text:
Fards in the Religion
Every Muslim must know thirty-three binding duties (fards) of Islam. These are:
Articles of belief: 6
Pillars of Islam: 5
Fards of salat: 12
Fards of wudu': 4
Fards of ghusl: 3
Fards of tayammum: 3
Articles of Belief
The articles of belief are six:
1) Belief in Allah (swt), the One and Only
2) Belief in His angels
3) Belief in the books He sent
4) Belief in the prophets He sent
5) Belief in the Day of Judgment
6) Belief in destiny (that everything takes place according to His will).
Pillars of Islam
The five fundamental observances revealed in the Prophet's (saas) hadith constitute the pillars of Islam. The Messenger of Allah (saas) said:
"The religion of Islam is based on five fundamental principles: attesting that there exists no deity but Allah, that Muhammad is His servant and His messenger, praying, fasting and pilgrimage." (Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim)
Prayer (Salat)
Our Prophet (saas) stated that the first act of worship that people will give an account of in the Hereafter is the prayer (salat) and the servant will be saved if he has fulfilled them and that he will be among the lost if he failed. (al-Tirmidhi)
In a hadith al-sharif related by Umar (ra), people asked Allah's Messenger (saas) which act of worship was most pleasing to Allah (swt). The Prophet (saas) answered: "To offer prayer at the right time. Whoever abandons his prayer, he has no religion. The prayer is the pillar of the religion." (al-Bayhaqi)
In one verse, Allah (swt) reveals the following:
Recite what has been revealed to you of the Book and establish salat. Salat precludes indecency and wrongdoing. And remembrance of Allah is greater still. Allah knows what you do. (Surat al-'Ankabut, 45)
Prayer may be performed either alone or in congregation in the mosque led by an imam. However, the Friday and eid prayers are performed in congregation. Muslims relay their desires by praying alone to Almighty Allah (swt). They seek forgiveness of their sins directly from Allah (swt), for there is no intermediary between the believer and Him.
The Prophet (saas) was very conscientious about his prayers and continued to pray until he was so exhausted that he could no longer stand. One of the Companions asked him why he exhausted himself so much though he was given the good news of the Garden. He (saas) replied: "Should I not be a grateful servant?" (Ahmad)
Some of the hadiths of our Prophet (saas) about prayer are the following:
"The similitude of five prayers is like an overflowing river passing by the gate of one of you in which he washes five times daily." (Sahih Muslim, Book 004, Number 1411)
"Between a man and disbelief there is only the giving up of prayer." (Sahih Muslim)
"The distinguishing factor between them and us is the prayer. Therefore, the one abandoning the prayer has resembled an unbeliever." (al-Tirmidhi)
"To offer prayers with the congregation is twenty-seven times more meritorious than to offer it alone." (Sahih al-Bukhari)
"If they were to know what excellence lies in the night prayer and morning prayer, they would have definitely come even if crawling (on their knees)." (Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, Book 004, Number 0877)
"… when a servant goes to the mosque, after performing wudu properly, and there is no other object of his going except (offering) prayer, he is elevated by one rank at each step and one sin of his forgiven." (Sahih Muslim)
"The most eminent among human beings (as a recipient of) reward (is one) who lives farthest away (from the mosque), and who has to walk the farthest distance. He who waits for the prayer, to observe it along with the Imam, his reward is greater than one who prays (alone) and then goes to sleep." (Sahih Muslim, Book 004, Number 1401)
"When you see that a person is attached to the mosque and looks after it (devotedly), give the testimony of faith for him." (al-Tirmidhi and ibn Majah)
"A time will come when the conversation of the people in the mosques will center around their worldly affairs. You must not sit with such people. Allah has nothing to do with them." (al-Bayhaqi)
After every fard prayer, Allah's Messenger (saas) used to say: "There is no god but Allah. He is One and without a partner. Unto Him belongs Sovereignty and unto Him belongs all praise. In His Hand is all good and He has power over all things. O Allah! No one can withhold what You bestow, and no one can bestow what You decide to withhold, and the prosperity of no prosperous one can make him independent of You i.e., even the wealthiest and most powerful person is a beggar at the door of Your mercy." (Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim)
"If anyone extols Allah (recites Subhan Allah) after every prayer thirty-three times, and praises Allah (recites Al-hamdu lillaah) thirty-three times, and declares His Greatness (recites Allah-u-Akbar) thirty-three times, ninety-nine times in all, and says to complete a hundred: 'La ilaha illa Allah wahdahu la sharikah lahu, lahu al-mulk wa lahu al-hamd, wa huwa 'ala kulli shay'in qadir' (There is no god but Allah, having no partner with Him, to Him belongs sovereignty and to Him is praise due, and He is Potent over everything), his sins will be forgiven even if these are as abundant as the foam of the sea." (Sahih Muslim, Book 004, Number 1243)
The most important element in performing the prayer is to be in a spirit of fear filled with respect. In order to be in this spirit, the Prophet (saas) advised us: "When you pray, pray like the one who says farewell to his lower self, his desires and his life, and turns to his Lord." (Ibn Majah)
Aisha (ra) relates how meticulous the Prophet (saas) was about prayers:
"Allah's Messenger (saas) talked to us and we talked to him, we laughed and conversed. But when the time for prayer came, presumably out of Divine majesty, he became as if he did not know us and we did not know him."
Timings of the prayer
Prayer is performed at five specific times of day. In addition to the daily ones, prayer is also performed in congregation once each Friday and twice a year on the Islamic eids (feasts).
1. Salat al-fajr (morning prayer): a sunnah prayer consisting of 2 rak'ahs and a fard prayer consisting of 2 rak'ahs
2. Salat al-zuhr (noon prayer): a sunnah prayer consisting of 4 rak'ahs, a fard prayer consisting of 4 rak'ahs, and a final sunnah prayer consisting of 2 rak'ahs
3. Salat al-'asr (afternoon prayer): a sunnah prayer consisting of 4 rak'ahs and a fard prayer consisting of 4 rak'ahs
4. Salat al-maghrib (evening prayer): a fard prayer consisting of 3 rak'ahs and a sunnah prayer consisting of 2 rak'ahs
5. Salat al-'isha' (night prayer): a sunnah prayer consisting of 4 rak'ahs, a fard prayer consisting of 4 rak'ahs, and a final sunnah prayer consisting of 2 rak'ahs (a witr prayer*)
* The witr prayer consists of three rak'ahs and is performed after the night prayer's final sunnah. Its time ends with the end of the night prayer's time and the beginning of the morning prayer's time.
The witr prayer commences with the statement of intention: "I intend to offer today's witr prayer for the sake of Allah." It is normally performed in two rak'ahs. After the pause in a sitting position at the end of the two rak'ahs and reciting the tahiyyat, one rises for a third rak'ah. After reciting the basmalah, Surat al-Fatiha, and several Qur'anic verses, the takbir position is assumed, "Allahu akbar" is said with the hands folded together, and then the du'ah qunut are offered. The words "Allahu akbar" are spoken while moving on to the ruku' and sajdah positions. One then sits down, recites the tahiyyat, salli-barik, and rabbana du'ahs, and then turns his or her head to the right and then to the left. (Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Mukhtar, [Egypt: 1966], 2:5)
The witr prayer is not mentioned in the Qur'an; however, it does appear in various hadiths, some of which are as follows: "Allah is single and loves what is single, so observe the witr, O you who follow the Qur'an." (Sahih al-Bukhari; Sahih Muslim; al-Tirmidhi; and Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 8, Number 1411)
"Allah the Exalted has given you an extra prayer that is better for you then the red camels (i.e., high breed camels). This is the witr, which Allah has appointed for you between the night prayer and the daybreak." (Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 8, Number 1413)
The fards of the prayer
Prayer has twelve fards, some of which must be observed before beginning the prayer. They are known as the conditions or prerequisites of prayer. Others, known as the "pillars of prayer," are observed while praying.
The prerequisites of prayer
1. Purity from hadath: Cleansing oneself of invisible impurities by performing wudu' or ghusl, as appropriate, or tayammum (when it is impossible to perform the former two).
2. Purity from najasat: Cleansing oneself of visible impurities on one's body or clothing before praying.
3. Covering of satar: Covering what needs to be covered. For men, this consists of everything between the navel and the knee; for women, it is the whole body, excluding the hands, face, and feet. If one-quarter of what must be covered becomes uncovered while praying for as long as it takes one to perform one pillar of salat, the prayer is invalid.
4. Facing the qiblah: Facing toward the Ka`bah while praying. If the one praying turns his or her chest away from the qiblah (approximately 45 degrees), the prayer is invalid.
5. Prescribed time: There is a specific time for each fard and wajib prayer. Prayers must be performed within the times set out for them. The prayer cannot be performed beforehand. It is also a sin to leave it for later without a legitimate justification.
6. Making the niyyah: Calling to mind the prayer to be performed. The imam must intend to fulfill his role, and the congregation must intend to follow the imam.
The pillars of prayer
1. Takbir Tahrimah: After preparing one's intention, one says "Allahu akbar," raises his or her hands, and recites the takbir.
2. Qiyam: Standing while praying. If one has a valid excuse not to stand, he or she may pray while seated.
3. Qira'at: Reciting at least three short Qur'anic verses during qiyam.
4. Ruku`: Bending so that one's hands will touch one's knees.
5. Sujud (sajdah): Placing one's forehead and nose, along with one's toes, knees, and hands on the ground. It is not sufficient for the forehead and nose to merely touch the ground; the forehead must feel the ground's hardness. In large crowds, those in the back rows may rest their foreheads on the backs of those in the front rows.
6. Qa'dah Akhirah: Sitting at the end of the prayer long enough to recite the tahiyyat.
The mustahabbat of the prayer
Things that the Prophet (saas) did only once or twice are referred to as mandub or mustahabb. For example, saying tasbih more than three times in ruku` and sajdah or reciting, during the qira'at, more verses than the Sunnah requires. Mustahabbat have been legitimized as complementing the sunnahs.
According to the Hanafis, the following mustahabbat are mandub (recommended):
1) Men, while saying the takbir tahrimah, should take both hands out of their outer garment, for this is closer to modesty. If it is cold, however, they do not have to do so. Women have to raise their hands under their outer garment so that their arms will not be exposed.
2) During the qiyam, one should look at where the forehead will rest during sajdah, at the feet's upper surface during ruku`, at the nostril flaps during sajdah, at the lap during the qa'dah, and at the shoulders when turning one's head. The individual must strive to perform an excellent prayer with khushu` (humility). The Messenger of Allah (saas) has described excellence (ihsan) as:
"That you worship Allah as if you are seeing Him, for although you don't see Him, He, verily, sees you." (Sahih Muslim, Book 001, Number 0001)
3) Try to keep the mouth closed when yawning. If this is not possible, one should cover it with the back of one's hand.
4) Try not to cough.
5) During iqamah, when the muezzin says "Hayya 'ala al-falah," the imam and congregation should stand. If the imam is not near the mihrab, each row through which he'll pass must stand. (See al-Bukhari, Salat, 9; Abu Dawud, 106-107)
When the words "qad qamat as-salat" (prayer has been established) are spoken, the imam begins the prayer, thereby confirming the muezzin's words. However, there is nothing wrong with beginning the prayer after the iqamah's end. Indeed, in the view of the Shafi`i, Malaki, and Hanbali, as well as Abu Yusuf, this is actually what is best. (Prof. Hamdi Donduren, Delilleriyle Islam Ilmihali [Islamic Catechism with Proofs] [Erkam Publishing])
The friday prayer
Muslims gather together in places of worship on the blessed day of Friday so that they listen to and benefit from the imam's sermon. After they pray the Friday prayer together, they go about their daily affairs. In the hadith al-sharif we are told:
"Of all the seven days on which the Sun rises, the best and most superior is Friday. It was on a Friday that Adam was admitted to Paradise and a Friday on which he was taken out of Paradise and sent down to world, and the Hour will also be on a Friday." (al-Tirmidhi)
Omer Nasuhi Bilmen said this about the Friday prayer:
"The time of the Friday prayer is that of the noon prayer. The adhan is read in minarets for the Friday prayer. On going to the mosque, the first sunnah of the Friday prayer is performed with four rak`ahs, just like the sunnah of the noon prayer. Then another adhan is read out in the mosque. The congregation listens to a sermon delivered from the minbar. Qamat is then performed, and the congregation prays two fard rak`ahs of the Friday prayer all together. After one fard, the final sunnah, consisting of four rak`ahs, are performed, just like the first four sunnah rak`ahs of the noon prayer. The Zuhr Akhir consisting of four rak`ahs is then performed … Two more rak`ahs are then performed, just like the sunnah of the morning prayer, with the intention of offering 'the sunnah of the time.' Two rak`ahs are fard ayn for those in whom the prerequisites of the Friday prayer are found. There are twelve other prerequisites for the Friday prayer, in distinction from the other prayers. Six are prerequisites of its being wajib, and the other six involve its performance." (Omer Nasuhi Bilmen, The Great Islamic Catechism, p. 153)
Our Prophet's (saas) recommendations regarding Friday
Invoking blessings on the Prophet (saas):
Allah's Messenger (saas) said: "Invoke blessings much and often on me on a Friday." (al-Bayhaqi)
Whatever bliss and good our Prophet's (saas) people had in this world and will have in the Hereafter they attain by the agency of the Prophet (saas). Allah (swt) granted them bliss both in this world and the Hereafter due to the Prophet's (saas) sake. Because this is undoubtedly the case, Muslims should send blessings and salutation to the Prophet (saas) on Friday and night in abundance.
The Friday prayer and gathering of Muslims:
The Friday prayer is obligatory upon all free, healthy adult men who are able to walk and see. In the time of our Prophet (saas) and the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs, Friday was the congregational days of the Muslims. Yet, this excellent tradition of gathering together on Friday to pray together faded over time. Abu Dawud and al-Tirmidhi related in a hadith: "Whoever will omit three Fridays without a valid reason because of heedlessness, Allah shall set a seal on his heart."
Performing the major ablution on Friday:
Our Prophet (saas) advised the Muslims to perform the major ablutionbefore arriving at the mosque for Friday prayers.
Smelling good on Friday:
Especially on Fridays, Allah's Messenger (saas) made sure that the smell which he chose to wear upon his person was a beautiful one. Smelling good on that day is more virtuous than on the other days of the week.
The Prophet (saas) said:
"Anyone who takes a bath on Friday and cleans himself as much as he can and puts oil (on his hair) or scents himself; and then proceeds for the prayer and does not force his way between two persons (assembled in the mosque for the Friday prayer), and prays as much as is written for him and remains quiet when the Imam delivers the sermon, all his sins in between the present and the last Friday will be forgiven." (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 2, Book 13, Number 33)
Coming early for the Friday prayer:
During our Prophet's (saas) time, believers came to the Friday prayer as early as possible. They sought to know why those who could not come were absent. If anyone who attended the prayer had any trouble, his problems were solved.
Listening to the Friday sermon:
Omer Nasuhi Bilmen writes:
"When the preacher ascends to the minbar, the congregation must listen and be silent, not greet one another, and not perform the supererogatory prayer. So much so, that when the blessed names of our Prophet (saas) are recited during the sermon, it is more virtuous for them to invoke blessings and peace upon him and make do with listening. According to a report from Imam Abu Yusuf, invoking blessings and peace [on the Prophet (saas)] should be performed silently." (Omer Nasuhi Bilmen, The Great Islamic Catechism, p. 153)
A sermon by Allah's Messenger (saas) about the Friday prayer
