text:
Polio, in full poliomyelitis, also called infantile paralysis, acute viral infectious disease of the nervous system that usually begins with general symptoms such as fever, headache, nausea, fatigue, and muscle pains and spasms and is sometimes followed by a more-serious and permanent paralysis of muscles in one or more limbs, the throat, or the chest. More than half of all cases of polio occur in children under the age of five. The paralysis so commonly associated with the disease actually affects fewer than 1 percent of persons infected by the poliovirus. Between 5 and 10 percent of infected persons display only the general symptoms outlined above, and more than 90 percent show no signs of illness at all. For those infected by the poliovirus, there is no cure, and in the mid-20th century hundreds of thousands of children were struck by the disease every year. Since the 1960s, thanks to widespread use of polio vaccines, polio has been eliminated from most of the world. It is now endemic in only three countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Nigeria. Nigeria, however, was on the brink of being polio-free in 2015. Worldwide, since 1988 the number of reported polio cases has dropped by more than 99 percent.
There are three known serotypes (closely related though distinguishable forms) of wild poliovirus: PV1, PV2, and PV3. The most-widespread serotype is PV1. PV2 likely has been eradicated; the last PV2 case was reported in 1999 in Uttar Pradesh, India. The third serotype, PV3, is close to eradication.
The course of the disease
Poliomyelitis means "gray marrow inflammation," referring to the propensity of the poliovirus to attack certain cells in the spinal cord and brainstem. The poliovirus is a picornavirus (family Picornaviridae), a member of a group known as enteroviruses that inhabits the human digestive tract. (Human beings are the only known hosts of the poliovirus.) The virus enters the body most often by the so-called fecal–oral route—that is, from fecal matter taken into the mouth through contaminated food or fingers. It can also enter by ingestion of droplets expelled from the throat of an infected person. New victims may become ill about 7 to 14 days after ingesting the virus. Infected persons may shed the virus from their throats for a week, beginning a day or more before suffering any symptoms themselves, and they may continue to shed the virus in their feces for a month or more after their illness.
After the poliovirus is swallowed, it multiplies in lymph nodes of the intestinal tract and spreads through the body via the bloodstream. In some people the virus gets no farther, causing only a vague flulike illness to develop. The most-common early symptoms of polio are mild headache, fever, sore throat, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, and drowsiness. Fever peaks in two to three days and then rapidly subsides, and patients recover within three to four days without the development of paralysis.
In some cases, however, the virus begins an assault on the central nervous system, inflaming and destroying motor cells of the spinal cord and brainstem. In those cases patients become irritable and develop pain in the back and limbs, muscle tenderness, and stiff neck. Many recover at that stage, but approximately 1 in 200 persons with polio develops what is known as flaccid paralysis. The motor impulses that normally move along the nerve fibres from the spinal cord to muscles are blocked, and, as a result, muscles become limp and cannot contract. The extent of paralysis depends on where the virus strikes and the number of nerve cells that it destroys. Cells that are not severely injured recover their normal function in time; to the extent that they do recover, a corresponding restoration of muscle function may be expected. Cells that are destroyed, however, are not replaced, because nerve cells cannot regenerate. In that case the paralysis is complete and permanent, with associated progressive atrophy of the unused muscles.
In most cases paralytic polio strikes the limb muscles, particularly the legs. Paralysis does not always involve the limbs, however. The abdominal muscles or the muscles of the back may be paralyzed, affecting posture. The neck muscles may become weak, so that the head cannot be raised. Paralysis of the face muscles may cause twisting of the mouth or drooping eyelids. In some types of spinal polio, the virus damages the upper part of the spinal cord, with resulting difficulties in breathing. In bulbar polio the virus attacks the brainstem, and the nerve centres that control swallowing and talking are damaged. Secretions collect in the throat and may lead to suffocation by blocking the airway. Some 5 to 10 percent of persons afflicted with paralytic polio die, usually of respiratory complications.
There seem to be individual differences in the degree of natural susceptibility to the disease. Many persons have acquired antibodies to the poliovirus in their blood without having had any symptoms of infection. It is generally held that a lasting immunity follows recovery from the disease. However, because there are three different serotypes of poliovirus, second attacks can occur. Persons who recover from an infection caused by one serotype of poliovirus are permanently immune to reinfection by that serotype but not to infection by the others. For that reason polio vaccines are trivalent—that is, designed to generate antibodies to all three poliovirus serotypes (see below).
Among as many as one-quarter of former polio victims whose condition has been stabilized for years or even decades, a condition called post-polio syndrome has been recognized. Post-polio syndrome manifests itself as increased weakness, muscle atrophy, or other conditions involving the originally affected muscle groups or a different group of muscles. The cause of the syndrome is not known for certain, but it may arise when nerve branches grown by nerve fibres that survived the original infection begin to deteriorate as the former polio victim passes through middle age. There is no cure for post-polio syndrome.
