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The location of the autograph will have no bearing on the grade of the autograph. Yes, it is true that many collectors prefer the aesthetics of a ball signed on the Sweet Spot versus the Side Panel; however, PSA will not factor this characteristic into the overall grade of the signature and ball. On the other hand, Sweet Spot signatures do tend to sell for a premium in the market but, once again, PSA is not making judgments based on market values – the grade is based strictly on condition and signature strength. A label of SS (Sweet Spot) or SP (Side Panel) will accompany the grade/authentication and it will be registered in our database as such.
The one way that placement may affect the grade is when the location, whether the autograph is on the sweet spot or side panel, is placed in a poor location for display. For example, an autograph that is signed on the sweet spot but severely off-center side-to-side or top-to-bottom may hinder the grade. The lack of eye appeal can affect the grade of the autograph and/or the overall grade.
Much like the above-mentioned issue of Sweet Spot versus Side Panel autographs, PSA will not view this issue as a factor in the grading process. So, in reality, you could have a scenario where a "To Bob, Sincerely, Babe Ruth" autograph grades a "10" and just a "Babe Ruth" autograph also grades a "10". Some collectors prefer non-personalized autographs and some are indifferent about them but this issue has no relevance to the PSA grading process. PSA is focused on condition, not content.
When it comes to grading an autographed ball that contains a salutation, inscription or notation, PSA will approach it as a whole with an emphasis on the actual signature and eye appeal. For example, let's say that a ball was signed "To Johnny, Merry Christmas, Babe Ruth." If the "Babe Ruth" portion is extremely strong but the inscription exhibits more flaws, the autograph still has a chance of reaching a relatively high-grade since more weight is given to the signature itself than the inscription. This approach would include Stat Balls (where players fill the panels with their various achievements) as well.
It is very commonplace for an Official League ball to sell for more than, for example, a non-league ball. There are various types of balls that are used to acquire signatures but, as a PSA policy, we have decided not to factor the type of ball into the overall grade. In other words, PSA will not make any decisions based on market values or rarity. So, in turn, it is very possible to receive a PSA grade of "9" on a Youth League baseball and a "7" on an Official League ball because PSA is focused entirely on the condition of the item.
This is really no different than the approach applied to PSA card grading. A collector may own a 1952 Topps Mickey Mantle and a 1968 Topps Mickey Mantle. Both cards can achieve the PSA Gem Mint 10 grade even though there is a huge disparity in market value, with the 1952 Topps Mantle worth multiple times the 1968 example due to age, rarity, demand, etc. In the end, all balls will be graded independently of one another – just as cards are.
PSA will not grade any autograph that has been deemed retraced by a party other than the original signer at the time of the original signing. For example, if a pen is running low on ink or working improperly, some signers will go back and retrace over the beginning of the autograph to make it uniformly bold. This is a somewhat rare occurrence but retraced autographs, by the original signer at the time of the original signing, may be graded but it will become precluded from achieving any grade above "8" and that would only be acceptable if the tracing was minimal – limited to a portion no greater than approximately 5-10% of the autograph.
At PSA, once our experts have determined that a baseball has been enhanced or restored in any way, we cannot assign a grade to it. While the autograph can be authenticated by PSA/DNA, the intentional alteration of the baseball precludes it from receiving a numerical grade. Please keep in mind that this is not an uncommon issue in the marketplace. At PSA, we have seen everything from crude amateur re-coloring to professional enhancement – the type of enhancement that may be extremely difficult to locate for the average hobbyist.
Shellacking, at one time, was a very common practice in the collecting and preservation of autographed baseballs. When it comes to PSA grading, the degree of shellacking will have an impact on the grade of the baseball itself. If the extent of the shellacking is light and does not affect the eye appeal greatly, a baseball may still achieve a grade of "7" but no higher. Keep in mind that a shellacked ball may deteriorate as severely shellacked baseballs have been know to exhibit cracking over time, thus, hindering the grade with age.
Whether the ball is an Official League, Collegiate, or Youth League ball, most of them exhibit some type of pre-printed material (logos, league information, etc.) on some part of the ball. Some balls, however, are generic and do not. The pre-printed references within the Ball Grading section of this guide apply to known examples only.