"O people, return to Allah in penitence before you die, and hasten to perform righteous deeds before you are made to engage (yourselves in worldly pursuits); weld (the relation) between you and your Lord with your abundant mention of Him; make frequent sadaqah openly and secretly, for you will be provided with sustenance and be granted succor, and your condition will be ameliorated. Bear in mind that Allah has made the Friday prayer compulsory for you at this place of mine, on this day of mine and during this month of mine and in this year of mine until the Day of Resurrection. He who abandons it during my lifetime or after I (have died), while he has a just or tyrant ruler, making little of it (prayer) or denying it, Allah will neither unite his gathering nor bless his affairs. Be aware, his prayer will not be valid and his zakat or hajj will not be accepted. As long as he does not repent, neither his fasting nor his virtue will be accepted. So, he who repents, Allah will restore for him His Grace (and forgive him)." (Ibn Majah)
The Tarawih prayer
This prayer is a sunnah mu'akkad for men and women, because the Prophet (saas) performed it and his Companions (Ashab al-Kiram) and the Four Rightly Guided Caliphs continued to do so after his death. It is sunnah to pray this prayer in congregation. (Zaylai, Nasbur Raya, 2:152; al-Shawqani, Nayl al-Awtar, 3:50; al-Zuhayli, Al-Fiqh al-Islami wa Adillatuh [1405/1985], 2:43)
Tarawih is performed only during the month of Ramadan after the night prayer and before the witr prayer. It is mustahabb (recommended) to pray it after midnight or after one-third of the night has passed. Although it can be performed alone, it is more virtuous to pray it in congregation.
According to the Hanafi school and based on Umar's (ra) actions, this prayer consists of twenty rak'ahs. Toward the end of his caliphate, he performed this prayer as twenty rak'ahs as head of state at al-Masjid al-Nabawi. None of the Companions opposed him. The Prophet (saas) said:
"You must then follow my sunnah and that of the rightly guided caliphs. Hold to it and stick fast to it." (Sunan Abu Dawud, Book 40, Number 4590)
Prayer surahs
Surat al-Fatiha
Surat al-Fil
Surah Quraysh
Surat al-Ma'un
Surat al-Kawthar
Surat al-Kafirun
Surat an-Nasr
Surat al-Masad
Surat al-Ikhlas
Surat al-Falaq
Surat an-Nas
"Subhanaka allahumma wa bi hamdika wa tabaraka ismuka wa ta`ala jadduka (wa jalla sanauka*) wa la ilaha ghairuka."
* The words "wa jalla sanauka" are recited only in funeral prayers.
"O Allah, how perfect You are and praise be to You. Blessed is Your name and exalted is Your majesty. There is no deity but You."
"At-tahiyyatu lillahi was-salawatu wat-tayyibatu. As-salamu ` alayka ayyuha al-nabiyyu wa rahmatullahi wa barakatuhu. As-salamu `alayna wa `ala `ibad il-Lahis-Salihin ash hadu an la ilaha ila Allah wa ashhadu anna Muhammadan `abduhu wa rasuluhu."
"Greetings, prayers, and goodness belong to Allah. Peace be on you, O Prophet, and the mercy of Allah and His blessings. Peace be on us and on the righteous servants of Allah. I bear witness that there is no deity but Allah and bear witness that Muhammad is His servant and Messenger."
Allahumma salli "Allahumma salli `ala Muhammadin wa `ala ali Muhammadin kama sallayta `ala Ibrahima wa `ala ali Ibrahima. Innaka hamidun majid."
"O Allah, let Your mercy come upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as You let it come upon Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim. Truly You are Praiseworthy and Glorious."
Allahumma barik
"Allahumma barik `ala Muhammadin wa `ala ali Muhammadin kama barakta ` ala Ibrahima wa `ala ali Ibrahima. Innaka hamidun majid."
"O Allah, bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as You blessed Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim. Truly You are Praiseworthy and Glorious."
Rabbana atina
"Rabbana` atina fid-dunya hasanatan wa fi al-akhirati hasanatan waqina `adhab an-nar."
"Our Lord, grant us good in this world and good in the Hereafter and save us from the chastisement of the Fire."
Rabbana aghfirli
"Rabbana aghfirli wa li walidayya wa li al-mu'minina yawma yaqum al-hisab."
"O our Lord, cover (us) with Your Forgiveness - me, my parents, and (all) believers, on the Day that the Reckoning will be established."
Du`ah Qunut
"Allahumma inna nasta`inuka wa nastaghfiruka, wa nu'minu bika, wa natawwakkalu `alayka, wa nusni `alayika al-khayrah, wa nashkuruka wa la nakfuruka wa nakhla`u wa natruku man yafjuruka."
"O Allah, we seek Your assistance and ask for Your guidance. We beseech Your forgiveness and return to You in repentance. We cherish faith in You and place our trust in You. We attribute all goodness to You. We are grateful to You and refuse to be ungrateful to You. We abandon and forsake all those who reject You."
"Allahumma iyyaka na`budu wa laka nusalli wa nasjudu wa ilayka nasa`a wa nahfidu, wa narju rahmataka wa nakhsha `adhabaka; inna adhabaka al-jidda bi al-kuffari mulhiq."
"O Allah, You alone do we worship, unto You alone do we pray; unto You alone do we prostrate, and for You alone do we strive. Unto You alone do we flee for refuge. We cherish hope in Your mercy and we fear Your retribution. Verily, Your punishment is bound to catch up with those who reject the truth."
Wudu' (Ritual Ablution)
Before praying, one's face, hands, arms, elbows, and feet must be washed, and one's head must be wiped. This is known as wudu' (ritual ablution). In addition, it is essential that one's body and clothes, as well as the place where the prayer is to be performed, be clean.
1. Washing the hands and the arms together with the elbows.
2. Washing the face.
3. Wiping one quarter of the head.
4. Washing the feet and heels.
1. Making the intention.
2. Starting the ablution by reciting the basmalah.
3. Washing the hands to the wrists prior to ablution.
4. Cleaning the teeth using a miswak or a toothbrush. If these are not available, one can use one's fingers.
5. Washing the relevant parts of the body consecutively and without pause.
6. Rubbing thoroughly when washing.
7. Taking water into mouth three times.
8. Gargling if one is not fasting.
9. Putting water into the nostrils three times and blowing it out with the left hand.
10. Washing each relevant part of the body three times.
11. Washing pairs (e.g., feet, arms, hands) beginning with the right one.
12. Beginning with the tips of the fingers and toes when washing the hands and feet.
13. Rubbing the beard (if one has one).
14. Turning any rings one is wearing so that water runs underneath them.
15. Wiping the ears.
16. Wiping the neck.
17. Wiping the whole head.
18. Washing between the fingers and toes.
Ghusl (Full Ablution)
The Arabic word ghasl means washing; ghusl means to wash the whole body: taharat al-kubra (the major cleaning). Ghusl must be performed to cleanse a major impurity (janabah) and at the end of menstruation and lochia.
It consists of three fards:
1. Taking water into the mouth and rinsing it as far as the throat.
2. Placing water inside the nostrils and washing the nose.
3. Washing the whole body from top to bottom.
Tayammum (Dry Ablution)
Tayammum is to be performed when no water is available or one is unable to use it due to illness or a similar condition. It consists of using clean earth or a similar clean substance to remove any hadas (a state that requires wudu' or ghusl).
"Tayammum is set out in the Book and the Sunnah. The verse, "If you cannot find any water, then do tayammum with pure earth" (Surat al-Ma'ida, 6), ordains tayammum if a person cannot find water. The hadith "Earth has been made for me purifying and as a mosque (place for prayer)" (Ahmad ibn Hanbal) also shows that tayammum using something like earth is acceptable." (Ahmed Davudoğlu, Selamet Yollari [Ways to Safety], 1:154)
1) Make one's intention.
2) Rub hands on clean ground.
3) Wipe the face and arms.
1) Recite the basmalah.
2) Wipe the limbs in succession.
3) Wipe the limbs without pause.
4) After rubbing the hands on clean ground, move them first forwards and then backwards.
5) Keep the fingers open.
6) Shake the hands, after removing them from the clean ground, to remove any debris.
Fasting is one of the five core obligatory acts of worship, and its rewards are great. Fasting, making the intention to refrain (and then actually doing so) from sexual intercourse, eating, and drinking from sunup until sunset, has a number of religious, moral, social, and health benefits.
For example, people who fast acquire patience; are able to resist difficulty, thirst, and hunger; can control their lower self; and obtain a better understanding of the meaning of want and poverty. As a result, they acquire such great virtues as compassion, affection, helping others, and being a useful member of society. They understand the true worth of the blessings they enjoy and learn to avoid waste.
Fasting also leads to spiritual elevation, strengthens the individual's will power, and encourages the development of feelings of love, compassion, and an eagerness to help others.
Fasting, a mandatory duty for every sane and healthy Muslim adult, lasts for the entire month of Ramadan.
Almighty Allah (swt) reveals:
O you who believe, fasting is prescribed for you, [just] as it was prescribed for those before you – so that, hopefully, you will have taqwa ... (Surat al-Baqara, 183)
This moral and behavioral training cleanses one's soul of evil and develops such emotions as love, affection, and compassion. It is also highly beneficial to human health, as modern medicine has proven.
The Messenger of Allah (saas) said:
"Fast (the month of Ramadan) to heal your bodies from diseases."
The Prophet (saas) used to eat suhur (the pre-dawn meal during Ramadan) but, as opposed to his practice of eating iftar (breaking the fast at sunset), would eat suhur at a late hour.
According to a hadith al-sharif narrated by Anas bin Malik (ra), the Messenger of Allah (saas) said: "Take suhur as there is a blessing in it" (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 31, Number 146). Rising before dawn and eating suhur is done with the intention of fasting. Indeed, Al-Fatawa al-Hindiyyah reports that:
"To get up for suhur in Ramadan is an intention. Najm al-Din Nasa'i agrees. However, rising for suhur applies solely as the intention to fast for that day. It does not apply to the intention to fast on other days." (I:195)
The Preconditions for Fasting
According to Omer Nasuhi Bilmen:
1) Being Muslim, of sound mind, and an adult are essential for being responsible for fasting. Those who do not meet these criteria are exempt. However, a rational Muslim child who has reached the age of discretion can fast as supererogatory.
2) Being healthy and in a permanent abode are essential for offering fast. Therefore, those who are sick or travelling do not have to fast. However, they must make up the days missed.
The Prophet's (saas) sayings on fasting
Our Prophet (saas) stressed the virtue of fasting and explained its subtleties. In our Prophet's (saas) hadiths related to fasting he said:
"The reward on every virtuous deed is increased from ten to seven hundred times, but the standing Command of Allah (about fasting) is that the fast is an exception. There are two moments of special joy for the man who fasts. One is when he breaks the fast, and this he experiences in his earthly existence, and the other will be in the Hereafter when he will be presented before the Lord." (Sahih Muslim)
The most distinctive feature of fasting is that, it's unlikely that one will perform it for display. Therefore, it does not have the risk of drifting a believer into hypocrisy. It is obligatory upon all adult Muslims who have no excuse. Our Prophet (saas) said:
"When the month of Ramadan comes, the gates of the Garden are thrown open, and the gates of Hell are shut; and the devils are put behind the bars." (Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim)
"In Paradise there is a gate which is called Rayyan through which only the observers of fast would enter on the Day of Resurrection. None else would enter along with them. It would be proclaimed: 'Where are the observers of fast that they should be admitted into it?' And when the last of them would enter, it would be closed and no one would enter it." (Sahih Muslim, Book 006, Number 2569)
"The fast is a shield; and when anyone of you keeps a fast, he must not utter indecent word nor engage in a noisy scene, and were anyone to quarrel with him and call him names he should simply say 'I am keeping fast.'" (Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim)
"(Allah says about the fasting person), 'He has left his food, drink and desires for My sake. The fast is for Me. So I will reward (the fasting person) for it.'" (Sahih al-Bukhari, Volume 3, Book 31, Number 118)
Other matters related to fasting
Intentionally breaking the fast in Ramadan, which is obligatory, is a monumental sin. Indeed Allah's Messenger (saas) said:
"The expiation for spoiling a fast in Ramadan is like the expiation for zihar." (Fath al-Qadir)
Our Prophet (saas) ate his iftar before performing his regular prayer in the evening. He hastened his iftar and advised his relatives to do likewise. He broke his fast with dates and water. While doing this he said: "O Allah! For Your sake have I fasted, and now I break the fast with the food that comes from You. Accept our fasts. No doubt You hear everything and know everything." (Abu Dawud)
Zakat is a duty upon those Muslims whose annual wealth has reached a certain point, and who are sane and adults. It consists of giving poor Muslims a specific amount from their assets, generally 2.5 percent, each year. Islam does not consider this charity; rather, it is the right of poor people to a portion of the goods bestowed upon better-off people by Allah (swt).
This system of social solidarity, which brings with it peace and mutual aid, reduces the people's excessive passion for money and prevents feuding over wealth by reinforcing mutual love and respect. Thus, it plays an important role in establishing social peace and security.
Paying zakat gains one the good pleasure of Allah (swt), prevents goods from becoming the individual's main objective rather than just a means, develops excellent feelings (e.g., thinking about others, compassion, and benevolence), and imparts social peace.
Omer Nasuhi Bilmen writes:
"The linguistic meaning of zakat implies 'cleanliness, abundance, multiplication, and fine praise,' whereas its religious significance is 'giving a specific amount of goods, at a specific time, to those Muslims who have a right to it for the sake of Allah.'
Zakat demonstrates the servants' devotion to their role as servants. This is why it is also referred to as sadaqah. Sadaqah, however, is wider-ranging than zakat, for it contains both obligatory and non-obligatory connotations. Paying zakat is known as tazkiyah, and the giver of zakat as muzakki. The praise uttered regarding witnesses is also known as tazkiyah.
Paying zakat is compulsory (fard). It was made compulsory before fasting, during the second year of our Prophet's (saas) hijrah. It is one of Islam's core pillars. Zakat, in the form of a specific amount of cash and commercial goods, must be paid once a full year has passed and without delay, for these are the right of the poor. Any delaying in paying this right without a valid reason is unacceptable…
It is more virtuous to pay zakat openly, for this sets an example for others and serves as an encouragement. Any doubts as to whether that person has paid zakat are thus done away with. Since zakat is compulsory, there can be no showing off in doing so. This does not apply to supererogatory sadaqah, however. It is more virtuous to do this in secret and to avoid any element of show." (Omer Nasuhi Bilmen, The Great Islamic Catechism, 5:311)
Our Prophet (saas) was the one who expended the most from what Allah (swt) gave to him. If anyone wanted anything from the Messenger (saas), he would certainly give, whether it was much or whether it was little; he always gave whatever he could. The pleasure he took from giving was more than the happiness of the person who received. Our Prophet (saas) specified four types of possessions from which to give alms (zakat):
1) Agricultural products and fruits,
2) Animals (camel, cattle),
3) Gold and silver,
4) All sorts of commercial goods.
The Hajj
All adult Muslims who have enough money and are in good health must perform the waqfah (the ritual of standing) at Arafat and visit the Ka`bah at a specific time once in their life.
The hajj brings together millions of Muslims of different languages, colors, nationalities, and cultures. However, each one of them has the same objective: to turn to Allah (swt) by performing the same observance together and to draw closer to each other. It also allows Muslims to discuss their problems and find common solutions to them.
Everyone who performs this duty wears the same ritual garment (ihram), which serves as a strong reminder of the day when, after death, they will appear in His presence to account for themselves. It permits believers to turn to Allah (swt) in a sincere manner, and thus is a means whereby their repentance is accepted and their sins are forgiven. Seeing the holy sites also strengthens their religious feelings by bestowing a spiritual enthusiasm upon them.
The prohibitions imposed on those in ihram bring with them love and compassion for all creation, prevent any harm (even to insects), and bestow patience in the face of troubles. People who perform this compulsory duty demonstrate their duties as servants of Allah (swt) and become more useful to those around them. At the very least, they learn not to harm others.