Treatment and vaccination
Treatment during the preparalytic stages of polio includes complete bed rest, isolation, and careful observation. If paralysis occurs, passive movement of the limbs can be used to avoid deformities. As muscle strength returns, exercises are increased. Breathing may require mechanical aids such as the positive pressure ventilator, which pumps air into the patient's lungs through an endotracheal tube inserted into the windpipe. Ventilators have largely replaced the "iron lungs" that gave polio such a dreadful image during the 20th century. Formally known as tank respirators, iron lungs were large steel cylinders that enclosed the abdomen or the entire body (except for the head) of a patient lying immobilized on a bed. Through the action of an attached bellows, air pressure inside the cylinder was alternately reduced and restored, forcing the paralyzed patient's lungs to expand and contract.
There are two types of polio vaccine: the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), also known as the Salk vaccine after its inventor, Jonas Salk; and the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), or Sabin vaccine, named for its inventor, Albert Sabin. IPV, based on killed, or inactivated, poliovirus serotypes 1, 2, and 3, was the first vaccine to break the scourge of polio epidemics in the 1950s. It is administered by injection and circulates through the bloodstream, where it causes the generation of antibodies against active, or "wild" (as opposed to vaccine-type), virus. OPV is based on live but weakened, or attenuated, poliovirus. There are three types of OPV: trivalent (tOPV), which contains all three serotypes of live attenuated polioviruses; bivalent (bOPV), which contains two of the three serotypes; and monovalent (mOPV), which contains one of the three serotypes. Thus, trivalent vaccine is effective against all three serotypes (PV1, PV2, and PV3), bivalent vaccine is effective against PV1 and PV3, and monovalent vaccines are effective against a single serotype. The specificity of mOPVs increases their effectiveness, such that a single dose of mOPV1, which is effective only against PV1, confers immunity to serotype 1 in roughly 70 to 80 percent of children, whereas a single dose of tOPV confers immunity to serotype 1 in about 20 to 40 percent of children. The bivalent vaccine was developed in the early 2000s, shortly after PV2 fell out of circulation. A report published in 2010 revealed that in India bOPV was the vaccine most effective in reducing the number of cases there. The vaccine was incorporated into vaccination campaigns in polio-endemic countries, in the hope that it would facilitate eradication of the disease.
OPV is administered by drops in the mouth. After the vaccine is swallowed, the attenuated virus multiplies in the small intestine and lymph nodes and causes the generation of antibodies against wild virus. It is also shed through the inoculated person's feces, thus indirectly immunizing other people through the fecal-oral route. OPV became the predominant vaccine after it was introduced in the early 1960s. Both tOPV and mOPV are given three times, preferably in the first few months of an infant's life and then usually once as a "booster" when the child reaches school age. With those four doses, immunity against polio is almost completely assured. Bivalent vaccine was tested in two doses in newborns, although it was designed to follow vaccination schedules similar to those of mOPV and tOPV.
In rare cases, OPV can give rise to vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs), which are mutated strains of the live attenuated virus contained in the vaccine. There are several different types of VDPVs, including circulating vaccine-derived viruses (cVDPVs), which cause paralysis and occur within populations that have low polio-immunization rates. OPV has also been known to cause rare cases of what is known as vaccine-associated paralytic polio (VAPP) in both vaccine recipients and their contacts. Such cases occur once in every two million or more doses of OPV. VAPP appears to be caused by a reversion mutation of attenuated virus, thereby converting the virus back to an infectious form that subsequently attacks the nervous system. VAPP is more likely to arise in persons whose immune systems are deficient. Because of that risk, OPV was dropped from immunization programs in the United States in 2000 in favour of IPV. However, OPV—particularly mOPV1, which was found to be four times more effective in children than other polio vaccines, and bOPV, which was associated with significant reductions in polio cases—continued to be used in countries such as Nigeria and India.
Polio through history
From minor outbreaks to epidemics
Polio epidemics did not begin to occur until the latter part of the 19th century, but evidence indicates that polio is an ancient disease. A well-known stele from the 18th dynasty of ancient Egypt (1570–1342 bce) clearly depicts a priest with a telltale paralysis and withering of his lower right leg and foot. The mummy of the pharaoh Siptah from the late 19th dynasty (1342–1197 bce) shows a similarly characteristic deformity of the left leg and foot. However, because of the sporadic appearance of the infection, the absence of epidemics until relatively recent times, and the nonspecific nature and infrequency of the acute illness, there is hardly another recognizable trace of the disease until the 18th century. In 1789 a pediatrician in London, Michael Underwood, published the first clear description of paralytic disease of infants in a medical textbook. In the early 19th century, small groups of polio-afflicted patients began to be reported in the medical literature, but still only as sporadic cases.
It is an irony of medical history that the transformation of polio into an epidemic disease occurred only in those industrialized countries in North America and Europe that had experienced significant improvements in hygiene during the 19th and 20th centuries. That has led health experts to conjecture that the infection was common in earlier times but that people were exposed and infected (in typically unhygienic environments) at very young ages, when they were less likely to suffer permanent paralysis as an outcome. As hygiene improved, the certainty of young people of successive generations being exposed to the virus was gradually reduced, and in that new situation it was not long before enough susceptible children and adults had accumulated to allow epidemics to break out.