In addition, please keep in mind that these are general guidelines and that there are always exceptions to the rule. For example, you may have a baseball that exhibits tremendous overall color and eye appeal yet the pre-printed area or stamping may show signs of fading beyond the acceptable guidelines within a particular grade. Keep in mind that grading often comes down to eye appeal so the graders may make exceptions based on the overall strength of the eye appeal, despite technical fading of the pre-printed stamping.
In the case where our experts determine that one or more signatures have been removed from a ball, that ball can no longer qualify as Single Signed by PSA. Some ball "doctors" will do this in order to enhance the value of signed baseballs because single signed balls generally sell for premiums in the marketplace.
The existence of additional writing, by someone other than the primary signer, will not be factored into the autograph grade but it will be factored into the grade of the ball itself. For example, it is not uncommon to see a vintage Babe Ruth autographed ball with additional notations placed on the ball by the person who obtained it. It may simply be dated by another person or contain a notation about the event (Yankees versus Red Sox – Ruth hits two homers) or (The Sultan of Swat). Additional writing on the piece by a 2nd party, in most cases, would preclude the ball itself from reaching a grade above PSA NM-MT 8.
Keep in mind that clubhouse autographs are approached in a different manner when evaluating team signed baseballs. For clarification, clubhouse autographs are those that were made by a bat boy, ball boy or other clubhouse attendant for a particular team. It was very common for team employees to forge player autographs on team signed baseballs. In many cases, while many of the autographs on a baseball may indeed be authentic, some player autographs may be of the clubhouse variety due to player unavailability, etc.
While clubhouse signatures will be identified on the PSA/DNA letters of authenticity, they may not hinder the overall grade of a baseball since their existence is fairly common and the autographs were not forged in a malicious manner. Severity and eye appeal may be factors but, generally speaking, the grader approaches clubhouse autographs as if they did not exist on the baseball.
A collectible that does exist in the marketplace is the hand painted or photo ball – usually seen on baseballs. Some are crude drawings and other examples exhibit fine artwork, created by professionals. PSA will treat hand painted or photo baseballs, for the most part, as a qualifier. For example, you may have a ball that grades out as a "7" with a HP (Hand Painted) qualifier. No hand painted ball can achieve a grade any higher than a PSA NM-MT 8. Since the ball has a painted area of the ball, it is very difficult to assign a grade without knowing what the condition of the ball is under the painted surface area. Our graders will do their best to take the characteristics of the ball as a whole in order to assign an overall ball grade but all balls that exhibit hand painted surfaces must be qualified for this reason.
Labels that are affixed to a ball, by another service or company, with not hinder the grade of the baseball in most cases. For example, an Upper Deck Authenticated Mickey Mantle baseball should be accompanied by a small UDA hologram on the surface of the baseball. This hologram was affixed for the purpose of tagging the item at the time of the original signing. While our experts must still authenticate the baseball on its own merit (since a UDA sticker could, hypothetically, be transferred from an authentic ball to a counterfeit), its existence will not prevent the baseball from reaching the upper tiers of PSA grading. If, for some reason, the hologram or label was affixed in such a manner that it detracts, noticeably from the eye appeal, the grade of the ball itself may suffer.
There are several ways a collector can protect his autographed ball collection and several ways a ball can deteriorate if not protected properly. There is one note about 1984-1990 Bobby Brown American League baseballs that needs to be explained. The baseballs with "Haiti" placed under the Rawlings logo stamp were made without the use of distilled water, thus, allowing for enzymes to potentially turn the color of the ball over time. You will usually notice yellow/brown soiling on these baseballs due to the flaw in production. While this may not affect every baseball produced with this stamping, it is a key to note.
While, like card grading, the standards apply to both vintage and modern era baseballs, there will naturally be some slight variances in what may or may not be acceptable for a vintage era baseball compared to that of a modern example. For example, in card grading, we cannot approach a 1948 Leaf Jackie Robinson card in quite the same way as we do a 1989 Upper Deck Ken Griffey Jr. card because there are differences in the way they were manufactured, etc. You cannot quite hold them to the exact same standard although, generally, the grading standards apply across the board. Please keep this in mind as PSA graded baseballs enter the market.


