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A Field Guide to WPF Presentation Patterns
I have seen some confusion around the naming of the major UI presentation patterns, often with code being described as one pattern when actually it uses a different one. This usually happens because the goals behind each pattern are similar and the descriptions are a little too theoretical. I want this page to serve as a practical description of each pattern and to provide some concrete examples of what differentiates the patterns in the wild.
The Three Major UI Patterns
The three UI patterns commonly used in WPF applications are Model-View-Controller, Model-View-Presenter and Model-View-ViewModel (MVC, MVP and MVVM respectively).
Model View Controller
MVC was the original pattern, but the description of the pattern and the reality of how it is used have evolved. Fowler's page on the subject describes a controller as co-ordinating the behavior of a view, as if there were one controller per view. From the original Smalltalk MVC paper:
Each view is associated with a unique controller and vice versa
By that definition, we should expect controllers to look like this, with each controller clearly associated with one and only one view:
public class EditCustomerController : Controller<EditCustomerView>
Anyone who has used a web based MVC framework, however, has seen a very different style of implementing MVC. The success of recent MVC frameworks like Ruby on Rails, ASP.NET MVC and Zend have changed the working definition of MVC to a controller that handles many views. Controllers in this style typically look like:
public class CustomerController : Controller
public ActionResult List();
public ActionResult Show(int customerId);
public ActionResult Edit(int customerId);
public ActionResult Save(Customer customer);
public ActionResult Delete(int customerId);
Where each of the actions return a different view.
I think there is an argument to be made that Zend, ASP.NET MVC and Rails aren't actually MVC, because Controllers deal with multiple views, when the original definition clearly said they should be unique. But that's only at design time - at runtime, when a request is received, the controller typically only creates one view per request, so perhaps it does meet the definition. It's a very blurry line that I'm not sure I want to get in the middle of.
Either way, MVC has come to mean a controller that handles many requests for different views, so that's the definition I use. Controllers tend to focus on navigation between views, rather than long-running interactions with a single view. Magellan has this focus.
Model View Presenter
MVP is described as a derivative of MVC. But when you see working examples of MVP, they tend to look just like the original definition of MVC, with a unique presenter per view. WebFormsMVP is an framework for this for ASP.NET. Caliburn is an MVP framework for WPF. I've also posted an example of building your own for WPF.
MVP has been further split into two approaches - Supervising Controller and Passive View. Supervising Controller is the version that almost everyone uses, and closely matches the original MVC definition. Passive View provides even more testability, and would be possible in WPF by exposing every Routed Event and the controls directly to the presenter, but I have never seen it implemented in WPF (and I don't think I would want to).
MVP in the form of Supervising Controller looks extraordinarily similar to MVC. The major difference is suggested in this snippet on Supervising Controller:
For input response the controller operates in the presenter style. The user gestures are handled initially by the screen widgets, however all they do in response is to hand these events off to the presenter, which handles all further logic.
This is the critical difference. In MVC, the controller gets the event first, before the view does. In MVP, the view gets the event first and gives it to the presenter.
On the web we can see how that works - user input happens in the form of HTTP requests, so controllers handle those and then render the view. But in WPF, controls always accept the user input first - the controller can never handle the input before the view.
Model View ViewModel
Fowler described this as the Presentation Model pattern, but WPF and Silverlight developers have come to know it as the MVVM pattern thanks to a John Gossman article. The Wikipedia article on MVVM has the history, but basically, MVVM is a specific example of Presentation Model in WPF and Silverlight applications. Personally, I use it because the first two patterns start with "MV" so the third may as well too.
MVVM is similar to MVP, but the ViewModel contains both state and behavior, while in MVP the state is generally kept in the model. The other major difference is that in MVP, where the Presenter references the View and can tell it what to do, in MVVM the ViewModel doesn't reference the View - instead, the ViewModel exposes properties and raises events that the View subscribes to.
Summary of Patterns
- Model View Controller: Controller is concerned with navigation, and handles requests for many views. Controller typically creates the view and forgets about it. Controller gets user input before view.
- Model View Presenter: Presenter is concerned with a single View. The presenter and view have a meaningful conversation. Model holds state, presenter contains behavior. View gets user input and passes to presenter.
- Model View ViewModel: Much like MVP, but ViewModel contains both state and behavior. The ViewModel shouldn't have a reference to the View.
Identifying the Patterns
When you build a framework or spot some code, here are some concrete things to look for to identify the pattern. I'll use the term co-ordinator to refer to the third object in each pattern (Controller, Presenter or ViewModel).
- If the co-ordinator has a reference to the view, you might be using MVP.
- If the view is bound to properties on the co-ordinator, or the co-ordinator is the
DataContextof the view, you might be using MVVM.
- If the co-ordinator deals with navigation between multiple views, you might be using MVC.
- If the view calls methods on the co-ordinator, you might be using MVVM.
- If the view has to pass user input events to the co-ordinator, you might be using MVP.
Smalltalk-style MVC is impossible in WPF
As described above, in MVC, the controller gets input first, before the view. In MVP, the UI gets the input, and forwards it to the presenter.
An example is MVC4WPF. Controllers in MVC4WPF are associated with a single view and typically look like:
public class CustomerController : WPFViewWindowControllerBase<ICustomerView>
This looks similar to the Smalltalk type of MVC. But when I click a button, the view forwards that event to the controller. Based on the Supervising Controller definition above, this is really MVP, not MVC. The only way to achieve this style of MVC in WPF would be to have the controller handle events before the view - impossible with WPF.
Welcome, my name is Paul Stovell. I live in Brisbane and work on Octopus Deploy, an automated deployment tool.
Prior to founding Octopus Deploy, I worked for an investment bank in London building WPF applications, and before that I worked for Readify, an Australian .NET consulting firm. I also worked on a number of open source projects and was an active user group presenter. I was a Microsoft MVP for WPF from 2006 to 2013.
Another good post! Thanks for pointing out that Smalltalk MVC is impossible with WPF. That's something I've been trying to explain to people when I discuss presentation patterns. The tricky part about patterns is that they are contextual and their implementation can look quite different depending. MVC looks different on Smalltalk, on WPF and on the Web (though I think Magellan does an incredible job keeping its API similar to ASP.NET MVC), but the spirit of the pattern is the same. WPF shakes things up a bit because of its extreme databinding capabilities. So, I think that it can sometimes be hard to classify a class as MVP or VM in certain (not all) scenarios.
It's also important to note that different application styles or different features work better with different presentation patterns. So, while you may favor MVP for the application's general architecture, there may be silos within your app that make more sense with MVC or MVVM. Trying to force everything (even within the same app) into a single pattern can actually result in over-complication. Though you should strive for architectural consistency, its good to keep one's mind open to alternative solutions.
I agree with Rob; this was a terrific post! However, I disagree that Smalltalk-style MVC is impossible, though it is likely not worth the effort. Smalltalk-style MVC works because Smalltalk ran on a VM with which the code could interact at runtime. That's very similar to the way the web works--all of your actions are running in the environment and being passed back to the controller. A naive approach to this might be to build your own XAML viewer and have all UI events handled by the viewer, which would then pass them to the route.
I'm getting closer to a much nicer approach using Attached Events (gotta love bubbling), MEF, Reactive Extensions, and extension methods. I'm hoping to release a small preview soon, but I've still got a bit of work to make it look interesting. I'd be glad of any feedback, especially thoughts as to whether or not I'm actually achieving Smalltalk-style MVC. I'm using my Shell as my "environment." I'm thinking that since it is taking the events and passing them along to the controller, this is escaping the view-first of MVP, but I could just be deceiving myself. :)
@Rob, that's an important point. Often architects like to dictate that pattern A or pattern B should be used for building the UI. It often works better if you don't limit developers to a single pattern, and instead just provide guidance on when and how to use each.
@Ryan, impossible was probably a bad word, since anything is possible if you have enough time - a way I thought of doing it was to have the controller handle the Win32 message queue, though that's getting a little ridiculous :) It was really just a tool to highlight the MVP/MVC difference and point out that when looking at code, it's probably more likely to be MVP than MVC. I can't wait to see your approach to Smalltalk-style MVC for WPF.
Nice post. I think the confusion with MVC is that with most patterns, there is often an entry-level pattern that then puts you in a position to apply more sophisticated versions of the pattern.
For example, it could be argues that code behind in classic ASP.NET is an example of MVC because all of the events are scoped to the code behind and the code behind is a controller for a single view (the aspx page). Now of course, many developers will sling ADO.NET code in the code behind but this is due more to laziness or lack of experience than anything else.
The next evolution from there is what you describe and what I agree seems to be the most common definition of MVC: the page controller.
What I think we are seeing in ASP.NET is the big brother of MVC: the Front Controller.
This causes confusion for folks jumping right into MVC because it is an advanced flavor of MVC and I think posts like yours go a long way in explaining the history and heritage of the pattern lest folks get the idea that ASP.NET MVC is something clever or new.
Great post! One question, when, or rather, why, would one decide to use MVP over say MVVM, or vise versa?
Hi whibr,
From a flexibility point of view, the Presenter has access to the View, so Model View Presenter can generally handle any scenario you can think of. Model View ViewModel has to rely on using properties and events for communicating state changes, so for some types of interactions it can become a little convoluted to use MVVM.
A good example is closing the view. Does the ViewModel raise an
IsClosing event? That makes a lot of assumptions about how the View works. Perhaps the ViewModel raises a
Done event that the view can interpret. There are lots of ways to tackle them, but in MVP you'd simply call
View.Close(). So I feel that MVP is a better choice if you want to standardize on a pattern that will always work.
From a testing point of view MVVM lends itself to state based testing, whereas MVP generally involves interaction based testing. That is, with MVVM, a test might set a property, then assert that the property was set. With MVP, you might need to mock the view to check if a method was called.
So I think it comes down to simplicity - MVVM is generally less code and supports most scenarios, MVP has a little more power but a little more cost. Ideally you wouldn't standardize on one pattern or the other, but use either when they make the most sense. The MVP pattern I blogged about also shows how MVP and MVVM could be combined.
wow, what a fantastic resource! thanks for your reply & time Paul - much appreciated!
Paul, The statement that MVC is impossible in WPF is untrue. It's only useful in very specialized contexts (when creating custom controls). For instance the Button.Click event orignates from the Button control itself. In this context the code-behind for the button control is considered the Controller and the XAML is the view.
In fact when you think about it. The code-behind for any lookless control (and user control) would be considered the C in classic MVC.
The C in ASP.NET MVC and Ruby on Rails and other current Triad solutions is indeed not the classic Smalltalk C. This is what Martin Fowler calls Front Controller. In ASP.NET MVC the "Controllers" are actually command objects. This is very similar to how Jakarta Struts operated (at least back when I used it).


