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Technical Specs
Wireless Blood Pressure Monitor
- Model: BP5
- Classification: Internally powered, Type BF applied part, IPX0, No AP or APG, Continuous operation
- Wireless communication: Bluetooth V3.0+EDR Class 2 SPP
- Measuring method: Oscillometric, automatic inflation and measurement
- Machine size: 145 mm × 58 mm × 30 mm
- Cuff circumference: 8.6" - 16.5" (22 cm - 42 cm)
- Weight: 4.8 oz (135 g) (excluding cuff)
Power & Battery
- Power: DC:5.0V 1.0A
- Battery: 1*3.7V Li-ion400mAh
Range & Accuracy
- Cuff pressure range: 0-295 mm Hg
- Pressure accuracy: ±3 mm Hg
- Pulse rate range: 40 -180 beats/min, accuracy: ±5%
Operation & Storage
- Operating temperature: 41°F~95°F (5°C~35°C)
- Operating humidity: <90% RH
- Storage and transport temperature: -4°F~131°F (-20°C~55°C)
- Storage and transport humidity: <95% RH
What's included
- 1 Wireless Blood Pressure Monitor
- 1 Owner's Manual
- 1 Quick Start Guide
- 1 Charging cable
- 1 Travel bag
Frequently Asked Questions
- Can measurements be taken without an iOS device?
Yes. You can enable the offline measurement in the "Device Settings" of iHealth MyVitals app. To start measurements when disconnected from the iOS device ("offline"), turn on the Monitor by pressing the "START/STOP"button. Offline measurement data will be uploaded to the device automatically upon the next iOS connection.
- Are there any risks in taking a blood pressure measurement with this device at home?
There are no physical risks associated with using this device to take your blood pressure at home. If you find the measurement procedure uncomfortable, consult with your healthcare professional regarding proper cuff application and tightness.
- Are there different sizes of cuffs?
The iHealth Wireless Blood Pressure Monitor is available in two different cuff sizes. The standard size fits 8.6"-16.5" (22 cm -42 cm) arm circumference, a larger size is available from iHealth Store.
- Who can use the Wireless Blood Pressure Monitor?
The Blood Pressure Monitor is designed for adults. It should not be used on infants, young children, pregnant or pre-eclamptic patients.


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Nearest Town: PicaboSite Size: 5000 acres/400 acres for public use
Highlights: Raptors, Shorebirds, Songbirds, Upland Birds, Waterbirds, Waterfowl
Access: Year-round. Visitor center open late May-October 31. Access free of charge.
Directions: From the junction of US 20/ID 75, follow US 20 E 7.1 mi to mp 184.5; R (S) onto Kilpatrick Bridge Rd (stay L); cross Kilpatrick Bridge in 1 mi; visitor center is 0.7 mi from bridge.
Description: View many waterfowl and wading birds, including goldeneye, Sandhill Crane, American Bittern, and Long-billed Curlew. Orange-crowned Warbler, Yellow-breasted Chat, and Willow Flycatcher can be found around riparian areas in the preserve. Sora and Virginia Rail can be heard during late spring and summer. One pair of nesting Bald Eagles near preserve. Both Bald and Golden Eagles can be seen during the winter. Visitor center has observation deck and offers great views of the creek. US 20 is prime raptor viewing. Silver Creek is best known for its blue ribbon trout fishing.
More Information: The Nature Conservancy (208) 788-7910Ketchum/Sun Valley Chamber of Commerce nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/idaho/preserves/art415.html
General Services:
Handicapped Services:What do these icons mean?
Select a species from the list to view other sites on the Idaho Birding Trail Sites this species may be observed.

subset: commoncrawl


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In a freeform game, I'm running a story involving a creature that subsides upon stolen energy obtained from draining the magical or life energy out of other creatures, particularly humans. Coming from a DnD background, I immediately want to categorize such a creature as a varient of a "Wraith". However, the term "Wraith" is originally a synonym for "ghost", not for "energy-stealing beastie".
Is the depiction of a wraith as stealing energy from living beings one of the many tropes that has become standard due to the popularity of DnD, or are wraiths in other games more likely to be simply undead? In other words, if I use the term "Wraith" to people who come from other, more diverse roleplay backgrounds, will they understand what I mean?


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In my previous post I suggested several variants of computer security translated by different laws. Now I'd like to get to ciphers…again viewed by law.
So, how does the law see encryption and decryption issues through glasses of security standard? First of all, it says there simply should be encryption/decryption tools available.
ENCRYTION AND DECRYPTION (A) – § 164.312(a)(2)(iv)
Where this implementation specification is a reasonable and appropriate safeguard for a covered entity, the covered entity must:
"Implement a mechanism to encrypt and decrypt electronic protected health information."


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Handcrafted Log Homes
Specializing in Dovetail corners, with the traditional round exterior walls, and the more modern flat interior log walls.
Harrison Log Homes uses oversize logs, commonly a 14" wall, which results in an excellent R-value. We use superior log species from British Columbia including Spruce, Pine, Cedar and Fir. On our full scribe logs we utilize the overscribe method to accommodate any shrinkage that may occur. The lateral groves are then insulated with foam P gasket and pink insulation to eliminate heat loss.
Located in Saanichton B.C., we are living and working with a passion for the art, the craft and the engineering of what we do.
Dedicated to quality & craftmanship, Harrison Log Homes has been building high quality, handcrafted log homes in British Columbia for years, with more than a decade of experience in all aspects of log home construction, from foundation to turn-key to finished lockup.
Harrison Log Homes is especially proud to offer clients all those extra special features like log railings & log stairs, plus unique features like wood art murals and doors, to accent your home.
Make your dreams come true with the natural beauty of a handcrafted log home.


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Want to know more.....go here ...Read More
By rockiadmin
Want to know more.....go here ...Read More
RDHC has been Rockingham's leading senior hockey club since 1979. With the amalgamation of the Rockingham District Junior Hockey Association in 2007 and the move to the new Lark Hill synthetic turf facility in 2008 the club became the largest hockey club within the district.
With a membership of over 450 members, we have teams in Hockey WA competitions ranging from J5/6 to Premier League including mid-week men's and ladies Vets and weekend Vets. Read More...


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It works, is a great value, and has amazing support. Not to mention the established track record of years of successful results. You can not say the same about Race Chip.
The gentleman in the video bought a Race Chip GTS Black for his Audi S3 and said the car felt slower with it. Now, if you want to make that claim as the butt dyno can lie use a GPS meter and check the before and after numbers. Maybe put it on a dyno so you actually know what is going on. Do not rely on 'feel' as the sole metric.
He did call support and Race Chip said they would update the software through their app. Apparently, this did not help.
To be fair, we do have data posted showing their product working on various platforms. These are first hand promotional accounts though:
Race Chip GTS Black piggyback tuning results on a Porsche 991.1 Turbo S - +40 horsepower
RaceChip piggyback shows gains of 105 horsepower on a McLaren 570S M838T
Tuned Lamborghini Urus results by Race Chip, Mild piggyback tune gains - Before/after 100-200 kph results
RaceChip claims to get over 700 horsepower out of the new W213 Mercedes-AMG E63 S M177 V8 with their RaceChip GTS Black
The review does not prove the product does not work as they did not support their own claim with any evidence. Race Chip has provided results of their product working on various platforms. We know piggybacks work on the EA888 VW/Audi platforms. In the video the guy says he went to Integrated Engineering afterwards and it makes you wonder if this is not a propaganda piece slamming Race Chip for Integrated Engineering's gain or for a free product from Integrated Engineering.
BoostAddict recommends the JB4 for a reason. We have first hand experience with the product as well as the quality of support from BMS. It is the best tuning value in the business. Plus, they have a support infrastructure built into the forum. It will work as advertised.
Our own interactions with Race Chip have not been very productive and they do not seem to understand the American mentality of proving results on independent dynos and with independent 1/4 mile results. After a video like this one, they may want to rethink how they go about their American marketing presence.


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At Henderson County Community Hospital, diagnostic imaging is used to create a graphic depiction of the structures and functions of the body's organs and other internal systems. These images are used to examine and diagnose certain medical conditions.
For more information, please contact:
(731) 968-3646
200 West Church Street
Lexington, TN 38351


