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On-line version ISSN 2071-0771
Print version ISSN 0075-6458
Koedoe vol.54 n.1 Pretoria Jan. 2012
The casual, naturalised and invasive alien flora of Zimbabwe based on herbarium and literature records
Alfred Maroyi
Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, South Africa
Zimbabwe's casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species were analysed with regard to their habit, origin, mode or purpose of introduction and their invasion status in the country. This alien flora of 391 taxa belonged to 239 genera and 73 families, corresponding to 6.6% of the total flora of Zimbabwe. Of these, 153 (39.1%) plant species were casual aliens, 154 (39.4%) were naturalised and 84 (21.5%) were invasive species. Most invasions in terms of numbers of alien species were in the central and eastern parts of the country. Asteraceae (53 species), Poaceae (48 species) and Fabaceae sensu lato (49 species) families were prominent in all the floristic regions of the country. Annual and perennial herbaceous species formed the majority of life forms of the casual, naturalised and invasive alien flora of Zimbabwe. Genera with the highest number of alien species were Ipomoea with nine species, Acacia and Euphorbia with eight species each, Chenopodium and Senna with seven species each, Eucalyptus with six species, Oenothera, Physalis and Solanum with five species each. More than 49.6% of the alien plants in Zimbabwe originated primarily from South, Central and North America, followed by Europe (24.6%), Asia (23.8%), Africa (10.5%) and Australasia (5.9%).
CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS: This research provides baseline information and historical invasion patterns of casual, naturalised and invasive alien flora in Zimbabwe. This inventory is a crucial starting point in trying to understand and initiate the management of biological invasions. This is also important for monitoring new introductions and management of existing alien plants in Zimbabwe.
Alien plant species invasions are causing major conservation problems in many regions of the world and are viewed as an important component of human caused global change (Vila, Meggaro & Weber 1999; Vitousek et al. 1997). The spread of alien species is often associated with human activities which include disturbance and fragmentation of the natural environment, urbanisation, agriculture and the use of alien plants for landscaping and erosion control (Vilà et al. 1999). The transport of organisms by humans since earliest times and now through increased levels of trade and tourism has led to the widespread breaching of natural biogeographic barriers of alien species (Hulme 2009). According to Vila et al. (1999), there is a need to document naturalised flora before investigating the ecological relationship between invader and invaded habitats. Documentation of alien species and analysing patterns of floristic status, biological attributes and geographical distribution has proved to be a useful approach in understanding alien species richness in various regions (e.g. Khuroo et al. 2007; Pyšek, Sádlo & Mandák 2003; Pyšek & Richardson 2006; Rozefelds et al. 1999; Stadler et al. 2000; Weber, Sun & Li 2008).
Basic information on naturalised plant species, plant invasions and their impacts is lacking in Zimbabwe. Although occasional attention has been paid to alien plants and weeds in Zimbabwe (e.g. Biegel 1977, 1980; Drummond 1975, 1984; Mapaura & Timberlake 2004; Maroyi 2006; Mullin 1996, 2000; Timberlake, Fagg & Barnes 1999; Wild 1955), comprehensive studies on plant invasions are still lacking. The compilation of a catalogue of casual, naturalised and invasive species, hereafter referred to as alien flora, can serve as an initial step towards further detailed studies on the impact of alien plant species on the indigenous flora and fauna. Therefore, the primary objective of this investigation was to provide an overview of the alien species present, and their invasion status and geographical extent in Zimbabwe, based on a literature survey and herbarium records.
Research method and design
Compiling the list
A database of casual, naturalised and invasive alien flora occurring in Zimbabwe was compiled based on a literature survey and herbarium records. All alien plant species ever recorded in Zimbabwe as escapes from cultivation or naturalised at least once in the wild were included in the database. Species introduced or cultivated without any evidence of having escaped were not considered. Alien species were divided into three categories: casual, naturalised and invasive aliens. According to Pyšek et al. (2004), casual aliens reproduce occasionally outside cultivation, do not form self-sustaining populations and rely on repeated introductions for their persistence. Naturalised species are defined as aliens that reproduce consistently without direct human intervention, and invasive aliens as naturalised species producing offspring in large numbers and at considerable distances from the parent plants with the potential to spread over a large area. This definition of invasive alien species used in this study is different from the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Conference of Parties' definition of an invasive alien species, where an alien is defined as a species outside its indigenous geographic range, whose introduction and spread threatens biodiversity (UNEP 2002). The National Herbarium, Harare, Zimbabwe (SRGH), was visited on numerous occasions between 1996 and 2010. Information on herbarium labels, including locality and year of collection of the plant species, was examined and recorded.
Species data
For each taxon, information on its life history traits, such as habit, origin, year when plant species was first collected, mode or purpose of introduction and its invasion status in Zimbabwe were extracted from literature and herbarium records. Economic uses were included and whether the introduction was accidental or intentional. A taxon was allocated to more than one use category if different uses applied to it. A wide range of published literature and websites was consulted (see Online Appendix). The correct identities and names of all the taxa listed were checked and, where names have changed, the currently accepted name was applied. The species nomenclature and classification generally follow Glen (2002). Infra-specific taxa up to the variety level have been recognised. Author citation abbreviations follow those given in Brummitt and Powell (1992). Each taxon's distribution in Zimbabwe was indicated by letters showing the floristic divisions used in Flora Zambesiaca (see Pope & Pope 1998): Northern region (N), Western region (W), Central region (C), Eastern region (E) and Southern region (S).
The present study revealed that the casual, naturalised and invasive alien flora of Zimbabwe is comprised of 391 taxa belonging to 239 genera and 73 families, representing 6.6% of the total Zimbabwean flora. Although this checklist is not exhaustive, it provides good baseline data for future work on casual, naturalised and invasive flora of Zimbabwe. Of these, 153 (39.1%) plant species were casual aliens, 154 (39.4%) were naturalised aliens, and 84 (24.5%) were invasive aliens. Pteridophytes were represented by five plant species (1.3%): Adiantum raddianum C. Presl. (Pteridaceae),
Azolla filiculoides Lam. (Azollaceae), Microlepia strigosa (Thunb.) C. Presl (Dennstaedtiaceae), Microsorum scandens (G. Forst.) Tindale (Polypodiaceae) and Salvinia molesta D.S. Mitch. (Salviniaceae). All five species were introduced to Zimbabwe as ornamentals (Online Appendix). Gymnosperms were represented by Cupressaceae and Pinaceae families composed of Callistris calcarata F. Muell., Cupressus lusitanica Mill., Cupressus torulosa D. Don, Pinus elliottii Engelm., Pinus patula Schltdl. and Cham. and Pinus roxburghii Sarg.; all introduced to Zimbabwe at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, mainly for timber and as ornamentals (Online Appendix). Dicotyledons constituted the majority of alien flora, with 323 species (82.6%), and monocotyledons contributed 58 species (14.8%). A large number of casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species in Zimbabwe (289, 73.9%) are from 16 families (Table 1). Plant families with the highest number of casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species were: Asteraceae (53 species), Fabaceae sensu lato (49 species), Poaceae (48 species) and Solanaceae (21 species). The genera with the highest number of casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species were Ipomoea with nine species, Acacia and Euphorbia with eight species each, Chenopodium and Senna with seven species each, Eucalyptus with six species, and Oenothera, Physalis and Solanum with five species each.
The earliest recorded dates of the alien plants in this study are based on herbarium collections (Online Appendix). The oldest collections date back to the late 1800s, with Nicotiana tabacum L. collected in 1870, Populus X canescens (Aiton) Sm collected in 1874, C. torulosa D.Don collected in 1895, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. collected in 1897 and C. lusitanica Mill. collected in 1900. Most of the species were first collected between 1941 and 1960 (Online Appendix). Intensive collection of casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species occurred between 1921 and 1980 (Figure 1). Nineteen twenty-one to 1940 was a period of relatively slow accumulation of casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species records, with a total of 72 species (18.4%) collected during this period (Figure 1, Online Appendix). Most casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species (153 in total, 39.1%) were collected between 1941 and 1960 (Figure 1). The accumulation of casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species slowed and levelled off between 1961 and 1980, resulting in the collection of 83 species (21.2%) (Figure 1).
The region with the highest number of casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species was Central (296, 75.7%), followed by East (279, 71.4%), West (158, 40.4%) and Northern (156, 39.9%) Zimbabwe, whilst Southern Zimbabwe (122, 31.2%) had the lowest number (Figure 2). Most of the species are annual and perennial herbs (Figure 3). More than 49.6% originated primarily from South, Central and North America (Figure 4, Online Appendix), followed by Europe (24.6%), Asia (23.8%), Africa (10.5%) and Australasia (5.9%) (Figure 4). Those plant species that originated from Europe, Asia and Africa are mostly casual aliens (Figure 4).
The alien flora arrived in Zimbabwe through both intentional and unintentional introductions. About 261 species (66.8%) appeared to have been intentionally introduced for various purposes (Table 2). Amongst these were 149 species (38.1%) introduced as ornamentals, 51 species (13%) as food plants, 31 species (7.9%) for fodder, 18 species (4.6%) for timber, six species (1.5%) for fibre, three species each (0.8%) for green manure and medicinal use, and one species (0.3%) as a crop plant (Table 2). In addition, 150 species (38.4%) appear to have arrived in the country unintentionally (Table 2).
The species list includes a total of 391 casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species and infraspecific taxa is higher than 328 species listed by Maroyi (2006). The current figure is higher because it utilised herbarium records, an online database (http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/ [Hyde & Wursten 2011]) and published literature (e.g. volumes of Flora Zambesiaca and Kirkia), unlike findings of Maroyi (2006), which utilised mainly herbarium records. This figure is relatively low when compared with the 5930 indigenous Zimbabwean taxa recorded by Mapaura and Timberlake (2004). This could be a result of under-collection, as plant collectors tend to collect mainly indigenous species, ignoring alien plants (Pyšek et al. 2008). The rather small alien flora in Zimbabwe confirms the findings of Foxcroft et al. (2010), Le Floc'h, Le Houerou and Mathez (1990) and Vitousek et al. (1997) that African countries generally have few naturalised species compared to the other regions of the world. However, research by McGeoch et al. (2010), and Nunez and Pauchard (2010) showed that the number of documented invasive alien species is underestimated due to lack of information and research.
The taxonomic composition of the alien flora of Zimbabwe is not random and families with the largest number of species belong to the largest families worldwide, for example Asteraceae, Poaceae and Fabaceae. A number of taxa belonging to these families and those of Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Solanaceae have been recorded as weeds of agroecosystems in Zimbabwe (Drummond 1984; Wild 1955). Heywood (1989) examined the patterns and extent of invasions by agricultural weeds and concluded that most weeds come from the largest plant families like the Asteraceae and Poaceae. Thus, it is also not surprising that annuals and herbaceous perennials are the prevalent life forms amongst the alien flora recorded in this study, as it has been shown in other studies that the herbaceous habit is most frequent amongst the invasive species (Daehler 1998; Kolar & Lodge 2001).
The early phase of exotic plant species introduction involved early settlers who arrived and settled in major towns like Harare and Gweru (Zimbabwe central), Bulawayo (Zimbabwe west) and Mutare (Zimbabwe east). Historically, colonists from Europe brought food plants, ornamentals, structural timber species, et cetera, with them during their migration (Maroyi 2006; Mullin 1996). According to Maroyi (2006), small-scale plantings of alien plant species in Zimbabwe started with European settlement in the 1890s and early 20th century. This was a period when acclimatisation societies and botanical gardens flourished in the British colonies and economic plants were transferred from one continent to another (Maroyi 2006). Over 80% of the alien flora in Zimbabwe originated from America, Europe and Asia. Alien plants were introduced into Zimbabwe from these regions probably through the European colonisers. The relatively lower number of alien species in the southern part of Zimbabwe is due to the harshness of the region's climate. Southern Zimbabwe is hot and dry, characterised by low and erratic rainfall.
The majority of alien plant species recorded in Zimbabwe have been introduced intentionally for economic purposes, although a sizeable proportion of species arrived in the country by accident. Several species of Eucalyptus were introduced from Australia for structural timber, furniture, poles, charcoal and medicinal oils (Mullin 1996). About 38.1 % of the casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species in Zimbabwe were introduced into the country as ornamentals. Similar studies in other countries have shown that most invasive plants are ornamentals (Reichard & White 2001). Previous research has shown that whilst many herbaceous ornamentals have been accidentally introduced, woody ornamentals have been almost entirely introduced intentionally, mainly for landscaping (Reichard & White 2001). The accidental introduction of alien plant species into Zimbabwe is also due both to the use of contaminated seeds in agricultural systems and as a result of human transport systems. Nowadays, intensive trade and the constant flow of people have resulted in a large plant transfer, crossing frontiers and geographical boundaries (Del Monte & Aguado 2003). An understanding of the establishment and distributional changes of alien flora over time is important for making informed decisions in managing existing introductions and predicting future invasions. Although the Zimbabwean alien flora has been noted for some time (Wild 1955), it is only in the last four decades that a profound interest has developed, owing to the important economic impacts of alien weed species on agricultural crops (Drummond 1975, 1984).
The majority of the species (63.2%) considered in this investigation were already casuals, naturalised or invasives in Zimbabwe by 1955, when an initial survey of exotic weeds was carried out (Wild 1955). About 30 alien species were recognised as weeds by Wild (1955). Drummond (1975) reported 45 naturalised woody plant species. Drummond (1984) systematically recorded 62 alien species that grew as weeds in croplands, causing important economic damage in productive lands. The period between 1921 and 1980 was characterised by increased study of the Zimbabwean flora, which boosted awareness and recording of new invaders. Equally intriguing is the fact that the following ten notable introduced species classified as invasive aliens in this study were not documented until the 1960s: A. filiculoides (Azollaceae), Bidens bipinnata (Asteraceae), Browallia americana (Solanaceae), Coreopsis lanceolata (Asteraceae), Erigeron karvinskianus (Asteraceae), Jacaranda mimosifolia (Bignoniaceae), Myriophyllum aquaticum (Haloragaceae), Persicaria lapathifolia (Polygonaceae), Rubus niveus (Rosaceae) and Solanum mauritianum (Solanaceae).
The number of areas an alien weed species occupies increases with the number of years since the first record of naturalisation. Biological invasions are made up of several stages, which include introduction, naturalisation and spread. Previous research by Binggeli (2001) has shown that there are time-lags between the introductions of exotic plants, their establishment and subsequent spread. It has since been established that only a small proportion of introduced species are capable of spreading and becoming weeds (Kowarik 1995). For example Acacia mearnsii (Fabaceae-Mimosoideae), Cajanus cajan (Fabaceae-Papilionoideae), Solanum betaceum (Solanaceae), Mangifera indica (Anacardiaceae), Nicotiana glauca (Solanaceae), Passiflora edulis (Passifloraceae), P. patula (Pinaceae), Prunus serotina var. salicifolia (Rosaceae) and Syzygium jambos (Myrtaceae) were recorded as naturalised only in eastern Zimbabwe by Drummond (1975), but this investigation showed that they are also naturalised in other regions of the country. Information on naturalisation or rate of spread of alien plants increases with more collecting and monitoring efforts. A better understanding of their establishment and distributional changes is important for the development of appropriate alien plant species management plans.
The catalogue of casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species presented in this study is a critical starting point in trying to understand and initiate the management of biological invasions; and it will serve as a foundation for future research on plant invasions in Zimbabwe. However, the documentation of casual, naturalised and invasive plant species in Zimbabwe is far from sufficient. It is here recommended that extra attention be paid at studying the ecological and socio-economic impacts of introduced plant species on the native communities in Zimbabwe. A better understanding of their establishment, spread, social and economic impacts, and distributional changes over time is vital for making informed decisions on new introductions and managing existing casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species. Since complete eradication of introduced species is unachievable (Moles et al. 2012), there is need to have a historical invasion patterns of alien species and their long-term effects on native communities. This field of study is currently under researched in Zimbabwe and there are few examples where casual, naturalised and invasive alien plant species have been fully evaluated. The result is that, where investigations are done at all, research on such alien plants are often short-term, highly localised, sporadic, largely ad hoc and restricted to field studies without underpinning agricultural, scientific or economic studies. Therefore, elucidation of alien plant naturalisation patterns in Zimbabwe will prove crucial in the scientific management of casual, naturalised and invasive alien flora in the country.
The head of the National Herbarium and Botanic Garden, Harare, Zimbabwe (SRGH) and staff are thanked for granting access to their facilities, helpful advice and plant identifications. I am also grateful to four anonymous reviewers for constructive comments and Sandra MacFadyen for Figure 2.
Competing interests
The author declares that he has no financial or personal relationship(s) which may have inappropriately influenced him in writing this paper.
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Correspondence to:
Alfred Maroyi
Private Bag X1106, Sovenga 0727, South Africa
Email: email@example.com
Received: 27 Apr. 2011
Accepted: 18 May 2012
Published: 09 Oct. 2012
© 2012. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS OpenJournals. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License.


