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The effectiveness of concept-mapping in improving CHM 130 students' achievementSubmitted by Nagib Balfakih on Wed, 02/20/2019 - 11:35am
The effectiveness of concept mapping will be investigated in introductory chemistry students' achievement. The researcher will test the hypothesis which stated that the implementation of concept mapping in teaching introductory chemistry will increase students'' performance. The sample will be two sections, one will be the experimental group and another group will be the control group. Both groups had taken a pretest. The experimental group will draw concept maps for the units taught and will be part of their journal. The units will include naming, moles, balancing equation, stoichiome


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Renaissance for the radar overlay?
In the early days of electronic chart systems, before full GPS coverage, radar overlays were used to correct the ship's position on an electronic map. It was used to compensate for the error using Loran C, Decca, or Transit satellite systems. The operator could simply align the map with an overlaid radar picture.
Today, the maritime community has warned against an "over-reliance on the GPS position on an ENC map." This has resulted in a general requirement to create regular lines of position (LOPs) or optical bearings in the ECDIS. This task is a heavy-load working method that sometimes requires an extra navigation officer on the bridge.
The radar overlay can be used as a second positional input instead of optical bearings. It can provide the officer on watch with a high quality video image containing more than 1000 bearing (LOPs) with distances for each radar antenna rotation. All together, this will be a radar image overlaid on the ENC map that also gives the exact navigation error as it currently exists. Best of all, it is fully automatic and needs no extra navigation officer on duty.
Radar overlay has now been implemented into my training courses. Besides a general explanation of the principles of the PC Radar kit, how it works, and how to operate it, the students will be able to study two new practical exercises:
- Using the radar overlay to view the ship's navigation instrument errors.
- Using the radar overlay in areas with high traffic density.
Obviously, the maritime community want ships to use more than one type of positioning system as input for the ECDIS. In fact, this may encourage a renaissance for products like the radar overlay. Methods like this give the ECDIS operator an easily understandable picture of the current location of the ship and the kind of navigation error that exist.
The radar simulator and the associated training will provide students with a better understanding of the features of the PC Radar Kit 6.0 and give them a high quality radar image to work on.

subset: commoncrawl


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The Best Kind of People by Zoe Whittall (Women's Contemporary Fiction)
The missing husband with a deep, dark secret and a clueless wife has become a familiar trope in women's contemporary fiction. (See The Art of Hiding by Amanda Prowse.)
Something terrible takes the husband out of the picture — be it death, a trip from which he never returns, or accusation of a heinous crime. The wife, accustomed to an idyllic life of upper class ease and opulence, is suddenly faced with harsh reality: she has been married for decades to a man she doesn't really know. To make matters worse, their finances — of which she has always remained blissfully ignorant — are a mess. Her high-society friends turn their back. Now, fraught with anger and disillusionment, she must struggle to remake her life, come to terms with his deceptive behavior, and figure out why he did this to her and the kids. At the same time, she mourns his loss and must protect her children from the truth about their father so as not to taint his memory.
The Best Kind of People is just such a book. Joan is a trauma nurse with a long career in emergency medicine. Her husband, George, is a highly respected teacher who, years before, tackled a school shooter and kept tragedy from occurring at the elite private school where he teaches and his daughter is a junior. Now, however, he has been accused by students of inappropriate behavior and attempted rape. He's arrested and imprisoned without bail, and, in an instant, he goes from town hero to villain. Neighbors and co-workers turn against Joan, her daughter, and her grown son. Her sister, Clara, from whom she has become estranged, comes from New York City to help, even though Clara has never been a fan of George. Joan soon learns that family money she thought she could fall back on in George's absence is mysteriously missing from his personal account.
The story is told from the points of view of several key characters other than George, and it kept my attention from the get-go. Each character became a real person to me — realistically flawed, likeable, plausible. Their reactions to the charges against their husband/father/brother-in-law are believable and understandable. Their lives drastically change over the year it takes for George to come to trial — their personal relationships suffer, they do questionable things and make mistakes, they experience a range of evolving emotions. Through it all, even as more damning evidence surfaces, George swears he's been set up, so an element of mystery remains — did he do it or didn't he? I found my own feelings about the case changing over time. I knew how I wanted the trial to come out, and I kept reading, wanting to know the answer because I wanted to know how each family member would ultimately fare.
The ending, frankly, was a disappointment; it felt like the author took the easy way out.
Grandma gives The Best Kind of People three and a half stars.
Bella Reads and Reviews Books received a free copy from the publisher in exchange for an honest review.
The Best Kind of People will be released on September 19, 2017, and is available for pre-order.


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Monthly EDC Meeting
Each month, individuals, business owners, government representatives and civic officials gather to meet, discuss what is happening and keep up-to-date on the economic climate and growth of Tehachapi and neighboring communities. The meeting starts at 7:30am on the First Wednesday of each month at the Slice of Life Enrichment School at 48771 W Valley Blvd in Tehachapi. Feel welcome to bring flyers and networking materials to share with the approximately 60 participants.


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Green Party
Plaid Cymru
Scottish National Party
Brexit Party
Monster Raving Loony Party
Another Party Not Listed
Will not vote
Surely some corporations avoid over paying taxes, there's nothing wrong with that, certainly there are tax loopholes and well those can LEGALLY be made use of regardless of how one feels about the ethics of that. I agree SOME companies don't pay taxes at all and there's little to no reason for it for example in America: Amazon, GE, GM, Eli Lilly, Chevron, Netflix, Gannett, Goodyear, Haliburton, etc paid $0 in federal taxes and as a citizen I find that displeasing, so we can agree on that at least.
As for elections, politicians need to be held accountable for allowing corporations to run roughshod over the citizens. Yes Obamacare and the taxes that wrought I felt were draconian in nature, but at the same time, we all put some money in the box. I'm not so sure of hoe companies are taxed in Great Britain, but in America we've got fairly high rates of taxation which are filled with loopholes, ergo my own personal stance of lowering the tax rate and erasing the loopholes (better to get something than nothing) and I vote with that in mind. Perhaps Britain is different in that manner, but judging from what you say I'd imagine you've got a bit of a loophole issue as well.
"Drown in a vat of whiskey.....death where is thy sting?" - W.C. Fields.
Migrants contribute through taxes and of course it has been less than people born in the country but they can not help that.
The government has reduced corporation tax and these loopholes do need to be closed. The amount of money lost is astronomical, yet the government cuts even more over the past 10 years. Now it is making all these big spending promises because of the general election.
Do not let success go to your head and do not let failure get to your heart.
Would you say when it comes to taxation and spending that migrants are more often a net positive, neutral, or net negative? In 2012 the Telegraph said 370,000 migrants were on benefits. Now you attempt a Google search as I have and you see plenty of articles on the benefits of EUROPEAN migrants, but it's fairly difficult to find numbers for OTHER groups and their contributions if any to Great Britain.
Well the only way taxation loopholes get closed is by electing folks who won't include them in their policies. I'm glad we agree on that. Surely SOME spending could be cut right? I mean I don't look at the government and say "Damn, that is a tightly run ship and nary a penny is wasted!" in fact i'm likely to say quite the opposite.
"Drown in a vat of whiskey.....death where is thy sting?" - W.C. Fields.
I agree public money needs to be spent properly and not wasted. The privatisation of the probation service has wasted £500 million and is being brought back into public ownership. That is true waste.
Do not let success go to your head and do not let failure get to your heart.
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British have no more identity.
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Tories have been in 10 years, how much more carry on do you need?
Do not let success go to your head and do not let failure get to your heart.
Hidden Content
"You're a big man, but you're in bad shape. With me it's a full time job. Now behave yourself..."
At least the Tories are saying Brexit which is a start, but obviously I would prefer a no deal Brexit. However, the system has sabotaged any possibility of that. The Tories are no alternative, but to deliver Brexit would be a start. If they fail, then boot them out. This election is the Brexit election.
The NHS etc is a side show until people start to be realistic about what is debilitating the NHS.
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What is debilitating the NHS, Education, and Housing is the Tories. They are using Brexit as a cover for their incompetence and austerity which has hurt the most vulnerable in society.
Do not let success go to your head and do not let failure get to your heart.
Now if you want to carry on like that and ignore that it is a big problem then good for you, but the system will collapse. And good on that Watson Deputy leader for reversing his diabetes. Some of that self responsibility will go a long way too.
Ask Fenster about hospitals in London. It sounds like a free for all. I believe that the system is for British people and people coming in should be denied coverage until they have paid in and until then should be privately insured.
If you cannot afford it then you are probably not a very worthwhile immigrant.
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text: Speed loaders are a required item if you are using mid capacity magazines for your rifles. Certain types may also be helpful for your pistol magazines too. Whatever the case, a speed loader is the lifeline to your gear that you will always use every time you go out and it is often overlooked. If you can make your life easier by getting your magazines loaded up quicker then it is definitely worth it.