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Miley Cyrus Goes Topless in Sultry New Video [NSFW VIDEO]
Miley Cyrus never fails to surprise, and her new black and white S&M-influenced video is no exception.
The pop singer has been out of the spotlight recently after a severe allergic reaction landed her in the hospital, forcing her to reschedule multiple dates of her Bangerz Tour. No matter, Cyrus is still keeping us entertained with her unpredictability, even while recovering.
In her newest gift to Smilers, via Nowness, the 21-year-old has stripped down to leather and … electrical tape? If anyone can pull off the strange ensemble, it's the girl of 'Wrecking Ball' fame!
Aided with props and accessories, including high-waisted fishnets, long strips of leather and, of course, her tongue, Cyrus writhes and twists on camera to the tune of 'Stockholm Syndrome' by 30's feat. Zoee. The combination of tangible props and digital effects gives the video a fanciful feel, balanced by the provocatively moving Cyrus. (This combo of concrete and digital might be the influence of director Quentin Jones, who specializes in multimedia art and film.)
The 'Adore You' singer's acrobat-like movements are impressive and fit well with the sultriness of the music. The S&M influences give the video a sexy feel, if the nearly nude Cyrus didn't already accomplish that.
Though the video is undeniably bizarre, the pop star makes it work. Isn't that always the way with Miley?
Check out the full video below!

subset: commoncrawl


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GemFan produces high quality propellers for Airplane and Multi-Rotor craft use. The GemFan propellers are available in both normal and reverse rotation as used for multi-rotor craft. These props are made from ABS plastic with a glass fiber fill for extra rigidity and durability.
To be notified when this product is back in stock please click here.
This product was added to our catalog on Sunday 01 April, 2012.
Simply enter your details below and we will send you an e-mail when "GemFan 1147 11x4.7 SF Propeller Black" is back in stock!
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A new cotton harvest equipment investment decision-aid has just been made available on Cotton Incorporated's Web site. It is designed to allow the user to compare two different investments in cotton harvest machinery using capital budgeting techniques.
This Microsoft Excel program may be downloaded and used to create several different harvest equipment evaluation scenarios. "The most immediate application will probably be by producers who are considering purchasing one of the new on-board module building (OMB) pickers," explains Dr. Jeanne Reeves, Director, Agricultural Research and staff ag economist, Cotton Incorporated. Additionally, the aid will let producers compare their existing harvest system to the new OMBs.
Various sample scenarios have been developed and include:
- A six row basket picker versus John Deere's round OMB picker;
- A basket picker versus Case IH's rectangular (half- size module) OMB picker;
- A basket picker versus two cotton strippers and also the new OMB pickers versus two cotton strippers.
- A user-defined version of the spreadsheet is also provided for someone who wants to create their own unique comparisons specific to their operation.
The default scenarios were based on data collected from on-farm evaluations over the last three years.
A link to the Cotton Harvest Equipment Investment Decision Aid is available on the home page of cottoninc.com under the "Resources" tab. In addition to the decision-aid, the site has information on spindle-type harvesting systems as well as information on stripper harvesting and seed cotton handling/storage.
The site provides "how-to" information such as: How to efficiently maintain and operate your harvesting system, and how to maximize the harvester's capacity and productivity. It also offers information on pre-season and in-season procedures for each system, as well as safety information and lint quality best practices. All of this information can be found at: www.cottoninc.com/cotton-harvest-systems


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- Trinity River Trail - I want to hear more about these water bottles. Don't fail to mention how well they stay in and how heavy the durn things are.
- Celina to Whitesboro - I want to hear more about randonnuering. If cyclocross isn't masochistic enough, I may want a backup for those broiling summer days.
- To KT Trail and Beyond - Are those bike routes the same ones that PM Summer talks about on occasion at Cycle*Dallas? I recall the ones I've seen being a darker shade of blue, but maybe that's because lots of them still have the cool winged bicycle horse.
New Additions to the Americano - I see that Wallingford is in New Orleans. Did you go there in person or was this a phone advisory or ? Those fenders look VERY interesting. We want more details, including closeups and if those fussy looking leather items were preventative or curative. Also, don't fail to tell us about that kickstand while you're at it.