The first epidemics appeared in the form of outbreaks of at least 14 cases near Oslo, Norway, in 1868 and of 13 cases in northern Sweden in 1881. About the same time the idea began to be suggested that the hitherto sporadic cases of infantile paralysis might be contagious. The next significant epidemic, 10 times larger than previous outbreaks, with 132 recognized cases, erupted in the U.S. state of Vermont in 1894. During an epidemic of 1,031 cases in Sweden in 1905, Ivar Wickman recognized that patients with nonparalytic disease could spread the virus, and during an epidemic of 3,840 cases in 1911, Carl Kling and colleagues in Stockholm recovered the virus from healthy carriers as well as paralytic patients. In studying several fatal cases from the same outbreak, Kling found the virus in the victims' throats and also in tissues of their small intestines. During the second decade of the 20th century, it became apparent that far more people were being rendered immune to polio by previous asymptomatic infections than were being immunized by recovery from overt disease. By then polio was well on the way to becoming a widely feared periodic phenomenon. In the 1940s and early 1950s, western Europe and North America lived through summertime terrors brought about by nearly annual polio epidemics. At its peak incidence in the United States, in 1952, approximately 21,000 cases of paralytic polio (a rate of 13.6 cases per 100,000 population) were recorded. As outbreaks were concentrated in the summer and early autumn, children were kept away from swimming pools, movie theatres, and other crowded places where they might be exposed to the dreaded virus. Outbreaks were widely reported in the press, and polio victims encased in iron lungs were often displayed in public places such as department stores in order to encourage donations to efforts to research and combat the disease. In such an environment, it is not surprising that the announcement of an effective vaccine in 1955 was hailed as a mid-20th-century miracle.
The age of the vaccine
The poliovirus itself was discovered in 1908 by a team led by Viennese immunologist and future Nobel Prize winner Karl Landsteiner. The existence of telltale antibodies specific to the virus circulating in the blood of infected persons was discovered only two years later. In 1931 two Australian researchers, Frank Macfarlane Burnet and Jean Macnamara, using immunologic techniques, were able to identify the different serotypes of the poliovirus. (Burnet was to receive a Nobel Prize in 1960.) In 1948 the team of John Enders, Thomas Weller, and Frederick Robbins, working at Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts, showed how the virus could be grown in large amounts in tissue culture (an advance for which they shared a Nobel Prize in 1954). From there it was only a short step to an announcement in 1953 by Jonas Salk at the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that he had developed an effective killed-virus vaccine.
Salk's vaccine, known as the inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), was put to a massive nationwide test in 1954–55. Called the Francis Field Trial after Thomas Francis, Jr., a University of Michigan professor who directed it, the test involved 1.8 million children in the first, second, and third grades across the United States. The trial was declared a success on April 12, 1955, and over the next four years more than 450 million doses of the Salk vaccine were distributed. During that time the incidence of paralytic polio in the United States fell from 18 cases per 100,000 population to fewer than 2 per 100,000. In the years 1961–63, approval was given to a new vaccine developed by Albert Sabin at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. The Sabin vaccine, using live but attenuated virus, could be given in drops through the mouth and therefore became known as the oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). Soon it became the predominant vaccine used in the United States and most other countries. By the early 1970s the annual incidence of polio in the United States had declined a thousandfold from prevaccine levels, to an average of 12 cases a year.
That progress was mirrored in other industrialized countries. Canada, having suffered its worst outbreak in 1953 (almost 9,000 cases of all types of polio), quickly began production of the Salk and Sabin vaccines, and in 1965 only three cases of polio were reported. Finland began limited vaccination with the Salk vaccine in 1957 following two major outbreaks in 1954 and 1956. Some 1.5 million persons were vaccinated in a mass campaign in 1960–61, which eliminated the disease altogether in that country. Belgium began using the Salk vaccine in 1958 and the Sabin vaccine in 1963; as a result, polio disappeared as an endemic disease in the late 1960s. Denmark introduced IPV to its population in 1955 and OPV in 1963 and experienced only sporadic cases of the disease after 1962.
A global campaign
Even as the introduction of vaccines led inexorably to the decline and eventual disappearance of polio in the developed countries of the temperate world, only some 5 percent of schoolchildren were being routinely immunized in the less-developed countries of the tropics, where the disease was not considered to be a problem. However, when "lameness surveys" were conducted during the 1970s in several tropical countries, it was learned to considerable surprise that from 5 to 9 of every 1,000 schoolchildren had evidence of lameness due to paralytic polio. Immunization against polio was included in the Expanded Program on Immunization, launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1974, and by 1989 the proportion of children being immunized rose to some 67 percent.
In 1985 the Pan American Health Organization, WHO's regional body for the Americas, announced an initiative to eradicate indigenous transmission of polio from that part of the world by the end of 1990. That followed not only the success of the United States and Canada in eliminating the disease but also successes in Brazil and Cuba, among other countries. Cuba began mass immunizations in 1962 and brought the number of cases down from 214 per year in the 1950s to a total of 5 cases between 1963 and 1978. Brazil began an immunization campaign in 1980; the reported cases there dropped from an average of 2,330 per year in the late 1970s to 69 cases in 1982. In 1994 all of the Western Hemisphere was declared free of indigenous polio.