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Letter to the editor | Necessity, not secrecy, will close NPG's doors
Nicholas Cullinan, the director of the National Portrait Gallery, responds to criticism about the museum's three-year closure
NewsArt market
Tough UK anti-money laundering law comes into force tomorrow—here's what you need to know
The lawyer Kenneth Mullen offers advice to art dealers, agents and galleries who could be unprepared for the hastily enforced new regulations
Banksy transforms bench into Santa's sleigh in new mural highlighting UK homelessness
Street artist posts video of the work praising passersby in Birmingham for stopping and offering food and drink to a man sleeping rough
NewsConservation & Preservation
Derelict iron flaxmill is brought back to life in Shrewsbury
Building was considered an audacious architectural experiment when it was built in 1797
NewsConservation & Preservation
Castle opening crowns £150m revival of Bishop Auckland
Millionaire Jonathan Ruffer's ambitious regeneration of a small former mining town in northern England reveals 1,000 years of history and art
Twin shows finally give Victor Willing the recognition he deserves
Concurrent exhibitions at Hastings Contemporary and Turps track the influences of the Slade and Bacon to the playfulness of his later works
NewsTacita Dean
'Passionate European' Tacita Dean unveils stormy new work for UK Government Art Collection
Artist's Californian cloudscape, drawn in chalk, hangs in the Foreign and Commonwealth Office
BlogIn the frame
Revealed! UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson's arts policy ...from 2004
London mayor Sadiq Khan supports proposal for new slavery museum in the capital
Liverpool slavery museum keen to collaborate on project highlighting UK's involvement in the trans-Atlantic slave trade
UK national museums lent almost half a million objects around the world last year
Most were scientific materials, but 69,000 went to cultural venues
NewsJMW Turner
Export bar placed on Turner's masterpiece The Dark Rigi
The watercolour painting, considered one of the artist's finest works, was sold to a private collector in 2006
ReviewThree to see
Three to see: Edinburgh Art Festival
Trisha Brown, Samson Young and James Richards are among the highlights of this year's cultural offering in the Scottish capital
What next? Nicky Morgan appointed UK's new culture secretary
Remain campaigner has said that schoolchildren who focus on arts and humanities are limiting their career choices
The artistic women in Boris Johnson's life
From his mother to his partners, the UK's new prime minister has been surrounded by people in the arts
Artists fearful about the future under new UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson
No deal prospect and track record as London Mayor scrutinised
Martin Parr gives a wedding photographer his own big day
Bristol exhibition reveals Ian Weldon's documentary approach to "all the indiscretions, bad dancing and excessive behaviour" of a British wedding
A rich tapestry of English life unfurls in Oxford with restoration of 400-year-old woven maps
Three huge silk and wool works depicting England's Midland counties have been painstakingly preserved by the Bodleian Library and the National Trust
NewsMuseums & Heritage
St Fagans National Museum of History wins Art Fund Museum of the Year award
The Cardiff museum is the first Welsh winner of the £100,000 prize, beating other finalists including V&A Dundee and Pitt Rivers Museum
NewsConservation & Preservation
Going undercover: Scotland's leaky Mackintosh treasure shielded by 197-tonne chainmail box
Hill House in Helensburgh has been covered to protect it from the rain while National Trust makes conservation plans
Franco-British charity Fluxus Art Projects flies flag for joint culture projects pre Brexit
Artists Lubaina Himid and Tarek Atoui receive funding awards
Arty Swiss diplomacy? Embassy of Switzerland in London seeks mediator who can use art for peace
The successful candidate must organise an international symposium in 2021
BlogThe Buck stopped here
The gadflies and the gifted: Johnny Dewe Matthews and Andrew Logan at Roche Court
Johnny Dewe Mathews on his exhibition of 1970s photographs at New Art Centre
Global refugee crisis brought to the fore in United Nations installation
Artist Kate Daudy will also unveil works in London later this year inspired by King Tutankhamun's treasures
Designs for new D-Day monument in Normandy will go on sale at Masterpiece
David Williams-Ellis' sculpture for the British Normandy Memorial will be unveiled today by May and Macron
What was the real purpose of the English country house library?
Mark Purcell's study explores 19th-century bibliomania and rejects the notion that books in historic libraries were "bought by the yard"
Port Talbot Banksy piece moves from garage site to town centre
Proposed urban art museum in South Wales will also include works by Kaws and Blek le Rat
Can artists live off art alone?
Only 2% of artists earn more £50,000, a report by the Arts Council England finds
PreviewPhoto London
Photo London reacts to surge of interest in vintage photography
Fair is responding to market's current return to tradition, while Brexit looms large in the minds of exhibitors
After years of copyright limbo, Vivian Maier comes to London
Her heir was not apparent, her life full of mysteries, now a major collection of Vivian Maier's work is available to British collectors for the first time at Photo London
NewsArt market
UK art market recovered in 2018, with hike in exports to UAE while trade with Switzerland declines
Global art and antiques imports and exports in and out of the UK increased last year but are yet to reach the levels seen during the 2015 peak
Bumper haul of 26 acquisitions head to UK's regional contemporary art galleries
Fig-futures project brings works worth £80,000 to four venues
Jerwood Gallery to relaunch as Hastings Contemporary after losing British art collection
Seaside gallery on England's south coast will have double the space for exhibitions when it reopens in July
NewsMuseums & Heritage
New £20m Windermere Jetty Museum launches restored steamboats on the lake
Historic vessels set sail again from wet dock at the heart of the Lake District boating museum
NewsArt market
Historic Bernheim-Jeune and Fine Art Society galleries shut up shop
A sign of the times, two of London and Paris's oldest firms closed their premises in the traditional art heartlands of the cities
Milton Keynes gallery expansion wants to 'make people think again'
MK Gallery's new £12m building is inspired by utopian 1970s heyday of England's maligned New Town
NewsClaude Monet
Export licence granted for Monet's $63m painting of London
Owned by a British collector for almost 70 years, the work showing Charing Cross Bridge has gone abroad
NewsEthnographic art
Oxford museum rethinks famed display of shrunken heads
The review of the 'tsantsas' is part of a wider exercise looking at the Pitt Rivers Museum's historic labels
Art world scrambles to ship art before Brexit deadline
Pavilion commissioners among those to allow extra transport time for Venice Biennale as "huge ramifications" dawn
NewsMuseums & Heritage
Jerwood Gallery in Hastings to lose British art collection by November
Almost 300 Modern and contemporary works will be withdrawn amid funding dispute with the Jerwood Foundation
'A perfectly engineered catastrophe': artists speak out after Theresa May's Brexit deal is crushed by parliament
Some, like Mark Wallinger, hold out vain hope for a second referendum, others, like Anish Kapoor, say we must come together to beat mounting xenophobia and intolerance
UK approves ivory ban
An extension to include hippopotamus, walrus and narwhal ivory will be discussed next year
Astronomy, unknown trailblazers and failed monuments: new Collective space opens in Edinburgh's old observatory
Works by Dineo Seshee Bopape and Klaus Weber go on show in the revamped 19th-century neoclassical complex
How the UK has revived its Monuments Men
The CPPU consists of a solitary lieutenant-colonel, but he is recruiting
UK threat to leave Unesco reignites debate about purpose of UN culture body
The US and Israel announced plans to leave the international organisation last year
Long-lost Tudor tapestry could be saved for the UK
Work commissioned by Henry VIII for Hampton Court Palace left the country in the early 1970s
NewsConservation & Preservation
Warship figureheads restored ahead of opening for new Plymouth arts complex
Royal Navy statues are being made shipshape and ready for installation at The Box, opening in 2020
NewsJeff Koons
Jeff Koons's balloons, basketballs and ballerinas to head to historic Oxford museum for solo show
"Miniature retrospective" at the Ashmolean will focus on recent works, such as the US artist's Gazing Ball series
BlogIn the frame
Art stars join the fight against Parkinson's disease
'Prime minister of taste': Horace Walpole's collection reunited at Strawberry Hill
Exhibition in collector's former Thames-side home follows a successful (and ongoing) treasure hunt
BlogIn the frame
Simon Fujiwara's fascination with Anne Frank
Tate's most popular ever exhibition not staged in UK—but in China
Visitor numbers at Shanghai Museum eclipse institution's most successful London exhibitions
BlogIn the frame
Gavin Turk: Brexit is like crashing a transit van
NewsArt market
Hard, soft or no-deal: how the UK art market is preparing for Brexit
Costs, paperwork and shipping delays are among gallery concerns, but experts say there are solutions
NewsThomas Gainsborough
Murders most foul: Gainsborough family revenge killings trigger reassessment of artist's early years
New research reveals that two members of Thomas Gainsborough's family were killed over a financial dispute when the artist was a child
Looted 'cannibal' bowl served up in Royal Academy of Art's Oceania show
Artefact is one of around 200 on show in largest exhibition on the region in almost 40 years
Christopher Gibbs: the man who brokered £50m Getty grant to the National Gallery—and fed Princess Margaret hash brownies
The antiques dealer was more than an "acid-tripping ex-roué once known as the king of Chelsea"
British Museum's basement of treasures to remain off-limits
Hidden underground galleries closed since 2006 still house £100m Assyrian relief
Bloomsbury group's country home to open all year round
New shows at Charleston will celebrate the liberal legacy of the artists and intellectuals who gathered there
Conflict-of-interest scandal at publicly funded UK arts centre Firstsite
Chairman and trustee resigned amid investigation into more than £90,000 spent on consultancy firm they directed
FeatureArt Fund Museum of the Year 2018
Ferens Art Gallery: a northern powerhouse
Hull gallery more than tripled visitor numbers during UK City of Culture year after "Herculean" renovation
BlogThe Buck stopped here
Laughing on the Edge
InterviewGiuseppe Penone
Giuseppe Penone on Arte Povera, Cézanne's best work and never tiring of trees
The Italian artist speaks to The Art Newspaper ahead of his major show at Yorkshire Sculpture Park
UK museums suffer as Heritage Lottery grants plummet
Building projects are major casualties as emphasis shifts to supporting smaller, local initiatives
Prime Minister Theresa May reveals her artistic leanings
New £3m fund announced for arts projects in northern England at Downing Street reception for creative industries
Retain or return? It's complicated
The complex issues behind returning cultural goods to their place of origin
Then & Now: how The Art Newspaper shaped UK restitution law
Featuring a 900-year-old missal looted during the Second World War
AnalysisArt's Most Popular
The world's most popular exhibition? Ancient sculptures in Tokyo versus Modern masters in Paris
Plus record crowds in US, UK and Australia
NewsArt market
Art businesses ill-prepared for new EU data protection law
Data privacy is getting a long-overdue overhaul with GDPR, but is the art market ready?