text:
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subset: commoncrawl


text:
A couple of weekends ago I got to go to a wonderful little quilting getaway at a big cabin in the mountains here in Utah put together by the talented and way-more-energetic-than-me, Emily Herrick. Emily was the greatest host and we got to sit and sew, eat good food and gab away for 2 1/2 days. Heaven, I tell you. Emily was helped in the food department by amazing Shannon and her awesome husband, Stuart. Here is Stuart, his 'stache, and his stache-quilt, tuckered-out from all that food-prep.
One of my favorite parts of weekends like that – besides the non-stop sewing time! – is getting to know new friends and being inspired by all the fun stuff they are working on. Here's just a smidgen of some of the fun projects in the works (clockwise): Hexagons by Tammy, I-spy squares by Maggie, squares in squares by Patti, and scrappy-trip-along blocks by Michelle.
Emily had also arranged a trunk show each day by Amber Johnson, Natalia Bonner, and Kati Spencer. I was late and sadly missed Amber's (boo) but I'll share a few a few glimpses of the other two. Natalia shared with us some of her quilting journey including her first Moda Bake Shop quilt, her mother's award winning quilt It's For the Birds quilt, and other quilts from her new book Beginner's Guide to Free-Motion Quilting. Natalia is crazy talented.
I also finished my Dream On blocks so maybe I can assemble that quilt before summer! I also finished a giant Jeni Baker star quilt top, but did not manage to take any pictures. So stay tuned for that one. In the process Marion and Heather decided to make one too. They are such a satisfying, quick finish!! At least the top. Marion already has hers quilted. Mine is just added to the endless works-in-progress piles around here. But I'm happy to say I'm making a dent in those!
So lovely to get away. Now it's back to catching up on everything at home…