Progress in the Americas was a major factor in the decision by WHO's World Health Assembly in 1988 to call for the eradication of polio from the globe by the year 2000. The Global Polio Eradication Initiative was joined by UNICEF, Rotary International, and other organizations, and by 2000 the number of new cases of paralytic polio had been reduced from more than 250,000 per year to approximately 1,000–2,000. Complete elimination of the disease by the target year was not possible, given the complexity of storing and distributing the vaccine, the disruption of record keeping in countries plagued by poverty and conflict, and suspicion and resistance on the part of some local leaders. Nevertheless, polio as an endemic disease had been limited to regions within the countries of Nigeria, India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
Travelers from polio-endemic countries frequently exported cases to other countries. For example, a polio outbreak that emerged in April 2010 in Tajikistan was caused by a strain of PV1 that was very closely related to a strain isolated in Uttar Pradesh, India. Later that year the virus appeared in Kunduz province in northeastern Afghanistan, which shared a border with Tajikistan. Both Tajikistan and Kunduz province had been polio-free for more than a decade prior to the 2010 outbreaks. A sudden surge in polio cases and deaths in late October and early November 2010 in Congo (Brazzaville) raised further concern that poliovirus was spreading from polio-endemic regions. The outbreak in Congo was believed to have been caused by wild PV1 from India. In August 2011 PV1 was isolated from four children in China, and additional cases were reported the following month. The virus, which had not been reported in China since 1999, was similar genetically to poliovirus circulating in Pakistan, which had experienced an increase in PV1 cases in 2011.
That same year WHO also recorded a roughly fourfold increase in polio cases in Nigeria, from 11 the previous year to more than 40, raising concerns that the disease might spread rapidly to high-risk countries; the cause for the increase was unclear. In Somalia, where polio had been eradicated in 2002, the disease reemerged twice: first in 2005 and again in 2013. The source of reinfection was wild poliovirus originating from Nigeria. A subsequent intense vaccination campaign in Africa, however, led to an apparent elimination of the disease from the region; no cases had been detected for more than a year in 2014–15.
Major challenges facing efforts to prevent the spread of the disease to polio-free countries included the hajj and ʿumrah pilgrimages to Mecca, each of which involved large-scale population movements of people from the remaining polio-endemic countries in south-central Asia.
Learn More in these related Britannica articles:
nervous system disease: PoliomyelitisPoliomyelitis is an acute viral infection. Initially it may cause only a brief, febrile illness, but groups of ventral-horn cells of the spinal cord may be destroyed. This may later cause severe pain with further fever, occasional delirium and meningism (due to accompanying encephalitis),…
history of medicine: Immunization against viral diseasesSalk introduced a vaccine for polio; and in 1960 an oral polio vaccine, developed by virologist Albert Sabin, came into wide use.…
pregnancy: Nervous system disorders…women are more susceptible to poliomyelitis (infantile paralysis), but pregnancy does not affect the severity or the course of the disease, nor does poliomyelitis affect the course of pregnancy. If the muscles of respiration are paralyzed, the patient will have difficulty during the latter part of pregnancy, when the uterus…
probability theory: Applications of simple probability experiments…of the Salk vaccine for poliomyelitis conducted in 1954. It was organized by the U.S. Public Health Service and involved almost two million children. Its success has led to the almost complete elimination of polio as a health problem in the industrialized parts of the world. Strictly speaking, these applications…
virus: Prevention…has been carried out against polio. Polioviruses exist in only three antigenic types, each of which has not changed significantly for decades. The vaccines available are the "killed" (Salk) vaccine, composed of inactivated virus of the three types, and the "live" (Sabin) vaccine, composed of genetically attenuated viruses of the…
More About Polio19 references found in Britannica articles
Assorted References
- cause of paralysis
- diseases of peripheral nervous system
- effect on children's bones
- history of March of Dimes Foundation
- infectious disease and immune response
- occurrence of disease
- role of vaccine
- susceptibility during pregnancy
- use of probability theory


text:
Michael McCool is an engineer with Intel.
Parallel programming is challenging for a number of reasons. In addition to all the challenges of serial computation, parallel programs can also suffer from race conditions and deadlock, and even if correct may be non-deterministic, which complicates testing. Achieving high performance with a parallel program also requires minimization of contention for limited resources such as communication and memory bandwidth. Failure to properly account for these factors can lead to programs which dramatically underperform.
This document discusses and advocates a structured approach to parallel programming. This approach is based on a core set of common and composable patterns of parallel computation and data management with an emphasis on determinism and scalability. By using these patterns and also paying attention to a small number of factors in algorithm design (such as data locality), programs built using this approach have the potential to perform and scale well on a variety of different parallel computer architectures.
