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The Craven Brass Quintet invites all brass instrument players to participate in the third annual Christmas Brass At Union Point.
The Craven Brass Quintet invites all brass instrument players to participate in the third annual Christmas Brass At Union Point.
The gathering is Dec. 23 at 3 p.m.
The purpose is to create and continue a Christmas tradition for New Bern for all brass players of all skill levels and ages to meet at the gazebo at Union Point and play traditional Christmas music, according to Dan Jones, trumpet player.
The public and non-brass players are also invited to attend and help celebrate the season.
Players should bring their instrument, a chair if needed, music stand and clips to hold music to the stand.
The Quintet includes: two trumpets, Dan Jones and Joe Brinson; French Horn, Christine Mele; Trombone, Max Mascia; Tuba, Brad Pino.
The Craven Brass Quintet offers a unique musical repertoire ranging from Baroque to Blues. The Quintet�s music library includes brass compositions form the Baroque era, the early American period, the Civil War, the Big Band era, New Orleans Dixieland and Ragtime, traditional Bavarian and German and music for the holiday seasons.
The Quintet is regularly booked to perform for numerous events both locally and across the State of North Carolina. Events include weddings, patriotic ceremonies, receptions, graduations, military ceremonial events, worship services and a variety of special events.
In the 16 years the Craven Brass Quintet has been performing, it has received positive reviews for its quality performances, versatility and for enjoyable performances. The members of the Quintet are dedicated to the preservation of brass music and to the performance of that music in a manner that is enjoyable to the listener as well as the performer.
For more information, contact Jones at email@example.com or 671-9791.


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Current Stream Conditions
Local Weather Report
Hours and Rates are seasonal.
Please call for more information.
PO Box 54
392 Slate Run Rd.
Slate Run, PA 17769
Sportsmen now flock to the area for some of the East Coast's best fishing (including the world famous Pine Creek as well as Slate Run itself). Others enjoy the Rails to Trails bike trail, hunting, canoeing, rafting, skiing, snowmobiling or the awesome scenery here in the PA Grand Canyon.
Hotel Manor is here to accommodate everyone who comes to the area. Fine food, lodging and our tavern are here for your comfort, convenience and fun.
Our cordial, reliable staff welcome all to stay at what the locals once knew as the Manor Hunt.
We'll make sure your stay, whether for a weekend or a whole week, is a pleasant one.
Site Designed and Maintained by AdOne Advertising and Design.

subset: commoncrawl


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Happy and code-full 2011!
In an earlier post, I was considering exporting my Outlook contacts as XHTML pages, and accessing these as a repository of free-format, but queryable, documents. After some time out for Christmas and New Year, not to mention my family's seasonal cough-fest, I can report back.
I haven't attempted a comprehensive export of all contact attributes, just the standard ones that I typically use. This still leaves information in the Contact's body section, but I'll migrate that manually, as and when.
Here's an example contact page:
I just grabbed a standard style sheet, so the formatting is not up to much (for example, the cell text middle-aligns vertically, as you can see with "Address").
In terms of the VBA code, all we need is an adapter class, ContactPage. Instances of this are created for each ContactItem that we export. A ContactPage is responsible for building the XHTML string corresponding to the ContactItem, and writing it out to a text file. Here's the root procedure:
Const outdir As String = "C:\Temp\Contacts" Sub ExportContacts() Dim allcontacts As Items Set allcontacts = Session.Folders("Personal Folders"). _ Folders("Contacts").Items MsgBox "Exporting " & allcontacts.Count & " Contacts" Dim cn As ContactItem 'Outlook class Dim cp As ContactPage 'Custom class For Each cn In allcontacts Set cp = New ContactPage Set cp.Contact = cn 'Property Set cp.OutputToFile outdir Next End Sub
ContactPage has a function for PageTitle, which is taken from the ContactItem's Company or Full Name (in that order of preference). Functions PageId and PageFile are based on this (with a bit of cleaning up to remove characters such as '/').
The sub OutputToFile uses the Microsoft Scripting Runtime library, specifically FileSystemObject and TextStream. You need to load the Scripting library manually, via >Tools >References.
The rest of ContactPage's features are just functions that generate elements in the XHTML hierarchy. For example:
Public Function XhtmlPage() As String 'The XHTML representation of cp_contact XhtmlPage = Header_ & vbCrLf & _ Html_ End Function '... Public Function Html_() As String Html_ = "<html id=" & Chr(34) & PageId & Chr(34) '& ... Html_ = Html_ & vbCrLf & _ Head_ & vbCrLf & _ Body_ & vbCrLf & _ "" End Function Public Function Body_() As String Body_ = "" & vbCrLf & _ "
" & PageTitle & "
" & vbCrLf & _ Company_table_ & vbCrLf & _ Person_table_(1) & vbCrLf & _ Person_table_(2) & vbCrLf & _ Person_table_(3) & vbCrLf & _ Categories_ul_ & vbCrLf & _ "" End Function '... Public Function LastName_td_() As String LastName_td_ = "" & _ cp_contact.LastName & "	" End Function
The lowest level functions, typically for  elements, access the ContactItem's properties. As you can see, there are a lot of quotation characters (Chr(34)) in XHTML. The trailing-underscore convention for the function names was so that I could call the functions after the XHTML tags they generate – without the underscore I got a name clash with something existing.
Minor complications where the Contacts folder contains Distribution Lists (class DistListItem), which is a different class from ContactItem – that is, a MAPIFolder.Items is a heterogeneous Collection. This makes the For Each loop throw a type mismatch error, although you can resume execution (>Debug, >Run).
Also a slight issue with duplicate filenames, since the file output overwrites by default. I used Round(Rnd * 1000, 0) to generate a temporary disambiguating suffiix for the filename.
Here's the Class Module for ContactPage.


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Free Flag Accent Download
You're taking oodles of photos on your getaways and everyday adventures with your family and friends, and you can't wait to scrapbook them. Shouldn't the scrapbooking be easy too? We think so!
Free Flag Download!
Add festive flags to your layout about visiting an amusement park, carnival, or fair using Laina Lamb's flag template. Download the images in PDF, PNG, DXF or SVG formats then use them on your layout.
One Amazing Day by Laina Lamb, as seen in Creating Keepsakes.
Download a PDF of these flags to use on your scrapbook page.
Download a PNG of these flags to use on your digital layout.
Download a DXF or SVG of these flags to use with your digital die-cutting machine.
Want even more free summer and travel downloads? Get free ticket-shaped journaling spots that will be perfect for your travel layouts.
You'll also love these free CK Travel and Summer Quotes for you to download and to use on your layouts.
See more inspiring travel and summer layouts online and be sure to check out the Summer Fun & Travel special issue of Creating Keepsakes magazine.
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When ABC News Claimed It Had "Obtained" The Benghazi Emails
Blog ››› ››› MATT GERTZ
ABC News is now claiming that its Benghazi "exclusive" was based on summaries of emails between administration aides, not the emails themselves -- an assertion belied by their earlier reports.
CNN's Jake Tapper reported on May 14 that he had obtained an email sent by White House aide Ben Rhodes that "differs from how sources inaccurately quoted and paraphrased it in previous accounts to different media organizations," including ABC's Karl. According to Tapper, previous accounts of the email made it "appear that the White House was 'more interested in the State Department's desire to remove mentions of specific terrorist groups and warnings about these groups so as to not bring criticism to the State Department than Rhodes' email actually stated.'"
The conservative media has spent months obsessing over the Benghazi talking points that administration officials were discussing in those emails. According to right-wing conspiracy, the administration edited the talking points to downplay the role of terrorism in the attack in order to benefit the Obama reelection campaign. In fact, as then-CIA director David Petraeus noted, the talking points were changed to avoid interfering with the ongoing investigation into the perpetrators -- an account bolstered by the full version of the Rhodes email.
ABC News has responded by claiming their original reporting was based on summaries of the emails, not the emails themselves. In a statement to the Washington Post's Erik Wemple, an ABC spokesperson wrote: "Assuming the email cited by Jake Tapper is accurate, it is consistent with the summary quoted by Jon Karl." Karl himself has responded that rather than reviewing the emails themselves, he actually had been "quoting verbatim a source who reviewed the original documents and shared detailed notes." He added that "[t]he source was not permitted to make copies of the original e-mails," suggesting that his original report was based solely on that source's summaries, and denied that the summaries provided an inaccurate take on the original email.
But ABC News and Karl himself have repeatedly suggested he had obtained the actual emails, not summaries of emails from Rhodes and others in the administration.
In the third paragraph of his May 10 ABCNews.com article, Karl reported that "White House emails reviewed by ABC News suggest the edits were made with extensive input from the State Department" (emphasis added). Three paragraphs later, he wrote that "Summaries of White House and State Department emails -- some of which were first published by Stephen Hayes of the Weekly Standard -- show that the State Department had extensive input into the editing of the talking points" (emphasis added). That was the sole reference to "summaries" in the online article. Instead, he repeatedly produced quotes from what he described as "emails," suggesting that he had personally reviewed the original documents.
Karl and his ABC News colleagues also repeatedly suggested on-air that he had obtained the actual emails.
Reporting on ABC's Good Morning America on May 10, Karl neither said he had personally reviewed the emails, nor said he had reviewed summaries. Instead, he said he had "had emails read to me," then provided what he described as a direct quote from a State Department spokeswoman's email.
Karl likewise cited "an email obtained by ABC" on the May 10 edition of ABC's World News and read the comments from the State Department spokeswoman as a "quote" from that email. (via Nexis).
