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I make d&d campaigns for my group, and I need ideas
I'm making my first campaign a big one so any idea will help. if the pcs become the villain or hero what should oppose them.
An army, religious sect, or any group that would not accept their point of views. An oppressed group that is now pushing their beliefs and becoming the oppressors is a good line. Reminds players that "alignment" is entirely subjective and depends on someone's point of view.
I do the same thing for my group my last 2 i made were really short but my group loved them!
on my first one it was just a pvp battle royale (my friends wanted to try it) they had fun with the competitive part of it. But my second one I made I put a twist in it; It was a zombie apocalypse setting and i made one of the players in the group part of an opposing clan. So at the end of the game they had to fight the opposer to beat it.
my really big campaign im working on right now is taking quite a while because i also create the npc's and the monsters (everything in mine are self made).
one thing that will help you the most (in my opinion) is to ask them what kind of setting they want so you have an idea for that and then work from there.
My group wanted a medieval D&D so i'm making one and I'm starting the group off by meeting in a tavern in one of my made up cities
my main boss is a necromancer.
my sugestions are to first see what would appeal to the group
then create some ideas for that
you don thave to have the full game made before they play it just some of it to see how the group likes it
then if they like it keep it going
if you have to improvise on the go you'll be suprised about how much you can create improvising
I would have an individual come and offer another a position, or have them deliver supplies and get ambushed by the person who hired them. You could have them rob a magical crown that rightfully belongs to one king but was stolen from another, you could have them be part of a rebel group, and you could have them be sent to another world and have to find their way back.
Just some ideas, never really played before.


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Glossary of Terms
Like any industry, ours uses a variety of terms. If you want to find out what they mean, you are in the right place! Simply click on a letter to see its list of terms. If the term you are looking for isn't listed in our glossary feel free to contact us so that we may help you as well as add it to our list.
"Chrome Green"
Chrome Green
The resulting ink pigment attained from the mixture of chrome yellow and iron blue.

subset: commoncrawl


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Black Onyx Eagle Ring Set in Sterling Silver
$ 99.00
Black Onyx Eagle Ring Set in Sterling Silver
Handcrafted by skillful artisans
Like other black stones, the black onyx gemstone is a grounding stone, believed to keep a person firmly grounded to reality, and protecting him from internal imbalances and outward negative energies. Besides balancing excessive passion and excitement, the black onyx stone is also thought to neutralize negative emotions and mental stresses, and stave off external negativity at the same time. Hence, black onyx makes a powerful charm both for self-mastery and self-protection.


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Our Take: Colorado Community Report Card
A recent report released by Colorado Mesa University and the Denver Metro Chamber of Commerce provides insight into Coloradan's attitudes on the state's economy, public lands, education system, health care outcomes and political institution. The inaugural Colorado Community Report Card was released in July following a survey of around 500 individuals.
The following post outlines some of our key takeaways as we look to find common ground between the two political parties in the state. The report compliments many of our findings about the attitudes of Coloradans' from our report on independent voters and candidates last year.
Satisfaction with Government
Nearly half of Colorado adults (48%) believe the state is going in the right direction, compared to 33% who believe it is on the wrong track.
- Republicans are more pessimistic (38% right direction; 45% wrong track) than Democrats (55% right direction; 28% wrong track).
A full 60% of Colorado adults give the state economy a 7+ rating on a 10-point scale.
- A strong majority (84%) of Colorado adults believe the economy will either improve or remain the same over the next 12 months.
- Optimism about the economy is highest among young men, singles, middle-incomes, veterans, Hispanics, in the North Denver suburbs and on the West Slope.
85% of Colorado adults are satisfied with life in their community.
- A majority (57%) say they are "very satisfied."
63% of Colorado adults say they are satisfied with the Colorado state government, while 30% are dissatisfied and 8% are unsure.
- Satisfaction is above 57% in every region of the state except Colorado Springs (46%).
- Democrats are most satisfied (75%), followed by independents (62%). Republicans are least satisfied (47%).
61% of Colorado adults say they get a good value for their state taxes.
- Perceptions of good value peak in Denver, South Denver Suburbs, and Colorado Springs (67%); perceptions of good value are lowest on the West Slope (47%).
Only 39% of Colorado adults say they are satisfied with the federal government, while 54% say they are unsatisfied and 7% are unsure.
- Satisfaction with the federal government is highest on the West Slope (48% satisfied; 48% dissatisfied).
Access to Services and Quality of Life
Colorado adults give high marks on access to recreation and open space (80% A or B grade).
Colorado adults give mixed but generally positive marks on access to internet, quality K-12 education, safe highways, and decent-paying jobs (53%-56% A or B grade)
- The highest grades on K-12 education come from Larimer / Boulder (75% A or B) and the West Slope (70% A or B). The lowest grades come from Denver (41% A or B).
- The highest marks on access to jobs come from Larimer / Boulder and Metro Denver, including suburbs (56% to 67% A or B). The lowest grades come from the West Slope (38% A or B).
Low marks were given on access to affordable healthcare (35% A or B; 39% D or F) and access to affordable college (34% A or B; 27% D or F).
- Grades on access to affordable healthcare are highest in Larimer / Boulder and Metro Denver (58% to 67% A or B). The lowest grades come from North Denver (16% A or B) and the West Slope (21% A or B).
- The highest marks on access to affordable college come from the West Slope (52% A or B), while the lowest marks come from Denver Metro, Colorado Springs, and Larimer / Boulder (21% to 29% A or B).
Access to affordable housing was graded the worst (21% A or B; 51% D or F).
- Over half (53%) of Colorado adults say that housing costs are a major problem, and another quarter (27%) say housing costs are a moderate problem.
- Every region has two-thirds or more of its adults saying affordable housing deserves a C grade or lower.
- "There is an abundance of evidence in this poll that housing costs are the top issue in Colorado today."
On TABOR, a 41% plurality statewide says the constitutional spending limits have been mostly a good thing, while 29% disagree and 30% are unsure.
- Support for TABOR peaks in Colorado Springs (52% good thing) and is lowest in Denver and on the West Slope (32% good thing).
- Support for TABOR is far higher among men (50% good thing) than women (30% good thing).
- Majorities support de-Brucing TABOR at the local level on the West Slope (51%), in Larimer / Boulder (55%) and in North Denver Suburbs (60%).
The survey for the Colorado Community Report Card was conducted by Vitale & Associates, and is based on 500 live telephone interviews completed in April 2018. Statewide results were provided and broken down into seven regions: Denver; North Denver Suburbs; South Denver Suburbs; Colorado Springs; Larimer / Boulder; West Slope / Club 20 Counties; and Front Range / East Slope. The margin of error is 4.4%.


text: Artifact Details Title 'Y2K bug' cast sculpture Catalog Number 102766440 Type Physical Object Date 1999 Manufacturer R. D. B Place Manufactured Menlo Park, CA, U.S. Dimensions overall: 5 1/8 in x 3 in x 3 in Description Y2K (Compliant) Computer Bug in Clear Plastic Jar with lid including holes for breathing and silk leave for food. The cast polyester sculpture, eating a floppy disc, was made and sold by Silicon Valley artist during 1999 in anticipation of the worldwide computer havoc due to prior computer coding representing the year by only the last 2 digits. Category Ephemera/plaque / paperweight Credit Gift of Rob Browne Lot Number X8231.2017


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Millionaire Teacher by Andrew Hallam explains "The 9 Rules of Wealth You Should Have Learned in School."
Millionaire Teacher is a great personal finance book, especially for Canadians. It is about a regular teacher who diligently but quickly built up a million dollar stock portfolio. The cool thing is…
Millionaire Teacher is a very practical book. The book really shows you how financial freedom is available to the average person. And all you need are a few adjustments to your habits. So:
In this book review I'll tell you everything you need to know about Millionaire Teacher to decide if it's the personal finance book for you.
Who Will Benefit From Reading Millionaire Teacher:
Millionaire Teacher is a great personal finance book. If you are just getting started in the workforce and are starting to accumulate some savings, then Millionaire Teacher is definitely the book for you. Millionaire Teacher assumes no prior knowledge, and is a great introductory book for any Canadian who is starting to gather up some savings. More specifically…
If you're wondering whether you should invest in a TFSA, RRSP or tackle that lingering student deb, then Millionaire Teacher is definitely a book for you. It will give you a no-nonsense approach to personal money management. And learning these habits early will not only make them easier to achieve but allow you to compound their benefits for your entire professional life. Sounds pretty good, right?
On the other hand, if you're very experienced with personal finance and are already actively investing in the markets then you're probably going to find this book a bit introductory. Millionaire Teacher doesn't have any groundbreaking stock picking techniques or test stock trading systems.
My Favourite Part of Millionaire Teacher:
Millionaire Teacher has a lot of great aspects. But my favourite part of Millionaire Teacher is the first section of the book. That's because the book starts out as the personal financial biography of the author, Andrew Hallam. And the most interesting thing is that (as the title of the book implies) he is a regular teacher.
So Millionaire Teacher inspires some confidence and "believability" because the book features a regular guy who just uses personal finance best practice to really change his life. It makes you feel like you can do the same thing, which is something that's missing from a lot of personal finance books today. It's clear in this case that the author doesn't start out with a silver spoon in his mouth, and he overcomes a lot of the challenges that you are probably facing today.
There are only a couple of esoteric tips that the average person realistically wouldn't pursue. And I get the feeling they are added to inspire creativity But for the most part Millionaire Teacher is entirely realistic and totally feasible.
Millionaire Teacher – Canadian Investing Tips:
Millionaire Teacher is exclusively focused for Canadians. While there are certainly nuggets of wisdom that are applicable to be Americans, our friends south of the border would be better off to check out something like I Will Teach You To Be Rich by Ramit Sethi.
On the other hand, the Millionaire Teacher's advice for Canadians interested in investing is right on the money. The book gives you an overview of your specific investing options as a Canadian. And since it assumes no prior personal finance knowledge it really starts you at the basics and proceeds in a very simple to understand manner. Millionaire Teacher does not leave much to the imagination and tells you exactly how you can take your personal asset management into your own hands. The book goes into as much detail as telling you exactly what mutual funds to buy at exactly which banks.
Even if you aren't that interested in Finance this book is worth reading. It's quite short and easy to read and the lessons inside are not only easy to implement, but they'll serve you well for the rest of your life. Sound good?
Millionaire Teacher – The Final Word:
Millionaire Teacher is a fresh take on a classic and timeless issue – that of personal financial management. The book is focused exclusively on Canadians and should address almost all of your investing questions very well.
For that reason I'm happy to recommend you buy Millionaire Teacher on Amazon and discover these time tested rules of wealth for yourself. You may not be a teacher but you can certainly make it as a millionaire!
Millionaire Teacher is


