Designs von 39 Designern wurde eine Gewinner gewählt.
I'm working on a new website and need a picture of Abraham Lincoln that looks very similar to the new KFC logo featuring Colonel Sanders ... if you do a google search for the new KFC logo, you'll see exactly what I'm talking about.
I think the short summary pretty much sums it up ... I'm looking for someone with some talent, who can recreate the new KFC logo featuring Colonel Sanders, but using a picture of Abraham Lincoln instead.
Colonel Sanders Picture Here:
Lincoln Picture To Use Here:
There are several pictures of both the KFC logo, and this image of Lincoln, that can be found using Google image search. If you want to use that same portrait of lincoln in a larger format from another similar image, feel free to do so ...
The colors will be a set of aqua blues, black, white, and grey ... and the exact color palette is listed further in the description. This can also be provided as a PSD file if required ...
The file should be created in a vector based format so that we can scale it to work wherever needed, and should work equally well in full color as it does in greyscale.
- The color scheme will be provided, as mentioned. The specific colors to use are as follows, in RGB format.True Black : 0 0 0
Dark Grey: 54 54 54
Darker Aqua: 3 158 228
Lighter Aqua 0 175 242
Medium Grey: 183 183 183
Lighter Grey: 225 225 225
Ultra Light Grey: 245 245 250
True White: 255 255 255
- I think the description was very clear in terms of what is expected ...
- Do NOT use the KFC apron on Lincoln. - No text is required ...
Finden Sie heraus, wie ein Designwettbewerb funktioniert, oder lernen Sie mehr über unsere Logo-Design-Angebote.


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This is the book you've been waiting for.
This book is your roadmap to success. From getting to power, to dividing your enemies, suppressing revolution, stealing elections, and making your fortune, this 320 page volume shows you how the pros have been doing it for centuries. Fully factual, with a complete bibliography and footnotes, the Dictator's Handbook gives you a road map to tyranny, step by step. Deadly funny, but deadly serious, with 14 gorgeous illustrations, this is truly a practical manual for the aspiring tyrant.
Available now! (June 2012)


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Saturday, October 3, 2009
Grammar and Lexis: A Response to Program Director's Dilemma
By Patty Heiser
TA Coordinator and Lecturer
International and English Language Programs
University of Washington Educational Outreach
You are not alone in this dilemma of situating grammar within your IEP! I commend you for placing your students and their needs first while maintaining full confidence in your well-trained instructors.
My suggestion is to gently guide the instructors along a path they may find to be not so different from what they know and are already used to, that is, teaching grammar and lexis. I imagine that you have instructors who are strong proponents of teaching vocabulary. If you can show them the logical connection between teaching grammar along with lexis, then you have half the battle won.
How might you do this? One way would be to use an in-service to show this connection of teaching grammar along with lexis in writing. Many words and phrases in writing have their own grammatical patterns. Depending on the level of the class, you could focus on the words and phrases that help organize ideas at either the sentence or paragraph level.
For example, if the students were writing about the causes and/or effects of changes in the global economy, the instructors could focus on cause/effect lexical items such as due to or as a result of, both of which are followed by noun phrases. In organizing ideas at the paragraph level, the students would look at the grammar used with transitional expressions like in addition to, which help combine and organize ideas in a paragraph and work as important signals to the reader: "In addition to the down turn in the economy, the rise in oil prices has impacted the economy at the macro level."
Your instructors will feel comfortable using grammar terminology to help organize ideas in writing. At the same time, the students will be able to leverage their strong understanding of grammar to improve their writing skills.
Some texts which might be valuable resources for your instructors, along with the Azar texts you already use, include:
- Discourse Analysis in the Language Classroom Volume 2: Genres of Writing by Ann Wennerstrom (2003), The University of Michigan Press.
This text is wonderful for working with the genres, or patterns of
writing, and has excellent activities for instructors and their
- Rules, Patterns and Words: Grammar and Lexis in English Language Teaching by David Willis (2003), Cambridge University Press
I have included ideas here for the road to teaching writing through grammar. Once down this road, my guess is that your instructors will be open to applying grammar in teaching the other skill areas. In fact, I think they will see such positive advances in their students' skills that we just may see your instructors themselves presenting at upcoming TESOL conferences on using grammar as a springboard for communicative language teaching!
Tags: grammar, lexis, Patty Heiser, teaching tips, written grammar
Comments: none


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We produce South Devon bulls and heifers for sale as breeding stock. The aim of the herd has always been to build on the excellent natural qualities of the
South Devon (notably fast growth, large mature size, maternal traits with plenty of milk, docility, ability to convert grass, and
good beef conformation with marbling) to produce superior beef animals.
Mr & Mrs W H D Scott
Wells Folly, Evenlode, Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire GL56 0PA, UK
Tel - Office: +44 (0)1608 651464
Tel - Stockman: +44 (0)1608 650164
Fax: +44 (0)1608 651759
Dialing from outside the UK:
Dial international access code first. Omit 0 in brackets.
Please click here to see the current UK time
Douglas Scott - The Grove Herd of Pedigree South Devons
The Grove Herd of Pedigree South Devons was founded on 16th March 1977 by Mr and Mrs W H D (Douglas) Scott at The Manor of Groves in Hertfordshire, and moved to Gloucestershire in 1988.
It has become a highly respected and successful herd, achieving impressive show results and sale prices.
Mr & Mrs W H D Scott
Wells Folly, Evenlode,
Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucestershire
Office: +44 (0)1608 651464
Stockman: +44 (0)1608 650164


