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SEM and sampling weights
Mplus Discussion
Multilevel Data/Complex Sample
posted on Wednesday, March 24, 2004 - 11:19 am
I am estimating a SEM using a 50% sample of the total population. The model fits and all path coefficients are statistically significant at p<=0.05. The model fits for both 50% subpopulation (the model fits for the full sample). When I introduce survey weights things get difficult, some path coefficients are insignificant in one of the 2 50% subpopulations while nothing changes in the other 50% subpopulation. The model still fits the full data. What does that mean for my model? Which results should pay attention to, the results for the full model or the results from the 2 50% subpopulations?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, March 24, 2004 - 3:20 pm
It sounds strange that the weighted samples behave so differently. Are these random samples? If the data were generated with unequal probabilities of selection, then weights should be used.
posted on Thursday, March 25, 2004 - 6:42 am
Thank you very much for your response. I should have paid more attention in my programming. I missed to include an error covariance in one of my groups. The inclusion of this error covariance makes a world of difference.
Here is another question. There appears to be an open discussion as to wheter or not to include any error covariances to increase model fit. I included error covariances for variables that were highly correlated withing each latent factor. The highly correlated variables had similar word stems or represented a series of questions on the same specific topic. I only included the error covariances after I explored alternative versions of creating the latent factor(s). In other words I expolored whether or not the latent factor(s) that contained the highly correlated varaibles was/were robust. Does this appear to be a valid approach or am I just fitting my model to the data?
posted on Tuesday, March 29, 2005 - 7:47 am
I'd like to weight both levels of analysis: individuals and neighbourhoods (racially diverse neighbourhoods have been oversampled). How do I specify that? It seems that WEIGHT option can be used only once.
Tihomir Asparouhov
posted on Monday, April 04, 2005 - 8:42 am
Enter the product of the individual and neighborhood weights in the WEIGHT option. Individual weights should be scaled to add up to the neighborhood sample size. See Mplus Web Note # 8
for more details.
Natalia Letki
posted on Tuesday, April 05, 2005 - 12:38 am
Tihomir, thanks a lot for this advice, I'll look into it. I have another question though: I'd like to construct a cross-level interaction term, as I'd like to test whether neighbourhood's low status amplifies the negative effect of individual-level deprivation on interpersonal trust. I'll be very grateful for your advice on how to do this (neighbourhood status is a latent level-2 variable).
Tihomir Asparouhov
posted on Tuesday, April 05, 2005 - 8:00 am
The random slope model does exactly that.
s | individual-level deprivation on interpersonal trust
s on neighbourhood's status
posted on Tuesday, April 26, 2005 - 9:13 am
I just read over the tech 9 report, and we're working with data that have sampling weights and stratification at 2 levels. There are roughly 15,000 primary stratum (PSU) and 2 replicates (rep)within each stratum.
I'm having problem fitting a CFA with ordinal measured variables.
I used the following setup to estimate a CFA with 6 factors. I also used the grouping function to identify the replicates and the cluster and type=complex options. The program works for continous observed variables, but does not produce estimates when I add the cagetorical option. Given that these data are likert type, perhaps the ordinal option is better.
Title: all groups 4/6/05;
File is c:\obs_short.dat;
variable: names are rep psu var1 var2 var3
var4 var5 var6 wt;
usevar= psu rep wt var1 var2 var3 var4 var5 var6;
missing= var1 var2 var3 var4 var5 var6 (-999);
categorical are var1 var2 var3 var4 var5 var6;
grouping is rep (1=repone,2=reptwo);
cluster is psu;
weight is wt;
analysis: type=complex;
model: latent by var1*1 var2 var3 var4 var5 var6;
output: sampstat tech1 standardized;
The error message is:
Cluster ID cannot appear in more than one group.
Problem with cluster ID: 10101
I looked at the data and here are the first 6 or so lines:
01 10101 5 4 2 3 3 4 1 1855.822633
01 10101 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1655.3630801
01 10101 4 5 5 5 5 5 1 6519.8840498
01 10101 4 4 3 2 3 3 1 3407.0678367
02 10101 4 4 4 4 4 4 1 1136.8711335
I�m confused as to why the program won�t run. I removed the categorical option and the program produces results! I also added: estimator=MLR and with the categorical option and the error was that I needed to specify type=mixture.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, April 26, 2005 - 10:49 am
You would need to send your input/output, data, and license number to
for us to see what is happening.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Thursday, April 28, 2005 - 11:18 am
Following is an explanation of what you are experiencing. In multiple group analysis, the groups should be composed of independent observations. When observations from the same cluster are in more than one group, this is violated. For continuous outcomes using TYPE=COMPLEX;, Mplus takes this lack of independence into account. For categorical outcomes, it does not and therefore stops the analysis. You can trick the program so that it does not complain as described below. In our experience, this violation does not result in large differences in the results.
The trick is to define new cluster values that are unique for each group with the following:
psu = rep*100000 + psu;
! 100000 should be a number with more digits than !the cluster value
! in this case, 100000 is used because original !cluster ID has 5 digits
Tor Neilands
posted on Wednesday, March 01, 2006 - 2:19 pm
A colleague has asked me an interesting question about a situation that I suspect is rather common when one analyzes weighted data in SEM: If the weighting variable is computed for the whole population of respondents to a survey, yet the analysis model considers only a subset of those respondents (e.g.., sexually active female adolescents rather than sexually inactive and active males and females), what is the recommended course of action? Would one include the original weight variable for those cases in the Mplus analysis as the WEIGHT variable? Or must the weight variable be somehow recomputed?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, March 01, 2006 - 3:04 pm
I think this is dealt with by the new SUBPOPULATION option of the VARIALBE command. Following is an excerpt from the user's guide (see page 403):
The SUBPOPULATION option is used with TYPE=COMPLEX to select observations for an analysis when a subpopulation (domain) is analyzed. When the SUBPOPULATION option is used, all observations are included in the analysis although observations not in the subpopulation are assigned weights of zero (see Korn & Graubard, 1999, pp. 207-211).
Matthew Diemer
posted on Wednesday, March 15, 2006 - 12:46 pm
I had previously addressed this issue (examining subpopulations) with the Useobservations command and defined my subpopulation this way. I had also excluded participants with missing values for the weight variable. [NELS data]
With the new upgrade to version 4, I am interested in using the subpopulation command to examine the same subpopulation.
weight is f3f1pnwt;
cluster is sch_id;
stratification is sstratid;
subpopulation = f2race1 ne 4
and ses1band eq 1 and f2evdost eq 0;
However, when I do so, I receive the following error message:
Weight variable has missing value at observation 19.
Data set contains unknown or missing values for GROUPING,
PATTERN, COHORT and/or CLUSTER variables.
Number of cases with unknown or missing values: 759
Data set contains cases with missing on all variables.
These cases were not included in the analysis.
Number of cases with missing on all variables: 13510
Any guidance? I have tried defining my subpopulation to those cases without missing values for the weight variable as well, with similar results.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, March 15, 2006 - 12:55 pm
If you are using the same input and data as you used with USEOBSERVATIONS and are just substituting SUBPOPULATION for USEOBSERVATIONS, this should not be happening. If you are using a similar input and different data, you may be reading your data incorrectly. If this does not help, send your input, data, output, and license number to
Scott R. Colwell
posted on Friday, April 07, 2006 - 8:20 am
I am running a multigroup model with TYPE=COMPLEX. I am testing for measurement invariance across group a and group b.
When I run group a only I get 40 degrees of freedom. Logically I also get the same 40 degrees of freedom for group b only (using subpopulation command).
When I test for complete measurement non-invariance using for example:
Model: f1 by x1 x2 x3 x4;
Model b: f1 by x2 x3 x4;
I get 88 degrees of freedom. I was under the impression that the low group chi-square* and df plus the high group chi-square* and df should equal the chisquare* and df on the complete measurement non-invariance. The 88 degrees of freedom should be (from what I calculated) the numebr I get for just factor loading invariance. Is the Type=Complex changing the factor loading in the complete measurement invariance model?
*assuming converting the MLR chi-square to the ML chi-square via the scale correction factor.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Friday, April 07, 2006 - 9:41 am
I would need to see the three outputs to comment. TYPE=COMPLEX; doesn't change anything. Please send the outputs, data if you don't have TECH1 in the outputs, and your license number to
Matthew Diemer
posted on Thursday, June 29, 2006 - 1:20 pm
I�m using the strata, psu and weight options, along with type=complex, to analyze a subpopulation with NELS data. I'm having a problem with preliminary MPlus analyses where clusters are nesting within more than one strata (I think this is what this error message means). I do have both continuous and categorical indicators/variables in the model.
This is the MPlus error message I am receiving:
Each stratum must contain unique cluster IDs.
Clusters are not nested within strata.
My understanding is that this may have happened because the PSUs (clusters) in current data file are not unique; i.e. the same identifier for a cluster (school), such as 29, could be nested into two different strata. I think that MPlus assumes that each cluster can only be contained within one strata, while NELS data might use the same cluster identifier across different strata.
Following the earlier post and helpful response about this issue earlier in this thread, I�ve tried to address this issue by creating a new unique id for cluster (school) as follows (following is SPSS code):
[Multiplied by 1000 because the largest cluster value is 999]
1. Is this the correct procedure to create unique cluster identifiers?
2. What unintended consequences might this procedure have in the estimation of standard errors?
Thank you for any suggestions.
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Sunday, July 02, 2006 - 5:13 am
This is the correct procedure. As long as the clusters are not the same in any strata, the consequences are none.
Orla Mc Bride
posted on Monday, July 17, 2006 - 6:16 am
I have a similar problem to Matthew Diemer (March 15 2006). I am trying to compute a CFA model using the subpopulation command. I am using data from NESARC and I only want to use current or former drinkers (u4). When I use the following options:
missing are all (-9);
weight is weight;
stratification is stratum;
cluster is psu;
subpopulation is u4 == 1 or 2;
type = complex missing;
I get the following error message:
Weight variable has missing value at observation 259.
Data set contains unknown or missing values for GROUPING,PATTERN, COHORT and/or CLUSTER variables.
Number of cases with unknown or missing values: 8238
Could you please explain what this error message means and how to amend it.
Thanking you in advance.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Monday, July 17, 2006 - 8:08 am
It sounds like you may be reading your data incorrectly or declaring your missing value flags incorrectly. Please send your input, data, output, and license number to
David Bard
posted on Friday, December 08, 2006 - 7:05 am
Regarding the April 26, 2005 Anonymous post & Linda's response on the 28th:
Has the procedure for multiple-group SEM with categorical data and complex sampling changed with version 4.0? I noticed that one of the new 4.0 features was improved MG complex sampling analysis for the WLS estimators. Does this mean that dependency across multiple groups with categorical DVs can now be handled using the cluster option, type-complex, & one of the WLS estimators?
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Saturday, December 09, 2006 - 9:45 am
This was implemented in Version 4.1 we think. It is certainly in the most recent version.
posted on Thursday, January 04, 2007 - 1:17 pm
Can we use sampling weights in AMOS or only Mplus can do this?
Thank you very much!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, January 07, 2007 - 8:53 am
You would have to check with AMOS support to ask this question.
Chenshu Zhang
posted on Monday, October 11, 2010 - 1:20 pm
Is their an option to test informativeness of sample weights using the MPTI test?
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Monday, October 11, 2010 - 4:31 pm
The Modified Pfefferman Test of Informativeness is not yet available.
Cecily Na
posted on Tuesday, February 15, 2011 - 9:16 am
Dear professors,
Does Mplus incorporate sampling weight in SEM? If so, do I just include the weights within the data file (variable wt) and use the syntax weight is wt. And Mplus will automatically incorporate it in SEM?
Thanks a lot!
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, February 15, 2011 - 9:21 am
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, February 15, 2011 - 9:48 am
Also see papers at
For example Asparouhov (2005).
Agnes Stancel-Piatak
posted on Monday, February 06, 2012 - 4:44 am
Hi, I'm using the PIRLS Data for an estimation of a two level SEM. L1=students, L2=classes. The data set has two population weights:
1. totwgt inflates the sample to the population and in result underestimates the standard error
2. houwgt is created for population analysis as well, but it doesn�t underestimate the standard error
and a school weight, which controls for the stratification factors due to sample procedure.
My question is: How can I implement the weights using the �complex twolevel random� models?
1. Should I use two cluster variables: IDCLASS and IDSCHOOL (because the students are clustered in classes, that are clustered in schools)?
2. Should I then use weights on L1 and L2? (I�m modeling L2 effects on L1).
Thanks a lot in advance
Bengt O. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, February 07, 2012 - 12:28 pm
You say that students are clustered in classes that are clustered in schools, and it sounds like you want to do 2-level modeling of students within classes, while taking into account clustering in schools. If I am understanding that correctly, you then say
cluster = school class;
where school goes with the Complex part of Type=Complex Twolevel and class goes with the Twolevel part of Type= Complex Twolevel.
Mplus can use weigths for both level 1 (students) and level 2 (classes): Weight and Bweight. There is not a weigth option to go with Complex of Type=Complex Twolevel. You have to decide from the PIRLS data description which choice of weights is the most suitable.
Jinni Su
posted on Tuesday, August 21, 2012 - 11:48 am
Hi Dr.Muthen,
I am running a multilevel regression analysis with students clustering in 35 schools (all schools in a county). During data collection, census strategy was used in some schools whereas in other schools random sampling strategy was used. There are individual weights available in the data set but in some schools the individual weights are all 1 whereas in other schools the weights vary. In multilevel analysis, is it sufficient/correct to just use weight=weight to take into account the sample weights? or do I need to do something more such as WTSCALE?
Thank you very much!
Tihomir Asparouhov
posted on Wednesday, August 22, 2012 - 10:03 am
Weights 1 should not be a problem at all and you should not need to use WTSCALE. Combining random sampling and unequal probability sampling is not an issue you need to worry about.
Tihomir Asparouhov
posted on Wednesday, August 22, 2012 - 10:05 am
So yes .. just use weight=weight comand.
Rachel V
posted on Tuesday, April 09, 2013 - 2:57 pm