Similarly, ABC's Martha Raddatz referred to Karl having "exclusively obtained the emails" on the May 12 edition of This Week, while Reena Ninan referenced "emails exclusively unearthed" by Karl on the May 11 World News.
It seems reasonable for readers to assume that when, for instance, a reporter publishes a direct quote attributed to a White House staffer from what is described as "an email dated 9/14/12 at 9:34 p.m.," the reporter is producing the actual words the aide wrote. Now ABC News is claiming that that is not the case.
The following are quotes from Karl's online report, emphases added:
In an email to officials at the White House and the intelligence agencies, State Department spokesman Victoria Nuland took issue with including that information because it "could be abused by members [of Congress] to beat up the State Department for not paying attention to warnings, so why would we want to feed that either? Concerned ..."
In response, an NSC staffer coordinating the review of the talking points wrote back to Nuland, "The FBI did not have major concerns with the points and offered only a couple minor suggestions."
"These changes don't resolve all of my issues or those of my buildings leadership," Nuland wrote.
In an email dated 9/14/12 at 9:34 p.m. -- three days after the attack and two days before Ambassador Rice appeared on the Sunday shows - Deputy National Security Advisor Ben Rhodes wrote an email saying the State Department's concerns needed to be addressed.
"We must make sure that the talking points reflect all agency equities, including those of the State Department, and we don't want to undermine the FBI investigation. We thus will work through the talking points tomorrow morning at the Deputies Committee meeting."
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text:
Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course Review: The Sensational Music and Sound Therapy Program
Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course Review: The Sensational Music and Sound Therapy Program
Experiencing stress is nothing unfamiliar to our human systems. We have long been the victims of it and its malicious by-products. It works like a plague and infects our whole balance, providing us with different physical and mental complaints.
The main problem is that stress can be inflicted from anything. It can well be caused due to long working hours or some domestic tensions, uncertainty about future or unrealistic expectations. In short, stress is within our surroundings and is always in search of ways to attack our life's balance.
However, it does not mean that we should continue living with our stressful lives and ignore all its consequences. The mantra for a contented life is to stay happy and it is obvious that no one with an unstable self can achieve it.
Therefore, it is extremely important to control stress in order to pursue a composed life. And this is exactly where a course like Soothing Stress Relief Sounds is so valuable.
Here in this review, I would share my personal experience and disclose all the primary contents of this authentic stress release program.
What Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course is all about?
Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course is a program that is constructed upon the concepts of Music and Sound therapies. These techniques have been proven medically and are used to eliminate stress.
The program is carefully planned for every individual who has been experiencing stress in his everyday life. It contains detailed guides, e-books and workbooks. To induce excitement this program also comes with 43 pacifying tracks which are divided into four different albums.
The sole motive for this program is to assist those people who have been battling against stress or its side effects. The course offers simple and easy stress release techniques to soothe soul and revitalize one's mind and body; thus executing its motive.
Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course is Ideal For?
Stress has lots of different forms. But since Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course counters stress, it is also equally effective against its various by-products. Therefore, this program is ideal for anyone who experiences:
- Fatigue
- Anxiety
- Sleepless nights
- Mood Swings
- Difficulty to Adapt Changes
- Depression
- Chronic Pain
- Anger Management Problems
- Mental Weariness
My Experience with Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course
To start off with, I want to make it clear that Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course is not a program that can be questioned with its claims of being the ultimate stress-release module.
And I believe, this above statement alone can easily tell you as how helpful this program has turned out for me.
After receiving the product in my inbox and then downloading it, my first impression was a positive one. I was delighted to see as how well-organized this program is and soon I was going through the 'quick-start' guide.
Personally I found this introductory guide really useful as it prepared me for what I was about to experience. It provided me with ways to make the best out of the offered e-books and soundtracks.
After getting a strong insight about the overall program, I made my way into the chief portion of the course. Here I was greeted with e-books on Music Therapy and Relaxation Therapy.
The purpose of these e-books was to educate its users with the concepts of music therapy, brainwave entrainment, meditation sounds as well as introduce them with the finest relaxation techniques.
Although this portion was very descriptive, I would recommend everyone to sit through it as without these basics it would be hard to get the desired results.
Both these e-books are assisted with their own Workbook and 10 Day Action Planner which helped me to keep track of my personal progress. The plan directed me to a number of different tracks and sound therapy exercises and very soon I was able to figure out the right stress release strategy for myself. However, since it can differ from person to person, it is better that I leave my strategy unrevealed.
Altogether there are 43 soundtracks with 6 free bonuses within this entire course. A number that is truly astonishing considering the quality of its content.
The Verdict
For me, Soothing Stress Relief Sounds Course is the most comprehensive, enlightening and exciting program on stress control. It is for anyone who is craving for a composed life, far from the tortures of stress.
The course comes in Premium and Classical packages with 60days money back guarantee. Personally, I would recommend opting for the Premium as it includes practical techniques to counter stress. However, choosing it can prove a little costly.
Considering the overwhelming benefits which I have experienced, this course has to be my best recommendation. So, if you are also one of those unfortunate victims of stress, it's time that you step up and take control of your life through this sensational stress management program.
Please note: If you click on the links above (some of them, not all of them) and purchase the product, I will receive a small commission. This helps me to keep my site operating and to keep writing and offer you freebies from time to time. Many thanks for your understanding.


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MPAA sympathetic to returning legitimate Megaupload files
Court documents reveal conciliatory tone
The Motion Picture Ass. of America has indicated it wouldn't oppose users of the now-defunct Megaupload file-sharing service retrieving their data – if it isn't pirated.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) filed a legal suit with Megaupload user Kyle Goodwin for the return his files from the service, which was shut down after a raid on the home of Megaupload founder Kim Dotcom in New Zealand. Dotcom is currently on trial, charged with causing $500m of damage to the media industry and illegally earning $175m in fees from Megaupload and associated businesses.
US government investigators have warned that much of the information stored on the site may be lost, and that they are finished scanning it. Hosting companies Carpathia Hosting and Cogent Communications now want to delete the 25 petabytes of data they hosted for Megaupload, since it's costing them $9,000 a day to store. But the MPAA appears to be saying some data could be returned, or at least indicating that it wouldn't oppose such a move.
"In the current motion, Mr. Goodwin asks the Court to exercise its equitable jurisdiction to allow him access to the Mega Servers to retrieve material he previously uploaded to Megaupload," MPAA's lawyers write in a brief to the court. "The MPAA Members are sympathetic to legitimate users who may have relied on Megaupload to store their legitimately acquired or created data, although the Megaupload terms of use clearly disclaimed any guarantee of continued access to uploaded materials."
But there is a caveat. If files are going to be handed back, then the MPAA needs to be sure that none of the material infringes copyright – which would presumably involve scanning them all – and mechanisms need to be set up so that the original operators of Megaupload can't get any access to the system.
Not that most of them are allowed near a computer these days, since the extradition hearings for Kim Dotcom and colleagues Mathias Ortmann, Fin Batato, and Bram Van der Kolk are still ongoing, although there are serious doubts about the ability of US prosecutors to obtain a conviction, after the trial revealed a string of potential failures in the initial investigation and arrests.
On Thursday, Megaupload's lawyer Willie Akel accused the FBI of breaking the law when its investigators arrived in New Zealand, copied seven hard drives, and sent the information back to the US without local police knowing what was happening. "If [they] went offshore without the consent of the attorney-general, it was an illegal act," he said, local media Stuff reports.
However the prosecution offered the defense that the only material to have been sent abroad was data, and since the physical drives remained in the country, no breach of the law had taken place. The presiding judge asked the Crown lawyer John Pike to undertake to return data that was not relevant to the trial, but Pike said this may not be possible.
"Police, to put it bluntly, would not have a clue what is relevant and what is not relevant. How could they?" he said. ®


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Let's bow in the word of prayer. Father, we thank you tonight for amazing grace, for the simple message of that song. And oh Lord, how great it is to know that we haven't even begun to experience what You've prepared for us. For all eternity will live and bask in the glory of full grace. Thank you, Lord, for all that You mean to us. And Lord, as we look at the Word tonight, may we speak as one who speaks the oracles of God. May our hearts be sensitive and may we be lead by the Spirit of God. May He be our teacher. We pray in Christ's name. Amen.
1 Corinthians Chapter 12, tonight's message is the third message in the subject of the gifts of the body. We are in a series, a series which has not been planned, but which has just kept happening week by week, one of those unplanned things that obviously the Lord had planned all along. We are in the third message on the gifts of the body.
We talked about the body of Christ, the witness of the body, and the gifts of the body. We've been studying the body of Christ and how it is to function in unity and in love. And those are the two key words to understanding the body of Christ. In unity and in love. And that if it functions in unity and love it will be built up. It will be matured. It will be edifying. And by the body of Christ, we mean all Christians loving and serving one another are built up. And when we are built up into that kind of oneness and that kind of love, then our witness to the world will be effective. That's what Jesus meant when He said, "I pray that they may be one that the world may know that the Father has sent me."
Our witness depends upon unity and love. Now, in order for the body to be built up that it might witness, God has given the body certain things. First of all, He has given certain gifted men, apostles, prophets, evangelists, pastors, and teachers. He has also not only given certain gifted men, but He has given certain grace gifts or spiritual gifts to every one of the believers.
