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Comment les nuages influencent-ils la température de la Terre - Jasper Kirkby. Reforestation: Impact on Climate. Deforestation is occurring in Earth's forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the land.
Agriculture is the largest global driver of deforestation. Farmers cut forests to provide more room for planting crops or grazing livestock. Many small farmers will each clear a few acres by cutting down trees and burning them in a process known as "slash and burn" agriculture. To provide wood and paper products loggers cut down a large number of trees each year. Wildfires and overgrazing also prevent the growth of young trees. The quickest solution to deforestation would be to simply stop cutting down trees or to manage forest resources.
Reforestation has many positive effects on the environment. Reforestation also impacts climate change. A guide to the energy of the Earth - Joshua M. Sneideman. Energy Literacy: Essential Principles and Fundamental Concepts for Energy Education Want to know more about the seven Energy Principles?
Download the framework today or order it for your educators, school or organization. The framework is intended foranyone involved in energy education from K-Gray and is meant to inform the improvement and development of energy curriculum to more broadly cover the Fundamental Concepts. Visit the Energy Literacy Website to learn more about Energy Literacy efforts including workshops, webinars and trainings for those interested in learning ways to apply and use the framework. More here. The Energy 101 videosseries are available on YouTube for you to use in your classroom today.
Why aren't we only using solar power? - Alexandros George Charalambides. This TED-Ed Select takes a look at sustainable energy and what we use our energy for.
The Cloud Appreciation Society Despite the major progress in the use of solar energy during the past years, and the large scale installations mainly of Photovoltaics (PVs) and to a lesser extent of Solar Thermal Power Plants, Solar Renewable Energy Systems (RES) have not yet achieved high penetration in the energy sector compared to the existing fossil fuel power plants. This is mainly due to their dependency on the variability of the sun's irradiance and in most cases, due to the lack of affordable storage options which leads to the attenuation of the power output of the solar RES. How do tornadoes form? - James Spann. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has an awesome review of many different types of severe weather from its National Severe Storms Laboratory.
Visit the site and learn more about all the types of extreme weather and more about tornadoes. What kind of severe weather are you most interested in? Have you ever experienced any yourself? Want to know the likelihood of a storm occurring today? NOAA also has a Storm Prediction Center that will give you up to date information. Why the Arctic is climate change's canary in the coal mine - William Chapman. Albedo in Latin means "white," and is a measure of how much solar energy is reflected back into space from a surface.
Why is this so important in regard to climate change in the Arctic? Visit this site and find out! The National Snow and Ice Data Center has lots more information about albedo, sea ice, and the thermodynamics involved in the growth and melting of sea ice. For the current and historical state of Arctic sea ice, visit The Cryosphere Today. Looking for satellite observations of Arctic change discussed in the lesson? Still a bit confused about positive and negative feedbacks? How tsunamis work - Alex Gendler. If you live near the coast, it couldn't hurt to know what to do in case of a tsunami.
Do not wait for an official warning. Instead, let the strong shaking in the earth be your warning. After protecting yourself from falling objects, quickly move away from the water and to higher ground. Tsunamis are one of the most catastrophic natural disasters possible. Here's a list of ten of the most destructive tsunamis ever. In this article, we'll look at what causes tsunamis, the physics that drives them and the effects of a tsunami strike. Here's an animation of a tsunami detection system. Recent and Historical Tsunami Events and Relevant Data.
As pointed out by Gunnar Heinsohn, the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus (325/330-after 391 A.D.) describes in precise and vivid terms a tsunami which has been dated to have occurred on July 21, 365 A.D. Climate change: Earth's giant game of Tetris - Joss Fong.


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Romance is a very important part of any relationship. If you have a girlfriend, staying alive and living will strengthen your relationship. Whether you are in a new relationship or have a relationship for many years, this is important. You can do some daily activities, show her your romantic side, or you can plan a luxury trip. Check here some romantic gifts for girlfriend to pamper her.
Give her a daily reminder
Praise her. Every day, you should complement your girlfriend. This is an easy way to maintain a relationship without spending a lot of time. Let her feel like a princess, give special praise, indicating that you have been paying attention to her.
Emphasize her personality qualities – mention her creativity or spontaneity and how much you appreciate it. Expressing appreciation for her daily behavior. Tell her that you noticed that she took the time to do her hair in a new way or try to make her clothes and her clothes look new. Tell her how she made you feel. For example, if she has a certain expression, she will let you melt and tell her. Even if you can't explain it accurately, you should express it to her.
Take a walk. Romantic walks are free every day. Even if you only have time to walk a mile, do it together. When walking, be sure to hold her hand or put your arm on your shoulder.
Send her unexpected news. Texting or emailing every day is another free way to be romantic with your girlfriend. Choose a different time each day to send this message to her and keep her alert. It can be as simple as "I love you", or it can be made concrete. Try to do this when she is busy.
Write it on the mirror before she wakes up, or put it on the note and put it in the jacket pocket, trying to add a new twist to your daily information.
Showing real interest in all aspects of her life. Ask her about work or family and listen when she answers you. Choose a part of life that is not directly related to you and let her tell you everything. She will relax in the future, which will prevent fights. This romantic gesture needs to be done with real curiosity and attention.
Method 2
Planning a romantic date
It is spontaneous. You don't need any specific reason to plan a romantic date. Although Valentine's Day and your anniversary are the perfect time for a romantic date, you should be more consistent. You need to make time. If you guys work or travel on weekends, plan a luxury romantic date for Tuesday night.
Rent a convertible and drive. Check out the local concert and surprise her on the date of the date. Cook her favorite meal and wait for her when she gets home in a week.
Only plan for the two of you. Making a plan to watch a game with friends is not an appointment. You need to do this, only you two. This will allow you to concentrate on her.
Spitting on your girlfriend. Feel free to give your girlfriend. You don't have to empty your bank account to do this, but from time to time she will see a new sweater in the mall, a pair of earrings or a new movie to surprise you. Once again, it doesn't have to be too expensive, it's more about the idea behind the gift.
Method 3
Play with her hair. When your two are watching a movie or sitting at a desk, use your fingers to comb her hair. The bald touch/hair mess will put her into a state of near meditation, and she will feel romantically close to you.
When she kisses her, her face is a cup. When you kiss her, gently holding her face will take your daily kiss and turn it into a romantic moment for both of you. This is goodbye when you walk in the morning or at work.
Unexpectedly show some PDAs. The publicly displayed emotions can be something as conventional as a hand-held, or as luxurious as the time of fireworks. Embrace her with surprise and let her blend into you.
Give her a massage. Get some oil and give her a back massage to help her relax on a stressful day. Even if you can't give her the best massage, she will like you trying to help her.
Method 4
Holding long distance romance
Take a day off. Part of being in a long-distance relationship is finding the time when both of you can talk. Especially if you are in a different time zone, this may be one of the hardest parts to staying a relationship. To stay romantic, take a day off. Tell her to take a day off. Spend a day on Skype or on your phone.
Watch movies, games or shows at the same time. Choose a show or movie and make plans to watch it at the same time. Call each other right away and talk about what you like. This is a good way to make artificial time.
Do some rituals. Do some daily or weekly rituals. This will be an exciting way to maintain your relationship, because after a long day, your girlfriend can look forward to this ritual. This will make her think that the two of you are closer.
I wish her good morning and good evening. Call to talk about the joy and trough of the day before bed.
Method 5
Keep your physical romance
Start a new day with love in kind. Wake up and kiss your partner on the cheek and remind them of your love. Studies have shown that starting your rest day with passionate greetings and intimate contact with your partner can make a better outlook for the rest of the day. Physical contact in the morning will create a positive tone for your day.
Wake up a few minutes before your partner, turn off the alarm clock, then gently kiss their cheeks to wake them up. If you are separated for some reason and cannot provide physical love, please try sending a love message to your partner to wake up.
Make fun of your partner. As you walk through them, just use a towel to walk around the house or stroke their backs. Do some small tricks to tease and seduce your partner. Build their expectations and desire for your touch.
Full body massage is a great way to build tension and intimacy.
Express love in public. Touch is the main language of compassion, which conveys trust and security. When you touch your partner in public, you get both the benefits and the added benefit of knowing others understand your love. Show your love in public, express that you are not ashamed of your partner, and you want the whole world to know you together.
Hold your door for your partner and put her hand on her back as she walks past. Embrace each other as you wait in line at the bank. Don't be unsuitable in public because it may be illegal to go too far.
Always communicate honestly. Open and honest communication is the cornerstone of a happy and romantic relationship. Telling your partner about your feelings, including your likes and dislikes, will increase the clarity between you and help keep your overall happiness.
If you don't like your partner, you will participate in their work activities without asking, instead of saying no to make decisions for me, please say: I like to support you in your work, but if we can I would be very grateful to discuss the social activities before you reply.
Find more: hd love wallpaper for mobile

subset: commoncrawl


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Primula 8 Cup Coffeemaker
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7:00 pm
9:00 pm
Magic Lantern Cinema,100 Second St, Ketchum, Idaho 83340
The Biggest Little Farm
Thursday, November 14, 4:30 & 7:00 pm
Magic Lantern Cinemas
$10 member / $12 nonmember
The Biggest Little Farm chronicles the eight-year quest of John and Molly Chester as they trade city living for 200 acres of barren farmland and a dream to harvest in harmony with nature. Through dogged perseverance and embracing the opportunity provided by nature's conflicts, the Chester's unlock and uncover a biodiverse design for living that exists far beyond their farm, its seasons, and our wildest imagination.
Featuring breathtaking cinematography, captivating animals, and an urgent message to heed Mother Nature's call The Biggest Little Farm provides us all a vital blueprint for better living and a healthier planet.
The Biggest Little Farm highlights the failure of monoculture and the challenges of moving "back" to sustainable and integrated farming practices in the modern world.
Part of The Center's BIG IDEA project Marketplaces: From Open Air to Online.
Keep our community in the loop of your farm, food business, and/or related events!contact us


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Event Details
Who: Kamloops Tuba Christmas
When: 3:00 pm Saturday, December 8, 2018
Where: Brewloops Winter Block Party; 400 Victoria Street, Kamloops, BC
Tickets: FREE
Enjoy the impressive and commanding sounds of Tuba Christmas Dec 8 in Kamloops, a free music event open to the public to celebrate the holiday season. This year Tuba Christmas will be partnering with Brewloops to play as part of their outdoor winter festival in Downtown Kamloops on Dec 8th.
Tuba Christmas is celebrated in cities and countries across the world. 2018 is the 45th anniversary for Tuba Christmas concerts, where Tuba, Euphonium, and Baritone players gather to perform specially arranged holiday music.
This is the 5th time Kamloops has hosted the event in partnership with the Kamloops Music Collective.
Ryan will once again temporarily abandon his trumpet for a baritone to take part in this festive brass ensemble.