- Tour Dallas 2009 - What happened after April 9 that caused this to be the last item anybody commented on?
Friday, July 24
Track this Man DOWN!
5 comments:
- Doohickie said...
I've asked him to email me so we don't do all the discussion on the comments on someone else's blog. We'll get him straightened out. I suspect a problem with the template he's using.
It's good to know I'm not the only one who can't comment. We'll get it figured out.
- July 24, 2009 at 10:09 PM
- Chandra said...
Gentlemen, I think I have fixed the comment problem. Sorry about the learning curve :)
Steve A and Doohickie, welcome to my blog. Very glad you guys joined it!
- July 25, 2009 at 1:13 AM
- Eliot said...
Would there be any interest in a DFW cycling meta-blog that pulls posts from DFW vehicular cyclists? I've done this in the past for my college and it was a big hit to help people find new blogs and such. Thoughts?
- July 25, 2009 at 9:23 AM
- Rat Trap Press said...
Thanks for giving us the heads up on the new blog.
- July 25, 2009 at 2:23 PM
- Steve A said...
Looks like the "comment constipation" over at:
has been cured. Now go visit and stop commenting about other blogs on this one. Go on, now...
- July 25, 2009 at 6:47 PM


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Jennifer Hudson Set to Sing with Sandy Hook Students at Super Bowl
Jennifer Hudson and students from Sandy Hook Elementary School will perform at Super Bowl XLVII on Feb. 3. Hudson and a chorus from the Newtown, Conn., school, where 26 students and teachers were shot and killed in December, will perform "America the Beautiful" during the game that pits the San Francisco 49ers against the Baltimore Ravens. Hudson also suffered a tragic loss from gun violence after mother, brother and nephew were murdered in Chicago in 2008. The appearance will air live on CBS before the kickoff to the game. "I'm blessed & honored to be singing "America The Beautiful" with Sandy Hook elementary school chorus at the Super Bowl Sunday," read a message posted to Hudson's Twitter account yesterday.


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Date/TimeDate(s) - 10/21/2018
10:00 am - 11:00 am
LocationChurch Sanctuary
Please join us for Sunday worship service!
The service begins at 10:00am, followed by fellowship and refreshments in Jonathan Fisher Hall (downstairs).
Children are invited and welcomed to church on Sunday mornings. Activity bags are available for children 4th grade and under. Children in 5th grade and above are encouraged to attend worship, and may serve as readers, greeters and ushers. Child care is available most Sundays for children Pre-K and younger.


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Please HELP.. I really need reliable and honest comments. Thanks in advance
According to their websites;
North EVO - 11-23 knots
Ozone CATALYST - 7-21 knots (7-10 Advance riders, 11-15 Experts, 16-21 Experts w full power)
Slingshot RPM - 7-18 knots
I consider buying either one of above kites.(I will also buy smaller one for stronger wind). Wind around my location is not strong(Pattaya, Hua Hin, Pranburi). Does the wind rage really differ based on the information given on websites? All of them are quite different.
Based on Ozone website, with 7-8 knots Catalyst fly perfectly and is for Advance riders. On the other hand According to North website, EVO cant fly less than 11 knots...
Every individual brand distributor says like,
"My friend!, dont buy North or Slingshot because they dont fly good in low wind."
"North is great kite and fly well in low wind so we teach with these kites."
"RPM is perfect kite and fly perfect in low wind."
"Cabrinha and Airush are very good kites in low wind and others wont fly. Dot buy Slingshot or North..!!"
Is this really easy to make a difference like that.?? This is kinda big investment and I wanna buy something I like without any doubts.