text:
If you want to contact Richard please e mail him at email@example.com
Please check the FAQ section of this website first though to see if your query is covered there. If it is then Rich will only send you an email directing you to the answer there.
If you wish to book him to perform one of his shows please contact the Avalon Live department on UK 020 7598 7333
Or via Avalon Live
4a Exmoor St
Or e mail firstname.lastname@example.com
If you have a PR or interview request then please contact email@example.com
If you wish to enquire about foreign rights to perform one of his stand-up shows, or rights to put on one of his plays then please contact Jon Thoday at Avalon
email@example.com - UK 020 7598 8000, or via the address above.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Willamette Dental Group
Please Enable Cookies to Continue
Please enable cookies in your browser to experience all the personalized features of this site, including the ability to apply for a job.
Welcome page
Returning Candidate?
Log back in!
Traveling Dental Assistant | Portland East, OR
Job Locations
Pos. Type
Full Time Regular
4 10-Hour Days
Company Overview
With more than 400,000 patients throughout our 50+ practice locations in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and a built-in specialty referral network to more than 30 specialists, Willamette Dental Group has been a leader in preventive and proactive dental care since 1970. What makes this multi-specialty group practice unique, and better, is a commitment to proactively facilitating the best possible health outcomes.
As a member of the Willamette Dental Group team, we offer a competitive salary commensurate with experience. We are a performance based culture and offer a generous and comprehensive benefit package. Among the many amenities we offer are medical, dental, vision, life insurance, paid time off (PTO), paid holidays, and a robust wellness program. Additionally, we offer a 401(k) plan with a generous employer match, tuition assistance and much more.
Job Responsibilities
The dental assistant prepares and maintains instruments, equipment, and materials for all dental procedures, while ensuring our patients are as relaxed and comfortable as possible. Working under the supervision of a dentist, the dental assistant performs all aspects of four-handed dentistry and dental assisting within the scope outlined by his/her state's dental practice act. The dental assistant must be proficient in coronal polishing and sealant placement. The dental assistant must have excellent communication skills, be able to council our patients in postoperative care and general oral health, as well as demonstrate an understanding of evidence based dentistry.
Oregon X-Ray and EFDA required. Sealant and CDA preferred.
Willamette Dental Group is a 2014 Press Ganey Success Story Award Winner in Recognition of our Innovative Approach to Organizational Change in Patient Experience
Apply for this job online
Refer this job to a friend
Sorry the Share function is not working properly at this moment. Please refresh the page and try again later.
Share on your newsfeed
Connect With Us!
Not ready to apply?
Connect with us
for general consideration.
Application FAQs
Software Powered by iCIMS