I am messaging because I am doing a path analysis over 5 time points. I have sampling weights (from a publicly available data set) to be used, however, these weights vary over time, and so when I reshaped my data to be wide (to model the same variable at 5 different time points within students), this weight also had to be reshaped. As such, I do not have a single weight to be applied, but a weight that corresponds to the specific time period in question (e.g. wgt1-wgt5). The WEIGHT= samplwgt command seems to only work for a stable weight. Is there an alternative I should be considering?
Thank you very much!
Best, Rachel
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Tuesday, April 09, 2013 - 5:14 pm
If you have multiple weights, you must use long format.
Rachel V
posted on Tuesday, April 09, 2013 - 6:09 pm
Thank you. This is helpful. I see the description of the long option on page 522. I originally had my data in long format and reshaped it wide in Stata before importing it into Mplus for the sake of path analysis over time. Is there a way to do the path analysis in non-wide format? Or is there a way to reshape the data wide again after specifying the weight? for example, my models currently have the following kinds of statements:
math4 ON skill3
skill4 ON math3
To represent cross-predictors (the numbers at the end of the variable specifying the time of measurement). I don't know how the analysis would be written in long format.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, April 10, 2013 - 1:27 pm
In the long format, you cannot do the model you describe if the 4 and 3 refer to repeated measures. In the long format you have access to only math and skill.
Rachel V
posted on Wednesday, April 10, 2013 - 4:30 pm
Thanks Linda. Yes, I understand long and wide. I guess what I am trying to figure out is how I can apply a time-varying sample weight to a path model. Is that possible? It seems like perhaps not given what you are telling me.
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Wednesday, April 10, 2013 - 4:40 pm
It seems impossible to me also.
Dan Feaster
posted on Wednesday, April 10, 2013 - 5:46 pm
If you only need one time period lags, there is no reason you could not use the long format approach. You would need to include lagged variables at each time point. You have 5 time points so you would have 4 long records. Times 5 & 4; times 4 & 3, Times 3 &2 and Times 2 &1; I would call this a stacked autoregressive/cross-lagged model. I would recommend that in addition to the math4 on skill3 that you also include autoregressive terms, i.e. Math 4 on Math 3; You would use the weighting variable associated with the dependent measure at each time ( i.e. 5, 4, 3, & 2). Time one weight should not be needed since you would only condition on time 1.
Rachel V
posted on Thursday, April 11, 2013 - 6:24 pm
Thank you. This is helpful.
Liz C
posted on Saturday, March 12, 2016 - 7:35 pm
I'm conducting a subpopulation analysis from a study with complex survey data. The dataset has 2 weights one for the Latino subsample and one for the Asian subsample. Since am only conducing analysis with the Latino sample, I only included the latino weight. But I get the following error message "Weight variable has missing value at observation 2." Is this happening because I need to include both weights? how do I fix this?
Thank you,
Linda K. Muthen
posted on Sunday, March 13, 2016 - 3:14 pm
I do not know how you would fix this. Weights are not allowed to have missing values.
posted on Monday, June 18, 2018 - 7:48 am
I am working with NESARC-III data. When using complex survey weighting for an LCA, I receive a warning when running the following code:
USEVARIABLES ARE lifeaud5
CATEGORICAL ARE lifeaud5
CLASSES = c (2);
*** WARNING in VARIABLE command
"Clusters with the same IDs have been found in different strata. These clusters are assumed to be different because clusters are not allowed to appear in more than one stratum."
I receive model results despite this warning, but was wondering about validity of the results given the warning. Isn't it common/expected to have multiple PSUs within each stratum? I applied the weight/strat/cluster variables as instructed in the NESARC-III "Data Notes" manual (p.7-8 of link below). Many thanks!
Tihomir Asparouhov
posted on Monday, June 18, 2018 - 11:21 am
The way clusters are coded in the data set is the reason for the message. Probably your data set looks like this
stata cluster
1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
2 3
Mplus would prefer if you code the clusters as
1 1
1 2
1 3
2 11
2 12
2 13
so there is no confusion about what is meant by clusters. The assumption of this estimation is that each stratum consist of clusters/PSU and there is no overlap somehow where one PSU is in two or more stara. Each PSU should be entirely contained in exactly one stratum. You don't need to change anything however since Mplus is treating PSU with code name 1 as two separate PSU's one in stratum 1 and one in stratum 2.
posted on Monday, June 18, 2018 - 12:57 pm
Thank you Tihomir - my dataset does look like this. Much appreciated!
Simon Goldberg
posted on Tuesday, July 24, 2018 - 9:45 am
I am getting a similar error when attempting to define survey weights, clusters, and strata also using the NESARC-III data set. Mine is an error, however, so the model is not running:
Clusters with the same IDs have been found in different strata. These clusters must have different IDs
because clusters are not allowed to appear in more than one stratum. Check that the cluster and
stratification variables are specified correctly. Alternately, create unique IDs for VARUNIT in DEFINE
based on its original IDs and a multiple of the stratification variable.
Tihomir Asparouhov
posted on Wednesday, July 25, 2018 - 8:56 am
You can resolve the issue using
That will create unique cluster values for each stratum.
Simon Goldberg
posted on Wednesday, July 25, 2018 - 3:32 pm
Thanks, Tihomir. I tried adding the DEFINE command that you suggested but am still receiving the error. Anything else you'd recommend trying? I know I may be missing something obvious.
Clusters with the same IDs have been found in different strata. These clusters must have different IDs
because clusters are not allowed to appear in more than one stratum. Check that the cluster and
stratification variables are specified correctly. Alternately, create unique IDs for VARUNIT in DEFINE
based on its original IDs and a multiple of the stratification variable.
Tihomir Asparouhov
posted on Wednesday, July 25, 2018 - 5:00 pm
and if it doesn't work send the example to
Simon Goldberg
posted on Wednesday, July 25, 2018 - 5:11 pm
That worked! Thank you, Tihomir!
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text:
Lady luck on Angels' side in win vs. Brewers
MILWAUKEE -- Some saves are more notable than others.
Ernesto Frieri's 30th save of the season was definitely one of those notable ones.
Frieri won a 12-pitch battle to strike out Milwaukee's Jonathan Lucroy with the bases loaded and one out in the eighth inning, as he went on to save the Los Angeles Angels' 5-3 victory over the Milwaukee Brewers Sunday at Miller Park.
"He earned that one," Angels manager Mike Scioscia said. "That battle against Lucroy is about as good as you're going to see."
Frieri entered with the bases loaded after normally reliable set-up man Dane De La Rosa had trouble finding the plate. De La Rosa wrapped two walks around a Nori Aoki single to load the bases with one out.
Enter Frieri, called upon to face Lucroy, the Brewers' leader in RBI with 73.
Frieri got ahead with two strikes before Lucroy fouled the next pitch off. After a ball, Lucroy fouled off the next seven pitches, including a drive that was an inch or so foul down the right-field line on the eighth pitch and a grounder down the third-base line that was inches foul on the ninth pitch.
After two more fouls, Frieri finally got a 95-mph fastball past Lucroy for the second out on the 12th pitch. Frieri then struck out rookie cleanup hitter Khris Davis on three pitches.
"That's incredible," Scioscia said. "He just kept making pitches, and finally he just dotted fastball out there and got him. That's about as clutch as you can get."
Frieri closed the ninth by striking out Carlos Gomez and pinch-hitter Caleb Gindl, and getting Jeff Bianchi to fly to right. Frieri threw 26 pitches (23 strikes) to get the last five outs.
"He's one of the toughest players I've faced this year," Frieri said of Lucroy. "I threw good pitches and he fouled them off. Whenever he was looking for a pitch he put good contact on it. ... He's a fighter."
Lucroy wasn't as happy with his end of the battle, particularly the final pitch.
"It's the way the game is," Lucroy said. "It's baseball, things happen. Sometimes they fall, sometimes they don't. He didn't get me out, I got myself out. I swung at a ball, and I missed a couple of hangers. So I got myself out. I was not too happy about it, but it is what it is and you have to live with it."
J.B. Shuck's three-run double in the seventh gave the Angels a 4-3 lead, and Kole Calhoun tacked on an insurance run with a ground-rule double later in the inning.
The Angels (63-72) finished a three-game sweep in their first interleague series against the Brewers at Miller Park since 2002 to finish with an 8-1 road trip.
The Brewers (59-77) were coming off 4-2 road trip against NL Central contenders Cincinnati and Pittsburgh.
C.J. Wilson (14-6) earned the victory, allowing just three hits and three runs (two earned) in six innings.
Brewers starter Kyle Lohse allowed six hits in the first 2 1/3 innings, but allowed just one over his final 3 2/3 innings and left with a 3-1 lead. Lohse left after 93 pitches, but his chance at victory was gone in another 15 pitches.
Michael Gonzalez allowed a single to Hank Conger leading off the seventh. Rob Wooten (3-1) took over and gave up a single to Luis Jimenez. Andrew Romine sacrificed the runners to second and third, and the Brewers elected to walk pinch-hitter Josh Hamilton.
Shuck ruined that strategy when his grounder down the first base line hit the bag and jumped over the glove of Yuniesky Betancourt. The ball then caromed off the wall into short right field, and all three runners scored.
After Erick Aybar struck out, Wooten intentionally walked Mike Trout. Kole Calhoun wrecked that strategy when he lined one to the gap in left-center that would have scored two more, but the ball one-hopped the fence for a ground-rule double that forced Trout to stop at third.
The Brewers took a 3-1 lead in the fourth on Gomez's 19th homer, but Wilson retired the next eight Brewers, and reliever Cory Rasmus worked a 1-2-3 seventh inning as the Angels came from behind.
De La Rosa struggled in the eighth, but Frieri was there to save the day. He did, however, have some good fortune on his side.
"Luck has a lot to do with this game," Brewers manager Ron Roenicke said. "They load the bases and they hit a ground ball down first base, and it hits the bag and goes over our head.
"We get the bases loaded, 'Luc' hits a line drive down the right field line -- inches foul. Hard ground ball down the left field line -- inches foul. But we didn't hit the ball well today. Four hits, they definitely out-hit us, but it came down to a little bit of luck."
NOTES: Davis became the eighth player to bat cleanup for the team this season. Since being recalled on July 23, he is hitting .321 with eight homers and 29 RBIs in 29 games. ... Early in the season, Roenicke held back on putting younger players in key lineup spots. Injuries and other factors have changed his thinking. "Yeah, the options are just not there," Roenicke said. "If I had everybody here, Davis would not be hitting fourth right now." ... Wilson improved to 10-1 in his last 14 starts since June 14. In that span he has an ERA of 2.79. Wilson is 5-0 in his last nine interleague starts.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
May 31, 2010
Why We Do The Things We Do
I've been waiting a long time to look for the death of my great grandpa Alexander McGinnis. I knew he died in 1935 because the year of death is on his tombstone. Mind you, his year of birth on his stone is incorrect (I have his church baptism records as proof). The stone was erected by his eldest daughter Mary Sheward and I figure she may have been confused about his year of birth but she surely knew when he died!
Finally Ancestry.com has updated the death records to include 1935. I was pretty excited to search for Alex as there's a bit of a story about him.
My dad, who was Alex's grandson, never met his grandfather and grew up believing that Alex was long dead. One day my grandfather came downstairs wearing a suit and tie - which he never did, and my dad asked him jokingly if he was going to a funeral. According to my father, his dad replied "Yes, my father just died" and then walked out the door without another word.
My father was stunned. He was 23 years old and never knew his grandpa was not only still alive but lived just a few miles away. Eventually my father got part of the story from his dad - that Alex and his son Joe (my grandfather) had a huge argument and falling out in the early 1900s and never spoke again. So for over 25 years my grandfather and his father were estranged, and my father never met his grandpa.
Never knowing much about Alex, I was quite curious how and where he died. The death certificate stated that he fell down a flight of stone steps (most likely leading to his basement), broke his neck and was in hospital for 17 days before succumbing to his injuries and pneumonia. I felt very sad reading this, and thought about his son, my grandfather, probably knowing that his dad lay seriously injured in the local hospital but not going to visit him.
What a sad way to live one's life, with arguments and estrangements and pretending that family members don't exist. Perhaps I'm being harsh but it seems hypocritical to me for my grandfather to then attend his dad's funeral. His dad and mother separated when the children were young and his mom had died several years before his father. So it's not as if he went to offer support and comfort to his mom.
Oddly enough I confess that I feel anger at my grandfather for not letting his sons grow up knowing their grandpa. Perhaps I'm misjuding him, perhaps it was his father Alex who refused to give in. Who ignored who? One of life's mysteries and one which I will likely never know what the truth was. To me it all boils down to stubborness and pride and it's a terrible waste.
7 comments:
- Lisa Wallen Logsdon said...
Wow..what a great story, even though it's a rather sad one. I never knew my paternal grandfather because after he and my grandmother divorced shortly after I was born, he never kept much contact and apparently never cared to know his grandchildren. I've always wondered how anyone could not care to know their grandchildren, especially now that I have grandchildren myself!
- Nora said...
How sad... but what a great story to have. really makes you think about the relationships we have in our life, and how we should'nt wait until its too late to make ammends..
Thank you for sharing
- Bill West said...
That is such a waste of their precious time. So sad! I have a similiar situation. My mom's parents divorced in the 1930's and he never contacted her or her brother. Now they are all dead, and I never knew him. Life is far too short for such
anger between relatives.
- Cliff. said...
My great grandfather and his brother had an argument and didn't speak to each other for 20 years. His brother was upset at him getting the family farm. They ate at the same table during Christmas, family gatherings and farmed across the road from each other. It wasn't until my grandfather lay dying that they made up and agreed that they had been very foolish.
Whenever my argumentative younger brother starts an argument I think of my grandfather and his brother and simply let my brother carry on until he has run out of steam...as Bill said, life is too short...
- Apple said...
How sad. We have had several divorces and lots or hard feelings but always made sure that the kids had relationships with all of their relatives.
- Tracy said...
My research all began because I found out our surname had been changed when my grandfather was a young man. He had a major falling out with his father, left North Carolina, changed his name and ended up in California. Whatever occurred was apparently so unforgiveable that he couldn't look back. And even more sad is that this behavior has continued on into the next generation.
When these things happens, there is so much anger and hurt that those individuals can't think about what future generations may want. Unfortunately these situations happen far too often. Too much time gets wasted and then it's too late.
My Grandmother died of a broken hip and gangrene. She had been in a home because of advanced altheimers. I was 18 and just ready to begin college when she died. I was never told of her accident or death because my parents 'wanted me to remember her as she was before her 'sickness'" I didn't find out about the cause and date of her death until I outlasted the State of Illinois in a struggle for her death certificate! I cried when I received it.


