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FOOD- THE DISH- Disturbin' turban? X Lounge head wear policy riles
On Friday night last week, the doorman at the X Lounge, the chic bar/restaurant in the Glass Building just off the Downtown Mall, made a questionable call concerning a turban wearing Sikh student from UVA.
According to a story that first appeared in the Cavalier Daily, at around 1:30am, the Sikh student tried to join fellow members of UVA's Indian Student Association at the restaurant for a nightcap, but was told by the doorman that he couldn't go in "with that thing on."
Apparently, the ISA's president tried to reason with the X Lounge's manager, explaining that it was a requirement of the student's faith, but the manager stuck to the restaurant's no head wear policy, a decision that X Lounge owner J.F. Legault now regrets.
Legault declined to make any comments for the record, preferring instead to address the issue in a prepared statement.
"Our most sincere apologies go out the individual, his companions and the entire community," reads the statement. "The X Lounge has a "no head covering" policy and at times this policy has created difficult situations. In this case, there was a lack of common sense on our part and respect to one's religion did not prevail."
Indeed, in a city where someone of the Sikh faith sits on our City Council, the gaffe appears particularly void of common sense. The statement doesn't explain why the X Lounge has a no head wear policy, and Legault wasn't willing to elaborate. As you may recall, the owners of the Corner restaurant Jaberwoke, which re-opened as Three-a Kitchen and Lounge, got in some hot-water over a dress code that banned white t-shirts, oversized t-shirts, baggy jeans, sweatpants, and hats without brims– in other words, the threads of choice of hip-hop music fans.
Like the X Lounge incident, furor over the Jaberwoke policy was the result of a story in the Cavalier Daily, which prompted student organizations to demand a meeting with the restaurant's owners. Nearly 50 students, most of them African American, showed up for the two-hour discussion.
A month earlier, Jaberwoke's owners explained that the dress code was being implemented to encourage "better behavior" among its patrons.
"It ain't dress; it's race," declared an outraged Rick Turner, local NAACP president and UVA's former Dean of African American Affairs during the meeting. "You really don't want black people in your bar."
After being peppered with such comments, Jaberwoke's owners offered to change the dress code on the spot. But the crowd wasn't easily appeased.
"I don't understand why you need a dress code at all," said one student.
The X Lounge incident appears to have elicited a similar reaction from the ISA. While Indian student representatives appeared to welcome Legault's apology, they declared it wasn't enough and demanded that the X Lounge's policy on head wear be changed, that the manager be punished, and that the X Lounge explain specifically how they planned to prevent such incidents from happening again.
Even UVA spokesperson Carol Wood got in on the action, saying it "shows that there are still people in our community who do not understand the basic tenants of our country." Ouch!
In his statement, Legault says that steps will be taken at the X Lounge to make sure nothing like this ever happens again, but did not say if the head wear policy would be reconsidered or altered.
Over at Waldo Jaquith's cvillenews.com, the discussion got pretty heated under a post on the incident, with some folks calling for a boycott of the X Lounge, others saying they have a right to create any policy they want, that it was the fault of one dumb employee, and calling for less hysteria when talking about race. One person pointed out that Charlottesville City Schools have an even more restrictive dress code, but someone else made note of the fact that the X Lounge apology came after the ISA rallied folks at UVA, not when their president explained to the manager at the time that he was required to let the Sikh student inside.
Knife-wielding chicken seeks revenge
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals have some of the more memorable protests around– we still haven't forgotten the naked protester from 2006. On March 30, chicken-suited Kristina Addington took the knife to Ronald McDonald (Cassandra Callaghan) in front the McDonald's on Ridge-McIntire as part of PETA's McCruelty Campaign to draw attention to mass poultry-slaughtering machines that slit the throats of conscious chickens and if the blades miss, the bird is plunged into scalding water while still alive, says PETA. Afterward, the protesters did not dine on Chicken McNuggets for lunch. – Lisa Provence
Bye-Bye Pizza Boli
In 2006, when Julio Arias opened Pizza Boli on West Main, the Greene County resident admitted that opening a restaurant in Charlottesville was risky business. "There are like 200 places to eat here," he said (more like 300, actually). "It's a risk, but I decided to take it." However, after three years, the risk appears not to have paid off. On March 13, the contents of the restaurant were auctioned off and no one appears to be answering the phone.


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text: AOSIS OpenJournalshttp://www.openjournals.net firstname.lastname@example.com://www.koedoe.co.za 1683-75842071-078X Exploring the impacts of protected area tourism on local communities using a resilience approach As the protected area mandate expands to include social equity, the impacts of parks and their tourism on neighbouring indigenous and local communities is receiving growing practical and theoretical interest. This article reported on one such study, which explored the impacts of protected area tourism on communities bordering the iconic Kruger National Park in South Africa and Purnululu National Park in Australia. The study drew on interviews with park staff, tourism operators and community members. Guided by a conceptual framework grounded in resilience thinking, interactions amongst the parks, tourism and local communities were revealed as complex, contested and multi-scalar. Underlying drivers included cultural norms and values based on nature, entrenched poverty, poor Western education and economic opportunities associated with tourism. Park tourism offered intrinsic opportunities and benefits from nature conservation and associated intangible cultural values. More tangible benefits arose through employment. Damage-causing animals and visitation difficulties were negative impacts. Interaction with tourists was limited, with a sense of disconnect evident. Findings indicated the need for multifaceted, carefully considered policy responses if social equity and benefits for local communities are to be achieved. Framing the impacts of protected area tourism through the resilience framework provided a useful way to access local community perceptions whilst retaining awareness of the broader multi-scalar context in which interactions occur. Conservation implications: Perceptions of separation and lack of education to engage in economic opportunities are major issues. Intrinsic appreciation of parks is an important platform for building future opportunities. Accrual of future benefits for local communities from park tourism depends on developing diverse economic opportunities, building community capacity and managing expectations and addressing economic disadvantage. Jennifer Strickland-Munro1 1School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia Susan Moore1 1School of Environmental and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia Jennifer Strickland-Munro email@example.com South St, Murdoch WA 6150, Australia 11615624102/koedoe.v56i2.116127 Mar. 201301 Nov. 201324 June 2014Strickland-Munro, J. & Moore, S., 2014, 'Exploring the impacts of protected area tourism on local communities using a resilience approach', Koedoe 56(2), Art. #1161, 10 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/koedoe.v56i2.1161 © 2014.The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.Introduction Protected areas and tourism have a longstanding and mutually beneficial relationship (Bushell, Staiff & Eagles 2007; Reinius & Fredman 2007). Such areas offer a unique, desirable setting for the tourism product, whilst tourism offers park managers a revenue source that can assist ongoing conservation efforts. Beyond this mutual association, protected area tourism can have considerable benefits for surrounding communities, as well as social costs (e.g. increased competition for resources and facilities). Whether the opportunities provided by tourism benefit communities or not is debatable and contingent on a number of interacting factors. Increasingly, protected area tourism is being recognised as a complex social-ecological system, with interactions characterised by dynamism, complexity, uncertainty, unpredictability and multi-scalar connections (McCool 2009; Strickland-Munro, Allison & Moore 2010) (Figure 1). Local communities are an integral part of this system, as described by Strickland-Munro et al. (2010) using a resilience approach. Unpredictable and susceptible to external influences beyond local control, a number of barriers can obstruct the delivery of benefits to local communities and confound interactions between protected areas, tourism and local communities. A resilience approach, which acknowledges the importance of understanding interactions between system components, provides a promising alternative to reductionist analyses. A broader, interdisciplinary approach cognisant of multiple interacting variables and perspectives allows exploration of the complex relationships amongst system components (Farrell & Twining-Ward 2005). Resilience thinking offers one such framework and is particularly suited to protected area tourism's inherently 'messy' environment of complexity, change and uncertainty (McCool 2009; Plummer & Fennell 2009). Resilience perspectives focus on understanding the dynamics of systems interactions and explicitly acknowledge system uncertainty, complexity and dynamism (Resilience Alliance 2007a, 2007b; Walker et al. 2006). Published applications of resilience perspectives to protected area tourism however have been limited to date. This article applies a conceptual framework based on resilience thinking to an exploration of the impacts of tourism associated with protected areas on local communities. The framework was used for local communities adjacent to Kruger National Park in South Africa and Purnululu National Park in Australia. Specifically, the study sought to ascertain key socio-economic impacts of protected area tourism on the local communities. Local perspectives were privileged, whilst the broader context was accommodated through the framework's attention to multi-scalar influences and interactions (Figure 1). We first outline the role of protected area tourism in South Africa and Australia, followed by a brief synopsis of the tourism impact literature and the growing demand for park tourism to address social equity and deliver benefits to local communities. The research design and methods follows, with the first part of this section devoted to an overview of the resilience framework guiding this research. The two case study areas are then described as part of the comprehensive description of the case studies as protected area–tourism systems. The article's conclusion includes implications for park and tourism managers. Here we present one of the first published applications of resilience perspectives to protected area tourism and the investigation of such impacts on local communities. The combination of resilience perspectives with ethnographic research provides a synthesised, coherent approach facilitating in-depth insights