The structured approach discussed here has also been called the "algorithmic skeleton" approach. The general idea is that specific combinations of computation and data access recur in many different algorithms. A system that supports the specification and composition of "good" patterns can guide the developer towards the construction of well-structured and reliable, yet high-performance programs. Patterns can be domain-specific, but there are also general-purpose patterns that occur in algorithms from many different domains. A system only has to support a small number of patterns in order to be universal, that is, capable of implementing any algorithm. However, it may be useful for efficiency to support more than the minimal universal subset, since different patterns can also expose different types of data coherency that can be used to optimize performance. It may also be useful to support specific combinations of "fused" patterns.
We will first survey previous work in parallel patterns, algorithmic skeletons, and some systems based on these. The use of patterns in parallel programming bears a strong resemblance to the use of structured control flow in serial programming. Both for reasons of analogy and because serial computation is an important sub-component of parallel computation, some basic patterns for supporting serial computation will be presented and discussed, along with some serial programming models based on universal subsets of these patterns. A useful set of structured and deterministic parallel patterns will then be presented and discussed.
The concept of "algorithmic skeleton" was introduced by Cole [1989,2004] and elaborated by Skillicorn [1998]. It is similar to the modern idea of design pattern [Gamma 1994, Mattson 2004], and so we will use the term "parallel pattern". We will define a parallel pattern as specific recurring configuration of computation and data access. In the View from Berkeley [Asanovic 2006] some characteristic workloads called dwarves or motifs are identified. These are workloads that consist primarily of one type of pattern. In most applications, however, a variety of patterns are composed in complicated ways. Programming systems can be based entirely on composition of pattern-oriented operators [Bromling 2002, Tan 2003, Sérot 2002] .
In the 1970s, it was noted that serial programs could be made easier to understand and reason about if they were built by composing their control flow out of only a small number of specific control flow patterns: sequence, selection, and iteration (and/or recursion). This structured programming approach has led to the elimination of goto from most programs, although not without a lot of controversy [Dijkstra1968]. Now, however, the use of structured control flow is so widely accepted that goto is either omitted from or deprecated in most modern programming languages.
In the same way, structured parallel patterns can eliminate the need for explicit threading and synchronization while making programs easier to understand. In particular, one desirable property that structured parallel patterns should possess is deterministic semantics that are consistent with a specific serial ordering of the program. In contrast, threads share a strong resemblance to goto in their flexibility but also their lack of structure [Lee 2006]. Like goto, use of threads (at least when combined with global random access to data) can make it difficult to do local reasoning about a program, since it becomes impossible to isolate the effect of one part of a program's code from another.
One alternative is to use functional programming. However, most mainstream programming languages are not functional, and some algorithms, especially graph and matrix problems, are difficult to express efficiently in purely functional languages. However, we can interpret functional programming as one instance of our structured parallel programming, just using a restricted set of patterns.
There is also a large class of collective languages that express parallelism explicitly through operations over entire collections of data. Collective languages can be imperative or functional, and collective operations are often available through libraries or as built-in operations in mainstream languages. NESL is an example of a collective pure functional language [Blelloch 1990, 1993, 1996], while FORTRAN 2003 is an example of an imperative language with built-in collective operations. RapidMind [McCool 2006] and Ct are examples of imperative languages based on collective operations. Deterministic imperative collective languages can be given a consistent sequential interpretation that makes it straightforward to reason about their behavior.
We do not have space to discuss the implementation or specification of patterns in programming models in detail. However, patterns can be implemented or supported in a variety of ways: as conventions; using code generators [Herrington 2003]; supported explicitly in new language designs; or implemented in libraries. The "library" approach can be made as efficient as a compiled language if dynamic code generation is used to support optimization and fusion [McCool 2002, McCool 2006] .
In the following I will first discuss serial patterns. This is important for three reasons:
- First, the serial semantics of a programming system needs to mesh well with the parallel semantics.
- Second, serial computation is still a large part of any program, and often a parallel implementation is derived from a serial implementation by a set of transformations (for example, turning loops into a set of parallel tasks over an index space).
- Third, studying patterns in a "familiar" space such as serial computation will lay a solid foundation for their extension to parallel patterns.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
The faculty of Southwestern are undoubtedly our most valuable resource.
As persons of learning, our faculty stand among the best in their profession (ninety-nine percent of tenured or tenure-track faculty hold a doctorate or the highest degree in their respective fields). As educators, Southwestern faculty excel at teaching in an intimate and engaged environment (our current student-to-faculty ratio is 11:1, with an average class size of 15 students). And as citizens of our community, Southwestern faculty bring a collaborative and personal approach to their work: our classes are taught by professors, not teaching assistants, and collaborative research and publication with students is common.
Faculty News


text:
Simulation depicting galaxy formation using super-computer models of the gravity of dark matter. Galaxy formation starts shortly after the Big Bang. With each collision between clumps, the objects grow bigger, until we see galaxies like today's. Note that the colors do not represent actual colors of physical objects.