text:
Lindsay Lohan Misses Court While Her Attorney Bases Chances of Winning on a Psychic Reading [VIDEO]
Lindsay Lohan didn't show up for court in New York on Monday.
Shocker, we know. How's your pulse?
The legally-challenged actress was expected in court in response to her nightclub assault case from November. You'll recall that she was arrested for third degree misdemeanor assault after being accused of punching a woman in the face in a nightclub altercation when the woman wouldn't give LiLo her space.
Luckily for Lohan, TMZ found out that instead of a bench warrant being issued for her arrest, prosecutors delayed the proceedings, saying, "The investigation into this case is continuing."
Also in the "good news" column for our favorite ginger outlaw, her attorney Mark Heller says a psychic told Lohan that 2013 would be a lucky year for her. We aren't sure there's a lot of precedent in case law for using psychic readings as outcome assessments, but the lawyer seemed confident that the prediction was good for his case.
Most likely, Lohan is still in London playing Penny Lane for the Wanted, so perhaps if they decide to prosecute and she blows her probation, she can pull a Roman Polanski and just not come back. Then 2013 would be lucky for us all.


text:
About Jack Repenning
I think there may be a typo here. What the US Government seems to be having difficulty seeing, is Internet businesses as megabuck contributors.
USTR is not elected.
In fact, the people who actually do all this aren't even appointed.
The President is elected.
USTR himself is appointed by the President.
But the bureaucrats in the Office of the TR have been there years longer than the figure-head USTR and President.
As I read the opinion, I think the question put to the court is whether someone owns copyright to "the" list--a right that would extend over arbitrarily many copies, even if they differ. Am I getting that claim right? But in fact, these three documents are separate "lists." They're all "authentic," in one sense or another, but they're completely different documents, not copies one of another but rather all are (basically) independent chronicles of the same underlying historical events. Even if copyright counted for the sort of documents they are, if the various possessors of the physical documents had legal claim to that right, and the use proposed was controlled by copyright (all of which which seem in doubt), the fact that these are three distinct documents would seem to me to mean that their possession, ownership, and use were independent, one document from another. Right?
But then, IANAL. I'm just an engineer. I think that "Law is to Language, as Ballistics is to F=ma."
They say you should follow the money. Here's a report:
of what sounds to me like an *actual* video pirate. Whoever this guy is, he's certainly at the end of some money trail. Could it be that it's not so much the studios and other visible money-sinks behind all this, but rather the successful pirates trying to protect their "business" model?
It's true that "Creators often use words like 'theft'." That does not make it correct. I'm not convinced that creators use these words in that way "to reflect how they feel"; if I'm asked to judge their motives, I have to say there's a lot of appearance that they use these words to influence how *others* feel, but that is not the same thing.
The real harm of misusing the term is to render meaningless the crucial sentence "infringement is not theft."
Maybe he's not being so *very* unreasonable. Many of us strongly suspect that a rational, factual discussion really would "undermine copyright" as ASCAP understands it.
That closing flourish, though, does hint of degeneration from mere devious self-interest into actual paranoia. I hope it was just rhetoric.
Only if you can find someone to sue. And cover the costs up front, until (and if) you win your judgement.
It could, at the least, keep you out of court in the US. Of course, if they want to file against you additionally in some other jurisdiction, you might have to forgo that vacation to Estonia you've always wanted.
While no doubt there is a split here over extensions, the various remarks more directly seem to indicate a split between "those who care about the rights of the actual creators," vs. "those who care about their own right to bilk the creators and milk the public."
I've never been part of a product team that didn't make their central question "what does the customer want?" I've never been part of a team where that wasn't a controversial and difficult question, but we did our best to find the answer, and to provide that product. And once the results are in, there's always someone to point out how obvious the real customer wants are. There's even someone, nearly always, who can say "see, I told you so!" But what's missing is any method for seeing in advance, for reliably choosing among likely possibilities. Got thoughts on that?
Oh, no, the restaurant industry is much too enlightened or this scenario. They just charge you $5 for the privilege!