into local impacts. Protected area tourism Protected area tourism fills a significant niche in both South Africa and Australia; this provides the initial rationale for selecting case studies in the two countries. Boasting diverse scenery and wildlife (Cornelissen 2005; Worboys, Lockwood & De Lacy 2005), the respective protected areas of these countries offer extensive tourism opportunities and experiences. Visitation to protected areas in both countries continues to grow, providing valued revenue. In South Africa, visitation to protected areas grew by 0.5% from 2009 arrivals, to 4 536 491 arrivals in 2010–2011. Associated revenue for this period was R815.26 million (approx. $99.09 million), an increase of 12.1% from the previous year (South African National Parks [SANParks] 2011). In Australia, nature tourism (based on parks and visits to zoos, aquaria and botanic gardens) contributes an estimated AUS$23 billion (approx. $23.85 billion) annually to the economy (Tourism Research Australia 2009). Beyond this broad economic impact, protected area tourism is further valued for its touted ability to foster smaller scale socio-economic development and employment (Telfer & Sharpley 2008). However, these socio-economic benefits often co-exist alongside negative impacts for the communities adjoining protected areas (Wall & Mathieson 2006). Given links between benefit delivery and positive local perceptions of protected areas and tourism (e.g. Brockington, Duffy & Igoe 2008), research into the impacts of park tourism on local communities is of considerable interest. Kruger National Park and Purnululu National Park offered promising case studies as they are both iconic, with communities living adjacent to them which have opportunities to engage in tourism but continue to face entrenched economic disadvantage. Tourism impacts Tourism impacts have been extensively documented (e.g. Wall & Mathieson 2006). We confine our synopsis to impacts relevant to protected area tourism and local communities. The tangible economic impacts, notably employment opportunities, dominate the literature. Employment provides a direct economic link between local communities and park tourism and is recognised as one of tourism's main development advantages (e.g. Simelane, Kerley & Knight 2006). This development role stems from the generation of both direct (e.g. roles in park or tourism operations) and indirect job opportunities (e.g. derivation of income from related activities such as curio sales), both of which can raise local incomes and living standards (Mill & Morrison 2006). The need for such economic development via tourism is well recognised in South Africa, where poverty is endemic (Binns & Nel 2002). Its necessity is often overlooked in Australia, where, in reality, living standards and economic development for many Indigenous Australians remain significantly below that of non-Indigenous Australians (Altman 2007). Tourism can also have negative economic impacts. These include dependency and stifling of economic diversification (Telfer & Sharpley 2008), as well as inequality in benefits (Simpson 2009; Trau & Bushell 2008). Inequity of benefit distribution is heightened by 'enclave' tourism, where tourists and local communities are separated by boundaries (e.g. park fences), with community interactions typically limited to transient hawking at park entrances. Enclave tourism restricts local access to tourism markets and can also contribute to financial leakage (Mill & Morrison 2006). Novelli and Scarth (2007), for example, report that tourists to Malawi's Liwonde National Park remain within park boundaries, limiting opportunities for interactions with locals. This distancing was linked to a lack of ownership for the Park. Furthermore, tourism's financial benefits are often overstated, leading to false expectations (Simpson 2008). Other negative economic impacts include lost opportunity costs, where tourism dominates resources that could have been more profitably used in other sectors (Mill & Morrison 2006) such as agriculture. Socio-cultural impacts include changes to individual behaviour, value systems, cultural practices and community organisations (Andereck et al. 2005). Tourism can enhance ethnic identity, increase understanding between cultures, challenge stereotypes and perceptions and revitalise cultural values and traditions (Telfer & Sharpley 2008), including the use of natural resources. Changes to decision-making structures and involvement in park management are further positive impacts (Scherl & Edwards 2007). Enrichment of local skills, local and institutional capacity building, investments in community infrastructures, such as schools and health care, and improved access to information and external environments are further positive impacts. Negative socio-cultural impacts include the loss or misuse of cultural resources, perceptions of cultural commoditisation and exploitation, 'demonstration effects' where locals adopt tourist behaviours and the marginalisation of locals to jobs of lesser importance (Telfer & Sharpley 2008). Tourism may also cause culture shock, communication difficulties, tension, suspicion and hostility, segregation and perceptions of superiority or inferiority (Robinson 1999). In recent years, social equity and the delivery of benefits to local communities have assumed a greater role in protected areas (Phillips 2003; Worboys et al. 2005). This is certainly true for park managers in the two protected areas of interest to this study, where official attention is directed towards redressing social and economic inequities facing previously disadvantaged communities. South Africa's Kruger National Park emphasises park–people relations and benefit sharing and seeks to increase the Park's legitimacy amongst neighbouring communities. Tourism, and the benefits it can engender, is a key means of achieving these goals (SANParks 2008). Similarly, managers of Australia's Purnululu National Park are guided by an official commitment to ensure Indigenous engagement and benefit from Park and tourism operations (Department of Environment and Conservation [DEC] 2008). However, both Parks evidence a dearth of social research, with research on the impacts of Park tourism on local communities scarce, despite calls for such from Park managers and other interested parties (e.g. SANParks 2008; UNESCO 2010). The study reported in this article addresses this deficit. Research method and design Research was guided by Strickland-Munro et al.'s (2010) conceptual framework for investigating the relationship between protected area tourism and local communities and was grounded in resilience thinking (Resilience Alliance 2007a, 2007b). Four interdependent stages of investigation, described in detail in Strickland-Munro et al. (2010), were modified to comprehensively describe the protected area–tourism system and scale of analysis (Figure 2, phase 1), followed by a detailed description of past system changes and current state of the system (Figure 2, phases 2 and 3). In all four phases, socio-political aspects, and especially governance, have been emphasised in contrast to much resilience thinking, which has a strong ecological emphasis and often downplays these aspects (Miller et al. 2010). Phase 1 (Figure 2) concerns defining the system of interest – interactions between the National Parks, their tourism and associated local communities. Investigation prioritised local perspectives, given that the study's central interest was impacts on local communities. We focused on the local scale, geographically defined 'community' and prioritised social over ecological interactions. The views of other stakeholders at local, sub-national and national scales were included, however, to incorporate interests beyond the local (Strickland-Munro et al. 2010), with such a multi-scalar approach being central to resilience analyses (Resilience Alliance 2007a, 2007b). Phase 2 (Figure 2) explores past system change, focusing on system drivers and historical influences affecting current conditions. Understanding these drivers and underlying processes influencing system change is necessary to develop appropriate management responses and is central to resilience analyses (Resilience Alliance 2007a, 2007b). Typically, drivers are grouped into categories, including socio-political, demographic, economic and biophysical, and classified as either 'slow' or 'fast' depending on the rate at which they influence change. Slow variables play an important role in controlling the protected area–tourism system (Strickland-Munro et al. 2010) and influence well-being and governance (Kofinas & Chapin 2009), whereas fast variables tend to operate at smaller spatio-temporal scales and influence system interactions at a faster rate. Although the adaptive cycle heuristic is integral to this phase it was not considered further in this article, given its focus on the dynamics amongst fast and slow variables over time and scale, rather than giving explicit attention to impacts. Phase 3 (Figure 2) focuses on the state of the current system and explored key issues, such as those relating to values, benefits, conflicts, challenges and governance. Phase 4 (Figure 2) rests on monitoring changes in how protected areas, tourism and local communities interact. The final phase presented in this article differs from Strickland-Munro et al. (2010), as a lack of empirical information from the case studies on interactions meant that the threshold development advocated could not be undertaken. For this reason, this final phase was modified to recommend exploring future scenarios and developing indicators, both with the ultimate objective of further understanding interactions and eventually developing thresholds.This article reported on the first three phases, with the aim of providing a thorough analysis of the impacts of protected area tourism on local communities. Future scenarios and indicator development, the fourth phase, are not included as they are less central to understanding impacts. For simplicity, a description of the impacts of governance is included in the second phase, although it is evident in all phases. Site selection was guided by three criteria, (1) the sites are iconic protected areas, (2) the protected areas have high tourism visitation and (3) they are neighboured by disadvantaged communities, that is, those with high unemployment, low incomes and poor education and health outcomes. Information was obtained in this ethnographic study through semi-structured interviews with local community members, Park and tourism managers and staff, as well as government and non-government operatives. This wide range of people was selected to obtain the broadest possible worldview of how these local communities are experiencing tourism associated with their adjacent national park. New individuals were interviewed until 'theoretical saturation' (Bowen 2008) was reached, meaning that the particular interview did not add any new information. In this study, theoretical saturation was reached at 110 interviews (92 at Kruger, 18 at Purnululu). The interview questions covered perceived benefits, barriers to participation and other factors influencing the engagement of local communities with protected area tourism. These questions were asked to populate the conceptual framework in Figure 1 with information. Interviews were recorded where possible and transcribed verbatim, with trained local translators used in the South African study. Analysis was undertaken using grounded theory, an inductive technique that generates theory from constant comparison of themes and patterns in interview transcripts. The code-based theory development software NVivo (QSR International 2008) facilitated analysis and assisted in the iterative refinement of conceptual codes. These