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Triple Point's Algosys metal accounting team have been busy in South American recently. Donald Leroux was invited to speak at two prestigious mineral processing conferences: Procemin in Santiago, Chile and ENTMME in Goiânia, Brazil.
Both presentations focused on the need for accurate in-process inventory estimation methods in mineral and metal processing plants. As these inventories can represent a significant amount of money, they need to be estimated as accurately as possible. Algosys metallurgical accounting solution enables organisations to reconcile differences in measurement results, ensuring any changes to in-process inventories are both transparent and auditable.
Managing in-process inventories is just one of the Ten Best Practises of Metallurgical Accounting* as set out by a group of six companies (including BHP Billiton and Anglo American) in the AMIRA P754 code. These guidelines were developed as a response to rigorous corporate governance requirements and turbulent economic conditions. By adhering to the Ten Best Practices and implementing a powerful enterprise metal accounting software solution, organisations can reduce risk, maximise profitability and ensure compliance.
*Ten Best Practises of Metallurgical Accounting
Read more about the Ten Best Practises of Metallurgical Accounting
I'll take it as read that you're all fans of the Prussian military analyst Carl von Clausewitz. Who doesn't have a copy of his 1837 work, Vom Kriege, on their nightstand?
For those unfamiliar, he coined the term "fog of war". In his book, he writes "War is an area of uncertainty; three quarters of the things on which all action in War is based are lying in a fog of uncertainty to a greater or lesser extent."
(Stay with me.)
By fog of war, von Clausewitz is talking about military commanders' incomplete or inaccurate intelligence about the enemy's numbers, disposition, and capabilities—and the same about one's own forces. Limited reconnaissance, deliberate misinformation campaigns, and delays in receiving vital field updates all contribute to the challenge of making accurate tactical and strategic battlefield decisions. If commanders make bad decisions on bad data, they could lose the war.
Anyone responsible for making decisions based on information gathered from the field knows this challenge inside out.
Consider supply chain planning teams. They make critical planning decisions based on their customer forecasts. With the right data from their customers, they have a clear competitive advantage. With the wrong data—or, equally bad, the right data showing up after they've had to make their decisions—they're in trouble. In the supply chain world, this "wrong data" translates to lost profits and lost opportunities.
So, how do you cut through this forecast fog? By leveraging ways to help get more accurate and more frequent data updates.
Triple Point's Mobile Demand Planner (MDP) is one example of technology that supply chain planning teams can use to gather more accurate data more frequently. If you are on the supply chain side of your business, think of MDP as your field salesperson's link to the overall demand picture. It allows your field representatives to capture forecast data while meeting face-to-face with your customers. No latency, no errors—just real time updates from the field.
Getting these real-time updates gives you an early-warning indicator to issues that require adjustments to your production and distribution plans. With this up-to-date picture of your changing demand, you are one step closer to being able to stop reactively planning and start proactively planning.
So, remove the fog from your forecast. Learn how you can leverage Mobile Demand Planner (available from iTunes, August 23) and other technologies from Triple Point to maintain a clear picture of your supply chain planning "battlefield".
Recently, Supply Chain Digest's (SCD) Editor-in-Chief, Dan Gilmore, shared insights from a joint SCD-Gartner study focused on identifying the top priorities of supply chain professionals. In its sixth year, this study, led by Gartner analysts Dwight Klappich and Chad Eschinger, showed a shift in priorities over the last few years. As the economy ever-so-slowly recovers, it's becoming apparent that companies are striving to return to "pre-recession volumes and activity without adding back all the supply chain head count and costs"—a trend arguably supported by recent employment numbers.
While the last few years have predictably seen cost-cutting measures holding the top spots on the survey, for 2013, companies have set their sights on using the supply chain to drive business growth as the primary goal, with customer service following a close second and reducing costs at number three. This is further recognition of the supply chain's journey to the board room table as a key contributor, and now driver, of overall business strategy and development.
So what's holding companies back from achieving these goals?
As many might expect, forecast accuracy/demand variability came out on top, followed by an inability to synchronize end-to-end processes, and a lack of enterprise-wide supply chain visibility. Interestingly, these problematic issues are mainstays that supply chain solution providers address with advanced supply chain planning solutions. You'd expect most companies to have solved these issues by leveraging such technologies by now. Yet the study identifies a discrepancy between the desire of companies for supply chain agility, and the flexibility of the supply chain software they currently have. This "agility gap" is large, with some 85% of respondents saying that flexible supply chain applications are critical, but only 42% saying their current software provides that flexibility.
Curious indeed. Triple Point's Supply Chain Optimization (SCO) solution has been helping companies with these issues for over 25 years. We've worked with companies throughout the process industry to achieve flexibility to respond to unplanned events, obtain visibility to see the entire supply chain at a glance, and improve accuracy in forecasting, scheduling, and distribution.
So, what's happening behind the scenes? Are these companies not recognizing this disconnect? Are they establishing their supply chain priorities without a tangible plan in place to achieve them?
This notable discrepancy makes us agree with Dan's concluding remarks that "companies should probably raise the flexibility to make needed changes higher up in the selection criteria weighting versus functionality differences that dominate selection processes today." Well said, Dan. Stay tuned.
Ahh, the nicer weather is upon us and summer is finally here. No better time to ice up the beverages and slap some burgers, hot dogs, chicken, and other select meats and vegetables on the grill.
Now that you have this great visual, take a moment to stop and think what it really costs to get an average barbeque together before it hits the grill.
Rapidly rising and volatile commodity prices are causing fluctuations in the cost of the raw materials, packaging, and energy that food and beverage companies must purchase in order to provide the ice cold beer, potato chips, ketchup, and other barbeque staples. When food and beverage companies aren't properly equipped to manage this volatility, the result is reduced profit margins, and oftentimes higher prices.
For example, the ketchup that is put on hamburgers contains commodities such as tomatoes, sugar, salt, and corn syrup. When the price of wholesale tomatoes more than tripled back in 2011, Heinz cut portions of several key products, including its flagship Heinz 57 sauce, which now comes in a bottle that has shrunk by four ounces, but costs the same as the original, larger bottle.
While passing along increased costs to consumers is a very common practice, there are other options. Companies including Heineken are taking advantage of advanced technology solutions to minimize the impact of commodity volatility on their bottom lines so they don't have to pass along price increases to the consumer. These solutions, which include Triple Point's Commodity XL Strategic Planning and Procurement™, provide customers with powerful tools for fully mitigating and managing commodity exposure. Companies that don't invest in the technologies and processes to properly manage this exposure will lose out on a significant competitive advantage, and risk being left behind.
A sustained boom in natural gas recovery has shifted conversations in the United States from speculation about shortages and price hikes to decisions on how much should be exported. Studies continue to locate proven reserves and natural gas companies are vying for permission to build facilities to create liquefied natural gas (LNG) and export it to non-U.S. customers. Of the 20 federal permit applications that have been submitted to the Energy Department, only two (Cheniere Energy Inc., and Freeport LNG Expansion L.P.) have received approval. However, recent actions and statements made by the Obama administration suggest that more will be approved soon.
Procemin 10th International Mineral Processing Conference
October 15-18, 2013 | Chile
XXV Brazilian National Meeting of Mineral Treatment and Extractive Metallurgy (ENTMME)
October 20-24, 2013 | Brazil