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subset: commoncrawl


text:
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Down to biznass. I dont like you, you dont like me, but were here because we share a foe. Im talking attitude–complacency to be exact.Catacombs has been around longer than you or I, but so was the Roman Empire.One measly battle lost at Bunker Hill, and all their figurehead can do is sell pizza, and he has his own salad. Catacombs v2.0 cant take that path, even if spambots/trolls/bailout funded interweb faggotry plague us.We share a responsibility–not one of one-upmanship that pits brother against brother, nor animalistic sexual gratification:both means to an end.Im talking about love.Once we put the community first, the individual will prosper.
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Deadline New York ( which is usually very reliable) has the scoop:
"Saoirse Ronan has been set to star in The Host, the screen adaptation of the bestselling novel by Twilight Saga author Stephenie Meyer. Scripted by Andrew Niccol, the film figures to be one of the hot titles when Inferno launches sales at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival next week. Niccol, who was originally set to direct, might resurface as the filmmaker…
The concept is more of a visual challenge than Meyer's Twilight Saga books, but one thing they plan is for Ronan to play both Melanie and Wanderer…
Niccol wrote the script to direct, but left to direct Now with Justin Timberlake, Amanda Seyfried and Cillian Murphy. Nanny McPhee Returns director Susanna White was briefly attached, but that isn't happening. Niccol, now done with his film, is once again in the mix as possible helmer. Inferno's Marc Butan, Jim Seibel, Bill Johnson are exec producing and Roger Schwartz is co-producer. The film's being funded by the producers and Inferno."
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Discuss the movie possibilities over on our forums and also check out our Host Lexicon site currently being built.
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- You Are Here:
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- Current Season & Events
- 2019/20 Season
- Page to Stage Playwrights Festival 2019
What is Page to Stage?
The purpose of the Page to Stage Playwright's Festival is to nurture new plays and new playwrights. It is our goal to work with new and local playwrights to help them develop their craft and to offer brand new plays for audiences in our community. The Curtis Theatre will also use the festival to find and develop new works for future seasons.
The 2019 festival is produced in partnership with Project LaFemme. Project La Femme is committed to creating art that challenges dialogue, while at the same time promoting and amplifying artists who produce visual, performing, and socially engaging art projects. Their mission is to create and explore images and definitions of women through diversity, inclusiveness and honesty.
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The 2019 festival is produced in partnership with Project La Femme.


text:
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Community Calendar
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MCom provides several functions designed to lower the amount of code required to make an addon be configurable. It helps to handle the things that need to go on to handle user input, either via console or via some GUI(like Cosmos or Khaos).
It aims mainly at tasks that are repeated in multiple places in every addon. Any addon that wants to have chat commands needs a chat handler, and functions for each command it can accept. It also needs functions for updating the variables that have to do with configuration. Addons may also need wrapper functions for a GUI interface. They may also need to have multiple registers to support multiple GUIs, such as Cosmos and Khaos.
These things are all handled by MCom either by registering with it for such functions, or by calling functions that do the repetative part.
Have a look at the source code of MCom.lua for detailed comment explainations for usage of all MCom functions.
--Installation Info--
MCom is designed to be embeded inside addons, users should not need to get MCom, it is only for developers.
To use MCom in your addon, simply copy the MCom folder into your addon. Modify your toc file to have an optional dependancy on MCom, and add an include to your toc file for it, like this: MCom\MCom.xml
Optional: Sea, Sky, Cosmos, Khaos, myAddOns
--Author Info--
By: Mugendai
Contact: email@example.com
--Change Log--
-Added ability to pass most strings as a function that returns a string, or as a variable name, to allow for better locale support.
-Updated for 1.10
-proper support for converting from non-html characters to html characters(will fix broken help screens such as Archeologists)
-added reglist.helpname, to allow specification of the name to show in the automatically generated slash command help frame.
-will no longer pass true to MCOM_SIMPLET when hasBool is not true
-fixed a bug with uisliderfunc
-fixed a bug with display of example values for some option types
-now supports MCOM_SIMPLET having a boolean value as well
-Updated for 1.9
-fixed a bug in display of colors in help text
-updated for Sea 1.1
-will now convert non HTML text sent to textFrame, in to HTML, and format it to fit the frame without being truncated
-textFrame can now handle links. By default it will handle item links in the normal way, but the hyperlink function can be set to do whatever
-automatically generated slash command help dialogs will now allow the user to click the subcommand to have the slash and subcommand put into the chat entry box. This however is buggy due to a game bug, that will be fixed in 1.9
-Improved help coloring
-Fixed a bug with defaults and disabled states of dropdowns and text frames
-Updated tooltip parsers to use IsShown instead of IsVisible
-Synched Sea functions and wrappers
-Now uses an embeded SeaHooks(in non Cosmos versions)
-Help window now refreshes when an option changes
-Can now click on values in the help window to change them
-textFrame can now be replaced with new text if passed the same id
-updated myAddOns support
-fixed behavior of multi choice options
-slash command help can now display headers and option labels
-mcomtable can now be used to pass multiple registers in one call to smartRegister, as well as to pass default values to the registrations in the table
-safeLoad now works more appropriately with the new per addon settings methodology
-Updated for 1.8 patch
-Updated the Sea unhook wrapper to match up with 1.05
-Updated the Sea hook wrapper to match up with 1.04
-Added support for new myAddOns version 2.2, this includes new variables for date, author, email, etc...
NOTE: For your addon to work properly with myAddOns the uisec, or uiseclabel used to register with MCom for myAddOns must be identical to the name in the TOC file. You can use reglist.addonname to force this if neccisary.
-Fixed bug where uiname was not being imported for slash command output when no slash command name was given
-Fixed a bug where an error would occur, if Sea didn't exist
-Signifigantly improved the appearance of the TextFrame dialog used for displaying help info
-Fixed case-insensitive setting of choice/pulldowns from slash commands
-Fixed Khaos option set usage even more, was missing several options
-Fixed default and disabled states of checkboxes, and pulldowns
-Added uidep for setting Khaos dependencies
-Updated for 1.7 patch
-Updated the hook handler to match current Sea version in the since that it properly returns for normal functions, as well as handles event hooks
-Added anyupdate which works like update and noupdate, but occurs whether or not the variable was updated, on an attempted update
-Fixed Khaos optionset registration to work as it should. You can now pass MCom options in the initial registration of a khaos optionset, and those options will be applied to all options in the khaos optionset
-Opacity values will now show as 100% if they are nil
-Fixed MCOM_CHOICET/K_PULLDOWN to work properly now
-Added default Khaos feedback messages for all option types
-Fixed ability to pass uisetup
-Slider min and max are now only set if the option is a slider type
-Added ability to set an unput box's callOn, via uicallon
-addSlashCom and addSlashSubCom now accept min and max values for display purposes for numbers
-textFrame will now default to having a black background if no material is passed, this also applies to the help and slashcommand list display, should be easier to read now
-Slash command help will now display the minimum and maximum values of number options
-number and choice types will now show valid examples if available
-Added a couple more Sea wrapper functions to handle some of the new stuff:
MCom.math.hexFromInt, MCom.string.colorToString
-Fixed a bug in updateUI that would make it not work when updating a single subcommand
-Fixed importing of difficulty from a Khaos option
-cominmul will now be set based on commul if commul was passed and cominmul was not
-If a Cosmos option type is passed in to a Khaos setup, if no func was passed but uifunc was, a func for slash commands will be generated using the uifunc
-UISection was being improperly handled in the case of imported Cosmos options, this is fixed now.
-The list of safeLoad configs will now be deleted once no longer needed
-Added a new function safeLoad, which will store the current table based config variable as defaults, and will then load in the these defaults to any entries that got set to nil on VARIABLES_LOADED
-German localization has been updated thanks to StarDust
-Help button will now inherit difficulty from the option it is registered with.
-Updated to 1600
-New function registerVarsLoaded, replacement for registerForLoad. The new function will call the callback passed whether there is a UI or not, and will pass what method of load occured.
-registerForLoad, and varsLoaded are now depricated
-Improved the appearance of the help screen, by changing the default look to "Stone"
-Added textname to smartRegister, used to specify the name to show in slash command output. This can be used instead of textbool, textnum, etc...
-commul will now properly effect display of slash output
-commul added to slash command registration
-Added ability to choose the material for textFrame(changes the look of the frame, default is now stone instead of parchment)
-Added ability to choose the scaling of the text in textFrame, defaults to 85% normal size
-frameStatus now properly handles being closed
-Localized On/Off in slash commands
-The slash command help will now show the current state of all sub slash commands, and is also reformated in what is hopefully an easier to read form
-In the case that a command was registered, without registering for Cosmos at the same time, the uivar did not get properly converted to have COS_ in it, in the case that it didn't already have it. This is now fixed, so long as Cosmos is found, and Khaos is not, COS_ will be added to uivar if it isn't there.
-Added defaults for uimul and commul
-Improved slash command help
-Added textshow to registerSmart, if true, then the text will be printed even if there is a UI
-printStatus now has an extra argument, show, if true, then the text will be printed even if there is a UI
-Added callHook, runs the origional of a hooked function
-Added missing MCom.util.hookHandler, Sea wrapper, and revamped hook wrappers
-Updated to use Legorols new string variable code, and split code, when it isn't evailable in Sea. Instead of my code that required storing of the functions, for GC efficiency
-Renamed stringToVar to getStringVar for consistancy, stringToVar is still available as an alias, for comptability
-Added support for myAddOns
-stringToVar and setStringVar now have an option to store the function, for improved GC handling
-Improved stringToVar and setStringVar
-Added stringVarToGetFunc and stringVarToSetFunc, which are like stringToVar and setStringVar, but instead, they return a function, that you can call to get or set. The reason for this is that origional functions have to generate GCs.. while the functions the new functions returns, don't. So you use these functions to get function, and store those functions and use them. I think I explained this better in the code comments.
-Fixed bugs with registering for load in Khaos
-Added a new function textFrame which displays the passed text in a multipage scrollable dialog
-Slash command help is now shown in a dialog
-Added ability to pass info for setting up a help dialog to smartRegister, see infotext
-Fixed a few bugs here and there, mostly with slash commands, and slash command output.
-Added a set of functions to facilatate in storing/loading variables on a per realm, per character basis, for when no UI is available. The functions are designed with the notion that it's best to use the UI if it is there, and have convience to avoid messing with any UI behavior. It for instance makes it very simple to not even load any vars at all if the UI isn't around. Any mod that uses this, has to do the registering and waiting for correct data, and calling the storage and loading, etc themselves, this is not a full on system, just convience functions.