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Personalised Jewellery Box
To store all your precious gems
Personalised & despatched within 1 working day when you order before 4pm!
Product Description
For anyone who loves jewellery it can be tricky to keep track of necklaces and rings if they're stored all over the house. Rather than looking for them you can make sure they're all in one place. Our personalised jewellery box is the perfect container!
The box has a shiny lid with a studded border pattern. Personalise the front with a special message that will be engraved in classic script font. The inside of the box has plenty of space and is lined with luxurious blue velvet.
Present the gift to a friend or loved one.
How Can I Personalise My Jewellery Box?
With the message you wish to appear.
Make Sure You're Happy With It!
Click the Preview button to see how your jewellery box will look.
As our personalised gifts are made especially for you, we're unable to accept returns. Your personalisation will be engraved exactly as entered so please double check that it is correct before adding the jewellery box to your shopping basket.
Material: Metal
Dimensions: H10 x W13.5 x D3.5 cm
Customer Reviews
Customer Reviews
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Escape Room VR is a project consisting of a series of puzzles and hidden instructions in a room inspired by the rules of popular games "locked in the room". The success of finding a way out from the room depends on an analytical and observational skills.
Poznań, Plewiska
+ 48 508 246 012
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It's already almost a week since the 2018 vintage of A-level Results Day in the UK and social media managers at Universities up and down the country can breathe a sigh of relief.
The day is always a mixture of f- words; fun, frantic, frenetic…and a more obvious one.
Having spent the day sat on Twitter and watching things unfold, I managed to get a flavour of what was happening up and down the land, and what sort of tactics different institutions were using. With that in mind, here's a roundup of what caught my eye.
Kick off
Of course, we couldn't get things started without the official start of Results Day; a tweet from Jeremy Clarkson. Loathe him or really loathe him, you can't deny he's as much of the day now as headlines about exams getting easier and local press photographers making blonde girls jump for joy.
The only way is Essex
So, we need to talk about Essex, don't we? They started off cheeky enough…
Got cheekier…
And then excelled themselves…
Now, there's been plenty written since Results Day taking a swipe at Essex for their approach; fellow social media pros either smugly talking of Essex's 'fail' or whining that their approach offended them, academics banging on about this being the fault of the marketisation of the sector or, my favourite, the know-it-all keyboard warriors taking every opportunity to reply with a cutting remark along the lines of 'this is bad social media'.
Well, to quote another hot tweet from the sector in 2018; all the haters can jog on.
I have nothing but respect for the folk at Essex for taking this approach. Yes, they pushed the envelope and ruffled some feathers (and I can see why some felt it went too far), but what good University doesn't do exactly that at some point? Just because it was the guys marketing doing it and not some professor, doesn't make it any less valid.
Let's face it, it's dull spending every day watching Universities up and down the land adopt the same 'polite and professional' social media persona, the sort of place that lets you know it's having an edgy day by using a gif or an emoji. Be honest, they all start blurring into one after a while.
What I loved about Essex's approach was that they made the most of the one day in the HE calendar when they could have a bit more character. Sure, they offended a few people along the way, but so does every innovator and influencer. Give me Nirvana over Coldplay any day of the week.
We can't look longingly at the hundreds of brands that engage in this kind of social media banter with each other every single day, only to cry when someone else has the courage to do it in our own sector.
Also, what seems to have been overlooked among the 'that's not cricket' contingent is how brilliantly Leeds Beckett did in their replies (and their neighbours from Leeds too). The whole exchange was witty, snappy and showed both sides to be chock-full of character. I'd give them both a gold star.
With all that in mind, it's a shame that Essex have deleted their stand-out tweets and have posted an apology. I get why they did it, but I'd have much rather seen them own it all the way. Let's not kids ourselves; while we're all part of the same sector and face the same issues, we're still competitors. We can still respect each other while having a bit of fun on the Internet.
After all, if you can't take a bit of stick you probably shouldn't be on social media anyway.
Ok, phew, rant over…here's what else stood out!
Hero worship
We're big fans of some hero content here at The Native HQ. And, given how everyone seems fixated on showing behind-the-scenes or hunting for the best gif to use, the high production values of hero pieces can still really stand out among the noise.
Take this piece from the University of Hull for example – bags of cool packed into half a minute.
Or this one from Leicester, where they took the idea of having space and ran with it…
Talking of space, how about this for knocking it out of the park when it comes to print ads?
Take a bow Reading, take a bow.
Nerve centre vibes
Is clearing even clearing unless a University takes their followers into the weird and wonderful world of their clearing hotline call centres? Particular when the person showing behind the curtain is a student ambassador?
Good stuff from Staffordshire…
And Brighton.
Kudos to Bedfordshire for tempting people in with the prospect of speaking to someone dressed as a demonic bull.
And, of course, there's the video of the lucky caller who gets something a little bit special. This was neat from Greenwich – instead of the tired tactic of handing the phone to your VC and enduring a conversation that is horrendously awkward for both sides, they literally changed a student's life by giving them travel around London for a year. Boom!
The pressure
Of course, being in the call centre can be a daunting task. Therefore, time to salute Lydia – what happened to her could have happened to any of us!
And hey, at least it wasn't as bad as that one time with the tree…
Going live
Savvy use of live video on the day from Anglia Ruskin – interactive, informative and engaging. Well done.
So close
High five to Plymouth for pulling together a neat guide to clearing that was full of useful info, but off to the sin bin you go for sticking it out as a PDF.
Solid meme game
The 'list some reasons with a punchline' meme is arguably past its prime, but this version from Roehampton was enjoyable nonetheless.
Make it personal
Personalisation continues to grow in influence on Results Day. We saw the return of Oxford Brookes' award-winning #helloBrookes project…
While personalised gifs appeared to be the social media trick du jour in 2018. Imperial's were especially excellent.
Also, high fives to Newcastle…
And Keele…
Acting as a sort of counterbalance to all the marketing noise, a few institutions put their focus on how their students were actually feeling on the day. For example, Bradford took a literal look at emotional rollercoaster of results day…
While Loughborough simply showed they had heart.
But, perhaps the most insightful piece of content when it came to answering the question 'how do students feel on result day?' came from an actual student. Skip to 00:11:22 of the below video the good bit – and high five to Eve's dog for bombing the big moment.
Abertay kept calm and took us back to 2012.
Nice puns
Sunderland's dad joke hashtag made me cringe and smile at the same time.
This gif>your gifs
Congratulations to Glasgow for creating a gif of a dabbing unicorn. Marvellous.
Not an obvious source of clearing content here, coming as it did from Coventry Bears Rugby League Club, but I think you'll agree it's pretty good. And, it's relevant too; a bunch of the Bears' first team squad are on sports scholarships with Coventry University, so they can offer talented young players a real pathway to sporting and academic success.
Also, that hair though.
Wait, what?
Weird post of the day goes to Bucks New University for this creepy thing…
Now, this is obviously a spoof from The Daily Mash. But, at the same time, if this actually happens post-Brexit I genuinely won't be surprised.
And finally
Of course, after all that the headline ending up going to Stormzy, with the terrific news that he's launched a Cambridge scholarship for two black students. Wonderful stuff.
Well, that's that for results day and clearing 2018 – see you in 12 months!