codes, together with information gathered from document review and participant observation, informed the following results. Interview excerpts are provided to help describe these codes in the following section, a standard practice in reporting the results of grounded theory research. Review of historical and current literature regarding protected areas, tourism and local communities also contributed information. ResultsPhase 1: System definition Both Parks in this protected area–tourism system are of iconic status: Kruger is world-renowned and acknowledged as the flagship of South African national parks (SANParks 2011), whilst Purnululu is listed a World Heritage site for its natural values (UNESCO 2010). Beyond these iconic ties, the Parks differ widely. Kruger dominates in physical size and scale of tourism, covering approximately 2 million ha and receiving 1.45 million tourists annually (SANParks 2013), in contrast to Purnululu's 208 723 ha and current visitation of 24 602 (DEC 2012). Operationally, Kruger has been in existence since 1926, whereas Purnululu's existence as a national park is much more recent, being formally gazetted in 1987 (Department of Conservation and Land Management [CALM] 1995). This disparity is reflected in Kruger's well developed tourist infrastructure, including 26 tourist rest camps with varied accommodation options and the broad range of visitor activities (SANParks 2008). Purnululu, however, has purposely adopted a minimalist approach to tourism development and offers only two public campsites with basic facilities. Several private camps offer a higher standard of accommodation. At the time of research, Kruger's workforce was 2116 permanent and temporary workers (Urban-Econ 2008), compared to Purnululu's complement of two permanent rangers and two Indigenous assistant rangers employed under Government welfare schemes. Both Parks are accessible via road and air links and cater to self-drive visitors and group tours. However, Kruger's accessibility is far superior to Purnululu, particularly for road access, with Purnululu's unsealed 52 km entrance track requiring considerable skill and a suitable four-wheel drive vehicle to navigate. Additionally, Purnululu is affected by limited seasonal accessibility, with its open period restricted to April–December on account of the East Kimberley wet season (CALM 1995). Kruger remains open for business year round. In terms of local communities, the Parks offer significant disparity as well as surprising analogies. Kruger is surrounded by densely populated ex-Bantustan communities, with the Park's southern and western borders home to over two million people (Department of Water Affairs and Forestry [DWAF] 2008). This research focused on two villages, Cork and Belfast, located closest to one of Kruger's busiest entrance gates. With a combined population of approximately 15 000 residents, their location close to the Park offers opportunities for interactions with passing tourists. Purnululu, in contrast, is located in Australia's sparsely populated East Kimberley region, with a population density of 0.08 people/km2 (Kimberley Development Commission n.d.). The Indigenous community of Warmun, with a population around 300 (Australian Bureau of Statistics 2006), is the Park's closest neighbour despite being located 50 km north-west of the Park. It was included in this study on account of this geographic proximity, as well as status at the time of research as 'gateway' community providing the last service facilities (e.g. petrol station, tourist accommodation and general store) available before entering the Park. In addition, many Indigenous residents retain strong cultural ties to the Purnululu landscape. Whilst populations and locations of the Parks differ, their neighbouring communities are characterised by a number of similarities that can be linked to entrenched disadvantage: in South Africa, the legacies of apartheid (Sartorius et al. 2009) and, in Australia, legacies of socio-political and economic marginalisation of Indigenous people (Altman 2009). These legacies are evidenced by limited educational attainment, widespread poverty and unemployment. Warmun is characterised by welfare dependency (Doohan 2008), with 20.0% of the community receiving government benefits in 2007 (Warmun Community 2007). In the Bushbuckridge Local Municipality, which includes Cork and Belfast, unemployment often exceeds 90.0% and 84.0% of the population is classified as 'indigent', earning less than R1300 ($169) per household per month (DWAF 2008). Educational statistics further illustrate community disadvantage. In Warmun, 22.0% of adults have never attended school (Taylor 2003). Similarly, only 1.7% of people residing in Bushbuckridge have received an education beyond high school level (Statistics South Africa 2007). Phase 2: Past system change Four drivers, three of them slow variables, had a significant influence on how the Parks, tourism and local communities interact: poverty, poor (Western) education levels and cultural norms and values based on a respect for nature. These slow variables exert a controlling influence over current system interactions. Economic opportunity associated with tourist arrivals was a fast variable, and the fourth driver, and potentially able to overwhelm the influence of the slower drivers. Each of these drivers influenced Park tourism impacts. These drivers are largely beyond the control of local decision-makers, as they represent fundamental, higher-scale processes not easily amenable to change by Park managers. The study communities are clearly characterised by disadvantage and underdevelopment. Poverty and poor (Western) education, for instance, reflect the legacies of past policies and practices of discrimination. Their influence is evident in the high incidence of unemployment in both study communities, as well as the entrenched welfare dependence in Warmun. In the communities around Kruger, there have been grant systems (e.g. for child support), a focus on education and economic development initiatives; however, poverty and disadvantage are still evident. Together, these two slow drivers were described by respondents as significant barriers to the ability of local communities to engage with Park tourism. The third slow variable, cultural norms and values based on a respect for nature, was particularly evident in the Purnululu study. Indigenous respondents continually referenced enduring links between traditional culture and the physical landscape, emphasising the fundamental influence of such cultural norms on Indigenous worldviews. In the Kruger study, the influence of cultural norms on local interactions with Park tourism was unexpected yet clearly manifest in community responses. Respondents expressed a distinct respect for, and appreciation of, the natural environment and suggested that caring for such was integral to their way of life. Governance issues related to power inequities and conflict over resources such as cultural sites, park access and natural resources were also a central concern for respondents in discussing Park-tourism-community interactions. Importantly, these governance elements were not fundamental determinants of interactions. Rather, they were themselves influenced by underlying drivers, such as a lack of the Western skills or education necessary for operating in a formal management environment, as identified in the Purnululu study. This vulnerability to drivers beyond the control of Park managers means that governance is considered a system characteristic rather than a driver. Phase 3: Current system state Three key issues are most pertinent to the impacts of Park tourism on local communities: nature conservation and intrinsic values, Park access and visitation, and employment. Community members were highly appreciative of links between Park tourism and the conservation of 'nature'. A range of intrinsic benefits were derived which appeared to foster positive attitudes towards the Parks and tourism. In the Kruger study, benefits centred on existence, aesthetic and bequest values. Respondents reported personal benefits linked to opportunities to view natural landscapes and iconic wildlife species, as illustrated by the following quotation: 'The existence of [Kruger] itself I think people are benefitting because when they go there, they will see what they haven't seen outside' (Community member 73, male). In contrast, respondents in the Purnululu study emphasised spiritual significance, although bequest values were also noted in relation to the transmission of cultural knowledge: 'Traditional country ... culturally … gives people their identity, their family's identity, the connections, the stories, the beliefs ... country is very important ... [it] helps to define you as a person and to an extent your lifestyle and our values.' (Community member 8, female) (see Strickland-Munro & Moore 2013:32) This intrinsic appreciation of nature derives from, as well as contributes to, the identified slow driver of underlying cultural norms and values based on respect for nature. The conservation of nature provided further (contested) benefits. These included the use and sale of natural resources such as fuel wood and medicinal plants. Respondents associated with Kruger linked this benefit to the ever-present demands of poverty and subsistence lifestyles: 'People see Kruger as a resource centre, where they can tap in for anything they want' (Park staff 5, female). Community members were resentful of restrictions placed upon resource use by Park managers. A further contestation relevant to Kruger only was animals 'escaping' from the Park. This key Park tourism resource can cause significant destruction and sometimes deaths in local villages, negative impacts which can decisively influence local views of the Park and tourism associated with it. These negative impacts are compounded by complex, multi-stakeholder governance arrangements that restrict locals from dealing with escapee animals themselves: 'Villagers are not allowed to defend their property or commercial interests from the animals' (Tour operator 7, male). In many instances, however, community members appeared unwilling to discuss such animals in negative terms. Instead, they highlighted their appreciation of the Park and nature. Benefits derived from the meat from escaped animals provide another explanation: 'Elephants and the other animals, they are not a problem because we get meat when [Kruger] kills them' (Community member 23, male). Park access and visitation was a second key issue. Typically, community members lacked the physical and financial ability to visit their respective Parks. In the Kruger study, locals rarely visited the Park for pleasure. Most repeat visits were attributed to past or current employment or Park outreach programmes. In the Purnululu study, all community respondents had visited the Park previously but described significant difficulties in doing so. Poverty was central to these difficulties. Transport issues were the key limitation in both case studies, whereas Kruger respondents additionally cited the requirement to pay entrance fees. Community members described these barriers in the following ways: 'I do like to go to Purnululu, but how am I going to get there?' (Community member 5, female). 