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Registration laws from 1886 to 1945
Incorporation of the "family" and national expansion
By William Wetherall
First posted 1 April 2008
Last updated 18 March 2014
Family Register Law as law of land
Territoriality of registers
1872 Family Register Law
1886-1915 revisions 1886 revision | 1898 revision | 1914 revision (effective 1915) | 1915 Temporary Residence Law
1915-1945 revisions and territorial applications Naichi and gaichi registers | 1918 Common Law | 1924 application of Naichi laws to Karafuto | 1945 suspension of territorial register interactions
Family Register Law as law of land
Japan in 1868, having established a monarchy, in the name of which it would build a unified state, set out to nationalize the inhabitants of its sovereign territory by implementing a common domicile or household registration system throughout the country. Japan promulgated its first Family Register Law (Kosekihō) in 1871. The first registers were completed when the law came into force the following year -- hence, in accordance with practice on this website of referring to a law by the year of its enforcement, I am dubbing the household registration measure promulgated in 1871 as the "1872 Family Register Law".
Household registration before 1872
Controlling a population through family registration already had a long history in Japan. Until the Meiji period, population registers had been used to keep track of lineage and relationships within a clan or family. Local population registers had become a tool for land and tax administration since no later than the 6th century.
See Reports from early records for accounts of how, for example, migrants into sovereign lands were enrolled in local population registers in the process of settling them in return for their allegience.
During the 17th century, a parish registration system was imposed on Buddhist temples, some of which had already been recording births, marriages, deaths, and other matters about local families. The parish registers were contrived to support temples, but also to ensure that families were not Christians or members of a proscribed Buddhist sect. Temples lost their legal status as registrars with the enforcement of the new law in 1872.
See Household registers before Meiji: Marking the boundaries of the sovereign's nation for particulars on pre-1872 population registration practices in Japan.
Fundamental law of land
The importance of the 1872 Family Register Law is reflected in the fact that it came a decades before the makeshift 1882 Penal Code, nearly two decades before the 1890 Constitution, and practically three decades before the 1898 Civil Code and the 1899 Nationality Law. Both the Civil Code and Nationality Law presume the existence of family registers, which both record and facilitate their effects.
After World War II, under the direction and authority of the Allied Powers, the Japanese Government replaced the 1890 Constitution with the current 1947 Constitution (promulgated in 1946) -- before revising the Civil Code, which codifies family law, and the Family Register Law, which facilitates administration of the family law provisions of the Civil Code, to reflect emphasis which the new constitution placed on the dignity of the individual and sexual equality. In principle, the Nationality Law should also have been revised at that time, but political difficulties in sorting out nationality status issues during the Occupation delayed its revision until 1950.
In any event, the Family Register Law is at the mercy of the Civil Code for rules regarding individual status as a matter of family law, and is at the mercy of the Nationality Law for rules regarding the acquisition or loss of Japanese nationality at birth later in life. At the same time, the Nationality Law functions only under the assumption that family registers affiliated with Japan's sovereign territories constitute registers of persons who possess Japan's nationality are are therefore either nationals of Japan (日本国民 Nihon kokumin) or Japanese (日本人 Nihonjin), depending on the law.
The Civil Code and Nationality Law are therefore umbilically linked with family registers.
Territoriality of registers
In Japan, a single family register, recording the civil status of one individual, is essentially a part of Japan's sovereign demographic territory. The territoriality of such registers is clear in the manner in which they identify an individual in terms of his or her primary affiliation with a municipality in a territory that is part of Japan's sovereign dominion. Severance of the territory from Japan implies loss of affiliation with Japan, hence loss of nationality. This was the case with people in Taiwan and Chōsen family registers as a result of the separation of Taiwan and Chōsen from Japan under the 1945 terms of surrender, which were finalized in by articles in the 1952 San Francisco Peace Treaty.
People in Okinawa registers didn't lose their Japanese status during the decades that Okinawa was under US administration, but rather their Japanese status was suspended until Okinawa was returned to Japan in 1972. From 1945 to 1972, Japan retained residual sovereignty over Okinawa, and the Japanese status of Okinawans was merely suspended until Okinawa rejoined Japan's sovereign dominion.
While acquisition of Japanese nationality at time of birth is primarily through jus sanguinis (right-of-blood), the the blood ties are parental, not racial or ethnic, and the nationality thus obtained is essentially grounded in the fact that the parent (or parents) with Japanese nationality are territorially affiliated with Japan.
The jus sanguinis criterion for "birth right" nationality acquisition by a child born to parents (or a parent) who are (is) Japanese by virtue of their (his or her) civil status in Japan, is backed up by a secondary jus soli (right-of-soil, place-of-birth) criterion for a child born in Japan to parents both of whom are unknown or stateless. While the primacy of the right-of-blood provision means that children born to known non-stateless alien parents will not become Japanese at time of birth, it is nonetheless a criterion that links the child's territorial status to the territorial status of its parents.
The essential territoriality of nationality in international law -- as an indicator of an individual's legal affiliation with a state's sovereign territory -- is reflected in the fact that, in the "honseki" (本籍) box on administrative forms in Japan, where Japanese nationals write their honseki address (本籍地), aliens will write their nationality. Stateless aliens -- precisely because they have no territorial (state) affiliation -- write that they are "mukokuseki" (無国籍 mukokuseki), which means "no nationality".
1872 Family Register Law
Family Register Law (戸籍法 Kosekihō)
Promulgated Meiji 4-4-4 (22 May 1871)
Great Council of State Proclamation No. 170
Enforced from Meiji 5-2-1 (9 March 1872)
The 1872 Family Registers Law established the authority for local authorities to enroll their local populations in household registers that, in principle, would be of the same design throughout the country. While they were local registers, established by municipal authorities within their local jurisdictions, they would collectively constitute national population registers.
While registrants were individuals, individuals were grouped according to the "household" or "ko" (戸) with which they were affiliated by virtue of their residence, usually as members of a biological family, but also adoptees, or employees or others considered affiliated with the household.. An individual's original household register is called a "principle register" or "honseki" (本籍), the address of which is taken to be the "locality of the domicile" (住所地 jŭshochi) associated with the register.
Local leaders were responsible for dividing their localities into areas and to register vital events -- births and deaths, marriages and divorces, and adoption alliances and other such "status actions" -- that defined or affected an individuals family affiliation, and to register new arrivals and note those who left. All registers naturally included blood kin and in-laws, but might also include persons who had been adopted into the family, or were being fostered or otherwise sheltered and cared for by the family as "attached persons".
Provisions were eventually made to accommodate changes in a person's actual residence, if different from that of the address on his or her honseki. This led to measures, very much in effect today, according to which an individual has -- in addition to a personal koseki (i.e., honseki) that may or may not be affiliated with the koseki of immediate family members -- the status of being a resident of the municipality in which the person actually lives, at an address that may differ from that of his or her family (i.e., permanent) register.
Family registers in principle record statuses such as sex, age (in the form of a date of birth), and biological, adoptive, marital, or in-law relationships, usually with someone in the register, but possibly with someone in another register. However, until peerage was abolished by the 1947 Constitution, registers also recorded titles of peerage. Such titles accorded their holder special legal privileges, and were inheritable and thus defined a caste.
Until postwar reforms, older registers also recorded the defunct title of shizoku, created in the early Meiji years for former samurai. By the end of the Meiji period, though, the title was abolished and was no longer inheritable. Though the title no longer accorded its holders special privileges, those who had held it continued to value its appearance on their family registers. Postwar reforms, however, included the expunging of all mentions of abolished statuses.
Even the status of "commoner" (平民 heimin), defined at the outset of the Meiji period, was discontinued later in the period, since anyone who didn't have a title of peerage was by default a commoner. Members of the imperial family have always been registered in an independent geneaology.
Although outcaste statuses were abolished in 1871, some early Meiji registers continued to identify former outcastes in ways that linked them with an abolished status. In time -- because of lingering discrimination on the part of a few people who might go to the trouble to trace an individual's familial ties with yesteryear's outcastes -- archived copies of such registers were legally sealed, and even social history researchers are denied access.
1886-1915 revisions
The Family Register Law was revised twice during the Meiji period, first in 1886 (Home Affairs Order Order No. 22) four years before the Constitution, and again in 1898 (Justice Ministry Order No. 5). And in 1914 (Justice Ministry Order No. 7), three years into the Taishō period, it was heavily overhauled to accommodate the "ie" or "corporate family" system of family law codified in revisions to the Civil Code that came into effect in 1915.
1886 revision
Family register handling and procedures, promulgated 16 October 1886 (Interior Ministry Ordinance No. 22).
Family register recording format, promulgated 16 October 1886 (Interior Ministry Ordinance No. 20)
Changed form of domicile address from building number (屋敷番 yashikiban) system to locality number (地番 chiban) system. Provisions were also introduced for striking or removing registers (除籍 joseki).
Provided for recording direct and collateral branches of families in same register with single head of household.
Older registers recreated to reflect newer format -- the first to be uniformly used nationally.
Some information that had been on the 1872 registers, though no longer required on the new registers, was transferred in summary fashion to the new registers. These summaries were abandoned from the 1898 registers.
A box was created for the previous head of household.
Recording of occupation (職業 shokugyō) was abolished, but such information was restored on status registers (身分登記簿 mibun tōkibo).
Birth dates were recorded in year-month-day format.
Recording of temple affiliation or clan-god was abolished (this practice actually ended the previous year).
Notations beside names and such for the purpose of clarification (ト書き togaki) -- "so-and-so's third daughter" and the like.
Attached registers, and previously recorded information like "mekake" (妾), remained until the register formats that came into use from 1898.
1898 revision
Promulgated 16 June 1898 (Law No. 12) and enforced from 16 July same year (Justice Ministry Ordinance No. 5 of 13 July 1898), the same day the 1898 Civil Code came into effective.
The content of family registers somewhat changed because of family law provisions in the Civil Code. The unit of registration became the "house" (家 ie, corporate family). A "status registry" (身分登記簿 mibun tōkibo) system was established, according to which one had to file notices reporting changes in status -- meaning birth, death, marriage, divorce, adoption alliances, among other events effecting register statuses.
A column was created to record the reason and date someone became head of household.
Registers entirely remade in order to accommodate new system.
Registers showed locality of principal register (本籍地 honsekichi), class [caste] designation (族称 zokushō), occupation (職業 shokugyō), movements of people into and out of the register, and status (身分 mibun) particulars.
1914 revision (effective 1915)
Law revising family registration law (戸籍法改正法律), promulgated 30 March 1914 (Law No. 26)
Family registration law enforcement detailed regulations (戸籍法施行細則), promulgated 3 October 1914 (Ministry of Justice Instruction No. 7), enforced from 1 January 1915
Column for date and reason someone became the head of household was abolished. This matter is entered in the matters of the head of household.
Status registry system is abolished. Content of entries more detailed. 1898 registers were not required to be remade. 1886 registers that had not yet been remade were remade according to 1915 system.
1915 Temporary Residence Law
The Temporary Residence Law (寄留法 Kiryūhō), Law No. 27 of 1914, was enforced from 1 January 1915, together with the 1914 revisions to the Civil Code and Family Register Law. The law was enacted for purpose clearly differentiating a person's honseki (koseki) and residential addresses while maintaining a record of the relationship between the two. This was done out of need for municipalities to register people whose honseki (koseki) were in other municipalities, for purpose of overseeing rights and duties that derive from their place of residence as opposed to honseki (koseki) locality. This included, for example, taxes as a duty and voting and running for elected posts as rights. It also included public school attendance for children, and labor and military conscription for older persons.
The 1915 Temporary Residence Law was replaced by the Resident Registration Law (住民登録法 Jūmin tōroku hō), Law No. 218 of 1951, effective from 28 April 1952. The Resident Registration Law Enforcement Law (住民登録法施行法 Jūmin tōroku hō shikō hō), Law No. 106 of 1952, was promulgated and also came into effect on 28 April 1952 -- the day the Allied Occupation of Japan ended and Japan regained its sovereignty.
The 1952 Resident Registration Law was both abrogated by Supplementary Article 2 of the current Basic Resident Register Law (住民基本台帳法 Jūmin kihon daichō hō) [Resident basic ledger law], Law 81 of 1967, which also replaced it effective from 10 November 1967. A revised version of the newer law is the foundation for today's Basic Resident Network (住民基本台帳ネットワーク Jūmin kihon dai nettowaaku) [Resident basic ledger network] or "Juki Net" (住基ネット Jūmin ki netto) system. Under this system, each municipal registrant is assigned a personal registration number to facilitate the computerization of numerous municipal resident services -- from public school enrollment, national health insurance, national pension, local taxes, and voting in municipal, prefectural, and national elections -- and to simplify the process of moving from one municipality to another, which requires that a registrant be struck from the resident roll of one municipality when entered on that of another.
Basic Resident Register Network In Japan, a nationwide database of resident registers. The Basic Resident Register Law of 1967 (住民基本台帳法 jjūmin kihon daichō hō) [Resident Basic Ledger Law] facilitates the needs of municipalities and prefectures to know who is living in their jurisdictions. The state also compiles national statistics on residence and migration based on basic resident registers. The Basic Resident Register Network System (住民基本台帳ネットワークシステム jūmin kihon daichō nettowaaku shisutemu) [Resident Basic Ledger Network System] began operating in 2002. The Jūkinetto (住基ネット) is essentially a national database of basic residence registers.
Basic Resident Register Card In Japan, an ID card issued to Japanese to facilitate their exercise of the rights and duties that derive from their legal status in a municipality. Japanese can obtain a Basic Resident Register Card (住民基本台帳カード jūmin kihon daichō kaado) [Resident Basic Ledger Card] from the village, town, or city in which they are registered as residents.
There are currently two types of Jūkikaado (住基カード). The simpler card shows only the name of the registrant and the municipality of affiliation. The more elaborate card shows the registrant's name, address, birth date, gender, and a photograph. Card memories include the eleven-digit number of the registrant's resident card for use as a database key. The registrant uses a four-digit PIN number to verify identity at points of service. Authentication and transport keys are encrypted to prevent counterfeiting and use if stolen.
1915-1945 revisions and territorial extensions
From 1915 through the end World War II in 1945, the Family Register Law continued to be revised in relatively minor ways to keep pace with changing needs of the increasingly mobile imperial nation. The major revisions that came into effect in 1915, and the provisions of the Temporary Residence Law that came into effect at the same time, worked fairly well together as legal tools to empower and guide national and local bureaucracies in carrying out various duties related to following areas (among others):
- Determining the extent of Japan's legally affiliated national population, and its composition in terms of sex, age, marital and other family statuses -- but not religion, ethnicity, or race, which were not deemed to be matters of Japanese law.
- Administering matters of personal family law including birth, death, marriage, divorce, adoption, and inheritance of persons who are Japanese by virtue of their existence in Japan's national registers, or qualified to become Japanese through birth or later in life and be enrolled in a family register.
- The Nationality Law governs the acquisition of Japanese nationality by those who are not nationals but qualified to be nationals at time of birth or later in life, and the loss of Japanese nationality by those who are already nationals. Moreover, it governs only nationality, a purely civil status, not elements of citizenship, which vary according to nationality, sex, age, penal record, and compentency.
- Levying and collecting taxes
- Providing health and welfare services
- Providing public school education (rolls of children qualified for enrollment)
- Conducting elections (rolls of adults qualified for suffrage)
- Carrying out military conscription (rolls qualified candidates)
- Carrying out labor conscription (rolls of qualified candidates)
- Policing (locating people for law-enforcement purposes)
The prewar registers were under the administration of the Interior Ministry, which also oversaw policing. The registers were therefore subject to abuse by law enforcement officers who wished to conduct surveillance on individuals for ideological reasons not specifically authorized by law -- which is not to say that authorized reasons were justified under even contemporary standards of human rights.
Postwar registers
The postwar register system is administered by local municipal offices for the Ministry of Justice, the competent ministry responsible for overseeing both the Family Register Law and the Basic Resident Registers Law. These postwar counterparts of the prewar family and residence registration laws continue to aid the bureaucracy in all of the above (pre-postwar) areas of population management except military and labor conscription, and policing.
The present register system could, of course, be legally placed at the disposal of the national government for conducting national conscription of any kind. Today, however, authorities other than local municipal civil servants directly responsible for family register administration cannot examine specific registers for law-enforcement purposes without a court-issued warrant. While most local registers are now computerized to facilitate providing services more efficiently and conveniently for both officials and residents, a number of measures and countermeasures protect the privacy of both individuals and families.
Territorial registers
The Empire of Japan at one point consisted of 6 distinct legal jurisdictions under different territorial governments, most importantly the 4 territories that defined the dominion of its sovereign empire -- the prefectures of Japan called the Interior, plus Taiwan, Karafuto, and Chōsen. Because the people affiliated with Taiwan, Karafuto, and Chōsen became Japanese when these territories became part of Japan's sovereign dominion, their population registers became objects of "Interiorization" -- i.e., attempts to make them compatible with, if not the same as, prefectural registers.
Kwantung Province in Manchuria (leased from China), and the South Sea Islands (former German territories administered under a League of Nations mandate), were part of Japan's larger legal empire but not part of the sovereign empire, hence their affiliated populations were not Japanese -- a status enabled by territorial integration into Japan's sovereign dominion. While Japan was not motivated to Interiorize the manner in which it managed their populations, it did need to make rules for determining which territory's laws applied in private matters between individuals from Kwantung Province or the South Sea Islands and individuals from another legal jurisdiction within the smaller sovereign or larger legal empire -- thus the 1918 Common Law.
Elements of the Family Register Law, an Interior law, were incorporated into the territorial household registration ordinances of Taiwan and Chōsen. The 1918 Common Law, which provided for private (including family) matters between registrants in different imperial jurisdictions, stipulated that Karafuto, though not then part of the prefectural Interior, would be treated as though part of the Interior for the purpose of the law. The Family Register Law was not formally extended to Karafuto, however, until 1924.
See 1918 Common Law and 1924 application of Naichi laws to Karafuto below for details.
Naichi and gaichi registers
Korean household registers
Japan nationalized all territories that became part of its sovereign dominion through household registration. By "all" I mean literally all -- the prefectures, then territories like Ezo (Hokkaido) and Ryukyu (Okinawa) which became prefectures, islands groups like Chishima and Ogasawara, which became affiliated with prefectures, treaty-ceded territories like Taiwan and Karafuto, and finally the treaty-annexed territory of Chosen.
Not only were the populations of non-prefectural territories nationalized through household registration, but as the territories became legally assimilated through decrees based on prefectural laws, the more their populations were subjected to prefectural-style family law -- including the Family Register Law and related articles of the Civil Code.
1909 Population Register Law
Japan was involved in the improvement of household registration in Korea before it annexed the country into its sovereign empire. It was mainly through Japanese urging and guidance that the Empire of Korea adopted the "Population Register Law" (民籍法 민적법 Minjŏkpŏp J. Minsekihō) in 1909 (see ROK's 1948 and 1998 nationality laws for further details on registration issues.
In 1909, a year before formal annexation, and based on fresh Japanese studies of Korean family customs and registration practices, the Resident-General of Korea directed the barely sovereign Korean government to enact the Population Register Law. This law, one of the last laws of the short-lived Korean Empire, was based on Korean customary law, and was intended to make family registration more efficient and controllable.
Resident-General of Korea The Population Register Law was promulgated by the Emperor of the Empire of Korea (大韓帝國 대한제국 Tae-Han cheguk J. Dai-Kan teikoku), which was founded in 1894. In 1905, when Korea become a protectorate of Japan, Japan established the Residency-General of Korea or "Office of the Resident-General of Korea" ((韓国統監府 Kankoku tōkan fu) in Seoul. This became the Government-General of Chosen or "Office of the Governor-General of Chosen" (朝鮮総督府) in 1910, when Japan annexed the Empire of Korea and changed its name to Chosen.
Post-annex registration decrees
In 1912, after Korea had become Chosen, a part of Japan's sovereign empire, the governor-general proclaimed the Chosen Civil Matters Ordinance (朝鮮民事令 Chōsen minji rei, Meiji 45 Ordinance No. 7). This ordinance mainly was mostly effort to codify customary Korean civil laws.