text:
- Guaranteed for 2 full months
- Pay by PayPal or Credit Card
- Instant Digital Download
Butterfly Lighting is one of the most flattering and artistic ways of lighting the face. As it's name would denote, Butterfly Lighting is created by the way in which you angle the light to fall on the face of your subject. Often used by celebrity photographers, this style of lighting can be achieved by a single off camera light and a reflector.
Here's a step by step guide of how to achieve perfect butterfly lighting:
1. Face your subject at 7.8 view: Start by facing your subject directly to the camera, then turn the head just to hide the far ear. This view of the face is most flattering as it minimizes the face.
2. Hold your off camera flash 1′ above your subject, and 3′ toward the front to eliminate any possible shadowing on the face. You will also create a shadow beneath the chin, thus hiding any excess weight there.
3. Place a reflector just below the edge of your frame. The closer your reflector is to your subjects chin, the more even the spread of light. This reflector will soften that shadow and eliminate a harsh contrast.
4. Light for catch lights: You want your subjects eyes to be well lit and fortunately, with the angle of your main light in front/above, and the fill light coming in from below, your subject should have large round catch lights in both the bottom and top part of the eye.
For such beautiful results, Butterfly Lighting is among the most simple of the "directed" studio lighting options. As you can see, Butterfly Lighting will yield gorgeous results, without a great deal of precision or drama.
Where is the camera positioned? I would do this with a 50mm on my crop sensor, so would imagine I would have to stand almost directly beside the umbrella stand?
It is unfortunate, but because of such bad reviews of all Christina's posts I actual scroll down to the bottom of articles now to make sure it isn't one of hers.
OK, here it is.
With all due respect to Christine, she completely missed the boat on this. Look at the title of the article. What she shows is NOT Butterfly Lighting and certainly not Perfect. As has been mentioned before, she is showing "beauty lighting" or "glamor lighting" or "magazine cover (Vogue) lighting", but certainly not Butterfly. She is also describing " top lighting with reflector underneath", but not "clamshell" lighting. Clamshell is two, fairly large, soft, light sources of equal size ( think clam shells), with the camera placed at the hinge point and shooting through them. Bastardizations of them include a reflector underneath rather than a light source up to and include what Christine describes, but that does not make it a correct use of the term.
Butterfly lighting is created by a harder light source and creates a well defined shadow directly under the nose. So the light must come from above and in line with the nose, not from the side as state by another will meaning, but ignorant poster. If the light is not directly under the nose, then it is a form of LOOP lighting. If it goes even further to the side so that the cheek shadow and nose shadow touch, it is Rembrandt pattern lighting. To be truly Rembrandt lighting, it should also have a fairly high lighting ratio like 5:1 as he favored dark shadows, but still with detail in them.
As far as the views of the face, there is full face, 7/8, 3/4 half or profile and shoot from behind. 7/8 while verbally described, wasn't demonstrated in the article, which has lead to the confusion. Probably shouldn't have even been mentioned for that reason and because Butterfly lighting isn't limited to just that view of the face. Look at George Hurrell's lighting to see good examples of Butterfly lighting.
Just because some well know photographer uses a term incorrectly, that doesn't change the meaning of the term. Many people use the wrong words all the time. It is no big deal. But, if you want to teach, at least learn your subject well enough to be able to teach accurately and correctly. Don't be lazy. Do the work.
Butterfly Lighting: I have seen a video on other websites about this particular topic or term. The guy
set a constant lighting on a bom stand and positioned it 1' above the head of the subject. Now, there
was a shadow just below the nose formed like a butterfly. There was no reflector nor additional light.
The shadow formed like a butterfly because of the shape of the nose. He used a softbox light by
the way. Perhaps photographers have different approach on the topic.
these photos are soooooo cute
i am kaitlin i am 9 years old i can draw manga a chibi a horse and a dog i am a artist and this website i thought it would teach you how to draw it doesent it just is photos ok lame
wow! what a discussion...
Christina, you are awesome! I love your posts - keep them coming!
Butterfly lighting if done correctly does not need to be restricted to only those with perfect skin. What one needs to remember is any time you have light raking across skin, the bumps - or wrinkles - are going to create shadows on the other side of the bump. So then you want it as head-on as you can get away with. That is, where there will still be some shadows visible - giving the face contour, so it looks spherical and not "flat." "Flat lighting" is not complimentary, either.
The up-high key light is to create shadows, reflector fills in the weird shadows. Notice how there is a glare on the guy's forehead, then the light falls off on down toward his chin. That is not flattering. Thukral's is a more flattering portrait, but it is still not "butterfly" - the glamourous - lighting. There is no butterfly there. Look at Dietrich photos and compare to bothportraits above. (www.marlene.com) The light fall-off on Dietrich is around-about her oval face, not at bottom.Photog. also points the light at her nose, not glaring down from her forehead nor head-on. That is what creates the "butterfly" shadow. The "fill" has given her a soft creamy-textured skin but it is not so much as to fill in all contour.
David, you've never seen photos of Marlene Dietrich? I'm surprised!
I dont know what you dont like about this. You say it is bad but it is good. I went to yor website, and ther are just as good as this! Cannot understand what the is problem here!
I stand my ground, AGAIN. That post is getting close to a year old and I shutter to think how many times it has been studied and taken seriously. The description is confusing, the lighting explanation reeks of bad lighting technique, the picture doesn't match the description and for the life of me I can't understand why the author doesn't come forward and fix it or retract it.
The idiot that thinks I'm trying to come off as a "big photographer" can kiss my butt! I know who I am, where I have been, and feel perfectly comfortable in responding to an internet posting that is confusing, gives miss information and worst of all, is still out there.
Your non-shrinking flower, Dave
@David You are not a very nice man, You say things that are unkind about article very good!
@david : 50 yrs of commercial photography and u havent heard the term 'butterfly lighting' ??? sorry , does that mean it is not there ... nope , it means u dont know about it . and BTW your post offers nothing constructive to the DPS users . it looks like your main aim is to show off that u r a big photographer by criticizing and insulting the author ... i am just amazed that with this attitude u have lasted 50 years in taking photographs ... If u cant criticize constructively u might as well shut up :)
i agree that we are quite visual since we are photogs:-) and need more.
i'm not criticising, just confused...
i guess i am confused by 2 things:
1) the article mentions creating a shadow on the chin to make it more flattering, but then states the reflector will lighten it up.
2) nice round catchlights... i'd love to know how to create those - but i do not see how this set up creates that.
I have reviewed all the criticisms of my criticism of that article about "butterfly lighting". I stand my ground! The audience for articles of this type range from raw beginners to pros. Beginners take it as gospel and pros know that formulas are for beginners. My comments concerning that article were not meant to be a personal attack on the author but in all honesty if that photograph she posted was an example of her portraiture I fear for her longevity as a portrait photographer. I won't apologize for being honest!
Digital Photography School has an obligation to carefully screen "how to" articles and surely dropped the ball in this case. The text and image had no relationship to each other. I pity the poor beginner who tried to follow the instructions in this article.
Lighting is a self taught art and skill and takes years to understand. If you like what you are getting it's right for you. If nobody likes it, your out of business!
Here's my formula for teaching yourself lighting. Take a 10" or 12" utility light (home depot) with a 200 watt bulb, in a dark room, shine it on a white cup and saucer on a black background. Have an assistant move it left , right, up, down, behind, you sit where the camera would be, and see what happens. Shine it through a piece of tracing paper, bounce it off the ceiling, a wall, and change the contrast with a white card. A few hours at this will convince you that lighting has infinite variations and formulas are worthless.
The next step would be to find a very patient model for the same exercise.
I would suggest this as an example of what I would call butterfly lighting:
I agree that some of the comments have been overharsh, though I still think the original article wasn't up to DPS standards.
Another criticism, if I may: no matter how favourably or unfavourably an online article is received, I think the author is under some obligation to attempt to respond to at least some of the comments made, provide clarifications and so on.
I'm a teacher: I would never dream of giving a class and then leaving, refusing point blank to answer any doubts there might be. And if I did provide an opportunity to do so, I would not then remain totally silent...
I'm not sure what guidelines DPS provides for its writers, but I do think they should point out that posting on an online forum carries that obligation with it... Otherwise, don't allow comments at all in the first place.
Christina, don't be discouraged by negative comments by people may have lots of experience but are not willing to contribute articles.
Thank you for your time!
It's like lens and cameras - lighting and studio set ups are always big discussion points.
Loved the photos from Kathleen, and Thukral.nl, lots of wow, interesting subject, interesting lighting and sharp detail. ( also love JCP's butterfly pic- Jason please write an article about your challenging b/flys.)
Its hard to write an article. You can either have so much detail, that people who are not in to the detail their eyes can start to glaze over or if you only have a hint of detail it leaves people wanting more..I encourage all of you to consider it.
For me there are four styles of studio lighting techniques for portraits Short lighting, Broad lighting, Butterfly lighting and Rembrandt lighting. And yes there are many different words for each such as clamshell ( love that one )
For me I like to do not the norm, it can make for interesting shots. I don't use flash sometimes just have soft light and get great results that is pleasing to the customer.
The experts would say tsk tsk, but at the end of the day if you have happy customers and pleasing results you have done your job well!
A couple of my current favourites are on http://samhickscomau.blogspot.com/2009/11/lighting-do-it-how-you-want.html
My understanding of B/fly lighting is lighting direct in front of the subject, and adjusting the height to create a shadow directly under and in line with the nose. Its best suited for women with an oval face, and as others have said it's for glamour shots. Some say not as nice for men as it can highlight ears too much hence why turning the men to one side (hiding the ear) can work really well.
When I use this technique I have the light/ umbrella right behind the camera and I have used a reflector also.
For me to review my lighting positions I use the Light cage @ photoworkshop.com
Just go to 3D workshop and then click on artificial lighting, and then click on light cage.
This hint was given to me by Madsens camera and imaging ( www.madsens.com.au ) where I bought my studio set up. These helpful people have been in the camera business for 42 years.
They include with their lighting setups diagrams for such techniques which I have found INVALUABLE.
For some one who teaches like David, and has huge talent, a wealth of cliental, there is an opportunity for submitting an article instead of wasting valuable experience & time on negative comments that is at the end of the day - not good PR .
Geez...take it easy David. The article might not be 100% accurate but its helpful nonetheless. Instead of hacking on someone and insulting their "crappy" lights. Perhaps giving some constructive criticism would be a much better approach. After all, we are all here to learn from each other.
Follow up - Christina has written this article, I think, more for the beginner who doesn't have much equipment. Therefore, she describes making a two light set-up with one light and a reflector.
It's also handy when you're out on location, and don't have all your studio gear available.
I agree Thukral, no need for viciousness. Christina used a term that has been around as long as lighting. It surprises me that David has not heard it. Generally, butterfly lighting is a two-light set up that sets the two lights wide, an equal distance from the subject, and slightly higher, so that they point down and across the face. It minimizes shadows, and facial flaws, so it works well for teens with bad skin. It's not very dramatic, but improves most faces. Improving the way people look, and drawing "feeling" out of them, so that they like how they look in the picture - that's what portrait photographers DO.
I saw David's website and it has some really well done work. But...
50 years of commercial photography and never heard the term?
I did a simple Google web search (http://images.google.com/search?q=butterfly+lighting) and Google Images search (http://images.google.com/images?q=butterfly+lighting) and I found over a million hits. A few of them say that its synonymous with Paramount lighting, perhaps made famous by Paramount Studios in the 30s.
Whatever the situation, I believe David's comment was too harsh on the author.
I'm not sure it's quite as bad as that, David ,-) ! Though, true, it's maybe not quite up to the usual DPS standard...
I'm a complete amateur, and I'd have been quite content with the image if it were mine...
I was appalled by your "butterfly lighting" article. After 50 years as a commercial photographer I have never heard the term.
Your picture doesn't match your instructions.
What does 7.8 mean
How big is your off camera flash? It looks like one of those crappy little 2" X 3" strobes that is the most unflattering light devised by man
Your fill light breaks all the rules of good beauty or portrait photography. Never use a second light for fill unless it's really big and soft.
Your subject has bad skin which screams for the tried and true 3' umbrella or light box with a 20" X 30" white fill in card.
Umbrellas have only been around since the 50's, 'cmon get with it!
You got a lot of nerve writing that article because you clearly know NOTHING about lighting!
As I learned it, and have taught for many years, Butterfly and Rembrandt lighting are two distinctly different lightings alike in that for both, the key light is raised high above the subject. In Butterfly lighting, the key light is in line with the subject's nose casting a shadow directly underneath the nose and creating shadows accentuating the cheekbones thus creating the pattern of a butterfly's wings on the face. The lighting described by m.watanabe above is Rembrandt lighting which is off to the side casting a triangular highlight. The shadows of both are lightened using a fill light or reflector. The other three basic lightings are Broad (near side of subject's face key lit), Short (Far side of subject's face key lit) and Split which comes from either side desired to throw the face in half shadow (for dramatic effect or to possibly hide a facial defect or scar.) There is also Monte Zucker's famed modified loop lighting but that has been a bit involved to introduce in Photo I.
I wish I could include my example pictures from class but do not have a website at this time.
I would like to add my thanks to Christina for instigating a rather involved discussion and getting us to all take a look at how we can improve ourselves as photographers.
I cannot hope to comment on the technicalities of technique names or correctness, etc. However I did want to give some positive feedback. At my level of experience, I was able to gain some great intel from this article, which is severely needed given my non-existant budget.
Sometimes I fear we get too technical as to not appreciate the simple sharing of knowledge to help people like me.
Thank you, Christina.
The article describes a contemporary lighting technique popularized by glamour makeover portrait salons. The term Butterfly Lighting as I learned is also referred to as Rembrandt Lighting. This term attributed by some to cinema figure Cecil B DeMille actually mimics the lighting used by painting Master Rembrandt van Rijn.
In classic photographic portraiture, Butterfly Lighting is actually achieved by the use of a single main light, usually with a large pan reflector although spcular umbrellas can be used. The main or key light is usually placed in the front of the subject and to one side, slightly higher than the subject's face. The subject's face may be turned [only] slightly away from the camera, and the key light is used in a short lighting set-up. A fill reflector is placed opposite the key light, slightly lower, filling the shadow side of the subject but not so close as to raise the highlight/shadow ratio. The key telltale signature of Butterfly Lighting is a triangular highlight on the subject's cheek opposite the highlighted side of the face. The elevated key light will also cast a shadow under the nose on the subject's upper lip somewhat resembling a butterfly. Hence the name.
I have to agree with several of the previous comments. Photographers are, by nature, visual people. A visual diagram certainly would have improved this article. In addition are we talking 7.8 as written by the author or 7/8 as written by others? 7/8 certainly makes more sense to me, but if there is a 7.8 I'd like to learn about it. And like most of the others I count two ears. I don't mean to be critical, but I learned more from the comments than the article, and I'm still not a big fan of "butterfly/clamshell" lighting - Oh - and I don't care what you call it as long as we know what it is.
Well, kudos to Christina for trying. But the responders do make good points. The photo she used as an illustration doesn't really fit what she was talking about at all. It did make me think about portrait lighting in a new way and that was of some value. The responders also made me think about lighting, even lighting real butterflies.
Christina, come back with a better photo of what you are talking about. And I think it would be useful for someone to photograph the photographer actually doing the setup, showing the position of the main light and the reflector.
Wow, this it totally not what I thought the post would be about when I read the title "butterfly lighting!" I was expecting instructions on how I could better photograph butterflies, which is one of my own ongoing personal macro challenges:
However, I will remember the human related butterfly lighting technique for my next headshot session.
I understand 7/8 view (thanks Thukral for the nice article), but the original post example is head on, so that's where the confusion came from on my end. The description doesn't match the shot.
Does anyone else have any other examples of what they would term "butterfly" or "clamshell"?
Thanks for the article... It was quite useful, however I seem to have the same questions and notes as most of the other comments. I dont quite know what 7.8 view means, and although it mentions to hide the ear furthest from the camera, both ears are visible.
Also, by having the flash that close (3' away?) I think a soft box would be necessary no? Humm... I'll have to try it and find out! Thanks for getting my brain thinking about the magic of lighting once again! =)
I would have really appreciated a photo of the setup as well.. or at least a drawing.
Well, that is where the reflector comes in. It tries to fill in the wrinkles and spots on the face that would otherwise case a much harsher shadows.
Doing it properly, you might want to use something like this http://www.lastolite.com/triflectormkii.php. It puts in so much reflected light from all other sides (except from the direction of the key light) that those imperfections are more or less eliminated.
This type of lighting tends to reveal every imperfection of the subject's face -- as the sample photo at top painfully demonstrates. That's why magazine covers are retouched extensively.
This works best on people with clear, smooth skin, otherwise, prepare to Photoshop.
P.S. the lighting that they describe here and demonstrate is often called glamour lighting. And it is flattering and often used for Magazine covers.
Actually this isn't butterfly lighting. Butterfly lighting comes from a light source above and slightly more to the side than this article states. It's name comes from the shape of the shadow that you get when the light hits the subjects nose...because it looks like a butterfly. Neither the article or the photograph demonstrate this technique and I think that is what is confusing people.
Here is the article on head positions I mentioned I'll write.
I'll clear a few things here.
The author is talking about two things.
1. Pose of the face (the 7/8th shot)
2. Lighting technique (butterfly/clamshell)
When I put my comment(s) int (the website was playing games which lead to the double post), I was focusing on the lighting technique. In my example, the post is straight on and not the 7/8th. Hence you see both her ears.
I'll write a brief article on the poses (straight on, 7/8th, 3/4th and profile) in a few minutes and attach a link here.
I agree with Tom that this "how to" would GREATLY benefit from a shot/diagram of the set up showing the lights/reflector in position.
Also, in the description, you say to turn the subject's head "just to hide the far ear." Am I wrong? I still see both ears.
I also do not see the two catch lights in the eyes. And personally I prefer just one anyway.
Just my 2 cents and my questions...
I remember when the single catch light was desired.
Then they came up with large umbrellas and boxs and now folks
seem to like huge rectangles and such shapes in the eye. Actually the viewers are to asleep to even recognize a catch light when they see them much less discern what the solar catchlight is about.
I prefer a more natural single catch light where it should be-in the pupil.
OK, I get the placement of the flash having used it before, but just didn't place a name on it, but the article says to turn the subject's head so that one ear is hidden, but both the example by the author and Thukral's examples show point blank face-on shots. Obviously the system works well for both.
@Tom: Agreed. It's kind of difficult to decipher the info or envision the setup to a beginner.
The author describes the 7.8 view: "Start by facing your subject directly to the camera, then turn the head just to hide the far ear." However, both examples show both ears -- they're both full head-on poses.
An article that would have been much improved by adding a diagram showing the intended setup.
I'm not arguing on the name of this technique or the beauty of the 7/8th view.
Here is an example of the same. I did this with a softbox powered by an SB-26 and a silver reflector held directly below the subject's face, as suggested in the article. Its not a true one-light setup as the backdrop (actually a wall in the model's house) is being lit by an SB-28 on the ground.
I found it interesting and like the effect but I am confused by the 7.8 view. I almost thought of it as a clock where 6 would be looking straight on seven would be turning the head slightly
It is both called clamshell and butterfly lighting. Two words for the same type of light. A google search reveals that the term butterlfy lighting is much more common than the term clamshell lighting. Clamshell lighting also incorporates two umbrellas on top of each other, shooting in between them. Butterfly lighting involves one light on top, and only optionally a reflector below.
I do however agree, that the term "face your subject at 7.8 view is one I've never heard before. Would the author please elaborate :-)
Last, of course this light needs to be softened. A bare flash that close to a subject will not look any flattering.
You're both right... butterfly lighting is "style" terminology that many photographers use. Clamshell is the "technical" term for how to set it up. (Go ahead, type "butterfly lighting" in google and you'll quickly see that a lot of photogs use this "term" and many of them ARE professional, well known photographers).
I'm not arguing on the name of this technique or the beauty of the 7/8th view.
Here is an example of the same. I did this with a softbox powered by an SB-26 and a silver reflector held directly below the subject's face, as suggested in the article. Its not a true one-light setup as the backdrop (actually a wall in the model's house) is being lit by an SB-28 on the ground.
Click and view in large size to see the catchlights.
I'm not sure, but when I read it I thought she meant where to position the person in your frame.
Actually, this is called clamshell lighting, not butterfly lighting.
and what does, "Face your subject at 7.8 view" mean?
And this isn't going to look flattering with a bare flash at 3ft from the subject