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mytheresa.com uses cookies. More information
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For more information, please refer to our customer care page.
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A fur coat has strong emotional associations and connotations. First and foremost is that of luxury. A mink coat hanging from a gold trolley, waiting in the foyer of a marble lined hotel. A fur cape gently slung over the shoulders of the most fabulous fashionista, ready to leave a restaurant into the chill of a particularly cold night in Paris. A big cream fur coat layered over a delicate dress for a spot of shopping in London. Fur coats lined up neatly at the Bolshoi theatre coat check. A pure white coat like a puff of snow worn with butter-soft black leather dress. The list is endless.
The next logical association is romance. A gift as a token of love. Steam trains, kissing sailors and your grandmother's stories. An anniversary celebration, or a first date memory. These associations, although a little distant, maybe even a little dramatic, have carried on through generations – much like fur coats themselves. Fur has come to symbolise a commitment to something bigger, something long-term. Ladies fur coats couldn't be further away on the spectrum of fast fashion. A fur coat is crafted with techniques that have been passed down to skilled hands – an investment made to be kept. A real fur coat should be purchased with thought, worn with appreciation, and thoroughly enjoyed.
It isn't only emotional associations that have cemented fur coat fame, nor has it been exclusively a regal affair. Who hasn't lusted over photographs of a young Anita Pallenberg in all her bohemian glory? Skinny scarves, jewellery and accessorised with a member of the Rolling Stones! A big fur collar coat was considered a basic necessity for any Woodstock attending citizen. It was this distinct period and the iconic influence of Ms Pallenberg that shaped our queen, Kate Moss, into her most celebrated style. Grey skinny jeans and a fox fur coat is, to Moss, a bread-and-butter staple.
Fur is blossoming into a new era of luxury fashion. Pre-Fall fashion in Milan is punctuated by bursts of colour and interesting techniques in fur couture. And it's pushing fur into a modern arena. Now we see show-stopping fur coats jump fresh off the runway and straight onto the backs of models, editors and fashions favourite collectors. A grey fur coat worn with peachy nudes is a great example of the kind of new-wave luxury we love. Elena Perminova, one of our favourite Russian street style fixtures, and the perfect clothes horse for couture, peppers fluffy short fur coats here and there with fun fur accessories in between. One of her ways to cope with winter is mixing exquisite dresses or floor sweeping pants, statement shoes and either a big fluffy short fur coat or a fur-trimmed coat. It's a balancing act, both proportionally and within the ratio of casual to dressed-up, a significant indicator of modern dressing.
A black fur coat is a casual-chic affair, even if a century old family history of fur making is anything but. What we most appreciate about the label's collections is the harmony between seasonal and classic. Silhouettes are wearable, day and night, over jeans or cocooning an evening gown. A piece by Salomon is no doubt exciting, but it will also fit seamlessly into your wardrobe. Trust us!
And how could we not mention Loro Piana? With a sable brown fur coat that is exactly what you would expect from a high-end Italian furrier... You may need the right occasion for a coat this elegant, but owning a fur coat by Loro Piana is an event itself. This label does coats with a fur collar and matching cuff puffs of fox fur that captures the grace and grandeur of the 1920s. Their fur capes made of mink are discreet items – the highest form of luxury. Fur coats are still an investment of real value. They're also still heirlooms and markers of significant events. Once again, fur coats are modern luxuries not to be saved, but to be worn and loved. Luxurious and very romantic.


text: While the sneaker is definitely designed to be a beast on the hardwood, you don't have to be a basketball player to appreciate the adidas adiZero Crazy Light 2. Just ask the likes of Von Miller, Robert Griffin III and Eric Berry who all got the chance to crank out a custom pair via the miadidas process over the summer. Among the three Von Miller seemed to really flex the custom options at his disposal, dropping in his "Eat Greedy" slogan on the back end of the sneaker. Click through for a look at Von's pair of the 9.5 oz adidas adiZero Crazy Light 2 as well as a video spot featuring all three designs and let us know if you think you can do better in the comments below.


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Guess What? Most Cybercrime 'Losses' Are Massively Exaggerated As Well
from the because-they're-not-losses deptWe've talked about exaggerations in "losses" due to infringement for many years. However, we've also discussed how claims of "losses" due to so-called "cybercrime" are also massively inflated. It appears that others are figuring this out as well. The NY Times has an op-ed piece from two researchers, Dinei Florencio and Cormac Herley, highlighting how all the claims of massive damages from "cybercrime" appear to be exaggerated -- often by quite a bit:
One recent estimate placed annual direct consumer losses at $114 billion worldwide. It turns out, however, that such widely circulated cybercrime estimates are generated using absurdly bad statistical methods, making them wholly unreliable.This is pretty common. In the first link above, we wrote about how a single $7,500 "loss" was extrapolated into $1.5 billion in losses. The simple fact is that, while such things can make some people lose some money, the size of the problem has been massively exaggerated. As these researchers note, this kind of thing happens all the time. They point to an FTC report, where two respondents alone provided answers that effectively would have added $37 billion in total "losses" to the estimate.
Most cybercrime estimates are based on surveys of consumers and companies. They borrow credibility from election polls, which we have learned to trust. However, when extrapolating from a surveyed group to the overall population, there is an enormous difference between preference questions (which are used in election polls) and numerical questions (as in cybercrime surveys).
For one thing, in numeric surveys, errors are almost always upward: since the amounts of estimated losses must be positive, there's no limit on the upside, but zero is a hard limit on the downside. As a consequence, respondent errors — or outright lies — cannot be canceled out. Even worse, errors get amplified when researchers scale between the survey group and the overall population.
This doesn't mean that the problems should be ignored, just that we should have some facts and real evidence, rather than ridiculous estimates. If the problem isn't that big, the response should be proportional to that. Unfortunately, that rarely happens. In fact, combining this with the recent ridiculous stories about the need for "cybersecurity," perhaps we can start to estimate just how much of an exaggeration in FUD the prefix "cyber-" adds to things. I'm guessing it's at least an order of magnitude. Combine bad statistical methodology with the scary new interweb thing, and you've got the makings of an all-out moral panic.
Filed Under: cybercrime, errors, exaggeration, fud, losses


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Beyonce copyright
Remember when Beyonce complained about her unflattering photos after the Super Bowl? Click here for a refresher. That's what happens when you complain. If you don't complain, no one notices. As soon as you do complain, they notice all the time. And then they meme your ass. There's an Ugly Beyonce meme generator, did you know this?
Beyonce is on tour now for The Mrs Carter Show. To prevent sh-tty pictures of her from being taken and then distributed, her management has banned photographers from her shows and is instead releasing approved shots taken by a photographer on staff. In other words, she's personally curating her image collection so that you will only see her best side(s). Needless to say, photo agencies are circumventing the Beyonce photo restrictions by purchasing photos from fans, or sneaking into the venues and shooting whatever they can. And, since she's so paranoid about the bad looking ones, they're purposefully trying to get more of those. Click here or more information on the situation.
So why does she bother?
Well, Beyonce is Beyonce, as a brand. Beyonce doesn't see herself as an actual person. Beyonce sees herself as a corporation. She's the Coca-Cola of her universe. She's the McDonald's of her world. You know how McDonald's would come after your ass if you borrowed the golden arches and used it on your fliers? With Beyonce it's the same philosophy. She's copyrighting herself. Poor photos of Beyonce, in Beyonce's mind, constitute copyright infringement. Beyonce is flawless, obviously. Anything that suggests otherwise is a violation of Beyonce's copyright.
Here are some pictures of Beyonce that Beyonce put on her Tumblr. As you can see, they're well in line with the corporate mission statement. Especially if you're taking a look at her from behind. That's a fine ass.
But why is Beyonce's control over Beyonce so offensive? Could it be argued that Beyonce's approach is simply an exaggerated version of our own approach to our own imagery? Isn't that what we do on Facebook and Instagram and Twitter? At a Faculty of Celebrity Studies event last week in Winnipeg, I asked what Facebook is for. Someone candidly answered that it was for Self Presentation.
Be honest -- how often do you post unflattering photos of yourself on the social network? Don't you zoom first to make sure no one can see your zit? Don't we all know by now our best angle in a selfie? Hasn't it become customary to solicit everyone's feedback on the group shot before throwing it up on Instagram? Vanity lives at the heart of it. Beyonce's vanity is serviced and supported by her wealth and access and influence. What if our vanity was serviced and supported by wealth and access and influence? Would our vanity become obscene?
Also attached -- official video footage from the tour. Something about sequined shoes in that shape always cracks me up. It's like Minnie Mouse.


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Share your favorite passages from the Bible and quotes by inspirational authors. Include some of your original thoughts to encourage others. Wake up to this special section each morning. Give others something special to wake up to, as well!
Members: 135
Latest Activity: Jul 22, 2018
Started by Jeanette Sue Mitchell Jun 28, 2015. 0 Replies 0 Likes
*LOOK TO THE HORIZON*Look to the horizon, what do you see?A little piece of Heaven reflecting off of MeThe sky reveals the beauty awaiting to be seenThe majesty inside the One Who brings this…Continue
Started by Emma Nov 16, 2014. 0 Replies 2 Likes
Sometimes the daily responsibilities we carry overwhelm us. We are pulled in what seems like a million different directions and we often become overwhelmed trying to do it all! If that is you, pray…Continue
Started by David Pon. Last reply by Barbara Jean Luxford Sep 10, 2013. 1 Reply 4 Likes
The passage came to me by compete surprise and I keep it close by my heart everytime I feel good or bad. Call unto me, and I will answer thee, and shew thee great and mighty things, which thou knoest…Continue
Started by kiio mutua. Last reply by Barbara Jean Luxford Sep 10, 2013. 1 Reply 0 Likes
I always get suddened when I walk down the street and see a funeral possession and wonder whether the dead person knew Christ and what was his life like,the life we have is not ours it is just lent…Continue
When life gets rough you have to become a tough prayer warrior because prayer can smooth away all the roughness that life has to throw at you.
Remember to pray up to stay up don't let life knock you down and keep you down.
For the times that we get disappointed with G-d or even mad at Him, Remember this:
Resentment against G-d or Jesus Christ is usually the consequence of a lack of faith or unbelief or as a response to adverse circumstances
Usually I find that it's a response to adverse circumstances. G-d DOES know what He is doing in your life!!! He DOES Love you!!!
I prayed to Christ for a job that he ordained just for me, because I didn't want to get in the way of anyone else. I also wrote it down and posted it by my bed with other prayer requests. Christ in return gave me a scripture to stand on. It is Isaiah40:31 (But those who hope in the Lord will renew their strength. They will soar on wings of eagles; they will run and not grow weary, they will walk and not faint.) I didn't understand at first until Christ gave me my job. The job He gave me was the one I really didn't want, and from the first day of employment it has been a battle, but Christ gave me His promise before I started ,so I have submitted to Him and trust his word.
Haven't commented in a long time and I felt like now is the time. I don't understand life some how. I should feel blessed with a great job, a nice home, and loving friends and family. But I always worry to much and I feel like I don't deserve it. I feel like it will all be taken away from me. I know God loves me and wants the best for me and well for all of us. I have schizophernia and it can be a real problem some times. There are days , like today , where I feel it overwhelming me. I know that in the end things will work out and no matter what I will never stop feeling Gods love. Just have to try and take it one day at a time.
keep your voice from weeping, and your eyes from tears, for there is a reward for your work, declares the LORD, and they shall come back from the land of the enemy.-jeremiah 31:16
when I'm feeling a like things are too much, one of my favorite Scriptures is Isaiah 41:10. God bless!