Edmund Bertschinger (MIT) and NASA
Publication: September 4, 1996


text:
Professor Hamid M. K. Al-Naimy [Proceedings of the conference 1001 Inventions: Muslim Heritage in Our World organised by FSTC, London, 25-26 May 2010]. The aim of this paper is to introduce the status of research and studies on the history of astronomy in some Arab countries, in regard to research, studies, translations and manuscript editing, including the research activities in Sharjah (UAE). The focus is laid on a proposal for establishing an International Foundation for the History of Islamic Sciences, as an independent international, non profit and legal foundation whose headquarters are suggested to be hosted at the University City of Sharjah.
Professor Hamid M. K. Al-Naimy*
Figure 1-2: Professor Hamid M. K. Al-Naimy presenting his lecture in the "1001 Inventions" conference. © FSTC 2010.
1. Introduction
The aim of this paper is to introduce the status of research and studies on the history of astronomy in some Arab countries, in regard to research, studies, translations and manuscript editing, including the research activities in Sharjah (UAE). The focus is laid on a proposal for establishing an International Foundation for the History of Islamic Sciences, as an independent international, non profit and legal foundation whose headquarters are suggested to be hosted at the University City of Sharjah.
The research activities in the history of Arabic sciences, including astronomy, are currently very good in many universities and heritage research centers at many Arab countries. These activities include conferences, workshops, symposia, research, graduates studies, editing manuscripts, translations, etc.
The following paragraphs will present examples of some important current research results into the history of Arabic astronomy in several Arab countries.
2. Current Research
2.1. The Institute for the History of Arabic Science at the University of Aleppo, Syria
This institute (website: www.alepuniv.shern.net) is very active in research and graduate studies in the History of Arabic and Muslim sciences. The Institute was established in the University of Aleppo in 1976 with the main objective of discovering the Arabic and Muslim contributions in science and their impacts on human civilisation. It has an intensive graduate program and already accomplished 13 PhD theses and 27 MSc theses in history of science, while the current researches are 4 PhD and 20 MSc monographs. The institute is very active in editing scientific heritage manuscripts, translations and writing books. It has a good library which contains around 2300 copies of different manuscripts, including photograph and Xerox copies and 460 original manuscript copies. The institute has three departments: History of Basic Sciences, Medical Sciences, and Applied Sciences. The third department deals with studies, editing, and graduate programs on the Arabic and Muslim contributions and achievements in the history of sciences, and part of the research deals with the history of Arabic astronomy. Among the recent graduate projects, we mention (Shalhob 2006) :
– Jawami' 'ilm al-nujum wa-usul al-harakat al-samawiya by Al-Farghani (Loa'ay 2009);
– Al-mughni fi ahkam al-nujum by Ibn Hibinta (10th century).
2.2. Tunisia
In Tunisia, two major organizations deal with the history of Arabic astronomy (Alsagheer 2010):
1. The Society of the Historiographers: This institute has an interest in the astronomical manuscripts such as:
– The publication of the text of Abu Al-Hassan Kushyar ibn Labân Madkhal ila sina'at ahkam al-nujum, written in 1130 CE; it presents the principles of astronomy;
– The study of works of astronomy based on copies from the British Library, such as the Mas'udi Canon by Al-Biruni (ca 1149 CE) and three manuscript copies of Thabit ibn Qurra's edition of Ptolemy's Almagest (Kitab al-Majesti), one of his most famous contribution in astronomy, and his writing on the visibility of the crescent (copied in 1242 CE).
2. The Civilization Department in Tunis University: Edition of works of astronomy such as Khefiat Aflaton al-sughra, Minhag al-talib fi ta'dil al-kawakib by Ibn al-Banna al-Murrakushi, an elementary text in astronomy, the poetry of Sheikh Abdurrahman al-Khudari, and Zayjarat Ibn al-Shatir.
2.3. The Iraqi Arab Scientific Heritage Revival Centre at Baghdad University
This center made good contributions in the history of the Arab sciences, including astronomy. It has a large number of research papers, editing manuscripts, translations, graduate students thesis, etc, but unfortunately because of the unstable situation in the country, the number of researchers in this field has greatly decreased. We hope it will flourish again.
The center has four departments:
– Applied and basic sciences (partially on astronomical research);
– Medicine and pharmacy;
– Engineering and architecture;
– Arts, humanities, economics, law, philosophy and social sciences.
2.4. Morocco
A research group in the University Mohammed Vth in Rabat is working on the edition of a manuscript in astronomy from an unknown author. It is an old manuscript and it contains a description of the solar system. Among its contents: basic knowledge in astronomy, theoretical and applied, Al-awfaq for Al-Ghazali, Al-Afaq wa-'l-awfaq, day and night timing, hisab, Al-'usul fi al-nujum, astrology, etc.
2.5. Sultan Qabous University in Oman
Edition and analysis of manuscripts in astronomy (i.e., Kashf Al-Asrar Al-Khafia fi 'ilm Al-Ajram Al-Samawia) and other works on navigation.