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From the Manufactuer's Label:
Protects Color-Enhanced Hair from Fading
Nature's Gate Pomegranate Sunflower Shampoo defends color-treated hair from the damaging effects of UV rays, the environment and styling. This moisture-laden conditioner is formulated with Pomegranate, Sunflower and Red Tea Leaf for their antioxidant properties and our 7 HealthyHair Nutrients.
7 Healthy Hair Nutrients - Exclusive healthy hair blend includes Panthenol, Soy Proteins, Vegetable Proteins, Jojoba Oil, Borage Flower Seed Oil, Vitamin C and Vitamin E.
Sunflower helps prevent color-fade for brighter more lustrous hair
Pomegranate is one of the richest fruit sources of free-radical fighting antioxidants
Panthenol (Vitamin B5) and Soy Proteins strengthen hair and bring out its natural luster
Jojoba Oil nourishes hair and scalp with vitamins and minerals
Vitamin C and Vitamin E work synergistically to provide antioxidant benefits.
Paraben Free. Sodium Laurel/Laureth/Coco Sulfate Free. Phthalate Free. Butylane Glycol Free.
Manufactured by Nature's Gate
Paraben Free; Vege; Cruelty Free


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Graphic designer Txaber has designed an original typography made of wooden slats for global sports manufacturer Nike. Titled "Just Type It," the typography implements the visual aesthetic of the wood for a completely unique alphabet.
Check out the images above and visit the designers site for more interesting typographies made of natural materials.