'I've never been inside Kruger. I've got no money to go in the gate' (Community member 17, female). In both studies, access difficulties were linked to perceptions of disconnect from the Parks and tourism: 'The main purpose of Kruger is to conserve nature for the tourist to come and experience' (Community member 52, female). Employment in Park tourism posed a third key issue and one directly related to the driver of 'economic opportunities associated with tourist arrivals'. Employment occurred in two ways: direct jobs in Park management or tourism operations and indirect employment involving the derivation of income from business or activities based on the Parks. Direct employment was limited in both studies. In the Purnululu study, only one local community member was employed in Park operations at the time of research. No community members were employed in tourism operations. In Kruger, nine community members were directly employed in varied Park and tourism operations. Such employment was highly valued by all community members on account of its ability to provide for family dependants and educational needs. However, a lack of skills required to successfully engage in formal Park and tourism roles precluded widespread benefit accrual, with benefits typically limited to those community members with the requisite skills and knowledge: 'It takes a fair bit of experience, knowledge and intent … perhaps there aren't those people in Warmun' (Community member 10, male). Indirect employment associated with Park tourism was more prominent than direct employment in both studies. At Purnululu, one community member was employed at the Warmun roadhouse and a further four received income by selling Indigenous art. Home to a major art movement, a growing number of locals produce art for the Warmun Art Gallery. Although intermittent, income derived from sales can be substantial, often reaching tens of thousands of dollars. Artists receive 60% of the sale price, with 40% retained by the Gallery. Art production also provided significant intrinsic cultural benefits relating to maintenance of cultural connections to the country. At Kruger, 11 community members were indirectly employed in Park tourism through the selling goods at roadside stalls. Economic benefits derived from this activity were tempered by variability in tourist patronage: 'If tourists weren't driving up and down the road, those curio sellers wouldn't be there' (Tour operator 4, female). In both studies, respondents described the interactions with tourists as limited. This limited interaction further contributed to a local disconnect from Park tourism. Ethical considerations Approval for this research was granted by the Murdoch University Human Research Ethics Committee, Permit No. 2007/153. Approval was also granted by the DEC's and Conservation's Nature Based Tourism and Recreation Research group, as well as the SANParks Research Board. Potential benefits and hazards No risks to interviewees were foreseen. All interviewees were guaranteed anonymity of data collected. Recruitment procedures Participation in the research was voluntary and interviewees were able to withdraw from the interview at any stage. Feedback was provided to interviewees at the end of the research process. Informed consent Interviewees were required to sign a consent form indicating their willingness to participate in the research. Data protection Interview data was securely stored on the password-protected computer of the first author. In accordance with ethical requirements, all data are securely kept for 7 years. DiscussionCommunity benefits are obviously derived from tourism associated with the two case study Parks. These exist, however, alongside negative and contested impacts that highlight the complexity of interactions between Park tourism and local communities. The findings illustrate the influence of underlying fast and slow drivers on impacts experienced by the communities. The roles of historical contingency and cross-scale influences in determining current conditions are particularly evident. Nature conservation Community members derived clear intrinsic benefits from the natural Park environments. This was expected in the Australian context, where links between the physical environment and Indigenous traditions are well established (Doohan 2008). Its presence in the Kruger study however was unexpected. The history of exclusion and separation associated with African conservation and South Africa's apartheid regime (Garland 2008; Kepe 2009) foster assumptions of an inherent disconnect. The results clearly refute this assumption. Instead, intrinsic benefits appear to provide local community members with a sense of stewardship for the Park and its tourism resources. This appreciation of intrinsic benefits challenges the wider African and broader global literature, which rarely highlights the significance of non-pecuniary benefits (Coad et al. 2008; Shackleton et al. 2008). Use of natural resources and damage-causing animals were more tangible, and highly contested, impacts arising from nature conservation (and hence indirectly related to tourism) in the Kruger study. The use of natural resources by local communities appeared influenced by two key slow variables. Poverty, in terms of enduring livelihood pressures was central, indicating the ongoing influence of historic legacies. Cultural norms associated with respecting nature was a second slow variable influencing natural resource use. Locals linked their ability to harvest medicinal plants to intrinsic and tangible benefits associated with the maintenance of cultural traditions and knowledge, although, again, poverty has fostered contestation and resource demands that Park managers are unable to meet without causing significant ecological damage (L. Swemmer [SANParks] pers. comm., 12 September 2010). Impacts associated with damage-causing animals challenge the intrinsic values attributed by community members to Kruger, fostering negative views towards the Park and its tourism. These negative views accord with other research linking such animals with reduced local support for protected areas (e.g. Madden 2004). This issue clearly illustrates the complexity of interactions between Kruger National Park and local communities and the impact of this issue on benefit perceptions. The socio-political realities that characterise community members in terms of poverty and poor Western education levels challenge their ability to dispute existing institutional arrangements governing management of damage-causing animals, to the ongoing detriment of Park–people relations. Park access and visitation Community members were constrained in their ability to visit the Parks for pleasure. Transport and monetary constraints were prominent barriers to further visitation, as commonly found in other research (e.g. Brown 2009; Simelane et al. 2006). Both barriers reflect the constraints imposed by entrenched poverty on local ability to benefit from Park tourism. In Kruger, access difficulties precluded opportunities to experience the Park as a 'tourist', a dichotomy wherein locals view their role as restricted to serving tourist needs rather than holding the right to enjoy Kruger as other people do. In Purnululu, access difficulties reduced community ability to maintain intrinsic benefits in terms of cultural connections to country. In both studies, access difficulties fostered perceptions of disconnect from the Parks, with an associated lesser appreciation of benefits. Visitation has been described as a privilege for rich (typically white) tourists (see also Novelli & Scarth 2007; Simelane et al. 2006). For Kruger, this disparity is changing, with 29% of the 1 132 564 South African residents visiting this Park, as of April 2013, being black (SANPark 2013). EmploymentEmployment in Park tourism presented a central point of benefit and contestation in both case studies. Clear benefits were realised and greatly appreciated by community members. Such benefits were limited in distribution to a minority of community members, as commonly reported in the wider literature (e.g. Simpson 2009; Trau & Bushell 2008). It appears that whilst tourist arrivals bring potential for economic benefit, the underlying contexts of widespread poverty and poor Western education limit the ability of such benefits to permeate communities. These slow drivers restrict the capacity of community members to procure employment or start businesses to tap into tourism benefits. These findings contribute to the growing body of literature contesting views of protected areas and tourism as 'money spinners' generating widespread financial benefits for local communities (Brockington et al. 2008). Pervasive expressions of disconnect from Park tourism evident from the interviews provide further support. In contrast, employment in the Purnululu study (both direct and indirect) provided intrinsic cultural benefits relating to connections to country. Thus again, interactions between Park tourism and local communities are seen as contested and complex in terms of benefit provision and influenced by historic and ongoing legacies that fundamentally shape current conditions and benefit accrual. Conclusion This study has provided in-depth insights into how local communities interact with, and benefit from Park tourism in South Africa and Australia. Research was guided by Strickland-Munro et al.'s (2010) resilience framework for investigating the relationship between Park tourism and local communities. Findings reveal a complex and contested picture whereby benefit derivation is juxtaposed against negative impacts. Benefit perceptions were influenced by four key underlying drivers: poverty, poor (Western) education levels, cultural norms and values based on a respect for nature, and economic opportunities associated with tourist arrivals. Although significant contextual differences exist, these drivers were common to both case studies and exerted a decisive influence over local perceptions and interactions with Park tourism. However, they are multi-scalar in origin and largely beyond the ability of local decision-makers to control. Their influence on perceptions of benefit was explored through three key issues identified by respondents: nature conservation, access difficulties and employment in Park tourism. An important opportunity for local communities to benefit from Park tourism clearly centres on tangible economic benefits from employment, as commonly reported in the literature. In both studies, constraints are evident and reflect the ongoing influence of historical legacies of discrimination and marginalisation, entrained in the underlying slow variables of poverty and poor Western education. As such, caution is needed in advocating benefit opportunities, so as not to stimulate unrealistic community expectations. Simultaneously, Park and tourism managers must recognise the influence of historic legacies on the ability of community members to engage with available opportunities, working with communities over extended periods of time to build local capacity for involvement. Evidence of intrinsic socio-cultural benefits derived from opportunities to experience 'nature' is an important finding. Such benefits were anticipated in the Australian context, yet unexpected in the Kruger study, where their identification challenges common assumptions regarding non-pecuniary benefits. The often-undervalued presence of cultural norms and values respecting nature potentially offers Park and tourism managers a promising and enduring platform for beneficial interactions between Park tourism and local communities. The complex nature of the relationships between communities and nature conservation in the Parks is illustrated by contestations over benefits and impacts associated with the use of natural resources and damage-causing animals at Kruger. A second important finding arising from the research was the feeling of disconnect between community members and the Parks and their tourism. This disconnect likely stems from negative impacts associated with Park tourism, such as access difficulties and associated views of Park tourism as an activity reserved for rich or white tourists rather than locals. Cross-scale influences again appear to contribute, in the form of entrenched poverty