2.6. Saudi Arabia
We take the current research at King Abdul-Aziz University for Science and Technology as an example:
- Estimating a new date for the Wabar meteorite impact (Basoura 2003);
- The recorded meteors and meteor showers in Islamic history (Basoura 2004a);
- The recorded comets in Islamic history (Basoura 2004b);
- Nile flooding fluctuations and its possible connection to the long solar variability (Basoura 2005a);
- Auroral evidence for early high solar activities (Basoura 2005b);
- Records of aurora in the Islamic chronicles from the 9th to the 16th century (Basoura 2006).
2.7. United Arab Emirates, University of Sharjah
2.7.1. Department of History and Islamic Civilization:
Many research projects are currently undertaken, such as:
- Maritime Astronomy (instrumentation, tools), Ibn Majid's contributions to maritime astronomy (Alnaimy 2008);
- Astronomical instrumentations and Observatories in the Arab World (8th century – now) (Alnaimy 2010);
- Edition of Thalathat azhar fi ma'rifat al-bihar by Ibn Majid (edited by Teyodor Shomofeky, translated by Dr Mursi, from Cairo University).
2.7.2. Dr. Sultan Al-Qassimi Centre of Gulf Studies
The centre provides researchers with integrated and comprehensive historical and geographical studies about the Arabian Gulf region as well as the developments it experienced. (For more information, click here),
2.7.3. Jumaa Almajed Centre for Culture and Heritage
Located in Dubai, the Centre provides a large quantity of manuscripts, many of which are on scientific subjects. It owns a rich library, made available to scholars. Besides providing restoration services for Arabic manuscripts in many countries, the Jumaa Almajed Centre offers research grants. (Visit the website of the Centre by clicking here).
3. The Proposal for the creation of the International Foundation for the History of Arab and Muslim Sciences (IFHAMS)
3.1. The concept
One of the resolutions of the First International Conference on the History of Arab and Muslim Sciences, which was held at Sharjah University during the period 24-27 March 2008, was to establish an International Foundation for the History of Arab & Muslim Sciences (IFHAMS). A large number of scholars who attended the conference proposed the establishment of this structure.
The IFHAMS should be an independent international, non profit and legal foundation with an independent budget, whose headquarters will be located at the University of Sharjah, UAE. It will establish branches and associations with scientific bodies throughout the world. Its board of management and board of trustees will consist of Arab, Muslim, and Orientalist scientists and scholars who are well known locally, regionally and internationally (King 2008).
The membership of IFHAMS will consist of scholars and researchers from Arab, Islamic, and international academic institutions who are interested in the history of Arabic and Muslim sciences.
3.2. Vision & Mission
Vision: The IFNAMS aspires to become a distinguished center for publicising the contributions of Arab and Muslim scholars in sciences, and their influence on contemporary science and the service of humanity.
Mission: The Foundation will be responsible of reviving, collecting, maintaining and translating Islamic scientific heritage. It also endeavors to build bridges for better communication between different cultures through conferences, colloquia, and workshops.
3.3. Objectives
- Revival of Arabic and Islamic scientific heritage, maintaining it, and introducing it locally, regionally and internationally.
- Preparation of researchers and training them in different aspects of Arab and Islamic scientific heritage.
- Sponsoring scholars interested in Arabic and Islamic scientific heritage, and supporting their work whether theoretical, practical, or technical locally, regionally, and internationally.
- Endeavour to integrate the theoretical and practical components of this heritage into modern teaching systems since it is a shared human denominator which served civilization previously, and which forms nowadays an epistemological foundation for communication and intercultural exchange.
4. Mechanisms of achieving the objectives of the IFNAMS
4.1. Revival of Arabic and Islamic heritage, maintaining it, and introducing it at local, regional, and international levels, through:
1. Coordination with universities, institutions, academic centers, libraries, and records throughout the world to facilitate access to Arabic and Islamic manuscripts;
2. Encouraging Arabic and Islamic universities to name classrooms, auditora, and halls after Arab and Muslim scientists;
3. Construction of an Internet site in many languages whose main purpose is to introduce different aspects of Arabic and Islamic heritage;
4. Production of a series of documentaries to be distributed to TV stations in order to introduce the achievements of Arab and Muslim scientists in different fields of knowledge;
5. Establishment of a specialized museum devoted to the history of Arab and Muslim sciences whose headquarters will be the city of Sharjah, where models such as instruments, tools, and manuscripts of Arab and Muslim scientists will be put on display;
6. Issuing a refereed journal in English and Arabic specializing in the history of Arab and Muslim sciences;
7. Encouraging the ministries of education and relevant institutions of higher education in Arab and Muslim countries to teach the history of Arab and Muslim sciences in different stages, and to encourage graduate students to write dissertations in this field.