The interior revised its Family Register Law in 1914, and the Population Register Law was partly revised in 1915 to incorporate some features of the new interior law. The Civil Matters Ordinance was heavily revised in 1922. The revisions, which came into effect the following year, included a section on family registration, and this occasioned a Family Register Decree (朝鮮戸籍令 Chōsen koseki rei) which made Chosen registers more like those in the interior.
Naichijin and other status distinctions
The new civil and family registration decrees differentiated "interior persons" (内地人 Naichijin) as those with Japanese nationality whose principal register (本籍 honseki) was in the interior (内地 naichi) -- in a prefecture. The revisions enabled changes in the registers of the four subnations because of marriage, adoption, or recognition.
Some sources (which I have not yet confirmed) state that the new registration rules also provided for recording two former outcaste statuses -- paekchŏng (白丁 백정 J. hakucho), who engaged in leatherwork or other occupation regarded as unclean -- and tohan (屠漢 도한 J. tokan), literally "men who slaughtered" or butchers. Both statuses had been abolished in 1894 toward the end of the Yi Dynasty. I would guess that the object of resurrecting them in registers was to help police suppress proletarian movements in Chosen like those of the Suiheisha (Levelers Association) and other "buraku liberation" organizations in Japan.
Accommodating inter-subnational marriages
The register regulations were revised to accommodate a 1921 policy that had made it possible for Chosen subjects to marry interior and other Japanese subjects. Status actions involving the registers of two subnations would be treated the same as status actions between two interior registers -- except that movements between the registers of two subnations would effect a change in subnationality -- just as international marriages and adoptions at the time usually involved a change in nationality.
In other words, a Chosen woman (a Japanese woman of Chosen subnationality) who married an interior man (a Japanese man of interior subnationality) -- or a Chosen subject adopted into the household of an interior subject -- would become an interior subject. Similarly, an interior woman who married a Chosen subject, or an interior subject adopted into a Chosen household, would become a Chosen subject.
1918 Common Law
The 1918 Common Law was one of the most essential laws of the Empire of Japan. It was contrived to deal with conflicts in private matters arising between laws and ordinances in the different legal jurisdiction of the empire. It conformed with the principles of international private law, deal with conflicts of laws between states as well as between different legal jurisdictions within states. All states with multiple legal jurisdictions have domestic in addition to international "laws of laws".
See 1918 Common Law on the Status and applicable law: Governing the civil affairs of territorialized persons page of "The Empires of Japan" feature of this website for particulars.
1924 application of Naichi laws to Karafuto
The Interiorization of Karafuto was significantly facilitated in 1924 by a number of measures, including Imperial Ordinance No. 88, and Cabinet Office Ordinance Nos. 5, 6, 7, and 8. The full texts of these and other measures concerning Karafuto are appended in Tashiro 1974, which see for particulars and review.
The extension of the Nationality Law and other laws pursuant to Imperial Ordinance No. 88 was sealed on 16 April, promulgated on 18 April, and enforced from 1 August 1924.
Cabinet ordinances 5 and 6 were dated 28 July 1924 and came into effect from 1 August 1924, together with Imperial Ordinance No. 88.
Cabinet ordinances 7 and 8 were dated 28 November 1924 and came into effect from 1 December 1924, together revisions to the Nationality Law that were made after the above three measures were promulgated and enforced.
Ordinance 7, which took into account the Nationality Law revisions enforced from 1 December 1924, revised an Interior Ministry ordinance concerning the enforcement of 1924 revisions to the Nationality Law, and abrogated Cabinet Ordinance No. 5, which it in effect replaced on account of the 1924 revisions to the Nationality Law.
Ordinance 8 deleted [unnumbered] item 2 in Ordinance 6 because the 1 December 1924 revisions in the Nationality Law rendered it no longer relevant.
Three authorities
The above measures involved three levels of legislative authority.
- Imperial ordinances issued in the name of the Emperor, who formally sanctioned and promulgated measures which had "passed the approval of the Imperial Diet"
- Interior Ministry ordinances issued under the authority of the Minister of Justice, and
- Imperial Cabinet ordinances issued under the authority of the Prime Minister
The involvement of the Imperial Diet reflected the fact that the Imperial Diet was responsible for passing and approving laws, which were then sanctioned and promulgated by the Emperor. The Imperial Diet had the authority to determine the reach of national laws within the Empire.
The involvement of the Imperial Cabinet, presided over by the Prime Minister, reflected the fact that, from 1910 to 1912 and from 1917 to 1929, Karafuto governors reported directly to the Prime Minister, not the Minister of Interior. Most of the few ordinances issued by the Cabinet Office in 1924 involved Karafuto, hence the numerical continuity from the two 28 July ordinances (5 and 6) to the two 28 November ordinances (7 and 8).
The involvement of the Interior Ministry reflected it was the competent ministry regarding both the Family Register Law and the Nationality Law. Ordinarily, registration and nationality matters requiring the approval of the competent authority would be directed to the Minister of Interior. However, in the case of Karafuto, then under a governor accountable to the Prime Minister, applications for permission to, say, renounce Japan's nationality, or acquire it's nationality other than at time of birth, would be directed to the Prime Minister. Hence the Cabinet Office ordinances, including one made exceptions to an Interior Ministry ordinance concerning the Nationality Law.
The Cabinet Office ordinances were issued to qualify the operation of provisions in the Nationality Law for (1) adopting an alien child or alien husband, which would thereby become Japanese (2) renouncing Japan's nationality, and (3) naturalizing in Japan or recovering Japan's nationality. Qualifications were required because Karafuto was then neither a part of the prefectural Interior, nor accountable to the Interior Ministry -- hence applications for such permissions would be processed slightly differently than applications from Japanese with honseki in (i.e., affiliated with) a prefecture.
Imperial Ordinance No. 88 of 1924
Applied Nationality Law and 4 other laws to Karafuto
The Family Register Law was one of five laws applied to Karafuto by Imperial Ordinance (勅令 chokurei) No. 88 of 1924 (Tashiro 1974: 851).
Imperial Ordinance No. 88 of 1924 (大正十三年勅令第八十八号)
Matter of enforcing [putting into operation] the Nationality Law and four other matters [laws] in Karafuto
Kokusekihō hoka yonken o Karafuto ni shikō suru no ken
Sealed by Emperor Yoshihito on 16 April 1924, a year and a half before he died, this ordinance sanctioned the promulgation of the Nationality Law and 4 other laws. The ordinance, as published in the 18 April 1924 issue of Kanpō, stated that the laws were to be enforced in Karafuto from 1 August 1924.
The ordinance listed 3 major laws by their name and 2 minor laws by their year of promulgation and number, as follows (Tashiro 1974: 851, see Note 1 below).
- 国籍法 Kokusekihō "Nationality Law"
Law No. 65 of 1899 as revised through 1916 (see below)
Replaced by Law No. 147 of 1950 effective later that year
- 戸籍法 Kosekiō "Household (Family) Register (Registration) Law"
1872 law as revised at the time
Replaced by Law No. 224 of 1947 effective from 1948
- 寄留法 Kiryūhō "Temporary Residence [Registration] Law"
Law No. 27 of 1914
Revised by Law No. 224 of 1947, Family Register Law
Abrogated and replaced by Law No. 106 of 1952,
Resident Registration Law Enforcement Law (see Note 2)
- 明治三十一年法律第二十一号 Law No. 21 of 1898
Civil Code Enforcement Law
Revised version of same law still in effect
- 明治三十二年法律第九十四号 Law No. 94 of 1899
Commercial Code
Revised version of same law still in effect
Note 1 The version of the 1924 law reproduced in Tashiro 1974 (page 851) states that the law would be enforced in Karafuto from 1 August 1923 (大正十二年八月一日), the year before the ordinance was promulgated. The texts of related ordinances make it clear that this is a typographical error.
Note 2 The Temporary Residence Law, Law No. 27 of 1914, and the 1914 revisions to the Civil Code and Family Register Law, were enforced from 1 January 1915. See 1915 Temporary Residence Law below for particulars.
Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 5 of 1924
Application procedures for renunciation of Japan's nationality
Replaced and abrogated by Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 7 of 1924 (see below)
Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 5 of 1924 (大正十三年閣令第五号)
Karafuto ni honseki o yū suru mono no kokuseki o ridatsu ni kan suru
Concerning renunciation of nationality of those who possess a principle register in Karafuto
Dated 28 July 1924, this ordinance itemized procedural rules which were to be followed by Karafutoans -- people whose status as a subject/national derived from the possession of a honseki in Karafuto -- who wished to be permitted by Japan to renounce their Japanese status under the 2nd provision of Article 20 of the Nationality Law. An application such permission was to be made to submitted to the Prime Minister of the Cabinet by a Japanese ambassador, envoy, or consul in the [foreign] state where the applicant was born and domiciled. See text of ordinance in Tashiro 1974 (851-852).
Article 20-2 of the 1899 Nationality Law was introduced by Law 27 of 1916, promulgated on 16 March 1916 and effective from 1 August 1916. The law revised the 1899 Nationality Law to permit Japanese had had gained the nationality of another country, on account of having been born in the country, to renounce Japan's nationality if they possessed a domicile in the country.
The 1899 Nationality Law originally had no provisions for renunciation. The 1916 revision was made to accommodate demands by the United States that Japan do something to allay America's concerns about the increase in dual nationality among American-born children of Japanese immigrants. See 1916 revision of 1899 Nationality Law for particulars.
Note that, in provisions for renunciation of Japan's nationality, in the case of Japanese who possessed also the nationality of another state, the applicant was required to have a domicile address in the other state. The provision for renunciation was introduced in order to permit dual-national Japanese born and domiciled in right-of-blood states such as the United States, which was concerned about dual nationality among US citizens of Japanese and other Oriental descents. Since the intent of the law was to facilitate the singularization of nationality in favor of the right-of-soil state's nationality, renunciation of Japan's nationality while domiciled in Japan made no sense.
Article 23 of the 1947 Constitution gives nationals of Japan the right to renounce their nationality, but in practice they cannot renounce it unless they also possess the nationality of a state recognized by Japan. Today, a Japanese dual national whose other nationality was of a recognized state could, in principle, renounce Japanese nationality while residing in Japan. However, the renouncer would then become an alien, and as an alien would have to acquire a status of residence or leave Japan.
Most Japanese dual nationals live in Japan as Japanese, and use their Japanese passport when departing from and returning to Japan. However, a few Japanese dual nationals have chosen to enter Japan on their foreign passport, and reside in Japan as aliens. Neither act is illegal. Dual nationals are treated according to the passport they use when crossing a national border. Japanese dual nationals residing in Japan as aliens would have no difficulty renouncing their Japanese nationality, in Japan, so long as their alien status of residence is valid. If they were to overstay or otherwise violate the terms of their status of residence as an alien, they would become an illegal alien and, if caught, have a lot of explaining to do.
Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 6 of 1924
Stipulated the minister responsible for considering applications for permission to adopt an alien child or take an alien husband into a Karafuto family register, or to naturalize or recover nationality
2nd item deleted by Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 8 of 1924 (see below)
Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 6 of 1924 (大正十三年閣令第六号)
Matters of application procedures for those who possess a honseki and [domicile] address in Karafuto and who would make an alien an adopted child or incoming husband, and those who would seek to naturalize [in Japan] or recover [Japan's] nationality
Karafuto ni honseki o yū shi mata wa jūsho o yū suru mono ni shite gaikokujin o yōshi mata wa nyūfu to nasamu to suru mono oyobi kika o nashi mata wa kokuseki o kaifuku semu to suru mono shutsugan hō no ken
Dated 28 July 1924, this ordinance had two unnumbered items, as follows (my translation of text of ordinance in Tashiro 1974; 852).
[1] When a person who possesses a honseki in Karafuto seeks to make an alien an adopted child or incoming husband pursuant to the provisions of Law No. 21 of 1898, the person] shall submit an application to the Prime Minister of the Cabinet (内閣総理大臣 Naikaku Sōri Daijin) through the Karafuto Government (樺太庁 Karafuto Chō).
[2] When a person who possesses an address in Karafuto seeks to naturalize [in Japan] or recover the nationality [of Japan] pursuant to provisions in the Nationality Law, [the person] shall also do likewise (亦同ジ mata onaji) [ = shall submit an application to the Prime Minister of the Cabinet through the Karafuto Government].
Law No. 21 of 1898
Law No. 21 of 1898 was both a re-codification and a revision of Great Council of State Proclamation No. 103 of 1873, which facilitated adoption alliances and marriages of Japanese with aliens, and included provisions for acquisition or loss of the status of being Japanese through the alliance or marriage. See 1898 revision of adopted son-in-law and incoming husband provisions for particulars on the 1898 revision of the 1873 proclamatiion.
"honseki" and "address"
The distinction between a honseki (本籍 honseki) and an address (住所 jūsho) meaning a "domicile" or "domicile address" was as important then as it is today. Since possession of a honseki in Japan is tantamount to possession of Japan's nationality, only those legally qualified to be regarded as Japanese can possess a honseki in Japan -- which at the time included the Interior prefectures, Taiwan, Karafuto, and Chōsen.
When national family registers (koseki) were first established in 1872, registrants were domiciled at the address on their koseki, which became their honseki address. Japanese were de facto defined as those who possessed a honseki (koseki) in Japan, hence the 1899 Nationality Law presumed without stipulating so in an "initial determination" clause that people in family registers affiliated with Japan's sovereign dominion were Japanese. The law at was promulgated as one which applied to the prefectural Interior, but when applied to other territories, such as Taiwan (later in 1899) and Karafuto (in 1924), the same assumption was made that people in Taiwan and Karafuto family registers were Japanese -- and had been Japanese before the law was applied to the territories -- otherwise the law could not have been applied to them.
As the nation became increasingly mobile, more Japanese moved to a locality in Japan other than the one having jurisdiction over their honseki address, establishing their domicile there while their honseki remained where their koseki was originally created. Japanese who migrated to another state became domiciled in the foreign country, but they remained Japanese on account of still having a honseki (koseki) in Japan.
Aliens by definition have no honseki in Japan. Their "honseki" is taken to be their country of nationality, if they have one -- or none if stateless. But aliens (including stateless persons) making a living in Japan are regarded as being domiciled in the locality where they reside in Japan. Hence aliens residing in Karafuto were legally viewed as having a "domicile address" in the territory -- the first requisite for naturalization or for recovery of nationality.
Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 7 of 1924
Stipulated the minister responsible for considering applications for permission to adopt an alien child or take an alien husband into a family register, or to naturalize or recover nationality
This ordinance both replaced and abrogated Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 5 of 1924 (see above)
Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 7 of 1924 (大正十三年閣令第六号)
Concerning retention and renunciation of nationality of those who possess a principle register in Karafuto, and naturalization [in Japan] and recovery of [Japan's] nationality of those who possess a domicile in Karafuto
Karafuto ni honseki o yū suru mono no kokuseki ryūho oyobi ridatsu narabi Karafuto ni jūsho o yū suru mono no kika oyobi kokuseki no kaifuku ni kan suru)
Dated 28 November 1924, four months after ordinances 5 and 6, this ordinance revised Interior Ministry Ordinance No. 26 of 1924 concerning the enforcement of the Nationality Law. Supplementary provisions abrogated Cabinet Order No. 5 of 1924 (above), and revised Imperial Ordinance No. 262 of 1924.
Interior Ministry Ordinance No. 26 of 1924, promulgated on 17 November 1924 and effective from 1 December 1924, concerned enforcement regulations for administering the 1924 revisions to the Nationality Law made by Law No. 19 of 1924, which was promulgated on 22 July 1924 and came into effect from 1 December 1924.
Imperial Ordinance No. 262 of 1924, promulgated on 15 November 1924 and effective from 1 December 1924, specified that the retention provision of Article 20-2(1) in the 1924 revisions to the Nationality Law, effective from 1 December 1924, would applied to Japanese residing in the United States, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, and Peru. Mexico was added to the list by Imperial Ordinance No. 16 of 1926.
See the text of Cabinet Ordinance No. 7 in Tashiro 1974 (852). See 1899 Nationality Law for particulars on Interior Ministry Ordinance No. 26 of 1924 and Imperial Ordinance No. 262 of 1924.
Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 8 of 1924
Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 8 of 1924 (大正十三年閣令第八号)
Dated 28 November 1924, as was ordinance 7, four months after ordinances 5 and 6, this ordinance revised Cabinet Office Ordinance No. 6 of 1924 by deleting its 2nd item, which concerned naturalization and recovery of nationality (see above). See Tashiro 1974 (852-853) for the text of the ordinance.
Why was only Item 2 deleted?
I have yet to learn why Cabinet Office Ordinance 8 of 1924, effective from 1 December 1924, deleted the 2nd item of ordinance 5, effective from 1 August 1924.
The only people who would have been eligible for naturalization would have been aliens, such as nationals of the Soviet Union or the Republic of China, a stray Western European or North American. Taiwanese or Chosenese domiciled in Karafuto rather than in Taiwan or Chōsen, their honseki affiliations, could not have naturalized because they were already Japanese, as were people in Karafuto registers. The retention of the 1st item meant that Karafutoans, as Japanese, could still apply for permission to adopt an alien child, or to adopt an alien husband as a so-called "incoming husband" (入夫 nyūfu).
Karafuto's populations in 1924, 1930, and 1940
Karafuto was heavily populated by Japanese who had migrated to the territory from the prefectural Interior. Prefectural migrants generally left their honseki in the prefectural localities from which they came. Karafuto, while still an exterior territory, was treated as part of the Interior under the 1918 Common Law, a domestic rules of law, and officially became part of the Interior -- as Japan's 48th prefecture -- from 1943.
|Percents of total
|Interiorites 内地人 (2, 3)
|Local people 現地人 (4, 5)
|Aliens 外国人 (6)
|Total 総計
|Census 国勢調査 (7)
The 1930 census showed 332 Orokko (オロッコ), 113 Nikubun (ニクブン), 23 Kiirin (キーリン), 10 Sandaa (サンダー), and 2 Yakuuto (ヤクート) -- as reported in Minji Geppō (民事月報), Volume 21, No. 33, by Nakano Magoichi (中野孫一), Hōmushō Minji Kyoku (法務省民事局), March 1966 (昭和41年3月).
The Nationality Law and Family Register Law, though extended to Karafuto in 1924, did not apply to the registers of native people (土人 dojin). "Karafuto Native People Household and Population [Census] Regulations" (樺太土人戸口届出規則 Karafuto Dojin kokō todokede kisoku), Karafuto Government ordinance No. 35 of 1921 (大正10年勅令第35号, stipulated that the Family Register Law did not apply to native peoples. The native population of Karafuto which had remained in 1875 when Karafuto became part of Russia, including Ainu who had chosen not to resettle in Japan, had become Russians, and they and their descendants were treated as Russians when Japan regained control of Karafuto in 1905. Later they would be regarded as nationals of the Soviet Union. But in time, the Civil Code was applied to people among Karafuto's natives who were Ainu, and because the Family Register Law mediates relevant articles of the Civil Code, it too was applied to Ainu in Karafuto, on the grounds that, among Karafuto's native population, Karafuto Ainu were part of the larger Ainu population in Hokkaido and the Chishimas (Kuriles). Consequently, in 1932, the Family Register Law was applied to Karafuto Ainu as well by Imperial Ordinance No. 37 (昭和7年勅令第37号), and their Interior honseki were established (定籍 jōseki) by Justice Ministry Ordinance No. 47 (昭和7年司法省令47号), both of 1932.
15 October 1945 suspension of interactions
On 15 October 1945, a few weeks after Japanese authorities in Chosen surrendered the territory to American forces in the south and Soviet forces in the north, and about one week before Taiwan would be surrendered to ROC forces, the Ministry of Justice (司法省 Shihōshō) ordered the suspension of "Interactions [exchanges] of family registers of Interior / Exterior" -- according to Civil Affairs A No. 452, Civil Affairs Bureau, Director-General Reply (民事甲第452号民事局長回答 the following civil affairs reply.
This would appear to have ended the operation of laws which Japan had established to facilitate the uniform administration of civil affairs in the Interior, Taiwan, and Chosen -- to accommodate migration between territories, and marriages and adoptions between all Japanese subjects regardless of their territorial affiliation. However, the order suspended only register exchanges that were beyond Japan's jurisdiction -- meaning outside "Japan" as defined by GHQ/SCAP. Within "Japan" business continued as usual. Status acts involving interactions of Interior/Exterior registers would continue to be effected within "Japan" -- since local offices had copies of the family registers of locally registered Chosenese and Taiwanese, and Japan's laws continued to Japan's Civil Code and Family Register Law continued to their officials continued to be authorized to -- and who were , or either and
This suspension of inter-territorial register actions especially inconvenienced individuals affiliated with different territories who wanted to marry or effect an alliance of adoption -- either of which, under Japanese law, would require that someone migrate from one register to another.
However, municipal halls in prefectural localities had copies of the registers of resident Chosenese and Taiwanese. And it appears that status actions such as marriage, between Interior and Exterior subjects, continued to be duly recorded in accordance with the Civil Code and the Family Register Law.
The San Francisco Peace Treaty entered into force from 22:30 hours Japan Standard Time on 28 April 1952. Chosenese and Taiwanese lost their Japanese nationality, pursuant to the enforcement of the treaty, according to Civil Affairs A No. 438 of 19 April 1952, a notification issued by the Director-General, Civil Affairs Bureau of the Attorney General's Office.
Article 1(4) of the notification states that, after treaty effectuation, register migrations concomitant with status acts like an alliance or dissolution, or a marriage or divorce, will not be recognized.
Such migrations would effect the territorial status of those who migrated between territorial registers -- and would be tantamount to a change of nationality after the treaty came into effect. And from the moment the treaty came into effect, local officials had lost the authority to treat Chosenese and Taiwanese as Japanese -- hence could no longer move anyone from a local register to a Taiwan or Chosen register, or vice versa, as though all such registers were affiliated with Japan.
As stated in Article 1(5) of the Civil Affairs Bureau notification, Chosenese and Taiwanese, having become aliens, would have to naturalize according to Japan's Nationality Law if they wished to be Japanese. There was no need to state that Japanese who wished to become an ROK or ROC national were free to naturalize in those countries, under their laws -- and then renounce their Japanese nationality under Japan's laws.
Chosenese and Taiwanese could not have naturalized before 28 April 1952 because they were Japanese.