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New Album Release
On "Life: Work In Progress" Adam explores new depths as a songwriter, with all 10 being original compositions. From the self-aware "Friends In Your Corner" to the more introspective "When You're Ready" to the infectious grooves of "Let's Dance", they are all delivered with Adam's soaring, confident vocal style. "Life: Work In Progress" is now available for purchase on CD Baby!


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Peter C. Cook, a member of the Hope College Board of Trustees over four decades and a generous philanthropist to many organizations in Western Michigan, including Hope College, died on Sunday, Nov. 28, 2010, at age 96.
He and his wife, Emajean (Pat), who died on May 20, 2008, were involved in the life of the college in many ways. Their support had included establishing the Peter and Emajean Cook Scholarship Fund and the Peter C. and Emajean Cook Endowed Professorship. Cook Residence Hall and Cook Auditorium in the De Pree Art Center, for which they provided leadership gifts, are named in honor of them. Peter was a member of the Board of Trustees from 1977 to 1989, when he became an honorary trustee, and was a national co-chair of the college's successful Legacies: A Vision of Hope fund-raising campaign that concluded in 2005. He received an honorary degree, a Litt.D., from Hope in 1981.
He was born and raised in Grand Rapids, and attended Davenport University. He and Pat, who met and began dating while high school students, were married in 1940. They were lifelong members of Grace Reformed Church in Grand Rapids.
His early career included working in construction with his father; in a variety of positions with Kelvinator; as an accountant at Blackmer Pump Co.; and as chief accountant and treasurer at Ranger Reel.
He was president of Import Motors Limited from 1954 until selling the business in 1980. In 1977, he established Transnational Motors, which sold Mazdas as Mazda Great Lakes, with business partners Robert Hooker and Max Boersma '46, serving as chairman and majority owner until selling the company in 2000. He was most recently chairman of Cook Holdings.
He and Pat established the Cook Charitable Foundation as a conduit for their benevolence. They generously supported numerous organizations and charities in addition to Hope, including Aquinas College, Calvin College, Davenport University, Grand Rapids Community College, Grand Valley State University, Lake Michigan Academy, Porter Hills Presbyterian Village and Spectrum Health, and also contributed extensively to the Southwest Grand Rapids neighborhood where they had grown up. He served on several boards, including of the Blodgett-Butterworth Foundation, the Porter Hills Foundation, Gospel Communications and the Van Andel Institute.
Survivors include two sons, Thomas M. '67 (Marcia) Cook and Stephen J. (Betty) Cook; three grandchildren, including Ryan '96 (Jessica) Cook; three great-grandchildren; two brothers; a sister-in-law, Jean Rivenburgh '50 Cook; nieces and nephews, including Sally J. Cook '69 Zuithoff (and her husband Kenneth Zuithoff '67), Carol J. Cook '73, and Mark J. Cook '73 (and his wife Janet Ann Ross '76 Cook); and grand-nieces and grand-nephews, including Anna J. Cook '05, Matthew J. Cook '05 (and his wife Mary Scholtens '05 Cook), Jacob J. Cook '07, Julie A. Cook '07 Simon (and her husband Matt Simon '07), and Margaret R. Cook '10. Among those preceding him in death were three brothers, including James I. Cook '48; and a nephew, Douglas J. Cook '66.
The funeral service will be held Thursday, Dec. 2, at 11 a.m. at Central Reformed Church, 10 College Ave. NE. Grand Rapids.
Visitation will be from 2 to 4 p.m. and 7 to 9 p.m. on Wednesday, Dec. 1, at the Metcalf & Jonkhoff Funeral Home, 4291 Cascade Road SE, Grand Rapids.


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|Rating Estimator (2013-2014)
This is the Rating Estimator which uses the rating formulas in effect from May 18, 2013 through March 19, 2014. On May 18th, 2013, several formula changes were made. For details on those changes, click here. This version of the Rating Estimator has a checkbox to select estimating the regular rating of high rated players (2200 or higher) in events at dual-rated time controls. (This setting does not affect players rated under 2200.)
Click Here for a version of the Rating Estimator using the formulas in effect after March 19, 2014, when the bonus threshold was raised from 8 to 10.
Click Here for a version of the Rating Estimator using the formulas in effect between August 2012 and May 2013.
Enter the ratings (post-tournament if possible) of your opponents in any of the twelve boxes below, followed by your total score. Click on the performance button to see your estimated performance rating.
Your current rating is optional, but it is required if you wish to see your estimated new rating.
Note: this software is based on information contained in Approximating Formulas for the USCF Rating System. See The USCF Rating System for complete details.
Note: In the case of a perfect or zero score the performance rating is estimated as either 400 points higher or lower, respectively, than the rating of highest or lowest rated opponent.
Note: you do not need to enter individual win, loss, draw results, only the total score (win=1.0, draw=0.5, and loss=0.0). Click on the "New Rating" button to see your new estimated rating. Click on "Show K" to see the "K" value (see below for details) used in the calculation. Click on "Show Bonus" to see how much of your rating change was due to the bonus calculation. There are situations in which Bonus Points cannot be earned, the Ratings Estimator program does not have the information needed to take those situations into account.
Note: K represents an estimate of player rating volatility. The higher the value the more uncertain the prior rating is assumed to be, and therefore how rapidly a player's rating may change. Its value is determined from the number of prior games, the number of games played in the current event, and the prior rating.
Note: For unrated players with no prior games, set # of Prior Games to zero (Current Rating will be ignored). When all games are either lost or won, Age is used to estimate a prior rating. If no value is entered for Age, a prior rating of 750 is assumed.
Note: A current limitation is that the calculation may not be correct when prior games have either been all wins or all losses. Also, if a player has fewer than 9 games and is playing opponents more than 400 points higher or lower, the estimated ratings may not be very close to the actual computed ratings, because the Ratings Estimator doesn't have all the information it needs to duplicate the ratings formula.