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Popular TagsAllen & Greenough Ancient Greek Api Arthur Sidgwick Beginner Benjamin L. D'Ooge Charles E. Bennett Chicken Dinner cloud Collar & Daniell College Series of Greek Authors Composition data dictionary Dr. Biagio Vella F.C. Conybeare grammar History John Williams White Key Latin Latin Noun lexicon Louis Dyer McGuffey Readers N. Wecklein and F.D. Allen New Testament Greek North and Hillard PDF Plato Reader Samuel Green Septuagint social education St. George Stock Structured Data T.E. Page Textbook Textkbook Textkit Answers Tutorials Virgil Vocabulary Data Vocabulary Wars W. Walter Merry
Tag Archives: Septuagint
Selections from the Septuagint
Posted on January 25, 2011 by Textkit
Keeping with the Editors' commitment to presenting a variety of Greek dialects, Selections from the Septuagint from the College Series of Greek Authors (CSGA) is a unique departure from the traditional Attic and Homer dialects. Even for the Greek learner … Continue reading →
Posted in NT Greek | Tagged Ancient Greek, College Series of Greek Authors, F.C. Conybeare, New Testament Greek, Septuagint, St. George Stock, Textbook | 2 Comments


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It's useless to fight it! The history of rock and roll is laced with a myriad of inevitabilities, from the senseless death of The Big Bopper so that Waylon Jennings might live on through to the (years-late) demise of Oasis. Each it's own tragedy, each with it's own moral. But were we able to take a hand, how would the pasts play out, and indeed would we have altered the future in which we so smugly sit today?
Back in 1988, the rock and roll victors were those who walked it like they rocked it. Or at least those who showed up at the club to ensure that all present had a living, breathing show to watch and listen to...for in these days prior to the launching of the internet, people were much dependent on the corporeal pleasures of First Life as it has been practiced for thousands of years on our planet. This did not please Royal Trux. They'd seen the future (it looked like a Sci-Fi paperback from '72), taken the phone off the hook and turned the volume on the TV down to 1. The songs that became Twin Infinitives were beaming through them transmission-style (with the dial slightly de-tuned); any attempt to recreate that alchemy in front of the public seemed a horrible drag. Neil and Jennifer were in the information business, generating content, selling ideas. Wouldn't it be easier to simply recruit some beautiful losers to take the arrangements and perform them in public, to the best of their abilities? Who would be the wiser?
And lo! This brings us to today, to the borough called Brooklyn. Over the bridge and downtown, Royal Trux was born back in the 1980s. From the start, their aim was domination - and for this, they needed bodies. They wanted an army...to execute their plans, they would have preferred androids - but in the end, they settled for a human crew. This was Royal Trux - but what if, just what if, the blueprints had been left in a cab, with the mission statement clearly marked for anyone to read? Would then the work that is Twin Infinitives have ever come to the public's ear in the same way, radicalizing the concept of "beats" and creating a style that would eventually embody the sound of gold records and packed stadiums for the next in line? Isn't the sound of Twin Infinitives that which they call "downtempo" these days? And what of "dub step"? If Royal Trux had been infiltrated and had their front-end operated by doppelgangers, would Merriweather Post Pavillion still be just be a place you saw the Dead in '86? There's only one way to know the answers to these vexing queries - the truth can only be found at Brooklyn's own Saint Vitus on December 8th, when "Royal Trux" peform Twin Infinitives, reading from pages that may never actually have existed at the time of the original band. Bring a box with a pin-hole in it, don't look at the stage directly - what you see there may well rewrite the entire history of rock and roll!


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Whatever happened to the Golden Snatch ?? Dude was awful!
Whatever happened to the Golden Snatch ?? Dude was awful!
You still betting?
Common sense is not so common.
You can have everything you want in life if you help enough other people get what they want out of life. Zig Ziglar
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Be who you are and say what you feel, because those who mind don't matter, and those who matter don't mind.
― Dr. Seuss
a soft answer turns away wrath (Proverbs 15:1)
We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give.
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An unplanned machine stop is always a high-pressure situation. That's why it's good to have an experienced repair expert repair who can bring your machine back up to operation as fast as possible
Even with the best and regular maintenance, an unplanned stops can happen. In such a situation, it's good to have an experienced and capable expert who can help. To provide immediate support, you can contact our 24/7 technical support hotline. Alternatively, you can get touch with your local aftermarket contact.
Quick repair may be the most important goal. But proper root cause analysis is key to making sure your machine is set up in the right way. That is built in into our service. And thanks to our longstanding experience in Gas and Process, we can quickly establish the cause of the problems most of the time.
If required, a field service person can instantly come to your site. And in case of serious damage, it's crucial to have the right spare parts at your site. If you are unsure whether you have the right parts at your site, reach out to your local aftermarket contact.