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Woo hoo! We finally made it onto the reactionary anti-ELCA blog for our participation in Evolution Weekend again this year. The blog shall remain nameless because it is so far off the deep end that it's ridiculous and I don't want to give it any publicity. Suffice it to say that it accuses the ELCA (Evangelical Lutheran Church in America) of "trying to discredit the historical account of Genesis . . . because they have decided that God did not, as He said, create the universe in six 24 hour days."
Well, yeah.
I find it hard to believe that anyone in a mainline denomination still reads the creation story as literal fact. Still, even among us liberals and progressives – there's work to be done. In "Christology-Cosmology," Zachary Hayes wrote:
For those educated in the Western world in the 20th century, the physical vision of the cosmos has changed drastically. But our religious language, shaped at least in part by what is now seen to be an archaic physics, has remained largely unchanged in theology and liturgy.
"As contemporary believers, we live in two worlds. In our everyday experience, we live in a culture deeply conditioned by the insights and theories of modern science. But in the context of the church, its theology, and its liturgy, we live in a premodem world.
That's why this year at First United we're having "An Evolutionary Lent." We're going to look through the lens of science to see if we can make sense of the statement by the evolutionary Christian mystic, Bruce Sanguin (author of If Darwin Prayed, "The Cross is not a shadow of death, but a sign of progress."
I am continually dismayed by the disconnect between all the good scholarship that's being done in theology, christology, and biblical studies and what comes down to us on the parish level. I'm grateful this year to Pastor Ruth E. Shaver, who created A Service with Communion for Faith, Science and Technology Sunday. It appeared in the Evolution Weekend newsletter and I hope that more and more resources like this will be forthcoming.
We are listed as participants on the website (which is where the aforementioned blog found us) Although the official Evolution Weekend is this coming weekend, our main event will be next week when we'll have an evolutionary biologist as our speaker. More about that later.
For now . . .