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The picturesque township of Te Anau is the main visitor base for the glacier-carved wilderness that is Fiordland National Park.
Home to a wide range of accommodation including lodges, hotels and and campgrounds, Te Anau is the perfect stopover on the way to Milford Sound from Queenstown. It's best to book accommodation ahead in the busy months of January, February and March.


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says Ozzie:
"I don't think Figgins. To be honest with you, would we like to have players like him? [Bleep], everybody does. But this kid is going to cost you a lot of money. If we figure out this guy is going to solve our problem, then [board chairman] Jerry [Reinsdorf] will take a shot because Jerry wants to win. Jerry wants to win. [general manager] Kenny [Williams] wants to win. I want to win. Everybody wants to win. In the meanwhile, Kenny is going to go see the market and we are going to see how … I would love to have [Scott] Podsednik back but that's my call. It's between Podsednik's agent and Kenny and the White Sox, but we just need someone. That was our problem this year, our center field problem was pretty deep."
Dye isn't even in Ozzie's plans:
"Having Rios at the start of the season will make everything easier. With Rios, Quentin and whoever is out there, hopefully Podsednik, but I don't make that call. There are a lot of names out there but I'm not going to tell you we bring this guy or that guy because I don't know exactly. I know where we are going when you trade for Peavy and Rios. We are going in the right direction. We are going to win. We do things little by little and hopefully everything work out."
And Carlos Quentin will moving from left field to right field says Cowley.
UPDATE: Gregor says the Angels, Cubs, and Yankees seem more possible destinations for Figgins.
And Gonzales says "Guillen is relieved the rotation appears set."


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|Hi! I'm taking a little break and it might take me a few days to reply to comments and emails. I'll be back soon! :)
Wednesday, November 7, 2012
Furniture Makeover: Hair and Makeup Station!
The old beat up desk and the stool before.
The old beat up chair and the mirror before.
The desk and the chair belonged to my mother in law. She didn't want them anymore and she asked me if I wanted them (knowing that I like to upcycle things!). Do I want it?! Gimme! I knew what I wanted to do with them right away - hand me the white paint! I have a thing for white furniture with dark hardware. Behold the makeover...
I love my new hair and makeup station! Even if I don't use it daily, I still enjoy having it there just looking purdy. See that little mirror on the desk? That used to have a gold finish, but I painted it aqua. The little plastic drawers on top of the stool used to have grey knobs, but I painted those as well. Perhaps I should have taken a picture of the stool so you could see it better. It has white legs with a dark walnut seat. Look inside one of the drawers!
The drawers were unfinished inside. I painted them white and covered the bottoms with shelf liners. Wanna see the fabric I used for the chair?
Swoon! (it's from Hobby Lobby)
That's it! I hope you enjoyed this furniture makeover! Let me know if you still want to see more - there is one more cool makeover that I could brag about! :)
Today's duck photo goes out to Christina! What's wrong with this seemingly sweet picture though?
Oh no! Curly is having an Alien moment!
11 comments:
What a lovely surprise to find a sweet duck photo in my inbox. Ha, it looks like another duck is emerging from his chest!ReplyDelete
The furniture makeover is beautiful. I love the crisp white and teal. Keep them coming, I could use the inspiration. :)Replies
I didn't realize there was a duck emerging from Curly's chest when I took the picture, it was only after I transferred it to the computers that I noticed! These ducks are funny even when they're not even trying! :DDelete
You got it then. I will share one more colorful furniture makeover soon. This one will be white and bright sunny yellow!
What a great make over for that dresser & chair! It really went from drab to pretty.ReplyDelete
Nice job. I love white painted furniture but I can never bring myself to paint wooden furniture. I always feel compelled to refinish it with stain or varnish. Why? Why can't I just paint it white like a normal person?ReplyDeleteReplies
Thanks! You are a normal person that happens to be on Team Stain! When I was researching what the laziest way to paint over a stained finish would be, I found that there are two teams - Team Stain and Team Paint. I think I would also be on Team Stain if I had to redo a solid wood piece. All our furniture is junky faux wood stuff though! :DDelete
Wow! I envy your skills. Very nice :)ReplyDelete
You are so talented! I wish I had that eye, to see one thing and transform it. I have a couple old pieces of furniture I would love to make over, I just have no idea where to go with them.ReplyDeleteReplies
Thank you! If inspiration is what you seek, check out the "Better After" blog for loads of furniture (and full room!) makeovers. It's truly fascinating!Delete
Thanks for your nice post. I appreciate to you for publishing this type of post. I hope this types of post will be published again.ReplyDelete


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Dog food reviews
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Country Vet Brand Pet Food Dog Fuel Large Breed Senior Formula
Date of last review
Mon December 31, 2007
Recommended By
Average Price
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None indicated
Chicken Meal, Oat Meal, Pearled Barley, Brown Rice, Distilled dried Grains with Solubles, Beet Pulp, Porcine (pork) Meal, Chicken Fat (preserved with mixed tocopherols), Poultry Liver Flavor, Dried Eggs, Fish Meal, Dried Brewers Yeast, Flax Seeds, Fish Oil, Salt, L-Carnitine, Dried Chicory Root, Potassium Chloride, Choline Chloride, Yucca Schidgera Extract, Dried Lacithin, Glucosamine Hydrochloride, Chondreitin Sulfate, Vitimin C Supplement, VItamin E Suplement, Bentonite, Ferrous Sulfate, Calcium Carbonate, Zinc Methionine, Zinc Oxide, Niacinamide, Coper Lysine Complex, Copper SUlfate, Sodium Selenite, Manganese Mathionline, Manganous Oxide, Enterococcus Faecium, Vitamin B12 Supplement, Vitamine A Supplement, Calcium Pantathenate, Biotin, Thiamine Hydrochloride, Roboflavin, Pyridexine Hydrochloride, Menadione Sodium Bisulfite Complex (soruce of Vitamin K activity), Ethylenediamine Bihydrocloride, Vitamine B3 Supplement, Folic Acid, Cobalt Glucoheptonate, Cobalt Carbonate.
Guaranteed Analysis:
Crude Protein (Min.) 24.0%
Crude Fat (Min.) 10.0%
Crude Fiber (Max.) 4.0%
Moisture (Max) 10.0%
Calcium (Min.) 1.26%
Calcium (Max.) 1.60%
Phosphorus (Min.) 0.8%
*Omega - 6 Fatty Acids (Min.) 1.3%
*Omega - 3 Fatty Acids (Min.) 0.25%
*Glucosamine Nydrochloride (Min.) 700 mg/kg
*Chondroitin Sulfate (Min.). 400 mg/kg
*Not recognized as a essential nutrient by the AAFCO Dog Food Nutrient Profile.
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Registered: October 2005
Posts: 3953
Review Date:
Mon December 31, 2007
Would you recommend the product?
| Price you paid?:
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| Rating:
First ingredient is a named meat product
Insufficient meat content, mixed quality ingredients, controversial filler
The first and seventh ingredients in this food are named meat products, both are in meal form. This does not give us a reasonable level of confidence that there is an adequate amount of meat in the product. There is a further meat meal ingredient 11th on the ingredient list, but this is too far down to make any substantial contribution to the overall meat content of the food. We note this is a fish ingredient, but we find no sign on the manufacturer website of a guarantee that they use only ethoxyquin-free protein sources in the product (ethoxyquin is a chemical preservative commonly added to fish ingredients, but which is banned or heavily regulated in human food due to the belief that it is carcinogenic).
Oatmeal, barley and rice are the main grains in the food, and all are decent quality. Distilled grains are byproducts. Beet pulp is filler and a controversial ingredient it is a by-product, being dried residue from sugar beets which has been cleaned and extracted in the process of manufacturing sugar. It is a controversial ingredient in dog food, claimed by some manufacturers to be a good source of fibre, and derided by others as an ingredient added to slow down the transition of rancid animal fats and causing stress to kidney and liver in the process. We note that beet pulp is an ingredient that commonly causes problems for dogs, including allergies and ear infections, and prefer not to see it used in dog food. There are less controversial products around if additional fibre is required.
There are no fruits/vegetables in the food though we appreciate the use of whole eggs. We note that this product includes synthetic vitamin K, a substance linked to liver problems and that is progressively being removed from better quality dog food products.
Overall, this product appears a bit light in meat content, and the ingredients overall are of mixed quality.
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This project is super easy, and really, you can customize it for any window in your house just by adjusting the lengths of the panels and keeping the hems and pockets the same measurements as in my version. In the tutorial I also share a little trick I use in projects, like this one, where I need to keep precise measurements while I'm pressing. It's so easy, but it saves a ton of time!
And, the kind folks at Riley Blake are offering some precuts of Apple of My Eye to one of my readers! One winner will receive:


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Oh No ! Not another capacitor comparison test !
Actually, no one likes comparing capacitors. Do we really have nothing better to do in life but to swap capacitors in and out of circuit, burning in numerous capacitors just to find out how they sound ?
Right now, the stock Wima MKP10 output coupling caps in my Diva Audio M7 have been taken out and the wires soldered to alligator clips instead, to facilitate ease of swapping the caps in and out.
Unlike some testers than undergo thorough and scientific methodology, there was no blind testing, or gruelling 500 hours burn in test. Neither are all caps of identical value because many of these caps just happen to be lying around for trial. But according to my calculations, all of the capacitors tested are large enough in value to not cause any audible degradation to the bass response in my system.
I also happened to need to conduct some tests on the power supply, so some of these caps were used as a bypass cap in the last stage of the C-L-C power supply of my M7. The values used weren't consistent, and the listening notes there are included just for interest and completeness sake. I've included some of my personal experiences of these caps for crossover use too.
Please do not use any of these capacitors in AC mains filters - they are not properly rated for such applications !
The line-up (in no particular order) :-
1. Clarity Cap ESA
2. Solen Fast Cap
3. Auricap
4. Obbligato Gold Premium Cap
5. Jantzen Superior Z Cap
6. Mundorf M-Cap
7. Mundorf Supreme
8. Mundorf Supreme Silver in Oil
9. Mundorf Supreme Silver / Gold
10. Ampohm Paper-in-oil Tin Foil
(Top Row, Left - Right, Solen, Obbligato, Clarity Cap, Auricap, Mundorf M-Cap)
(Bottom Row - Left - Right, Jantzen, Wima, Mundorf Supreme, Mundorf Silver / Gold, Mundorf Silver in Oil)
For a value reference, here are the online prices of the above caps for 1.0 uF in USD arranged in order from the cheapest to the most expensive.
Solen $1.76
Mundorf M-Cap $3.54
Wima MKP10 $4.00
Clarify Cap ESA $8.90
Obbligato Gold Premium $10.50
Jantzen Superior Z Cap $12.00
Mundorf Supreme $20.00
Auricap $21.50
Ampohm Paper-in-oil Tin Foil $29.95
Mundorf Supreme Silver / Oil $48.00
Mundorf Supreme Silver / Gold $68.00
Stock Cap - Wima MKP10
Absolutely nothing wrong with the Wima. The MKP10 is a common sight in quite a lot of expensive equipment and instantly recognisable by its red rectangular box appearance. I know that T.S. Lim of Diva Audio favours this cap for its neutrality and dynamics.
It is a neutral cap and in the wrong systems can sound a bit lean. It is quite open and gives the impression of an overall lack of euphony or bloom. Although it has a relatively smooth midrange, when things get busy, the midrange can take on a bit of glare and hardness. In such situations, the treble becomes a bit tizzy and messy. This was made very obvious when going back to the Wima from the Mundorf Silver / Gold.
In terms of soundstage depth and presentation, the Wima is like sitting close to front row. Mundorf capacitors in comparison are more like sitting in the middle row.
Clarity Cap ESA
A very pretty cap and its metal foil body looks impressive. Initial impressions are that of a very dark capacitor with recessed midrange and not much treble extension. Thankfully, after a few hours of burn in, things improve quite lot.
This is an interesting capacitor. It has a weighty mid-bass that gives lower piano notes good solidity and feel. Vocals sound inviting and smooth, with almost no trace of sibilance on the usual problem tracks. Further listening reveals that the midrange is recessed and slightly less resolving as the Wima MKP10. Unlike the Wima MKP10 that has a dry and honest treble, the ESA has an airy treble and high frequency sparkle that highlights the decay of cymbals and high hats, and "enhances" the sense of acoustic space in recordings.
This could be an ideal cap to tame overly bright and lighweight sounding systems without making the overall presentation too dark. Given its relatively modest price by high end cap prices, this cap has plenty going for it.
Auricaps come is a nice bright yellow wrapper and have insulated multi-stranded leads, one of which is black and the other red, presumably to differentiate the outer foil of the windings from the inner foil.
Audience, the manufacturer of Auricap, recommends that the signal enter through the black lead and exit through the red lead for signal coupling purposes, which is the way I installed them.
Moving from the Clarity Cap ESA to the Auricap restored my system back to the same tonal balance as the stock caps - neutral. Don't make hasty conclusions about this cap. For the first two hours, although it sounded neutral, high frequencies had a strange wobbly quality, a bit like tape speed variation. After about five hours, this more or less disappeared.
Compared to the Wima, the Auricap has a smoother midrange but a neutral balance through the whole audio frequency spectrum. The ESA has more air and high frequency sparkle than the Auricap. You can say that the Auricap does nothing wrong, but look elsewhere if you are looking for a cap to colour the tonal balance of your system.
Used in the power supply, this falls somewhat between the Solen and Mundorf Supreme. Definitely more open sounding that the Solen, but it doesn't quite have the musicality or openness of the Mundorf.
Mundorf Supreme
The Mundorf Supreme is the bottom of the Supreme range and is physically huge for its rated value. This is probably some part due to its induction free design which effectively uses two capacitors in series within the same casing. Do check the space available in your casing before you buy !
The Supreme ended up with a little more burn in than usual due to a strange phenomenon. The first few hours were fantastic ! Smooth, liquid and the most beautiful and lingering decay from notes. Things then took a turn for the worse, with the caps entering into a decisively unhappy state - the midrange in particular was hashy and grainy.
Way past the 10 hours mark, things began to settle down and serious listening could commence.
Coming from the Auricap, the Supreme was on the other side of the fence, highly musical, entertaining and perhaps not the most accurate sounding of capacitors. Although the tonal balance is quite neutral, the Supreme has a very polished and refined midrange with the right amount of meat throughout the frequency range. Musical notes are presented with texture and fine nuances, making the Auricap sound dry in comparison.
Easily the most pleasing of the caps tested this far, the Supreme combines the weight and treble extension of the Claritycap ESA with the speed of the Wima MKP10. Coupled to its highly resolving and musical nature and affordable price, do consider the Supreme for your next purchase. To nitpick, the only criticism against the Supreme against its competitors so far would be a slight loss of resolution in extreme high frequencies, and its artistic rather than honest approach towards music. The latter point is subjective anyway and you may personally have a preference for this.
This cap is also very good in power supplies. Apart from weight, it has speed and bloom.
This is also my favourite capacitor for crossover use.
Mundorf Silver/Gold
The Mundorf Silver/Gold sounds remarkably like the Supreme. What does spending 3 x more get you ? Highs are more extended with a better sense of air and resolution. Midrange has a warmer glow to it. Overall this cap sounds slightly more liquid, a bit like how the Supreme sounds initially (the subject cap here is very well run in since it is on loan from a friend who has put considerable hours on it) However, despite the subjective improvements, the value proposition is hard to argue. If funds are unlimited, this is a moot point. But if you have a choice between choosing the Supreme for 3 critical locations, compared to using the Silver/Gold for just one critical location, I would choose the former without hesitation.
Mundorf M-Cap
Compared to the Wima, the M-Cap sounds softer and more rounded. As a result, dynamics suffer a bit, with bass notes lacking in impact and extension. The Wima sounds a lot more open in comparison although the M-Cap does have a pleasingly smooth midrange. Unfortunately, the M-Cap sounds smooth yet has a sibilance problem in the midrange. In the upper frequencies, this cap sounds dry and restricted. The treble also has a tendency to get splashy when things get busy. The only conclusion I have is that this cap is probably more suited for some other application and is not suited for high voltage coupling use. This is the only cap so far in listening tests that make you want to reach for the power switch !
Mundorf Supreme Silver / Oil
What a breath of fresh air ! Coming from the M-Cap, the Mundorf Supreme Silver in Oil is a treat for the ears. The Mundorf Supreme family of capacitors have a distinct family sound. The Silver in Oil is much more liquid and open compared to the Supreme. I actually prefer this to the Silver / Gold. The Silver in Oil is very extended at both ends with excellent microdetails in the midrange and high frequencies. It is also exquisitely refined with an excellent balance struck between being analytical and musical. It lacks the midrange glow of the Silver / Gold but is more even throughout the entire frequency band. At all times, it sounds effortless and natural. Strongly recommended !
Obbligato Gold Premium Cap
Initial impressions during burn in time were quite promising. A very even handed performer with a neutral balance and good detail throughout. Balance wise, this reminds me of the Auricap the most except that the Obbligato has more extended and wetter highs. Midrange is pleasingly smooth without being muffled and there is plenty of information being conveyed in a tidy and controlled fashion. The Achilles' heel of this cap is its bass which is slightly rounded and not particularly deep, especially compared to the Mundorf Supreme series. This results in a somewhat lighweight sounding presentation. That being said, this is a very good cap, especially considering its competitive price. Subjectively, I feel that except for the bass issue, the Obbligato is more pleasing than the Auricap at a much cheaper price.
Jantzen Superior Z-Cap
The Jantzen Superior Z-Cap struck me as being remarkably similar to the Obbligato except for two material differences. Firstly, the Jantzen has a more extended and prominent bass, and high frequencies are fractionally more open and extended. With outstanding neutrality from top to bottom at a modest price, this is a very good cap with excellent price to performance ratio. From a subjective point of view, I prefer this slightly over the Obbligato. If the Obbligato could be said to be a wee bit off neutral towards the warm side, the Jantzen is a wee bit off neutral towards the cool side. My usual comment on neutrality applies, the Jantzen communicates the signal with an even hand - look elsewhere if you are looking for added "spice".
Solen Fast Cap
According to common Audiophile wisdom, using a cap like Solen in signal carrying duties earns you a one way ticket to the Audiophile Hall-of-Shame. Well, surprise, surprise. Maybe using Solen caps is not the Audiophile faux-pas it is made out to be. The Solen can best be described as inoffensive but not particularly inspiring. On the plus side, it is smooth and pleasant. You can listen to it and fall asleep. Comparisons to the other caps show that the Solen looses some low level information, with high frequency air and information being most obviously affected. The overall outcome is not life threatening and Solen would probably do fine for limited budget projects. In the test set-up, it fared better than the Mundorf M-Cap. Sonically, its second from the bottom of all the caps here on test. To put things in perspective, given its almost giveaway cost, you could do a lot worse.
This is quite decent in power supply use, with a big and chunky sound.
Ampohm Paper-in-Oil Tin Foil
Words cannot describe how big this capacitor is. I was filled with pride when my package arrived from the distributor of Ampohm, www.audiocap.co.uk (great buying experience - try them !). I excitedly showed my partner the oil filled capacitors that looked more like a smoke grenade. Don't even think of using them in tight spaces.
You didn't think I was joking about the size did you ?
This capacitor also works quite well in speaker crossovers, especially in the tweeter circuit.
Despite having personal preferences, it is worth stating that most of these capacitors would do perfectly well in all but the most critical applications. My favourites at the end of this test are :-
Cost-no-object - Mundorf Supreme Silver / Oil. Close runner-up, Ampohm Paper-in-oil Tin Foil.
Best of the rest - Jantzen Superior Z-Cap, Mundorf Supreme, Obbligato Premium Gold
For the selection of the best of the rest, it is a bit like baby bear's porridge - the choice of "just right" depends on your system. Jantzen if your system needs a wee bit opening up. Obbligato if your system is just right. Between these 3 caps, the Mundorf is for the heart (emotionally expressive) while the Obbligato and Jantzen are for the mind (neutral and truer to source).