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Find the perfect size! Click here!
Visit our store in rocklin,california! Click here!
Need a little Help ? Click here!
Shoes sold separately
To Measure your dog for Coats:Measure in inches from the back of the collar, along the dogs back, to the base of the tail. The length is the size appropriate to your dog.�(Example: 10 inches = size 10) Note: Every style will not fit every dog breed.


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Durability and performance: from the beginning, Arc'teryx products have been guided by these two principles. As the rise of fast fashion increases the apparel industry's social and environmental impacts, we continue striving to build durable gear that performs season after season.
In addition to this obsessive focus on products that last, we also look at how our business affects the environment and our communities. As a collective of people who have chosen the outdoors as a way of life, environmental and social responsibility have long been close to our hearts. Effectively addressing these issues in our daily operations poses both a challenge and opportunity to meaningfully innovate.
From the materials we choose, to where we build our products and the repair services we offer - all present opportunities to decide where we stand and to continually design better approaches. While we'd like to have perfect solutions, in many cases we are not there yet but we're committed to the journey ahead. Our motivation is to design and build not only product, but also a company, that endures and performs over the long run.
Our product philosophy is the foundation of our approach to sustainability. We believe that building products to last is the most powerful lever for minimizing our impact.
We maximize performance and durability in a number of ways, including building products that perform for their intended use, and selecting proven materials that endure and wear well over time. Our timeless aesthetic remains contemporary, and we stand behind our lifetime care, repair and product guarantee.
Arc'teryx has been intimately connected to manufacturing since our beginning. For many years our office and design floor was located inside our factory. Today we continue to expand our operations at our Vancouver manufacturing facility, ARC'One. This deep connection to manufacturing forms the basis of our approach to sustainability in our global supply chain.
While Canadian production represents the foundation of our manufacturing knowledge, today our production is truly global. The volume of technical products we build far outstrips available production capacity in our region. Canada lacks the number of skilled technical apparel workers required to produce at our scale.
To build product at the quality and volume we need, we partner with the highest performance technical apparel factories in 9 countries. We stand behind every product we make, regardless of where it is built. An Arc'teryx label means that product meets quality standards and embodies the same values of durability and performance.
We believe that our business can be a force for positive change. It can occur not only by improving the practices in our core operations, but also by supporting partners and projects that are aligned with our values.
Our employees lead our community efforts. We listen to their interests and study how we can make difference as a business. The result is the IMBY (In My Back Yard) program, which we use to support our local communities.
We support partners and projects in two focused areas:
Wild Spaces. Our environment defines and inspires everything we do. We support programs for conservation, research, and restoration of ecologically valuable landscapes.
Access & Activity. We believe in the power of time spent outside. We fund for programs that break down barriers to self-propelled activity.
Some projects and partners we have supported include:
- Vancouver Aquarium - Research helping our industry understand the impacts of microplastic pollution.
- Raincoast Conservation Foundation - The Salish Sea Emerging Stewards who inspire the next generation of conservation leaders.
- Trips for Kids - Programming that inspires the next generation of leaders to get kids outdoors.
In addition to our direct grants, we are active and enthusiastic members of the Conversation Alliance and European Outdoor Conservation Association. Both conservation organizations share our values and work to protect land for present and future generations through grant giving to local grassroots organizations. We contribute membership dues and the proceeds of sales promotions to each organization to fund conservation projects alongside our outdoor industry peers.
As members of these organizations, each year we can nominate projects to be considered for a grant. If you have a project that satisfies the specific funding criteria and you require a nomination, please reach out to us at email@example.com.
Proactive conservation has been a long term commitment, however we also are focused on helping to defend the United States Public Land System that is currently under threat. We do that by supporting The Conservation Alliance Public Lands Defence Fund which is set up to defend US Monuments and threats to the integrity of the US public lands system through grant giving.
As part of the In My Back Yard program, we issue grants in support of projects that champion wild spaces, access, and activity. Each year we review all grant applications and fund a selection of those that best match our objectives. We are interested in project ideas from registered non-profits that propose to:
- Remove barriers to self-propelled activity
- Protect wild spaces through conservation, research and restoration
- Inspire communities to tackle a local challenge
- Achieve measurable goals within four years
- Share knowledge with our staff
If you have a project idea that falls within these criteria, you are welcome to apply for a grant for up to $25,000 CAD. The deadline to submit your application is June 15, 2018. Our internal team will review applications and successful recipients will be notified by October 31. For additional information on grants, visit our Grants FAQ.
If you have questions about the grant process that our Grants FAQ does not cover, please reach out to us at email@example.com.


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A gifted cinematic presence since her Oscar-nominated "Atonement" debut at age 12, Saoirse Ronan has played everything from a young assassin raised among wolves in "Hanna" to a resident of "Grand Budapest Hotel's" imaginary Zubrowka.
But "Brooklyn," her new film debuting Monday in the Premiers section at Sundance, was something different.
"Playing someone normal was the biggest challenge," the now 20-year-old actress says. "I wasn't used to it."
Ronan in person is warm, lively and aware, the kind of can-do individual who will jump up to get a waitress herself if service in a restaurant isn't what it should...