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37a Smart Street
Freehold Opportunity in a Prime Location
Situated in the heart of Fairfield commercial core, provides this fantastic investment opportunity with a long standing established tenant.
- 170sqm of prime commercial land situated within the heart of Fairfield CBD.
- Currently leased to a long established tenant, trading as a Kebab shop.
- Zone B3 Commercial Core
- Located just minutes to Fairfield train station and Bus Depot
- Parking for 4 cars.
Do not let this fantastic freehold opportunity in a prime and future growth area pass you by!
02 8789 4316
0405 184 483


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We have built a few more tools for admin users to have more control of announcements, searches, and users.
First, announcements now have a timestamped history. You can see who created, edited, and approved each announcement just by clicking on its title from the Admin > Announcements page.
Second, Admin users now have the ability to view and reactivate deleted users. The deleted users page will look like this showing when they were deleted with the option to edit, bringing you to a page that allows you to approve and activate the user.
Database Tools
The new and improved search function allows administrators to query the database. This means that you can ask the system questions like, "Which users do not have addresses" in a query format and the system will generate a list that can then be downloaded. You can also save a search if you use it frequently.
A few of the most exciting query options include: first name, last name, homeroom, approval status, and birthday. Each of these can be queried in a number of ways. For a full list of query options, click here. To watch a quick video of the process, click here. We will update the list as new query options become available. Let us know if you have a request!
We heard your requests, so we created a whole new report! The new report is an Emergency Report. It generates a two sided sheet for each student that includes all of their emergency contact information, medical information, and releases for easy access and filing hard copies. This report can be downloaded from the directory.
We also added a new option to the announcement editor. You can now choose which types of users receive notification emails for any particular announcement. Just add any types of users in the box shown below.
These announcements behave in the same manner on the Beehively homepage. If you are posting announcements that should only be seen by a certain group of people, please continue to use the group or class pages.
In addition to all these fun updates, you can also look forward to an all new look for Beehively announcement emails. We thought they could use a make-over, we hope you like it!
Do you have questions about our updates? Do you have requests for future updates? Let us know and keep your eyes out for more updates soon!
Happy Summer!


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Your Account
Your Reserves
Your Statement
Let us work our magic & recommend some wines for you...
The nose is of dark fruit, with a touch of coffee spice and an impression of garrigue and dried lavender. On the palate, a dense core of velvet-textured black fruit is given complexity by notes of clove-spice, dark chocolate and a touch of fresh mint. The tannins are undoubtedly robust, but incredibly fine and ripe and given lift and surprising poise by a freshening acidity. All-in-all, this is a master-class in balance, as while this is undoubtedly a powerful wine, it comes across as almost weightless on the finish.
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My week was drawing to a close, grabbing a pint with my new colleagues. We all sat around in the old man Irish pub inundated with my bank colleagues. This was where we drank together. Rinsing off the week with happy faces. Glad to be leaving to office behind, but even happier to be celebrating that fact with our team mates.
Talking of random stuff, we launched into the topic of running. Especially as I was trying to convince people to do a night run with me for charity. The topic of marathon's came up. He wants to run a marathon, because of the 'bragging rights' to be allowed to be a 'smug' marathon runner. This made me laugh, as I've run a marathon. And in no way do I feel smug. If anything, I feel like an 'loser' marathon runner, as I ran it in five and a half hours.
We live in a world where we put people into category's of 'Winners' and 'Losers'. Where we rank everyone, including ourselves. Women I know are especially bad at say 'well I'm not good enough'. And all of this plays out into how we motivate ourselves. Whether we battle through 'to prove something'. This battle is how I got myself through my divorce. I wasn't going to let my 'ex- husband' win at this 'post- divorce' life. I would be the more successful one, the kinder one, the happier one.
This also plays out into how we rank ourselves. With the level of suffering we have. I remember I would do this for hours with some of my class mates. I had the worse life, my parents were mad at me, I'd had an argument with my brother. Beat that! Pity me, pity me! Look how much further I've succeeded by suffering through that to get here!
As life progressed on, I'd try to play this game out again. And when my ex- husband and I broke up I became a die- hard victim. People would look at me, sympathy in their eyes, and relief that they weren't me. Occasionally people would try to drill below the surface of my 'Look at me, I'm the one winning post- divorce'. Understanding that there wasn't going to be any winners or losers here. And over time I became more and more irritated with that look. The questions behind it. The demand on me to say 'I was a victim' and 'I needed to cry about it'.
Listening to my colleague, I could see this playing out for him. He wants to be a 'smug' marathon runner. I tested him, as we both agreed running for a long distance is quite frankly… boring to us both. So why do this? He wants to win at this thing called 'life'. He wants to be a Barney Stinson. Because obviously there are only winners and losers right?
But, let me tell you a little secret…. this is bulls*$t. We've been taught a story about 'Winners' and 'Losers'. Told what it means to be successful. And this all revolves around an idea that if we rack up accomplishments, awards, money, a spouse, travel to exotic countries. This is what it means to win. We never ask the question of what it is to just do something because you enjoy it. Just for the simple pleasure of it giving you a warm feeling of joy.
I still run regularly, just because I enjoy it. I enjoy the flow of my body in the steps it takes. The muscles stretching in endless repetitive strides, as my feet pound into the relentless concrete. So as I sit and contemplate 'Would I ever do a marathon again'… the word 'Nah!' comes strongly into my mind. And this isn't because I'm a 'smug' marathon runner already. Its just purely because I can't be bothered. I don't need a medal to show I'm winning at life. I just don't want to play that game anymore.