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Published May 20, 2013
A mock, online grocery store created by Leonard H. Epstein, PhD, and colleagues will provide important evidence on how price and nutrient profiling—using the NuVal nutritional coding system—affect food purchase decisions.
Funded by the National Institutes of Health, the groundbreaking $1.7 million Grocer-E study is designed to help inform food-related public policy.
Through this randomized, controlled study, an expected 800 participants will shop in a virtual online "store" in the University at Buffalo's behavioral medicine lab, choosing from among more than 11,000 items.
Led by Epstein, SUNY Distinguished Professor of pediatrics, the UB researchers will assess how nutrient profiling and price affect food purchase behavior.
In their experimental store, they will alter prices depending on a food's nutritional value.
For example, they may "tax" junk foods while subsidizing healthier foods, making them much cheaper.
Researchers also will determine whether better nutrition information at the point of purchase encourages shoppers to change food purchasing behaviors.
In addition, they will evaluate the use of nutrition information provided by the NuVal nutrition profiling system.
This system uses an algorithm to assign each food a nutrition score. Scores are based on positive (fiber, vitamins, minerals) and negative (trans fats, salt, sugar) aspects of the foods.
Epstein, who also is chief of behavioral medicine, was involved in developing NuVal.
"There's so much talk about taxing sodas and junk food in order to get people to buy healthy food," says Epstein, but "in these debates, nobody accounts for the fact that there will be substitutions."
"People think, 'Just tax soda and obesity will go away!'"
Yet, the soda drinker may substitute a fruit, energy or coffee drink that is likely very similar to soda in terms of sugar and calories.
"It's the total picture that is important here," Epstein emphasizes. "We're developing an evidence base so that politicians can use the data to set public policy."
Participants must be 19 or older and have at least one child age 2 to 18 at home.
As an incentive, they have a one-in-10 chance of winning the groceries they select.
The study will continue until 2015.


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Why would you think my name is Sam Harris?
Who knows if the quantum world is deterministic. I'm guessing it is, but that we'll never (at least in any near term) know how it works, so we deal with it statistically. And if it's deterministic, it will not be using Newton's of Einstein's mechanics.
I'm not sure the word "foundation" applies. It doesn't matter. Once an event in the quantum world has an impact on the gross world we live in, it may have an impact. It may randomize the determinism but determinism is determinism is determinism. The random change in no way salvages free will.
If this is a discussion of free will, you need to accept that, unless there is a spirit world including invisible, intangible, ineffable souls that make things happen through little miracles suspending determinism, then there is nothing vaguely resembling free will.
Free will is just a self-delusion like (and about as real as) deja vu.
The Sam Harris name association has to do with his book "Free Will" in which he takes the deterministic viewpoint, sorry for the obscure reference.
As I sit here and ponder this conflict between Determinism and Freewillism (new word for the sake of argument) I see the strident position of both as 'cart before horse' myopic thinking. Neither is a fully developed theory testable and falsifiable by peer review leaving us with a clear consensus of opinion (ie. a scientific certainty (do we need to discuss why a scientific certainty isn't 100 percent certain?))
The Determinist must set aside the problems of probability the Quantum presents and the complexity of the brain/mind connection and the resulting consequence of a self aware consciousness, to feel confident in his approach.
The Freewillist (another new word) must make similar concessions.
Neither position makes sound enough arguments to convince me either position has enough understanding to be sided with.
The Determinist has himself wedged firmly between the atom and the biological brain, while the Freewillist considers the subatomic and the super complexity of the human mind while discounting the Determinist's position.
For myself I stay above the fray and try to comprehend the larger picture, where I think most likely the answer is to be found.
As I sit here and ponder this conflict between Determinism and Freewillism (new word for the sake of argument) I see the strident position of both as 'cart before horse' myopic thinking. Neither is a fully developed theory testable and falsifiable by peer review leaving us with a clear consensus of opinion.
Well, actually, determinism isn't a theory at all. It's a necessary presupposition. Why? Because the theory that random/miraculous events happen at all, means you can toss natural law out the window. I'm reminded of when Stephen Hawking theorized that matter going into a black hole could be lost forever. This idea, which seems rather inocuous to the average person, actually threw physics and cosmology into turmoil, because if that was true, then there could be no such thing as the natural laws of physics. How can you predict anything when you have to factor in that natural physical law could just go out the window at any moment?