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by William McComas edited by O Society April 24, 2019
|This article addresses and attempts to refute several of the most widespread and enduring misconceptions held by students regarding the enterprise of science. The ten myths discussed include the common notions that theories become laws, that hypotheses are best characterized as educated guesses, and that there is a commonly-applied scientific method. In addition, the article includes discussion of other incorrect ideas such as the view that evidence leads to sure knowledge, that science and its methods provide absolute proof, and that science is not a creative endeavor. Finally, the myths that scientists are objective, that experiments are the sole route to scientific knowledge and that scientific conclusions are continually reviewed conclude this presentation. The paper ends with a plea that instruction in and opportunities to experience the nature of science are vital in preservice and inservice teacher education programs to help unseat the myths of science.
|Myths are typically defined as traditional views, fables, legends or stories. As such, myths can be entertaining and even educational since they help people make sense of the world. In fact, the explanatory role of myths most likely accounts for their development, spread and persistence. However, when fact and fiction blur, myths lose their entertainment value and serve only to block full understanding. Such is the case with the myths of science.
|Scholar Joseph Campbell (1968) has proposed that the similarity among many folk myths worldwide is due to a subconscious link between all peoples, but no such link can explain the myths of science. Misconceptions about science are most likely due to the lack of philosophy of science content in teacher education programs, the failure of such programs to provide and require authentic science experiences for preservice teachers and the generally shallow treatment of the nature of science in the precollege textbooks to which teachers might turn for guidance.
|As Steven Jay Gould points out in "The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone" (1988), science textbook writers are among the most egregious purveyors of myth and inaccuracy. The fox terrier mentioned in the title refers to the classic comparison used to express the size of the dawn horse, the tiny precursor to the modem horse. This comparison is unfortunate for two reasons. Not only was this horse ancestor much bigger than a fox terrier, but the fox terrier breed of dog is virtually unknown to American students. The major criticism leveled by Gould is that once this comparison took hold, no one bothered to check its validity or utility. Through time, one author after another simply repeated the inept comparison and continued a tradition that has made many science texts virtual clones of each other on this and countless other points.
|In an attempt to provide a more realistic view of science and point out issues on which science teachers should focus, this article presents and discusses 10 widely-held, yet incorrect ideas about the nature of science. There is no implication that all students, or most teachers for that matter, hold all of these views to be true, nor is the list meant to be the definitive catalog. Cole (1986) and Rothman (1992) have suggested additional misconceptions worthy of consideration. However, years of science teaching and the review of countless texts has substantiated the validity of the inventory presented here.
Myth 1: Hypotheses Become Theories Which Become Laws
|This myth deals with the general belief that with increased evidence there is a developmental sequence through which scientific ideas pass on their way to final acceptance. Many believe that scientific ideas pass through the hypothesis and theory stages and finally mature as laws. A former U.S. president showed his misunderstanding of science by saying that he was not troubled by the idea of evolution because it was "just a theory." The president's misstatement is the essence of this myth; that an idea is not worthy of consideration until "lawness" has been bestowed upon it.
|The problem created by the false hierarchical nature inherent in this myth is that theories and laws are very different kinds of knowledge. Of course there is a relationship between laws and theories, but one simply does not become the other–no matter how much empirical evidence is amassed. Laws are generalizations, principles or patterns in nature and theories are the explanations of those generalizations (Rhodes & Schaible, 1989; Homer & Rubba, 1979; Campbell, 1953).
|For instance, Newton described the relationship of mass and distance to gravitational attraction between objects with such precision that we can use the law of gravity to plan spaceflights. During the Apollo 8 mission, astronaut Bill Anders responded to the question of who was flying the spacecraft by saying, "I think that Issac Newton is doing most of the driving fight now." (Chaikin, 1994, p. 127). His response was understood by all to mean that the capsule was simply following the basic laws of physics described by Isaac Newton years centuries earlier.
|The more thorny, and many would say more interesting, issue with respect to gravity is the explanation for why the law operates as it does. At this point, there is no well. accepted theory of gravity. Some physicists suggest that gravity waves are the correct explanation for the law of gravity, but with clear confirmation and consensus lacking, most feel that the theory of gravity still eludes science. Interestingly, Newton addressed the distinction between law and theory with respect to gravity. Although he had discovered the law of gravity, he refrained from speculating publically about its cause. In Principial, Newton states" . . . I have not been able to discover the cause of those properties of gravity from phenomena, and I frame no hypothesis . . ." " . . . it is enough that gravity does really exist, and act according to the laws which we have explained . . ." (Newton, 1720/1946, p. 547).
Myth 2: A Hypothesis is an Educated Guess
|The definition of the term hypothesis has taken on an almost mantra- like life of its own in science classes. If a hypothesis is always an educated guess as students typically assert, the question remains, "an educated guess about what?" The best answer for this question must be, that without a clear view of the context in which the term is used, it is impossible to tell.
|The term hypothesis has at least three definitions, and for that reason, should be abandoned, or at least used with caution. For instance, when Newton said he framed no hypothesis as to the cause of gravity he was saying that he had no speculation about an explanation of why the law of gravity operates as it does. In this case, Newton used the term hypothesis to represent an immature theory.
|As a solution to the hypothesis problem, Sonleitner (1989) suggested that tentative or trial laws be called generalizing hypotheses with provisional theories referred to as explanatory hypotheses. Another approach would be to abandon the word hypothesis altogether in favor of terms such as speculative law or speculative theory. With evidence, generalizing hypotheses may become laws and speculative theories become theories, but under no circumstances do theories become laws. Finally, when students are asked to propose a hypothesis during a laboratory experience, the term now means a prediction. As for those hypotheses that are really forecasts, perhaps they should simply be called what they are, predictions.
Myth 3: A General and Universal Scientific Method Exists
|The notion that a common series of steps is followed by all research scientists must be among the most pervasive myths of science given the appearance of such a list in the introductory chapters of many precollege science texts. This myth has been part of the folklore of school science ever since its proposal by statistician Karl Pearson (1937). The steps listed for the scientific method vary from text to text but usually include, a) define the problem, b) gather background information, c) form a hypothesis, d) make observations, e) test the hypothesis, and f) draw conclusions. Some texts conclude their list of the steps of the scientific method by listing communication of results as the final ingredient.
|One of the reasons for the widespread belief in a general scientific method may be the way in which results are presented for publication in research journals. The standardized style makes it appear that scientists follow a standard research plan. Medawar (1990) reacted to the common style exhibited by research papers by calling the scientific paper a fraud since the final journal report rarely outlines the actual way in which the problem was investigated.
|Philosophers of science who have studied scientists at work have shown that no research method is applied universally (Carey, 1994; Gibbs & Lawson, 1992; Chalmers, 1990; Gjertsen, 1989). The notion of a single scientific method is so pervasive it seems certain that many students must be disappointed when they discover that scientists do not have a framed copy of the steps of the scientific method posted high above each laboratory workbench.
|Close inspection will reveal that scientists approach and solve problems with imagination, creativity, prior knowledge and perseverance. These, of course, are the same methods used by all problem-solvers. The lesson to be learned is that science is no different from other human endeavors when puzzles are investigated. Fortunately, this is one myth that may eventually be displaced since many newer texts are abandoning or augmenting the list in favor of discussions of methods of science.
Myth 4: Evidence Accumulated Carefully Will Result in Sure Knowledge
|All investigators, including scientists, collect and interpret empirical evidence through the process called induction. This is a technique by which individual pieces of evidence are collected and examined until a law is discovered or a theory is invented. Useful as this technique is, even a preponderance of evidence does not guarantee the production of valid knowledge because of what is called the problem of induction.
|Induction was first formalized by Frances Bacon in the 17th century. In his book, Novum Organum (1620/1952), Bacon advised that facts be assimilated without bias to reach a conclusion. The method of induction he suggested is the principal way in which humans traditionally have produced generalizations that permit predictions. What then is the problem with induction?
|It is both impossible to make all observations pertaining to a given situation and illogical to secure all relevant facts for all time, past, present and future. However, only by making all relevant observations throughout all time, could one say that a final valid conclusion had been made. This is the problem of induction. On a personal level, this problem is of little consequence, but in science the problem is significant. Scientists formulate laws and theories that are supposed to hold true in all places and for all time but the problem of induction makes such a guarantee impossible.
|The proposal of anew law begins through induction as facts are heaped upon other relevant facts. Deduction is useful in checking the validity of a law. For example, if we postulate that all swans are white, we can evaluate the law by predicting that the next swan found will also be white. If it is, the law is supported, but not proved as will be seen in the discussion of another science myth. Locating even a single black swan will cause the law to be called into question.
|The nature of induction itself is another interesting aspect associated with this myth. If we set aside the problem of induction momentarily, there is still the issue of how scientists make the final leap from the mass of evidence to the conclusion. In an idealized view of induction, the accumulated evidence will simply result in the production of a new law or theory in a procedural or mechanical fashion. In reality, there is no such method. The issue is far more complex — and interesting –than that. The final creative leap from evidence to scientific knowledge is the focus of another myth of science.
Myth 5: Science and its Methods Provide Absolute Proof
|The general success of the scientific endeavor suggests that its products must be valid. However, a hallmark of scientific knowledge is that it is subject to revision when new information is presented. Tentativeness is one of the points that differentiates science from other forms of knowledge. Accumulated evidence can provide support, validation and substantiation for a law or theory, but will never prove those laws and theories to be true. This idea has been addressed by Homer and Rubba (1978) and Lopnshinsky (1993).
|The problem of induction argues against proof in science, but there is another element of this myth worth exploring. In actuality, the only truly conclusive knowledge produced by science results when a notion is falsified. What this means is that no matter what scientific idea is considered, once evidence begins to accumulate, at least we know that the notion is untrue. Consider the example of the white swans discussed earlier. One could search the world and see only white swans, and arrive at the generalization that "all swans are white. " However, the discovery of one black swan has the potential to overturn, or at least result in modifications of, this proposed law of nature. However, whether scientists routinely try to falsify their notions and how much contrary evidence it takes for a scientist's mind to change are issues worth exploring.
Myth 6: Science Is Procedural More Than Creative
|We accept that no single guaranteed method of science can account for the success of science, but realize that induction, the collection and interpretation of individual facts providing the raw materials for laws and theories, is at the foundation of most scientific endeavors. This awareness brings with it a paradox. If induction itself is not a guaranteed method for arriving at conclusions, how do scientists develop useful laws and theories?
|Induction makes use of individual facts that are collected, analyzed, and examined. Some observers may perceive a pattern in these data and propose a law in response, but there is no logical or procedural method by which the pattern is suggested. With a theory, the issue is much the same. Only the creativity of the individual scientist permits the discovery of laws and the invention of theories. If there truly was a single scientific method, two individuals with the same expertise could review the same facts and reach identical conclusions. There is no guarantee of this because the range and nature of creativity is a personal attribute.
|Unfortunately, many common science teaching orientations and methods serve to work against the creative element in science. The majority of laboratory exercises, for instance, are verification activities. The teacher discusses what will happen in the laboratory, the manual provides step-by-step directions, and the student is expected to arrive at a particular answer. Not only is this approach the antithesis of the way in which science actually operates, but such a portrayal must seem dry, clinical and uninteresting to many students. In her book, They're Not Dumb, They're Different (1990) Shiela Tobias argues that many capable and clever students reject science as a career because they are not given an opportunity to see it as an exciting and creative pursuit. The moral in Tobias' thesis is that science itself may be impoverished when students who feel a need for a creative outlet eliminate it as a potential career because of the way it is taught.
Myth 7: Science and its Methods Can Answer All Questions.
|Philosophers of science have found it useful to refer to the work of Karl Popper (1968) and his principle of falsifiability to provide an operational definition of science. Popper believed that only those ideas that are potentially falsifiable are scientific ideas.
|For instance, the law of gravity states that more massive objects exert a stronger gravitational attraction than do objects with less mass when distance is held constant. This is a scientific law because it could be falsified if newly-discovered objects operate differently with respect to gravitational attraction. In contrast, the core idea among creationists is that species were placed on earth fully-formed by some supernatural entity. Obviously, there is no scientific method by which such a belief could be shown to be false. Since this special creation view is impossible to falsify, it is not science at all and the term creation science is an oxymoron. Creation science is a religious belief and as such, does not require that it be falsifiable. Hundreds of years ago thoughtful theologians and scientists carved out their spheres of influence and have since coexisted with little acrimony. Today, only those who fail to understand the distinction between science and religion confuse the rules, roles, and limitations of these two important world views.
|It should now be clear that some questions simply must not be asked of scientists. During a recent creation science trial for instance, Nobel laureates were asked to sign a statement about the nature of science to provide some guidance to the court. These famous scientists responded resoundingly to support such a statement; after all they were experts in the realm of science (Klayman, Slocombe, Lehman, & Kaufman, 1986). Later, those interested in citing expert opinion in the abortion debate asked scientists to issue a statement regarding their feelings on this issue. Wisely, few participated. Science cannot answer the moral and ethical questions engendered by the matter of abortion. Of course, scientists as individuals have personal opinions about many issues, but as a group, they must remain silent if those issues are outside the realm of scientific inquiry. Science simply cannot address moral, ethical, aesthetic, social and metaphysical questions.
Myth 8. Scientists are Particularly Objective
|Scientists are no different in their level of objectivity than are other professionals. They are careful in the analysis of evidence and in the procedures applied to arrive at conclusions. With this admission, it may seem that this myth is valid, but contributions from both the philosophy of science and psychology reveal that there are at least three major reasons that make complete objectivity impossible.
|Many philosophers of science support Popper's (1963) view that science can advance only through a string of what he called conjectures and refutations. In other words, scientists should propose laws and theories as conjectures and then actively work to disprove or refute those ideas. Popper suggests that the absence of contrary evidence, demonstrated through an active program of refutation, will provide the best support available. It may seem like a strange way of thinking about verification, but the absence of disproof is considered support. There is one major problem with the idea of conjecture and refutation. Popper seems to have proposed it as a recommendation for scientists, not as a description of what scientists do. From a philosophical perspective the idea is sound, but there are no indications that scientists actively practice programs to search for disconfirming evidence.
|Another aspect of the inability of scientists to be objective is found in theory-laden observation, a psychological notion (Hodson, 1986). Scientists, like all observers, hold a myriad of preconceptions and biases about the way the world operates. These notions, held in the subconscious, affect everyone's ability to make observations. It is impossible to collect and interpret facts without any bias. There have been countless cases in the history of science in which scientists have failed to include particular observations in their final analyses of phenomena. This occurs, not because of fraud or deceit, but because of the prior knowledge possessed by the individual. Certain facts either were not seen at all or were deemed unimportant based on the scientists's prior knowledge. In earlier discussions of induction, we postulated that two individuals reviewing the same data would not be expected to reach the same conclusions. Not only does individual creativity play a role, but the issue of personal theory-laden observation further complicates the situation.
|This lesson has clear implications for science teaching. Teachers typically provide learning experiences for students without considering their prior knowledge. In the laboratory, for instance, students are asked to perform activities, make observations and then form conclusions. There is an expectation that the conclusions formed will be both self-evident and uniform. In other words, teachers anticipate that the data will lead all pupils to the same conclusion. This could only happen if each student had the same exact prior conceptions and made and evaluated observations using identical schemes. This does not happen in science nor does it occur in the science classroom.
|Related to the issue of theory-based observations is the allegiance to the paradigm. Thomas Kuhn (1970), in his ground-breaking analysis of the history of science, shows that scientists work within a research tradition called a paradigm. This research tradition, shared by those working in a given discipline, provides clues to the questions worth investigating, dictates what evidence is admissible and prescribes the tests and techniques that are reasonable. Although the paradigm provides direction to the research it may also stifle or limit investigation. Anything that confines the research endeavor necessarily limits objectivity. While there is no conscious desire on the part of scientists to limit discussion, it is likely that some new ideas in science are rejected because of the paradigm issue. When research reports are submitted for publication they are reviewed by other members of the discipline. Ideas from outside the paradigm are liable to be eliminated from consideration as crackpot or poor science and thus do not appear in print.
|Examples of scientific ideas that were originally rejected because they fell outside the accepted paradigm include the sun-centered solar system, warm-bloodedness in dinosaurs, the germ-theory of disease, and continental drift. When first proposed early in this century by Alfred Wegener, the idea of moving continents, for example, was vigorously rejected. Scientists were not ready to embrace a notion so contrary to the traditional teachings of their discipline. Continental drift was finally accepted in the 1960s with the proposal of a mechanism or theory to explain how continental plates move (Hallam, 1975 and Menard, 1986). This fundamental change in the earth sciences, called a revolution by Kuhn, might have occurred decades earlier had it not been for the strength of the paradigm.
|It would be unwise to conclude a discussion of scientific paradigms on a negative note. Although the examples provided do show the contrary aspects associated with paradigm-fixity, Kuhn would argue that the blinders created by allegiance to the paradigm help keep scientists on track. His review of the history of science demonstrates that paradigms are responsible for far more successes in science than delays.
Myth 9: Experiments are the Principle Route to Scientific Knowledge
|Throughout their school science careers, students are encouraged to associate science with experimentation. Virtually all hands-on experiences that students have in science class is called experiments even if it would be more accurate to refer to these exercises as technical procedures, explorations or activities. True experiments involve carefully orchestrated procedures along with control and test groups usually with the goal of establishing a cause and effect relationship. Of course, true experimentation is a useful tool in science, but is not the sole route to knowledge.
|Many note-worthy scientists have used non-experimental techniques to advance knowledge. In fact, in a number of science disciplines, true experimentation is not possible because of the inability to control variables. Many fundamental discoveries in astronomy are based on extensive observations rather than experiments. Copernicus and Kepler changed our view of the solar system using observational evidence derived from lengthy and detailed observations frequently contributed by other scientists, but neither performed experiments.
|Charles Darwin punctuated his career with an investigatory regime more similar to qualitative techniques used in the social sciences than the experimental techniques commonly associated with the natural sciences. For his most revolutionary discoveries, Darwin recorded his extensive observations in notebooks annotated by speculations and thoughts about those observations. Although Darwin supported the inductive method proposed by Bacon, he was aware that observation without speculation or prior understanding was both ineffective and impossible. The techniques advanced by Darwin have been widely used by scientists Goodall and Nossey in their primate studies. Scientific knowledge is gained in a variety of ways including observation, analysis, speculation, library investigation and experimentation.
Myth 10: All Work in Science is Reviewed to Keep the Process Honest.
|Frequently, the final step in the traditional scientific method is that researchers communicate their results so that others may learn from and evaluate their research. When completing laboratory reports, students are frequently told to present their methods section so clearly that others could repeat the activity. The conclusion that students will likely draw from this request is that professional scientists are also constantly reviewing each other's experiments to check up on each other. Unfortunately, while such a check and balance system would be useful, the number of findings from one scientist checked by others is vanishingly small. In reality, most scientists are simply too busy and research funds too limited for this type of review.
|The result of the lack of oversight has recently put science itself under suspicion. With the pressures of academic tenure, personal competition and funding, it is not surprising that instances of outright scientific fraud do occur. However, even without fraud, the enormous amount of original scientific research published, and the pressure to produce new information rather than reproduce others' work dramatically increases the chance that errors will go unnoticed.
|An interesting corollary to this myth is that scientists rarely report valid, but negative results. While this is understandable given the space limitations in scientific journals, the failure to report what did not work is a problem. Only when those working in a particular scientific discipline have access to all of the information regarding a phenomenon — both positive and negative — can the discipline progress.
|If, in fact, students and many of their teachers hold these myths to be true, we have strong support for a renewed focus on science itself rather than just its facts and principles in science teaching and science teacher education. This is one of the central messages in both of the new science education projects. Benchmarks for Science Literacy (AAAS, 1993) and the National Science Education Standards (National Research Council, 1994) project both strongly suggest that school science must give students an opportunity to experience science authentically, free of the legends, misconceptions and idealizations inherent in the myths about the nature of the scientific enterprise. There must be increased opportunity for both preservice and inservice teachers to learn about and apply the real rules of the game of science accompanied by careful review of textbooks to remove the "creeping fox terriers" that have helped provide an inaccurate view of the nature of science. Only by clearing away the mist of half-truths and revealing science in its full light, with knowledge of both its strengths and limitations, will learners become enamored of the true pageant of science and be able fairly to judge its processes and products.
|McComas, William, "Ten myths of science: Reexamining what we think we know….," Vol. 96, School Science & Mathematics, 01-01-1996, pp 10.
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Campbell, N. (1953). What is science? New York: Dover Publications.
Campbell, J. (1968). The hero with a thousand faces. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Carey, S. S. (1994). A beginners guide to scientific method. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Chaikin, A. (1994). A man on the moon: The voyages of the Apollo astronauts. New York: Viking Press.
Chalmers, A. (1990). Science and its fabrication. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
Cole, K.C. (1986, March 23). "Things your teacher never told you about science: Nine shocking revelations!" The Newsday Magazine, 21-27.
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Gjertsen, D. (1989). Science and philosophy past and present. New York: Penguin Books.
Gould, S. J. (1988). "The case of the creeping fox terrier clone." Natural History, 96(1), 16-24.
Hallam, A. (1975). "Alfred Wegener and the hypothesis of continental drift." Scientific American, 252(2), 88-97.
Hodson, D. (1986). "The mature of scientific observation." School Science Review, 58(242), 17-28.
Horner, J. K. & Rubba, P. A. (1979) "The laws are mature theories fable." The Science Teacher,46(2), 31.
Horner, J. K. & Rubba, P. A. (1978) "The myth of absolute truth." The Science Teacher, 45(1), 29-30.
Klayman, R. A., Slocombe, W. B., Lehman, J. S. and Kaufman, B.S. (1986). Amicus curiaebrief of 72 Nobel laureates, 17 state academies of science, and 7 other scientific organizations, in support of appellees. Edwards v. Aguillard, 85 U.S. 1513.
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The structure of scientific revolutions, (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lopushinsky, T. (1993). "Does science deal in truth?" The Journal of College Science Teaching, 23(3), 208.
Medawar. P. B. (1963). "Is the scientific paper a fraud?" In P. B. Medawar. The Threat and the Glory. (pp. 228-233). New York: HarperCollins.
Menard, H. W. (1986). The ocean of truth: A personal history of global tectonics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
National Research Council (1994). National science education standards (Draft). Washington, DC: Author.
Newton, I. (1946). Sir Isaac Newton's mathematical principles of natural philosophy and his system of the world. (A. Motte, Transl. revised and appendix supplied by F. Cajori). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. (Original work published in 1720).
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Popper, K. R. (1968). The logic of scientific discovery, (2nd ed. revised). New York: Harper Torchbooks.
Popper, K. R. (1963). Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. New York: Harper and Row.
Rhodes, G. and Schaible (1989). "Fact, law, and theory: Ways of thinking in science and literature." Journal of College Science Teaching, 18(4), 228-232 & 288.
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Sonleitner, F. J. (1989, Nov/Dec). "Theories, laws and all that." National Center for Science Education, Newsletter, 9(6), 3-4.
Tobias, S. (1990). They're not dumb, they're different: Stalking the second tier. Tucson, AZ: The Research Corporation.