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Published online Feb 21, 2007. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.035
Cannabinoids Ameliorate Pain and Reduce Disease Pathology in Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis
Background & Aims
The functional involvement of the endocannabinoid system in modulation of pancreatic inflammation, such as acute pancreatitis, has not been studied to date. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in pancreatitis has not been addressed.
We quantified endocannabinoid levels and expression of cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 (CB1 and CB2) in pancreas biopsies from patients and mice with acute pancreatitis. Functional studies were performed in mice using pharmacological interventions. Histological examination, serological, and molecular analyses (lipase, myeloperoxidase, cytokines, and chemokines) were performed to assess disease pathology and inflammation. Pain resulting from pancreatitis was studied as abdominal hypersensitivity to punctate von Frey stimuli. Behavioral analyses in the open-field, light-dark, and catalepsy tests were performed to judge cannabinoid-induced central side effects.
Patients with acute pancreatitis showed an up-regulation of cannabinoid receptors and elevated levels of endocannabinoids in the pancreas. HU210, a synthetic agonist at CB1 and CB2, abolished abdominal pain associated with pancreatitis and also reduced inflammation and decreased tissue pathology in mice without producing central, adverse effects. Antagonists at CB1- and CB2-receptors were effective in reversing HU210-induced antinociception, whereas a combination of CB1- and CB2-antagonists was required to block the anti-inflammatory effects of HU210 in pancreatitis.
In humans, acute pancreatitis is associated with up-regulation of ligands as well as receptors of the endocannabinoid system in the pancreas. Furthermore, our results suggest a therapeutic potential for cannabinoids in abolishing pain associated with acute pancreatitis and in partially reducing inflammation and disease pathology in the absence of adverse side effects.
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially lethal disorder involving inflammation, cell death, and complex neuroimmune interactions. Pain management in acute pancreatitis represents a major clinical challenge and influences the clinical outcome of the disease.1,2 Understanding pathophysiological mechanisms underlying morbidity and pain associated with pancreatitis is therefore a prerequisite toward the design of novel therapeutic approaches. Only very recently, aided by the establishment of disease models, focus has been placed on understanding nociceptive mechanisms in pancreatitis.1–5 For example, abdominal hyperalgesia observed upon cerulein-induced murine pancreatitis was recently found to closely represent the pain syndrome seen in human disease.3–5 Involvement of peripheral nociceptive neurons5 as well as central neurons in the spinal cord6 and rostroventral medulla3 has been demonstrated in pain associated with pancreatitis. In addition to mediating and modulating pancreatic pain, neural innervation of the pancreas plays an important role in edema, inflammatory responses, and vascular processes in pancreatitis and significantly affects disease initiation and progression.6
Recently, the endocannabinoid system has been identified as a major regulator of physiological and pathological processes, such as pain, inflammation, cell growth, cell death, and as a regulator of diverse gastrointestinal functions, such as intestinal motility and secretion.7 Although cannabinoid-induced analgesia was initially primarily attributed to the activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in the nervous system, later studies demonstrated a contribution of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), localized peripherally on immune cells as well as in the nervous system.7–9 A complex interplay between endogenously released cannabinoids, such as anandamide or 2-arachidonoylglycerol, and their receptors both on inflammatory cells and neurons is involved in modulation of inflammatory pain.7 However, the significance of the endocannabinoid system and of exogenously applied cannabinoids has not been adequately addressed in the context of visceral inflammatory pain. In this article, we demonstrate the in vivo significance and therapeutic potential of cannabinoids in inflammation and pain associated with pancreatitis using human specimens and mouse models as test systems.
Materials and Methods
Patients and Tissue Sampling
Tissue samples were collected from patients following pancreatic resections for acute pancreatitis (n = 19). Normal pancreatic tissue samples were obtained through an organ donor procurement program whenever there was no suitable recipient for pancreas transplantation (n = 10). Pancreatic tissues were immediately snap frozen at −80°C or formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Local ethical committees approved the use of human tissue for the analysis (University of Heidelberg, Germany and the University of Berne, Switzerland), and written informed consent was obtained.
Measurement of Endocannabinoids
For endocannabinoid measurements, pancreatic tissue specimens from acute pancreatitis were dissected, and necrotic parts were removed prior to analysis. Levels of anandamide (AEA), 1-arachidonoylglycerol (1-AG), and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) in frozen human pancreas samples were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry as described previously.10
Cerulein-Model for Pancreatitis and Pharmacological Treatment
All animal procedures were performed according to local ethical guidelines. Cerulein (50 μg/kg/injection in saline (Takus, Pharmacia, Karlsruhe, Germany) or saline (control) was administered intraperitoneally 10 times at hourly intervals to age- and gender-matched C57BL/6J mice. The synthetic cannabinoid, HU210 (0.05 mg/kg in saline), the CB1-specific antagonist (AM251; 3 mg/kg intraperitoneally), and the CB2-specific antagonist (AM630; 1 mg/kg) (all from Tocris Bioscience, Ellisville, MD) were administered subcutaneously11 either alone or in combinations (information to follow) at 30 minutes before and 4 hours after the first injection of cerulein or saline. AM251 and AM630 were dissolved in one drop of Tween-20 (Roth, Karlsruhe, Germany) in 3 mL 2.5% di-methylsulfoxide in saline,11 and control animals were given the vehicle only. In total, 10 groups of animals were used: (1) intraperitoneal saline (control, n = 8); (2) intraperitoneal saline + subcutaneous HU210 (n = 6); (3) intraperitoneal cerulein (n = 8); (4) intraperitoneal cerulein + subcutaneous HU210 (n = 8); (5) intraperitoneal cerulein + subcutaneous HU210 + subcutaneous AM251 (n = 8); (6) cerulein + subcutaneous HU210 + subcutaneous AM630 (n = 6); (7) cerulein + subcutaneous HU210 + subcutaneous AM251 + subcutaneous AM630 (n = 8); (8) cerulein + subcutaneous AM251 (n = 8); (9) cerulein + subcutaneous AM630 (n = 8); and (10) cerulein + subcutaneous AM251 + subcutaneous AM630 (n = 8).
Behavioral Testing
Behavioral measurements were carried out in awake, unrestrained mice in a blinded manner using standardized methods.12 Frequency of abdominal nocifensive responses (licking of the abdomen, abdominal and/or whole-body withdrawal) to graded punctate abdominal pressure was analyzed using von Frey filaments (0.008g to 0.6g). Withdrawal frequency was calculated as the mean number of withdrawals out of 10 applications of the respective filament at 10-second intervals. As described previously, potential central side effects of HU210 were evaluated in the open-field test,12 light/dark test,12 and catalepsy tests.13
Immunohistochemical Analysis and Immunoblotting
Immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections of human pancreas was performed using rabbit anti-CB1 and anti-CB2 antibodies (Cayman Chemical, Ann Arbor, MI) as described previously.14 Specificity controls included preadsorption of the primary antibody (1 μg) with the corresponding blocking peptide (1 μg) for 1 hour at 37°C. Immunoblotting of normal human pancreas and acute pancreatitis tissue lysates was performed using rabbit anti-CB1 and anti-CB2 antibodies (2.5 μg/mL and 2.0 μg/mL, respectively) ± corresponding blocking peptide preincubated for 1 hour at 37°C,– as described previously.14
Histology Scoring, Serum Lipase, Pancreatic Myeloperoxidase, Interleukin-6, and KC1 Levels
Following behavioral analyses, mice were anesthetized, and mixed arteriovenous blood and pancreata were collected. The wet weight/dry weight ratio of mouse pancreata was determined as described previously.15,16 Whole blood glucose levels were determined using an Accucheckcomfort device (Roche, Mannheim, Germany). Serum lipase levels were measured in the central clinical laboratories (Heidelberg University) according to locally defined guidelines. Histological grading was performed on hematoxylin-eosin–stained paraffin sections (5 μm) by a clinical pathologist unaware of the experimental design using modified criteria, which have been described in detail previously.6 Total histological score (0 –3) was expressed as the sum of edema, neutrophil infiltration, and tissue necrosis scores. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were quantified using a mouse MPO-ELISA kit or a mouse IL-6 ELISA kit on tissue homogenates according to the manufacturers' instructions (HyCult Biotechnology, Uden, the Netherlands or BD Biosciences, San Diego, CA). Total RNA was isolated using an RNeasy mini kit and replacing RLT buffer with Trizol (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was performed as described previously.14 Mouse KC1 mRNA was amplified by using the primers sense: 5′-TAG TAG AAG GGT GTT GTG CGA AA-3′and antisense: 5′-CGA GCG AGA CGA GAC CAG GAG-3′.
Statistical Analysis
Results are expressed as mean ± SEM. The Mann–Whitney U test and analysis of variance for random measures followed by Bonferroni's post hoc test were used to evaluate statistical significance. Significance was established at P < .05.
Regulation of CB1, CB2, and Endocannabinoids in Human Acute Pancreatitis
Immunohistochemical analyses of normal human pancreata revealed weak immunoreactivity for CB1 and CB2 in pancreatic acini (arrowheads), nerves (insets), blood vessels, and duct cells (arrows) (Figure 1A and G). Vital pancreatic parenchyma in acute pancreatitis specimens displayed a striking increase in immunostaining of CB1 in ducts and a moderate increase in nerves (insets) and acini as compared to normal pancreas (Figure 1B), whereas acinar and ductal CB2 appeared to be increased to a lesser extent than CB1 (Figure 1H). Acinar cells in the vicinity of severe necrosis in human acute pancreatitis specimens revealed intense cytoplasmic CB1 and CB2 immunoreactivity (Figure 1C and I; magnified in respective insets). Furthermore, acinar cell necrosis in cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis showed a strong immunoreactivity for both CB1 and CB2 (dotted arrows, Figure 1F and L).
To evaluate significance of the cannabinoid system in acute pancreatitis, we used the well-established mouse model of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis.6 Importantly, following cerulein-induced pancreatitis, the mouse pancreas demonstrated similar changes in CB1 and CB2 immunoreactivity (Figure 1D–F andJ–L), as described in the preceding paragraph for the human disease. Following preadsorption with the corresponding blocking peptide, antibodies against CB1 or CB2 failed to show any appreciable staining on human or mouse pancreas (Supplementary Figure 1). (See supplementary figure online atwww.gastrojournal.org.)
Western blot analysis on human pancreas using the anti-CB1 antibody revealed a prominent up-regulation of a 125-kDa band (which was abolished in preadsorption controls) in acute pancreatitis (Figure 1M), thereby corroborating our observations from immunohistochemistry experiments. Furthermore, Western blotting using the anti-CB2 antibody confirmed a weak-to-moderate up-regulation of approximately 28 kDa and 36 kDa bands corresponding to CB2 (which were abolished in preadsorption controls) in acute pancreatitis (Figure 1N).
We then addressed whether levels of endocannabinoids are up-regulated in pancreatitis concomitant with changes in expression of cannabinoid receptors. Several endocannabinoids, such as anandamide (AEA), 1- and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (1-AG, 2-AG) were detectable in human pancreas tissues, whereas oleoylethanolamide was not detectable (Figure 1O). Interestingly, anandamide was increased 6.6-fold in biopsy material from patients with acute pancreatitis over normal human pancreas (P = .002). In contrast, levels of 1-AG and 2-AG remained unchanged (Figure 1O; P = .93).
Functional Significance of the Endocannabinoid System in Acute Pancreatitis
To evaluate the potential functional relevance of increased endocannabinoid release and up-regulation of cannabinoid receptors in human disease, we performed experiments with CB1/CB2 antagonists in the cerulein model of acute pancreatitis in mice. Consistent with previous reports,6,17 treatment of mice with cerulein led to a steep increase in serum levels of lipase, tissue MPO, IL-6, and KC1 mRNA expression (Figure 2A and B), pancreatic wet weight/dry weight ratio (Figure 2A), and to characteristic histological changes associated with acute pancreatitis (Figure 1E and K). AM251 and AM630 were used as specific antagonists to block CB1 and CB2, respectively. Neither disease pathology nor serological and inflammatory markers (serum lipase, pancreatic tissue MPO and IL-6 levels, wet/dry weight ratio) were affected by treatment with CB receptor antagonists (Figure 2A and B). However, with combined application of AM251 and AM630, there was a trend for a further increase in serum lipase levels and pancreatic MPO levels, which did not reach statistical significance (Figure 2A). Surprisingly, administration of AM630 alone or in combination with AM251 reduced KC1 mRNA levels (P < .05; Figure 2B).
Because disease pathology was not significantly worsened by application of CB1/CB2 antagonists, we addressed effects on pancreatitis-induced pain. Abdominal pain is a cardinal feature of acute pancreatitis. Here, we assessed pancreatitis-induced pain by studying nocifensive reactions to acute, punctuate stimuli applied to the abdomen of mice. Mice with acute pancreatitis demonstrated a significant increase in the response frequency to forces of 0.008g, 0.02g, 0.04g, or 0.07g (P < .01, respectively; Figure 3A). These results show that acute pancreatitis is accompanied by marked mechanical hyperalgesia and allodynia. When cannabinoid receptor antagonists were administered to animals with acute pancreatitis, the frequency of withdrawal was increased in response to forces of 0.008g, 0.07g, and 0.16g for AM251 alone (P < .05; Figure 3B), 0.07g and 0.16g for AM630 alone (P < .01; Figure 3C), or 0.008g, 0.07g, and 0.16g for AM251 in combination with AM630 (P < .01; Figure 3D). These results suggest that the endocannabinoid system tonically inhibits pain associated with pancreatitis.
Cannabinoid Treatment Reduces Inflammation and Disease Pathology in Acute Pancreatitis
We then addressed whether an augmentation of the endocannabinoid system via exogenously applied cannabinoids could be beneficial in acute pancreatitis. Cannabinoid receptors were activated by treatment with HU210, a synthetic agonist at CB1 and CB2.11 Intraperitoneal application of HU210 led to a reduction of the levels of various serological and inflammatory markers, such as serum lipase (P < .015; Figure 4A), pancreatic MPO (P = .001; Figure 4A), pancreatic IL-6 levels (P = .02; Figure 4B), as well as pancreatic KC1 mRNA (P = .08; Figure 4B). Furthermore, HU210 significantly reduced the pancreatic edema as judged by pancreas wet weight/dry weight ratio (P = .007; Figure 4A). Pancreatitis-associated tissue histopathology was ameliorated with HU210, with a 40% reduction in overall histology score of edema, neutrophil infiltration, and acinar cell necrosis (P < .05; data not shown). The incidence of acinar cell necrosis was lower in HU210-treated mice (0% to 0.5% overall necrosis) than in the saline-treated group with acute pancreatitis (2% overall necrosis). To assess whether pancreatitis or cannabinoids impact upon glucose metabolism, we assessed serum glucose levels in mice with acute pancreatitis. Surprisingly, glucose levels were significantly lower in animals with cerulein-treated mice compared with saline-treated mice (P = .0002, data not shown). However, glucose levels remained unaffected by HU210 treatment in these mice (P = .38; data not shown).
The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of HU210 in Pancreatitis Are Mediated by CB1 and CB2
We then performed pharmacological interventions in order to study mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects of HU210 on inflammation associated with pancreatitis. Treatment with either AM251 or AM630 did not significantly alter the anti-inflammatory effects of HU210, as judged by serum levels of lipase, pancreatic MPO, IL-6, and KC1 mRNA as well as the pancreatic wet/dry weight ratio (Figure 4A and B). In contrast, a combination of AM251 and AM630 fully reversed the beneficial effects of HU210 on pancreatitis-induced inflammatory changes as judged by increased serum lipase, pancreatic MPO, and IL-6 levels (P < .05, respectively; Figure 4A and B). Both AM251 and AM630 worsened the pancreatitis histology score by 20% and 24%, respectively, when compared with animals receiving HU210 alone.
CB1 and CB2 Mediate Cannabinoid-Induced Analgesia in Pancreatitis
One of the most important aims of this study was to test whether treatment with exogenous cannabinoids can alleviate pain associated with pancreatitis. After cerulein administration, mice treated with HU210 developed hyperalgesia and allodynia to abdominal pressure to a much lesser extent as compared to mice with mock treatment. At all pressures tested (from 0.008g to 0.6g), withdrawal latencies were significantly decreased in the presence of HU210 (Figure 5A; P < .001). Administration of HU210 to control mice in the absence of pancreatitis did not affect nociceptive responses (Figure 5B; P > .05).
Furthermore, we observed that administration of either AM251 or AM630 concurrently with HU210 significantly reduced the beneficial effects of HU210 on pancreatitis-associated abdominal hypersensitivity (Figure 5C and D; P < .05). Similar effects were seen with a combination of AM251 and AM630 together with HU210 (Figure 5E; P < .01). These data indicate that both CB1 and CB2 are required for the antinociceptive effects of HU210 in pancreatitis.
Absence of Central Side Effects on CB Receptor Antagonist and HU210 Treatment in Acute Pancreatitis
Side effects such as sedation, psychotropic effects, and motor dysfunction can limit the use of cannabinoids to alleviate pain. It was therefore important to ensure that these parameters do not confound our analysis of the antinociceptive effects of HU210 and were not influenced by CB receptor antagonist treatment. Mice with acute pancreatitis did not demonstrate any overall impairment of locomotor functions following HU210 administration, as judged via vertical and horizontal activity in the open field test compared with mice receiving saline injections (Figure 6A). Furthermore, time spent in the center of the open field (Figure 6A) and grooming (Figure 6B) remained unchanged upon HU210 treatment, suggesting that, at the dose used here, HU210 did not affect anxiety levels in mice, which was further confirmed in the light-dark test (Figure 6B). Similarly, combined administration of HU210 with antagonists at CB1 or CB2 did not have any effect on motor performance or affective behavior (Figure 6A and B). Furthermore, administration of AM251 and AM630 did not significantly alter behavior in these tests (Supplementary Figure 2A and B) (See supplementary figures online at www.gastrojournal.org.). Catalepsy is another classical behavior associated with cannabinoids, which is believed to be mediated by receptors in the central nervous system.13 In the ring-catalepsy test, we observed that the dose of HU210 used in this study failed to induce freezing behavior in mice (Figure 6C). Taken together, these results show that the dose of HU210, which abrogated pancreatitis-induced abdominal pain in our mouse model, did not produce side effects such as catalepsy, inhibition of activity, impaired ambulation, or psychotropic effects.
The most important finding of this study is that activation of cannabinoid receptors is beneficial against abdominal pain as well as disease pathology of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Pain management is a key cornerstone in the conventional therapy of acute pancreatitis and still represents a major clinical challenge. In-sufficient pain control results in high respiratory rates, reduced lung function, and inadequate ingestion, factors that significantly delay recovery and may worsen the course of the disease.1,2 The use of opioids as a standard therapy regimen is effective but frequently results in severe and difficult-to-handle side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and adynamia, which overlap with the symptoms of pancreatitis.2 Nonsteroidal analgesics lack these side effects but do not provide adequate pain relief. We demonstrate here that a cannabinoid completely blocked abdominal pain in a state of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis. Importantly, this beneficial effect was elicited following systemic delivery of HU210 at a low dose lacking central side effects, suggesting that HU210 abolished pancreatitis-induced abdominal pain via peripheral mechanisms. Consistent with this appraisal, we could demonstrate that cannabinoid-induced analgesia was not accompanied by effects such as hindrance of activity, motor dysfunction, sedation, or catalepsy, which are typically associated with activation of cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system.
Because lower-abdominal tactile hypersensitivity after pancreatic inflammation essentially represents secondary hyperalgesia and allodynia (phenomena that require sensitization of central synapses), the antinociceptive effects we observed likely occur as a result of cannabinoid-induced decrease in nociceptor excitability and consequently, reduced central sensitization. Consistent with peripheral antinociceptive effects of cannabinoids, CB1 localized on peripheral nociceptive endings has been shown to negatively modulate excitability of nociceptors and inhibit release of peptides,18 thereby countering neurogenic inflammation. Interestingly, neurogenic inflammation has been postulated to be a key mechanism in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis.19 In addition to CB1, we also observed a CB2-component to the antinociceptive effects of HU210 in cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Although a functional contribution of CB2 expressed on nerves is possible, the anti-inflammatory effects of CB2 could also indirectly account for its antinociceptive role. Our anatomical data from human specimens reveal the presence and up-regulation of both CB1 and CB2 in neural, as well as non-neural cells in the pancreas. Future studies are therefore required to pinpoint the precise loci and mechanisms of cannabinoid-induced anti-nociception in acute pancreatitis.
Another key feature of acute pancreatitis is local inflammation resulting from acinar cell injury, which, if significant and unchecked, can lead to a systemic inflammatory response syndrome, thereby initiating a potentially fatal stage of the disease.20 The probable benefits of anti-inflammatory therapies in acute pancreatitis have been hypothesized previously.20 In this study, we found that a low dose of HU210, which is devoid of central side effects, does exert moderate anti-inflammatory effects in the pancreas and partially reduces cerulein-induced disease pathology. This finding is consistent with a recent study11 demonstrating that HU210 exerts local anti-inflammatory effects in a model of experimental colitis in mice, suggesting that cannabinoids are generally beneficial in visceral inflammatory disorders. Whereas CB1 receptors were found to play a key role in the study by Massa et al, we observed that the moderate anti-inflammatory effects achieved via low-dose HU210 in acute pancreatitis largely require both CB1 and CB2 activation. Another interesting aspect of the present study is the finding that anandamide as well as cannabinoid receptors are up-regulated in human pancreatitis. We observed that blockade of CB1 and CB2 led to a significant worsening of pancreatitis-induced pain but produced only a nonsignificant trend toward exacerbation of cerulein-induced disease pathology. These data suggest that in our experimental conditions, an induction of the endocannabinoid system during acute pancreatitis primarily represents an endogenous protective mechanism against pancreatic pain.
Recently, Matsuda et al21 reported prolonged survival in rats upon AM251 treatment in a model of tauro-cholate-induced necrotizing pancreatitis. Because effects of cannabinoid agonists were not reported in the study by Matsuda et al and cerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice is far less severe, non-necrotizing, and does not lead to animal death, it is difficult to directly compare the outcome of the study by Matsuda et al21with the results described in this paper. Our results are more in line with a recent study reporting a protective role for the endogenous cannabinoid system against colonic inflammation in a mouse model of experimental colitis.9,11,22 Consistent with the above, we now show that acute pancreatitis, a visceral inflammatory disease in humans, is associated with an activation of the endocannabinoid system. Because management of visceral inflammatory diseases should ideally include antinociceptive23 as well as anti-inflammatory components, our results lay a basis for testing the therapeutic value of cannabinoids as supplements to conventional analgesic therapy.
Supported by a KFG107 grant from the Deutsche Forschungsge-meinschaft (DFG) to R.K., by a DFG grant SE1095, as well as a Postdoctoral Research Program grant from the University of Heidelberg (to C.W.M.), and in part by Intramural Research Program of the NIH/NIAAA (#1Z01AA000375-01) to P.P. The authors are indebted to Judith Harvey-White for help with endocannabinoid measurements and Brunhilde Bentzinger, Monika Meinhardt, and Sylvia Schaller for excellent technical assistance.
Abbreviations used in this paper
- 1-/2-arachidonoylglycerol
- anandamide
- acute pancreatitis
- cannabinoid receptor 1
- cannabinoid receptor 2
Supplementary Data
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at zdoi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.02.035.