text:
Smoking With Marisela Navarro
by M.J. Fievre Read the Story December 15, 2014
Planes are so freaking terrifying. In "Reset," you tapped into something we all wonder at some point while reclining on these uncomfortable chairs: Is the plane gonna go down? Tell me about your writing process for this particular piece: What came first: the plane or the character's inner struggle?
I started with the idea of being lost in the sky on a plane. I get lost a lot driving my car. Once I was really lost, at night, in the southwest, low on gas, before GPS navigation, and I believed I would have to spend the night in the desert. The desert is like an entirely different planet to me. I wondered what that might be like on a plane instead. I had to make that even possible first—remove air traffic control, other planes, all forms of navigational tools, prolong the time in the air—and once I did that, things got pretty terrifying. I thought it would be interesting to write from the perspective of the pilot, a character expected to stay in control. The inner struggle bubbled up out of that.
There are many things in this story that are only known in the negative, in passages such as, "What I notice first is all the things I no longer feel like doing" or "There are many questions people will ask that I no longer want to answer, but this isn't one of them." What are a few things you never tell people about yourself?
I was old when I discovered Santa Claus wasn't real. I had potential to go on believing for much longer, because no one told me; I found all the gift receipts in a closet. And I've had a few moments of outrageous rage. Maybe the two are connected.
You described in "Reset" the different ways people react to a life-threatening situation: the crying, the laughing, the clapping, the screaming, the quiet. Chaos. Is it something that you usually explore in your writing? And what other themes are important to you?
I don't usually put my characters in life-threatening situations, but it seems like a good exercise to imagine how characters might physically move on the page and to conceptualize interior responses to pressure. Lately I've been sketching already dead characters. Loss is a theme I'm exploring. I find myself wanting to write about how people are affected by loss, the ways it shapes the trajectory of their lives. Communication is another theme important to me—characters' ability or inability to communicate, tendencies that allow or prevent it, the validity of what is communicated.
The story does this weird thing with time. All the tension slows down time and the result is a bit nerve-racking. After reading "Reset," I started thinking about other plane crash stories. The series Lost (and its questionable ending), of course, but also two very silly movies: Soul Plane and Snakes on a Plane (famous for Samuel L. Jackson screaming, "I have had it with these motherf#$%*@^ snakes on this motherf#$%*@^ plane.") I always wonder who watches these absurd movies (other than me). Have you seen them? What movies would you never admit having enjoyed?
Never heard of Soul Plane, but I Googled it and saw that Method Man, Snoop Dog, and Sofia Vergara are in it, so I might check it out. I've seen small chunks of Snakes on a Plane but mostly remember the personalized voicemail you could send to your friends in Samuel L. Jackson's voice. I saw Speed twice in the movie theater. I was pretty into Drop Dead Fred at one point. I won't watch it again because I don't want my memory of it tainted. Is Death Becomes Her considered a bad movie? Where Meryl Streep walks around with her head twisted backwards and Goldie Hawn has a giant hole in her stomach? I love that movie.
Your thoughts on marriage?
This is one of those tricky questions that can be easy or hard to answer. I have assorted thoughts and some sly humor to respond with. How about some poetry instead? Here is a stanza from one of Pablo Neruda's sonnets (translated by Stephen Tapscott):
I love you as the plant that never blooms
but carries in itself the light of hidden flowers;
thanks to your love a certain solid fragrance,
risen from the earth, lives darkly in my body.
About the Author:
Marisela Navarro is a writer in Boston. Her fiction has appeared in Wigleaf, Flash Fiction Funny (an anthology), 100 Word Story, and Matchbook. She is currently earning an MFA in creative writing at Emerson College where she is working on a short story collection.
Like what you read in SmokeLong? Consider donating to us. $3 helps a writer get paid.