and poor Western education, which, in turn, represent the legacies of policies and practices in South Africa and Australia. Pragmatic policy responses that seek to foster connections between locals and Park tourism, for instance alternative methods of facilitating visitation and, in Kruger, opportunities to experience the Park as a 'tourist', provide one means of reducing local disconnect. In closing, a few comments on the conceptual framework are warranted. The framework proved valuable in accessing both local perspectives and multi-scalar influences, allowing the development of nuanced insights into the complexity of Park tourism impacts on local communities. Using an ethnographic approach provided valuable insights to the local communities; however, its combination with document reviews and interviews with stakeholders at broader scales was essential given the location of drivers beyond the local focal system. Applying this novel methodology to two iconic national parks and their communities has revealed the opportunities and challenges in progressing the well-being of these communities and their parks. This resilience approach has importantly exposed the complexity of such systems and through such exposure made an enhanced understanding and well-informed actions possible. Acknowledgements This research was supported financially by the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre (established and funded by the Australian Government), the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation (WA DEC) and Murdoch University. Important and essential in-kind support was provided by WA DEC and SANParks. The intellectual and logistical contributions by Dr Stefanie Frietag-Ronaldson (SANParks) are gratefully acknowledged, as are the contributions of Drs Helen Allison and David Palmer, Murdoch University for their respective insights to systems thinking and Indigenous ways of knowing the world. Daryl Moncrieff, WA DEC also provided important support for and input to this research. The authors gratefully acknowledge the time and cooperation of respondents involved in this research. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships that may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article. Authors' contributions J.S-M. (Murdoch University) was the principal investigator in this study and prepared the manuscript. S.M. (Murdoch University) contributed to research design and manuscript refinement. 1. Altman, J.C., 2007, Alleviating poverty in remote Indigenous Australia: The role of the hybrid economy, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Australian National University, Canberra. 2. Altman, J.C., 2009, Developing a national Indigenous policy framework that recognises needs, rights and legacies and delivers results, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Australian National University, Canberra. 3. Andereck, K.L., Valentine, K.M., Knopf, R.C. & Vogt, C.A., 2005, '"Residents" perceptions of community tourism impacts', Annals of Tourism Research 32(4), 1056–1076. 4. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006, Housing and infrastructure in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities, Australia: Warmun community profile, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra. 5. Binns, T. & Nel, E., 2002, 'Tourism as a local development strategy in South Africa', The Geographical Journal 168(3), 235–247. 6. Bowen, G.A., 2008, 'Naturalistic inquiry and the saturation concept: A research note', Qualitative Research 8(1), 137–152. 7. Brockington, D., Duffy, R. & Igoe, J., 2008, Nature unbound: Conservation, capitalism and the future of protected areas, Earthscan, London. 8. Brown, S., 2009, Protected landscapes and cultural and spiritual values, IUCN Protected Landscapes Task Force, Gland. 9. Bushell, R., Staiff, R. & Eagles, P.F.J., 2007, 'Tourism and protected areas: Benefits beyond boundaries', in R. Bushell & P.J.F. Eagles (eds.), Tourism and protected areas: Benefits beyond boundaries, pp. 1–11, CAB International, Wallingford. 10. Department of Conservation and Land Management, 1995, Purnululu National Park management plan 1995–2005, CALM, Perth. 11. Coad, L., Campbell, A., Miles, L. & Humphries, K., 2008, The costs and benefits of forest protected areas for local livelihoods: A review of the current literature, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge. 12. Cornelissen, S., 2005, The global tourism system: Governance, development and lessons from South Africa, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot. 13. Department of Environment and Conservation, 2008, 2008–2009 Annual report, DEC, Perth. 14. Department of Environment and Conservation, 2012, 'Purnululu National Park visitor data', unpublished data, DEC, Perth. 15. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, 2008, Bushbuckridge case study, DWAF, Durban. 16. Doohan, K., 2008, Making things come good: Relations between Aborigines and miners at Argyle, Backroom Press, Broome. 17. Farrell, B.H. & Twining-Ward, L., 2005, 'Seven steps towards sustainability: Tourism in the context of new knowledge', Journal of Sustainable Tourism 13(2), 109–122. 18. Garland, E., 2008, 'The elephant in the room: Confronting the colonial character of wildlife conservation in Africa', African Studies Review 51(3), 51–73. 19. Kepe, T., 2009, 'Shaped by race: Why "race" still matters in the challenges facing biodiversity conservation in Africa', Local Environment 14(9), 871–878. 20. Kimberley Development Commission, n.d., The Kimberley, viewed 23 November 2012, from http://www.kdc.wa.gov.au/the-kimberly/ 21. Kofinas, G.P. & Chapin III, F.S., 2009, 'Sustaining livelihoods and human well-being during social-ecological change', in F.S. Chapin III, G.P. Kofinas & C. Folke (eds.), Principles of ecosystem stewardship: Resilience-based natural resource management in a changing world, pp. 55–76, Springer, New York. 22. Madden, F., 2004, 'Creating coexistence between humans and wildlife: Global perspectives on local efforts to address human-wildlife conflict', Human Dimensions of Wildlife 9(4), 247–257. 23. McCool, S.F., 2009, 'Constructing partnerships for protected area tourism planning in an era of change and messiness', Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(2), 133–148. 24. Mill, R.C. & Morrison, A.M., 2006, The tourism system, 5th edn., Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque. 25. Miller, F., Osbahr, H., Boyd, E., Thomalla, F., Bharwani, S., Ziervogel, G. et al., 2010, 'Resilience and vulnerability: Complementary or conflicting concepts?', Ecology and Society 15(3), Article 11. 26. Novelli, M. & Scarth, A., 2007, 'Tourism in protected areas: Integrating conservation and community development in Liwonde National Park (Malawi)', Tourism and Hospitality Planning and Development 4(1), 47–73. 27. Phillips, A., 2003, 'Turning ideas on their head: The new paradigm for protected areas', The George Wright Forum 20(2), 8–32. 28. Plummer, R. & Fennell, D.A., 2009, 'Managing protected areas for sustainable tourism: Prospects for adaptive co-management', Journal of Sustainable Tourism 17(2), 149–168. 29. QSR International, 2008, NVivo 8 [computer software], QSR International, Victoria. 30. Reinius, S.W. & Fredman, P., 2007, 'Protected areas as attractions', Annals of Tourism Research 34(4), 839–854. 31. Resilience Alliance, 2007a, 'Assessing and managing resilience in social-ecological systems: A practitioner's workbook, vol. 1, version 1.0', viewed 31 July 2007, from http://www.resalliance.org/3871.php 32. Resilience Alliance, 2007b, 'Assessing resilience in social-ecological systems: A scientist's workbook', viewed 31 July 2007, from http://www.resalliance.org/3871.php 33. Robinson, M., 1999, 'Cultural conflicts in tourism: Inevitability and inequality', in M. Robinson & P. Boniface (eds.), Tourism and cultural conflicts, pp. 1–32, CABI Publishing, Wallingford. 34. Sartorius, K., Sartorius, B., Tollman, S., Schatz, E., Kirsten, J. & Collinson, M., 2009, The dynamics of rural poverty in a South African community: A spatial-temporal model, Institute of Behavioural Science, University of Colorado, Boulder. 35. Scherl, L.M. & Edwards, S., 2007, 'Tourism, indigenous and local communities and protected areas in developing nations', in R. Bushell and P.F.J. Eagles (eds.), Tourism and protected areas: Benefits beyond boundaries, pp. 71–88, CAB International, Wallingford. 36. Shackleton, C., Shackleton, S., Gambiza1, J., Nel, E., Rowntree, K. & Urquhart, P., 2008, Links between ecosystem services and poverty alleviation: Situation analysis for arid and semi-arid lands in southern Africa, Ecosystem Services and Poverty Reduction Research Programme, DFID, NERC, ESRC, South Africa. 37. Simelane, T.S., Kerley, G.I.H. & Knight, M.H., 2006, 'Reflections on the relationships between communities and conservation areas of South Africa: The case of five South African national parks', Koedoe 49(2), 85–102. 38. Simpson, M.C., 2008, 'The impacts of tourism initiatives on rural livelihoods and poverty reduction in South Africa: Mathenjwa and Mqobela', in A. Spenceley (ed.), Responsible tourism: Critical issues for conservation and development, pp. 239–266, Earthscan, London. 39. Simpson, M.C., 2009, 'An integrated approach to assess the impacts of tourism on community development and sustainable livelihoods', Community Development Journal 44(2), 186–208. 40. South African National Parks, 2008, Kruger National Park management plan, SANParks, Pretoria. 41. South African National Parks, 2011, Annual report 2010/11, SANParks, Pretoria. 42. South African National Parks, 2013, 'Guest access data', unpublished internal report, SANParks, Pretoria. 43. Statistics South Africa, 2007, Community survey 2007, revised edn., Statistics South Africa, Pretoria. 44. Strickland-Munro, J.K., Allison, H.E. & Moore, S.A., 2010, 'Using resilience concepts to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities', Annals of Tourism Research 37(2), 499–519. 45. Strickland-Munro, J.K. & Moore, S.A., 2013, 'Indigenous involvement and benefits from tourism in protected areas: A study of Purnululu National Park and Warmun Community, Australia', Journal of Sustainable Tourism 21(1), 26–41. 46. Taylor, J., 2003, Aboriginal population profiles for development planning in the Northern East Kimberley, Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research, Australian National University, Canberra. 47. Telfer, D.J. & Sharpley, R., 2008, Tourism and development in the developing world, Routledge, London. 48. Trau, A. & Bushell, R., 2008, 'Tourism and indigenous people', in S.F. McCool & R.N. Moisey (eds.), Tourism, recreation and sustainability: Linking culture and the environment, 2nd edn., pp. 260–282, CABI, Wallingford. 49. Tourism Research Australia, 2009, Nature tourism fact sheet, viewed 27 September 2012, from http://www.ret.gov.au/tourism/Documents/tra/Snapshots%20and%20Factsheets/Nature_factsheet_FINAL.pdf 50. UNESCO, 2010, Purnululu National Park, viewed 08 February 2010, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1094 51. Urban-Econ, 2008, SANParks: Economic impact assessment, SANParks, Pretoria. 52. Walker, B.H., Anderies, J.M., Kinzig, A.P. & Ryan, P., 2006, 'Exploring resilience on social-ecological systems through comparative studies and theory development: Introduction to the special issue', Ecology and Society 11(1), Article 12. 53. Wall, G. & Mathieson, A., 2006, Tourism: Changes, impacts and opportunities, Pearson Prentice Hall, New York. 54. Warmun Community (Turkey Creek) Inc., 2007, Community corporate planning and management guide 2007–2010, Warmun Community (Turkey Creek) Inc., Warmun. 55. Worboys, G.L., Lockwood, M. & De Lacy, T., 2005, Protected area management: Principles and practice, 2nd edn., Oxford University Press, South Melbourne.