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Overlooking a pleasant, active street with high-end shops and grand, traditional family residences, the Aix Mirabeau Apartment is only a block away from the famous tree-lined Boulevard Cours Mirabeau. Situated on the fourth floor American, no elevator, it is bathed in yellow and ochre, with traditional red "tomettes" tiles on the floor. This bright, fully renovated apartment embodies all the typical charm and warmth of a Provençal home. With double paned windows and no bars or restaurants close enough to disturb you at night, you can truly enjoy being in the heart of things.
Fully equipped with all the amenities, the apartment is decorated in a charming mix of Provençal antiques, fabrics, and artwork. Tall French windows in both the sitting room and hallway flood the apartment with light. To the left of the entry, the kitchen has cheerful yellow and red Provençal tiles, washer and dryer, dishwasher, refrigerator, microwave, coffee maker, oven, cook top, and all the dishes and cookware needed for a pleasant stay. An eating bar with wrought iron stools separates the kitchen from the sitting room, providing the perfect spot to enjoy your morning croissants. The sitting area is comfortable and cozy with a dark brown leather sofa, two soft buttercup-colored upholstered armchairs, fireplace, an entertainment center with a wide flat-screen TV, CD player, and a large selection of English language books and CDs. At the far end of this room, a dinning area seating four has views to the elegant turn-of-the-century buildings just across the street.
A light-filled hallway off the main living area leads to the bedroom featuring a queen sized wrought iron bed with new American mattress and box springs, down filled comforters, and quality all-cotton linens. Closets along the back of the bedroom have convenient hanging systems and shelving. The fully renovated bathroom features white tile walls with Provençal accent tiles, shower, halogen lighting, storage, and hairdryer.