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Friday, September 9, 2011
Sea-to-Sky TakoLuka
my post from last winter :P
7 comments:
Ecchiman likes his wood.ReplyDelete
I didn't know you got on the Rocky Mountaineer! I hear it was expensive to ride? :o!! Looks awesome though.ReplyDelete
@FatB: And TakoLuka's tentacles?ReplyDelete
@2 of Hearts: Oh, I thought I mentioned I was going by train ^^; It was quite expensive even though it was on special at the time we bought it XD
- AnonymousSeptember 11, 2011 at 8:39 PM
This looks so nice~~~!!! Vancouver Canada is definitely one of the places to put on my must-visit list (I have whole Europe there too lol) It looks like it has a lot of great places to draw :DReplyDelete
@yakuri: Living here is nice too ^o^ But yea, I wanna see Europe too.ReplyDelete
I saw a similar tree with holes at Lynn Canyon. I think it might be termites. It looks very similar to termite patterns.ReplyDelete
@radiant: Yes, that is at Lynn Canyon where I took it ^^ Ah so that's what that is. Very interesting pattern.ReplyDelete


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text:
Vero Software has promoted Perry Boyett, a talented existing member of its Alphacam team, to Alphacam Director of Sales & Services – North America.
Alphacam has enjoyed consistent and sustained growth for the last four years.
"I'm fortunate to inherit such a strong Alphacam team and am enthusiastic about the opportunity to direct our efforts as we continue to grow and expand our software and service offerings," Boyett says.
"Alphacam's ability to automate and integrate into the fabric of a company's manufacturing environment is a core strength of our success that we will continue to build upon."
Boyett began his career as a specialist in manufacturing software 33 years ago as a tool and die designer working with automotive, appliance and aerospace clients. He joined the Alphacam team as a sales manager in June of 2003, and has been a key factor in increasing Alphacam's channel distribution ever since. Since 2012, Boyett served as Alphacam sales manager, delivering significant sales growth to the entire sales operation of Alphacam in North America.
Part of the Vero Software Group, Alphacam is a leading CAM solution for wood, stone, composites and metal components from 2-axis through 5-axis NC programming applications.