text:
DIXON � Before Tyler Hudson makes a move on the mat, the Dixon junior has worked it out in his mind, calculating the confidence he has of success vs. the possibility the maneuver might not only fail but leave him vulnerable.
DIXON � Before Tyler Hudson makes a move on the mat, the Dixon junior has worked it out in his mind, calculating the confidence he has of success vs. the possibility the maneuver might not only fail but leave him vulnerable.
It�s as if wrestling is a chess match for Hudson, whose cerebral approach includes thinking several moves ahead with his ultimate goal the sport�s version of checkmate, which is, of course, a pin.
�I think about if I�m going to make this move, then this is going to happen and I can go into this move,� Hudson said during practice this week. �I think about it before I do it. I don�t just do it and hope for the best.�
Coach Dal Tomlinson labeled the 197-pound Hudson as a �very methodical wrestler.�
�He goes out there with a plan and he works that plan,� Tomlinson said. �You see that as he�s wrestling. You can see him thinking. He�s thinking of his next move and he�s working what he wants to work. Even if he�s down, he�s working a plan.�
While Hudson acknowledges that means he�s not into taking too many risks � �The more risks, the more chances you have of losing,� he said � his mat mastery is evident by his record (24-3) and that he claimed his second straight Onslow County Cup championship this past weekend.
And don�t think that�s not a big deal.
�It is,� he said. �It�s bragging rights to me. I can say I�m the best in the county at (197). It�s important. I don�t want to lose.�
It is also an intermediate step toward his ultimate goal, which isn�t just to win the Coastal Plains 1-A Conference title or the 1-A East Regionals but to bring home a state title. A year ago Hudson went 0-2 at states at heavyweight.
�My goal,� he said simply, �is to win states this year.�
What will that take?
�I need to get in better shape,� Hudson said. �When you go up there it comes down to one or two points. That�s going to count, how good of shape you�re in.�
Hudson said he learned a lot in his first trip to the Greensboro Coliseum, where a flood of fans greet wrestlers as well as a floor full of mats and the threat of an arena of anxiety. It can be a bit unnerving for a wrestler making his first trip to the state championships.
�I remember there was a lot of people there, and there were like 12 mats on the ground. It�s big,� Hudson said matter-of-factly. �It was overwhelming, but I wasn�t scared. It�s just another wrestling match.�
That, Tomlinson said, is in keeping with Hudson�s demeanor, at least off the mat.
�I actually have Tyler in class. He is very quiet and very docile,� Tomlinson said. �He does not necessarily relish in the limelight. He loves to win. But he does it very quietly.�
Unless, that is, you make him mad.
�I would say probably half the time something happens in the match and he gets irritated,� Tomlinson said. �In his case when he gets irritated it actually helps him. He doesn�t lose focus. He doesn�t lose control. He just actually gets more aggressive.�
So what gets Hudson riled up?
�Kind of like I can�t turn them because they�re just sitting there, it just makes me mad if they�re trying to stall. That�s not wrestling. That�s just sitting there,� Hudson said. �If they make me mad during a match, they�re going to get it.�
Hudson has been getting mad (and even) on the wrestling mat since falling in love with the grueling sport at New Bridge Middle School.
�It�s just something about wrestling,� he said. �Just the fact that it�s just me. I don�t have to rely on anybody else. I just like that.�
And while he also plays on both sides of the line in football and throws the shot and discus in track for the Bulldogs, wrestling is his favorite sport. Along with it being a one-on-one sport, he said it is just a tougher sport than football.
Just don�t ask him about wrestling practice.
�Yeah, practice sucks,� he said.
But it is also a means to an end, and this year�s end Hudson hopes will be a state championship at 197 pounds, not 222 or heavyweight, where he�s also wrestled. Hudson said he weighed about 235 pounds during football season and dropped some pounds to wrestle at 220 earlier this season. Since then, he�s gotten even lighter on the scales, with the goal of being able to compete in the 197-pound class.
�I wrestled heavyweight last year, but the most I ever weighed last year was like 215. So I was already in the 220 weight class,� Hudson said. �The beginning of this year I started weighing 205, so that�s only 10 pounds to cut.
�So I was like, �OK, I�m going to go to 195.� When I got there I don�t have to wrestle as heavy people. It�s a lot more fair to me at least.�
So what was his secret to reducing his weight? Jenny Craig? Weight Watchers? Nope. His diet plan was simplicity itself.
�I just didn�t eat as much,� Hudson said.
But after wrestling is over and Hudson begins preparations for his final football season the Tyler Trim Down will be shelved and he�ll bulk back up.
�When football comes around,� he said, �I�m eating everything I want.�


text:
Manage shared links
Shared links are perfect for sending copies of your work to team members and clients.
Key Points:
- Shared links let you send files to others, even if they don't have a Dropbox account.
- You can share files or folders of any size with shared links.
- You can limit who can access a shared link by setting a password and/or expiration date.
- Admins can set team-wide default access settings for newly shared links.
- Admins can remove links shared by team members.
This article provides a quick overview of shared links in Dropbox Business. If you want to learn more, make sure to read the Send links to your work article in the Dropbox Business User Guide.
Understanding shared links
Anyone on your team can create shared links to files or folders within their Dropbox. Shared links are similar to email attachments, but are more versatile.
Here are a few important things to remember about shared links:
- They're dynamic, which means whenever they're accessed online they link to the most current version of your file or folder.
- They have no file-size limit, so they can attach to really large files, or even entire folders.
- They can be given passwords and/or expiration dates.
- Access to a link can be restricted to team members only.
Read more about how to create shared links in the Send links to your work article in the Dropbox Business User Guide.
Controlling access to shared links
All Dropbox Business users have a few ways to restrict access to the shared links they create:
- They can limit who can see the link by restricting access to team members only or by giving the link a password.
- They can add an expiration date to the link so access will be removed after a certain period of time.
Read more about creating and setting permissions on shared links in the Send links to your work article in the Dropbox Business User Guide.
Team admins can set team-wide access settings for newly shared links from within the Admin Console:
- You can decide whether members of your account can share links with people outside your Dropbox Business account.
- If you allow external sharing, you can also specify the default privacy setting for new links.
Read more about team-wide sharing settings in the Configure sharing settings article in this guide.
Monitoring shared links
Team admins and user management admins can monitor when people create shared links by using the Activity tab inside the Admin Console.
To monitor sharing activity:
- Sign in to Dropbox with your admin account and click on Admin Console in the left-hand sidebar.
- Click on the Activity tab on the left-hand side of the page.
- Click on the drop-down menu at the top of the page and select Sharing.
The sharing log keeps track of every sharing action across your Dropbox Business account. The view on the Admin Console does not display every event, but you can create a full sharing report if you need more detailed information.
Removing shared links
Admins can remove links shared by members of their Dropbox Business team through the Admin Console or the shared link preview page.
To remove a link from the Admin Console:
- Sign in to Dropbox with your admin account and click on Admin Console in the left-hand sidebar.
- Click on the Members tab on the left-hand side of the page.
- Select the member whose sharing activity you want to see.
- Click the blue "remove link" text beneath the link you want to remove.
To remove a link from a shared link preview page:
- Click on the small light-blue button with three dots on the upper right side of the screen.
- Click "remove link created by [Team Member]."


text:
Wee Reads
Hosted by: Westland Area Library
The event will start on: Jan 08, 2014 10:30 AM
And will end on: Jan 08, 2014 11:30 AM
Location: Westland Area Library
Address: 4740 W. Broad Street Columbus, OH 43228
Wee Reads (Ages newborn - 24 months)
This is a special storytime for the youngest children. First, we will share short, interactive books, rhymes and songs. Then, babies will have time to play with blocks, balls, and other toys. Parents and caregivers should be prepared to be actively involved and have an exciting time. Program will last approximately 20 minutes with social and playtime afterwards. No registration required.
Westland Area Library
Wednesdays at 10:30 a.m.
January 8 and 22, February 5 and 19


text:
Facebook's Graph Search has been hailed as a brand-new feature, one of what CEO Mark Zuckerberg called a "pillar" of the social network along with its personalized News Feed and chronological Timeline profiles.
In fact, the search feature is more or less a revival of an older feature that Facebook killed off, according to former Facebook executive Dave Morin.
Morin, now the CEO of mobile social network Path, told TechCrunch's Mike Butcher at the DLD conference in Germany that Facebook had an "Advanced Search" feature during the time he worked there, from 2006 to 2010.
According to Morin, that search feature let you look for "my friends in SF that [sic] ski"—a query very similar to the natural-language searches that Graph Search beta users can now do. (Facebook has limited adoption of Graph Search.)
Forbes contributor Dave Thier recalled using the feature in 2005. Early Facebook employee Noah Kagan wrote about it in 2006. And AllFacebook's Nick O'Neill noticed that it was missing in 2008.
Here's a screenshot from Kagan's blog. (This version doesn't seem to have the same free-form language search that Morin mentioned.)
The issue, Morin suggested, was scalability—the ability for the search feature to keep up with computational demands as Facebook's user base exploded into the hundreds of millions in the latter part of the last decade.
Facebook engineering manager Lars Rasmussen's explanation of how it built Graph Search also supports Morin's observation. Facebook had been maintaining three separate systems for searching its data about users, Rasmussen said. One of those systems, Unicorn, has been upgraded to handle all kinds of searches, and now forms the back-end basis for Graph Search.
There are traces of those old search systems on the site today. For example, one old Web address for Facebook search is facebook.com/srch.php. That redirects to a people-focused search page which lets you search for friends based on location, employer, or school.
Another old Web address, facebook.com/search.php, leads to the current search interface, which sorts results by people, Facebook Pages, Places, Events, and other data on the social network.
Graph Search's big innovation is the new user interface on top of this data, which takes plain-English phrases and translates them into structured queries that Facebook's back-end search systems can handle. That's a big improvement over the state of Facebook search in recent years.
But Graph Search only tracks limited kinds of "structured" data—the kind of information you enter into fields on your profile, declare by clicking a Like button, or attach to photos or status updates, like friends' names and locations. Graph Search doesn't do free-form searches on words and phrases inside status updates, for example. In that way, it is very similar to the old system Facebook killed off last decade.
In an intriguing coincidence, considering how closely Facebook's top executives watch Morin and his company, Path launched its own search feature last month.
A Facebook spokesperson confirmed that Morin's account of the search feature's history was largely correct.


text:
The 1983 Alumni from John F. Kennedy High School in San Antonio Texas invites you to celebrate our 30 Year Reunion 2 day event.
Day 1
1983 30 Yr John F. Kennedy HS Reunion Mixer
When: Friday, October 11, 2013 7:00 PM – 11:30 PM
Where: Steely Nevada's 7530 BANDERA RD SUITE 138 (corner of Bandera & Eckhert in strip center), San Antonio, Texas 78238
Day 2
1983 30 Yr John F. Kennedy HS Reunion
When: Saturday, Oct 12, 2013 7:00 PM -11 PM
Where: Barriba Cantina on the Riverwalk, 111 WCrockett St #214 San Antonio, TX 78205
DJ Sponsored by B
Tickets are $50 (non refundable) per person if purchasedbefore Oct 4. Please send your check or money order to Sally FloresGoddard, 3722 Pipers Meadow, San Antonio,
TX 78251. Tickets are $50 if purchased on or afterOctober 4th.
Or send your payment via PayPal to email@example.com
Find more information on our website http://www.kennedymightyrockets.com/
Please visit our website or our facebook page https://www.facebook.com/jfk83
or follow us on Twitter https://twitter.com/jfk83


text:
NORMAN, Okla. - When the men's coach at your school is pushing 1,000 career wins, 500 wins might seem like a small accomplishment, but Duke women's coach Joanne P. McCallie said she eventually will take time to appreciate it.
Right now, though, she's focused on guiding the Blue Devils through a brutal December schedule and they took another step toward that goal on Sunday.
Tricia Liston scored a season-high 23 points and No. 2 Duke gave McCallie her 500th victory, beating No. 17 Oklahoma 94-85.
McCallie, who previously coached at Maine and Michigan State, became the 30th active NCAA Division I coach to reach the 500-win mark. The win was her 175th in seven seasons at Duke.
Of course, her men's counterpart at Duke, Mike Krzyzewski, has 964 career wins, which McCallie uses to put her achievement into perspective.
''People talk about 1,000 wins a lot at Duke and it makes you feel very humble,'' she said. ''I don't know what to say, but what I will say is that I've had some great, great players and great staff while I've been here. It's been great people to work with and great players to coach. It takes everybody.''
Alexis Jones added 20 points and six assists and Haley Peters scored 18 points for Duke, which is 10-0 for the third time in the last four seasons and the seventh time in the program's history.
Before the end of the month, the Blue Devils - who are unbeaten in three games this season against ranked foes - will face No. 1 Connecticut and No. 5 Kentucky, sandwiched around a game against Albany. The Blue Devils opened the month with a win over No. 18 Purdue and now a road win over Oklahoma (6-3).
''It kind of lined up nicely, but we like to have it lined up, because of the experience of our team,'' McCallie said. ''When we get this thing really together, we're going to be really good. When we get thing a little bit more cohesive, a little bit sharper, we'll hit another level and that will be fun.''
Aaryn Ellenberg scored a season-high 28 points and Morgan Hook added a season-high 24 points for Oklahoma (6-3), which lost to a top-five team for the second time this season. The Sooners fell in overtime to No. 5 Louisville on Nov. 17.
Liston made only one 3-pointer in Duke's previous two games - wins against Kansas and No. 16 Purdue - but had three before halftime and finished the game 5 of 10 from behind the arc, helping her team finish 9 of 21 (42.9 percent).
The game was the first between Duke and Oklahoma since the 2002 national semifinals, which Oklahoma won before falling to Connecticut in the title game. Duke was the highest-ranked nonconference foe for the Sooners since No. 1 Connecticut on Feb. 15, 2010.
Duke, the nation's fourth-best 3-point shooting team at 43.6 percent, didn't hit a 3-pointer during the first 12 minutes of Sunday's game, allowing the Sooners to hang close. After a basket by Hook with 9:40 left in the half, the Sooners trailed only 18-17.
The Blue Devils then went on a 14-2 run, fueled by a pair of 3-pointers by Liston and another by Chloe Wells. Wells' basket put Duke ahead 32-19.
''I think we were really focused on defense, especially transition defense, and we were matching up with the shooters a lot better than we were in the second half,'' Liston said. ''We were making them work for all of their first-half-points and I think that kind of frustrated them a little bit.''
Oklahoma, which committed 15 first-half turnovers and 21 in the game, came no closer than seven points the rest of the way. The Blue Devils had an 11-0 spurt just before halftime to extend their lead to 46-27.
''That little spell in the first half, where we turned it over and kicked it out of bounds and threw it out of bounds and threw it to them, was really the difference in the game,'' Oklahoma coach Sherri Coale said.
Duke now is 18-3 all-time against Big 12 schools, having lost only to Oklahoma, Baylor and Texas.
Gray finished with 17 points, five assists and five steals for Duke while Sharane Campbell added 16 points and Nicole Griffin scored 15 for Oklahoma.