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Greetings and blessings, brothers and sisters:
I hope that you are all doing well, and are persevering through these troubled times. The holidays are coming upon us, and the new year is right around the corner. Hopefully, many of you are preparing yourselves for your new literary venture, and having a major impact on the populace with your creative works. Whatever that I can do to help, I will surly do it. As is my duty, here is the latest Schedule of Events listing that I have come up with:
Zora Neale Hurston Festival for the Arts & Humanities
January 21-29, 2012
Eatonville, FL
New Year Book Jubilee
January 28, 2012
Dallas, TX
Harlem Fine Arts Show
February 10-12, 2012
New York, NY
Black Comic Book Day
February 11, 2012
College Park, GA
Black Comic Book Day (Detroit)
February 11, 2012
(The Truth Bookstore)
Southfield, MI
Black Comic Book Day (New York)
February 18, 2012
(Hue Man Bookstore)
New York, NY
National Council for Black Studies
NCBS 36th Annual National Conference
March 7-10, 2012
location tba
National Black Herstory Conference & Awards
March 22-24, 2012
Atlanta, GA
Negritud Conference (Journal of Afro-Latin American Studies)
March 22-24, 2012
San Juan, PR
National Black Writers Conference
March 29-April 1, 2012
Brooklyn, NY
Dayton Book Expo
April 28, 2012
Dayton, OH
Hip Hop Literacies Conference
May 9-11, 2012
Ohio State University
Tba, OH
This is by no means a complete list. If any of you has any information that you would like to share, the list will be updated as soon as possible. We are also working on holding the Expo for the fall of 2012. Stay tuned!!!!


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The History of Wild Ginger Software
(the short version)
(the longish version)
- Paul and Lisa Shanley are the founders of Wild Ginger Software, Inc. Lisa Shanley, company president, has an extensive background as seamstress and pattern maker. She began sewing at age 5. She completed a B.S. degree in Fashion Merchandising in 1982, a M.S. degree in Clothing and Textile Science in 1984, and a Ph.D. in Clothing and Textile Science in 1987. Lisa was head of the Apparel Design department at Auburn University for 9 years where she taught pattern making, sewing, apparel production and fashion design.
- Paul was bitten by the fashion design bug when he was 18. It was only his third declared major, still in his first year in college at Auburn University. In fact, Paul met Lisa at Auburn University while he was finishing up his B.A. degree in speech communications. Lisa and Paul ended up working together on military protective clothing research and eventually fell in love and married in March 1991.
- In early 1992, Lisa began to teach herself computer programming as part of her research responsibilities for Auburn. She developed her very first program to create custom-sized sewing patterns on the computer in mid 1992. This was a DOS program she called SchemaCAD. She eventually learned to created programs for the Windows operating system and finished Symmetry 1.0 in August 1995.
- Wild Ginger Software, Inc. was founded to market Lisa's software programs in October 1995 when Paul and Lisa incorporated their sole proprietorship. Their first product was Symmetry: Computer Aided Apparel Design. Symmetry is no longer available but instead has evolved into Cameo v6 now established as our flagship CAD product.
- People often ask "how did we come up with the name "Wild Ginger". Well, it is the name of a street in Auburn, AL near where some friends lived. Lisa really liked the name and chose it for our company. We were very lucky when the wildginger.com domain came up for grabs. It was originally owned by the Wild Ginger restaurant in Seattle, WA but they let it go.
- As the company grew, we met potential customers who had heard of Symmetry but did not have the pattern making skills to use the program properly. They begged us to make a product that would draw patterns by making choices from drawings. Out of these requests and work we had done in drafting custom-sized slopers for Symmetry, the PatternMaster product line was born. The first package in the product line, Pattern Master Boutique, was sold in June of 1998. It has been the best selling women's wardrobe custom pattern software product in the world since its launch.
- Wild Ginger has three main product lines: Cameo, Pattern Master, and ePatterns and over 150,000 customers. Wild Ginger has also launched Wild Things!, a free program for creating hats, bags, and accessories, iCare a free program for charitible sewing, and Stitch-n-Stash for cataloging fabric stashes.
- Lisa continues to be the sole programmer for Wild Ginger Software. Paul puts his expertise to work in advertising, marketing and sales. While hard work, innovative thinking, and unheard of free customer support and the longest money back guarantee in the industry, all contribute to our current success -- we would not be all that we are today if it were not for our amazing customer community and the insights and feedback they continue to give us.


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For years, trends have dominated the fashion world and forced women to comply. However, 2014 is all about new changes and embracing a more unique approach. In short, it's time that you rebel against the rules of fashion. To do so without looking weird or losing your sense of style, here are three rules to break without being whisked away by the fashion police.
Rule to Break #1) Matching Everything from Head to Toe
Everyone who prides themselves on being fashionable will tell you that you need to match everything you wear, be it is a high heeled shoe or the purse that you lug around. However, if you follow the lives of celebrities like Kim Kardashian and others closely, you'll notice that they never carry the same colored bags. Instead, they complement their dresses with neutral or light colored purses.
Rule to Break #2) Same Prints and Patterns
Even though you shouldn't be wearing stripes, polka dots, plaids and paisleys all in the same go, and you need to be tactful while dressing in patterns, you can be brave and mix things up. Lay out your choices and make a subtle combination of the prints and patterns that you have. Doing these won't only help you in appearing chic, but will also give you a lot of choice when picking out the dress. However, when choosing patterns, make sure that they complement your body type and personality.
Rule to Break #3) Not Mixing Contrasting Colors
Many will tell you that clashing colors is an absolute 'no' in the fashion industry. However, if you are smart enough, you can make the clash work wonders for you. Don't just wear colors that are complete opposites of each other, but look for colors that are on the same end of the spectrum. Choosing varying colors that gel well with one another will grab the attention of every onlooker, in a positive way of course.
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Corporations filing for bankruptcy protection have options open to them that can help to relieve the major portion of their burden of debt and help to keep the company on its feet. In this short article we will look at how companies filing for bankruptcy protection can go thru the courts and still keep their doors open to the general public, even if bankruptcy protection is selected.
It seems that many firms are now filing for bankruptcy protection these days. It is wise to remain informed on your options when considering taking a visit to the court system. To keep from losing more than they need to under a suit, firms filing for bankruptcy protection have to choose from Chapters, or filings. They must do this to rather satisfy their lenders and keep from being shut down.
Companies filing for bankruptcy protection can select between Chapter 7, Chapter 11, and under certain circumstances, Chapter 15 if the businesses concerned are operating internationally. If not, then Chapters seven and 11 will apply. The Chapter 7 form of debt discharge will be considered "abusive" under the new bankruptcy laws if the debtor has over a certain quantity of monthly income. Chapter seven discharge is to be considered a "last ditch" resort for those who are in the deepest Problems with debt and there are absolutely no other alternatives. This isn't the case. A successful petition under Chapter seven will make the stocks of the company of no value and the speculators will also lose their money. An individual that owns a business that is unincorporated may use a Chapter thirteen petition.
Firms filing for bankruptcy protection who want to remain open for business can do so using the Chapter 11 form of debt discharge. Generally this could take care of the reasonable satisfaction of creditors and still allow the business to stay open. This plan, or form of debt discharge is a reorganization or redistribution of debt for the debtor. Creditors are permitted to file this form of petition in the courts against a debtor. When the creditors file such a petition it is known as an "involuntary petition" for plain reasons. The courts will require a fee to file this petition. All liabilities, assets and business affairs of the debtor will be considered. This is to permit the creditors to make an educated call about the debtor's plan of reorganization. A Chapter 11 form of debt discharge does not put the backers at private possibility of losing their investments, except for the resulting dropped price of the company's stock. Companies filing for bankruptcy protection should look very closely at using the Chapter eleven petition as it is usually the most advantageous for everyone.
corporations filing for bankruptcy protection in the United States should familiarize themselves with the united states Bankruptcy Code. It is in Title 11 of the united states Code and is likely available at the local library.
If you would like more information about corporate or business bankruptcy options, please contact our office and speak to a bankruptcy attorney.


text:
Design of micropiles for tunnel face reinforcement: undrained upper bound solution
2011-Pinyol_Alonso-J Geotech Geoenv Engng-Tunnel_Face_Reinforcement.pdf (766,4Kb) (Restricted access)
Document typeArticle
Date issued2012-01
Rights accessRestricted access - publisher's policy
The stability of tunnel faces supported by an umbrella of subhorizontal micropiles is analyzed by means of the upper bound theorem of plasticity. The micropiles are considered beams subjected to the kinematic motion imposed by the assumed failure mechanism. The limiting resistance of the supporting beams is first addressed. The failure mechanism imposes a displacement pattern on the beam, which is similar to the response of vertical piles subjected to horizontal load. The mechanism of beam deformation was included into the overall instability mechanism for the tunnel face stability. Limiting conditions of the beam under undrained conditions are used. A general minimization process associated with the upper bound formulation is developed. Stability conditions are described in dimensionless parameters and plotted in ready-to-use design charts. In particular, a dimensionless micropile coefficient, which includes all the relevant design parameters of the umbrella, could be isolated and plotted in undrained soil strength and tunnel geometry. A real face failure is finally described, and the required supporting umbrella is designed on the basis of the developed procedure.
CitationPinyol, N.; Alonso, E. Design of micropiles for tunnel face reinforcement: undrained upper bound solution. "Journal of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering", Gener 2012, vol. 138, núm. 1, p. 89-99.
|2011-Pinyol_Alo ... nel_Face_Reinforcement.pdf
|Restricted access


text:
CAMBRIDGE, Mass. – The No. 1 Harvard women's squash team advanced to the CSA semifinals after a 9-0 defeat of No. 8 Cornell this evening at the Murr Center Squash Courts. The Crimson will now prepare for a 2:30 p.m. matchup on Saturday with No. 3 Yale who defeated No. 6 Stanford, 5-4, earlier this afternoon.
Harvard preserved its 51-match win streak and has not lost to Cornell in 26 all-time meetings between the programs.
Should Harvard succeed against Yale on Saturday, the National Championship match is set for Sunday, Feb. 18 at 2:30 p.m. The match for third and fourth place will begin at 2 p.m. on Sunday.
No. 1 – Gina Kennedy (H) def. Michele Garceau (3-0)
No. 2 – Sabrina Sobhy (H) def. Emma Uible (3-0)
No. 3 – Kayley Leonard (H) def. Margaux Losty (3-0)
No. 4 - Alyssa Mehta (H) def. Nghi Nguyen (3-0)
No. 5 - Amelia Henley (H) def. Charlotte Knaggs (3-0)
No. 6 - Sue Ann Yong (H) def. Madison Miles (3-0)
No. 7 - Eleonore Evans (H) def. Colby Gallagher (3-0)
No. 8 - Sophie Mehta (H) def. Lucy Martin (3-0)
No. 9 – Annika Engstrom (H) def. Lauren Leizman (3-1)