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Quote:ED SCHULTZ (Friday 04 January 2013): The gun laws and the gun violence in Chicago is a helluva lot different than it is in New York City. There's two different worlds when it comes to gun violence, it's not even close. You know, New York City is not, you know, an all-safe zone or what not, I'm not trying to make that case. But a city that has got strict, the strictest gun laws in America put forth by Mayor Bloomberg, versus the gun laws that apparently don't even exist in Chicago, you've got two totally different numbers when it comes to lives lost.
It's the "BILL OF RIGHTS" not the bill of "needs"


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New upgraded Appello high output voice signalling sounders
E2S has introduced new versions of its all-digital Appello combined voice signalling and tone sounders that allow four different 30 second long voice, music or sound messages to be recorded and replayed at CD quality, improving clarity and intelligibility.
The Appello can be configured to replay just the recorded messages or the content can be alternated with one of the 45 alarm tones embedded in the unit. The four alarm stages are remotely selectable and the message playback and the alarm tones have independent volume controls, enabling the outputs to be fine-tuned to the installed location.
The effective combination of a distinctive warning tone followed by clear spoken instructions ensures that people understand the actions that are required when an emergency alert is generated.
Appello series
The Appello is available in three different sizes:
- the square A105N with 101dB(A) voice and 112dB(A) tone outputs
- the square A121 with 112dB(A) voice and 126dB(A) tone outputs
- as the MV121 horn unit with 112dB(A) voice and 126dB(A) tone outputs (available soon)
The Appello sounder is for industrial use.
- Appello A105N - datasheet
- Appello A121 - datasheet
- Appello MV121 - datasheet


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Adobo Crusted Lamb Loin Chops
From: American Lamb Board
Quick Facts
Servings: 4
Prep Time: 20 min.
Cook Time: 25 min.
Total: 45 min.
Chef Allen Susser
A new take on the classic medley of seasonings known as adobo, this easy dry rub creates pleasantly aromatic lamb chops.
- 8 lamb loin chops, 1-inch thick
- 1/4 cup olive oil
- 1 Tbs fennel seed
- 1 Tbs cumin seed
- 2 tsp coriander seed
- 2 tsp cracked pepper
- 1 1/2 tsp kosher salt
- 2 tsp minced garlic cloves
- 2 tsp fresh oregano leaves
- 2 tsp lime zest
- 1/2 tsp each fresh thyme
- 1/2 tsp fresh rosemary leaves
- In a dry skillet, toast fennel, cumin, coriander and pepper for a few minutes until aromatic; let cool and grind coarsely in a spice grinder or blender. Stir in salt, garlic, oregano and lime zest. Add the thyme and rosemary to the spice mixture.
- Rub both sides of each lamb chop with about a tablespoon of the spice mixture; cover and marinate for at least 1 hour.
- Heat ovenproof large skillet over medium-high heat; add 2 Tbs of oil, heating until it shimmers. Place lamb chops in hot pan and sear for 3 minutes; turn lamb to sear the second side for an additional 3 minutes.
- Place the pans into the 400ºF oven; bake for 5 to 10 minutes or until lamb is cooked to your liking.
Nutrition Facts
Calories 223
Calories from Fat 90 (40%)
(15%)Total Fat 10g
(0%)Saturated Fat 0g
Polyunsaturated Fat 0g
Monounsaturated Fat 0g
(29%)Cholesterol 87mg
(33%)Sodium 790mg
(0%)Potassium 0mg
Total Carbohydrate 4g
(4%)Dietary Fiber 1g
Sugars 0g
Sugar Alcohols 0g
(58%)Protein 29g
* Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet.
Nutrition facts are calculated by a food expert using nutritional values provided by the USDA for common products used as recipe ingredients. Actual nutritional values may differ depending on the amounts or products used and can be affected by cooking methods.
Copyright © 2019 Healthnotes, Inc. All rights reserved. www.healthnotes.com
Read our healthy recipe definitions.
Learn more about Healthnotes, the company.
The information presented here is for informational purposes only and was created by a team of US–registered dietitians and food experts. Consult your doctor, practitioner, and/or pharmacist for any health problem and before using any supplements, making dietary changes, or before making any changes in prescribed medications. Information expires December 2019.


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Eyke: Family of first British Ebola victim, William Pooley, say he is receiving "excellent" care
PUBLISHED: 14:06 25 August 2014 | UPDATED: 15:36 25 August 2014
The family of British Ebola victim William Pooley has thanked doctors fighting to save his life for the "excellent care" he is being given.
In their first words since the 29 year-old volunteer nurse was flown back to the UK last night for emergency treatment, his family paid tribute to those who orchestrated his quick return.
They said: "We would like to express our thanks to all involved in bringing our son back to the UK.
"We have been astounded by the speed and way which the various international and UK government agencies have worked together to get Will home.
"Will is receiving excellent care at the Royal Free Hospital and we could not ask for him to be in a better place.
"We would like to thank all our family and friends for their best wishes and ask everyone to remember those in other parts of the world suffering with Ebola who do not have access to the same healthcare facilities as Will."
Mr Pooley, who contracted deadly Ebola in Sierra Leone, is being treated at a specialist isolation ward at the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead, north London.
Dr Oliver Johnson, who has been treating patients in Freetown, said his friend Mr Pooley was an "extraordinary guy" who knew the risks involved but was prepared to take them for the sake of the patients and his colleagues.
He said: "He and I spoke about the risk together and I think he absolutely understood that there were risks involved.
"He also knew, though, that he was well trained and there were good precautions in place, so it was a measured risk.
"But where he was in Kenema a number of staff had become sick.
"He was a hugely professional nurse and a hugely dedicated one, so he understood those (risks) but was prepared to take them for the sake of the patients and colleagues he had there."
Dr Johnson told BBC Radio 4's World at One: "I knew Will before he first came out to Sierra Leone, we discussed his plans for coming out.
"When the Ebola outbreak really hit, he moved up to Kenema, right to the epicentre of the outbreak to try and help.
"So he and I, my team and him, were in regular contact sharing experiences and when he came to Freetown we would share a beer."
He added: "Will's a pretty extraordinary guy. Even for those of us working with Ebola patients in Sierra Leone, he stood out as being particularly brave and really from the beginning he was determined to help in any way he could, not just help patients but I think he had enormous loyalty towards the other staff at Kenema."


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All roads are leading to natural gas-fueled cars and trucks. So says Forbes.com in this story that examines the significant progress made in the alternative fuel auto market. For instance, the website notes that Royal Dutch Shell "is making plans to invest heavily in liquefied natural gas, or LNG." Shell and others, Forbes.com notes, "see the export of the super-cooled natural gas as a lucrative venture." (LNG is best with heavy-duty trucks while compressed natural gas, or CNG, is used to power passenger vehicles and corporate fleets.) This year marks the first time that Shell's natural gas production exceeded that of its oil development. Shell expects global demand for LNG to double to 400 million tons by 2020 and potentially to as much as 500 million tons by 2025, according to the website. Meeting this demand "will require an industry investment of $700 billion," forbes.com reports. A California company, Clean Energy Fuels, also is a champion of LNG, saying it costs the equivalent of a $1.50 a gallon. The company now has 75 LNG fueling stations, including one in Medina County, and plans to double that number. (Many of the stations are co-located at Pilot-Flying J Travel Centers, the company founded and run by the family of Cleveland Browns owner Jimmy Haslam.) Clean Energy also is buying two LNG plants from GE Oil and Gas, which will provide $200 million in financing. The facilities, which will super-cool the natural gas so that it can be transported to the filling stations, are expected to be operational by 2015. They will supply 250,000 gallons per day, or enough to fill 28,000 trucks, according to GE. "As the long-haul trucking industry begins its transition to natural gas, it will be critical to have a reliable supply of LNG," one analyst tells Forbes.com.
Editor's Choice
Companies pave way for cars, trucks fueled by natural gas
FirstEnergy Corp. and the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection have reached a deal to close a coal slurry dump in Beaver County, Pa., likely in 2016. The agreement has received approval from a federal judge, under which the Akron-based utility will pay an $800,000 fine and the Little Blue Run site will have a closure plan in place by March. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reports the Pennsylvania department sued FirstEnergy to stop the leaking of pollutants from the site, which has been open since 1974 and takes slurry from the Bruce Mansfield coal plant.
NorTech CEO Rebecca O. Bagley takes a look at the spinoff economic effects for Northeast Ohio of the U.S. Department of Energy's $28 million investment in seven offshore wind projects, including one in Lake Erie. Ohio's project, "Icebreaker," is led by the Lake Erie Energy Development Corp. (LEEDCo) and "will consist of five to nine wind turbines — enough to power 6,000 to 10,000 homes — seven miles off the coast of Cleveland," Ms. Bagley writes on Forbes.com. "As a member of the technology-based economic development community in Northeast Ohio, I am excited about what this project could mean for secure, domestic energy production," she writes. "While there are no offshore turbines installed in the U.S., globally (especially in Europe) the market is flourishing with total investments approaching $200 billion. Wind is the fastest-growing renewable energy source for electricity generation in the U.S., and DOE estimates that 20 percent of the energy consumed in the U.S. could come from wind power by 2030." The economic impact will also be significant, as Ms. Bagley notes the 20- to 25-megawatt Icebreaker project alone will generate approximately 500 jobs over the next several years. Icebreaker also could help Northeast Ohio and the Midwest "generate significant industrial activity to meet the needs of the growing offshore wind industry," she writes. Key industries in the region that are expected to benefit the most include construction, machinery manufacturing, fabricated metal manufacturing, water transportation, professional and technical services, electrical equipment manufacturing, plastics products manufacturing and primary metals manufacturing.
In case you missed this in Monday's Editor's Choice … The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency announced a new standard for soot pollution that The New York Times says will force industry, utilities and local governments — including Cleveland — "to find ways to reduce emissions of particles that are linked to thousands of cases of disease and death each year." The agency, acting under a court deadline, "set an annual standard of 12 micrograms per cubic meter of air, a significant tightening from the previous standard of 15 micrograms, set in 1997, which a federal court found too weak to adequately protect public health," The Times says. The new standard "is in the middle of the range of 11 to 13 micrograms per cubic meter that the EPA's science advisory panel recommended." Communities must meet the new standard by 2020 or face possible penalties, including loss of federal transportation financing. At present, 66 counties in eight states do not meet the new standard, including the metropolitan areas of Los Angeles, Houston, St. Louis, Chicago, Cleveland and Pittsburgh, The Times notes. The EPA estimates that by 2020, when the rule is fully in force, only seven counties, all of them in California, will still be out of compliance. The Times says the EPA based its action on health studies "that found that exposure to fine particles — in this case measuring 2.5 micrometers in diameter — brought a marked increase in heart and lung disease, acute asthma attacks and early death." The agency estimates the benefit of the new rule at $4 billion to $9 billion a year, and the annual costs of putting it into effect at $53 million to $350 million.
You also can follow me on Twitter for more news about business and Northeast Ohio.