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There is a major shift going on in politics this election cycle, with more candidates and campaigns using social media and technology to boost their chances. From today until the U.S. midterm elections on Nov. 2, MediaShift presents an in-depth special report, PoliticalShift 2010, with data visualizations, analysis, a 5Across video roundtable and live CoverItLive chat on Election Night with special guests. Stay tuned.
If 2008 was the year that social networks like Facebook and Twitter broke through to mainstream America, then 2010 is shaping up to be the election year that's defined by social media.
2010 will be the election year defined by social media. Three out of five Americans who consider themselves somewhat politically active are members of a social network; 70% of them expect to vote on election day.
Consider that three out of five Americans who consider themselves somewhat politically active are members of a social network, and 70 percent of them expect to vote on Nov. 2, according to a recent study from the E-Voter Institute.
Meanwhile, a report from the non-partisan HeadCount.org shows Republicans appear to be more engaged online than Democrats in this election cycle. Out of the current crop of Senate candidates, the Republicans have more than 1.4 million friends on Facebook and over 500,000 followers on Twitter.
By contrast, the Democratic Senate candidates have roughly 300,000 friends on Facebook and around 90,000 followers on Twitter as of September 21. Use the interactive chart below to compare the social media clout of current Democratic, Independent and Republican Senate candidates:
You can also track Facebook page stats by using the Facebook Page Leaderboard over at AllFacebook.com. The site also provides an interactive 2010 election guide made using Facebook stats. And you can find the top Twitter rankings and stats at Twitaholic.
Republicans On the Rise
Democrats were early adopters of social media, user-generated content and blogging, but it appears that Republican supporters have caught up with, and in some ways surpassed, their rivals online. In seven of the eight races listed as toss-ups by the New York Times on Oct. 21, the Facebook fan gap has widened over the past month. Also worth watching are the difficult-to-poll three-way race in Alaska and the race in California, which was used by Nate Silver over at FiveThirtyEight as a case study on last-minute comebacks.
In contrast to the 2008 presidential elections, many campaigns are choosing traditional forms of political advertising instead of online ads. "This year, ascendant Republicans are flush with cash," wrote Mike Shields at AdWeek. "So why not spend big on TV and use the web for its free communications platforms."
Shields cited a Borrell Associates estimate that about $44 million would be spent on web ads but that would make up a miniscule fraction of total ad spending this year.
Who Are the Social Media Rock Stars?
Use the interactive chart below to see how the most popular politicians and political parties measure up online. How do they compare to other widely followed sometimes controversial public figures?
How are voters using social media in 2010 and what are their
expectations of political candidates? Use the interactive chart below
to see how the Web is changing politics.
Outside of the Senate candidates, the Republicans have several social media rock stars, while the Democrats have just one. Although @BarackObama has more online friends and followers than any American politician, several Democratic heavy-hitters are sitting on the sidelines while Republicans are revving up their political base.
Vice President Joe Biden's Twitter account went silent shortly before he was chosen by Obama as a running mate in August 2008. And while Hillary Clinton does not appear to have a working Facebook or Twitter account (outside of occasional quotes on the @StateDept Twitter feed), Sarah Palin tops 2 million fans on Facebook and @SarahPalinUSA has over 280,000 followers.
Mitt Romney, the former Governor of Massachusetts, has more Facebook friends than Bill Clinton, the 42nd President of the United States. President Clinton's Twitter account — assuming it is not a fake — is set to private and is punching way below its weight.
Senator John McCain has two active Twitter accounts with a combined total over 1.73 million followers. They are
TeamMcCain for his Senate re-election campaign and SenJohnMcCain.
About the Data
In the interest of openness and transparency, I am making the curated data set available as a public Google Spreadsheet. If you use it, be sure to cite the original sources. The data used in the above visualizations come from several primary sources:
E-Voter Institute — The E-Voter Institute is a non-partisan trade association founded in 1999 to advance the interests of web publishers and solution providers within the political and advocacy communities. They worked with HCD Research to survey more than 1,500 people on a range of issues related to technology and politics. The Fifth Annual Survey of Voter Expectations was released in September of 2010. You can download a free version of the report: Executive Summary (PDF)
HeadCount — HeadCount is a nonpartisan 501©(3) organization that registers voters at concerts and works with musicians to promote participation in democracy. Since the HeadCount report was published in late September, the Facebook fan and Twitter follower counts for 10 races and 22 selected politicians, political parties or public figures were updated by hand on Oct. 21. You can download a free copy of the full report: G.O.P. Winning Social Media Battle By Wide Margin (PDF)
Borrell Associates — The company's 2010 Political Advertising Outlook was widely cited in media reports.
Correction Oct. 27: The original version of this post, and the related data visualization, incorrectly stated that Sarah Palin has over 5 million Facebook fans and more than 6 million Twitter followers. In fact she has over 2 million Facebook fans and more than 280,000 followers.
Do you think that social media will play a large role in future elections? Does social media engagement translate into volunteer work, campaign contributions and voter turnout? Share your thoughts in the comments below.
Anthony Calabrese is journalist based in Washington, D.C., who specializes in data visualization and digital storytelling. He works as a web producer for the State of the USA where he blogs about measuring the nation's progress. Previously, he worked as a data researcher on the Best Colleges and Best Graduate Schools publications at U.S. News & World Report. He holds a master's degree in interactive journalism from American University and is an active member of the Online News Association.
You can connect on LinkedIn, find him on Facebook or follow him on Twitter @2mrw


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Brazilian Sculpture from 1920 to 1990: A Profile
Cultural Center, Inter-American Development Bank, 1997 - Sculpture, Brazilian - 47 pages
From inside the book
4 pages matching Rubem Valentim in this book
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50 cm Artist's African Afro-Brazilian ALFREDO CESCHIATTI Aluminum with hinges Alvares Penteado Foundation Amflcar de Castro Aristide Maillol Armando Alvares Penteado Art Museum Armando Artist's Private Collection Bahia beads and glass Bicho Biennial of Sao Biennial of Venice Brasilia Brazil Brazilian Art Museum Brazilian sculpture Bruno Giorgi Cacipore Torres Catalogue ceramic cm Artist's Estate cm Artist's Private cm Safra Bank Constantin Brancusi construction Cultural Center Ernesto de Fiori expression figures filiments of natural forms Francisco Brennand FRANS KRAJCBERG Franz Weissmann Gallery geometric Green patinated bronze Helio Oiticica Jose Resende Liuba Lygia Clark Mary Vieira material Max Bill Mestre Didi Modern Art Murilo Mendes Museum Armando Alvares Museum of Modern natural beads Nicolas Vlavianos Ossip Zadkine Palm fiber Paris participated Paulo On exhibit Pinacoteca plastic Rio de Janeiro Rubem Valentim Safra Bank Collection Sao Paulo Biennials Sao Paulo Museum sculp Sergio Camargo space tion ture Untitled Victor Brecheret Waltercio Caldas Welded


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Our guests at Ormsby Hill took the downpours in stride, one minute sitting outside on the patio eating cheese, fruit and cookies, the next, sipping tea in the living room. Other guests made themselves at home in the gathering room, testing out the lemon cooler cookies I've been trying to perfect. Even the old board games came out, and it really felt like home.
The reputation of this property speaks of its beauty and elegance. These last few rainy days have shown that it is also a comfortable, friendly, happy place, where guests can put their feet up and chill.
I'm not sure what kind of weather is coming this week, but we and guests alike can just go with the flow and not worry about it. It will all be fine.


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Welcome to the League of Titans.
Enjoy speaking about the Gold Coast Titans in friendly confines amongst your fellow Titans fans. Go Titans!
Use this forum to discuss the greatest game of all.
General Chat!
Christmas and New Year 2018....
There are currently 18 users online. 0 members and 18 guests
Most users ever online was 885, 29-10-18 at 01:52 PM.
Welcome to our newest member, Irregs16


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Introducing the Shearwater Inn, the newest bed and breakfast situated in East Quogue, the "Gateway to
the Hamptons."
The Shearwater Inn is close to Southampton's beautiful ocean beaches, outlet shopping, antique stores, the Riverhead Aquarium, farms, wineries, and all the excitement and fun the East end of Long Island has to offer.
We offer a full hot breakfast, wireless internet service, cable television, beach passes and afternoon refreshments. Private parking is available at the inn.
Singles, couples, and families are all welcome as well as destination wedding parties, or any other type of event.
We are family owned and operated and will do whatever we can to ensure that your stay is as enjoyable as possible!
We are on twitter at www.twitter.com/shearwaterinn! Follow us to receive updates about our bed and breakfast or special savings and discounts. We also have a Facebook Page! We will be offering special discounts and savings on Facebook as well, so become a fan!
We appreciate any and all feedback so that we can continue to be the best bed and breakfast in the Hamptons!
Thanks, and we look forward to having you stay with us.
Home | Accommodations | Reservations | About | Area Information | Features/Policy | Photo Gallery | Contact
© 2010 Shearwater Inn. All Rights Reserved
Website by MOMENTUM


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Each week throws off several new video game lists ranging from the humorous to the trivial. What's better? A list of those. Here's a roundup of the rundowns out there.
•Top 5 Hard Drinkin' Video Game Heroes [Calm Down Tom] I'm surprised at how temperate Cole Phelps is in L.A. Noire. The detective genre usually has a tippling protagonist. Missing from the list is Col. Blair from Wing Commander; I believe he had a DWI (dogfighting while intoxicated) mission in WCIII, no?
•Top 10 (Proven) Health Benefits of Video Games [Ranker] Assembling all of those studies we (and others) have printed, here's a collection of 10 positive effects of a video gaming lifestyle. It's amazing how you could replace "video games" with "porn" and still have an argument for most of these. Well, maybe not "increased self-esteem."
•Five Things We Learned From Every Sports Game Ever Made/a> [Joystick Division] The point about Mega Man Soccer is especially true.
•The Top Ten Ends of the World in Video Games [Destructoid] In honor of yesterday's Judgment Day that didn't happen, D'toid examines a common theme of video games: The apocalypse, both pre- and post-.
•Ten Most Obscure Gaming Peripherals [Megabits of Gaming] I wouldn't call R.O.B. or the PowerGlove "obscure," necessarily, but I didn't know the Dreamcast had a fishing rod attachment.


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A Camp Lejeune Marine has been accused of raping a teenage girl at a motel in New Bern.
A Camp Lejeune Marine has been accused of raping a teenage girl at a motel in New Bern.
Lance Cpl. James Pierre, 21, was charged Nov. 22 by the New Bern Police Department with second degree rape after the alleged incident was reported Nov. 21.
Pierre is accused of raping a 15-year-old girl, who he personally knew, sometime between 2 and 3 p.m. on Nov. 21 at the Palace Motel on Doctor Martin Luther King Blvd. in New Bern. The alleged rape was reported later that day, at 10:30 p.m., according to New Bern Police officials.
Pierre is assigned to II Marine Expeditionary Force as a motor vehicle operator, according to II MEF officials.
Pierre is currently in custody at the Craven County Jail under a $200,000 bond.
He had his first appearance in court Monday, during which he was appointed lawyer Lee Bettis. His next court date is Dec. 14.
Contact Daily News Military Reporter Amanda Wilcox at 910-219-8453 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow her on Twitter @AWilcox21.