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Soldiering on an Empty Stomach
Soldiering on an Empty Stomach
Since the start of the Recession, the dollar amount of food stamps used at military commissaries, special stores that can be used by active-duty, retired, and some veterans of the armed forces has quadrupled, hitting $103 million last year. Food banks around the country have also reported a rise in the number of military families they serve, numbers that swelled during the Recession and haven't, or have barely, abated.
About 2,000 food-stamp recipients listed their occupations as active-duty military in 2012, according to the most recent data from the United States Department of Agriculture, which oversees the food-stamp program. It's a tiny fraction of the 47 million Americans who receive food stamps on an average month. The military also has its own program designed to provide families with additional money for food so that they don't qualify for food stamps. Uptake is low—only 427 families used it. Those who work on anti-hunger issues worry that there are more complicated reasons that may obscure the whole, hidden problem. No one knows how big the problem is, but they're concerned it's growing.
Military pay for enlisted members starts at $1,285 a month, which works out to a little more than $15,000 a year. Pay shoots up the longer an enlisted man or woman stays in, is promoted, and is given money to support any children they may have, up to two, but the average enlisted member with less than four years of experience makes about $21,000 a year. (The military also provides other forms of compensation and says an army private with less than two years earns about $41,749 when all is figured in.) Most people agree that's enough for one young person without children. Once married, however, times get harder. Thirty percent of military spouses between the age of 18 and 24 are unemployed, in part because they've likely relocated to be with their spouses and are far from family and support networks. Couples with more than two children living only on an enlisted member's salary of that amount are well below the poverty line. That doesn't account for the other financial problems they may face, like unpaid student loans that follow them into the military, credit card debt, or a history of family poverty: Ten percent of those who enlist come from families in the bottom quintile of incomes. "Some of them entered the military to improve their financial situation," says Mike Ivers, head of a food bank in Yuma, Arizona, near two military installations. "And then something always happens that quickly and easily."
Like many modestly paid, working Americans, other military families are only slightly above the poverty line and may still struggle to buy food. It's a larger problem among the working poor: benefits fade out as workers move up the income ladder, but disappear completely before families make enough to be self-sufficient. The 2008 farm bill, the legislation that authorizes the food-stamp program, allowed states to ease some of the restrictions on how people qualify to try to address this need—family gross incomes could go above the usual income threshold as long as necessary expenses on housing and childcare caused them to fall below it. These new rules might account for some of the growth in food stamp use, both overall and among the military, during the recession. Most experts, however, attribute the rise to that fact that more families became poor, and poor families became poorer, and there's no reason to believe the increased reliance on them at military commissaries is any different.
The use of food stamps may only hint at part of the issue, anyway. The tax-free allowance members receive for off-base housing counts as income in the qualification tests for food stamps. It's different treatment from what the civilian population receives: housing assistance like the Section 8 program isn't counted as income for food-stamp purposes. The added income might push some families who would otherwise qualify above the income threshold, which means they struggle to put food on the table but can't get help. "This is different from the way that civilians would be treated," says Josh Protas, director of government affairs for Mazon, a Jewish-faith-based anti-hunger organization. "There's this extra barrier for active-duty military."
Beryl Durazo was working as an AmeriCorps VISTA volunteer at the Yuma food bank when she married an active-duty Marine in July 2012. Durazo made a small living stipend and is a type 1 diabetic requiring expensive medication, and she and her husband were struggling to afford food. They ate far too many Ramen noodles. "For about three or four months, that was one of the basic meals," she says. "That's not healthy at all, but, unfortunately, if that's what you can afford that's what it comes down to." Durazo started looking for assistance. She didn't want to rely on the food bank because she worked there, and wanted a more sustainable way to afford food until her time with VISTA ended and she could get a full-time job. With their housing allowance, she and her husband made too much money to qualify for food stamps. She looked into the military's special program designed to help families afford food, but learned that her husband would have to apply through his chain of command. He didn't want to do it. Durazo talked to other military families, and found that few knew about this special program and, when they learned about it, were reluctant to apply through their bosses. "I know there's a lot more out there that need help than actually do come to ask for help," she says.
There's evidence for that in the high numbers of families seeking assistance from food banks and pantries, emergency services that provide boxes of kitchen staples to families every few weeks and offer privacy to their clients. Operation Homefront, an organization that provides financial assistance to military members and their families, saw the number of clients they serve peak during the recession, especially for food assistance. The need has dropped in the past two years but remains triple what it was before the recession, a spokesman said. The organization helped about 30,000 families in 2013 with emergency food—in 2011, the number was 60,000 families. That number includes recent veterans, which is a different but related problem. Troop levels have been reduced by about 100,000 soldiers in the past year, and those men and women are coming home at a time of high unemployment. They often return to the areas they grew up in or were last stationed in, and are among the populations these food banks serve. The military is basically a large employer going through layoffs, and though there are initiatives designed to encourage employers to hire them, there are few jobs in the lagging economy. "While everybody is glad to see more and more of our service members coming home, in many cases those service members were counting on combat pay that isn't there any more," says Aaron Taylor, the spokesman for Operation Homefront. "That has a financial impact."
Food banks around the country near military installations all say the need among the military population, like the overall population, remains high. Brenda Swain, who runs a food bank in Falmouth, Massachusetts, estimates that active-duty military families make up about seven percent of her clientele, and it rises to ten percent when she counts families that include veterans. Karen Joyner, who runs a food bank in Virginia, only recently started to collect data, but found that the her network was distributing more than 100,000 pounds of food a month to active-duty military personnel. Ivers, the head of the food bank where Durazo works—they later hired her as an employee—says he serves between 150 and 200 military families a year, and has served more than 6,000 veterans in the past two years. The numbers of military families coming to his food bank for emergency food spiked during the government shutdown last October. "You have a lot of entry-level marines and army individuals, and even the border patrol, wind up coming to the food bank because they live paycheck to paycheck," he says.
The military says it doesn't have a problem with hunger among its active-duty population, saying members are well-compensated compared to the private sector and fed three meals a day in the barracks. Members of a military are active volunteers at local food banks. They raise money or run a small food drive for needy families within their ranks, who may be subtly discouraged from seeking help outside the military. "We always say it's a dirty little secret," Joyner says. "The military has a pride relating to what they do," she says. "They're supposed to be taking care of others in their country but if you have to go and ask for emergency food assistance, they think that means that you're not even capable of taking care of yourself or your family."
In their need and in their shame, members of the military aren't that different from the population as a whole. During the recession, food-stamp enrollment more than doubled, to 47 million in an average month, but the numbers of families who reported they didn't have consistent access to nutritious meals was higher, about 50 million. Despite the ever-vigilant watch for food-stamp fraud, a much bigger problem is that there's a gap between those who need help and those who receive it. If those who are actively serving, or have just finished serving the country, are falling through it, what does that augur for the rest of the population? "I think it's not a point of pride that members of our military might be eligible for SNAP so it's a delicate situation to discuss," Protas says. "There's some shame about this."