And we've been talking about these gifts and through these gifts to every believer, the Holy Spirit manifests Himself to the whole body. Now, if you're getting in on the tail end, I would encourage you to get the tapes and the sheets that we've been passing out in past weeks so you know where we are because this is an absolutely critical subject.
Now, we've been talking then about the gifts through which the Spirit ministers to the body. So God has given two things to the body of Christ, gifted men, specially called to be apostles, prophets, they were foundational ministries and have ceased. Then followed by evangelists, teacher, and preacher. Not only gifted men, but gifts and each of the believers have certain gifts by which they minister to the other believers to bring a full maturity to the entire body.
Now, we have been studying these gifts and we've also been studying the principles by which the gifts function. We have seen clearly how these gifts compliment each other and how they result in a body that is edifying. We have also seen that each of these gifts was complete and full in Christ Himself. And that we as a body are to be the continuation of the life of Christ so that God has given us every basic gift that Christ Himself had in order that we might be fully the continuation of the life of Christ.
Now, for a healthy oneness then, which means a healthy witness, for a real unity of love, for a real positive ministry, we must then minister our gifts to one another that we might be built up. If we do not minister the body is maimed, the body is crippled, some members are not functioning and the others have to compensate and the whole body of Christ limps along. And incidentally, that's exactly what the case is now.
And as a result of a maimed, crippled, disjointed, disconnected body, we stand amidst the ruins of a broken testimony in the world. The world cannot see our testimony because our unity is the criterion and our love. And since unity and love isn't obvious in the body of Christ, the world has not the correct standards by which to judge us.
Now, we have tried in previous messages then, consequently to say three things. Number one, the body needs to be one and to love. Number two, gifts make it so. Number three, find your gift and use it. That's basically what we've been saying. In order for the body to function, there has to be unity in love, gifts make unity and love possible, find your gift, discover it by prayer and the filling of the Holy Spirit and use your gift.
When all of us operate our gifts in the energy of the Spirit, then we build up each other to full maturity the whole body becomes mature and our witness and testimony is powerful. Now specifically, we have begun to enumerate the gifts that are listed in 1 Corinthians 12 and also in Romans 12.
Last time we talked about the permanent gifts. We said there are two categories of gifts, permanent and temporary. The permanent gifts were to build up the body and still are to build up the body. The temporary gifts were to confirm the word of the apostles and prophets and have ceased with the ceasing of apostles and prophets.
Now since last week we covered all of the permanent gifts that leaves for us to cover tonight the temporary gifts which were not designed for the edification of the body as we shall see, but they were designed for confirming the testimony of the apostles and prophets that indeed and in fact they were declaring the Word of God.
Now, there are four of these gifts listed in Scripture. They have no continuing role in the body. The existed for the apostolic era and were designed for unbelievers, not believers in order that unbelievers might be convinced by these miracles that indeed the Word of God was being spoken by the mouths of the apostles and the prophets of the early church.
The point is obvious. If you had a whole lot of people speaking and no standard to judge them, nobody would know what to believe and so along with the truth speakers, along with the true apostles, and true prophets, there were certain miracles in order that people might be convinced that they, in fact, did speak the very word of God.
Now, I want to review this concept with you for just a moment and if you will look at...look at Mark Chapter 16. That's the last Chapter in the book of Mark, and I'm not going to go into a critical study of whether this belongs. Let's assume that it does. And incidentally, there is new evidence on...in the basis of two new theses that have just been written with new manuscript evidence that the last part of Mark does belong in the text. In case you don't know it didn't used to belong or some people didn't think it did, don't worry about it. That's the problem for others.
But we notice in verse 17 and he says talking here to the 11 disciples. He says, "In these signs shall follow those who believe in my name shall I cast out demons, speak with new tongues, take up serpents, if they drink any deadly thing, it will not hurt. They shall lay hands on the sick and they shall recover."
Now, there you have some miracles that are going to attend the initial preaching of the apostles and the people who respond to the apostles in that initial phase of the church are going to see miracles happen. Now you come down to verse 19, "So then, after the Lord had spoken unto them," that is to the 11, "He was received up into heaven and sat on the right hand of God." That's the ascension.
Verse 20, "And they went forth," that's the early apostles, "and preached everywhere the Lord working with them and confirming the word with signs following. Miracles then accompanied the apostles for the purpose of confirming," what, "the word." That's what they were for.
Now look at 2 Corinthians Chapter 12 and verse 12. It says this, now here's a very important verse. "Truly the signs of an apostle." Now notice signs are specifically belonging to apostles. "The signs of an apostle were wrought among you in all patience, in signs, wonders, and mighty deeds." Dudamis, dynamite deeds.
Now, you'll notice there that signs belong to whom? Apostles. Signs of an apostle. That is a specific designation for miracles. One other verse Hebrews Chapter 2. Hebrews Chapter 2 and verse 3, Hebrews 2:3 says this, now this again is very important.
"How shall we escape if we neglect so great salvation," now listen to what happens after that, "which at the first began to be spoken by the Lord." Wasn't the message of salvation initially spoken by Christ himself? Of course it was. "And was confirmed unto us by them that heard him." And who would that be? Apostles, "God also bearing them witness." Who does them refer to? The apostles. "Both with signs and wonders and diverse miracles and," here's the key, "gifts of the Holy Spirit.
Now there you have it friends, apostles did miracles to confirm the word. The miracles actually belong to apostles and here it says certain gifts of the Spirit were for the apostles. Now when you come to 1 Corinthians 12, and you see the miraculous gifts, you know then that those are the gifts spoken as the signs and wonders and mighty deeds that belong to the apostles for the purpose of confirming the word and establishing it's veracity in the minds of people who had no other standard.
And you see this is in effect what Nicodemus meant when he came to Jesus and said, "I know you come from God because no man can," what, "do the things you do except God be with him." In other words, the signs and miracles in Christ's life attested to the fact that he was speaking from God. Same thing was true of the early apostles. They had no other standard. There was no written word of God. There was not yet the accumulated standard of the New Testament, so signs became the confirmation of the word.
They were to ratify or establish the truth. Now in the early church this was a necessary adjunct to the preaching and teaching of the apostles and the early prophets. And incidentally these gifts were evidently often passed on from the apostles to other prophets of the early church by the laying on of hands. There is no indication anywhere in the New Testament that anybody had these gifts other than by the laying on of hands of the apostles.
So it was a direct ministry geared to the apostles and initial prophets of the early church. Warfield, one of the most brilliant, biblical scholars who ever lived says this. "These miraculous gifts were part of the credentials of the apostles as the authoritative agents of God in founding the church. Their function thus confined them to distinctly the apostolic church and they necessarily passed away with it."
Now certain passages specifically associate these miraculous gifts of the Spirit with the work of apostles. And I'll give you a couple of illustrations. One is in the 14th Chapter of Acts. Don't look it up, just write it down. Acts 14, verse 3. In Acts 14:3, "A long time therefore abode they speaking boldly in the Lord who gave testimony under the word of His grace." Now here are some prophets and they're speaking the word of the Lord. Now here's the key, "and the Lord gave testimony unto the word of His grace." What was the Lord then doing? Confirming the word, right?
How did He give testimony? He granted signs and wonders to be done by their hands. You see? In other words, the way that the Lord attested to the veracity of their word was by granting them signs and wonders. Now these words incidentally describe the activity of Paul and Barnabas when they went to the city of Icononium during Paul's first missionary journey and at that point signs and wonders were granted to them as apostles and prophets to proclaim the truth of God and have it verified. God literally verified by giving them the ability to do miracles.
There's one other verse that tells us the same thing and that's Roman 15:15. Again, I'll just read it to you. "Nevertheless brethren, I have written the more boldly unto you in some sort as putting you in mind because of the grace that is given to me of God. That I should be the minister of Jesus Christ to the Gentiles ministering the gospel of God that the offering up of the Gentiles might be acceptable being sanctified by the Holy Spirit. I have therefore that of which I may glory in Jesus Christ and those things which pertained to God. For I will not dare to speak of any of those things which Christ hath not wrought by me."
In other words, I am only speaking what Christ tells me to speak Paul says. Now watch this, "I will not dare speak any of those things which Christ hath not wrought by me to make the Gentiles obedient," watch this, "to make them obedient by word indeed," here's the key, "through mighty signs and wonders."
In other words, Paul says, my ministry is verified by signs and wonders. This whole area of miracles had nothing to do with believers. It had to confirm the word to unbelievers. The whole point. All right, so from those passages we learned that the purpose and function of the special miraculous gifts of the Spirit was to authenticate the apostles as true messengers from the true God and thus confirm the gospel of salvation in the mind of unbelievers.
Incidentally, as a satellite it also helped the believing ones to have more faith when they saw these same miracles. Now, may I add very hastily that the church today no longer needs this kind of confirmation. We do not need miracles as a standard by which we verify somebody's declaration. We don't need somebody to stand up and preach and then do a miracle so we know he's telling the truth. We have another standard and what is it? The Word of God. When somebody stands up to preach, we don't have to have a miracle. We merely match him to the Word of God. If he matches the Word of God, that is the standard. If he does not, then we know that he is not a true teacher, but a false teacher.
We do not need confirming miracles, here is our confirmation right here. We judge by the Word of God. I'm reminded of Luke Chapter 16, verse 31 when the word says, "If they hear not Moses and the prophets, neither will they be persuaded though one rose from the dead. "
If the Word of God as a standard isn't good enough, miracles aren't going to do it. Now that the Scripture is complete and you can't take away from it and you can't add to it, it's complete and total as God designed it to be. It's our standard, we don't need confirming miracles. They're irrelevant, immaterial, and extraneous. Now let me add a footnote. In the gifted men in the church, you know, there were gifts and there were gifted men. The teacher, evangelists, and pastor which are the still existing ones, the apostle and prophet, as we saw last week, were foundation, right? And you don't put the foundation on the 20th floor, so they belong in our century.