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Histoire de V.
Mary Gaitskill was born in 1954 and raised in the suburbs of Detroit. At fifteen she ran away from home, supporting herself in Toronto and the Bay Area as a street vendor, office clerk, and stripper. After returning to her family, she enrolled in a community college, then the University of Michigan. In 1981 she moved to New York. Before her first collection of stories, Bad Behavior, was published in 1988, her jobs included bookstore clerk, receptionist, and proofreader. She made extra money as a freelance journalist and as a prostitute.1
Variations of these early biographical facts appear throughout Gaitskill's fiction. Her work is built on variation, recombination. Her books work out a personal mythology; as in any other mythology, the basic elements stay the same. So for instance the father who molests his daughter in Two Girls, Fat and Thin (1991) broods in the same way, in what may as well be the same recliner, as the father who rejects his daughter for being a lesbian in the story "Tiny Smiling Daddy," from Gaitskill's second collection, Because They Wanted To (1997). Both men are in the habit of turning up their nostrils and stroking their inner nose-hairs.
These fathers are not the same character; they are different aspects of a single household god. And they inhabit the same myth, a myth at the root of Gaitskill's work: cruel or kind, the father dominates his wife and daughters. He is lonely and afraid of the world outside his house, and he forces his loneliness on them. At home the women exist to prop him up. They rub his feet and neck. They listen to his stories of perfidy at the office; they accept his reactionary views as their own. They listen to him talk about his favorite old records when nobody else will:
He didn't realize his signals could not be heard, that the men [from his office] were looking at him strangely. Or maybe he did realize but didn't know what else to do but keep signaling. Eventually, he gave up, and there were few visitors. He was just by himself, trying to keep his secret and tender feelings alive through these same old songs.
(Veronica, p. 16)
The favorite daughter runs away from home. She runs away because she is the favorite daughter. She can't bear the weight of the father's loneliness, a loneliness that infects her whole family. Meanwhile her sister hunkers down. She retreats into her bedroom and eats herself into obesity.
The runaway becomes a stripper, she turns tricks, she models—the point is, she discovers her sexual power. In Gaitskill's work, that's what running away means. Even though the narrator of "Secretary" (in Bad Behavior) comes home to her family every day after work, once she starts having sex with her boss she's living on another planet. And it doesn't matter that sex,…
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SALT LAKE CITY (KUTV) With just a week left until Father's Day, I thought I'd take a look at some of the recent Blu-ray and DVD releases as well as a smattering of books and more than a few movie-related accessories.
Recently in Theaters
"12 Strong" transports its audience to a foreign landscape and leaves them there with the characters in hopes that somehow there will be a happy ending. The story follows the first group of Army Special Forces to go into Afghanistan following the terrorist attacks of 9/11. It stars Chris Hemsworth, Michael Shannon and Michael Pena and explores the chaos of war on a smaller scale than we're traditionally offered.
I have to tip my cap to Paramount Pictures. We are living in an age where cinemas are filled with sequels and reboots, but Paramount has bucked that trend by releasing a series of original films like "Mother," "A Quiet Place" and my favorite film of 2018. "Annihilation." Based on Jeff VanderMeer's novel, "Annihilation" was directed and adapted by Alex Garland ("Ex Machina") and stars Natalie Portman, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Gina Rodriguez, Tuva Novotny, Tessa Thompson and Oscar Isaac. The narrative focuses on a group of military scientists as then enter an area known as "The Shimmer." What follows is a mix of science fiction and top-shelf horror as Garland leads us through a landscape that is often beautiful, but equally horrific. Best Buy has an exclusive on the 4K release, which is absolutely the best way to see this film outside of a movie theater.
Directed by Ryan Coogler, "Black Panther" stars Chadwick Boseman, Lupita Nyong'o, Michael B. Jordan, Letitia Wright, Danai Gurira and Angela Bassett. The narrative takes audiences to Wakanda, a technologically advanced civilization hidden away in Africa, and follows its young leader T'Challa (Boseman) as he tries to determine his nation's place in a quickly evolving world.
"Early Man" wasn't exactly what I was expecting. I thought I was in for a story that resembled "The Croods," a humorous look at the origins of mankind with the British twist that Aardman Animations ("Wallace and Gromit," "Shaun the Sheep") are famous for. Instead we've been given a look at the origins of football (or soccer to the less civilized world). There's still that caveman element, but it's more bonkers than you might think. that's a good thing.
"Game Night" is black comedy about a game night gone terribly wrong.. It stars Jason Bateman and Rachel McAdams and was directed by John Francis Daley and Jonathan Goldstein ("Vacation"). Mark Perez's script gives McAdams and Bateman just enough material to make the film a more enjoyable experience than I was expecting. If you like Bateman's films as of late, then you'll enjoy this as well.
Every six or so months a small faith based film grabs the attention of the genre's fan base and has a remarkable run at the box office. The most recent example being "I Can Only Imagine," a film that explores the true story behind MercyMe's hit song. The film brought in $83 million on a $7 million budget. If you're looking for a little affirmation, you'll find it here.
I saw "Thoroughbreds" at the Sundance Film Festival two years ago and was instantly won over by its cast and dark sense of humor. The film stars Olivia Cooke as Amanda, an emotionally barren teen, and Anya Taylor-Joy as Lily, a teen overflowing with emotion. Together the girls plot to kill Lily's father with the help of a clueless drug dealer (Anton Yelchin in one of his last roles).
You might also want to consider the better-than-expected reboot of "Tomb Raider" with Alicia Vikander. Whereas the Angelina Jolie were below-aveage action films, Vikander was given a better script to work from that feels more grounded than the previous effort. It's still a popcorn film, but not nearly as mindless as you might think. It wasn't a hit in America, but overseas the film did alarmingly well.
Prior to "Detectorists: Series 3" arriving at my doorstep it never occurred to me that there would be a subculture of people obsessed with metal detecting. Taking that one step further, I never would have guessed there was a TV series about people obsessed with metal detecting starring Toby Jones. Well, much to my surprise, that's exactly what the "Detectorists" is. Actually, that's selling the show a bit short, seeing as it is as much a character study of the British working class as it is about friends with a metal detection hobby. It's incredibly smart, often funny and, sadly, this is apparently the final season. Highly recommended.
There are many generic crime dramas that populate the television landscape with the only difference between them being the members of the cast. They entertain, I suppose, but rarely serve any other purpose. "East West 101," an Australian series, bucks that trend as it offers a thrilling journey that scraps the belly of Sydney's underworld while also being brave enough to touch on race relations in a post-9/11 world. If you thought fearmongering ended at the U.S. border, "East West 101" proves otherwise.
"The Last Ship" is a post-apocalyptic series that finds mankind's last hope for survive trapped on a U.S. Navy destroyer. Based on William Brinkley's novel and produced by Michael Bay, the fourth season of "The Last Ship" was just release. The series is scheduled to wrap up with its fifth season, which will air on TNT later on in 2018.
Fans of contemporary British detective dramas will want "Midsomer Murders: Country Case Files" in their collections. This set culls together all 15 episodes from the drama's seasons 15 -18, covering Neil Dudgeon's performance as John Barnaby as he takes over as Detective Chief Inspector.
Netflix changed the way we watch and receive television series and "Orange is the New Black," a series based on Piper Kerman's memoir, "Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison," has played a major role in that. This week sees the release of the program's fifth season.