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After Tata Docomo, Reliance Communication, Aircel and Airtel launched their 3G services in India, Idea recently joined the bandwagon and launched its 3G services in India. In the first phase, Idea launched 3G in Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh circle. Within a week, Idea 3G has been launched in Maharashtra, Goa, UP (East), UP (West) And Kerala circle.
Idea 3G services are currently live in Pune, Nasik, Nagpur, Agra, Meerut, Dehradun, Muzzafarnagar, Saharanpur, Roorkee, Rudrapur, Kashipur and Haridwar of Maharashtra circle. It is also available in Lucknow, Kanpur, Allahabad,Jhansi, Sitapur and Azamgarh in the UP (East) circle.
Idea 3G services have been launched in 30 cities of Kerala – Achanambalam, Adat, Adoor, Adoorengg-colg, Alimukku, Alleppey Town, Aluva, Amabalamughal, Ariyallur, Aroor, Athavanad, Avinsserry, Ayanikad, Beypore Bhavans Hill, Bmnagar, C K Para, Calicut Town, Cochin, Fort Kochi, Carborandum, Chaliyam, Chattiparamba,Kottackal, Vengara, Chelambra, Chelari, Payyoli, Quilandy, Feroke, Beypore, Malappuram ,Kottackal, Kottarakara, Punalur, Vengara, Parappanangadi, Thrissur and Chemmadnow.
Idea has grabbed 3G license for 11 circles Maharashtra & Goa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh (E), Uttar Pradesh (W), Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu & Kashmir. Idea already said that the company is planning to grow at the rate of 10 towns per day. Idea will cover 750 towns by mid 2011 and 4,000 towns by the end of FY12.
To get the Idea 3G settings on your smartphone, just SMS SET to 12345. Check out the Idea 3G tariff plans here.
[ via. Telecom Talk ]