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How to Create a Job Posting
Watch this short video on how to create a job posting for 14-18 year olds.
Or, download this online job posting form and email the information to Bridges.
Download more information!
Learn more about this program by downloading the Career Depot fact sheet. Or print out instructions (PDFs) on:
- Information Needed for a Job Posting
- How to Create a Job Posting
- Create a Job Posting in ChamberMaster
- Business Listing Options
For a login, contact: Erica
For more information on this program, contact:
Kathy Moore
Marketing Coordinator
Post job postings now!
Or, work with your local Chamber or community representative to place your job postings.
Aitkin Chamber
(218) 927-2316
Erica Parrish
Cuyuna Lakes Chamber
(218) 546-8131
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– List of tenant will be updated regularly
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FAQ Brexit
Following the United Kingdom's departure from the EU, the Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons (AFMP) with the EU will no longer apply between Switzerland and the United Kingdom (UK). Switzerland and the UK signed an agreement on acquired citizen rights on 25 February 2019. The agreement is intended to protect the residence rights (and other rights) of Swiss and British citizens acquired under the AFMP. With this agreement, these rights are preserved beyond Brexit. The agreement thus provides legal certainty for these persons.
Nationals from the United Kingdom wanting to immigrate after the end of the AFMP are not covered by the present agreement on acquired citizen rights (see question 10). Family reunification remains possible under this new agreement.
According to recent developments in the negotiations between UK and the EU, UK's withdrawal from the EU has been postponed. Information on the date of the entry into force of the agreement on acquired citizens' rights depends on the progress of these negotiations.
1. When does this agreement on acquired citizen rights come into force?
The agreement on acquired citizens' rights will come into force as soon as the AFMP no longer applies between Switzerland and the United Kingdom. This will be after the end of the transition period agreed between the EU and the UK, e.g. probably on 1 January 2021.
The EU and the United Kingdom have to ratify the withdrawal agreement before there can be a transition period. This process has not yet been completed.
If the UK leaves the EU without a transitional period, the agreement on acquired citizens' rights shall be applied on a provisional basis from the day after the UK left the EU.
The withdrawal agreement between the EU and UK has therefore an impact on when this agreement on the citizens' rights comes into force.
2. Why do Switzerland and the UK require their own bilateral agreement on their acquired citizens' rights? Isn't this covered by the withdrawal agreement between the UK and the EU?
Switzerland is not a member State of the EU. The withdrawal agreement regulates relations regarding immigration between the EU and the UK. Switzerland and the UK have thus drawn up their own bilateral agreement on their acquired citizens' rights.
3. What rights are protected under the agreement on the acquired citizen rights?
The agreement protects AFMP-rights acquired before the AFMP ceases to apply between Switzerland and the UK. Some of the areas covered by the new agreement are:
- Residence with gainful employment (employed and self-employed)
- Residence without gainful activity
- Right to family reunification
- Employment in Switzerland as a cross-border commuter
- Continuation of service provisions (up to 90 days per calendar year) in the other party by companies and self-employed persons domiciled in Switzerland or the United Kingdom
- Principle of non-discrimination
- Right to purchase immovable property
You'll find further information on social security and the recognition of professional qualifications on the websites of the Federal Social Insurance Office and the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation.
Federal Social Insurance Office
State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation
4. What is different compared to the AFMP for citizens from the United Kingdom and their family members in Switzerland?
There are four major differences between the AFMP and the bilateral agreement on the acquired citizen rights between Switzerland and the United Kingdom:
- Before issuing a new short-stay permit, residence permit or border commuter permit, the competent authority may require nationals from UK to produce an extract from the criminal records register.
- Offences committed after the AFMP ceases to apply will be assessed according to the rules of the Foreign Nationals and Integration Act (FNIA), as is the case for non-EU/EFTA nationals. For convictions, the penal provisions with regard to expulsion apply.
- Five years after the AFMP ceases to apply, the reunification of future spouses will be regulated by the provisions of the FNIA. These provisions are somewhat stricter than the AFMP rules. For example, a person must prove that they have sufficient financial means to pay their own and their family members' living expenses.
- The preferential market access for person-related service provisions under the AFMP (90 days per calendar year) is no longer applicable to provision who start after the AFMP. Those services fall under the conditions of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) of the WTO. Service provisions which started during the application of the AFMP can be concluded under the terms of the AFMP.
5. Until when can rights protected under the agreement be acquired?
Rights can be acquired for as long as the AFMP still applies between Switzerland and the UK.
The EU and the UK have agreed a transition period which is due to run until the end of 2020. If this transition period is implemented, the AFMP will still apply between Switzerland and the UK. This means that AFMP rights could be acquired at the latest by 31 December 2020.
For the transition period to be implemented, the EU and the UK must ratify the withdrawal agreement. This process has not yet been concluded.
If the UK leaves the EU without a withdrawal agreement and without a transitional period, the agreement on acquired citizens' rights will be applied on a provisional basis from the day after the UK leaves the EU. UK nationals must therefore have entered Switzerland before UK leaves the EU and have met the admission requirements of the AFMP.
6. What must nationals from UK who are living in Switzerland under the terms of the AFMP now do?
UK nationals living in Switzerland who obtained a short- or long-stay residence permit before the AFMP ceased to apply and are therefore registered in a commune do not generally need to take any action. The same applies to persons with an EU/EFTA cross-border commuter permit.
There is, however, a possibility that UK nationals with a valid residence permit may be called upon to exchange their current permit for another. This would not affect their existing right to remain, as long as the person concerned continues to meet the relevant residence requirements under the AFMP. If they are not called on to exchange their permit, they must simply apply for a new permit before their existing one expires, as usual.
In Switzerland. the cantons are responsible for issuing residence permits. The issuing authorities in each canton can be found here:
Cantonal immigration and labour market authorities
7. I am a British citizen and have a legitimation card from the FDFA (or a Ci permit). Do I fall under the agreement on acquired citizens' rights?
No, British citizens only fall under the agreement on acquired citizens' rights if they were admitted to Switzerland under the provisions of the Free Movement of Persons Agreement (AFMP). Holders of a FDFA legitimation card or a Ci permit do not fall under the AFMP (see 1.3.4 of the Directives on the Ordinance for Implementing the Free Movement of Persons – 'Weisungen zur VEP' – not available in English).
8. How long are these acquired rights valid for? And is it possible to lose these rights once they have been acquired?
The rights acquired under this agreement are valid indefinitely, provided the conditions stipulated in the agreement are met.
The acquired rights are lost, if the terms of this agreement are no longer met.
Example 1: A UK national who gives up his/her residence in Switzerland by announcing his/her departure to another country cannot 'reactivate' his/her acquired rights at a later stage. Without announcing the departure, short-stay permits and residence permits expire after absences from Switzerland of more than six months. Upon request, the settlement permit can be maintained for four years in case of absences from Switzerland.
Example 2: A person who commits a crime and poses a threat to public order after the AFMP ceases to apply may lose their acquired residence rights based on the somewhat stricter provisions of the FNIA.
Example 3: UK employees in Switzerland who become unemployed can stay in Switzerland while drawing unemployment benefits. After their entitlement to unemployment benefits expires, they must either find gainful employment or meet the requirements of another residence category under the AFMP in order to stay in Switzerland. Otherwise they will lose their acquired residence rights (see the factsheets on the different residence categories as well as the FAQ AFMP > Job loss) on the SEM website:
Free Movement of Persons Switzerland – EU/EFTA: Factsheets
9. What are the next steps and when will the agreement on the acquired citizen rights come into force?
The agreement on the acquired citizen rights was approved by the Federal Council on 19 December 2018 and signed by Switzerland and UK on 25 February 2019. As usual, the Federal Assembly will also have to approve the agreement. At the end of this approval process, the agreement will be subject to an optional referendum.
When the agreement on the acquired citizen rights comes into force depends on the implementation of the EU-UK withdrawal agreement. In the withdrawal agreement, the two parties have agreed on a transition period until the end of 2020. During this transition period, the AFMP will also continue to apply between Switzerland and the UK and will only cease to apply after the end of the transition period. The agreement on the acquired citizens' rights would therefore come into effect on 1 January 2021.
If the United Kingdom leaves the EU without a withdrawal agreement and without a transitional period, the agreement on acquired citizens' rights shall be applied on a provisional basis from the day after the UK's withdrawal from the EU. This would mean that nationals from UK must have entered Switzerland and have met the conditions for admission under the AFMP before the UK hast left the EU.
10. What is the situation for UK nationals wanting to immigrate to Switzerland after the AFMP ceases to apply?
UK nationals wanting to immigrate to Switzerland after the end of the AFMP are not covered by the present agreement.
Unless an additional bilateral agreement between Switzerland and the UK is concluded, UK nationals wanting to immigrate to Switzerland after the AFMP ceases to apply must meet the terms of the Foreign Nationals and Integration Act FNIA. They would be subject to quotas in such a case. In February, the Federal Council decided to create separate quotas for 3500 persons. This guarantees the necessary flexibility for the Swiss economy, which can thus continue to recruit British workers.
Switzerland and the UK are also conducting talks on a possible future immigration scheme. The exact form of the scheme has not yet been agreed. Any agreement on immigration after the AFMP ceases to apply must respect the terms of the Swiss Constitution (e.g. Art. 121a ).
11. Do UK citizens need a Visa for a short-term-stay in Switzerland (without gainful employment) after the UK left the EU?
Currently, a revision of regulation (EU) 2018/1806 is being prepared at EU level. With the revision of this regulation, citizens of the United Kingdom are exempted from visa requirements for a short-term stay (90 days in any 180-day period) for the Schengen area (therefore including Switzerland) also in case of a no-deal withdrawal.
For further information:
Passport rules for travel to Europe after Brexit
In case of an orderly withdrawal from the EU based on the negotiation agreement, the current provisions apply during a transition period until 31.12.2020. This means that also in this case, citizens of the UK who are currently Union citizens do not need a visa to travel to Switzerland.
12. Which entry conditions for a short-term stay (without gainful employment) do UK citizens have to fulfill after a no-deal withdrawal of UK from the EU?
For citizens of the UK travelling to Switzerland for a short-term stay (duration of no more than 90 days in any 180-day period), the entry conditions for such persons are as follows:
- they are in possession of a valid travel document entitling the holder to cross the border under following conditions (list of travel documents authorizing entry into Switzerland):
- - they must hold a recognised travel document valid for at least three months after the intended date of departure from the Schengen area and issued within the previous ten years (the date of issue concerns only entry into the Schengen area);
- - if the person possesses a residence permit of a Schengen country (list of residence permits issued by Member States) or a valid type D visa (national visa; if requested by a Schengen state), the travel document shall be valid at the time of entry and during the planned stay.
- they must explain the purpose and conditions of their stay in Switzerland and/or in the Schengen state(s) they intend to visit;
- they must have sufficient financial resources to cover the entire duration of the intended stay as well as the return trip to their country of origin or a transit trip to a third country, or they must be able to obtain the necessary financial resources by some other lawful means;
- they must not be the subject of an alert issued in order to prevent them from entering Switzerland;
- they must not pose a threat to Swiss security, public order, public health or the international relations of any of the Schengen states;
- they may not have been sentenced to expulsion from or refusal of entry to Switzerland.
to the top Last modification 16.04.2019