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Attention shopping savers! If you ever wondered how reward points programs really work—or don't work—here you have all the answers, fine prints, and even advice to become a reward points ninja. All clearly explained in a neat graphic.
Click image to enlarge
Hmmm, it looks like our beloved Best Buy has a lot of fine prints asterisks. But do I really care? I like the conclusion on how it really works: You get a "free" toaster oven after spending $24,000 on purchases, and by then "the thrill is gone" because you "realize the game is fixed from the beginning. Time to find better ways to save, like buying less stuff."
I can't agree more. All praise Jess Bachman—one of our favorite infographics designers. [Mint.com]


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Four Friends on a routine helicopter flight encounter engine trouble and crash on a desolate island. They soon find out that surviving the crash was the least of their concerns, as they emerge from the wreckage in the middle of a Bio Military Outpost under siege by the LIVING DEAD. The toxin has laid waste to the town of San Eden. In this maelstrom of death and decay and with the fate of the human race weighing on their shoulders, our Four Friends must fight for their survival. Grab your weapons, lock and load – the future ends here, or you can try and escape from the UNDEAD ZONE. Includes a huge library of custom music, audio and models.
Only registered members can share their thoughts. So come on! Join the community today (totally free - or sign in with your social account on the right) and join in the conversation.


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Keyshawn Woods made it obvious he had played in the Henry Center before.
GASTONIA � Keyshawn Woods made it obvious he had played in the Henry Center before.
The former Gaston Day standout made himself right at home Thursday, scoring a season-high 21 points as Northside Christian defeated Oldsmar Christian 78-68 in the opening round of the Upward Classic.
�I felt like I was still playing here,� said Woods, a junior who transferred during the offseason.
The 6-foot-4 guard also had seven assists and six rebounds as his new team from Charlotte improved to 9-0 by holding off a talented squad from Florida that featured three Division I signees.
Woods scored 18 of his points in the first half, including 12 in the second quarter, before playing a key role down the home stretch. Woods hit an open 3-pointer from the left corner to give the Knights a 69-60 lead with 2:03 left moments after assisting on a James Demery dunk.
Austin Dasent scored 20 points while Demery finished with 14 points and eight rebounds for the Knights. Northside Christian also got nine points and 11 assists from Jeremy Ritter in addition to 11 points from Army signee Luke Morrison, a 6-foot-8 forward.
For Oldsmar Christian (10-6), 6-8 sophomore forward Alex Owens scored 21 points, senior guard Thomas Horn scored 13 and senior guard Troy Holston scored 12. North Texas signee Tony Nunn did not score, Georgia Southern signee Glen Pierre scored two and Wichita State signee D.J. Bowles did not score.
As for Woods, he and his coach said the transition between schools has gone smoothly. Woods, averaging 10.8 points entering Thursday, said he transferred in an attempt to improve his game by facing stronger competition.
�It�s a lot of talent and we push each other every day in practice,� Woods said. �That�s something I haven�t really had.�
Woods said he has received offers from UNC Greensboro, Appalachian State, UNC Charlotte, Wichita State and Davidson.
Next for Woods and the Knights is a date Friday at 6 with nationally recognized St. Patrick of New Jersey, which beat Kennedy Charter 76-47 in the tournament�s opening game Wednesday night. St. Patrick is led by St. Joseph�s-bound DeAndre Bembry, a 6-7 senior forward.
�It�s going to be fun,� Woods said.
Gaston Day 71, Berry Academy 67 � Trevor Anderson scored 24 points, Derek McKnight 19 and Nolan Nelson 16 as Gaston Day (10-2) won its Upward Classic opener.
Tied at halftime, Gaston Day held 49-48 lead heading into the final period and trailed by two with 5 1/2 minutes remaining before closing out the win.
�The second half we made an effort to box and keep them off the boards,� Gaston Day coach Kenny Burr said.
Berry Academy (5-5) had a chance to win seconds before the buzzer but Matthew Powell�s 3-point attempt from the right wing missed off the back of the rim and McKnight grabbed the rebound. McKnight was then fouled and hit a pair of free throws with one second on the clock for the final margin.
�It�s a good win for us,� Burr said. �To beat a public school from Charlotte means a lot.�
Cazmon Hayes, a 6-4 senior guard bound for Delaware next season, led Berry Academy with 26 points.
Gaston Day 52, Kennedy Charter 27 � Morgan Whitesides scored 30 and Omarri Holland added eight points for Gaston Day (5-5), which advanced to Friday�s 1:30 p.m. game against Vance.
Berry Academy 54, Northside Christian 21 � Jessica Marcus scored 16 while Altavia Lowery and Ra�Shika White added 10 points each for Berry Academy (6-4). Northside Christian dropped to 1-8.
Phillip Gardner: 704-869-1843; twitter.com/gazettephil
Upward Classic
At Gaston Day
Wednesday�s result
Boys: St. Patrick 76, Kennedy Charter 47
Thursday�s results
Gaston Day 52, Kennedy Charter 27
BerryAcademy54, Northside Christian 21
Byes: Kings Mountain, Vance
Northside Christian 78, Oldsmar Christian 68
Gaston Day 71, Berry Academy 67
North Gwinnettvs. Vance, late
Friday�s games
Kennedy Charter vs. Northside Christian, 10:30 a.m.
Gaston Day vs. Vance, 1:30 p.m.
BerryAcademy vs. Kings Mountain, 4:30 p.m.
Kennedy Charter vs. Oldsmar Christian, noon
BerryAcademyvs. NG-Vance loser, 3 p.m.
St. Patrick vs. Northside Christian, 6 p.m.
Gaston Day vs. NG-Vance winner, 7:30 p.m.
Saturday�s games
Consolation game, 10:30 a.m.
Consolation game, 1:30 p.m.
Championship, 6 p.m.
Seventh-place game, noon
Fifth-place game, 3 p.m.
Third-place game, 4:30 p.m.
Championship, 7:30 p.m.


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Not everyone likes Glitter on the lips but I do! This Barry M Lipgloss in Strawberry Glitter caught my eye because it is pure glitter:
Its the kind of thing that could really work on top of a lipstick, especially a matte lipstick in a similar colour. I've got it on here by itself:
Its not superfine glitter you understand – its more party, in your face glitter but I kind of like it, its certainly unusual:
Glitter on the lips…yay or nay? If you don't like glitter, what's your favourite lipstick finish?