But in the gifted men, there is today the continuing ministry that builds the body. And there is no miraculous confirming gift ever mentioned in Ephesians 4 where the gifted men are mentioned. No where in all of Paul's letters from Corinthians on, Corinthians is the only one that mentions these, in no other of Paul's letters does he say that pastors, evangelists, or teachers, should have any of these kind of gifts.
Now friend, if those gifts were the confirming gifts of the word and we still needed them, then they would belong to the men who preached the word, wouldn't they? What would be the point of giving confirming gifts to people who weren't preachers. It'd be pointless.
If, in fact, these gifts still exist then they should belong to the greatest preachers and teachers in the world, because they are the men who are speaking and they are the men whose message has to be confirmed, is that not true? And so if these gifts still exist, they would belong to gifted Bible teachers, not to people who are way out in left field conducting strange emotionalism under a tent.
And you can look the world across and you will not find a single really gifted Bible teacher in the mainstream of dispensational premillenial theology who has anything to do with any of these kind of gifts. There are none. In fact, there is total unanimity of agreement that these gifts do not belong to our day.
They were always confirming gifts for unbelievers to verify the word. Consequently if they were today existing they wouldn't belong to women in the first place, because women are supposed to keep silence in the church. And that's in 1 Corinthians 14 and it refers to tongues. And friends if that took place, 95% of movement would end. And so the confirming gifts then if they were legitimate gifts would belong to great Bible teachers on the contrary they do not.
They are not the ones who are self-styled healers or miracle workers. Not at all. So to include our introduction, we've seen that the sign gifts were for the apostolic era and when the apostles and profits use them they were to confirm the word and when the apostles and prophets passed away so did the need for confirmation because the Bible then became the standard. Those gifts were never designed any time to belong to the edification of the body. They aren't a part of it at all.
All right, now let's look at the four specific temporary signed gifts. And they're for us in verse 10 and some repeated in verse 28. You can look at them. Number one is the gift of miracles. Verse 10, "To another the working of miracles."
Now, what is the gift of miracles? We want to talk about it for just a moment. To say that miracles have ceased would be untrue and I want to hasten to say that. When I say the gift of miracles has ceased, I do not mean God doesn't do miracles. God is the God of miracles. God's doing miracles today all over the place. I don't think one day goes by that we don't see God working a miracle in our own lives. Miracles are happening all around us. The greatest miracle God ever did was take a degenerate, debased, sin, sick soul on it's way to hell and turn it around and recreate it so that it becomes a citizen of heaven. That's the greatest miracle God ever did and he does it constantly.
There are other miracles. All kinds of miracles that God does. That is not to say that the gift of miracles still exists. It is not a gift through a person anymore. God still does miracles by His own sovereign design and as a result of prayer. But it is not the same as the apostolic gift of miracles. Now, our Lord, and let me talk about this for a minute, our Lord did many different kinds of miracles including raising the dead. And these were proofs of His deity. They were to verify His messiahship. They were to corroborate His claim that He was the Son of God.
For example, as we saw this morning, He'd say, "I am the bread of life," and then He'd make bread. He'd say, "I am the living water," and then He would talk about a water that He could give that was like no other water. He would say, "I am the light of the world," and give sight to blind eyes and light to blind souls. He would say, "I am the resurrection and the life," and then raise somebody from the dead physically and spiritually.
He was verifying His claims by miracles. Our Lord did them, but it's interesting for us to note, I think, that they had a very limited effect didn't they. I mean, He did the miracles constantly in front of Israel and they didn't believe Him. Finally, they concluded that He did His miracles by whose power? The Beelzebub, Satan. So they had a very limited effect.
Not only did they have a limited effect with Christ, but they also had a limited effect with the apostles and the profits, very limited. The casting of the evil spirit out of the soothsayer was the direct cause of all the trouble in Philippi. When that miracle happened, that made such chaos in Philippi that you know what happened ultimately.
The restoration of the lame person at Lystra by Paul seemed to have a great effect on the people. It did for a little while, that's in Acts Chapter 14. It looked like that the restoration of that lame person was really going to have a great effect, but soon after that they stoned Paul and left him for dead. That's a rather minimal effect.
After Philippi for a period of two years there is no mention of any miracle wrought by Paul. They were very limited, very limited. There is no record of miracles ever happening in Antioch, at Corinth, in Thessalonica, at Derby, at Bariah, this was a very minimal, limited ministry.
And Paul puts not emphasis upon the working of miracles, nothing. He continually stresses the need for faith. In all his lists, requirements for a bishop, for an elder, for a deacon, there's never anything about miracles.
All through the whole Epistles out of all of those that he writes, there is nothing about people working miracles. James doesn't say anything about it. John doesn't say anything about it. Jude doesn't say anything about it, nobody does outside of the book of Acts. And certain other Scriptures eluding to those ministries. There is no emphasis in the Bible on working miracles. Because it was obvious to Paul and to every other writer that that belonged to an apostolic era and when it closed that was over.
And it had no continuing place in the ministry of the church. We don't need the gift of miracles today. Paul says, "we need the manifestation of a spirit life," right? We need to live in the energy of the Spirit. Now I'm not depreciating miracles. They have a place, but not through the gift of miracles which was apostolic.
They not only had a limited effect, but they had a limited purpose. They were in...they were for an infant stage of the church to verify the gospel. They were the signs and wonders and mighty deeds just for the beginning. Now one other thought. They had a limited time and I want to illustrate this, I think very importantly for just a moment. In order to understand how God has used miracles, you must observe different periods in Scripture where miracles occur. There were four miraculous periods of miracles in the Bible. And they happened and they ended, and they happened and they ended, and there's great sweeping periods of history where there are no miracles recorded.
The first period of miracles was Moses' day. The second period of miracles was the time of Elijah and Elishah. The third period of miracles was the life of Christ. And friends between the time of the Elishah and Elijah and Christ there just aren't any. The fourth period of miracles was right following the life of Christ after Pentecost in the early church.
Now miracles have their place to attest to God's truth at a specific time and they are always limited by time. First of all, recall the first period of miracles, which was the time of Moses. You don't read about miracles in the patriarch's time, do you? Apart from God's creative miracles and things like the flood, in terms of men doing miracles, you don't read about them in Genesis. Moses initiated the first period of miracles. And his miracles were performed in reference to the redemption of the children of Israel out of Egypt, weren't they?
In Exodus 7:3 it says, "I will harden Pharaoh's heart and multiply my signs and my wonders in the land of Egypt." Notice whose wonders they are, not man's but God's. And God says I'll do it in reference to Egypt. And it was important, because how would Pharaoh really know that God was working in Israel, unless there was something to attest to it, right? And he got a good dose of attestation. And not only that, how would the Israelites know that God was working there unless there was some miracles to verify it. And so in the time of Moses there were miracles. It was the first great period of miracles. And the signs substantiated Moses as God's appointed ruler.
Now this is not a hard and fast rule. There are some points during the other periods in between where God would do a miraculous thing, but were specifically through an individual miracles were wrought, they're pretty well limited to this period. The following period would then be the period of Elijah and Elishah and of all the prophets they were the ones who did the miracles.
And again, the reason was because Israel needed to know who God was because they were messing around with Baal, right? And they needed to hear the word of God and they needed to see a miracle to know that God was indeed talking and it worked. It was to authenticate the authority of God. In 1 Kings 18:36, it says, "Let it be known this day that thou art God in Israel and that I am thy servant." That's what Elijah said. And how did God let it be known? By a miracle.
And so it was to authenticate the authority of God and Elijah as God's appointed representative and they also continued through Elishah. Then you have a great period of years and years, centuries go by where miracles don't even have a part of anything, and all of sudden they reappear in the person of Christ. The third state of miracles.
Christ and His apostles, Luke 11:20, Christ said, "And if I with the finger of God cast out devils, no doubt the kingdom of God has come upon you." In other words, Christ wanted men to know that He had arrived to offer the kingdom and He brought along some miracles to prove that this was indeed from God. The miracles that Christ did substantiated His person and authenticated the offer of the kingdom. And the miracles of course of the apostles authenticated that Jesus was indeed their Messiah.
Then you had the fourth period of miracles, the apostles of the early church. And that again, to corroborate to unbelievers the testimony of God. Now in each case, it was to unbelieve. Israel and Egypt, unbelieving. God needed to attest a miracle, right? In Egypt Ferrell also didn't believe in God. Miracles to verify God's existence.
The second period under Elijah and Elishah again Israel and unbelief and Baal worship, miracles came to a test to God's word to unbelief. In the life of Christ, He came, did miracles to attest to His deity in front of the unbelief of Israel. In the early church, the apostles and prophets did miracles to verify to the world that indeed they were speaking the oracles of God.
Always in every one of those four periods, miracles were to verify that God was involved, that God was speaking and the verification was aimed directly at unbelievers. And of course, as a sidelight, obviously, it would strengthen the faith of a believer. But the purpose was for unbelievers. And so in every case of the four periods of miracles, the miracles were worked against a background of unbelief and designed to be assigned to unbelievers. Whether it was unbelieving Pharaoh, unbelieving Egyptians or unbelieving Jews or unbelieving Gentiles.