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Coal Business in Australia and Indonesia
Cooperating with Switzerland-based Glencore Plc., and Australia-based Whitehaven Coal Ltd., ITOCHU is promoting numerous coal development projects in Australia.
Production began in January 2015 at the Maules Creek coal mine, which ITOCHU operates in conjunction with Whitehaven Coal, in New South Wales, Australia.
With a production capacity of 13 million tons per year, Maules Creek is one of the largest coal mines in the state.
Moreover, ITOCHU holds exclusive marketing rights on coal produced at the mine for Japan and preferential marketing rights for other countries. ITOCHU is focusing on sales activities targeting Japanese and Asian customers, such as power utilities and steel companies.
In Indonesia, the PT Suprabari Mapanindo coal mine, located at the center of the island of Kalimantan (Borneo), commenced shipments in early 2015.
In addition to contributing to the diversification of supply sources, ITOCHU supports sustainable resource development through various social contribution activities, such as promoting employment and infrastructure development in the local region.


text: BEST experience we ever had with a realtor! We have only had negative experiences in the past, but Beth redeemed our faith in realtors. She was awesome! She was extremely knowledgeable about the market and was very honest with us. She spent countless hours trying to help us get our house on the market. She balanced the need for the house to "show well' with a need for us to control costs. She was very patient. We were not easy because of our previous realtor experiences. She could have easily bailed, but she hung in there…was patient & kind to help ease our concerns. She represented our interests well, again while helping us negotiate a "buyer's market." I would not hesitate to recommend Beth to anyone who needs to sell their house. She is top notch in our book!!!


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BROWN, Esther; service pending. Rhoden, Canton.
GRANT, Ora D., 88; call two hours before the service at noon Thursday at Mt. Olive Missionary Baptist Church in Canton. Reed.
HENDRICKS, Donald G., 80, of Massillon; call 5 to 8 p.m. Monday at Paquelet; service at 11 a.m. Tuesday.
McCOLLUM, Shirley M., 90, of Canton; call 5 to 7 p.m. Monday at Kreighbaum-Sanders in Canton Township.
PETITTI, Florence T., 88; call 10 to 10:30 a.m. Monday at St. Anthony/All Saints Parish in Canton; service at 11 a.m. Monday. Reed, Canton.
PARKER, Tricia L., 49, of Massillon; no calling hours or service. Paquelet.
REICHLIN, Pia A., 83, of Massillon; call an hour before the service at 10:30 a.m. Tuesday at St. Barbara Catholic Church. Heitger.
ROHR, Lawrence H., 77; call 2 to 5 p.m. Sunday at Gotschall-Hutchison in Minerva; service at 3 p.m. Monday.
ROYER, James D., 74; call two hours before the service at 3:30 p.m. Sunday at Paquelet in Massillon.
WOODWARD, Mary E., 98, of Alliance; call two hours before the service at 1 p.m. Wednesday at Cassaday-Turkle-Christian.


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Three Questions To Consider When Building Your Brand
How To Add A Clickable Link To Your YouTube Video!
In this week's YouTube video, find out out how to incorporate a clickable link. Great for Subscribe buttons, external webpages, and more! Something every #bossbabe needs to know.
How To Create A Successful FaceBook Ad That Will Bring You New Leads In 2017
Stefanie Gass
Lots of fancy unused education. Real life hustler. Show me your growth-game, baby.
January 2020
Stefanie Gass, LLC
Copyright 2019
All Rights Reserved.
I love privacy, your info will never be shared.


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Kasa Kai Mumbai : Turning back at the week with a cup of tea
Image Courtesy : Pixabay
Last week, I made a trip to Mumbai, the financial and the entertainment capital of India. As I was not on any luxurious vacation, so sipping coconut water while sitting on the shores of Arabian Sea was not in my agenda. Having said that, even if I was on a holiday, I still would not have indulged in any of these two. Why? Firstly, the blood reports say that my potassium content is slightly on the higher side. Therefore, according to my middle aged physician, coconut water is a strict NO for me (I have relished this mother nature's delight right from my childhood though).
Secondly, my tanned skin reflects the vacations I have taken this year. Kilos of chickpeas flour, yoghurt, lemon juice and anything that has even the slightest reputation in bringing back skin's original texture is on my good books these days. Long story short, given a choice, I would not prefer to increase my kitchen's budget by roaming on a beach. I have already exhausted 2018's quota in this category.
Then what was Mumbai doing in my itinerary? Father-in-law, who is also a heart patient and a diabetic, was due for a gall stone removal operation there. And we flew to Mumbai so that his son could give him the pre and post-operative support he deserved at that moment. Whereas the job description of daughter-in-law was not clear.
The only task I found myself useful in was to enquire him about his health status even though I already had updates from the in-laws. Nonetheless, no daughter-in-law wants to be a good-for-nothing bum who can only read fiction, gulp crime series in TV, give lectures on dos and don'ts for a healthy lifestyle, daydream and blog few words (only if the over-worked mind is left with any energy at the end of the day).
Surgery went well and the head of Paul family was discharged from the hospital two days later. Household was gradually coming back to it's normal pace. Younger generation decided to utilise the opportunity by doing a little bit of Mumbai darshan. Marine drive to be precise. We drove there with me expecting an empty and silent street. I came out of my false notion as soon as we started searching for a parking zone.
At 12:00 am, Marine drive, lovingly called as the Queen's Necklace, was giving an impression as if the evening has just begun. Young couples oblivious of the surroundings, old couples giving them what-will-happen-to-this-generation look from the corner of their eyes, groups opening a cake ordered to celebrate that special friend's birthday, kid riding his tricycle with full enthusiasm followed by his parents, someone reading a book while someone was simply sitting quietly and enjoying the Arabian Sea's breeze. Balloons, fried lentils and peanuts ! Phew! This was almost a midnight fair. When do they go to sleep?
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Queen's Necklace 😊 #marinedrive #mumbai #nightlife #instamood
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Few days back, Mumbai observed the 10th anniversary of the infamous 26th November aka 26/11 terror attack. An attack that killed many, crippled the city for a couple of days, however couldn't dampen the spirit of the nation, let alone Mumbaikars.
Anyway, keeping aside the national problems, there was a small problem at home front too. Mother-in-law, who is barely an year and a half old in handling smartphones, was facing difficulty to keep her phone's storage capacity in check. Her little but significant knowledge about technology made her realise that she was left with only 670 MB of her precious disk space. She ran to me for rescue. The daughter-in-law who was otherwise sitting idle took this responsibility with elan.
After a minute's detailed inspection, I suggested to delete those GIFs and videos from her phone. For Gods singing in WhatsApp's forwarded messages had never done any good to mankind till date apart from eating up the phone's storage. However, Candy Crush too was also a reason of limited available space. But mother-in-law denied to take such a serious allegation upon her. The blame ultimately went on my 9 years old niece, who was by that time busy in a jungle excursion with a bear in Pogo channel.
To save the smartphones of Paul family from Candy Crush and give a break to the bears, a visit to the Crossword bookstore looked like an apt choice. Tintin's Explorers On The Moon and The Tales From Ramayana contributed to a tremendous extent in diverting the youngest mind in the family to something new and more exciting than cartoon channels. My only prayer is that her annual exam papers should not reflect Snowy, Captain Haddock or Shri Rama's adventures. However, Crossword gave this ever hungry and good-for-nothing mind too an excuse to add few more yet-to-read masterpieces in my book shelf, such as Crazy Rich Asians (yes, I haven't read the book yet which kind of explains why I haven't seen the movie).
A whole week in Mumbai went well with some shopping(and window shopping) in Malad with my sister-in-law. In weekend, my husband's very close friend came for a luncheon. If you ask me what are the two questions that I dread to face in life at present? My answer would be two. The first is when will you give the good news? The second is how do you kill time in Singapore?
The friend mentioned above touched one of my sensitive nerves. No, he didn't ask me when I was giving a good news. That's because this curiosity doesn't suit a guy who is single and in search of a bride. That leaves him with the second one. I mentioned everything I do throughout the day except blogging. There have been several instances where I have claimed myself as a blogger to relatives and confronted a snort or another question how much do you earn by blogging? My past experiences advised me to keep mum on this matter.
My enthusiastic husband, on the other hand, revealed about my super secretive occupation. He tagged it as a marketing strategy for my blog. I had a great urge to hold his tongue at that great moment, but obviously couldn't do it. Still men would sing wives are controlling for ages to come.
However, the friend takes a keen interest in photography apart from his banking job. He even clicked a couple of photos on my wedding day. But he is surprisingly immune to the social media marketing fever and prefers storing the photographs in his local disk. I mean that makes him one of a kind. Who does that in this age of Facebook pages and Instagram? But then I realised, he is so passionate about photography. Appreciation through few mere likes and comments doesn't matter for him. He clicks just to enjoy the craft. How many amongst us can do that? I can't at least. Can you?
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The Hanging Man
5 Comments
Jyotirmoy Sarkar
Very interesting read.
Moumita De Sarkar
Thanks Jyotirmoy 😊