The Determinist must set aside the problems of probability the Quantum presents and the complexity of the brain/mind connection and the resulting consequence of a self aware consciousness, to feel confident in his approach.
The problems the quantum level poses are not problems for determinism. The borderline between quantum theory and the gross world encompassing molecules and larger entities like planets, stars, galaxies, and the universe itself seems to be absolutely discrete. As strange as it may seem, even extreme events on the quantum level raise no conundrums on the Newtonian/Einsteinian level. Take a nuclear explosion, for example. That's a very extreme event on the quantum level, but it raises no problematic questions in the world of everyday life forcing us to question the deterministic nature of physical law.
Likewise, there is no "problem" when it comes to self-awareness. That is simply one of the things our brain does, and the brain is basically an organic electrochemical machine.
I have asked a simple question several times in the course of discussing determinism. I'm not sure if I've asked it of you, so either you're reading this question the first time or you've avoided answering it because the answer doesn't aid your point of view much.
The question is this: WHAT IS FREE WILL ANYWAY? Do you have a definition of it that doesn't imply either a spiritual plane of existence where spirits or souls have a way of making things happen in the physical world? If there is such a world, it must be subject to its own laws just like the physical world is. What are those laws? Or does your definition imply that miraculous events occur all the time in which the laws of physics are set aside. If so, then these miracles must occur constantly, because no one I know who believes in free will thinks it's the exception, they think it's the rule at almost all times.
Can a machine ever dream that it is 'free'?
Does this thought generate the needed exception to determinism?
Hmm. Like poetic license.
I think I am free,
and so I must be.
You are free to adhere to your perceptions and beliefs. Or perhaps you have no freedom to do anything else? One book that I highly recommend is Chaos by James Gleick. In the workings of nature there are things to understand such as extreme sensitivity to initial conditions, and nonlinear order that I think seriously compromise any notion of a cut and dried pre-programmed universe. It applies to how things progress and form, from snowflakes to organisms in and out of the womb and, I believe, to processes of consciousness. I think that the closest you can ever come is to make good guesses at the general thrust of certain things because it is not all mapped out in one precise chain of events. There are always possibilities and variations. Good luck to you all. lol.
Just thought this article was relevant to the discussion and might be interesting to some of you.
Nice article, Becca.
Alright. I have no free will. I came back. =D I found this very interesting and it is something I was starting to think about in this heated debate, that there is a combination of the deterministic and the random in nature. http://edgarlowen.info/freewill.shtml
What is your fascination with randomness? If your behavior is random, it is no more under your control than if it is determined.
That is a very lengthy article and, sorry, it's far too long to discuss here in TA. In fact, I could develop a curriculum for a graduate level course discussing that article, but a cursory look tells me there is much there that wouldn't stand up to severe scrutiny.
Nice! lol. I read it in a few minutes. It punches some holes in your belief that all decisions are made in the subconscious for one thing. He is saying that more basic reflexes stem exclusively from there. He also points out as I have mentioned, that the subconscious is still a part of a given consciousness. The thing about randomness is that it precludes a single possible progression in a linear universe, which shows that if, as I believe, there are laws and deterministic elements in nature, they are not exclusive, and therefore we live in a universe that is somewhat but not entirely deterministic. This randomness gives us autonomy and individuality. If we lived in a purely deterministic universe that could somehow actually evolve, which I do not think it could as evolution requires unpredictable variation to find its way, there is a case to be made that all snowflakes, fingerprints and perhaps even people would be identical. Even identical twins are not truly identical because of things like extreme sensitivity to initial conditions and all the fluctuations in there individual development, despite having essentially the same genetic make up. The same applies to clones. I double dog dare you to read Chaos by James Gleick. Far longer than the 5 to 10 minute article above. What I am seeing here is the kind of brain washing that occurs in relation to reductionism, which has its place certainly but is taken too far. You are like fundamentalist Christians who reject the evidence for evolution for the simple fact that it destroys their faith in Genesis. Your linear clockwork universe is a fantasy that gives you security, but such a universe, if it could exist at all, would be a sorry trade off for the reality you cannot accept.