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Join us when authors Trina Robbins, Mike Madrid and curator Andrew Farago discuss the role of girls and women in comics as well as comics by women artists. A book sale by Book Bay follows the event. This program supports the exhibition KOREAN COMICS: A SOCIETY THROUGH SMALL FRAMES, Main Library, Jewett Gallery, March 13 - June 13, 2010.
Korean Center, Inc. is a program outreach sponsor. www.koreancentersf.org


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We explored this question, as well as its corollary - what role can philanthropy play in addressing the current needs of American democracy? - in our most recent Stanford PACS #recoding good charrette. The full notes are available at SSIR and are cross posted below.
How private giving can contribute to the needs of American democracy.
What role does philanthropy play in a democracy? And what role ought philanthropy play in a democracy?
These are old questions made new again through the confluence of several powerful trends in the United States:
• Rigid political polarization in US politics
• A growing interest in and experimentation with online civic and political engagement, including open government and civic crowdfunding
• Community organizations threatened by decades of federal and state budget crises
• Record low levels of public confidence in Congress
• In the wake of Citizens United, increasing concern about the expanded role of nonprofits in electoral politics
Such trends call into question the appropriate role of civil society and philanthropy in democracies. The topic is especially pressing in light of the new efforts of prominent foundations—such as Hewlett Foundation and Democracy Fund—engaging in grantmaking for revitalizing our democratic institutions.
It is within this context that the fifth in our series of ReCoding Good charrettes addressed philanthropy's role in democracy. A small gathering of scholars and foundation executives, as well as advocates for the nonprofit sector and those who work on advocacy from within nonprofits, came together to consider the question in two parts: First, as above, what ought to be philanthropy's role in a democracy? Second, recognizing the deep imperfections in our current democratic institutions, should philanthropy play new and expanded roles? Can philanthropy help repair democracy?
Much of the discussion about philanthropy's various roles centered on the nature of majority rule and pluralism. If a requirement of democracy is that all citizens have an equal opportunity to make their voices heard, then we must find ways to help that happen. A longstanding argument on the role of civil society is that it should do two related but somewhat opposite things: 1) serve as a means for bringing forward new ideas that with the support of the majority are put forward into government, and 2) serve as a place to support the ideas and interests of multiple minorities.
Philanthropic organizations thus serve as a pipeline into democratic engagement, and as an incubator and home for ideas and communities that are still emerging or may not have found awareness or favor with the voting majority. In doing so, these organizations should be able to foster both innovation and pluralism.
Concerns about this role come into play when the reality of unequal wealth and potential for unequal voice are factored in. In particular, endowed foundations, which create an exclusive perch for our wealthiest citizens, superficially seem like a mechanism for privileging plutocratic over civic voice. In this respect, some charrette participants expressed their fear that foundations, with their deficit of public accountability, may threaten democracy by channeling inequalities of political influence. Others noted that—given the many dysfunctions of our current political system—foundations may be well positioned to play a role in repairing, rather than undermining, democracy. Foundations can and do play an important role, both in supporting "orphan" or unpopular issues, and in funding—without expectation of financial reward or electoral payback—community and civic organizations committed to democratic ideals, and minority views and communities. While foundations, as "plutocratic" institutions, may seem at odds with the theoretical ideal of a democracy of equal voices, we might also view the combined 80,000 foundations and 1.2 million nonprofits in the US as pluralistic contributors and, most importantly, counterweights to the majority rule nature of American democracy. These institutions, with their strategic risk capital, can serve as a catalyst and driver of social change.
The trappings of philanthropic institutions—their practices, regulatory structures, and industry norms—provided a good transition point to the question of how these institutions can address the dysfunctions of our current democracy. Democracy or governance reform as an area for philanthropic support is experiencing a moment in the sun. Very rough estimates of $30-$40 million per year in funding for government, civic engagement, and election process reform, and to address the issue of money in politics were put forward as starting points for foundations thinking about potential strategies. One of the challenges facing the small group of funders who identify themselves as active on these issues is their diverse range of interests. Some are committed to fixing the democratic process without regard to short-term outcomes; others are interested in process reforms that would benefit a particular partisan perspective. This diversity tends to fractionalize the possible impact of foundations and reduce their effectiveness. Further, all of these funders are concerned that their involvement raises reputational concerns and may threaten the overall effectiveness of the programs they support. One foundation proffered as a working set of desired outcomes: "more moderation in political votes, or what used to be called compromise and political leadership."
The scope of the challenges to democratic systems—including institutional reform, broad access, and credible information—are difficult for foundations to address because of the large-scale dimension of the problems and the long time horizon necessary to engage to make a difference. Moreover, for foundations seeking long-term, nonpartisan process reform, being cast as partisan can have a damaging ripple effect. Backlash may limit necessary relationships or crossover into other program areas. Some foundations handle pushback well; others don't. Most participants agreed that foundations that deal with it well expect pushback, prepare for it, and are staffed with the experience and expertise needed to fund advocacy efforts for the long-term.
One inspiring example of the role foundations can take in a broken democracy is California Forward, a joint effort by several foundations in California, maintained over several years, that has helped take the legislative redistricting process out of the hands of the legislature itself, return the state budgeting process to one of simple majority rule (rather than a supermajority), and introduce online voter registration.
Our conversation took place in the context of other interesting and relevant events, including a seminar on Philanthropy and Political Polarization at The Hewlett Foundation and an NYU conference on Philanthropy and Money in Politics; the release of a report on the intersection of the open government movement and charitable sector data, and a new national ranking of state's election management efforts; a conference of State Charity Regulators at Columbia University; and a hearing about the charitable sector by the Committee on House Ways and Means. It's clear that we are in a moment when philanthropy has chosen to examine democracy just as democracy is examining philanthropy.
This discussion on democracy is essential to the broader project on Philanthropy, Policy and Technology. A theme throughout the day was the difference between the reality of how our political institutions actually function and the inherent value of a diverse, disbursed, and locally controlled associational sector for a flourishing democracy. The group was hard pressed to find examples of where changes in news, media, and online organizing were helping to bridge the extremes, soften the furthest edges of debate, or even provide common ground. If technological trends are not, of their own design, enhancing the civic values on which our independent sector rests, and if policy frames and institutional norms have morphed over time in ways that no longer reflect either the needs of present day institutions or the historical values they were meant to preserve, then we have an opportunity—perhaps an obligation—to consider and reshape the role of philanthropy and civil society in our democracy.
All materials from and information about the project can be found at ReCoding Good and Stanford PACS. We invite you to join our email list, talk with us on Twitter (#ReCodeGood), and to share your thoughts with us.


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To book your trip on Bilikiki or make an inquiry please just send us an email at [email protected] or alternatively use the form below.
For other contact details please see below the form.
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Telephone: 1-800-663-5363 (USA/CANADA)
Facsimile: +1-253-484-7102
Skype: bilikikicruises
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.bilikiki.com
Mail To: Bilikiki Cruises, P.O. Box 457, Nelson Bay, NSW 2315, AUSTRALIA
We can also be contacted via Facebook
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Exciting Deals Served Daily.
If you've ever worried that you might be missing out on a coupon code, free shipping offer or brand new markdown when you're shopping online, we're here to help. We've scoured the Internet for the best deals available in fashion and beyond, and we've condensed them all here for your browsing pleasure. You'll never have to wonder if you could have gotten a better deal again.
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If your original diploma and/or certificate has been lost or damaged, if your name has changed, if you discover an error or you desire to have more than one copy, you may request a replacement or duplicate via the form below.
The fee for all replacement or duplicate diplomas and certificates is $25, although no payment is required if you are requesting a redo of a diploma and/or certificate because of a university error (i.e., misspelled name, incorrect degree or college, etc.). In these cases, you must provide the original diploma and/or certificate with your request or you will be required to pay the standard replacement fee.
Please note: Your request must include a copy of an official picture I.D. as an attachment. You must also submit your original diploma and/or certificate, if it is still in your possession, or provide an explanation on the form if it is not.
If your name has changed, we strongly urge you to submit a Name Change Request Form . Doing so will ensure that the University has the most accurate information on your academic records and allows us to maintain consistency between those records and your diploma and/or certificate.
The Office of the Registrar is the official keeper of academic records including course registrations, grades, transcripts and diplomas.
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The fashion industry is exploding and everyone, it seems, is vying for a part in the action. To get ahead in the business and sit with the ranks of Ralph Lauren and Calvin Klein, you as an aspiring designer should have some of the same qualities as the world's top designers. Here are some of the qualities you'll need to succeed as a designer:
- Strong Business Sense
A great fashion designer has excellent business skills. You understand budgets, marketing, and sales concepts that are vital to getting designs produced and sold.
- Good Communication
A number of people are involved in the creation of a garment, and as designer, you must be able to effectively communicate to everyone involved what he or she expects.
- Sense of Competition
You continually strive to do better than your peers to come up with quality innovative designs quickly.
- Highly Creative
You have a great sense of style and are constantly coming up with new ideas for fashions.
- Strong Drawing Skills
Excellent drawing skills mean you can easily sketch your ideas onto paper to start the production process.
- Good Eye for Materials
You have an eye for the materials of a garment, as well as the elements that make it unique, such as color and fabric.
- Strong Sewing Skills
You can construct the garments you design. You understand what materials work best in the designs you are developing.
- Team Player
Great fashion designers work well as part of a team. Designing a garment for production involves the work of many, from pattern making to sewing to shipping. As designer, you must be able to work well with all involved.
- Knowledgeable of Current Fashion Trends
You follows trends and have a good eye for anticipating what your audience will respond to next.
- Strong Visualization Abilities
Good fashion designers can visualize a garment before ever putting an idea on paper. You can see the finished product well before production and can put your ideas into words and onto paper so others can grasp the idea as well.