text:
Pullman Porter Blues
by Cheryl L. West
directed by Lisa Peterson
produced in association with Arena Stage
It's 1937, and three generations of porters are hard at work on the luxurious Panama Limited train. Midwest blues songs flavor their journey from Chicago to New Orleans as the porters confront dark secrets from their past and tough truths about their future together. This captivating coming of age story is woven with iconic blues music and features a live band.
- Contains brief mature content.
- Run time is approximately 2.5 hours with one intermission.
Production Photos
Producing Associates
Fales Foundation Trust


text:
How to Use
By 1890 Barton was searching for a location to establish a new headquarters for the Red Cross. In 1891 she received an offer she could not refuse--a plot of land and workmen to build a structure in Glen Echo, Maryland. Although she intended to use the Glen Echo structure both as the headquarters and her home, the distance from Washington, D.C., proved inconvenient, and Barton used the building instead as a warehouse. In 1897 when trolley lines made Glen Echo more accessible, Barton remodeled the Red Cross warehouse to serve as her home and the institution's headquarters.
1) How far is it from the White House to Glen Echo?
2) Why might proximity to the capital city have been important to Barton?
3) What different forms of transportation would have been available to Barton while she lived in Glen Echo (1897-1912)?
* The image on the screen has a resolution of 72 dots per inch (dpi), and therefore will print poorly. You can obtain a high resolution version of this map, but be aware that the entire file will take about 45 seconds to load with a 28.8K modem.


text:
PVC (polyvinyl chloride)
A material consisting solely of polyvinyl chloride is quite stiff, and for this reason softeners (phthalates) are generally added to make it easier to handle and more durable. The material has good chemical and weather resistance properties.
When PVC burns, hydrochloric acid and chlorinated hydrocarbons are formed because of the plastic's chlorine content. The smoke produced when burning is aggressive, attacking metals and electronic equipment in the building. The associated cleanup cost following such a fire causes many customers to prefer other alternatives instead.
The softeners are constantly given off and can migrate to and attack other plastic materials. They are also considered to be damaging to the environment and injurious to health and they can adversely affect reproduction.
Fagerhult products are connected internally using PVC-free wires and the mains cable can also be supplied to special order in a PVC-free design. Otherwise, PVC is not a material that is found in our products.


text:
Story highlights
- White House calls for "a new era of governance" from Somalia's leaders
- Hassan Sheikh Mohamud will serve a four-year term
- The political newcomer has worked for the United Nations and is a former university lecturer
- Somalia has not had an effective central government in decades
Somali lawmakers voted for a new president Monday, a key milestone for the war-torn nation as it establishes its first stable central government in decades.
Parliament members picked Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, a political newcomer who has worked for the United Nations and several international organizations.
The new president, who also served as a university professor, defeated the incumbent and some two dozen other candidates.
The vote marks a milestone for the nation, which plunged into chaos after Dictator Mohamed Siad Barre was overthrown 21 years ago. Following his ouster, clan warlords and militants battled for control, sparking a civil war and mayhem nationwide.
Somalia has not had an effective central government since then and has mostly remained under a shaky transitional federal government.
"Somali people have taken a great step forward on the path to peace and prosperity," said Augustine P. Mahiga, the U.N. envoy to the nation. "Today, Somalia's parliamentarians — in a calm, dignified and contemplative manner— ended the transitional period decisively. Somalia has proved the doubters wrong and sent a powerful message of progress to all of Africa and indeed to the entire world."
The vote is the latest in a series of political transitions in the nation.
In recent weeks, it has adopted a provisional constitution, selected members of parliament and appointed that body's speaker.
"It has not been easy getting us to this point," Mahiga said. "There have been moments when all seemed lost and we have sometimes been on the brink of despair."
The White House congratulated the new president and called on Somali leaders "to usher in a new era of governance that is responsive, representative and accountable."
"The United States calls on the international community to reaffirm its commitment to Somalia, and to help realize a more secure and prosperous future for the Somali people," it said in a statement.
Candidates in Monday's parliamentary vote included outgoing President Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, who has been in power since 2009, and his prime minister. Both have been accused of failing to crack down on corruption and Islamist militants in the nation.
Over the years, gunbattles between militants and government troops became a common fixture in the capital of Mogadishu, forcing lawmakers to meet in neighboring nations for security reasons.
Somalis have fled in record numbers, and are living as refugees in nearby nations.
Somalia's problems have elevated into worldwide concerns as neighboring nations struggled to contain the influx of refugees and the instability fueled the growth of Islamist insurgents.
This is the first time Somali politicians have picked a new leader at home because of security concerns, according to Hamza Mohamed, a Somali analyst based in London.
"Previous elections were held in Djibouti and Kenya," he said. "Because of this, Somalis feel they're part of the process this time even though they're not voting in the president."
Despite the move toward a more permanent government, challenges remain. Large parts of the country are under the control of militants and pirates.
And even though insurgents have fled the capital and guns have fallen silent, portions of the nation remain lawless.
African Union and Somali troops are battling Al-Shabaab militants, an al Qaeda-linked group that controls part of the nation's south. The militant Islamist group has waged an insurgency against the weak transitional government since 2007
In recent months, the troops have driven the militants out of Mogadishu, and the capital is slowly trickling back to normalcy. Coalition forces are exerting control in more areas, but the nation was not secure enough to hold a nationwide vote.
"The transition is over. Somalia must now focus on stabilization, reconciliation and building sustainable and accountable institutions of governance capable of providing services to its people," Mahiga said in a statement.
The new president will serve a four-year term.


text:
CRESTVIEW � The City Council has unanimously taken the first step to adopt an ordinance that will bring the permitting fee structure up to date.
CRESTVIEW � The City Council has unanimously taken the first step to adopt an ordinance that will bring the permitting fee structure up to date.
The new fee schedule, adopted Monday, is expected to make the Permitting Division self-sufficient, freeing up an estimated $40,000 from the tightly trimmed proposed city budget.
To put the new ordinance in place, the council must repeal Chapter 14 of the city code and replace it with the revised schedule, which building official Jonathan Bilby has been working on for more than a year.
"The language in Chapter 14 has not been revised since the mid-'90s and has not kept up with state law," Bilby said during Monday�s City Council workshop.
The "base code" used in Crestview's new ordinance is modeled closely on Florida Building Code, Bilby said. The new code includes a provision to assure taxpayers no longer pay to have other people�s projects inspected.
"If the permit fee does not cover the cost of required inspections, a trip charge of $30 shall be added for each inspection not covered by the permit fees," the new ordinance states.
Bilby reviewed the proposed ordinance with the local Building Industry Association chapter, which found the new fee schedule acceptable.
At the City Council�s direction, Bilby had looked at the possibility of exempting small homeowner improvements to alleviate the burden of permitting and inspecting.
Two types of projects he presented for consideration are non-structural residential fences, which currently require a $75 permit, and small residential storage sheds, which require a $75-100 permit.
Since Oct. 1, 2012, the city has permitted and inspected 28 sheds and 51 fences, generating about $6,500 in fees.
Want to go?
The Crestview City Council will discuss a new permitting fee schedule during a 5 p.m. Sept. 9 workshop at City Hall. City leaders will vote on the ordinance establishing the schedule at 6 p.m.
Contact News Bulletin Staff Writer Brian Hughes at 850-682-6524 or firstname.lastname@example.com. Follow him on Twitter @cnbBrian.


text:
Your name, or character name and race (if known):
I'm currently playing 4 characters and I will eventually pick one of them to be my main. Woman/Captain/Scholar - level 13, Hobbit/Hunter/Tinker - level 13, Elf/Minstrel/Armorer - level 10, Dwarf/Guardian/Woodsman - level 11.
Age: 29 (30 in June)
Location: Missouri
Playstyle: Still learning but I want to do everything the game has to offer. The only think I'm not really interested in is PvP
Why kinships should be interested in you. In other words, why choose you and not another player. What do you offer kinships?: To be fair, I'm fairly new to MMORPG on this scale. I've never played any of the biggers games, I have played a couple of the smaller, not so well known ones. I don't know yet if I'll have much to bring. So far, I'm enjoying playing solo and exploring the game. I've never been in a Kinship, or even a fellowship so I don't know a lot about how it works. I need a Kinship that doesn't mind noobs..
What kind of kinship you are looking for: I would prefer a guild that doesn't mass recruit..i'm more interested in a small, closs knit guild. I'm a casual player, I work full-time and I'm working on my Bachelor's degree in the evenings so that takes up a lot of time. I will mostly be online in the evenings that I don't have class and on the weekends (weekends when I don't have a project to work on!) I wouldn't mind a guild with players that are working on more than one character. I'm less interested in leveling up quickly than I am in exploring the game and maximizing my game experience (by playing multi-races/types/professions..etc).
I can be contacted in game with the following names: Chrystal, Severus, Satine, or Laurell