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Took Ruby in today for a moist 'sore' like spot on her lower lip that's been there a few weeks. My hypothesis was right: her teeth are pretty flat and her lower lips 'plump?' - (I think the vet said) and she must be constantly leaking some saliva in the same spot. It's sort of oozy damp gross about 1/4 inch wide by maybe an inch and a half long. Vet called it Chelitis and gave me a bottle of chlorhexidine to treat it with daily at first and then use as maintenance cleaner a few times a week once it settles down.
This will probably be something we have to deal with from now on and I was curious if people had experience with it in the long term.... sorry no pix but it's sort of hard to see anyway. I haven't consulted the google yet on this but intend to soon.
experience with chelitis ?
Talk about diets, exercise, and disease.
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So this is perhaps not the best essay that I have ever written, and it goes against the grain to disagree with Tolkien, given his great understanding of Anglo-Saxon England and its culture, as well as his knowledge which far exceeds mine. However, with that said, I deeply believe what I have written. Here follows a paper written for my Anglo-Saxon Lit. class. Perhaps not LOTR related, but definitely Tolkien related. The translations are all my own
Ofermod or "Northern Courage"?
The Tragedy of the Heroic Germanic Code in Anglo-Saxon England
"Hyge sceal þy heardra, heorte þy cenre,
mod sceal þy mare þy ure mægen lytlaþ."
"Mind shall be harder, heart be bolder,
spirit be greater though our strength sinks"
"The Battle of Maldon" (lines 312-13).
So spoke Byrhtwold, Byrhtnoth's retainer, in what is perhaps the single most famous line of Anglo-Saxon poetry. Scholars had long considered both speech and "The Battle of Maldon" to be a celebration of "northern courage" until J.R.R. Tolkien argued that Byrhtnoth as a superior, and as the commander of a battle troop, had a moral obligation to his men under which "northern courage" had no place. In other words, he had no business letting the Vikings cross the river. Unlike earlier scholars, Tolkien saw the poem as a criticism of Byrhtnoth.
While I do think that Tolkien raised some very important points, and that there is a level to which Byrhtnoth's' ofermod drove his deeds too far, I also believe that there an extent to which this ofermod driven action might only seen as a bad thing because they lost. It is likely that had they won, this action would have made him a hero. This same ofermod would have made the warriors famous and their deeds celebrated. Furthermore, I believe Byrhtnoth was caught in a double bind, and that the poem is a celebration of northern courage that recognises that the very system it loves is also fatally flawed.
Tolkien argued that the doctrine of "Northern Courage" only "appears in this clarity, and (approximate) purity, precisely because it is put in the mouth of a subordinate" for whom "personal pride was … at its lowest, and love and loyalty at their highest" (Tolkien 144). Byrhtnoth, on the other hand, as the leader of these men ought to have made their lives his first priority and not let the Vikings come ashore unchallenged. However, I do not see "Maldon" as a criticism of Byrhtnoth in allowing the Vikings to cross the river, but rather a criticism that
"Þa se eorl ongann for his ofermode
aliefan landes to fela laðre þeode."
"The ealdorman then undertook, for his excessive pride,
to allow too much land to the loathsome people" (89-90).
The issue does not seem to be that he allowed the Vikings to cross at all, but rather that he allowed them "too much land" when they did cross. It is also highly doubtful that the Vikings would have been so intimately acquainted with Byrhtnoth himself that they could devise such a plan as they did:
"ongunnon lytigian þa laðe giestas,
bædon þæt hie upp-gangan agan mosten…"
"The abominable enemies undertook to use guile,
demanded that they be permitted passage to shore… " (86-87).
Rather, it seems to imply that the Vikings knew that any Anglo-Saxon commander would become recklessly "honourable" when taunted thus, and therefore their request was calculated to be insulting enough to warrant such a response. Such a reading would rely on "northern courage" as a thriving and widespread system of behaviour that encompassed kings and leaders as well as their thanes. While this view does not exonerate Byrhtnoth from sacrificing the lives of his men, it may perhaps explain why only two lines out of more than three hundred focus on Byrhtnoth's choice to let the Vikings cross, and why the greater part of the poem details instead how bravely the men fought around the body of their fallen lord.
Tolkien, fresh from the horrors of World War I, argued that Byrhtnoth had no right to let the Vikings cross, unchecked, before engaging them in battle, "northern courage" or no. He said:
" [T]his element of pride, in the form of the desire for honour and glory … tends to grow,
to become a chief motive, driving a man beyond the bleak heroic necessity to excess – to chivalry.
'Excess' certainly, even if it be approved by contemporary opinion, when it not
only goes beyond need and duty, but interferes with it" (Tolkien 144).
I do not see this choice as a fault of Byrhtnoth's alone. Instead I see it as the tragedy of a culture built on a rigid heroic code, on "northern courage". This is Byrhtnoth's double bind. He cannot allow the Vikings to give up and sail away to another, worse defended, stretch of coast, he cannot retreat and let the Vikings ravage Essex, nor can he truly hope to win in a fair fight. With his original strategy, of one man defending the bridge at a time, the Vikings are still likely to out last them, or give up and sail away. If they had done the later, it could have gone well if the Vikings had not cast aspersions on their valour. By pointing out that the fight was unfair, and asking for better landing so that they might fight on level terms, the Vikings were not only stacking matters in their favour (but when have they not), they were also implying that Byrhtnoth and his men were not honourable. It is this last, I believe, that causes Byrhtnoth to act in his ofermod for it has been previously established that "her stent unforcuþ eorl mid his weorde," or that "here stands an undisgraced ealdorman with his troop" (line 51).
Byrhtnoth can either refuse to let the Vikings pass and continue the fight as it was before, hoping that the Vikings will not sail away, or he can do what he does in the poem, let the Vikings cross and fight a "fair" fight. If he does the former and wins, he and his men will live in the knowledge that the fight was neither strictly "honorable" nor "fair", even if the whole world praises them for turning aside the Viking threat. For, as Tolkien says, they expect everyone to behave honourably, "even if there [are] no witnesses" (Tolkien 144). Perhaps it is this idea that leads Byrhtnoth to jeopardize his "one object, the defence of the realm from an implacable foe" and leads to, as it turns out, "the ruin of his purpose and duty" (146).
It is easy to say that Byrhtnoth's actions were "stupid" or "irresponcible" or any other negative term, but our society has so many different "norms" and places so much less emphasis on honour than did the Anglo-Saxons, that we cannot judge them on our terms. Perhaps even Tolkien, who probably could understand the Anglo-Saxon mind set better than anyone else in our time, was so – understandably – influenced by his times and his own experiences, that even he could not fully understand their society as it existed.
Perhaps Byrhtnoth was irresponsible and foolish to let the Vikings cross, and whether he was or not, he lost the battle. Perhaps the poem is a criticism of his actions, or of "northern courage", or perhaps it is a poem that celebrates this "northern courage" even while seeing its flaws. A poem that can, like "Njal's Saga", offer a clear sighted critique on the culture it loves without passing judgement on those caught in the heroic tragedy of "northern courage", for the poet dwells less on Byrhtnoth's ofermod than he does on the fierce pride of Byrhtnoth's retainers.
"Ic þæt gehate, þæt ic heonan nylle
fleon fotes trym, ac wille furðor gan,
wrecan on gewinne minne wine-dryhten."
"I vow that I will not, from this place,
flee one foot's tread, but will further go
to avenge in battle my ealdorman and friend"
(lines 246-8).
"… fram ic ne wille,
ac ic me be healfe minum hlaforde,
swa leofum menn licgan þence."
"… I will not from hence,
for I desire to lie beside my lord,
to lie dead with the dearest of men"
(lines 371b-319).
Tolkien, J. R. R. Tree and Leaf: Including the Poem Mythopoeia; The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth
Beorththelm's Son. Paperback ed. London: HarperCollinsPublishers, 2001. Print.


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Developer Reading List, December 03, 2013 Ruby, Python, ASP.NET, Android development, PDF, and more.
Python in Practice
Mark Summerfield's books are about the best in class, regardless of what topic he takes on. Last year, for example, Dr. Dobb's excerpted several chapters of his book on Google's Go language. Earlier in my career, I relied heavily on Summerfield's book about the Qt toolkit to become familiar with its rich capabilities. Summerfield knows how to write and how to present programming topics intelligently. I particularly like his refusal to avoid hard topics by relegating them to material that are "not in the scope of this book." He's mastered the presentation of dense material.
In this new volume, he fills a hole found in many books today instruction on how to use tools (here, Python) well once their basics have been mastered. This is a constant problem with learning a new language: How does one learn to code idiomatically? And within the idiom, intelligently? That's what this book is about good Python programming once the language has been thoroughly learned. (I should point out this volume uses Python 3 exclusively without providing the usual patches for Python 2. This can be viewed as a hassle or the inevitable reminder of the need to move on from version 2.x. )
The first few chapters explain most of the Gang of Four design patterns in Python. He spends 140 pages on patterns, which I think is an almost perfect amount. It's not so much that you never get through it, but plenty enough so that you can see how each pattern is coded and how to express it idiomatically. My one hesitation in this effort is his attempt to implement the interpreter pattern. Like its forebear in the Gang of Four book, the implementation is far too superficial for anyone to apply it usefully.
After patterns, the author tackles concurrency (with separate sections on CPU-bound and I/O-bound concurrency), integration with other languages, high-level networking, and writing portable GUIs. The latter topic is based on Tkinter the Python wrapper around the Tk toolkit and Tcl engine, themselves wrapped in the Python runtime. Now that Tkinter allows themed appearance that is closer to the native look and feel of the runtime platform, this choice of library is workable. But as Summerfield suggests, it's hardly optimal. Tkinter lacks many features found in other GUI frameworks but has the benefit of being part of the Python distribution. Nonetheless, this book shows how much can be done even within the toolkit's limitations.
This book is a grab-bag of disparate topics, but that is, in some ways, a virtue: Almost any Python program beyond simple scripts is likely to touch on one area or another that Summerfield covers. And when that happens, you'll find this text to be a useful and insightful guide.