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Music apps sing a popular song for music stores
- YouTube helped music stores by teaching consumers how to play instruments
- Music store sales rose 1%25 in 2012
ANAHEIM, Calif. — The popularity of music apps and new devices that connect your smartphones and tablets to electric guitars has helped to revitalize the musical instrument industry.
Some 100,000 music store staffers and musical instrument vendors will gather here Thursday for the National Association of Music Merchants convention to see the latest take on musical instruments, many of which have a digital twist.
On display will be many new devices that connect to apps and traditional instruments, says Joe Lamond, CEO of NAMM.
"Tech is driving a lot of our growth," he adds.
Sales for 2012 were up 1%, at $6.8 billion. "It's not quite back to peak, but we're climbing back," says Lamond. Sales fell from $7.1 billion in 2008 to $5.9 billion when the recession hit in 2009.
He attributes the music industry's comeback to an unlikely ally: YouTube.
The Google-owned website is the most popular place in the world to watch music videos and to learn how to play songs. Many musicians — including stars such as James Taylor, Robben Ford and Steve Vai — offer guitar lessons on YouTube, or simply show you the chords needed to play most popular songs.
There are also tons of lessons for instruments such as the piano, bass and even the ukulele. "I searched for how to play the uke, learned how to strum some chords, and did it on my terms and my time," says Lamond.
Music merchants benefit from the online instruction because it gets people excited about playing music, perhaps leading them into a store for live lessons. "The tech is a good start, but there's nothing like live interaction with a teacher," Lamond adds.
Apps are another area where music stores can't participate. Music-playing apps such as developer Smule's virtual instruments (Magic Piano and others), and Apple's GarageBand have given folks low-cost ways to perform digital music on their smartphones and tablets. Music stores don't get to participate, because the sales are made electronically.
Still, the "apps give the stores other things to sell to the consumer," including accessory cords, music books and the like. "The app is a start to get people interested in music," he says. "From there, there's an insatiable desire to have more."
Here's a look at some of the new products:
•A USB ukulele. Lanikai's UkeSB plugs into a computer, smartphone or tablet and lets the uke player record directly into the unit. It will start at $399 and will be available in May.
Hohner, which owns uke maker Lanikai, says it launched the UkeSB in response to a 100% sales jump for ukuleles over the last three years. Hohner product manager Scott Emmerman attributes the uke craze to musicians making ukulele videos on YouTube, which have attracted millions of views.
"We wanted to make it easier for uke players to make YouTube videos without having to worry about microphones and amps," says Emmerman.
The UkeSB comes with the Camera Connector cable, which enables consumers to use USB with the iPad.
• Wireless guitar amp. IK Multimedia's iLoud eliminates the age-old musician frustration with wires. It is a Bluetooth speaker but also has an input for connecting your electric guitar, bass or piano, eliminating the need for traveling with a practice amplifier.
IK, which makes various connections to plug instruments into smartphones and tablets, says the 40-watt speaker is several times louder than other speakers its size. It will sell for $299 when it ships in the second quarter.
•Orbit.DJs can run shows from the audience with this $99 wireless DJ controller, which will be available in May. The various buttons can be programmed at home to play songs, fast-forward and rewind or change volume. And the built-in accelerometer can add in effects.
• A musical ball. The AlphaSphere is a ball with 48 pads and colored lights. Sure, you can throw the $800 ball around the park if you desire, but it's really built to make digital music. Adam Place, the 26-year-old inventor from the United Kingdom, says he was looking for a new way to make electronic music beyond just using a keyboard.
With AlphaSphere, hitting the various pads produces "notes, rhythms, samples — you name it."
Place has taken 300 orders for the ball so far, mostly from the U.K. and Japan. "I see bands taking this on stage and playing many of them," he says. "It's a great visual."


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Blair Athol 12 Year Old Highland single malt Scotch whiskey. Official distillery bottling from the Flora & Fauna series.
Tasting Notes
Mellow deep aroma, a strong fruity flavour and smooth finish.
Blair Athol Distillery
Blair Athol Single Malt Whisky
Blair Athol Distillery was established in 1798 in Pitlochry and with footprints in four centuries it is one of oldest working malt whisky distilleries in Scotland. Purchased by Arthur Bell & Sons in1933 it is the spiritual 'home' of Arthur Bell's range of blended scotch whisky complete with distillery visitor centre and Blair Athol Distillery tours. Although a large proportion of Blair Athol's malt whisky cascades into blends, Bell's to be precise, independent bottlings of Blair Athol single malts feature in the popular Connoisseurs Choice and Signatory Vintage ranges.