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By Antonio Criminisi
Accurate visible Metrology from unmarried and a number of Uncalibrated Images offers novel strategies for developing 3-dimensional types from bi-dimensional photos utilizing digital fact instruments. Antonio Criminisi develops the mathematical idea of computing international measurements from unmarried photographs, and builds up a hierarchy of novel, versatile concepts to make measurements and reconstruct third-dimensional scenes from uncalibrated photographs, paying specific recognition to the accuracy of the reconstruction.
This ebook contains examples of fascinating possible purposes (eg. Forensic technology, heritage of paintings, digital fact, Architectural and indoor measurements), provided in an easy approach, observed through images, diagrams and many labored examples to assist the reader comprehend and enforce the algorithms.
Read Online or Download Accurate Visual Metrology from Single and Multiple Uncalibrated Images PDF
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Additional info for Accurate Visual Metrology from Single and Multiple Uncalibrated Images
Example text
One view only constrains each image point to lie on its projection ray but, in order to obtain the depth of a three-dimensional point with respect to a reference plane (or a generic surface), a second view is in general necessary. The parallax vector seen in the second image (see Fig. 3) is, in fact, a function of the depth of the point from the reference plane. The parallax approach has been used by Cipolla in [15) and by Cipolla and Giblin in [17) as a way to estimate robustly the curvature of surfaces.
This situation is considered in Chapter 6 where the parallax effect of points off the distinguished plane is analyzed. 3 Planar homology In this section another interesting projective transformation is described: a planar homology. This is used extensively in the following chapters. 1 Camera models and perspective mappings 29 Fig. 5. Inter-image homography: the floor of a chapel viewed in both images induces a homography. Points can be mapped from one image to the other. Vertex~,V , , \qI . ~ Fig.
149 §. 15 0 15 . 065 d Fig. 4. Uncertainty in point localization. 2 using only four computation points. Ten thousand image points are randomly generated from a Gaussian distribution centred on an image test point x and then back-projected onto the world plane. The statistical covariance ellipse of the world points is computed and plotted, together with the predicted one. Three standard deviations are visualized for each uncertainty ellipse. b The areas of the first order and simulated uncertainty ellipses decrease as the number of computation points increase from four to five to ten as expected from the theory.


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Auralee "Lee" Billiot, born June 12, 1936, passed away on November 27, 2018 at the age of 82. With a vibrant personality and the kindest of souls, she will be greatly missed by all who had the pleasure of knowing her. She is survived by her children, Henry L. Billiot Jr. (Michelle), Robin Billiot Musso (Mitchell), and Laurie Billiot Barbe; 7 grandchildren; and 7 great grandchildren. Please join the family at a visitation to celebrate her life on Wednesday, December 5, 2018, at Leitz-Eagan Funeral Home, 4747 Veterans Blvd, Metairie, LA 70006, from 10am until 12pm.
To send flowers to Auralee's family, please visit our floral section.


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Gracelynn Chung-yan Lau
Gracelynn was born in the British colonial Hong Kong. Since moving to Canada in 2005 for her Master in Worldview Studies, ecofeminist theology has changed her world "downside up".
She spent the last decade designing practical applications for groups and individuals to nurture cultural identities and holistic wellness, specializing in re-storying life after trauma.
She is a horticultural therapist, mindfulness and permaculture teacher living in O.U.R Ecovillage in BC, Canada, where she facilitates school programs, women's circle and sustainable wellness retreats. Since 2017 she has been co-facilitating a 5-week EDE every summer.
She dedicates herself to the evolution of the human souls, especially that of women of all colors. Her passion is to walk the longest journey from the head to the heart with fellow women, and to uncover the authentic, full potentials in each of us through expressive arts.
Knowledge Cloud
Country: Canada
Teaching language: English
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Dear Lifehacker, I've been in a long-term relationship with a UK national for two years. She wants to come to Australia on a one-year work visa so we can spend time together before I move to the UK. However, she gets a bit confused by our government sites. What would be the best visa for her to take as far as working goes? She's a hospitality worker and doesn't earn much so I am willing to pay for it all - just wondering what the costs will be? Thanks, Australian Romeo
Dear AR,
Well you certainly picked an interesting time to ask!
There's a new (shorter) list of skilled occupations, which doesn't have many options for a hospitality worker but if anyone is interested to check it, they can find it here.
I can certainly see your partner's confusion with the government websites. After entering those details into the visa finder, it came up with three incorrect suggestions.
What seems like the best option is the Working Holiday visa (417), since the similarly worded Work AND Holiday visa (462) requires a passport from elsewhere. For your sake I hope you're partner is under the age of 31, because it's a requirement and things get a whole lot harder for unskilled workers after that threshold.
At that point, it's time to start training as a superyacht crew member (normal yachts simply won't do!), or something equally inventive:
You can reapply for the 417 as it nears its completion, but it only lets you work for the same employer for six months. It doesn't require any sponsorship or nomination, and its $440 application fee isn't excessively heinous.
Best of luck!
Cheers Lifehacker
Got your own question you want to put to Lifehacker? Send it using our contact form.