Now when we come to the fourth period in the book of Acts, we find they were for the same purpose exactly. And in 1 Corinthians 14, Paul says, "So tongues," as an illustration, "are a sign for the unbeliever." Obvious, all the others were too.
So the miracles have always been temporary at any age and with the completion of the New Testament Scripture, their time ended. The authentication of any minister ceases to be the miracles and becomes the word of God. And if a man adheres to the word of God, then he is authenticated, isn't he?
Now may I quickly say God is still doing miracles today, but not to authenticate His word. He's doing them apart from any gift of any man, but in response to faith and prayer and His own sovereign design.
Second miraculous gift is the gift of healing. If you'll notice down in verse 29, pardon me, verse 30 it talks about the gift of healing. The gift of healing was the ability to heal whenever the opportunity presented itself a man actually had the gift to heal people. Now it wasn't his own power. Do you remember Peter and John said, "in the name of Jesus of Nazareth," what, "rise up and walk."
"In the name of Jesus of Nazareth, rise up and walk." It never was their own power, but they had the ability to call on the power of Christ at any time for healing. This was the gift of healing and it was always done to verify the word. It was always a confirming gift for an unbeliever.
Now, I'm not saying that healing had ceased. That would be idiotic to say that. Healing is still going, isn't it? God is healing. People are miracles of God's grace and healing. You know, we've prayed for people and God is healed them of diseases when they were past the point of medical aid. Of course God still heals, but the gift of healing ceased in the apostolic era.
Today God heals in His sovereign will and response to the prayer of faith, doesn't He? And incidentally, I think there is a gift that brings about healing. You know, it's not the gift of healing. Do you know what it is? It's the gift of faith. The gift of faith is the same as the gift of prayer and I think that's a gift that results in healing, because God hears and answers prayer.
And as I said before if the gift of healing still existed it would belong to people who are teachers of the word, but instead the people who claim the gift of healing today don't know A from B about the Bible. They have the most mixed up confused theology. They're sort of self...self-styled super salesmen operating on a performance basis. And were you to confront them with some sound doctrine, they probably wouldn't be able to digest it.
Now you say, well, what about such and such a person. I've seen them and they...somebody obviously got healed. Well, I wouldn't deny somebody's healing. Maybe that person thinks they have the gift of healing and what they really have is the gift of faith. And God's responding to their prayer, not their power and not their gift.
But I don't have any problem explaining the cases. All I want to do is orient the theology and I'll let God worry about what happens in each individual case. That's not for me to judge. All I want to do is have my theology straight.
And as I said earlier, if there was a gift of healing it would belong to the Bible teachers wouldn't it to confirm their teaching and their preaching, but instead it belongs supposedly to people who are so ignorant of the word of God it's a shame. Who round and around in a kind of emotionalism that doesn't have any more depth than a bird bath. But the apostolic gift of healing has ceased.
And I want to show you something about that. The New Testament writers new it. They new it was coming to an end. Even in the later years of the apostles ministry, this gift begins to disappear. And you know, even in the later years of the apostles ministry, the people who are sick stayed sick. God refused to heal Paul. Paul...Timothy was sick. He probably had an ulcer. You know what Paul said? "Go find the one who has the gift of healing." No, he said, "Take a little wine for your ulcer."
What does that mean? That means that medicine's on its way in. And the gift of healing is on it's way out. And in 2 Timothy 4:20, there was a guy named Trophimus who was sick at Miletus. Being at Miletus had nothing to do with being sick, but that just happened to be where he was and when Paul left there, Paul...Paul left him sick. Well, Paul had the gift of healing and he had healed previously. But if the gift of healing was still such a big thing would he not have exercised it in the behalf of Trophimus?
Did they lack faith? No, they didn't lack faith. Somebody always says, well, I...I know somebody that was healed. Praise the Lord. I know some people that were healed too, but it wasn't any man that did it, it was God's design. Now let me...let me lay this one on you. First, I think there's some...some of you say what about all the healing supposedly that go on. First of all, let me say that I'd say a whole lot of them are fake. Now, I say that very honestly. I...when I was in seminary I did a full study of this and I really went into it and I found out all about this card system. Listen, if you've only got one arm or if you have a missing limb you don't make it into the line folks. They can't handle those. It's always an internal problem that's invisible to anybody else.
And if you think about the...the fact that Mayo Clinic some years ago made the statement that 85% of all sick people are sick because they think they're sick, then you've got an awful lot of people to work with. 85% or better of illnesses, psychosomatically related and that's no miracle. But it's nice that somebody can convince them they're not sick.
Thirdly, let me put this in front of you. I believe Satan, Satan provides many so-called healings. And I say this, if a man has the gift of healing, what's he doing in a tent. Why isn't he in a hospital. If he really had the gift of healing, why doesn't he just go down the corridor and heal? Well, the offerings aren't any good in the hospital.
Now sometimes there may be a real cure because God has answered prayer. And I'm not throwing everybody into the same bag incidentally. I remember reading a story about a man named Cole who a little boy came to him, this was when I was studying at Habinen, Florida and a little boy was paraplegic and he had braces on his legs and he was about ten years old and went to this drama pushing him in the head and saying all these things and people were yelling. And he said to the mother, he said, "take the braces off his legs." And the mother, of course, in a frenzy of all the emotionalism took the braces off and the little kid actually took three steps and everybody went into hysteria.
Well, it was...it was just a process of mind over matter. He said, "don't ever put those braces back on the boy's legs." In two weeks gangrene had set in, took the little boy to the hospital and the doctor said if you came here a day later we'd have cut off both his legs. Well, more fraud came out and the man was eventually put in jail. When there is healing, friends, it's not because some man did it, it's because God designed to do it in His sovereignty in response to the prayer of faith.
Now do you...you say...you say do you believe all healers are in for the money and phonies? No, I think perhaps there are some of them who really believe...who really believe, they have themselves convinced that it's for real. Then I think there's some others who think they're healers, but they really have the gift of faith. And things really do happen because they have the power of prayer. But it's not the gift of healing, they just don't understand their theology.
The idea that you can heal people on an assembly line is ridiculous. Even the disciples couldn't do that. In Matthew 17, they came to Jesus and say, "what's wrong, we can't do it?" God in response to believing prayer works miracles.
Thirdly and we'll couple these two gifts together, verse 10, third and fourth gift, various kinds of tongues and the interpretation of tongues. Now I want to consider several questions. I'm not going to belabor this point, but I know this is an issue, and may I say at the very outset in talking about tongues that I have a great love in my heart for those in the body of Christ. I don't care whether they speak in tongues or don't speak in tongues. And I'm not saying this to be patronizing, I'm saying it to be very honest, I have some very dear friends that I love very much and believe know Jesus Christ in a vital and real way. That I believe are actually operating successfully in a ministry that God is blessing who are in error at this point.
And friends there are many errors more serious than this and perhaps gossip is a good one, since that's linked with murder and other things in some of the catalogues of the New Testament. But we so often think that because somebody is in the error of speaking in tongues that they're a gross heretic. That may not be so at all. If there are degrees, there are things infinitely more serious than that. And so I am not trying to chastise those people. I feel there's a doctrinal position that we must hold from the word of God, it is so clear, and all we want to do is declare where we are.
We are not saying we don't love. We're only saying we want to be faithful to the word of God. All right, now what was the gift of tongues and what is its use? It was a Holy Spirit given ability, watch this, to speak a foreign language to declare the wonderful works of God as a miracle of verification. Look at Acts Chapter 2, verse 1, "And when the day of Pentecost has fully come, they were all with one accord in one place. And suddenly there came a sound from heaven like a rushing mighty wind and it filled all the house where they sitting. And there appeared unto them clove and tongues as of fire and it sat upon each of them." And this is the disciples who are waiting, 120 of them probably. "They were all filled with the Holy Spirit, began to speak with other tongues," and the word is glossa, languages, languages, "as the Spirit gave them utterance," and they were dwelling at...they were dwelling at Jerusalem, Jews, devout men out of every nation under heaven.
The reason was because it was the feast of Pentecost and all the devout Jews came to Jerusalem. Perfect time to declare the wonderful works of God at the birth of the church, what better time when you had all the foreigners there, you could tell them the truth and they could take it back to their own country. So they spoke with these languages.
Verse 6, "When this was noise abroad, the multitude came together and were confounded because every man heard them speak in his own language." Listen there wasn't time to go through linguistic school. And God provided a miracle by which they could speak to every man in his own language and declare the wonderful works of God. And what was the most wonderful work that God ever did? Send Jesus Christ to die and be resurrected and I'm sure that was the content of what they declared.
And the miracle and the way they did it attested to its truth, didn't it? And they were all amazed and marveled and saying to one another, behold are not all these who speak Galileans? In other words, Galileans said when are Galileans linguists? They were kind of the hayseeds, you know, up there in Galilee. "And how here we every man in our tongue wherein we were born? Parthians, Medes, Elamites, dwellers and Mesopatamia, Judea, Cappadocia, Pontus, Asia, Phrygia, Pamphylia, Egypt parts of the Libya, Cyrene, Rome, Jews and proselytes, Cretans, Arabians, we do hear them speak in our tongues the wonderful works of God."
Now, they knew what they were saying didn't they? The wonderful works of God. "And they were all amazed and perplexed. Saying to one another, what meaneth this? Others mocking said these men are full of new wine, they're drunk." Out of their heads.