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Thanks for visiting Capital Advisor. I frequently update this blog to cover various topics on personal finance such as investment strategies, financial products that you should buy and ones that you really should stay away from, financial calculators, emerging themes such as early retirement and financial independence, and much more. You can Subscribe through Email and receive new articles directly in your Inbox or you can Subscribe through the RSS Feed and receive new articles in your feed reader.
Even Steve would not have asked for more!!! It is a loss to the world but not for Steve. He would have rather wished to die that way than meeting a natural death on a hospital bed. Given the fire he had for adventure, what else can a true adventurist have asked for – to die playing his own trick and doing what he does best of all things. There couldn't have been a better end to a life that was full of action, risk and fun.
He lived his life to the fullest. I think even Richard Branson would agree with Steve's way of life and the end he met. Richard, in his biography has said that he would never again risk his life for something like a round-the-world balloon trip. But at the deep of his heart, he would give everything away for adventure. When its in your blood, what can imposed thoughts do.
Those phrases "Look at this beeeuutiful guy!!!", "he is getting cranky…look at him ..he is a fantastic guy" .. All this in a over accentuated Australian English. He built his own brand identity with each of this shoots, each of his croc videos and everything he did including his world-famous khaki shorts. And what a wonderful partner he had in his wife. It is a loss to her, but I guess and in fact she would appreciate the way her husband met his end.
"I did not want to die of cancer, I felt like fighting it. I want to die racing down an Alpine slope at 100 miles per hour with an American flag on my back, a Texan helmet and crashing into a razor sharp rock" – These were the words that give a head start to Lance Armstrong's "It not about the bike – The Journey Back to Life" autobiography.
Be it Steve Irwin, Richard Branson or Lance Armstrong .. they all have the same Basic Instincts driving them.
Long Live Adventure.
Thanks for reading this article. I'd love to hear your opinion. Please use the comments section below to share your thoughts. I frequently write new articles that also cover several other aspects of personal finance including credit cards, financial goals, health insurance, income tax, life insurance, mutual funds, retirement planning, and much more. You can Subscribe through Email and receive new articles directly in your Inbox or you can Subscribe through the RSS Feed and receive new articles in your feed reader.