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Showing 1-20 of 34
By: Sunset Books
Price: $9.45
Publisher: Sunset Pub Co:
Seller ID: 9780376013880
Condition: GOOD
With just a little bit of paint and a lot of imagination, readers can turn ordinary rooms into heavenly havens. Decorative Paint and Faux Finishes provides everything readers need to get started on easy home renovation projects -- from the basics on understanding color to 36 step-by-step projects that produce amazing paint effects. Readers will quickly learn the art of color washing, rubbing, dragging and sponging, along with dramatic patterned effects like stamping and stenciling. View more info
By: N/A
Price: $32.36
Publisher: NY, Popular Science Publishing: 1946
Seller ID: 4DY013
Condition: VERY GOOD+/None
"Tight, yellowed pages, clean for age. Square. Red cloth w silver spine and circular saw blade design. Raised red lettering. Softened spine ends. ""all the home craftsman needs to know about the use of hand and power tools in his own home…Over 750 illustrations"" Vintage black & white photos." View more info
By: N/A
Price: $8.95
Publisher: Grolier: 1987
Edition: (1st Grolier printing)
Seller ID: 8-0Y013
Condition: FINE
"As new except slight scuff to inside of back cover which was probably from removing a sticker. ""What's in a room?, Planning, Putting it all together, Projects you can build"" 96 indexed pages full of photos, plans, drawing, checklists, measurements to take you from idea to finished room. 8.5x11.25x0.4 (21.8x28.7x1cm)" View more info
By: N/A
Price: $10.95
Publisher: NY, Greystone Press: ©1968
Seller ID: 96Y007
"As new except for slight tilt. Red leatherette with black frame and gilt lettering. Detailed instructions with photo illustration. This volume includes: Accurate electrical repairs; Achieving efficient heating; Aids to Plumbing; All about concrete; Appliance repair and much more through Improvised Barbecues. 192 pages, 11-1/8x7-3/4"" (28.2x19.7cm)" View more info
Price: $9.86
Publisher: "Paris, France", Le Livre de Poche Pratique (#7714A): 1978
Seller ID: 59T025
Condition: NEAR FINE
As new except for slight corner bump. Appears unread. Many illustrations: drawings and B&W photos. Text in French. View more info
By: "Books, Sunset"
Price: $5.00
Publisher: Sunset Publishing Corporation:
Edition: 2
Seller ID: 9780376010865
Condition: GOOD
By: "Bridgewater, Alan,Bridgewater, Gill"
Price: $9.00
Publisher: PERSEUS DIST - CDS *:
Seller ID: 9781843304937
Condition: GOOD
Price: $5.95
Publisher: NY, Bonanza Books: ©1948
Edition: (D)
Seller ID: 01X005
Condition: VERY GOOD+/Poor DJ
"Tight, bright, clean & square. Faint softening of spine ends. Gift inscription on first free page. DJ is intact but age soiled with frayed and ripped ends (interior tape repairs), and some chunks out of edges. ""The story of early New England can be told in words; but more eloquent than words are those surviving historians, its old houses... 280 (black & white) photos have been selected and arranged chronologically to illustrate the architectural sequence of these venerable landmarks...Every house is open to the public at certain times of the year..."" 252+ indexed pages ... View more info
By: "Creative, Editors of Homeowner"
Price: $7.45
Publisher: Creative Homeowner:
Seller ID: 9781580110945
Condition: very good
"Fences & Gates: Plan, Design, Build" is a comprehensive guide for designing, building, and maintaining a fence designed to provide privacy, security, and beauty to a home's landscape. The book offers a practical combination of design, planning, and construction information. All types of fences and gates are covered, including pickets, split-rails, board designs, and more. Wood fences and gates are featured, but there are also chapters on vinyl, chain-link, and other utilitarian systems, such as underground electric pet fences. Individual chapters explain material options and show how to insta... View more info
Price: $6.50
Publisher: "Greenwich, CT", Fawcett (#735): 1968
Edition: (2nd printing)
Seller ID: 75X013
Condition: VERY GOOD
"Tight, yellowed pages, clean, square. Faint edgewear and a light crease on back cover. A vintage ""How-to"" publication on carpentry" View more info
Price: $12.45
Publisher: The Home Depot:
Seller ID: 9780696217449
Condition: GOOD
A variety of kitchen layouts demonstrate concepts of style and function An entire chapter explaining what to look for when buying everything from flooring to fixtures ensures the reader makes informed purchases Explains the basics of design and planning for beginners or more experienced DIY'ers A real-world installation project covers the entire process View more info
By: "Fay, Martha"
Price: $17.95
Publisher: "Menlo Park, CA", Oxmoor House / Sunset: 2004
Edition: (1st edition)
Seller ID: 18Y001
Condition: NEAR FINE/ Near fine
"As new except for slight rubbing to spine ends of book and tiny rip at each end of spine on dust jacket. ""simple ideas for creative project rooms and home offices. 192 pages full of color photos with full descriptions of items used to achieve the look. " View more info
Price: $17.50
Publisher: Better Homes and Gardens:
Seller ID: 9780696211522
Condition: very good
The first book of its kind for second home owners and buyers.Book-of-the-Month Club Feature Selection.Second-home options, from lake houses to cabins in the woods.Guides readers on selecting house site suited to their needs.Remodeling and decorating ideas to make home functional.Furnishings and home plan source list. View more info
By: "Irwin, Robert "
Price: $10.49
Publisher: "Chicago, IL ", Dearborn Trade Publishing: 2002
Edition: "(4th edition, 2nd printing)"
Seller ID: 48X029
Condition: FINE
"""Save Thousands on Commissions. Attract the Best Buyers. Where to Find Help if you need it."" As new." View more info
Price: $7.45
Publisher: Cassell:
Seller ID: 9780304350902
Condition: GOOD
Be at the forefront of today's design trends Decorative paint finishes and effects have emerged as one of the most exciting methods of updating and beautifying interiors -- and along with the variety of available new wallpapers, they offer endless possibilities for refurbishing a whole room, enhancing architectural features, or just adding a few eye-catching details. Give your home an explosion of color and texture by trying out a wide range of techniques: wood graining, distressing, tortoiseshelling, lapis lazuli, marbling, gilding, and trompe l'oeil cloud ceilings. Every method is within re... View more info
By: "Linkletter, John A. (Editor)"
Price: $8.95
Publisher: NY, Hearst: 1975
Seller ID: 8-9Y004
Condition: VERY GOOD-
"Tight, bright, clean and square, including all original inserts. Corner crease and light remnants and scratches from address sticker. Light age tanning of pages. Articles: Fishing, solar furnace; gun cabinet; stock car set up for Pintos and Vegas; room divider; BOATS. 174 pages. 8.25X11X0.25"" (20.9X27.8X0.6cm) 174 pages, HOUSE & HOME / Do-It-Yourself / General, HOBBIES, HOW-TO & CRAFTS, home improvement, magazine, auto, heating" View more info
Price: $7.95
Publisher: NY, Hearst Corporation: 1974
Seller ID: 81A023
Condition: VERY GOOD-
"Rotating beach house; pedal cars; vacation without gas; Toyota Corolla and Datsun B-210; Work with plasterboard; Hide plywood edges; stretch screen wire taut; paint with spray cans. Tight, slight page yellowing, clean interior, faint curl to corners. Remnants of mailing label. Return mail advertising inserts still intact. 1"" rip on bottom of front cover. A few dog-eared pages. Small magazine (9-1/8x6-1/2"")., 190 pages" View more info
Price: $8.95
Publisher: NY, Hearst Corporation: 1974
Seller ID: 81A024
Condition: VERY GOOD-
"Build surf Sailor; Best bicycles; Re-siding your house; Groom your dog like a pro; Honda Civic & Fiat 128; Keep cool for less money. Tight, slight page yellowing, clean interior, faint curl to corners. Remnants of mailing label. Return mail advertising inserts still intact. Front cover and 1st page have creased corner. Small magazine (9-1/8x6-1/2"")., 204 pages" View more info
Price: $7.95
Publisher: NY, Hearst Corporation: 1974
Seller ID: 81A027
Condition: VERY GOOD
"Dirigibles; make used cars look new; VW-powered kit plane; Audi Fox; clever disguises for storage buildings. Tight, slight page yellowing, clean interior, faint curl to corners. Remnants of mailing label. Return mail advertising inserts still intact. Crease on bottom corner of back cover. Small magazine (9-1/8x6-1/2""), 198 pages." View more info
Price: $6.95
Publisher: NY, Hearst Corporation: 1974
Seller ID: 81A028
Condition: VERY GOOD-
"75 cars; Heat saving ideas; zoned heating; thermostat timer; recycled chimney heat; Make Christmas cards from your photos. Tight, slight page yellowing, clean interior, faint curl to corners. Remnants of mailing label. Return mail advertising inserts still intact. Back cover - 1/2"" rip on bottom of spine hinge,1/8"" rip on edge. Faint crease to top corner of front cover. Small magazine (9-1/8x6-1/2"")., 220 pages" View more info


text:
Scrumptious Secrets of Vermont is an online store, scrumptioussecrets.com, specializing in personalized gift boxes with artisanal foods from Vermont. Each gift is designed to touch the hearts of your loved ones, friends, clients, and employees.
We will partner with your brand to create a gifting experience with your brand in mind. From the packaging to the contents, we will customize the gift to your needs.
Our beautifull photographic cards and keyhole art engages memories and touches our emotions. We are bringing heart back to the gifting industry.
In this digital world, our culture has lost its personal touch. Each and every one of our gifts contain a handwritten card inside an envelope with the receivers name on it.
We don't source just any Vermont Brand. We believe in empowering artisans who care just as much about the scrumptious taste of our food, as they do about the secret ingredient to a happy life - our health.
By purchasing a scrumptious box, you are supporting Vermont entrepreneurs, sustainable practices, and our community. Through making personal connections with each of our suppliers, we aim to bring their visions to life, as well as, our own. Our boxes use 100% recycled crinkle paper and sylvacurls.
If your business isn't here, contact us today to get listed!