Now here was the gift of tongues friends. All it was, was a declaration of the wonderful works of God. Glorious works of God. Mark it, it did not substitute for preaching, because right after the tongues experience came the sermon of Peter, wasn't that right? Tongues were not necessarily to preach the gospel and they were not to convict of sin. They were merely to attest that God was going to speak and the wonderful works of God were declared and then came the preaching.
It never surplanted preaching. Now you say yeah, but if tongues happened elsewhere in Acts, was it always the same, exactly the same, always without fail. Look at Chapter 8, verse 15. And it doesn't even necessarily mention it specifically here, but I believe it happened. 8:15, now the gospel's moving out, right? It happened at Jerusalem? All right, now it's going to move to Samaria. And you know how the Jews felt about the Samaritans don't you? It wasn't really a whole lot of love between the two of them. The Jews hated the Samaritans and just despised them, because they were a mixed race.
Verse 15, "Who when they were come down prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit. For as yet He was fallen upon none of them and they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus and laid their hands on them and they received the Holy Spirit. Now, I believe at that point they spoke in tongues. It doesn't say that, but I believe they did. And the reason I believe it is because of this, it's obvious here that what's happening is this, the church began in Jerusalem the Spirit came. "Now when they moved to Samaria and the church began there, they not only believed, but they received the Holy Spirit with the same miracles taking place." You say why? Because it would have been very easy for the Jews to say well you Samaritans wow, we're not getting together with you on any common ground, right?
Christ said the church would be one, didn't He? Either Jew nor Greek, bond or free, male or female, one, one, one. Break down the wall of partition, right? Now you know that if something happened to the Jews, the same thing better happen to the Samaritans or the Jews are never going to accept the Samaritans into their fellowship. So the reason the same thing had to happen to the Samaritans was for the sake of the Jews that they might know that, in fact, this thing was to be one. You see the importance of it then?
And if that's not all, go to Chapter 10, moving out further past Samaria, you move into the Gentile world and you run into Cornelius. Chapter 10, verse 44, "While Peter yet spoke these words, the Holy Spirit fell on all of them who heard the word. They have the circumcision who believe were astonished." Now who's the circumcision? Jews, they were astonished. You know why they were astonished? It tells you. "As many as came with Peter because on the Gentiles also was poured out the gift of the Holy Spirit for they heard them speak with tongues." See?
They were shocked that the Gentiles had the same experience that they had. Now do you see how important it was for them to have that in order that Jew might know that Christ was starting an organism where everybody was equal. Whether Jews, Samaritan, or Gentile, they were one in Christ and so the same miracle happened at every point.
And then you go to Chapter 19 and you meet the little handful of leftovers from the Old Testament. Here's some wandering Old Testament saints who don't know the New Testament's arrived. And they were saved under the old economy, they went down and repented and were baptized by the John the Baptist, went back to their home and didn't even know Jesus had arrived.
Paul here is in Ephesus, "And when he came to pass while Apollos was Corinth, Paul having passed through the upper border came to Ephesus and he found certain disciples." And these were really, you know, Godly people, but they were Old Testament saints. Didn't know anything about what was going on. "He said unto them, have you received the Holy Spirit since you believed, and they said we haven't even heard of the Holy Spirit." What is all this?
And he said unto them, "unto then what were you baptized?" They said, "John's baptism." You know we went down there and you know, they would have...they would have gone to glory had they died, they were Old Testament saints still. This little transition period here. And Paul said...then said Paul, "John verily baptized with the baptism of repentance saying unto the people that they should believe on him who should come after him on Christ Jesus. When they heard this, they were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus." They said, oh did Christ come, good.
You know, and then they believed and they were baptized in verse 6, "And when they had laid...," "When Paul had laid his hands on them, the Holy Spirit came on them and they spoke with tongues." See? Why did they speak with tongues too? Because they needed to have the same miracle that occurred with the Jews so that all of them would be one. There would be no levels of inequality.
You see how important this is? Really critical, that's why it occurs all those four times in Acts, to bring everybody into the one fold. And it was always the same thing. Now very quickly keep this in mind in the New Testament, in the apostolic era, here's a key point, every time tongues occurred legitimately it was always a known language. Oh that is so important.
Friends it was never gibberish, never. It was always a known foreign language. Though the speaker did not know it. You say, how do you know that? Well, because in Acts Chapter 2 it said all those languages didn't it? Because the word glossa means language.
Because in Acts 10, which we just read, it says they were glorifying God. How did they know they were glorifying God unless they were talking in a language they understood. It was always a known language. Acts 11 and two verses, let me just read them to you. Verse 15 and 17. I'll read them backwards starting at verse 17. Acts 11:17, "For as much then as God gave them the same gift as He did unto us." Peter's reporting in about his Gentile experience with Cornelius and he says, do you know something, do you know that those Gentiles got the same gift we got?
Now if it was known languages in Acts 2 when the Jews received it and the Gentiles got the same gift, what was it when they received it? Known languages. Same gift. In Acts 19:6, it's the same thing with the disciples of John. It says the same words again. Let me give you another reason. If you're in 1 Corinthians 12, you'll notice that in verse 10 it says, "various kinds of tongues." Do you see that there?
Various kinds, the word kind is the word ginas, from which we get our word genus. Ginas and here it's ginaglocan, a different form, but it's the same word ginas. You know what ginas means? It means a nation or a race or a kind. You know what that means when it says kinds of tongues? It means specific national languages. Races of languages. Ginas has to mean kind. It doesn't mean gobblety-guck. Because gobblety-guck doesn't have a certain kind. It's just all gobblety-guck.
You couldn't say all different kinds of gibberish. There's gibberish is gibberish. There's no kinds of it. Ginaglocan means specific nations of languages. I'll tell you something else about that same verse. You'll notice that the companion gift, the interpretation of tongues, the word interpretation is the word arminai. You know what it means in Greek literally, translation. That's exactly what it means and you can't translate gibberish.
If somebody had the gift of speaking true languages, somebody else had the gift of translating them. You can't translate gibberish. You'll notice also in all of the occasions where in 1 Corinthians 14 you have the word unknown that it's always in italics, somebody put it in there thinking they were helping. They weren't. You'll notice also in 1 Corinthians 14:7, that Paul says any kind of tongues would have to have grammatical structure. "And even things without life giving sound whether flute or harp except they have...they give a distinction in the sounds. How shall it be known what is pipe or harp?" You know what the Corinthians were doing, speaking gibberish. They were exercising a fleshly counterfeit of gibberish and Paul says, "even when a guy plays a flute he plays distinct notes."
And a language has grammatical structure and all they were doing was repeating gibberish. Verse 11, Paul says, "therefore if I know not the meaning of the voice, if it's just a repetition of sounds, I shall be unto him that speaketh the barbarian, and he that speaketh shall be a barbarian unto me." Standing their speaking gibberish.
And over in verse 21, it says, of Chapter 14, "In the law it is written," and here's a direct quote out of Isaiah 28, "with men of other tongues and other lips will I speak under this people. Yet for all that they will not hear me sayeth the Lord." And in the Old Testament Isaiah said that in reference to the Assyrian language. It was a known language.
There's no question about it friends, every occasion in the entire currents of legitimate tongues it was always a known language. And that in itself would eliminate 99 and 44/100% of the modern movement, because it is not a known language. According to linguists and I was reading recently an article, the modern movement is composed of unknown sounds with no distinct vocabulary or grammar and simulated foreign features.
Now, of course, you must keep in mind too that in Corinth it was abused like everything else. The sad thing is that people take Corinthians as their pattern for tongues and the Corinthians were the most messed up people in existence in Christianity. They had perverted everything, everything there was to pervert, they did it.
You say well, what problems did they have? would eliminate 99 and 44/100% of the modern movement, because it is not a known language. According to linguists and I was reading recently an article, the modern movement is composed of unknown sounds with no distinct vocabulary or grammar and simulated foreign features.
Now, of course, you must keep in mind too that in Corinth it was abused like everything else. The sad thing is that people take Corinthians as their pattern for tongues and the Corinthians were the most messed up people in existence in Christianity. They had perverted everything, everything there was to pervert, they did it.
You say well, what problems did they have? Grammacky in his book said here are some of the problems in Corinth that we learned from the book, division, carnality, wrong concepts of the gospel ministry, sexual perversion, lawsuits between Christians, moral abuses of believers bodies, ignorance of marriage relationships and the purpose of virginity, violations of Christian liberty, insubordination of women, abuses of the Lord's Supper, ignorance of spiritual gifts and denial of the resurrection of the body. Now that's a mess.
And then when you take them as your example for tongues you're really in hot water because they abused that just like they abused everything else. The problem wasn't that they didn't have spiritual gifts. Paul says in 1 Corinthians 1:7, I think it is, "You come behind and know gift." You're not lacking. The problem is they abused them.
And I think they probably a little problem, because in that part of the world, there was a prevalence of ecstatic speech among the frenzied priests and priestesses of the Greek oracles. And because they also spoke in tongues, and it was the pagan religion that the Corinthians had been saved out of they, dragged some of this Pagan ecstatic speech into their Christian experience and it counterfeited so well the true tongues of Acts that it just kind of fit in.
And Paul spends Chapter 12, Chapter 13, and Chapter 14, trying to correct the Corinthian abuses of tongues. And isn't it interesting that even when the gift did exist it was abused. And today when it doesn't exist, it's still abused. You say, well, what is Paul tell them about it?