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Luxury For Sale With F1 Relationship: RBR Edition Aston Martin At Pickles.
Noted Auction house, Pickles, sometimes has cars available that have we would-be wannabe lotto winners salivating and wondering why the numbers didn't drop for us. One of the latest is a 2017 Red Bull Racing Edition Aston Martin Vantage V8. One of just 17 made available for the Australian market, it's clad in the iconic Red Bull colours of deep Mariana Blue, with contrasting bright yellow and red accents such as the brake callipers and air intake inserts, with Red Bull Racing embroidered headrests, and features scuff plates by a Formula One driver as special additions.
Power is provided by a 4.7L V8, with a reasonable 321kW of power and 490Nm of torque. They're put to the ground via a six speed manual and driving the rear wheels. And with a kerb weight of around 1600kg, a zero to one hundred time of 4.8 seconds is possible. The exhaust system in these cars was given a bi-modal switch, allowing a deeper, more grumble oriented note throughout the rev range.
Inside the smallest of the Aston Martin range is an interior that shows the era its roots were based in. But to raise that level, there have been detail touches such as the steering wheel being covered in Alcantara with a racing stripe at 12 o'clock, the dash highlighted with carbon-fibre trim, and the Red Bull Racing logo adorning the seats. The RBR Vantage also has Apple CarPlay added to the user friendly entertainment system which includes Bluetooth streaming.
It's a proper driver's car too, with a heavy but communicative hydraulic power steering system. It's one that connects the driver to the road via the tiller, telling the driver just what the front wheels are doing and which part of the road they're in contact with. The manual transmission is along the same lines, with a high pickup point balanced by a shifter mechanism that is smoother than a lothario's pick-up line.
And although perhaps a little dated in the suspension technology, it's nonetheless a comfortable, enjoyable ride, yet still allows a driver to exploit the sheer Aston Martin-ness of the RBR EditionVantage's heritage.
When originally released, the RBR Edition Aston Martin Vantage was listed as a fiver under $260K driveaway. One lucky buyer via the Pickles Auction will have this in their collection after the 14th of October, when this, and a sterling range of other hi-po cars such as a 2015 Ferrari California, go under the hammer. Stay up to date by visiting the Pickles website.
Why Do They Bash British Leyland?
If you, like me, enjoy picking up the odd coffee-table type of book from the motoring section in your local library (it's in the low 600s in the Dewey system if you can't find it), you've probably come across books that list bad, ugly and weird cars. I love them. However, I have noticed one wee tendency, both in these books and in series such as Top Gear (which my library also helpfully makes available in the motoring section of the library): the tendency to bash British Leyland vehicles.
What have they done to deserve this? I mean, it's not like other major marques haven't had their share of absolute dogs. Dishonourable mention is usually made, in this motoring subgenre, of the abysmally ugly Ford Edsel, the notoriously flammable Ford Pinto, and all those Japanese cars with singularly bizarre names like Nissan Cedric, Mazda Bongo Brawny, Mazda Marvie Proceed, Subaru Touring Bruce and Mitsubishi Mini Urban Active Sandal. In fact, nearly every big name turns up somewhere in this book I got from the library. There's usually a Lada or two in there somewhere as well. But to hear the likes of Clarkson et al. talk, you'd think that British Leyland was an unmitigated disaster that never did anything right.
I mean, if a car company is really, really bad, it won't last very long. This was the fate of some other motoring horrors, such as Australia's very own Lightburn Zeta (made by a washing machine company) that had no rear entry but did have an engine that, if you stopped it and restarted it, would work the engine in reverse, allowing you to go through the gears while travelling backwards. That one didn't last for very long. Nor did Delorean, which is best known for its appearance in Back to the Future, Peel or Messerschmitt (who didn't quite have the same aeroplane to car success as Saab and BMW).
However, British Leyland was BIG, and not just because it was a government-owned enterprise. You'd think it was a sure-fire recipe for success: take wildly successful brands like Mini, Jaguar and Rover (which are still going strong) and some others that were equally popular like Austin, Triumph and Morris and you're bound to have a winner, right?
Well, it worked on paper. However, industrial relations in the UK in the 1970s and early 1980s weren't exactly stellar, though I guess they were a hang of a lot better than what went on at Ford in the 1930s. Throw in a bright spark up the top who decided that it was time to move on from the old classics and along came the vehicles that everybody loves to bash.
The vehicles that are notorious for ruining the reputation of British Leyland are the Austin Allegro and the Morris Marina. So what was so bad about them?
The Austin Allegro made a couple of styling mistakes. In the mid-1970s, vehicle styling was turning to the edgy and linear but the Allegro kept things curvy, earning it the nickname of a "poached egg on wheels". The steering wheel, however, was what we'd now call a squoval or a square with rounded off corners. Apart from that… well, it's hard to say exactly why the Allegro has such a bad reputation really. It didn't come in a hatchback version and the hydroelastic suspension was a bit on the wobbly side. It picked up a reputation for picking up rust easily but it actually wasn't too bad compared with others of its time. Mechanically, it was adequate enough and that suspension did make it corner pretty well.
As a former owner of an Allegro, I'd have to say that it suffered from the reverse of Kardashian syndrome – instead of being famous for being famous, it was notorious for being notorious. It was, however, one of the top selling cars in the UK all through the 1970s. It was more a case of being the wrong car at the wrong time. These days, that curvy styling and the slightly square wheel would be right on trend.
Then there was the Morris Marina. I've owned one of these as well, for all of two weeks until it died. This one did deserve its poor reputation and in many ways, its quality tarnished Leyland as a whole and it took the otherwise reasonable Allegro down with it. The Marina really understeered and it really did have the bad rust problems. It handled atrociously. This is what happens if you try to rush something into the market when you've got a bunch of disgruntled employees.
These days, especially for those of us who entered the world at about the same time as the Allegro, the Marina and all the others of that era, they do have a certain charm, in spite of the vinyl seats and lack of safety features. This could be a case of nostalgia, or it could be a case of perspective: after all, is there anything really wrong with unfashionable styling? Or maybe not. Sometimes, ugly is just plain ugly.
But I really don't think that British Leyland deserves its poor reputation and the Allegro certainly doesn't. As for the Marina, well, that's another story!
The book in question, in case you want to get hold of a copy for yourself, is "Total Lemons. One Hundred and Eleven Heroic Failures of Motoring" by Tony Davis, published by ABC Books, ISBN 978-0-7333-3086-5 (paperback) 978-0-7304-9983-1 (ebook). Enjoy.
The Top Five From The Last Five
Picture Australian roads in the mid 1970s. It was the era of Holden, Ford, and Chrysler. Japanese brands such as Subaru and Toyota were known of, Korean cars simply didn't "exist", and four wheel drive capable utes were the end product of after-market conversion companies. European cars were largely luxury types or sports cars, with Jaguar and Mercedes-Benz up against Porsche, whilst Volkswagen was best known for its "people's car" still.
The Kingswood and Falcon duked it out with the big Chrysler Valiant, sedans and wagons, like "light" and "heavy" beer were the only choices.
But it was also heading towards the days of the so-called oil crisis. Emissions were also becoming something that would be under the microscope, and European designs would soon start to filter their way through to the Aussie marketplace.
Punk music was just starting to grow, Queen were thriving, and a small film called Star Wars has people queuing around street corners.Times and tastes have changed over the last forty years or so. Technology has made substantial differences to how we enjoy viewing, watching, listening, and driving.
2014 Top Five.
Toyota already had a reputation for building solid off road cars. They were known for cheap to run, if not exciting to drive, small cars, and in 2014 their Corolla was the number one selling car. Competitor Mazda also grew from a good yet uninspiring range, bar the exciting and thirsty EX-7, and in 2014 their Corolla fighter, the Mazda 3 (once known as the 323 and shared with Ford as the Laser) ran a VERY close second. How close?43,735 "Rollas" were sold in 2014, against 43,313 3s. Toyota claimed position number 3 in 2014. Their HiLux 4×2 and 4×4 utes, in two and four door configurations was making steady progress through the sales charts and finished ahead of Hyundai's i30 five door hatch. The once almost unstoppable Holden Commodore would take fifth in 2014.
2015 would see a change in the rankings with not one, but two, utes in the top five. Toyota had consolidated first again, with the Corolla still of big appeal at just over 42K vehicles finding new homes. Mazda's 3 had gone backwards considerably, with 38,644 in new driveways.
HiLux would be third yet again in 2015 but had lost close to three thousand sales. In fourth it was Hyundai's tidy i30 but in fifth, and with sales going up by about the same HiLux went down, was Ford's overhauled Ranger. 29,185 Rangers were sold, up from 26,619 in 2014.
2016 was a watershed year for the Australian automotive manufacturing industry. The largely home grown Falcon was no more and Ford Australia had ceased local manufacturing. The top five in 2016 was a case of the same yet different. HiLux had been given a makeover, with a more assertive and blokey styling. This was enough to propel it to the top of the charts for 2016, and how! 42,104 versions were sold, an increase of just shy of seven thousand. Corolla made it a Toyota one-two with the i30 taking bronze again. Ranger increased sales by nearly eight thousand to finish fourth on 36.934, with the Mazda3 in fifth, down by over two thousand to 36,107.
Best selling cars of 2017.
Well, it was a battle of the utes this year. The tsunami that was HiLux in 2016 continued, with an increase of nearly five thousand from 2016. 47,093 of them were purchased. Ford's Ranger shouldered through the Corolla range and with 42,728, silver on the podium was Ford's for the taking. It was a tussle of the small cars for third, fourth, and fifth, with Corolla, Mazda3, and the i30 taking the minor placings. i30 had collapsed, with just 28,780 being sold compared to 2016's 37,772. 2017 would also see Holden and Toyota pull down the shutters on their local manufacturing operations.
2018's Best Sellers.
Australia's love affair with the Commodore, and sedans in general, was well and truly over. But that love for the HiLux was increased even further, with the chunky machine seeing 51,705 rolling out of showrooms. In December of 2018 alone, 3871 were sold.
Ford's Ranger had undergone a facelift in 2017 and that momentum continued to have the brawny Australian designed machine shift 42,144 units. This was close to seven thousand units ahead of the Corolla, with its own 2017, edgy looking, facelift not diminishing appeal. 35,320 Toyota Corollas were bought, well over four thousand more than the Mazda3. In fifth was the bridesmaid's bridesmaid, Hyundai's i30. However, in 2018, more attention was on the i30N than the others, which means a climb to fourth for 2019 may well be the case.
Of note is Mitsubishi's Triton. A facelifted version was made available in early 2019, and 2018 saw 24,896 sold. Holden's Colorado didn't crack the top ten in comparison.
Tell us what you think of the current state of Australian car sales, and which brand grabs your fancy by getting in touch via our blog and social media connections.
Fiat Goes Rare With 500C Spiaggina '58 Edition.
Rare indeed will be the Fiat 500C Spiaggina '58 Edition, as just 30 units will be be released. Priced from $25,990 (manufacturers list price) the car pays tribute to the 500 Jolly Spiaggina, the first special series of the Fiat 500 which was on sale in the late 1950s through to the mid 1960s. It was the embodiment of " La Dolce Vita", with its quirky styling, 22 horsepower engine, and doorless body.The 2019 version will feature both manual and auto transmissions, and will come with $3000 worth of extras at no cost. Outside will be the brilliant Volare Blue body colour, 16 inch white painted wheels in a classic and vintage look, and a white "beauty line".Splashes of chrome add extra "bling" on the bonnet, mirror covers, and inserts in the bumpers. Bespoke Spiaggina branding is part of the look, with a rear quarter badge, plus "500" logos shown inside the compact yet comfortable cabin. Extra airiness comes courtesy of the beige fabric folding roof.The design itself is based on a concept car which featured no roof, a roll bar, and no rear seat.Power for the 2019 version is rated as 51kW from Fiat's peppy 1.2L engine. The manual is a five speed, with the auto also a five speed. That option will be priced at $27, 490 (manufacturer's list price). A seven inch Uconnect touchscreen will be standard, as will Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, climate control, and rear parking sensors.
Fiat Australia has the car on sale as of February 12, 2019. Contact them here.
A Legend Returns: Toyota Supra Is Back.