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(Reuters) - International Paper Co (IP.N) said it will close its Courtland, Alabama, paper mill by early next year, laying off 1,100 workers.
The mill has an annual production capacity of 950,000 tons.
"This decision to permanently close capacity is primarily being driven by demand decline for uncoated freesheet paper products in the United States," Chief Executive Officer John Faraci said in a statement.
The decision to close the mill took months and was finalized at a meeting of IP's board of directors on Tuesday.
Salaried workers will be eligible for severance, and IP said it would work with union officials to offer assistance programs to hourly employees.
IP, based in Memphis, Tennessee, plans to take a $675 million charge related to the closure, and will record it later this year and into 2014.
Shares of IP slid 0.2 percent to $49.16 in early trading.
Reporting by Ernest Scheyder; Editing by Maureen Bavdek and Chris Reese


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There's something about Larry
Larry Summers appeared on the cover of Time magazine in 1999 as part of "The Committee to Save the World" from a global financial crisis. Nearly 15 years later, the former Treasury Secretary faces a loosely organized "Committee to Save the World from Larry Summers."
This committee has no official membership. It holds no formal meetings. But it includes a vocal mix of influential bloggers, The New York Times editorial page, women's groups, financial-reform advocates and liberal members of the Senate Democratic caucus.
Story Continued Below
For various reasons, these people are doing all they can to stop Summers, a former top economic adviser to President Barack Obama, from becoming the next chairman of the Federal Reserve. This group is pressing Obama instead to nominate Fed Vice Chair Janet Yellen to succeed Ben Bernanke when the chairman's second term ends in January. Yellen would be the first woman to hold the post.
( PHOTOS: Ben Bernanke's career)
Some of Summers's detractors are angered by what they call his poor past treatment of women. But for many others, the gender issue is just a more easily wielded club to attack him. Their real complaint is that he is a centrist, Clinton-era retread ill-suited to steer an anemic economy back to health.
Summers, of course, has his strong proponents, especially where it counts: inside the West Wing and behind the desk in the Oval Office.
Multiple sources close to the White House told POLITICO that while no decision has been made, Summers remains Obama's preferred choice and the leading candidate for the job. Representatives for Summers and the White House declined to comment. The key questions: Can Summers withstand a summer assault from the forces arrayed against him? And, if nominated, can he win approval in the Senate?
( Also on POLITICO: Lew not playing favorites for Bernanke successor)
As the unusually spicy summer chase for the Fed chairmanship heats up, here is POLITICO's guide to the "Case Against Larry Summers" and rebuttals from some prominent supporters, including Facebook Chief Operating Officer Sheryl Sandberg, a Summers protégé, and former top Obama adviser and reelection campaign manager, Jim Messina.
Argument 1: Summers is bad for women.
There are at least two strains of this argument, one from those who truly believe Summers holds sexist views that should disqualify him, the other from those who don't like his policy approach but sense the potency of the gender argument.
There's also a hybrid third strain: Summers is a bully born of an all-male, all-centrist economic cabal whose roots trace to former Clinton administration Treasury Secretary Robert Rubin. This clique is said to include former Obama Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner as well as current senior Obama adviser (and former Clinton adviser) Gene Sperling. All men, all more or less centrist.
( Also on POLITICO: Senate Dems pushing for Yellen)
And all of these people, according to the Times editorial page, are behind an underground campaign to "install" Summers as Fed chairman and continue the dominance of the middle-of-the-road men's club. This argument ignores the fact that current White House Office of Management and Budget Director Sylvia Mathews Burwell also comes from the Rubin line of top-tier economic advisers.
Those who truly believe Summers is anti-woman say that when he served as National Economic Council chairman under Obama, he regularly ignored senior female advisers, including Christina Romer, who indicated to the Times early this week that she would prefer to see Yellen get the job.
Some prominent women's groups agree. They want to install the first female Fed chair and are blasting Summers for comments he made as Harvard president about a theory that women may lag in science because of "issues of intrinsic aptitude."
"You don't want someone who feels free to say disparaging things about entire classes of Americans," National Organization for Women President Terry O'Neill said. "This is not the kind of person we want to nominate, particularly when we have a bench of other people that could do the job — and could probably do it better."
But women who worked with Summers at the Treasury, the White House and in the private sector say this description does not even remotely match the man they know.
Half a dozen women interviewed by POLITICO described Summers as a major promoter of and mentor to women in the Obama and Clinton administrations. They described him as tough, opinionated and demanding of high performance — both from men and women.
"Everyone needs to be judged on their merits, and it's not fair to judge Larry as someone who is not supportive of women because that is not the record," said Sandberg, who rose to become Summers's chief of staff at Treasury and is now the COO at Facebook. Sandberg credited a major speech Summers gave in the early 1990s on the importance of educating girls in developing countries as critical in injecting the issue into public debate. "The thing that's missing here is that Larry cares deeply about issues for women in the economy," Sandberg said.
Women who worked with Summers in the White House said his clashes with Romer were no different than with male advisers.
Other former colleagues said Summers promoted women to higher jobs and mentored them. "My experiences with Larry was very positive," said Neera Tanden, who worked with Summers in the White House on health care reform and now heads the Center for American Progress, for which Summers is a senior fellow. Tanden said she and Summers repeatedly clashed on issues. "There were very spirited disagreements. But I found him to be very respectful of everyone, including those who disagreed with him."
Argument 2: Summers would be too hard to confirm.
Some political handicappers suggest that Summers is too divisive and would cause a rift with the liberal wing of the party. These people say it would be too hard to get the 60 votes needed to push Summers through the Senate and that Yellen — widely respected, deeply experienced and with a far lower profile — would be a decidedly easier lift.
"The White House has to decide if they think they can just ignore all the noise around Larry and slam this through in a couple of months," said a Democratic Senate aide who works for a senator who opposes Summers. The aide was not authorized to speak publicly. "Do they really want to get bogged down in this, fairly or not, being about misogyny? And because it's about gender and not esoteric monetary or regulatory issues, it's not going to go away."


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Photo Flash: Shirley MacLaine Visits WHO'S AFRAID OF VIRGINIA WOOLF?
The critically-acclaimed 50th anniversary Broadway revival of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf began performances on Thursday, September 27, 2012 and officially opened on Saturday, October 13, 2012, at the Booth Theatre (222 West 45th Street), is on sale through March 2013.One of America's most acclaimed theatre ensembles takes on one of the greatest plays of the 20th century in the Steppenwolf Theatre Company production of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf, directed by Tony Award nominee Pam MacKinnon (Clybourne Park), the production features the original Steppenwolf cast led by Tracy Letts and Amy Morton, the playwright and the star of the Pulitzer and Tony Award-winning smash hit August: Osage County. The two face off as George and Martha, one of theatre's most notoriously dysfunctional couples in Albee's hilarious and provocative masterpiece. They are joined by Carrie Coon and Madison Dirks as the unwitting young couple invited over to George and Martha's for an unforgettable night of cocktails and crossfire.
This production of Edward Albee's Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? originally ran at Chicago's Steppenwolf Theatre Company from December 2, 2010 - February 13, 2011 before transferring to Washington, D.C.'s Arena Stage, where it ran from February 25 - April 10, 2011.
The Broadway production features the original Steppenwolf creative team: Todd Rosenthal (set design), Nan Cibula-Jenkins (costume design), Allen Lee Hughes (light design) and Rob Milburn and Michael Bodeen (sound design).
Shirley MacLaine and the Cast of Virginia Woolf


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7 Night Mediterranean (Piraeus To Venice)
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ANZ has many years of experience across the full range of banking products and services. From managing cash flow to financing complex deals, we are known for our expertise and reliability.
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ANZ provides corporate superannuation services, insurance solutions and employee services.