Well, first of all, in Chapter 14, verses 1 to 12, he says it inferior. In Chapter 14, verse 20, he says, "it should never happen...", not it's not verse 20, it's...well, anyway, I forget exactly the verse it is. Well, it's twice in the chapter. He says, that it should never happen without an interpreter.
Further down in the Chapter he talks about the fact that it should be always subordinate to preaching. That preaching is always the most important thing. 22, verse 22, "tongues are for a sign," what, "not to them that believe." There's no point in the edification of the body. "But to them that believe not, but preaching serves not for them to believe not but for them who believe." Priority of preaching.
Verse 23, "If the whole church came together into one place and all speak with tongues, then there come in those that are learned or unbelievers will they not say they're mad." Well, you say these people are out of their minds. But if all preach and there come in one that believeth not or one unlearned he is convicted of all, he is judged of all. The priority of preaching. Then he goes on to say that it ought to be done decently and in order and they had it all messed up.
Of course, it had to be done by the Holy Spirit's direction and it was always a known language and it was always for an unbeliever to communicate to them the wonderful works of God. They had perverted the whole thing. Made it a carnal abuse of the believers' experience.
Then it was never to be done by more than two or three, verse 27, and always in order and never to be done without an interpreter, the same verse. And verse 34 and 35, women were to never to do it. And as I said, that would eliminate it.
And in Chapter 13, verses 1 to 3, in Chapter 13, verses 1 to 3, it was always to be done in love and friends that's not the case. So many times people who've had this gift don't look at others in love, they look at others with a critical spirit. And so often when this thing comes into a church instead of creating an atmosphere of love, it creates an atmosphere of friction and division and divisiveness that fractures the church.
And I'll tell you something very simple, any legitimate gift of the Spirit that is operated in the energy of the Spirit brings unity. This one doesn't. It brings discord. So you see even in apostolic times when the gift existed it was counterfeited for the glory of the flesh. And today it is a counterfeit. You say well, do you mean that God still can't do a miracle? I do not mean that. If God designed on some field some where to give a man the ability at a given point to speak a language he didn't know to communicate the wonderful works of God, God could do that today and I'll never limit Him by saying He can't. In fact, I've heard a counselor God has given that ability, miraculously. But that would be in an infant stage of the knowledge of the word of God where someone didn't have the tools.
But friends if God still had that confirming gift, we wouldn't need to have all this trouble with translating the New Testament. Do you know that? All we need to do was send all the people with the gift of tongues to the mission field and Wicklift would be out of business.
Because somebody could go in there and just learn how to say the gospel in their language, say it and do some miracles and they...that would be it to confirm it. But we need the word as the standard because those gifts have ceased. Why do you think people spend 10 years of their life learning how to translate a language and another ten years translating it. If it was true that all we needed to confirm the word was one of these miraculous gifts, people would be wasting their time.
Now you say, well, how do you know it's ceased? I've just been trying answer that for the last, I don't know...it ceased with the apostles. It's over. Our theology says it ceases. Look at 13, 1 Corinthians 13:8, "Love never faileth, but whether their be prophecies they shall be done away. Whether there be tongues, they shall cease. Whether it be knowledge, it shall vanish away, for we know in part and prophecy in part, but when that which is perfect is come, then that which is in part shall be done away."
Now some people think you've got to throw everything in verse 8 into the same bag. In other words, prophecy, tongues, and knowledge all have to cease at the same time. That doesn't say that. It doesn't say that at all. It says in each individual case, when that which is complete comes, that which is in part passes away. And when the word of God came there was no longer any need to confirm the word by tongues. And so tongues passed away.
Some day when we go to be with Jesus Christ, and we know as we are known, knowledge as such will pass away. And so you don't have to put every one of those in the same bag. They are distinct in themselves. Paul adds the thought in verse 11, "when I was a child, I spoke as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child, but when I became a man, I put away childish things."
In other words, when the mature, final thing comes, there's no need for the infant structure and tongues and all these gifts were for the infant church, but when the church became adult and had as the standard, the word of God, all the tools of infancy ceased to be needed. They were to be given to the church it's infancy.
And that's why I say perhaps in some foreign field where there's an infant church, God may allow miracles that we wouldn't see in the church as we know. Pentecost in His book says, "that any church today that claims the need for tongues is confessing spiritual infancy and ignorance of the Scripture." And Corinth was no different.
1 Corinthians Chapter 3, "I brethren could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto carnal even as unto," what, "babies in Christ." And here were the babies exercising this counterfeit gift.
And you know that not one other church in the whole New Testament is even an illusion to these gifts. Not only does our theology tell us they've ceased, but so does history. If tongues didn't cease in the apostolic era, now watch this one, if tongues didn't cease in the apostolic era, they'd still be going on in the century, right?
Ready for that? Think about it again. If tongues are a permanent part of the church, then they didn't cease in the apostolic era, then we would find them historically in the very next century wouldn't we? Only thing is we don't.
There is none. There are absolutely no genuine cases of tongues recorded in the entire post-apostolic era. From the 100 to 600, that period of years, in all of the writings of all of the church fathers, there is not a single genuine case of tongues reported and they cover every basic doctrine of the church over and over and over and over. It wasn't there.
The testimony of men like Justin Martar, Arineus, Origin, Crisostim, and even Augustine, don't even mention this as existing. And incidentally, in the three centuries following the apostolic era, there are only two references to tongues. That's all, one occasion when a man named Montanus spoke in tongues. The other occasion was Turtellian and Turtellian was disciple of Montanus.
And in case you want to know what kind of guy Montanus was, he was regarded by the church as demon-possessed as a heretic and he claimed to be the only mouthpiece through which the Holy Spirit spoke. That's the only two occasions of tongues in 600 years in the church, in all of it's recorded rights.
Now, if it was a permanent gift, what did the Lord do? Leave the church to limp for 600 years in its critical growth? I don't think so. During the Dark Ages, tongues became a little more revived and it was revived in the Catholic Church. And then it moved a little further out and we had a group called the shakers. And the shakers were a communistic sect. They were celibate. It's interesting they were celibate, because their mother...their leader was mother Ann Lee. And she said the second coming was fulfilled in her. Well, because they were celibate, they died off rather rapidly.
The seventh article, the seventh article of faith in Mormonism states that Mormons are speak in tongues. So in the post-apostolic era for 600 years, speaking in tongues ceased. In the Middle Ages and the reformation period from about 590 to 1650, the Roman Catholics alleged certain instances of tongues all connected with the darkness of those Dark Ages, having no relation to a vital experience with Christ.
In the post-reformation period, from 1650 to 1900, a rash of tongues occurred among all kinds of strange, weird sects, not one of them Orthodox. The shakers of mother Ann Lee, the sevinal prophets, the Jansonites, the Ervinites, the Mormons, etc., etc.
And the modern tongues movement as we know it was born in 1914. For 1,800 years there were no tongues. Now what happened? The Bible says they had ceased. History says they did. The establishment in 1914 of a movement around tongues began what we know today as Pentecostalism. The new Pentecostalism, the neo-Pentecostalism which we're seeing in all these denominations that's really...it's kind of...it's kind of fading a little bit now, but it was really having it's hay-day, was born in Van Nuys, California on April 3, 1960 at St. Marks Episcopal Church.
That began what is known as the modern glossalelia, the modern tongues movement. Now friends, if this is a continuation of the true gift where has it been for 1,800 years. The almost total absence of tongues in the church for 1,800 years is hardly compatible with the claim that God intended the gift to be permanent. He did not.
You say well, what then is the gift going on today? Well, I believe people are sincere very often. Very often they're not. I believe some of them really believe it's something wonderful. I believe some of them know they're just putting on a show. I don't think you can throw any of them into any bag, but I do believe there are three explanations for it, psychological, fraud, and satanic.
When you begin to examine it and the techniques, it's just almost...well, let me read you what one says. Christianson in writing advocating the modern tongues movement says this, here's how to speak in tongues. And incidentally there's a little book on...little pamphlet on ten steps to speaking in tongues. "You simply lapse into silence and resolve not speak a syllable of any language you have ever learned." If that's not a good way to let some demon control your brain, I don't know what is.
Back to the quote. "Your thoughts are focused on Christ and then you simply lift up your voice and speak out in confidence that the Lord will take the sound you give Him and shape into a language, like baby talk." In fact, Britisine in his article says, "to start with it's good if you repeat, ba, ba, ba, over and over again very rapidly." Baby talk is a word that occurs several times in this kind of pattern.
That's an interesting thing. That's very interesting, because I like what Paul says in 1 Corinthians 13:11, "when I was a child, I spoke as a child. I understood as a child, I thought as a child. When I became a man, I didn't say ba, ba, ba."
Chapter 14, verse 15, "what is it then," here's an important verse, "I will pray with the Spirit, I will pray with thee understanding also." You do not talk to God without your brain. Verse 20, "Brethren, be not children in understanding." Evidently the Corinthians had the same kind of pattern.
That's a foolish thing. That's foolishness. For what reason would a man talk baby talk except to experience some fleshly stimulation. You say well why do people do this? Well, I think there are many reasons.
Number one is a departure from systematic Bible interpretation. They just don't know any better, and somebody convinces them it's the thing to do. The second thing, I think people are starved for the supernatural. People who exists in situations where they don't feed on the word of God, you see. And they're Christians and they're starved for the supernatural. And if they can have an experientially, they'll grab at it because they're...they're whole situation is structured around emotionalism.
I think that leads to the third reason, people want a physical feeling. They want an emotional experience and that's a result of a lack of faith, you know that? Whenever you look for a feeling or an emotion, you know what that is? That's not faith, that's doubt looking for something to convince itself.