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William Rosenblatt, MD
Professor of Anesthesiology; Director, Anesthesia for Otolaryngology, Anesthesiology; REMEDY President & Founder; President Emeritus Society for Airway Management, Anesthesiology
Departments & Organizations
Anesthesiology: Perioperative & Adult Anesthesiology: Otolaryngology Anesthesiology
Yale Cancer Center: Head and Neck Cancers Program
Yale Medicine
Office of Cooperative Research
Dr. Rosenblatt is a graduate of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. He completed a residency in Pediatrics at Stanford, before training in Anesthesiology at Yale. Soon after completing his residency in Anesthesiology, he founded REMEDY (Recovered Medical Equipment for the Developing World), which has a nation and world wide reach. His patient care, academic, teaching and research interest is in difficult airway management. His two most significant contributions in this field are the Airway Approach Algorithm and Preoperative Endoscopic Airway Examination. He is past president of the Society for Airway Management. Current research interests include virtual reality flexible intubation laryngoscope simulation.
Currently he is an associate floor runner in the Smilow Cancer Hospital.
Education & Training
|Mount Sinai School of Medicine (1985)
|Yale New Haven Hospital
|Yale University School of Medicine
|Stanford University Hospital
|Stanford University Hospital
|Board Certification
|AB of Anesthesiology, Anesthesiology (1992)
Honors & Recognition
Rolex Award for EnterpriseRolex Corporation (1996)
Professional Service
Society For Airway Management (2005 - 2006) President


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Mountain Adventure tough for bushwackers
Valdez men scratch in two days as did half the entrants
Going into this year's Alaska Mountain Wilderness Classic, organizers had an idea of what to expect from the trail. For the second year in a three-cycle, the event's route from Thompson Pass to McCarthy proved to be one of the most difficult in its 31-year history.
Just ask Valdez men Kalin King and Chris Shumate. The duo from the Valdez Police Department competed in the event for the first time. They expected several challenges such as brush and high waters, but didn't prepare for unseasonably hot temperatures.
"For me personally, it was the temperature," Shumate said. "We weren't carrying any water. We were just planning on filling up here and there with some of the clear water streams. When we got on the dunes, it really zapped us."
Twelve competitors started Sunday from the Blueberry Lake Campground near Thompson Pass. The goal was to make it to the Lakina Bridge near McCarthy within a week. Each team could choose from two routes. There was the bushwhacker route, which is mostly rafting and clearing brush for 120 miles or the glacier route, which features trekking across glaciers on a 170-mile path.
Shumate and King chose the bushwhacker route due to their experience with camping and hunting in the area. The Valdez team's first challenge was to cross the Tasnuna River drainage. They had planned to cross it high. But, it was higher than they had thought. When the river was a little lower, the team made another attempt to cross it and head to the Copper River.
They made it to the river only to find that other participants also had a difficult time with the Tasnuna. Some had flipped their rafts in their attempts. One other team had lost its raft and gear. The Valdez team helped the others dry out their clothes. The next day, the team paddled 20 miles down the Tasnuna River to the Copper River. It took them two hours to cross the 1 ½ -mile wide Copper River.
Then, they trekked across the Bremner Dunes. Shumate described that leg of the route as being "un-Alaska" like.
"It was literally like being in the Sahara Desert," Shumate said. "It had to have been 95 degrees and several miles of sand. You would have thought you were definitely not in Alaska."
An injury ended the team's Alaska Mountain Wilderness Classic experience during its attempt through the Bremner Brush.
"I had pulled a muscle in my left hip. I had trouble raising my left foot," Shumate said. "We were slow, going so slow at that point. We felt we needed to come up with a different plan."
The team decided to salvaged their trip by going down the Bremner River, to Copper River, and on to Cordova. They chartered a floatplane back to Valdez. Shumate and King participated in the event for only two days.
Overall, Shumate said he enjoyed the experience and hopes to do it again. When he and King checked in with the event organizers, half of the participants were out of the event. As of Sunday, no competitors had finished the route.


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The Comedy About A Bank Robbery
في Criterion Theatre
One giant diamond. Eight incompetent crooks. And a security guard asleep on the job. What could possibly go right?
- Get your tickets to The Comedy About A Bank Robbery
- Choose your own seats
- Laugh your pants off
The Comedy About A Bank Robbery
The Comedy About A Bank Robbery is written by and starring the Mischief Theatre Company who also brought you the 2015 Olivier award-winning Best New Comedy "The Play That Goes Wrong" and "Peter Pan Goes Wrong". Book now to be entertained by their unique brand of humour in this hilarious new show. It would be criminal to miss it.
How do I get my tickets?
Shortly after your booking is complete, you will receive an e-ticket by email. Please print out your ticket and bring it with you to the theater.
The Comedy About A Bank Robbery مراجعات وتقييمات
"This is the funniest show in the West End"
The Telegraph
"A fast and fabulous comedy caper is a joyful night out"
The Times
"The best new comedy to open straight onto the West End in decades"
Time Out
"Thrillingly inventive and lung-bustingly funny"
The Guardian
"A night of spectacular madness"
"Laughing all the way to the bank"
Financial Times
حجز التذاكر
استمارة الحجز
حجز لغاية
مدة العرض:
2 hours 30 minutes (One interval)
Piccadilly Station - Bakerloo/Piccadilly Line


text:
In recent pieces by the Wall Street Journal and American Public Media's Marketplace, Shubha Ghosh discusses possible antitrust issues raised by Apple Inc.'s new subscription service.
The service allows magazines, newspapers and other publishers to sell subscriptions to users of Apple's popular iPad, iTouch and iPhone products, with some catches.
These catches—including requirements that subscriptions must be sold through Apple's App Store and that, should publishers sell digital subscriptions outside the Apple sphere, Apple can offer subscriptions at the same price or less—have drawn antitrust scrutiny.
Underlying the debate, says Shubha Ghosh, an antitrust professor at UW Law School, are two core questions: Whether Apple owns enough of a dominant position in the market to keep competitors out, and whether it is exerting "anticompetitive pressures on price."
To read the Wall Street Journal article, click here.
To read or listen to the American Public Media's Marketplace piece, click here.
Submitted by UW Law News on February 22, 2011
This article appears in the categories: In the Media


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May 7: Police took a report of attempted theft of gas at a residence. Officers also assisted the sheriff with an accident investigation.
May 8: Police recovered a juvenile runaway for the Goessel Police Department. Property was returned to a local resident.
May 12: Police took a report of burglary and theft from a residence. The case is under investigation. A report also was filed of an incomplete case from April 27 when a victim failed to fill out a victim's statement. Police assisted with an unattended death investigation in the city limits.


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I think the media center function of the 360 (Xbox Live Video) is great. Sure, I would use it more if prices were a little lower and I'm not going to complain about the tiny hard drive size anymore, but it's a great start to make the 360 a central part of the entertainment center. Every so often when I don't feel like going out and would like to see a new movie, I'll rent an HD title. I'm willing to pay for convenience.
Microsoft seems to want more people to try the service, and of course the best way to do that is to offer free content. According to Game|Life, starting March 6 you will be able to download the South Park episode "Good Times with Weapons" for free in high definition. I'm not sure if South Park is the best way to show off high definition to people—the animation isn't exactly high tech to begin with—but hey, it's free. In another cross-promotion from March 20 to April 3, anyone who buys a 360 or the HD-DVD add-on will get an HD-DVD with that episode on it for free.
Now I have that "Let's Fighting Love" song stuck in my head. More free HD content, please!


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Follow RFF News on your cell phone. Text follow rff to 40404 you will receive txt messages with RFF News
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I think this memory challenge is more luck than... memory. I wish they would come up with someone like TAR12 again.
The task is really hard but there is an element of randomness and the order was greatly determined by the silly suitcase thing. The final was generally mediocre in design.
Of course, a boring team won this season. I still would like Mona & Beth to be the winners.
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As if its not bad enough looking haggard and tired from the lack of zzz's, hayfever is making me look like one of those girls that constantly look like they are on the brink of tears, the ones that cry over everything; from looking 2lbs heavier to headlines like ROBERT PATTISON – GAY?
I blogged about Visine which is gorgeous stuff but only on sale in the US – so I went on a hunt to see what good, affordable drops there are in the UK highstreet.
My eyes are sensitive. I find most hayfever specific drops very stingy and painful to use.
There's Vital Eyes – my favourite is the – took redness away in a few seconds without any pain (I usually find whitening drops stingy).
Mmmm I need a few because it normally takes me about 3 days to lose one they should be replaced after a few weeks.
Murine was also excellent – the moisturized and brightened and it is also a generous size:
This was £3.99 – I'd highly recommend this one to keep at the desk to keep the eyes hydrated. It soothed (not cured) the itchyness but as I mentioned earlier, I can't use specific hayfever eye drops as they hurt too much so this is my alternative.
*sniff sniff* – is anyone else dying of Hayfever too?