text: Rajeshni Naidu-Ghelani is an Assistant Producer for CNBC.com. She joined the website in 2011 and her role involves creating slideshows for the Asia-Pacific region, as well as writing investment and feature stories. Prior to joining CNBC, Rajeshni worked as Web Journalist for Canadian news channel CP24 in Toronto, and as an Associate Producer for Ninemsn.com in Sydney, Australia. Rajeshni holds a BA in English from the University of Toronto and MA in Media Practice from the University of Sydney.


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ASM is a non-profit professional organization that promotes and protects the practice of acupuncture in Massachusetts.
Welcome to the Acupuncture Society of Massachusetts (ASM) - formerly the Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine Society of Massachusetts (AOMSM). We hope you like our updated and reformatted website. Contact us if you have any comments or questions.
Looking for a practitioner in your area?
Search our member directory for acupuncturists who are licensed to practice in the state of Massachusetts and who are members of ASM.
ASM Updates


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Snow White Pearl 2019 Kia Niro S Touring FWD 6-Speed Dual Clutch 1.6L 4-Cylinder Hybrid SATELLITE RADIO, ALLOY WHEELS, BACKUP CAMERA, NAVIGATION, HEATED SEATS, LANE DEPARTURE WARNING, BLIND SPOT DETECTION.
Available as a hybrid and as a plug-in hybrid, the 2019 Kia Niro is a stylish, family-friendly 4-door hatchback with outstanding fuel economy and impressive safety and convenience features, like standard Apple Car Play and Android Auto. Hybrid shoppers looking for an impressive mix of fuel economy, comfort and eye-pleasing design will like the 2019 Kia Niro. It's perfect for small families looking for a stylish, affordable and fun-to-drive runabout with a high-quality interior, hatchback versatility and room for five.
Welcome to Spitzer Kia Cleveland! Here at Spitzer, we try to make the purchase process as easy and hassle free as possible. We encourage you to experience this for yourself when you come to look at this outstanding-looking 2019 Kia Niro. Recent Arrival! 51/46 City/Highway MPG
SPITZER KIA - #1 IN SALES AND CUSTOMER SERVICE IN CLEVELAND! Stop by to meet with one of our friendly product experts to search over 3,000 in stock vehicles for the perfect fit for your needs and budget. We shop over 20,000 websites to save you TIME and MONEY. Free car washes for life, and a no hassle buying experience only at Spitzer Kia - at the corner of State and Brookpark Roads in Cleveland! Open late Mondays thru Thursday till 8pm!
From sporty SUVs to sleek sedans, you will find an incredible selection of vehicles in the Spitzer Kia Cleveland inventory. We carry all of the newest vehicles straight from Kia, including the Sportage, Optima, Sorento, and Soul. In addition to our new Kia models, we also carry many Kia Certified Pre-Owned models and used vehicles in a variety of makes and models. Whether you are shopping for a new or used vehicle or want to buy or lease, you can count on our team of experts to have the answers you seek.
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**With approved credit through Kia Motors Finance. Terms may vary. Monthly payments are only estimates derived from the vehicle price with a 72 month term, 4.9% interest and 20% down payment. Expires December 31, 2020With approved credit through Kia Motors Finance. Terms may vary. Monthly payments are only estimates derived from the vehicle price with 4.9% APR for 72 months at $14.24 per $1,000 financed, and 20% down payment.
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This piece comes from an Africa Monitor guest blogger. The views expressed are the author's own.
On Feb. 24th, 11 countries from Africa's Great Lakes region signed a peace framework aimed at bringing greater security to one of the most tumultuous places on the planet, the eastern Congo. Not an official peace deal or treaty, it is rather a 2-1/2 page "vision document" – light on specifics, but with a few elements that could prove potent in setting the future political and military agenda for the Congo and its neighbors.
Here's what you need to know:
Who signed this document?
The signatories are the Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Central African Republic, Republic of Congo, Rwanda, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. While many of these nations have been intertwined in larger multi-state wars in past decades, and all are affected by regional disruption, the current conflict the document addresses is staged primarily in eastern Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda. Since 1998, an estimated 5.4 million people have lost their lives to war and war-related causes in the Great Lakes Region.
What are the goals of the new peace framework?
The 11 countries signatory to the document commit not to interfere with internal affairs of neighbors, not to assist armed groups, to respect sovereignty and borders, to work towards regional cooperation, and not to harbor war criminals or those accused of crimes against humanity.
In the current context, the armed group making trouble for Congo's neighbors is the FDLR (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda). The FDLR has at times thrived in Congo and often attacked Rwanda across the border. Composed primarily of Rwandan Hutus, the group vehemently opposes their nation's Tutsi-led government. They have received support from the Congo in the past and been involved in the region's conflict since 2000.
In addition to dealing with armed groups like the FDLR, the Congo pledges in the peace framework to support security sector and governmental reform, reconciliation and democratization, economic development, and preventing armed groups from destabilizing neighboring countries.
Finally, within the framework, the international community (specifically the United Nations and the African Union) says it will support the peace process, work towards economic revitalization, strengthen the UN Peacekeeping Force (MONUSCO) in support of the government and security, and appoint a UN special envoy to support peace in the region. Additionally, several oversight bodies will meet to review progress.
How innovative are these plans?
None of the goals outlined in the framework are at all new. They have all been expounded in various other agreements. For example, in 2004 the United Nations and the African Union established the International Conference for the Great Lakes Region aimed at promoting peace and stability. At the conclusion of the Conference's first meeting, the core countries of the Great Lakes signed the Dar es Salaam Declaration in which they pledged their determination to promote greater security in the region, reaffirmed their commitment to human rights, and promised interstate cooperation in areas such as security, democracy, and good governance.
This Declaration was followed in 2006 by the Pact on Security, Stability and Development in the Great Lakes Region. Signed by member states, it reaffirmed the region's commitment to stability and peace, with added protocols that renounced the use of force as policy or instrument of settling disagreements or achieving national objectives, and forbid members from sending or supporting armed opposition forces onto the territory of other states.
In both the agreements in 2004 and 2006, follow-up and oversight mechanisms were developed to ensure signatories adhered to their commitments. Both agreements gave rise to positive rhetoric.
"Open war has come to an end, and dialogue has become the method of resolving conflicts," said President Kabila of the Congo in 2006.
Then, in 2007 and 2008, Kinshasa met with the Rwandans to define details for the disarmament and demobilization of the FDLR operating in eastern Congo. But disarmament never succeeded – due to a combination of lack of political will and lack of resources – and the FDLR still operates in eastern DRC.
Ok, so what is Rwanda's role in the current Congo conflict?
As the Congo's government has allied with FDLR, Rwanda has been accused of supporting the armed group M23, a force led by well-trained Rwandan and Congolese Tutsis active since April 2012. In November 2012, they seized the city of Goma, the capital of the North Kivu province. About two weeks later, M23 retreated and peace talks between the Congolese government and M23 have begun - although with no outcome thus far. (In the past few days, M23 has splintered; these two groups have been battling in North Kivu).
Is this document likely to make much of a dent on the ground?
Maybe. One of its most potent recommendations is the reinforcement of the UN's peacekeeping force, MONUSCO, and the creation of an intervention brigade to join with the UN peacekeeping force. When M23 invaded Goma, MONUSCO was unable to intervene in large part because of their weak mandate – their role was limited to supporting the national army. When the army retreated, they were unable to act. This framework lays the foundations for enlarging MONUSCO's work, including peacekeeping within their scope.
Overall, the framework outlines some lofty and broad, but necessary goals for the region. It reiterates the need to focus on peace building in eastern Congo, and insists that regional governments stop interfering in the affairs of their neighbors. We'll begin to see the potential efficacy of this document in weeks to come with the creation of the UN special envoy to the region, and the commencement of oversight by regional and international actors. However, the real test, the possibility of this agreement having an actual influence on current conflict, begins in March when the Congolese government meets with M23 to continue negotiations.
Stay tuned.
Meredith Hutchison is a freelance photographer and writer working at the intersection of human rights, governance, and media in Central and North Africa.