And I think the fourth...one of the...another good reason, the fourth one I have, that people do it is because they feel it's a quick way to spirituality. Just do it and you're spiritual. And you know what happens, it gives people a false sense of security and they just sit down and rest in their tongues experience and they go no further.
You see the modern movement has no basis in biblical doctrine. Experience is always its defense, isn't it? Well, it happened to me, it must be real. No, no, no, no, that's no corroboration. The flesh and Satan can make counterfeit experience, can't it?
And may I add this, tongues is also not unique to Christianity. You say well if you do it, it must be real. No, that's not true. In 1,100...1,100 years before Jesus people spoke in tongues, did you know that? In the report of Winterman, from Biblas on the Coast of Ceralphanecia there were occasions of tongue speaking. In 429 to 347 B.C. in the dialogues of Plato, you have tongues. From 70 to 19 B.C., Virgil in the Annia describes the sibling priestesses on the Isle of Delo speaking in tongues.
The Pythanus of Delfy as recorded by Crisostin to have spoken in ecstatic utterances. The Greek Old Roman cults, Osirus, Mythra, Illusinian, Dianecian, Orphic, Delphic, Frigia, Pacedias, Cybals, all those had records tongues. And in the present day we have it all over the place. Mohammed didn't speak in tongues, did you know that? The Dervishas of Persia utter the name of Allah and go into violent trances and shaking and ecstatic speech. The Eskimos of Greenland engage in tongues. There religious services are led by a priest, a medicine man called an angocuck, and the services involve nudity and immoral gross kind of gyrations.
Freuchen in his book entitled Arctic Adventure ran into this and he wrote this very...it was quite an adventure. He ran into this and this is what he wrote. I'm taking a paragraph from the book. "Suddenly one of the men, Cresook, went out of his head unable to control himself to the regular rhythm of the service. He leaped to his feet crying like a raven and howling like a wolf. In ecstasy he and the girl, Evalu, began to yell in a language I could not understand. If there is such a thing as speaking in tongues, I heard it then."
And Freuchen makes no profession to be a believer. May I add to that Tibetan monks in their ritual dances often speak English. A graduate student from Wheaton wrote a letter to the President to Wheaton and informed him that he had heard Shakespeare and various other quotes from German and French by Tibetan monks. Satanic counterfeit. Don't you know demons can speak any language they want to speak? Did you know a demon can speak through a man? Did you know that?
Remember the Maniac of Ghidorah? Jesus talked to him and the demons kept answering. What language do you think those demons were speaking? They were speaking the language the man spoke. They can speak any language they want. Listen friends, the modern movement violates all of theology. It confuses the doctrine of the baptism of the Holy Spirit. And you cannot base a true movement on a false doctrine. They say that the coming of tongues is the baptism of the Spirit.
That is not. 1 Corinthians 12:13 says, "we were all baptized by one Spirit into one body." That's what happens at salvation. That's not a continuous thing. There's no Scripture to defend that.
And they say well, you don't have the Holy Spirit until you speak in tongues. In Romans 8:9 it says, "If any man have not the Spirit of Christ, he is none of His." Every believer has the Holy Spirit. Theologically it is haywire. 1 Corinthians Chapter 3, verse 16, "No ye not that ye are the temple of God and that the Spirit of God dwells in you."
Every believer has the Spirit. So it misconstrues the entire doctrine of the Holy Spirit and the baptism of the Spirit. The second thing it does, you know what it does, it subordinates Christ to the Holy Spirit. And that's a terrible thing, because what is the Spirit's ministry? To exalt who? Christ, but this reverses it. If you're just a Christian and all you've been is saved, you're a second class citizen. You don't get first class until you have the Holy Spirit baptism. That subordinates Christ to the Holy Spirit friends.
And that's not right. Then I think it does another thing, it creates two levels of Christians. The highest spiritual ones and the ones who haven't arrived. And there is no difference, we're one in the Spirit aren't we? And then it creates a false unity. You know, I believe that one of the greatest things that's leading to the ecumenical movement in the one-world church of Revelations 17, and I mean this, we'll never get together on theology, but just watch it, we're getting together on experience. And this whole movement is crossing denominational lines, 90 miles an hour and people are rallying together under this banner where they could never get together under the banner of biblical theology. And it's not a true unity, not at all.
So the Pentecostalism, as we know it, abuses theology. And it says that the church for 1,900 years was without any power, because nobody had the baptism. Can you imagine the church for 1,900 years where nobody had the Holy Spirit? That's not true friends. Peter said in 2 Peter Chapter 1, "You have all things that pertain to," what, "life and Godliness." We don't lack anything. With these temporary signed gifts, God made provision for the confirming of His word and the nurturing of the infant church. And today, instead of seeking these things, let's thank God that we don't need them anymore, but that we all have the resource of the standard of the word of God.
God, authenticates His message today by His word. And the authenticated word is our basis and we seek to minister the edifying permanent grace gifts to one another that the body may grow to full stature.
While I pray that each of us shall seek to know our gifts to be filled with the Spirit of God and to minister to each other.
Father, we thank you, really covered a lot of territory. Lord we felt it necessary. We're just excited because we feel we've learned some things tonight. I've learned Lord, Your Spirit's given me things to say that I didn't even know I could say. They just weren't there in my mind. Thank you Lord for speaking to us tonight.
While your heads are bowed, we'll close just real quick, but I do want to give you an opportunity to respond if God's spoken to your heart. As I said, everything I've said tonight, I said in love. Not mocking, not laughing at anyone, but you know me and you know me well enough to know that I have a hunger that people understand the word of God and divide it rightly. And my heart goes out to people who don't understand. God bless them. I just...my heart breaks because these people are missing maturity and substituting a counterfeit.
We need to pray for them and love them and show them the study of the word of God and that is real maturity.
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Just curious.God is love (1 John 4:.Can He find a way to get through to everyone?Will He?He never changes and always loves us.Is it over when it's over?What do you think?Note: I think there is a right answer, but it must be expressed in a post.
Doubting Thomas: Yes, God is Love, but He is also Holy and Just and is a respecter of man's free will. As C.S. Lewis once wrote (WTTE) at the Judgement there will be two kinds of people: those who have said to God "Thy will be done" and those to whom God will say "Thy will be done".
I think hell is something we make of ourselves. We are hell; but we can become heaven if we will just let God love us and transform us into the likeness of His Son.
Quote from: Linus7 on December 02, 2003, 11:40:36 PMI think hell is something we make of ourselves. We are hell; but we can become heaven if we will just let God love us and transform us into the likeness of His Son.Well said, my friend. Many Orthodox have said that Hell is the "total disconnection" from God. Maybe in His plan, there is a way that all can find the way, eventually?
I think we forget that love is who God is; it is His primary defining characteristic.The fact that God is love makes me happier than anything! It gives me hope.
Seraphim Reeves: Unfortunately, I couldn't pick any of the poling options in good conscience, since even the most superficially agreeable one, I think, leaves too much out.
Isn't this up to God, not men? Why waste time speculating on this subject? Any "conclusion" you come to will be the result of human "logic," which is fallen to begin with, so you can't trust your conclusions. Waste of time."Never trust your thoughts" - Elder Paisios the New
You know , though I am not big 'O' "O" I have a bit of a theory about this.God has a way to save all mankind - it's there for us quite plainly - but and it's a very big butwill we follow His way ??
In order for God to save everyone he would have to become a despot and force Himself onto people who have chosen tio reject Him. InFor those people, heaven would be HELL.
Linus: I think Scripture makes it clear in the apocalypse of John that there are those who will be damned forever.I'm not saying that you deny free will that would just be far to Calvinistic for you to handle!!
I just think He might somehow, and that gives me hope.
Quote from: Linus7 on December 07, 2003, 10:28:37 PMI just think He might somehow, and that gives me hope.That could easily become a reason not to share the Gospel. Methinks this kind of thinking is potentially dangerous.John.
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Arita ware
(Japan – )
Covered jar with design of aster, pinks and birds
- Other titles:
- Imari ware covered jar, Covered jar
- Location
- Not on display
- Further information
Arita ware or Imari ware?
Arita ware (porcelain made around the Arita region) is commonly referred to as 'Imari ware' both in Japan and overseas because porcelain products from the region were transported to domestic and overseas markets through the port of Imari, approximately 15km north of Arita. For the sake of consistency, all porcelain works produced during the Edo period in the Art Gallery of New South Wales collection are catalogued according to the production site, e.g. Arita ware and Hasami ware.
Imari itself was home to the Nabeshima ware, exclusively produced at the Ôkawachi kilns for official use of the ruling Nabeshima clan. With the establishment of the Meiji government in 1868 the independent fiefs of the Edo period were replaced by prefectures in 1871, and the Ôkawachi kilns entered the free market. The term 'Imari ware' (or Ôkawachi ware) now applies to works produced in Imari from 1871 to the present.
- Place of origin
- Period
- Japan: Edo (Tokugawa) period 1615–1868
- Year
- 18th century
- Media
- Ceramic
- Medium
- porcelain with red and gold overglaze enamels
- Dimensions
- 83.5 x 40.0 cm
a - jar, 59 x 40 x 22.2 cm
b - lid, 26.5 x 26.5 cm
- Signature & date
Not signed. Not dated.
- Credit
- Purchased with funds provided by the J.S. Watkins Memorial Fund 1984
- Accession number
- 151.1984.a-b


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