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Healthy Meatball Vegetable Soup
This Healthy Meatball Vegetable Soup is full of veggies and protein. It's super easy to make, very satisfying and gluten-free.
This Healthy Meatball Vegetable Soup is the best soup to warm up you and your family during the wintertime. It is full of good stuff like lots of veggies, good quality protein from the extra-lean ground turkey, and an organic low-sodium chicken broth. Also, this soup is super easy to make and very satisfying. We sometimes have this Healthy Meatball Vegetable Soup for dinner with some bread and we don't feel the need to eat anything else. Believe me! For sure, this is the meal to help you stop your Italian food cravings without eating lots of carbs and heavy sauces.
I have one tip I would like to give to you is if you need to make this recipe very quickly right after getting home from work. I suggest you make the meatballs before and freeze them. This way your Healthy Meatball Vegetable Soup will be ready in less than 30 minutes. All you have to do is to throw the meatballs in the soup while it's cooking. Enjoy!
Healthy Meatball Vegetable Soup
For the Meatballs:
- 20 oz (1.3 lb) extra-lean ground turkey
- 1/4 cup seasoned whole wheat breadcrumbs — (or you can use gluten-free breadcrumbs)
- 1/4 cup grated parmesan cheese
- 1/4 cup parsley — finely chopped
- 1 large egg
- 1/2 cup onion — minced
- 1 clove garlic — minced
- Salt and fresh ground pepper to taste
For the Soup
- 2 tsp olive oil
- 1/2 cup chopped onion
- 1 cup diced carrots
- 1/2 cup diced celery
- 2 garlic cloves — minced
- 1 (14.5 oz) can petite diced tomatoes
- 6 cups organic reduced sodium chicken broth
- 2 bay leaves
- kosher salt and fresh ground black pepper
- 1/4 cup chopped fresh Italian parsley for garnish
- Parmesan cheese for garnish — optional
For the meatballs
Preheat oven to 400°F.
In a large bowl, add ground turkey, breadcrumbs, egg, parsley, onion, garlic, salt and cheese.
Use your hands to mix everything together and roll the mixture into meatballs.
Spray oil cooking on a baking sheet and place the meatballs on it.
Bake for approximately 15-20 minutes.
For the Soup:
In a large pot heat olive oil over high heat.
When the oil is hot, turn the heat down to medium.
Add the onion, carrot, celery, garlic and saute until tender. It's about 10-15 minutes.
Add the tomatoes, broth, bay leaves, salt and pepper.
Bring to a boil and simmer partially-covered for 10-15 minutes.
Remove the bay leaves and drop the meatballs.
Cook for more 10 minutes or until the meatballs are cooked through.
Garnish with fresh chopped parsley and parmesan
Nutrition InformationAmount per serving (1/6) — Calories: 252, Fat: 9g, Saturated Fat: 4g, Cholesterol: 80mg, Sodium: 1190mg, Carbohydrates: 14g, Fiber: 3g, Sugar: 7g, Protein: 39g
If you make this recipe, follow @primaverakitchen on Instagram, snap a photo and hashtag it #primaverakitchen. I'd love to see what you're making!
If you like this Healthy Meatball Vegetable Soup recipe, please share with your friends and family. Do you want to taste more? Subscribe to my newsletter and follow Primavera Kitchen on Twitter, Pinterest, Google+, Instagram, and Facebook for all delicious recipes updates. As always, I really appreciate you stopping by.
More soup recipes to try!
Pasta Soup with Sweet Potato and Peas
Ground Turkey Soup with Veggie Roots


text:
Extended DAY
Columbia Christian is pleased to offer before and after school enrichment for families who need to drop their students off early in the mornings or pick them up late in the afternoons. The program runs on school days from 7:00 AM-8:00 AM and then after school until 6:00 PM.
Our goal is to make the Extended Day Program an experience that is both fun and educational. We don't want it to seem like school to the kids; rather more like a time that they can explore and relax while learning something interesting. Activities include art, science, homework, sensory, games, and outdoor play.
Extra-curricular activities (such as sports, study hall, clubs, music lessons, etc.) can be coordinated with the Extended Day program.
Extended Day is offered for full time Kindergarten through middle school students.
Fee Schedule
The full fee schedule and details are available here.


text:
Find downloadable assets about the digital marketing services offered
What every business owner needs to know about digital marketing
marketBE will design and execute a custom made digital strategy by working with the dedication of internal resources,..
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- Provides services such as Website administration, Search Engine Optimization, Google Analytics, Social Media Marketing, eMail Marketing, Graphic Design, Search Engine Marketing, Social Media Ads etc.


text:
Here is a Youtube video of the Sydney September 2009 Sigma-Galant cruise/meet. Enjoy!
Thanks to "DanTurboLancer1974" for making and posting the video on Youtube.
Saturday, November 21, 2009
Sigma-Galant Sydney cruise September 2009!!
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Here are some burnouts I found of the FARKAL 351 V8 (5.8 litre Ford V8 engine) powered GH Sigma. Enjoy!!


text:
When you got to a Steppenwolf show, you expect the best. What about when you go to their web site?
The web site is the show is the brand. They are all one and the same.
Therefore it is no surprise to find that the Chicago company's web site is a work of art.
Because that's what they do.


text:
A varied service is already included in our inclusive services room rates.
Further services are available on request for a fee.
These include for example:
- Entrance into the spa and wellness center "Aquamarin" (per person per day € 7,00)- incl. use of our wellness basket with cozs bathrobe and sauna towels for use during stay,
- reserved car underground parking place (daily rate € 10,00),
- reserved car parking at the hotel (daily rate € 5,00),
- marina*,
- business center*,
- Bike rental service in the summer month (daily rate € 13,00/ rate up to 6 hours € 8,50),
- arranging to car rentals*,
- ship- und boat charter*,
- different kind of massages,
- baby-sitter service*,
- Prepare your packed lunch from € 12,00,
- flower order*,
- dry cleaning, laundry and ironing services*,
- 24-hours room service (service charge per each order € 10,00),
- 24-hours hotel shop for gifts, souvenir and beauty products*,
- services for your four-legged companion,
- Arranging of services to Fit & Active: sports offers, excursions & culture as well as the framework program and about our services.
Your questions or requests, we are happy to answer by phone at +49 331 23 200 or by mail.
Planned charging station for electric vehicles – available soon.
* Prices on request.


text:
coal fired boiler for power plants
|Purchased equipment:
|coal fired boiler for power plants
|WUXI China
|+86 13861509127
|[email protected]
|Contact us for more details about our boilers, solutions and services.
Contact us to arrange a visit!
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Efficiency of a Coal Fired Boiler in a Typical Therma
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Coal fired power plant - Energy Educati
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Boiler tubes for coal-fired power plants - Sandv
Boiler tubes for coal-fired power plants. 2 High quality stainless tubes for demanding applications The ability to run a coal-fired steam boiler at higher temperatures and pressures increases efficiency and reduces carbon dioxide emissions per kW of electricity produced.
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International finance for coal-fired power plan
IEA Clean Coal Centre – International finance for coal-fired power plants 3 Preface This report has been produced by IEA Clean Coal Centre and is based on a survey and analysis of published literature, and on information gathered in discussions with interested organisations and individuals.
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A boiler or Steam Generator (prime mover) is an integral device in a fossil fuel power plant used to produce steam by applying heat energy to water. A boiler incorporates a furnace in order to burn the fossil fuel (coal, gas, waste etc.) and generate heat which is transferred to water to make steam.
Coal Oil Power Plants | Coal Fired Power | GE Pow
Coal fired power supplies 40% of the world's electricity, but emissions are a concern. GE's Smarter, Cleaner Steam Power limits effects of coal based power plants. This leads to improved performance of coal-fired power plants, as well as cost and delivery time reduction, which helps our customers achieve and exceed their objectives.


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You have to be a student in Oslo with 1 year left of your degree to be applicable for this position
As a product developer in Insj, you will be part of a team of developers and entrepreneurs that seek to create and launch a project. Your task will include Planning, designing and user testing the projects, as well as help program and develop the backend or frontend of it. You will also be part of the launching process. As such, you will together with the team, be responsible to take a product from idea to commercialization. Second-semester students are encouraged to apply.
You have to be a student in Oslo with one year or more to qualify for a position at Insj.
This job comes with several perks and benefits
Time is precious. Make it count. Morning person or night owl, this job is for you.
Get your caffeine fix to get you started and keep you going.
Easy access and treehugger friendly workplace.
Social gatherings and games; hang out with your colleagues.
We want to take you from good to great.


text:
Do you think that your commercial space is in need of a makeover? Some faux foliage is all you need to bring your space to life. Vibrant leaves, shapely trunks and mesmerizingly fresh hues (and maybe some juicy-looking, colorful fruits) will give your tired space a contemporary new and fun look. And if you're all set to welcome some artificial greenery in your commercial landscape, then look no further than our artificial Apple Trees. Featuring multiple smooth trunks with a lush canopy of fresh, green leaves and delightful red apples, these artificial Apple Trees will make quite an engaging presence in the setting.
Standing at a whooping 14', if you're looking for a focal point to plan your entire landscape or decor around, then look no further than our silk Apple Trees. Timeless, tasteful accents which will fit in beautifully in any décor style and light it up, these faux Apple Trees will make sure that your space looks especially crisp and sophisticated. A great way to add energy and color to a décor without making it overwhelming, our fake Apple Trees will give you a better, brighter setting. If you're working on some elaborate, unique landscape or theme and have some special requirements, then get in touch with us. Our team will craft custom artificial Apple Trees exclusively for your landscape project.
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Toll Free: 800-241-2718
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