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British actor Bob Hoskins dies at 71
Wed., April 30, 2014
LONDON - British actor Bob Hoskins, whose varied career ranged from the noir drama "Mona Lisa" to the animated fantasy "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" has died at age 71.
A family statement released Wednesday by agent Clair Dobbs said Hoskins died in a hospital after a bout of pneumonia.
A versatile character actor capable of menace, quiet poignancy and Cockney charm, London-raised Hoskins appeared in some of the most acclaimed British films of the past few decades, including gangster classic "The Long Good Friday."
He specialized in tough guys with a soft center, including the ex-con who chaperones Cathy Tyson's escort in Neil Jordan's 1986 film "Mona Lisa." Hoskins was nominated for a best-actor Academy Award for the role.
His Hollywood breakthrough came as a detective investigating cartoon crime in the part-animated 1988 hit "Who Framed Roger Rabbit." He also played the pirate Smee in Steven Spielberg's 1991 Peter Pan movie "Hook."
In 2012 Hoskins announced that he had been diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and was retiring from acting.
His last role was as one of the seven dwarves in "Snow White & The Huntsman," starring Kristen Stewart.
"We are devastated by the loss of our beloved Bob," said a statement from wife Linda and children Alex, Sarah, Rosa and Jack.
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As back-to-school supply lists continue to be filled, many parents are asking, what are the best products for my children? What features should they include? In addition to the items on the supply lists, what else should my kids have for this school year?
Who better to answer those questions than a teacher! In the following video from New Day NW in Seattle, one teacher shares his Top 5 supplies that every student should have, no matter the grade or level of schooling.
For more on school supplies for your kids, visit the AT-A-GLANCE website. And for tips on planning, organizing and productivity for you and your student, check out our Success Center.
Here's to a GREAT 2013-14 school year!


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AMSTERDAM - With the weekends getting busier for Americans playing in Europe, Anderlecht new boy Sacha Kljestan clocked in Saturday night with his first Jupiler League goal to spark a 3-0 win at Lokeren.
The victory, which tentatively pushed the Mauves into first place, saw ice broken on 32 minutes by a classy Kljestan header. The former Chivas USA ace went the distance, as is becoming customary.
Over in England's Premier League, Bolton midfielder Stuart Holden made an important early defensive play in his own box during a strong 90 minutes to help the hosts top West Ham United, 3-1. Jonathan Spector did not dress for the visitors.
In a direct U.S. keepers duel, Marcus Hahnemann's Wolverhampton rallied late for a 1-1 share with Tim Howard's visiting Everton. The former pulled off the save of the day, denying a first-half Johnny Heitinga laser from 25 yards.
The Bundesliga opened for the season in Germany, with Hannover 96 captain Steve Cherundolo working a full shift in a 2-1 victory over Eintracht Frankfurt. Ricardo Clark was an unused sub for the beaten guests.
Schalke midfielder Jermaine Jones went the distance in his first competitive match in 15 months, a 2-1 loss at Hamburg.
Michael Bradley had a good save reject his distance chance at a late winner as Borussia Mönchengladbach opened with a 1-1 draw against FC Nürnberg.
Finally, in France's Ligue 1, Carlos Bocanegra manned left back as Saint-Étienne battled out a scoreless draw at former employers Rennes.