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20 lies it's OK to tell your kids
Let's be honest. Most parents lie to their kids. Most of these lies seem innocuous enough. Your parents might've told you there was spinach in those chocolate chip cookies to get you to stop eating sweets. Or maybe they told you "I'll think about it" one too many times when you asked for something. You probably learned at some point that "I'll think about it" really means "no."
These lies seem innocent, but can breed mistrust over time. And some of the lies more commonly told, such as "Your goldfish lives in the ocean now," "The park is closed today," or "I never did drugs," can actually be damaging for other reasons, too. Dealing with death, disappointment and realizing parents make mistakes are important lessons in maturity. These experiences help kids to grow up into better adults.
Most family therapists agree that unless you want your child to grow up with trust issues, it's probably best to keep the lies to a minimum. Honesty is the best policy, after all. But there are some exceptions to this golden rule. Here are 20 little lies that are OK to tell to your kids.istockphoto.com
Any lie that ends in a surprise party
Unless your child hates surprises, they're not going to be upset that you lied about plans that night. As soon as they open the front door, every lie is confessed and absolutely absolved. Who can stay mad when there's cake involved?istockphoto.com
'Santa Claus is real'
Putting the whole "He sees you while you're sleeping" thing aside, there's really nothing wrong with this one. Why ruin the magic of leaving out cookies and finding unmarked presents under the tree? The biggest complication here is for non-Christian parents. They have to figure out how to explain to their kids why it's OK to lie to their friends this time, but never again.istockphoto.com
'You can do anything you set your mind to'
No, your child cannot do anything they set their mind to. Unfortunately, barriers like prejudice, finances, physical limitations and other unfortunate circumstances just might tug some of their aspirations too far out of reach. But right now, they just need to learn to believe in themselves. The world will do everything in its power to convince them not to feel confident later on, though a lot of their dreams will be attainable. They shouldn't be convinced not to chase them!istockphoto.com
'I would never throw your artwork away'
Every parent wishes they could keep a trove of memories from their children's younger years, but unless you want to end up on the TV show "Hoarders," it's not a great idea. And with drawings and scribbles, there are just so many. You don't necessarily have to tell your kid you're throwing away their masterpieces, but it's OK to select a few favorites and toss the rest.istockphoto.com
'Everything is going to be OK'
This is a lie adults still tell one another. Let's be real: Everything is not always OK. This lie is more of a turn of phrase that people use to make each other feel better. What "Everything is going to be OK" really means is more like "This not-OK thing happening right now is temporary" and "I'm here to try to help you feel better."istockphoto.com
'It's bedtime'
For one reason or another, you have to wake your family up earlier than usual the next morning. But how do you trick your kids into going to sleep an hour before the usual bedtime? Easy: Lie about what time it is.istockphoto.com
'That's a great drawing'
This is basically a roundabout way of complimenting your kid's artwork without admitting you have no idea what they were trying to draw. Is it an antelope? Is it a spider? You honestly can't tell. But you don't want to deter them from creative expression! Another white lie is just to say, "I love the colors you used in this!" They'll never know.istockphoto.com
'Your singing sounds amazing'
Unless your child is a prodigy, their singing voice probably doesn't sound like it belongs on the radio. But there's nothing wrong with a little unconditional support and confidence boosting. What you really mean here is that their singing sounds amazing to you - because you love them, of course!istockphoto.com
'I'm going to sleep, too'
You might have paperwork to get done or cleaning to do. But you know it'll be way easier to get your chores done without your toddler tugging at your leg the entire time. Telling your child that you're going to sleep, too, can help motivate them to get into bed without too much of a fuss.istockphoto.com
'There's nothing to be afraid of'
If you're conquering fears of roller coasters or teaching them to ride a bike, this might not be much of a lie. But other times, there are absolutely things to be afraid of. The world can be a scary place filled with hail the size of golf balls and wackos throwing firecrackers into subway cars. Fearful children can end up becoming traumatized adults. Help ease kids' fears when you can.istockphoto.com
'I love this gift'
The truth? You love the thought behind the gift. But there's no use in making your child feel guilty for buying you a shirt you won't want to wear or picking out an ugly tie. This way, the joy of gift giving will remain for the both of you.
'I don't know'
Kids love asking questions. And for the most part, you take the time to answer them. That is how kids learn, after all. But sometimes, you're really tired and don't feel like explaining how rocket ships work (even if you know). A simple "I don't know" lie will suffice - plus, it teaches your kid that even adults don't know everything.istockphoto.com
'Turning the lights on in the car is illegal'
For some reason, kids love messing with the overhead lights in the car. It's certainly not illegal, but it can be distracting for the driver. Flashing or bright lights in the backseat can make seeing through the rearview mirror more difficult and increase the chances of a crash. Some say it's better to just be up front with your kids and explain to them why it's dangerous. But this lie could work, too, especially if you're feeling desperate on a chaotic family road trip.istockphoto.com
'Storks bring babies'
Not ready for the chat about the birds and the bees? At some point, you're going to have to explain that "baby making" doesn't just mean waiting at the hospital for the next stork delivery. Sex ed is important for your kids' maturity and safety. But while they're still young (and while you're still doing all that super fun research about how to explain sex to a child), this lie will suffice.istockphoto.com
'Everything you learn in school is important'
You know your child will probably never need to use those geometry proofs ever again. But you don't want them to close off any opportunities! For some people, geometry is important after graduation. And for your kid right now, learning geometry is important for getting straight A's. You might find it wiser to wait to introduce a cynicism towards the education system until after they've left it.istockphoto.com
'Monsters aren't real'
Have you paid attention to the news lately?! Monsters are absolutely real. They just typically don't take the form of a grotesque creature hiding in your closet to watch you while you sleep. Telling children this can help put those imaginative fears (and your kids) to bed.istockphoto.com
'Beer tastes bad, you wouldn't like it'
The excuse "This is only for adults" never satisfied any kid's curiosity. It probably just made them feel left out and frustrated. So some parents opt to just lie. Beer is gross! Why would anyone drink it? They can wait till they're 21 - or, more realistically, 16 - to learn the truth about this one.istockphoto.com
'I'm not hungry'
This lie is one that's not so fun to tell. For parents going through financial troubles, it can be important. Sometimes, there just isn't enough food available. Many parents will opt to feed their kids dinner while waiting it out for themselves, but don't want their kids to worry that there isn't enough to eat. In these cases, a small fib of "I'm not hungry" can help save children from guilt and from developing trauma from food deprivation.istockphoto.com
'I don't know where your toy went'
That siren-blasting fire truck will turn up later. But for right now, you have a blasting headache and a really tall closet shelf, so...istockphoto.com
'Everything evens out in the end'
If you grew up with siblings, you heard this lie dozens of times. Whenever your siblings got something that you didn't and you griped about it, your parents probably just repeated: "Everything evens out in the end." But life isn't always as fair as parents make it out to be. And chances are, one sibling is going to end up with the short end of the stick. In life, though, it can be useful to conduct yourself as if things were fair - you know, to be a good person and all that. Speaking of being a good person... Here are 50 little things you can do to be a better parent and person overall.
More from The Active Times:
19 Ways Your Siblings Shaped Who You Are Today
20 Weekend Trips We Wish Our Parents Had Taken Us On When We Were Kids
22 Phrases Everyone Uses Wrong
15 Tips for Taking 'Me Time' for People Who Never Do
It's Pride Month. Here Are 20 Ways to Support the LGBTQ People in Your Lifeistockphoto.com