One of the automotive world's worst kept secrets was finally let into the public domain today. The Toyota Supra is back in the automotive spotlight and harks back to history with its classic straight six engine up front driving the rear wheels. Dubbed the GR Supra, it's due to land in Australia in late 2019.The fifth generation platform packs a 250kW/500Nm, twin-scroll turbocharged, six cylinder engine of 3.0L capacity. Power hits the tarmac via Toyota's eight speed automatic gearbox. Toyota's Gazoo Racing section has been brought in to work on the cars which are all to be built in Graz, Austria. Testing was held at the Nürburgring Nordschleife and included a session with Toyota's own president, Akio Toyoda. Launch Control sees a zero to one hundred time of 4.3 seconds.The driver can take control of gear changes using paddle shifts on the steering wheel and can select Normal or Sport driving modes to suit their preference and the conditions. The vehicle stability control has a special "track" setting that can be selected, reducing the level of system intervention so the driver has greater control of the vehicle's dynamic performance.Design cues from Toyota's heritage are evident in the sheetmetal. The S2000's long bonnet inside a compact body shape, with the distinctive "double bubble" roof is complemented by the fourth generation's broad rear flanks and rear spoiler. Toyota's penchant for pet names is here, with chief designer Nobuo Nakamura giving his team a simple brief around the concept of "Condensed Extreme", ensuring they were free to express their vision of a pure and individual sports car in a truly original design.
There are three distinct elements to the GR Supra's look: a short wheelbase, large wheels and wide stance; a taut, two-seat cabin; and a long bonnet with a compact body that reflects the drivetrain combination of in-line six engine and rear-wheel drive. All are embodied by the "Condensed Extreme" ethos. And although bigger than the two door 86 coupe, it's a shorter wheelbase and rolls on bigger rubber.The driver and passenger are facing a distinctively designed cabin with a cockpit taking cues from a single seat race car. The seats themselves are race influenced, with thick bolsters for extra side support, holding the driver and passenger snugly. The dashboard is a low slung affair, allowing excellent forward vision, with the asymmetric centre console marking a clear division between the enveloping driver's cockpit and the more open passenger side of the Toyota GR Supra's cabin.Toyota's engineering teams have worked to give the GR Supra a superlative ride and handling package. Structural rigidity is said to be higher than the Lexus LFA supercar, with a centre of gravity lower than the 86 and a 50:50 weight distribution, with the movement of the engine rearwards to achieve that figure, contributing to the end result.A newly designed suspension frame has a five-link rear end matched by a double-joint spring MacPherson front. Unsprung weight is helped by using aluminuim for the control arms and swivel bearings. Each corner has 19 inch forged alloys wrapping high-performance stoppers. Every Supra that will be sold in Australia will have an active differential for even better handling.
Pricing for Australia is yet to be confirmed. Contact your Toyota dealer for details of the forthcoming 2020 Toyota GR Supra.
Historic Holden Could Be Yours.
In Australia's diverse and rich car & motorsport history there are few combinations of letters and numbers that get the heart beating like A9X. Almost a mythical being for some, the A9X was a code given to an options list for Holden's LX Torana. Some sources say that the car was closer to the UC Torana that was released at around the same time as the VB Commodore. Just 33 hatchback shells were produced by General Motors Parts and Accessories (GMP&A) for sale to race teams.One of these rare machines is coming up for auction via Pickles Auctions in Perth. There's a fair bit of history attached to this one. Noted 1970s racer Ron Hodgson had purchased from Holden three bare A9X hatchback car shells. Two of these were transformed into race spec cars. The other was effectively shelved in the case of needing spares. As it eventuated the shell was to be built into a working and running vehicle for a collector. A Group C specification 308cid engine and Warner T10 gearbox, plus Selby suspension and brakes, were fitted. The owner to be, Pat Burke, held onto the car for some years until Burke's collection was broken up. Noted Western Australian collector Paul Terry purchased the vehicle and was delivered to his stable of cars at the Esplanade Extravaganza Gallery in Albany.It's appeared in a book and was barely driven. One notable excursion into the public eye was in 1992, driven for just two laps at the Albany Round The Houses. The car's current owner, who wishes to remain anonymous, says this was the first time he saw the vehicle. He bought it in 1993 and apart from some very judicious laps at Barbagallo Raceway, north of Perth, it remains in a largely untouched and almost pristine condition. There's also the amount of kilometres covered in thirty years: just 475 kilometres and all of those are either track and event based or movements with 200 of these driven in the 25 years the current owner has had it in his garage of cars. It's never been road registered.Pirelli P7 rubber wraps classic gold centred Simmons wheels, with an overall specification of 225/50/15. The body is also largely pristine, in the classic black and white combination, and there are black Recaro seats plus racing gauges. Being a pre-noise pollution and emissions reducing car it's a full, unfettered, exhaust and engine combination.
Pickles have the car listed from August 23 until September 2nd.
Not All Supercars Have A V8: Lotus Releases The Exige Sport 410.
Colin Chapman said: "Simplify, then add lightness." It's become the cornerstone of the Lotus car company philosophy and the newest addition to the Lotus family, the Exige Sport 410, certainly adheres to this. It weighs just 1054kg to start with, making it the lightest V6 Exige made. Add mumbo from a 3.5L supercharged V6, and the 305kW/420Nm engine will slingshot the Exige Sport 410 to 100km/h in just 3.3 seconds. Top speed maxes at 290km/h in the Coupe version. There'll also be a and Roadster version and will be priced from $159,990. That includes Luxury Car Tax and GST but not government and dealer charges.Intended to be a more road aimed version than the 430 it'll feature sports seats rather than carbon fibre buckets. Glass Fibre Reinforced Plastic replaced carbon fibre front splitter, rear diffuser, and wing blades. Air conditioning becomes standard and a lithium ion battery is replaced with a standard tech battery. Otherwise the Exige Sport 410 shares the same chassis, brakes, suspension, and drivetrain as the Exige 430. Alcantara trim is found inside.Peak power is found at 7000rpm and the peak torque is spread across a range of 4000 revs, from 3000 to 7000rpm. Aero grip comes courtesy of a reprofiled front end, with wider air intakes aiding cooling as well.Downforce is a total of 150kg, with 60kg holding down the nose and 90kg at the rear thanks to the diffuser and rear wing. Ride and comfort on the road are thanks to the three stage adjustable Nitron dampers. Fabled roll bar company Eibach comes to the party with their adjustable front and rear bars, with rubber from Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 at 285/30/18 and 215/45/17 rear and front. They clad ultra-lightweight forged alloys which are available in either silver or black. Stopping power is from AP racing with forged four piston calipers.Extra lightness is on offer from a titanium exhaust system, subtracting ten kilos at the rear of the Exige Sport 410. Carbon fibre elements such as the binnacle and roof can be added. If one is of a mind to go trackside then items such as an onboard fire suppressant system and non airbag tiller can be added. Further customisation can be added via a choice of four colours from the Interior Colour Pack. Extra items such as a Bluetooth compatible audio system can be specified. Talk to Lotus Cars Australia for more bespoke customisation options and availability.
Reinventing The Wheel – Several Times
They say that you shouldn't try reinventing the wheel. But why shouldn't you try to reinvent the wheel? After all, wheels have been reinvented several times over the course of history, and they've got better and better every time – something that most motorists of today should appreciate. Let's face it: there are more wheels in your car than the ones that actually touch the tarmac.
Let's go back to when the wheel was first invented, which, according to archaeologists, was about 3800–3500 BC. Before they had the wheel, the way that they hauled large loads about the place was to put it on a sled sort of thing. You can try this for yourself some time: compare pulling a large rock across grass straight and then put it on a plank or a piece of tin or something and see how much easier it is. They think that this is how they managed to build the Pyramids and Stonehenge, by the way.
During the sled years, they worked out that if you put rollers under a sled, it gets even easier to pull a load along. The only trouble with rollers is that someone has to take the ones that have just popped out the back of the load to the front of the load, and if you're not quick enough, then everything comes to a standstill. Then some absolute genius had an idea: what if you could fix rollers permanently under a sled? That gave us the axle. Then another genius realised that if you have a larger round thing on the end of the roller, then the sled is off the ground completely and the load can be pulled much faster. Hey presto: wheels.
The wheels on early carts and vehicles weren't made out of stone, which you might be picturing if you've seen the Flintstones. Stone wheels did exist, but these tended to be used for grinding grain rather than for transport. The early wheels were wooden, and tended to be made of several pieces of wood carefully shaped (tree trunks aren't always perfectly round) and clamped around the axle in the middle. However, these wheels were really, really heavy. With a pair of oxen hitched to the front, a cart could go at about 3 km per hour, which is fine if what you need to do is to carry a large load, but for getting yourself from A to B, it was quicker to walk.
Enter the first reinvention of the wheel. Another unknown genius looked at the wheel and wondered how to reduce the weight to get better speed and greater efficiency (much like car designers do today). This genius realised that what you need is the roundness of the outside of the wheel, the bit in the middle that hold the axle and something in between to hold the outer circle to the inner circle. In other words, you need the rim, the hub and the spokes. This reduced the weight of the wheel dramatically, meaning that vehicles could go faster. The combination of hub, spoke and rim was also a lot more aesthetically pleasing, as anyone who has looked at the designs of alloy wheels knows. This may be why it just feels right to have alloy wheels on a sports car: somewhere deep down in the human psyche, we know that spoked wheels go faster.
And they certainly did go faster. After the spoked wheel was invented, it became more feasible to use horses to power the vehicle. Horses were to oxen what turbocharged petrol is to diesel. Diesel's great at low speeds and for serious towing but for fast sporty stuff, you go for petrol. Where you've got speed, you've got to consider handling as well, especially if you want to corner tightly. This led to the development of the two-wheeled chariot – possibly the earliest example of a rear wheel drive? Most recorded uses and images of chariots were used in a battle context and no, they weren't usually used in head-on charges, despite what you might see in the movies. That sort of manoeuvre would just lead to pile-ups. If you've got something that fast and easy to turn, it's better strategy to use the chariot to come in from the side and either drop off infantry or else shoot from the chariot itself before pelting away like mad.
It probably didn't take too long after the invention of chariots for people to try racing them. It's human nature when presented with something that moves fast to try to see who's got the fastest. Chariot racing was as popular back then as motorsport is today. In Babylon, they enjoyed racing about on the asphalt – on the streets and on the top of the massive city walls (and yes, they did use actual real asphalt for road surfacing in Ancient Babylon).
There were two real problems with these lightweight chariot wheels. Firstly, the chariot sat right on top of the axle and there was no suspension system to even out the bumps, which must have made a fast dash extremely uncomfortable for the charioteer and the archer riding up with him (or her, in the case of the Celts). Leaf suspension is said to based on the technology of the bow and the Egyptians are said to have used it. The second problem was that round bits of wood chipped and broke really easily. This led to reinvention number two: tyres (or "tires", which is believed to be a shortened form of "attire", suggesting that a wheel needed to be properly dressed).
Early tyres weren't the rubber air-filled things we know today. Instead, they were made of metal bands that contracted onto the rims as they cooled. This protected the rim but increased road noise like mad. It also made the jarring and jolting worse. They made attempts to soften the steel with leather, but this only went so far and leather wore out pretty quickly with heavy use.
Metal tyres were the norm for millennia. Solid rubber tyres were tried once rubber had been made more widespread. However, rubber was really, really bouncy, making the ride even worse (we don't know how lucky we are with modern suspension and shock absorbers). It wasn't until the mid- to late 1800s that first a Scotsman called Robert Thompson and then another Scotsman called Charles Dunlop independently had the idea of making a hollow tube of rubber and fitting that around the rim of a tyre, which softened the ride without too much bounce. Yes, that is Dunlop as in Dunlop tyres. This was reinvention of the wheel Number Three. Vulcanizing the rubber around the pneumatic tyre to make it tougher and more resistant to punctures was again invented independently by inventors on both sides of the Atlantic with more familiar names: Charles Goodyear and Thomas Hancock. One hundred years after the invention of the pneumatic tyre, Michelin developed radial tyres and put these straight away onto the cars made by the company they had just bought out, Citroën.