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Disney Invests in Online Video Strategy with $500M Acquisition of Maker Studios
News broke late today that the Walt Disney Company has acquired YouTube network, Maker Studios in a $500M deal.
Big news? Yes indeed.
This is one of the largest investments to-date that a traditional media company has made in their online digital strategy. But even more important is what this signals to the industry, and where value is being created for global brands.
What I find most interesting in all of the news reports is that Maker Studios is commonly referenced as a "YouTube Network" or a "YouTube Developer", which really only tells a small part of the story.
I don't believe that Disney considered such a large acquisition simply because Maker Studios understands YouTube and have built a large viewer base on this channel. They have made this big bet because Maker Studios understands the dynamics of online media and how to optimize the entire lifecycle of online video to maximize viewer engagement and ROI – and to build brand affinity. This is a very powerful asset to own, and one that can set an organization up for future success as online video becomes core to their brand strategy and how they create value moving forward.
How Maker Studios Creates Value
Innovators in the online media space are reinventing themselves as much more than just "studios" or "agencies". Companies like Maker Studios know how to combine top talent in creative design and video production with leading-edge technologies for testing, tracking, analyzing and optimizing the impact of video assets. I tend to think of them as "Media Production and Performance Optimization" groups that blend art and science to drive success.
How long should a video be to maximize engagement? What's the right mood for a video targeting a certain demographic at a certain stage of the engagement lifecycle? How do we keep viewers inspired and waiting in anticipation of our next video asset? How do we track who's watching what, and use that data to guide our internal decisions on where to invest? My gut says that Maker Studios has answers to most, if not all, of these questions, and they have the infrastructure in place to continue to analyze and adapt as trends evolve.
So – is this an acquisition of a media production studio, a big data analytics company, a leading YouTube developer, and a digital marketing agency? I think the answer is "yes", and this bold move by Disney puts them in an interesting position in the online video race that is just about to shift into full throttle.


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Oh our dear friend breakfast, we really do love you so dearly. We love you at 8am. We love you at midday, and we even love you on those nights where an egg on toast is the only kind of dinner that we can be bothered to make. If you love breakfast as much as we do (of course you do), then you should consider yourself lucky that you happen to live in one of the most breakfast-friendly cities in the world. We sure do.
Sydney, you're a lucky little muffin and you know it. These are our favourite breakfasts that you need to eat in 2017, if you haven't already, or even if you have. We are firm believers that there is no such thing as too much deliciousness in your life. Happy eating.
Hotcakes At Left Of Field
When you hop along to Left Of Field, you don't really have a choice between sweet and savoury, because if you don't order the hotcakes, then you're no friend of ours. To simply call them hotcakes doesn't do them justice, because these thick, pillowy pieces of heaven are drizzled with Earl Grey custard, topped with caramelised banana and scattered with maple bacon. So yeah, you should order them and yeah, you should Insta them too.
Spring Toast At Cornersmith
Don't picture unnecessary flower garnishes and overly sweet accompaniments with this one. The toast itself is gluten free charcoal bread made by their resident bread maker (so you know it's the goods). It's topped with buttermilk ricotta, pickled baby eggplant, broad beans, peas and herbs. You're just going to have to trust us on this one and head down yourself.
The Chislett At Youeni
Surry Hills and Castle Hill
The Chislett is a fool proof breakfast favourite for anyone that's visited Youeni once or twice (or three times). Our hot tip is to order it on their house loaf, but you can totally go for the classic sourdough if that's more your jam. Once you've selected your carb of choice, it's time to acknowledge the smashed avo, sprouts, chickpeas, roasted tomatoes and (optional) poached eggs. This is breakfast without the guilt, but with all of the flavour.
Croissant + Coffee At Berkelo Bakery
The bread on offer at Berkelo Bakery changes on the daily and is influenced by the seasons. We challenge you to only leave with a coffee and croissant on your way to the beach, but won't be surprised if you pick up some goodies to take home too.
Acai Antiox Bowl At Bondi Wholefoods
Bondi and Surry Hills
Head beachside (or stay in town) and grab yourselves an acai bowl to remind yourself that yes, you are in Sydney and yes, it is pretty at every time of year. The acai bowl at Bondi Wholefoods looks and sounds just as healthy as it is, with frozen acai berries blended with organic juice and frozen fruits forming the base. It's then topped with Farmer Joe's Cinnamon Almond Granola, organic coconut flakes and seasonal organic fresh fruit. This one can also be made gluten free and vegan.
French Toast Brioche At Euforia
Balmain East
An oldie but a goodie, the brioche French toast at Euforia in Balmain is here to stay and definitely worth a try in 2017. There are options, with a sweeter take on the brekkie classic, with toppings of vanilla ricotta and blueberries, or a (sort of) savoury pairing of maple bacon. We struggle to go past a bit of maple bacon, but you can't go wrong with either option here.
Reformed Avocado At Dachshund Coffee
Hunters Hill
Not just another avo on toast, the reformed avo from Dachshund is worth the trip to Hunters Hill (if you're not close by) or a repeat visit (if you are). There's more to this guy than just smashed avocado on toast, because it also involves a quinoa tabouli, crispy sage leaves, goat's feta and we recommend you add a poached egg into the mix. You'll be full as a tick, but well satisfied.
Breaky Poke At Three Blue Ducks
One of our favourite cafes, you're always in for a solid meal when you head to Three Blue Ducks. They combine old faithful breakfast ingredients (ahem, avocado), with left of centre ingredients (oh hey seaweed) to make delicious meals that you wish you'd thought of first. Their breakfast poke is avocado with kimchi, seaweed, cucumber, soy, mirin and a soft egg.
Bagel At Smoking Gun Bagels
Breakfast on the go with a Canadian twist is on the cards at Smoking Gun Bagels. They blazed into our lives in 2016, with their Montreal-style bagels in tow and we were converted. They're rolled by hand and sweetened with honey, before being placed in their purpose built wood fire oven to get nice and delicious. Order a six-pack to take home or settle in with a bagel and filter brew for the ultimate weekend breakfast.
Bircher Muesli At Morris
If you're a lover of bircher muesli—you should be—then the one at Morris is one that your summer loving soul will love. The portion is generous, because there's nothing worse than a tiny little dry bowl of bircher, and the toppings are fresh. Each bite has a little pop of pomegranate or strawberry, and the crunch of the toasty nuts is next level.
Strawberry Slider At Mr Topper's Toast Bar
Bondi Beach
If you're a little bit sick of avo on toast, or just want to mix it up for a day (let's not go overboard now), then the strawberry slider from Mr Topper's should hit the spot. All of the bread here is fresh daily and this one is topped with fresh strawberries, clottes cream, toasted coconut shavings and honey. Is it dessert? Is it breakfast? Does it really matter?
Baked Eggs Greek Style At Ironwood Coffee
All day breakfast is happening at Ironwood Coffee and while that's reason enough to give it a whirl, the fact that the beans are roasted on site and the food is really freaking good only sweetens the deal. Order the baked eggs Greek style for baked scrambled eggs with tomato salsa, basil and feta, served with roasted tomato and sourdough.
Miso Avo At Blackwood Pantry
Blackwood Pantry is the kind of place where you're welcomed like a mate from the moment you walk through the door. Their food is fresh and a little bit special, but our favourite is the miso avo, hands down. We struggle to say no to anything involving miso and this one also involves sliced avocado with miso and cashew nut butter, lime, chilli and black sesame on toasted sourdough.
Croque Madame At The Tiny Giant
Another winner serving all day breakfast for you poor, hung over souls, The Tiny Giant is serving up a Croque Madame that will banish any and all of those dusty cobwebs come Sunday morning. This French-style sandwich is keeping it classy with ham and cheese on the inside and a white truffle infused fried egg on top.
Pecorino Scrambled Eggs At Gordon's Cafe
This is the relatively new kid on the Sydney brunch block. Gordon's has already nailed the formula with their pecorino scrambled eggs served with field mushrooms, baby spinach, leek and truffle oil on sourdough. Go have a recovery lie down on the beach afterwards; there's no judgement here.
Nutella And Banana Hotcakes Social Hideout
North Parramatta
There's a fine line between breakfast and dessert, and this dish is definitely sitting somewhere in the middle. The amount of Nutella on these hotcakes is sickening, so there's almost enough for us on there. It's also topped with vanilla ice cream, bananas and all of the syrup. This one isn't for the faint hearted.
Three Cheese Stuffed Field Mushrooms At Edmonds & Greer
Interior design store slash beautiful café, Edmonds and Greer is serving up the brunch-time goods daily. We've got our eye on the three cheese stuffed field mushrooms with lemon and oregano crust, served with smashed avocado on sourdough and so should you. It also comes with snow pea tendrils and truffle oil, so basically all of our favourite things.
Cornflake French Toast At Henri Marc
You read that right: cornflake French toast. This one is a slice of sourdough; made into French toast and then topped with blueberries, blood orange, vanilla custard and cornflakes. It sounds just crazy enough to work, and that's because it totally does. Everything at Henri Marc is beautiful, but this one takes the toast (you geddit?).
If you love a bit of coffee with your breakfast (of course you do), then check this out.
Image credit: Claudia Shmueli at Cornersmith Annandale


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|image 32/119
Pix: Shaun Flannery/shaunflanneryphotography.com...COPYRIGHT PICTURE>>SHAUN FLANNERY>01302-570814>>07778315553>>..29th March 2011..............The last flying Vulcan, XH558, touches down at Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield. .Vulcan XH558 is to spend the summer based at the airfield where she once stood on Quick Reaction Alert during the Cold War..
Copyright © Shaun Flannery Photography Ltd, Doncaster.
View This Image's Galleries:
Vulcan XH558, Avro Vulcan XH558, Stock Images
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