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Career Facts Geospatial Science
What They Do:
Geospatial Science combine computer technologies, mapping technologies, aerial photography, and satellite imagery with the most current environmental resource management and environmental analysis software.
Geospatial Science Technicians work with computer drafting, database management, graphic design, and analysis of various geographically significant information resources.
Geospatial Science Technicians are employed with engineering and design firms, state and federal agencies, environmental firms, parks and recreation departments, municipalities, and local government units.
Environmental Technology requirements include a working knowledge of natural systems, as well as related regulations, assessment, planning, restoration, and management, of those systems. Environmental Technicians perform laboratory and field tests to monitor environmental resources and determine the contaminants and sources of pollution. They may collect samples for testing or be involved in abating, controlling, or remediating sources of environmental pollutants.
Who Would Enjoy It:
An individual considering this field should enjoy working with geography based information. They should enjoy computer technologies as well as technologies related to satellite imagery and global positioning systems. The application of this field varies, supporting facets of business applications, natural resource management, health, and many other trending job markets. Environmental Technicians perform much of their work outdoors; sometimes in remote locations. A professional in this field must enjoy a mix of outdoor and office work.
What They Earn:
Starting hourly wages for a Geospatial Science Technician range from $9.00 to $19.00 dollars per hour. Students with a two year Associate Degree may earn a starting salary of $30,000 to $35,000 a year. This is an exploding field with many opportunities; salaries will increase depending on experience, level of education, and type of specialization.
How Many Jobs Available:
This is a field with many career options. Job opportunities are available for qualified graduates of Environmental Science Technician training programs and Applied Science Technologies programs who are well trained on equipment used in the industry.
How Much Schooling, Training, or Skill Development:
Individuals can fill positions with only a few computer based classes. However; many employers prefer applicants who have at least two years of specialized training, or an Associate's degree in applied science or a science-related technology. Some Employers may prefer a Bachelor's Degree. Many technical and community colleges offer Associate's degrees in a specific Technologies or a more general education in science, computers and mathematics. A number of 2-year Associate Degree programs are designed to provide an easy transfer/transition into a 4-year college or university, allowing professionals to further supplement their education as job requirements increase.