In the meantime across the ages, wheels weren't just being used for transport. Once the principle of the wheel and axle had been invented, it was used elsewhere. One of the key ways that wheels were used in the hot conditions of the Near East and the Mediterranean was to lift water out of rivers up and into the irrigation channels of gardens and fields; the other was to grind grain into flour for daily bread. The early versions, which needed something to turn the wheel vertically were a chore to turn – think treadmills. Somebody realised that if you fit teeth near the rim of the solid wheel that's turning in the vertical plane, you can make a second wheel being turned in the horizontal plane with similar teeth move the first wheel around. In other words, they invented gears for irrigation systems and for grain mills, making this another reinvention of the wheel. Before long, they were playing around with gearing ratios – this was one of the things that Archimedes (yes, the one who ran through the streets naked shouting "Eureka!") tinkered around with and refined.
Gears got really sophisticated over the centuries, especially for things like clockwork, but it wasn't until the development of the internal combustion engine that these toothed wheels could be used for transport. You can't have the wheels turning at a speed that would make the cart or coach run faster than the horses pulling it. It was Bertha Benz after her historic drive in the first motor car who had the idea of adding gears to the mechanism so a car could go uphill better. At long last, the two branches of wheel development had come together, giving us the vehicles we know today, more or less.
What Did People Use Petroleum For Before The Internal Combustion Engine?
Petroleum is currently the backbone of the motoring industry, despite the push for alternate fuel sources such as biodiesel, electricity, ethanol, etc. Ever since Karl Benz first invented the internal combustion engine and fitted it to the horseless carriage, vehicles have run on petroleum of some type – apart from a brief period where Diesel engines ran on vegetable oil.
On Bertha Benz's legendary first long-distance drive in her husband's new invention, she ran out of fuel and had to stop and pick up more from the nearest pharmacy. It's easy to just take in that sentence and think what a funny place a pharmacy is to pick up petrol until you stop and think about it: why was a chemist's shop selling petrol? What on earth were people using it for before we had cars to put it in?
Petroleum has certainly been known for at least four millennia. The name comes from Ancient Greek: petra elaion, meaning "rock oil", which distinguished it from other sorts of oil such as olive oil, sunflower seed oil and the like. The stuff was coming out of the ground all around the world, and quite a few ancient societies found a use for it.
The most useful form of petroleum back in the days BC (as in Before Cars as well as Before Christ) was bitumen, the sticky variety that we now use for making asphalt for road surfacing. Bitumen (also called pitch or tar) didn't just stick to things; it was also waterproof. As it was a nice waterproof adhesive, it came in handy for all sorts of things, from sticking barbed heads onto harpoons through to use as mortar – the famously tough walls of the ancient city of Babylon (modern-day Iraq, 2which is still oil-rich) used bitumen as mortar. The Egyptians sometimes used it in the process of mummification, using it as a waterproofing agent. In fact, the word "mummy" is thought to derive from the Persian word for bitumen or petroleum, making mummies the very first petrolheads.
For the next thousand years, petroleum in the form of bitumen was mostly used for waterproofing ships, to the extent that sailors became known as "tars" because they tended to get covered with the stuff. In the 1800s, it was used to make road surface – before there were cars to run on them.
It was probably the Chinese who first had the idea of using petroleum as fuel. "Burning water" was used in the form of natural gas for lighting and heating in homes, and in about 340 AD, they had a rather sophisticated oil well drilling and piping system in place.
The bright idea of refining bitumen to something less sticky and messy first occurred in the Middle East (why are we not surprised?) at some point during the Middle Ages. A Persian alchemist and doctor called Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (aka Rhazes) wrote a description of how to distil rock oil using the same equipment the alchemists used for distilling essential oils. The end result was what we know today as kerosene, and it was a lot more flammable. Kerosene was used for lamps and in heaters, especially as it was a lot cleaner than coal. It was also used in military applications. Naphtha (one of the other early names for petroleum products) was possibly one of the mystery ingredients in Greek fire.
Kerosene and the like really took off during the Age of Coal and the Industrial Revolution, as they were by-products of the coke-refining industry. About this time, scientists started tinkering around with various ways to refine crude oil into products like paraffin and benzene and benzine. Benzene and benzine are not named after Karl and Bertha Benz the way that diesel fuel is named after Rudolf Diesel. These words are actually derived from "benzoin" and benzene was given its official name by yet another German scientist in the early 1800s. The similarity between the surname Benz and the name of the petrol product is pure coincidence – really!
The petrol product (ligroin) that Bertha Benz picked up at the pharmacy was probably sold as a solvent, like the ad in the picture up the top. This was one of the most common household uses of bottled refined petroleum. Petrol is still very good as a solvent and can bust grease like few other things, so it was popular as a stain remover and a laundry product. It might have ponged a bit and you had to be careful with matches, but it was nice and handy, and meant you could get that candle-grease off your suit without putting the whole thing through the wash. Other uses for benzene that sound downright bizarre to us today included getting the caffeine out of coffee to make decaf and aftershave. REALLY don't try this one at home, even if you love the smell of petrol, as we now know that petrol products are carcinogenic and you should keep them well away from your skin, etc.
It was the widespread use of petroleum-based products such as paraffin in the 1800s that made the demand for whale oil drop dramatically. This happened just in time to stop whales being hunted to extinction. Using petrol was the green thing to do and helped to Save The Whales. Now that whales have been saved and are thriving, cutting down on the use of fossil fuels is the main focus of a lot of environmental groups. Irony just doesn't seem to cover it.
The Story Of Diesel
It's something we hear about our think about just about every day, whether we drive a diesel-powered vehicle or a petrol-powered one. There you are, pulling up at the local bowser and you have to stop and do a quick check to make sure that you get the right one, diesel rather than petrol or vice versa. You probably don't stop to think about the word diesel much or the history behind it.
Most of us think that diesel engines are called diesel engines because they run on diesel. After all, a petrol engine runs on petrol (which, for you word boffins out there, is short for petroleum, which is derived from the Latin petra oleum, translated "rock oil"). However, this isn't the case. We call the fuel diesel because it was what went in a diesel engine, i.e. the sort of internal combustion engine invented by Herr Rudolf Diesel back in 1893. If you want to be picky, what we use is "diesel fuel" which we put into a diesel.
The story of the diesel engine starts back in the days of steam. Steam power, though a major breakthrough that transformed the world and took us into the era of machines rather than relying on muscle power, was pretty inefficient. You needed a lot of solid fuel to burn and you needed water that could be boiled to produce the steam, and you needed to build up a good head of steam to get the pressure needed to drive the locomotives, paddle steamers and machines. Steam was really inefficient – up to 90% of the potential energy was wasted – and it was pretty bulky (think about steam trains, which need a caboose or a built-in tender to carry the fuel and water). The hunt was on for something that could provide the same type of oomph and grunt but with less waste (and possibly less space).
In the 1890s, a young engineer named Rudolf Diesel came into the scene and started work on developing a more efficient engine. One of his earlier experiments involving a machine that used ammonia vapour caused a major explosion that nearly killed him and put him in hospital for several months. Nevertheless, in spite of the risks, Diesel carried on, and began investigating how best to use the Carnot Cycle. His interest was also sparked by the development of the internal combustion engine and the use of petroleum by fellow-German Karl Benz.
The Carnot Cycle is based on the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, which more or less state that heat is work and work is heat, and that heat won't pass of its own accord from a cold object to a hotter object. This video gives a very catchy explanation of these laws:
The Carnot Cycle is a theoretical concept that involves heat energy coming from a furnace in one chamber to the working chamber, where the heat turns into work because heat causes gases and liquids to expand (it also causes solids to expand but not so dramatically). The remaining heat energy is soaked up by a cooling chamber. The principle is also used in refrigerators to get the cooling effect.
Diesel's engine was based on the work of a few other inventors before him, as is the case with a lot of handy inventions. Diesel's engine was the one that became most widespread and proved most popular, which is why we aren't putting Niepce, Brayton, Stuart or Barton in our cars and trucks. In fact, we came very close to putting Stuart in our engines, as Herbert Ackroyd Stuart patented a compression ignition engine using similar principles a couple of years before Rudolph Diesel did.
The general principle of a Diesel engine is that it uses compressed hot air (air gets hotter when it's compressed, which is why a bicycle pump feels hot when you've been using it for a while) to get the fuel in the internal combustion engine going. This is in contrast to a petrol engine (which we really ought to call an Otto engine, as it operates on the Otto Cycle rather than the Diesel Cycle), which used sparks of electricity to get the fuel and air mix going. Petrol engines compress the air-fuel mix a little bit – down to about 10% of its original size, but a diesel engine, the air is compressed a lot more tightly. More details of how it works would probably be better described in a post of its own, so we'll save the complicated explanation for later.
Diesel fuel doesn't need to be as refined as what goes into petrol engines, which is what makes diesel engines a bit more efficient than their equivalents that run on more refined petrol (makes you wonder why "petrolheads" are considered to be coarse and crude). The fuel is more energy-dense and it burns more completely – and it needs less lubrication, which means less friction, which is also more efficient.
Herr Diesel's original idea was to have his engine run on something that wasn't this fancy petroleum stuff, which was mostly used medicinally to treat headlice at that stage. The first prototype used petrol as we know it. Later models used the cheap fraction that now bears his name. Even later refinements ran on vegetable oil, with the grand idea that people could grow a source of fuel rather than mine or drill for it. One of the great mysteries of the story of diesel is why they switched to fossil fuels when the peanut oil that Diesel raved about worked so well. Now we're all excited about biofuels and especially biodiesel once again… Was there some conspiracy at work?
However, how diesel engines came to run on fossil fuels rather than plant oil is not the only mystery about Rudolf Diesel. His death was also unexpected and mysterious. In late 1913, this German inventor was on his way by ship to the UK for a conference. One night, he headed off to his cabin and asked the stewards to wake him early in the morning. However, he vanished during the night, leaving his coat neatly folded beneath a railing. Ten days later, his body, recognisable only from the items in his pockets, was pulled from the sea.
How his body came to be found floating in the English Channel is a mystery. Perhaps the problems with his eyesight left over from his accident with the ammonia vapour explosion and a rough sea led to an accident. Perhaps he committed suicide, as a lot of the fortune his invention had earned him had gone into shares that devalued. Or perhaps foul play was at work. After all, in 1913, tensions were building between Diesel's native Germany and the UK, where Diesel had planned to meet with engineers and designers for the Royal Navy. This was the era of the Anglo-German Naval Race, where the German and British navies were in an all-out arms race to get control of the economically important North Sea. When Diesel was making his ill-fated crossing, the Germans had the use of the more efficient diesel technology but the British had the formidable Dreadnought class of steam-powered battleships. The arms race was officially over, as Germany had agreed to tone things down in order to placate the British – who had alliances with the two other political powers that were at loggerheads with Germany. It's perfectly possible that in spite of this and because of the political tension of the time, the idea of the firepower of the Dreadnought combined with the efficiency of the diesel engine was just too much for Kaiser Bill's government…