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Credit freeze free nationwide as of Friday
Published 09-21-2018
Consumers can now freeze their credit for free under a new federal law.
A credit freeze restricts access to your credit file, essentially halting anyone from opening any new credit in your name. The rules used to vary by state, but previously it could cost up to $10 to put a freeze in place. That fee often had to be paid again when someone wanted to unfreeze it for any legitimate uses.
But under a new law that takes effect Friday, consumers anywhere in the U.S. can do so quickly and for free.
Congress passed the law in response to last year's massive Equifax hack, which exposed the private information of more than 145 million Americans. President Donald Trump signed it into law in May.
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Business evaluation can be tricky process. There are hundreds of factors that you have to take into account before you unload your cash on some pour soul who only wants to make as much money as they can from the sale of their venture.
One of my banking buddies once said: "If you really knew the business, you probably would not be buying it". He could not be any closer to the truth. The fact is, if you knew everything the current owner knows, you probably would never spend a penny on buying the business, because you would know the underlying truth about all the problems you're going to inherit as you try to breath new life into the venture.
While you might not know everything about the business, you can learn a lot by using a few of the tips I'm going to share with you. Most buyers on sites like Flippa like to ask for traffic stats, some type of screen caps on earnings, and then ask any off-the-wall question that makes them feel better. Then they dump their money into an escrow and call it a day, only to figure out months later that their investment is not panning out.
This illustrates my 1st rule: Ventures that are publicly listed for sale are not in good shape, are failing, or are out-right scams. But this does not mean they are all bad investments. This only means you should think a little more about your evaluation before you post up that bid.
Most of these ventures are failing because they have no real growth, the owner's personal expenses are eating up the earnings, because of bad marketing, bad design, they have a bad idea, or the industry has shifted in some way that has left that company – or all companies in that industry – in a bad position. There are millions of things that could create a bad investment, however most of the time it is one of the above. Luckily, with the Internet, you can research most of these factors within a day or two, as well as give the seller some hard questions that will test the skills of people who are trying to hide the truth about their business.
Here is my 2nd rule: I never buy ventures that are failing because the venture is heading towards zero in earnings. If they are doing bad why buy them on the way down? Just wait until they have crashed and burned, then go and buy what is left from the owner at that time. There is no point in paying to lose money, when you can get the venture at rock bottom after they go belly-up. Besides, the company has only one direction to go in after that.
My 3rd rule: Grill them hard. Who cares if they say it could, or should, become something bigger. Could, should, and would is worth nothing. It is an excuse made for suckers who accept it as their answer to buy. Only care about what is happing now, not what could happen in the future.
When looking at any venture you want to get all the data you can. If the company was started 12 months ago then get all 12 months of financials, broken down by income source and expenses month-by-month. Never accept lumped expenses, estimations, or yearly sums in a case like this. If the company is 5 years old, ask them for their tax filing and yearly financials summed up by year. Then ask for the current year on a month-by-month basis. If applicable, get the balance sheet for those years as well. In this format, unless they are planning to out-right defraud you, it is hard to hide the truth.
My 4th rule: Most sellers are delusional on their evaluations and will try to force the hand of the buyer to pay too much for the venture. Never fall for it! Flipp's stats show that 35% of their listings are successful at selling, while acquisition statistics within the United States show that only 2% of businesses are successful at being sold. Why listings never get sold is because the sellers have their heads in the clouds when it comes to evaluation, and refuse to see that their company is really bad off, or is nowhere worth what they think it is.
In the brick and mortar world of business most businesses evaluate at 0.5-10 times their yearly earnings, depending on their stance. If the business is shrinking, don't expect much more than 1 times. To reach 10 times yearly, they normally have to have a yearly growth rate of 20% plus per year, proven over a couple years span. As most of us know, in the world of Flippa, websites are priced at 1-30 times their monthly earning, with most deals being closed at around 8-12 times their monthly earnings.
Just the other day I talked to a guy that had a website with revenues of around $2,500 a month, and a net earnings of about $980. Can you guess what the company evaluated at? After I asked some very basic questions, and requested access to his Google Account and financials, I made a pre-offer of around 10 times his earnings, he snapped back at me that is was worth no less than 26 times his earnings.
His company was less than one year old, it has already seen its explosive marketing, and was on a level point. Where it would go from there was anyone's guess. I liked the site and was willing to pay 10 times the earnings simply because the owner's design looked like something from the early 1990's. He was over-paying hosting by 3 fold, and was missing 2-3 other revenue options that could make the site a million-dollar venture, if it all worked out. So, instead of offering 6-8 times his earnings, I felt I could hit a home run at 10 times and everyone would be happy.
Because he was so stuck on getting 26 times his earnings the site never sold to me, but someone else took the bate and offered 20 times earnings. Now they have to hope the site will double, if not triple, within the next year to adsorb all of that risk and capital they just invested. Unless it's a home run, they will most likely lose the money they invested and then some.
Another business friend put it this way: "Businesses are VERY high risk, so when you invest in such small businesses you want to get 89% of your investment back within the first year". What he is saying is this: as the business continues down a time line it is going to get even more risky for you to get your money back. So, when you pay 2 or 3 times the yearly earnings, or more, you're upping your risk, as you must make the company profitable over a longer life cycle to get your investment returned. If you can fit the risk into the rate of return and growth, you can at least return some of your capital and move onto another investment, having learned your lesson, instead of writing down years of capital with just one investment.
This brings us to my 5th and final rule. This rule you never bend or break. Never. Get a business attorney to write the contract for you. I don't care if the deal is $5k, $100k, or 9 million. Most sellers and buyers never get an attorney to write up the agreement. They go on word of mouth, or some shoddy agreement that one of them wrote or copied off of some website. Everyone that I have ever acquired or sold a domain or website to got an acquisition contract from me. If they refuse to write up an agreement they are shady and you are better off getting the hell out of that deal. Contracts clear up any questions anyone may have, and take care of people who are trying to trick you into buying a bad business.
When it comes to legal stuff, you want to insure that the company has no pending lawsuits and that, if it does, you're not on the hook for those lawsuits after you buy the venture. You also don't want to buy something and then learn that the domain or content is trademarked or has copyright owned by someone else and have to pull it down, losing your value or, even worse, getting sued. Additionally, you want to lock the seller from being in that type of business venture for 3-5 years, and make sure that they will not solicit your customers for anything else. You also want to insure that they are going to provide transitional support. This way they don't get the money and leave you high and dry trying to figure how to run the business.
Lastly, the contract should include something that will bind them to what they said about the business. This helps shake off the people who falsified their financials or traffic, or plan to remove links or other items from the business that would make the company collapse. Always start off with an NDA (Non Disclosure Agreement), move to a LOI (Letter Of Intent), then move to the contract. If you follow these steps, and apply them to your best, you will find that your deals go better. You get what you paid for, and by following these steps you will know more ahead of time – before you get in too deep and lose a lot of money quickly.
Each week I look at over 30 ventures to buy, and each week I turn them all down. Every 2.33 years I find one business that has the amount of growth I want, and I buy it like a mad man.
I have heard people tell me they can not tell me who the hosting company is, so I looked it up with ARIN and learned that the hosting company was not able to give us the server the site was on, or sell us a new server to put it on at the price the owner was paying, thus making the business dead on arrival once the cash was moved into the sellers hands.
Another seller, after I had forced his hand to give me the numbers the way I wanted, looked over everything, and made him tell me all but one of the income sources, told me he would not tell me the name of a client. I walked away, as I thought it was not a good deal. He had preached for weeks about how it was a sure-hit business and would make 19 times more per month within next 12 months. After I walked away, he blasted me with an email saying I was just going to build the business myself, since I had all the information about his business. Then he added that, since I did not have that one client's name, if I attempted to create the same business it would never make a profit. With that one statement he acknowledged what I had concluded: without that one client, whom he may not be able to find anywhere else, he would be in the red. And if that client split, found the same services cheaper someplace else, or anything else happened, the business would be dead.
Remember: unless they are trying to defraud you all the way, they cannot hide the truth when you ask for hard numbers and solid contracts.
This article is only intended for entertainment value and should not be used for legal or investment advice. Please seek help from a qualified business professional before taking any actions related to topics presented in this article.


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Virtual Overview Tour
COVID-19 update for Campus visits and events: To keep our communities safe during this ... more about how Ohio State is keeping our communities safe. Our Virtual Overview Tours will be continued ... through Zoom (a link will be emailed to all of our participants before their virtual visit with us). These ...
Academic Processes, Appointments, Events, and Visits
scheduling with Dave Wirt, please contact CCS at 614-292-5766 or email him. Events All of our events are ... cancelled through July 6, including: CFAES Undergraduate Research Forum CFAES Distinguished Senior Award ... here. If you have questions regarding opportunities in our college, please explore our website or call ...
Rex J.R. Tietje
Rex J.R. Tietje Deshler, OH Agricultural Systems Management Department of Food, Agricultural and ... Systems Management Club was awarded the CFAES Student Organization of the Year award for the culmination ... the Agricultural Systems Management Club as well as maintained active involvement with the CFAES ...
Rose V. Vagedes
was responsible for many account management and research duties, from client sales to collecting soil ... Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America International Annual Meeting, ... the university's Agricultural Crop Research Experience in Ohio counties; agronomy sales for Helena ...
EEOB 3498 Undergraduate Research
EEOB 3498- Undergraduate Research aims to provide opportunities for undergraduates to conduct ... supervised independent research in social behavior. Research projects will focus on working with live ... classes with observational research individually conducted outdoors by students. This course is ...
Callia A. Tellez
her interdisciplinary research at the International Association for Great Lakes Research and Soil and ... recognition came from the culmination of hard work, service, connections, and research she had engaged in ... challenging issues of social injustice and environmental degradation that our society faces." Callia was ...
Isaac H. Knowles
student organization. Isaac is also Treasurer for the Plant Health and Research Management (PHARM) Club. ... Isaac H. Knowles Marysville, OH Plant Health Management Department of Plant Pathology 2020 ... hands-on experience, and conduct research out in the field by spending his days hiking through the forest ...
AgNR Program Update- Please Read Carefully
proactively implementing protocols for insuring the safety and health for our students and clientele. After ... further notice. The OSU Extension Pesticide and Fertilizer makeup and specialty recertification class ...
2020 CFAES Distinguished Senior Award Recipients
the university and our nation while in the midst of the worldwide outbreak of COVID-19, it is ... essential that we remain flexible to assure our community stays well and safe, therefore the in-person ... Management Deshler, OH Callia A. Tellez School of Environment and Natural Resources Environmental Policy ...
Tanner W. Matthews
Agricultural Systems Management Club, Crops and Soils Club, Alpha Zeta Partners, and CFAES Student Council. He ... Tanner W. Matthews Ohio City, OH Agricultural Systems Management Department of Food, Agricultural ... internship as a research agronomy intern for Precision Planting in Illinois. Tanner says his most valuable ...