Going clean for a club owner up to his neck in drugs and violence was never going to be easy, but STARZ's "Power" finds James "Ghost" St. Patrick giving it his best shot. He's not very successful. The fourth season of this popular crime thriller was just released this week. The fifth season is set to debut on July 1, 2018, with a sixth season to follow.
Major changes are coming to "Suits," USA Network's legal drama, as season eight will see series regulars Patrick J. Adams and Meghan Markle not returning. Markle , as you might know if you pay any attention to media in any form, have something else to occupy her time. This dramatic situation is explained in the seventh season of "Suits," which was released this week, as well as the set up for a spin-off series based around the popular character Jessica Pearson (Gina Torres). There might also be a wedding, which always proves to be a defining moment in series as it wraps up one era and prepares to enter the next.
After more than a decade away, "Will & Grace" returned with a ninth season with the core four Debra Messing, Eric McCormack, Sean Hayes and Megan Mullally reprising their roles. The world has change dramatically over the past 12 years, due at least a little in part to the series introducing gay characters into a mainstream television series, and while I can say that the characters are certainly older and wiser is certain aspects, that doesn't mean that the new episodes are dull and uneventful. In fact, "Will & Grace," considering the contemporary political environment, might just be what the television landscape needs to help society move towards a less contentious place.
Released in 1988, "Coming to America" found Eddie Murphy at the height of his popularity. The film tells the story of Akeem (Murphy) an African Prince who travels to Queens, New York, following his 21st birthday in hopes of avoiding an arranged marriage. Joined by his friend Semmi (Arsenio Hall), Akeem finds employment at a fast-food restaurant, but his efforts to fit in aren't exactly successful.
"The Great Silence," a Spaghetti Western from 1968 featuring the great Klaus Kinski, tells the story of a group of refugees who are tormented by a group of bounty hunters. "The Great Silence" is something of a legendary film in that its American release required director Sergio Corbucci to shoot an alternate ending that betrays the script's primary inspiration, the deaths of Che Guevara and Malcolm X. Previous releases featured the alternate ending without the audio, it was believed to be lost, but a new sources was found and the ending is presented with sound for the first time on this 50th Anniversary edition that also features a new 2K restoration.
"Jerry Lewis: 10 Film Collection" is the a perfect gift for those who have a taste from comedies from the 1950s and 1960s. This set includes: "The Stooge" with Dean Martin, "The Delicate Delinquent," "The Bellboy," " Cinderfella," "The Errand Boy," "The Ladies Man," "The Nutty Professor," "The Disorderly Orderly," "The Patsy" and "The Family Jewels."
Last week saw "Peter Pan" join Disney's Signature Collection. The video and audio is ported over from the previous Diamond Collection release, which looks great (but a 4K release of this and other Disney classics would be more welcome). There are essentially two new bonus features. A four-minute interview with Director of Walt Disney Archives Rebecca Cline and Walt Disney Archivist Edward Ovalle and an eight-minute interview with actors Kathryn Beaumont and Paul Collins. If you don't own the film, you really should. If you already have the Diamond Collection release, there's not a lot here that you don't already have.
"Elvis Presley: 5 Film Collection" is another gift perfectly suited for those nostalgic decodes gone by. This set includes "Blue Hawaii," "Fun in Acapulco," "G.I. Blues," "Girls! Girls! Girls!" and "Roustabout."
While the Blu-ray release of a musical from 1954 might not seem like an incredibly anticipated release, the Warner Archive Collection's release of "Seven Brides for Seven Brothers" is something of a dream come true for many fans. Previous releases were pieced together from the best elements that were available, but the resulting image quality was merely passable rather than a true representation of the film's theatrical presentation. Warner could have simply cleaned up the existing master for this Blu-ray release. Instead they were able to locate an undamaged print that had long since been forgotten. The results are, I'm absolutely pleased to announce, astounding. Throw out those dated DVD copies, this is an essential upgrade.
Five years before "Coming to America", Eddy Murphy teamed up with director John Landis and Dan Aykroyd in "Trading Places." The story sees two wealthy and bored brothers who decide to ruin the life of a stockbroker (Aykroyd) and give his life of relative luxury to a homeless con man (Murphy) just to see what would happen. I was introduced to "Trading Places" via the edited-for-television version of the film. Needless to say, the theatrical version is not nearly as tame. Nonetheless, "Trading Places" is surprisingly relevant some 35 years after it was made. That can't be said for the majority of films to come out of the 1980s, let alone one that was released in 1983.
Cohen Film Collection recently added "The Two of Us," a tale about a young Jewish boy who is sent to live with his parent's Catholic friends during the Nazi occupation of France. Released in 1967, "The Two of Us" is based on director Claude Berri's own experiences as a child. This new transfer improves upon the strong Criterion DVD release. The bonus features leave much to be desired, but Criterion's release wasn't brimming over with extra content either.
4K UHD Catalog
With "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom" scheduled to open on June 22nd, Universal went back to the vaults to give the Jurassic franchise an upgrade wit the "Jurassic Park: 25th Anniversary 4K UHD Collection." All four films have been improved in detail and color range.
"Die Hard" looks marvelous in 4K as we see increased detail and improved color range. Keep in mind that visually "Die Hard" is a fairly dark film and as such the HDR upgrade won't be as pronounced as it would be in a film like "Gladiator" where much of the action takes place during the day, outside and under a bright sun. "Die Hard" looks spectacular and, while I never saw the film in theaters, I can't imagine that the film has ever looked any better.
"Game of Thrones: Season One" makes its way to 4K with an expanded range of color and increased detail. Because of the technology used, the image quality of "Game of Thrones" will improve with each 4K release. The leap between theBlu-ray and this 4K release is noticeable, particularly in the color aspect.
2018 marks the 40th anniversary of the popular film adaptation of "Grease," the popular high school musical starring John Travolta and Olivia Newton-John. I've owned "Grease" on VHS, DVD and a previously released Blu-ray, but none of those versions look or sound as good as this new release. If you have a 4K television you're particularly in luck because the 4K presentation shows off the film's colors and adds a noticeable amount of detail to the proceedings.
"Saving Private Ryan," is one of the most intense and realistic war films ever made. It begins with an intense recreation of the assault on Omaha Beach during the Allied invasion of Normandy on June 6, 1944. The previous Blu-ray release from 2010 was rather good (once they fixed the audio synch issues that were present on the first pressing), but this new 4K release improves upon that release not only in its additional detail, but also from a color grading that offers a deeper range of colors without upsetting the blown out look of the cinematography.
In my estimation,"Source Code" is decidedly underrated as this thriller from Duncan Jones starring Jake Gyllenhaal as a man who wakes up in a different body and is tasked with finding a bomb hidden on the train he is currently traveling in. Shot on a variety of formats, something that is rather unusual in a feature film, but the image of this release is still appealing and makes for a recommended title to add to your 4K collection, particularly if you don't already own the Blu-ray.
Last Christmas I was introduced to The Folio Society, a book publisher that publishes gorgeous illustrated editions of classic books. These hardcover releases are a grade above a traditional hardcover releases and feature original artwork from renown artists. If you've ever dreamed of having a library full of beautiful books, The Folio Society is there to help you achieve that dream.
One of the new additions to their collection is Hermann Hesse's classic modern novel "Steppenwolf"with illustrations by Dan Hiller. Hesse's novel explores a man's conflicting sense of spirituality and carnality. Unable to find balance, the man turns his thoughts to suicide, but a pamphlet given to him by a stranger leads him on to a different path.
Other recent additions to The Folio Society's library of titles are Ray Bradbury's dystopian classic "Fahrenheit 451" with illustrations by Sam Weber, "I Am Legend" from Richard Matheson and illustrations from Dave McKean and Captain Charles Johnson's 1724 work "A General History of the Robberies & Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates" with original woodcut illustrations from the era.
"Fahrenheit 451" is a sci-fi masterpiece about a future where firemen are tasked with finding and burning books.
"I Am Legend" tells the story of Robert Neville, the last known man alive, who lives in a world entirely populated by vampires .
"A General History of the Robberies & Murders of the Most Notorious Pirates" includes the biographies of Blackbeard, Captain Kidd and Major Bonnet and tells their sensational stories. The book was a wonderful success in England and is considered one of the inspirations behind the writing of J. M. Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson. As for author Captain Charles Johnson, nothing is known about the man. Many suggest that Johnson was actually Daniel Defoe, the man behind "Robinson Crusoe."
T-Shirts, Games and Accessories
Of course when it comes to movies and pop culture there are are plenty of other options outside of books and movies. There's a wide range of items from recent franchises like Ready Player One, Star Wars, Marvel and Jurassic Park items including one-of-a-kind items, T-shirts, enamel pins, a variety of games for the whole family and even a Han Solo card game that is similar to that game Han plays in the film to win the Millennium Falcon from Lando.
Or maybe you're looking for something a little more practical like a wallet, backpack or kitchen and BBQ ready items like aprons, tongs and glass top serving trays.
Fandom needn't end at adulthood. There are plenty of gift ideas out there, hopefully this guide has helped you think of a few.