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GENERIC NAME(S): Desmopressin
OTHER NAME(S): DDAVP Tablet
Desmopressin is used to control the amount of urine your kidneys make. Normally, the amount of urine you make is controlled by a certain substance in the body called vasopressin. In people who have "water diabetes" (diabetes insipidus) or certain kinds of head injury or brain surgery, the body does not make enough vasopressin. Desmopressin is a man-made form of vasopressin and is used to replace a low level of vasopressin. This medication helps to control increased thirst and too much urination due to these conditions, and helps prevent dehydration.
Desmopressin is also used to control nighttime bedwetting in children. It reduces how often your child urinates and decreases the number of bedwetting episodes.
How to use DDAVP
For the treatment of diabetes insipidus, take this medication by mouth, usually 2 to 3 times a day or as directed by your doctor.
For the treatment of bedwetting, take this medication by mouth, usually once a day at bedtime. Children should limit the fluids they drink after dinner, especially 1 hour before the desmopressin dose until the next morning, or at least 8 hours after the dose. If your child wakes up during the night, limit the amount that he or she drinks.
All patients taking desmopressin, especially children and older adults, must limit drinking of water and other fluids. Consult your doctor for details. If you find that you are drinking more fluids than directed, tell your doctor right away. Your treatment will need to be adjusted. (See also Side Effects and Precautions sections.)
Dosage is based on your medical condition and response to treatment. Do not take more desmopressin or take it more often than prescribed.
Take this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. To help you remember, take it at the same time(s) each day.
Tell your doctor if your condition does not improve or if this medication stops working well.
Side Effects
Headache, nausea, upset stomach, or flushing of the face may occur. If any of these effects persist or worsen, tell your doctor or pharmacist promptly.
Remember that your doctor has prescribed this medication because he or she has judged that the benefit to you is greater than the risk of side effects. Many people using this medication do not have serious side effects.
Desmopressin can rarely cause a low level of sodium in the blood, which can be serious and possibly life-threatening. Drinking too much water or other fluids increases the risk of having a low level of sodium in the blood. Therefore, follow your doctor's directions for limiting fluids. Seek immediate medical attention if you have any of these unlikely but serious symptoms of a low level of sodium in the blood: loss of appetite, severe nausea, vomiting, severe headache, muscle weakness/spasms/cramps, sudden weight gain, unusual tiredness, unusual severe drowsiness, mental/mood changes (such as confusion, hallucinations, irritability), loss of consciousness, seizures, slow/shallow breathing.
A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. However, seek immediate medical attention if you notice any symptoms of a serious allergic reaction, including: rash, itching/swelling (especially of the face/tongue/throat), severe dizziness, trouble breathing.
This is not a complete list of possible side effects. If you notice other effects not listed above, contact your doctor or pharmacist.
In the US -
Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or at www.fda.gov/medwatch.
In Canada - Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to Health Canada at 1-866-234-2345.
Before taking desmopressin, tell your doctor or pharmacist if you are allergic to it; or if you have any other allergies. This product may contain inactive ingredients, which can cause allergic reactions or other problems. Talk to your pharmacist for more details.
This medication should not be used if you have certain medical conditions. Before using this medicine, consult your doctor or pharmacist if you have: kidney disease, a low level of sodium in the blood (current or past hyponatremia).
Before using this medication, tell your doctor or pharmacist your medical history, especially of: high blood pressure, heart disease (such as blocked blood vessels in the heart), conditions that may increase your risk of fluid/mineral imbalance (such as cystic fibrosis, heart failure), the urge to drink too much water without being thirsty, bleeding/clotting problems.
If you have lost too much body water (become dehydrated), your doctor will correct that condition first before starting treatment with desmopressin.
Limit alcohol because it can interfere with how well desmopressin works.
Tell the doctor right away if you develop any illness that can cause water/mineral imbalance (including fever, diarrhea, vomiting, infections such as the flu) or if you experience conditions that require drinking more fluids (for example, exposure to very hot weather, strenuous exercise, persistent sweating). The doctor may need to stop or adjust desmopressin treatment, especially in children and older adults.
Children may be more sensitive to the side effects of this drug, especially water/mineral imbalance and a low level of sodium in the blood.
Kidney function declines as you grow older. This medication is removed by the kidneys. Therefore, older adults may be at greater risk for water/mineral imbalance and a low level of sodium in the blood while using this drug.
During pregnancy, this medication should be used only when clearly needed. Discuss the risks and benefits with your doctor.
This medication passes into breast milk. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.
Drug interactions may change how your medications work or increase your risk for serious side effects. This document does not contain all possible drug interactions. Keep a list of all the products you use (including prescription/nonprescription drugs and herbal products) and share it with your doctor and pharmacist. Do not start, stop, or change the dosage of any medicines without your doctor's approval.
Other medications besides desmopressin may also affect the balance of water and sodium in your body. Therefore, tell your doctor or pharmacist about all the products you take, including: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, naproxen), psychiatric medicines (such as chlorpromazine), SSRI antidepressants (such as sertraline), tolvaptan, tricyclic antidepressants (such as amitriptyline), "water pills" (diuretics such as furosemide).
If someone has overdosed and has serious symptoms such as passing out or trouble breathing, call 911. Otherwise, call a poison control center right away. US residents can call their local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. Canada residents can call a provincial poison control center. Symptoms of overdose may include: confusion, drowsiness, persistent/severe headache, sudden weight gain.
Do not share this medication with others.
Laboratory and/or medical tests (such as urine tests, sodium blood level) may be performed periodically to monitor your progress or check for side effects. Consult your doctor for more details.
Missed Dose
If you take 1 dose daily and miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If you do not remember until the next day, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
If you take more than 1 dose daily and miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is near the time of the next dose, skip the missed dose and resume your usual dosing schedule. Do not double the dose to catch up.
Store at room temperature between 68-77 degrees F (20-25 degrees C) away from light and moisture. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep all medicines away from children and pets.
Do not flush medications down the toilet or pour them into a drain unless instructed to do so. Properly discard this product when it is expired or no longer needed. Consult your pharmacist or local waste disposal company for more details about how to safely discard your product.Information last revised December 2016. Copyright(c) 2016 First Databank, Inc.
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One of the first things we, as genealogists, need to learn is that our ancestors' names were not always spelled correctly, and you may even find the same person's name spelled several different ways in the same document. The spelling of some names have only "recently" been standardized. Not everyone could spell his or her own name, and not all clerks could spell either! Regional pronunciations might alter a person's name, or an individual might change it to adapt to surrounding population or for simplicity. These variations may, or may not lead to lasting changes, and may not be an instantaneous or single change. It may take several generations, and the advent of modern record keeping, before a name becomes permanent.
Now how do you spell that?


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Customer rank: +5
#3 in [Audio] top-rank
This is a licensed reproduction of the famous Magicassette and MagiCD series created by Martin Breese - now owned by Lybrary.com.
If you find anything wrong with this product listing, perhaps the description is wrong, the author is incorrect, or it is listed in the wrong category, then please contact us. We will promptly address your feedback.


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Jan. 25, 2004
SANTA CLARA, Calif. - Junior guard Quinn Thomas tied her career high with 24 points to lead the Santa Clara University women's basketball team in a contest against Saint Mary's, but the Broncos' comeback fell short, as the Gaels recorded a 59-51 win in West Coast Conference action this afternoon at the Leavey Center. SCU falls to 6-12 overall, 2-3 in conference play, while Saint Mary's improves to 12-7, 4-1.
Sheridan Arrendondo posted a 17-point, 7-rebound performance to lead the Gaels, including eight at intermission, with her team ahead 27-19. By the first media time out of the second half, Saint Mary's made it a 15-point advantage, on a three from the top of the key by Serena Benavente. The Gaels would increase that lead to 17 on two free throws from Katie Ludwick.
That's when the Bronco comeback started, as SCU outscored Saint Mary's 15-2 during a six-minute span. Thomas hit two of her six threes, and redshirt freshman Tori Markey scored five points during the run, as Santa Clara pulled within four, 47-43 with seven minutes on the clock. Two minutes later, freshman forward Jenni Gottschalk converted a three-point play while freshman guard Yasemin Kimyacioglu scored on a lay-up to reduce the deficit to three, 51-48.
It would be as close as the Broncos would get, as missed attempts forced the home squad to foul. Saint Mary's made all six attempts from the charity stripe in the final three minutes to secure the victory.
Gottschalk finished with 10 rebounds to lead the Broncos defensively. Markey finished with nine points and seven boards. For the Gaels, Monica Mertle added 11, while Evynn Van Burger also netted 11 points, but adds 11 rebounds to her totals as well.
Santa Clara remains returns to action on the road, with visits to Gonzaga and Portland next weekend.


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Reese Witherspoon is a little preoccupied witherface -- because she just sued a jewelry company for using her mug in its ads.
Reese filed the lawsuit against Marketing Advantages International -- which runs the jewelry website Emitations.com -- claiming it exploited her name and face to sell jewelry and other stuff, including a knockoff of her engagement ring.
The deal breaker ... Reese insists she never gave the company permission to use her to hawk its wares.
She's suing for lots of dough ... it's just beyond.


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bigstrads wrote:Rehren1296 wrote:How could you allow such a thing?bigstrads wrote:Anyway.................TV is leaving my house in about an hours time!!! ..............got to pack it up in a minute.
Ahh, I see why you said it was "ridiculous" now.
Well, it went into storage..............because Im coming over to the Bay, seen any of my threads about it?
And we are renting our apartment out to someone, and they have their own TV.
However, I just hooked up the smaller TV from our bedroom, thats staying, and thats doing fine right now...........so Ill be playing right up until we leave next Wednesday.
wouldn't your girl just get a kick out it if i were to bring my xbox to your room during your stay? hahaha, she would leave your ass here.
Anyway, i can't wait to get on this game again. The maps are so much better this time around. COD4 had some good maps, but they always felt like staged arenas. There is so much cover in these maps, there are so many options to go about a battle.


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