Reflexes are something else entirely, but they are reflexes, not choices. When the doctor taps my kneecap and my leg moves, there is no decision making going on.
I have to laugh when anyone brings up randomness or chaos in regards to free will. In either case, you're just a leaf on the randomness or chaos stream rather than the determinism stream. Furthermore, chaos theory in now way disproves determinism.
Our subconscious belongs to us, but as science is showing, our decisions belong to a separate mind below the conscious mind. Try to fit free will in there, please.
Who's brainwashed. It is you who are defending a Christian notion of free will!


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Alicia Grullón is a New York based artist from the Bronx. Currently, she is a part of inClimate an exhibition on climate change and the city presented under the auspicious of Franklin Furnace Archives and its founder Director Martha Wilson organized and curated by Regina Cornwell. Most recently, she was a presenter at the Queens Museum for the Open Engagement Conference in May 2014 and spoke about her green legislation project PERCENT FOR GREEN at the Association of Art Historians in London in April 2014. She completed residency programs with the Bronx Museum of the Arts, Arts Council Korea, Five Colleges Women's Studies Center, Volunteer Lawyers for the Arts and in Germany for Migrating Academies.
Grullón has presented at El Museo del Barrio for La Bienal (S-Files), Performa 11, Bronx Museum AIM Biennial, Art in Odd Places, and in Socrates Park. Her work has been funded by the Puffin Foundation, Bronx Council on the Arts, the Department of Cultural Affairs of the City of New York, Crompton Foundation and Franklin Furnace Archives. She was an artist fellow in 2013 with A Blade of Grass Foundation and Culture Push. In October 2012, Grullón received the Sol Sharvio Award for Emerging Artist in the Marketplace. Biographies include NY1 Noticias, ArtFAGCity, Brooklyn Rail and New York Daily News. She received a BFA from New York University and an MFA from the State University of New York at New Paltz.
On-site Live in Las Galerías from October 22 to December 6, 2014
"I create work that transforms how community and history are experienced. Inspired by citizen action movements, I use art to chronicle and witness. I am interested in exploring encounters between people and how they are locations where issues of race, class, gender, and activism open. I am drawn to current events and social issues where power relations or identity are in question. What my role is as artist in the community and how art can actively serve community are questions I explore.
I pay particular attention to my work's intersections with photography, video and performance and how it borders between reality and theatricality, the staged and the documented. Borrowing from ethnography, I position myself as the observer and the observed and considers the documentation to be an anthropological event. Because much of my work is participatory, these projects become strategies for new ways of looking at culture. Beyond the practical, my interventions pertain to identity- to ideas of belonging, and not belonging."
For more information, please visit www.aliciagrullon.com.
For a conversation between Nicolás Dumit Estévez and Alicia Grullón, click here.
Photos by Alicia Grullón
These images are a re-enactment of the I too am Princeton project by Princeton Students itooamprinceton.tumblr.com. The project addresses issues of race and the persistent alienation students feel in the academy, specifically at Princeton. Nicolás' portrait and my self-portraits are reenactments of that project within the context of art. In preparation, I asked Nicolás to refer to the Princeton project and come up with a caption of his own. Nicolás referred to Christ Outside the Gate: Mission Beyond Christendom for the captions on the white board. I chose to use the same to complement and contrast my setting of Nicolás outside the Metropolitan Museum/Koch Plaza and my portrait inside El Museo.


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My employees had been bothering me about looking into small business.xo for the longest time and I can truly say this is one of the times I wish I had listened to them. For the most part, my employees are really young and generally only offer suggestions that don't really add to the benefit of the business, but some of them are in college now and are learning from their business professors about things like streamlining work operations. It's actually pretty nice because they have all these new strategies I've never even heard of because I guess I'm an old fogey.
It's been years since I was in college! I'm still of the mindset that fax machines are the latest and greatest technology but I've realized I'm woefully behind when it comes to things like that. No one has to tell me I'm behind the times and I guess that's why I always gravitate towards hiring younger people. They really breathe fresh air into this small business of mine but their overall value will have to be determined.