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Rock Band 3 Review
Before we jump into the Pro offering, let's take a look at what you get if you just snag the game and drag out your old instruments. The soundtrack features 83 songs and retains backwards compatibility with all previous Rock Band music, save the tracks and DLC for The Beatles: Rock Band. The on-disc tracks favor a lot of keyboard to quickly bring support for the instrument up to speed, but there are plenty of amazing songs for other instruments here. Overall, I really like the soundtrack, but it could just be my personal tastes in music. Your mileage may vary.
The UI is extremely clean and powerful. Players can drop-in and drop-out at any time--even during songs--and each player can control his or her own personal options via sub-menus that can be navigated on any screen. Players can even swap the Gamertag associated to an instrument without having to log everyone in and out, which quickens the process of switching band roles on the fly.
Each player creates their own band and will always be working toward building that band's fame, regardless of how many people are playing. Each player will be completing career goals--i.e. Reach 8x multiplier on each instrument--and gaining fans. Now, everyone can advance their career without fighting over whose band gets to play*.
There are over 700 possible career goals, spanning almost every aspect of gameplay that Harmonix can track. It is not uncommon to complete multiple goals in a single song and a rewarding notfication pops-up for each. Apart from building fans through these goals, players can also embark on Road Challenges, which vary in difficulty and length, across several venues and songs.
In each venue, players will get an objective, which will earn Spades. For example, players could be directed to deploy Overdrive as many times as possible or deploy it while at max multiplier. Combined with the regular five-star rating on each song, players can also earn five spades per song. The goals aren't terribly difficult, but it does add some strategy. In my particular setup, the game would continually pick from a very small subset of songs, but it could have been because we had a keyboard going.
Well, let's talk about this keyboard. The peripheral is well-made and shaped vaguely like a giant comb. I don't ever want to play it as a keytar, but that's probably due to never wanting to play a keytar. On regular mode, players will utilize five keys, which correspond to the standard colored notes. Keyboard players can also take the guitar or bass track if they prefer or if no keyboard track is available. This helps alleviate some of the issues presented by switching between RB3 songs and older tracks with a keyboard present.
Time to dig into Rock Band 3's biggest feature: Pro Mode. First, let's get you singers out of the way. You're getting vocal harmonies and some pitch correction. Nothing else. Move along. Second, drummers get the best deal because every Harmonix song supports Pro Drums immediately. Go ahead and get the cymbals or use your MIDI kit because you get the most value out of Pro Mode.
Pro Keys are also excellent, but can be a bit tricky to follow as the game will not display the highways for the entire keyboard. It gives you enough warning as to when it will shift, but it can be jarring. If you're getting the keyboard, go ahead and give Pro a try, especially since regular Keys isn't that difficult for anyone familiar with rhythm games.
Pro Guitar and Bass are the heavy hitters here with a brand new 108-button peripheral or (eventually) a modified Fender guitar. Most Rock Band players, myself included, are primarily plastic guitar players and Pro effectively resets the skill level. I don't play guitar, so I cannot speak to how actual players will find Pro Mode, but I enjoyed my time with the mode. It can feel a bit like work at times--like learning anything--but it is generally fun and supported by all of Rock Band 3's on-disc songs. If an old track is loaded up, the Pro guitar can be used to play it, but you'll still have to strum every note and use the first five frets.
The trainers and lessons available for Pro instruments are helpful and provide a nice backing track to the notes you'll be asked to play. Lessons can be slowed down, repeated, and song-specific lessons are even available for the RB3 tracks. The missing link is that the game doesn't convey a lot of music theory. The lessons will explain a bit of theory--what notes you're playing and a bit of technique--but it quickly disappears when you're playing the game. This isn't a deal-breaker by any means if you look at it as teaching the mechanics and movements required for each instrument. Rock Band 3 definitely has its own musical language, especially on Guitar and Bass, but it works well for someone like myself who has no experience with a real guitar. It's cheaper than lessons, too.
I briefly touched on my biggest issue with the game earlier, but there is definitely a disparity between the RB3 songs and the existing catalogue due to RB3's additions. If you're in a group setting and want to play Pro guitar, bass, or keys, it will limit what can be played. I didn't expect Harmonix to be able to go back and add Pro to all of their old songs, but it does splinter the library's usability--at least until the RB3 DLC starts rolling out.
Rock Band 3 is easily the best entry in the series to date with its streamlined interface, career progression and goals, and Pro Mode. Admittedly, Pro might not be for everyone and it will require some extra money to experience. Regardless, the additional features and songs more than make up for the price of entry.
This review was conducted on a retail copy of the Xbox 360 version along with the MadCatz Fender Mustang Pro Guitar, Keyboard, and Rock Band 2 drums with a cymbal kit. The content of this review does not cover the Nintendo DS version.
[*The Wii version supports concurrent profile progression. The PlayStation 3 version only supports a single login/band at a time.]


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In May, The Memphis Bioworks Foundation will launch TriMetis, a for-profit research company that will be the first of its kind in the region.
The 26,000-square-foot TriMetis facility will be the third new construction project at the UT-Baptist Research Park.
Phil Cestaro, TriMetis president, says the company will operate the Memphis Specialized Laboratory, a facility designed to help medical device, pharmaceutical, industrial, biotech and academic institutions conduct research that will meet the quality levels and oversight required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Cestaro estimates Memphis companies are exporting $3 million to $5 million annually because the city does not have a facility for pre-clinical studies that meets the requirements of the FDA. The lab will be the only pre-clinical research facility in the state of Tennessee.
Pre-clinical research is one of the earliest phases of the FDA-approval process before pharmaceuticals or medical devices can move forward in the development pipeline.
UT-Baptist Research Park
The 26,000-square-foot facility is the third new construction project on the UT-Baptist Research Park, representing more than $120 million in investment.
Companies and organizations can pay TriMetis directly to conduct research, or they can also lease space from TriMetis and conduct their own research trials.
The lab has strict security to protect intellectual property and to meet the FDA's rules and regulations. Because of those rules and to protect intellectual property, TriMetis won't always be able to reveal their clients and the type of research projects that will be conducted at the facility.
Cestaro says the lab will help lure economic investment from both Memphis companies, and those elsewhere in the U.S.


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December 25, 2012
If you have a iOS device (iPhone, iPad, iPod), this can be probably one of the best freebie of Christmas and new year. You get 3 paid software of WinX worth $132 absolutely free. What is included in Free pack [..]
December 25, 2012
AnyTrans is a very good software for iOS devices (iPhone, iPad, iPod) for managing your media files. You can put music, movies, Apps and everything entertaining right onto iPhone 5, iPad mini, iPod touch 5 and all iDevices ever made. [..]
September 9, 2011
CollageIt is a great software to turn ordinary photos and pictures into stunning photo collage to share with family and friends. It is very easy to use, and you can make cool collage photos by just few clicks.
September 5, 2011
Handy Backup Standard by Novosoft is an award-winning automatic data backup and disaster recovery software. It is a great and ultimate solution for your backup needs. If you have Handy Backup Standard installed, you do not need to worry about [..]
September 2, 2011
Norton Antivirus is an award winning computer security kit. The Norton 2011 Antivirus include Antivirus, Antispyware, Antirootkit, Bot protection, Network mapping and monitoring etc.
Windows 8 user interface is very different from other windows. You will not find Shutdown, Restart or Sleep button in start menu.


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The North Face Shoes, Boots & Sandals
North Face shoes are designed to overcome any challenge. The North Face takes its name from the coldest, most unforgiving side of a mountain. So it's no surprise that their footwear is tough and hard wearing with excellent grip while offering plenty of comfort and support. The North Face started making walking shoes and hiking boots in the 90s to meet the demands of outdoor enthusiasts and today their footwear range has grown to include North Face trainers, sandals and even slippers! We're big fans of The North Face here at FitnessFootwear.com and stock a wide range of North Face shoes, boots, trainers, sandals, slippers, mules and even snow boots! So if you're looking for your first pair of North Face shoes, read our North Face Footwear Guide below for a quick run down: When it comes to trainers, North Face trainers are some of the very best. The North Face Hedgehog trainers are particularly amazing, boasting the latest in trail running technology, spikey grips, Gore-Tex protection and incredible comfort. So whether you're looking for a cool, casual trainer or a high performance trail running shoe, we highly recommend North Face Hedgehog trainers to everyone.
North Face boots are some of the best walking boots that money can buy. When North Face multi-sport shoes won't do, a solid pair of North walking boots are the best answer when comfort and performance are your priorities. North Face hiking boots are waterproof, breathable and abrasion resistant to meet all your outdoor needs.
When it comes to sandals, North Face sandals are incredibly comfortable and stylish, taking the extreme sports style North face are renown for ad blending it with innovative, comfort enhancing design to create something completely unique, eye catching and supportive.


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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum
Teacher professional development and classroom resources across the curriculum
Observing Student Representations
|Introduction | Building Viewpoints | Student Work Reflection #1 | More Building Viewpoints | Student Work Reflection #2 | Observe a Classroom | Classroom Practice | Your Journal
In the middle grades, as students solve a variety of problems, they will use representations to organize and record their thinking. As students begin to study more abstract concepts, it is important for them to represent their ideas in ways that make sense to them. The role of the teacher is to introduce students to conventional forms of representation as students develop an understanding of the concepts. This facilitates both learning mathematics and communicating with others about mathematical ideas.
We begin with two examples of student work for you to consider. As you observe these problems, think about how the students are representing their thinking about a three-dimensional object using a two-dimensional plan.
|Teaching Math Home | Grades 6-8 | Representation | Site Map | © |
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You see the following error code and message when using Xbox Live:
Sorry, there was a problem. Please try again later.
Code: 80070525
This may mean either of the following:
Note A security proof is a contact point (such as an email address or a phone number) that Microsoft can use to reach you to confirm account ownership if we have concerns about the security of your account. Learn more about security proofs at Overview of Microsoft account security proofs.
To resolve this problem, try the following solutions:
Solution 1: Add a security proof (or proofs) to your Microsoft account. For help, see Add a Microsoft account security proof.
Solution 2: Investigate and resolve any connectivity or NAT errors. For help, see Troubleshoot your Xbox Live connection.
If these solutions didn't work and you keep getting the error, contact Xbox Support.
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Verve CU To Acquire South Central Bank
From Oshkosh to Chicago: Credit union buys into nation's 3rd-largest market
Attorney Jeff Hoover Selected as a Recipient of M&A Advisor's 10th Annual...