Past Guides
Need a few more ideas? Last month I put together Playing Solo: A Guide to all things "Solo: A Star Wars Story, a guide to celebrate the release of "Solo: A Star Wars Story" as well as Mother's Day gift guide: Movies, television and more, a guide to celebrate Mothers (but there's plenty of dad-appropriate gifts as well). The same could be said about my Valentine's Day at the movies, the playground and on the bookshelf guide. It has everything from "It" to "The Quiet Man." If you want to go back even further, you can find all of my holiday guides included at the bottom of Post-Holiday Gift Guide: Treat yourself.
Honor your dad and submit your special photos and video to burst.com/KUTV or click below:


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500 VA Line Interactive UPS with 8 outlets
Click image for larger version.
Discontinued Product
Model: ETR500 Buy this product
On-Battery Output Waveform: Simulated sine wave
Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price: $109.00 USD (48 Contiguous U.S. States Only)
Applications: Voice and Data Networking, PCs, Small Servers
Warranty: 3-yr electronics - 2-yr warranty for batteries
The Entrust ETR500 is a 500VA/300W 120 VAC line interactive UPS designed for desktop or floor mounting.
Back-up time - full load: 3.4 minutes
Back-up time - half load: 9.3 minutes
Runtimes for small loads of less than 10 percent of the stated capacity of a given UPS may vary greatly. Please call to confirm most accurate runtime for small loads.
Device type: Uninterruptible Power Supply
Input plug type: 5-15P
Input voltage: 120
Output voltage: 120
Number of fully protected outlets: 4 (5-15R)
Number of surge protected only outlets: 4 (5-15R)
Phone / modem (RJ-11) protection? Yes
Network (RJ-45) protection? Yes
No. of serial (DB-9) ports: 0
No. of dry contact ports: 0
USB port: Yes
User replaceable battery? Yes
No. of internal batteries: 1
Replacement battery description: Battery module
Replacement battery part no.: BM0052
Replacement battery suggested retail price: $44.00 USD (each)
|Technical Attributes:
SNMP manageable? No
Power in Watts: 300
EMI/RFI filtering? Yes
Max. energy dissipation: 320 (Joules)
Protected equipment insurance value: $75000 USD (US and Canada Only)
Switchover time: 6 ms typical
*Operating system shutdown software included: Yes
Op. System(s) supported by SentryPlus software:   Windows 10 (32-bit/64-bit), 8 (32-bit/64-bit), 7 (32-bit/64-bit), Vista (32-bit/64-bit), Server 2008 R1 (32-bit/64-bit), Server 2008 R2 (64-bit), Windows XP/2000/2003, Red Hat Linux, SuSE Linux, FreeBSD, and other Unix/Linux systems
|Product Dimensions (in inches) :
Length: 3.43
Width/Depth: 10.91
Height: 10.80
Weight: 13.23 lbs.
|Email or Fax this page: (*Indicates required field)
Powered by: MINUTEMAN UPS and optimized for use with any browser
Back-up runtime information is based on estimates. Actual runtime may vary depending upon the power factors of the protected equipment and the condition of the UPS batteries. SizeMyUPS information is provided for reference only. It is provided "as is" without warranty of any kind, express or implied. Products specifications are subject to change without notice. Please contact a Minuteman representative for more information.


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Allen Iverson to D-League: 'No Thanks'
Thanks, but no thanks. That's the message from Allen Iverson to the NBA Development League's Texas Legends.
As we reported yesterday, the Mavericks affiliate, and Gerenal Manager Donnie Nelson, pitched a D-League deal to the former NBA superstar, whose most recent basketball came in Turkey and China. But in a series of tweets, Iverson has put all of that speculation to rest:
I thank Donnie and Dallas for the consideration and while I think the D-League is a great opportunity, it is not the route for me.
I realize my actions contributed to my early departure from the NBA, should God provide me another opportunity I will give it my all


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July 13, 2006
The 2006-2007 Lipscomb University men's basketball schedule opens with a four-game dress rehearsal in Canada and includes stops at two Souttheastern Conference schools, one Atlantic Coast Conference match, two games against the same team from the Missouri Valley Conference and one Big 12 opponent.
The Bisons will know all the words to the Canadian National Anthem by the time they complete their Labor Day weekend visit to Toronto. The Bisons will face the University of Toronto in the morning on Sept. 2 and then play Guelph University that night at 8.
On Sept. 3 the Bisons meet York University. They close out the trip on Sept. 4 with a morning visit to Humber College.
"We want to win, but we also want to learn a lot about our team and about our new guys," said Lipscomb coach Scott Sanderson. "I want to see how we are going to play and how the new guys are going to fit."
Some of the other NCAA Division I schools playing Canadian teams in exhibitions during the Labor Day weekend are Florida, the defending National Champion, Louisville, La Salle and Army.
The best thing for coaches is 10 days of practice in August to get ready for the trip. Those 10 extra days could be extremely beneficial to the Bisons, especially center Ryan Daniel who sat out last season after transferring from Auburn University.
"Those 10 extra practice days in August are going to be critical," said Sanderson. `The four games are going to be a benefit. The only scary part is will the team be fatigued in January and February because of the early start. We might take two days off every couple of weeks so we won't be worn out."
The Bisons open the regular season at home Nov. 11 when Tusculum College visits. On Nov. 13 the University of Evansville comes to Allen Arena. The Bisons visit Evansville Dec. 16.
The first non-conference road game is Nov. 16 when the Bisons visit Missouri. On Nov. 19 the Bisons travel to SEC opponent South Carolina, the 2006 NIT Champion. Rounding out the non-conference road schedule are visits to ACC for Virginia Tech Dec. 19 and Liberty University Dec. 21.
"Virginia Tech has really, really good guard play," said Sanderson. "They are very athletic. And they play in the ACC, one of the best conferences in the country for basketball.
Mike Anderson is in his first season at Missouri after making the move from Alabama-Birmingham. Anderson may have changed schools, but Sanderson expects to see the same style of play.
"They will play 40 minutes of tough defense," said Sanderson. "They will be a difficult challenge."
Sanderson played for South Carolina as a guard from 1980-84. His brother, Barry, is an assistant coach for South Carolina coach Dave Odom.
"A lot of my ex-teammates still live in the Columbia area so it will be nice to see some people I haven't seen a in a long time," said Sanderson. "My experiences at South Carolina helped for a lot of my life. And I worked with Dave Odom on Terry Holland's staff at Virginia."
"I would hope because of the games in Canada that we will be really good early on," said Sanderson. "Ryan might benefit the most of all of the new guys having the chance to play those four games after almost two years off."
The Bisons close out the non-conference schedule with a trip to Tuscaloosa, Ala., to face the University of Alabama, another SEC opponent. His father, Wimp, spent 32 years at Alabama as an assistant and head coach.
"I grew up close to campus," said Sanderson. "Mark Gottfried is Alabama's coach and he played for my Dad. Alabama is going to be in the top 10 this season. It will be special to play there."
The remaining home non-conference games at Allen Arena feature Winston-Salem State Nov. 27, Fisk on Dec. 7 and Nicholls State on Dec. 14.
The games against Missouri, South Carolina, Alabama and Virginia Tech are expected to pay dividends as the Bisons seek a return to postseason play this season.
"Even though we came close we didn't win against Kentucky, Tennessee or Auburn last year," said Sanderson. "But our players really enjoyed the atmosphere and I think it made a difference for us in the conference."
The first two Atlantic Sun Conference games of the season are at home with Jacksonville visiting Nov. 30 and North Florida at Allen Arena Dec. 2.
Stetson visits Jan. 7 and Mercer comes to town Jan. 9 with Kennesaw State here Jan. 25, East Tennessee State Jan. 27, Belmont Feb. 10 and Campbell Feb. 15. The Bisons close out their home regular season schedule Feb. 17 against Gardner-Webb.
The first A-Sun road games of the season are Jan. 2 at Kennesaw State and Jan. 4 at East Tennessee. The Bisons then make three conference road trips in row with stops at Belmont Jan. 13, Gardner-Webb Jan. 18 and Campbell Jan. 20. The Bisons travel to Mercer Feb. 1 and Stetson Feb. 3. The final regular season games are on the road with North Florida on Feb. 22 and Jacksonville Feb. 24.
In addition to the Canadian tour, the Bisons have two more exhibitions on the schedule. Freed-Hardeman returns for its annual visit on Nov. 6. Harding University visits on Nov. 9.


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Why Do This Course?
Withdrawing from life?
Why do you walk away from people you once loved? Do the dishonest things you've done in your life still haunt you?
If you've ever been let down suddenly by someone you trusted, if you've felt the sting of infidelity committed by someone you loved, if you've been ripped off by an underhanded tradesman, then you know the pain and cost of dealing with dishonesty.
And if you have ever wondered what causes you to withdraw from participation in activities you once enjoyed, you will find the answer here.
With the knowledge in this course, you can take a decisive step toward the brightness and abundant happiness that make life worth living.
Find out:
- The difference between personal integrity, ethics and morals
- How right and wrong relate to your survival
- How wrongful acts interfere with a person's ability to survive and how to relieve oneself of this burden
Start Now >>