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Officer's ambush slaying still a mystery a year later
BARDSTOWN, Ky. -- Officer Andrew Riley steers his cruiser into a vacant parking lot, to the spot where he sat last year when his radio erupted and the whole world changed.
He stops by here often as he patrols the still streets of late-night Bardstown. Nothing much ever happens, because nothing much is supposed to happen in a town like this.
Until early one morning last May, and the four words that screamed through his radio shattered his life, his department, his town.
"Officer down! Officer down!"
MORE:Officials: Kentucky police killing premeditated
Riley was among the first to reach Jason Ellis, his friend and fellow Bardstown officer,lying dead on a desolate highway ramp.
Riley remembers dropping to his knees and pulling off his friend's shirt and bulletproof vest. He noticed small bruises, perfect circles, on his arms and his chest.
Gravel, Riley thought. He'd been hit by a car, maybe dragged.
Then a sudden, horrifying recognition overwhelmed him — buckshot, not gravel, had left those perfect circles.
Jason Ellis, a decorated K-9 officer — a husband and a father of two little boys, a T-ball coach — had been assassinated.
Later that morning, BardstownPolice Chief Rick McCubbin would stand before a bank of television cameras and make a promise: Whoever it was who skulked in the bushes like a coward, pointed a shotgun and executed a good man would soon feel the full weight of law enforcement; they would be crushed by it, in a jail or in a grave, it didn't matter.
There would be justice for Jason Ellis.
But sometimes justice moves slowly.
A year after the murder, investigators with the Kentucky State Police say little more today than they did the day after Ellis was gunned down: They have no suspects. They are willing to eliminate no one.
"We have a cop killer who's gotten away with it," McCubbin groans.
He and many in his town are tormented by the same aching questions, lamented in the beauty parlor and at lunch counters, at the dry cleaners and countless memorials.
Who did this? Why?
All over town, they've hung signs in their windows so that no one will forget the handsomeyoung man in a police uniform, grinning, as if he'd just delivered one of his trademark jokes in the police departmentbreak room.
"Our Fallen Hero," the signs say, "May 25, 2013."
An ordinary day
It was an ordinary night.
Ellis ushered an ornery drunk to jail and interrupted a domestic squabble. But the radio was otherwise quiet.
The moon was full, Riley recallsnow, and the air smelled like spring in Bardstown: sour mash drifting from the nearby bourbon distilleries. The city of 12,000 residents reveled in its recent designation as the most beautiful small town in America.
Now, every shift for Riley is a series of nagging memories: the hospital where Ellis made his last run. A preschool parking lot where he and Ellis met to fend off boredom with jokes and crossword puzzles. The Nelson County High School parking lot, where Riley was patrolling when the radio erupted with every cop's nightmare.
Ellis clocked out at 2 a.m., police said. He started his 15-mile drive home to two boys and his wife, who worried while he worked and slept on the couch until he got home. He drove a stretch of the Bluegrass Parkway, then turned right onto Exit 34, a narrow ramp bounded on either side by steepstone walls.
Halfway down, a pile of branches lay across the ramp.
Ellis parked, switched on his car's blue lights and climbed out, police said, his pistol still holstered.
Someone watched from the top of the hillside above him.
Ellis bent for the branches, investigators believe.
Then, shotgun blasts shattered the night's calm.
Ellis fell, his gun untouched. His trail of blood would stain the concrete for months.
A half-hour later, around 2:30 a.m., a driver pulled up behind the vacant patrol car and stopped, confused. The cruiser, its emergency lights still on, was parked diagonally across the road, blocking the view of Ellis' body.A second driver, Chad Monroe, a distillery worker on his way home from work, then approached, and got out. He saw the officer, the blood.
Then chaos. A woman from the first car jumped into Ellis' cruiser, switched on his radio and screamed. "Hello. Hello. Officer down! Officer down!"
The woman, whose identity hasn't been released, panicked and misspoke the location. Officers rushed to the wrong roads.
Monroe found the portable radio on Ellis' belt, pushed the button and clarified their location.
There was a tree across the road, he stammered. It looked like a terrible accident.
"Can you tell if he's breathing?" the dispatcher implored.
"No sir, he is not breathing," Monroe replied. "Body temperature is cold."
Family's shattered lives
Ellis grew up in Cincinnati, a baseball star at Glen Este High School and again at the University of the Cumberlands in Willamsburg, Ky. On Valentine's Day 2001, he spotted a pretty redhead from Bardstown at a friend's party. He got her number from a friend and started calling.
Amy Phillips became Amy Ellis three years later. Her husband signed with the Cincinnati Reds' minor league team in Montana, playing three years. Their first child was born with Down syndrome, and Ellis decided to forfeit his major league dreams and go home. He promised her he'd never regret it, she said.
Hunter Ellis is now 8, and his brother, Parker, is 7, a tiny replica of his dad. Amy isn't sure how well they understand what happened to their father. Strangers stop them in public, hug them and weep.
They go to memorials, and wear T-shirts with his badge, No. 139. Sometimes when they get hurt, she said,they cry for their dad.
"We're just trying to put our shattered lives back together," she said. "I lost the love of my life; the boys lost their daddy. We're trying to stay positive, trying to heal, as best we can."
She and her husband never talked of the dangers of his job, she said. She'd read about wild arrests in the newspaper and asked him why he never told her. He didn't want her to worry, he'd say.
"He always made me feel like he was Superman, like nothing would ever happen to him," she says.
17 miles of mourners
Mary Brown, a presser at Kenny's Cleaners in downtown Bardstown, ironed the uniform Ellis was buried wearing.
"It still gives me cold chills," she says, though she had never met him. "I felt proud, because it was something of him."
She walked out to the town square to watch his funeral procession go by, put her hand over her heart and she left it there, for hours, until the last car passed.
The route stretched 17 miles, from the church to the cemetery, dotted every 20 feet with an American flag, 2,973 in total.Thousands lined the route; even the town drunks, who routinely spit at and cursed the officers, McCubbin said, stood still and bowed their heads.
A church bell rang 33 times, once for each year Ellis was alive.
At Arlene's Barber Shop across the street, not a day goes by without a discussion over the Jason Ellis investigation. It's debated more than any other topic, more than politics or the weather, said owner Arlene Durbin.
"What scares us, if they will kill a police officer, what's to stop them from killing anybody else?" Durbin said. "To think there's someone walking the streets that cold blooded and ruthless."
And they speculate: Maybe Ellis was killed by a homegrown gang. Maybe a drug cartel or roving bands of highway killers.
Donna Eaves works at an antique shop in Bloomfield, and says she's caught herself examining faces in a crowdand thinking, "it could be you."
"It's hard to believe anyone you know could do anything like that, and everybody pretty much knows everybody," she said.
Many choose to believe that a hired hitman pulled the trigger, then skipped town. The alternative is unfathomable: that the killer lives among them, eats in their restaurants, shops in their shops.
Rumors run rampant
Another rumoris widely whispered around town: "inside job."
One officer retired months after the killing, and a second resigned over a prescription drug addiction. The rumor mill implicated them both. McCubbin himself is a popular suspect among the rumor-mongers.
The chief excoriates the gossipers, calling them "stupid" and "immature." His department, he said, has enough heartache, without battling the dark corners of human imagination.
But he acknowledges thatEllis' execution was undertaken with tactical precision, fueling the rumors that the shooter was a professional.
Assuming Ellis was targeted, thekiller knew his route home and what time he got off work.
"They planned it, organized it, carried it out, executed him and no one's in jail," McCubbin says. "The final ingredient in the perfect storm is he's dead, and they're not arrested."
McCubbin has two alternative theories. The first involves a single shooter, "the lone nut," McCubbin calls him,who ruminated over a grudge against Ellis.
His second theory — the one most widely circulated among police officers — is that Ellis was the victim of a methodicalplan, likely over his drug-enforcement work. But McCubbin concedes the flaws in that notion. Ellis was a prolific narcotics officer, but he busted small-time dealers, not armed drug cartels.
'One good tip away'
Trooper Jeff Gregory, a spokesman for the state police, said investigators have ruled out nothing.
But if Ellis was targeted, Gregory said, it's doubtful that it was for any reason outside of his work. Investigators dug deep into Ellis' background for anything that might make a person want him dead: gambling debts, drugs, affairs. They found nothing.
"Jason Ellis really was that guy: a devoted family man, an honest policeman, a youth baseball coach, a pillar of the community," Gregory said.
State police still have one detective dedicated solely to solving the murder, with eight others pitching in when they can. The rewardfor Ellis' killer has swelled to nearly $200,000 — thought to be the largest in Kentucky history.
Still, they have nothing.
"To tell you that it's not discouraging and we're just clipping right along would be false," Gregory said, though he believes they are one good tip away from piecing the puzzle together. "We do feel confident that there will be an arrest."
Ellis' colleagues at the Bardstown Police Department say they know no more than anyone else. His friends, in the business of solving crimes, sit paralyzed now,unable to help.
They used to talk about it at the station all the time, but they don't anymore, Riley said. They don't joke much anymore either, now that Ellis isn't there.
Riley said hehates when people ask him if he's heard anything, because he hates what he has to say: "No, absolutely nothing. Hopefully, one day."
Riley, McCubbin and five others from the Bardstown department, along with Ellis' family, drove to Washington, D.C., to see his name inscribed last week on the National Law Enforcement Memorial. It is etched by a statue of a lion protecting its cubs and the words of the Roman philosopher Tacitus: "In valor there is hope."
The memorials, Amy Ellis says, are bittersweet.
"He deserves all the honor that would ever come to him," she said. "But it's kind of like picking at a scab. You start to heal, you're getting to a good place. Then all of a sudden you're bleeding again."


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Mosaic Workshops for ChildrenEvery School holidays at FLOREAT
An additional week of limited sessions are being held at our home studio in Greenwood.
Our students can explore our award winning garden, and our many hidden mosaics and artworks.
Artistic, fun and creative, your child will complete a large mosaic piece ready to take home and hang on the wall.
Children will create and piece their mosaic from a huge range of pre-cut coloured tiles, glass and mirror in a supervised environment.
The mosaic piece will be grouted and affixed with a hook ready to show off to friends and family.
All materials are provided and we include a snack and a drink as a courtesy for morning or afternoon tea.
Children work on tables in groups of 6 with a qualified teacher. All of our teachers hold a valid "Working With Children" registration.
We offer an extenstive list of mosaic shapes to choose from. The downloadable PDF lists all shapes alphabetically and we have indicated shapes that are suitable for younger children. If you choose a House Number, please let us know the number in your booking so we can draw it up ahead of time.
All shapes must be chosen from this list. You must enter your shape choice at the time of your booking. Bookings received without a shape choice are subject to cancellation.
Please note that we charge a $10.00 fee to change mosaic shapes, so we strongly encourage you to choose carefully. (Please refer to our Terms and Conditions for more details.)
Download the Mosaic Shapes List
We encourage you to read our Terms and Conditions before you commit to booking this class. Especially regarding our Cancellation and Refund Policy, Shape Changes Policy as well as our Sign in and Sign Out Policy.
To book, simply scroll down to the box at the end of the page below and enter your email address. You will need to either create a new account, or enter your password if you have previously made a booking with us. If you have forgotten your password, you can retrieve it by clicking the 'forgot password' link and following the prompts.
Don't forget that you will need to choose your mosaic shapes before making a booking!
Download the Mosaic Shapes PDF
You will be prompted to make payment at our secure Payment Gateway (we accept Mastercard and Visa) and once your payment processes you will be sent a confirmation email.
You can refer to our guide linked below for step by step instructions and a video explaining the process!
We accept payment via VISA or Mastercard
Terms and Conditions Apply
Please also refer to our Frequently Asked Questions
Please also note that we do not allow Parents or Guardians to stay for the duration of the class.
We have a large selection of mosaic shape templates to choose from!
Download the standard shapes PDF
You MUST choose your shapes before beginning your booking!!
Please note there is a dog on the premises! Our beagle Banks is very friendly, but does tend to bark when people arrive and leave.
This class is run at our GREENWOOD location.
135 Coolibah DriveGreenwood WA 6024
View Workshed Childrens' Mosaics - Greenwood in a Google Map
Please do not book children under the age of 5.5 years, as this class is not suitable for them.
Coming soon is the Calendar for the October Kids Holiday Mosaics.
Visit our Calendar Page to view available sessions
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Scientist goes "inside" dogs to find out what they see, smell and know
When a dog licks you, it's not so much a kiss as it is the dog's way of saying he's happy to see you (or another dog).
A dog's powerful sense of smell allows it to wander through the neighborhood sniffing odors for information – sort of like a human reading a newspaper.("Hey, that cute poodle was here today.")
When a dog stares deeply into your eyes, it's trying to read YOU. Are you angry, happy, sad? Most of all, does it mean food is coming?
These are a few of the observations that author Alexandra Horowitz makes in her bestselling 2009 book, "Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell and Know."
She relies on her training as a cognitive scientist, as well as observations of her own dog, to present the world from a dog's perspective.
Read more…


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Te Wānanga o Aotearoa employs more than 1,350 staff members across Aotearoa New Zealand. Staff members are drawn from the often small communities within which the organisation operates. Because of this, the voices of stakeholders are represented from within the organisation or through direct whānau links with staff members.
These connections guide the organisation at a local and national level when it sets its strategic direction. These connections also enable the organisation to be responsive to the needs of stakeholders in a timely and effective way.
On a wider scale, Te Wānanga o Aotearoa provides an infrastructure that supports a nationwide network of educationalists committed to individual and community development. This infrastructure is a key strength for an organisation engaged in creating social change in the form of whānau transformation through education.
Te Wānanga o Aotearoa is committed to being a good employer. As part of this commitment, and in accordance with its kaupapa and EEO policy, the organisation welcomes all people regardless of culture, ethnicity, age, gender, political opinion or religious persuasion.
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