4.2. Preparation of researchers and training them in different aspects of the Arabic and Islamic scientific heritage:
1. Establishing chairs for Arab and Muslim Sciences in a number of international universities in collaboration with relevant international organizations;
2. Allocating scholarships for M.A. and Ph.D. studies in some international universities to study the history of Arabic and Muslim sciences, and also to support relevant research;
3. Establishment of an award to be called "The Sharjah International Award for the History of Arab and Muslim Sciences" to be awarded to scientists and researchers from all over the world, who best highlight the achievements of Arab and Islamic civilization;
4. Establishment of a specialized library in the field of the Arabic and Islamic history of sciences.
4.3. Sponsoring scholars interested in Arabic and Islamic scientific heritage, and supporting their work, whether theoretical, practical, or technical, at local, regional, and international levels:
1. Cooperation with international organizations and relevant academic institutions to compile a multi-language lexicon of scientific terms and nomenclature which were used by Arab and Muslim scholars and which have enriched human thought;
2. Holding regional and international conferences and participating in them in order to link Arabic and Islamic scientific heritage with current scientific and technical discoveries;
3. Establishment of a special bureau of translation to serve the objectives of the Foundation;
4. Holding seminars, colloquia, and workshops.
4.4. IFHAMS departments and fields of awards will be:
1. History of pure sciences;
2. History of applied sciences;
3. History of engineering, industrial, and military sciences;
4. History of medical sciences;
5. History of human sciences;
6. History of jurisprudence sciences;
7. Translation of the best work in Arabic and Islamic sciences.
4.5. The Award and research unit
The Foundation will propose to handle all preparations related to the award: publicity, correspondence, invitations, and ceremony of delivering the award.
4.6. Research Projects Unit
Its mission will be:
1. Establishing a data base in Arabic and Muslim sciences (comprising data about the scholars, their books, original manuscripts, theses, scholars' S&T contributions, patents, translation works, etc).
2. Sky Map: Describing the contributions of the Arab and Muslim astronomers in observations and studies of the celestial objects and phenomena;
3. Creating a talented scientists' patronage centre.
We must note at the end of this enumeration of the IFNAMS' program, vision, objectives and organisation that the Foundation's project is still a proposal under study; it will be submitted to the Sharjah Higher authorities for approval.
5. References
- Al-Naimiy, H. M. K., "Astronomical Instrumentations Invented by the Muslims Scholars and Used in the Gulf Maritime History", lecture at The Gulf Maritime Through Ages Conference, organised by Dr. Sultan Al Qassimi Centre of Gulf Studies, in cooperation with the Department of History and Islamic Civilization in the College of Arts, Humanities and Sciences at University of Sharjah, 17-19/November/2008. (click here for more information about this conference).
- Al-Naimiy, H. M. K., "The Arab and Muslim History of the Astronomical Instrumentations and Observatories (from the 8th to the 21st century)", The Third Annual Conference on Islamic History, (Uniformity and Diversity in Islamic Civilization), Sharjah University April 2010 (click here for more information about this conference).
- Alsagheer, Nouraldeen, private communication on the history of astronomy in the Arab World, University of Sharjah, 2010.
- Basoura, Hassen, Meteoritic and Planetary Science Journal, 38, 2003.
- Basoura, Hassen, JKAU: Sci., 2004, 16, 3-17.
- Basoura, Hassen, JKAU: Sci., 2004, 16, 19-32.
- Basoura, Hassen, J. of Arab Association Universities for Basic and Applied Sciences, 2005, 1, 19-25.
- Basoura, Hassen, Solar Physics Journal, 2005, 225, 209-212.
- Basoura, Hassen, Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 2006, 68, 937-941.
- King, David A., private communication on IFHAMS, Sharhaj, March 2008.
- Loa'ay Mohammed, Jawami' 'ilm al-nujum wa-usul al-harakat al-samawiya li-al-Farghani, PhD thesis, University of Aleppo, December 2009.
- Shalhob, Sami, A lecture delivered at Aleppo University on the occasion of the activities organised to celebrate "Aleppo as Capital of Islamic Culture ", Institute for the History of Arabic Science at the University of Aleppo, 2006.
* Dean of the College of Sciences, University of Sharjah, UAE President of the Arab Union for Astronomy and Space Sciences


text:
Amman, Jordan, 30 June-1 July 2004
The Amman meeting, building on the exploratory discussions that took place in Istanbul on 11‑12 February 2004, aimed to move forward the Investment Action Programme, an integral part of the broader OECD-MENA Initiative for Investment and Governance, to mobilise investment, both foreign and domestic, as a driving force for growth, stability and prosperity throughout the MENA region.
Opened by Dr. Mohammed Halaiqah, Deputy Prime Minister, Minister of Industry and Trade, Jordan, and Mr. Richard Hecklinger, Deputy Secretary-General, OECD, the main objectives for this inaugural meeting were to:
Key Components of the Investment Action Programme
The Istanbul exploratory meeting identified five mutually reinforcing areas for a co-operative investment-related programme with the OECD in partnership with key national, regional and multilateral actors. For each policy area, a thematic Working Group will be established including:
Steering Group members will include senior investment officials in charge of policy issues designated by their governments in the MENA region, key representatives of the OECD Investment Committee, private sector representatives from both OECD and MENA countries, regional partner organisations, the World Bank Group, the UNDP, and the UNIDO.
Further reading
Related Documents


text:
I meant to blog sooner today but I have been enjoying such a productive and an inspiring day and I even managed to squeeze in a phone call with a close friend in Iceland. The day has flown by and before I know it I'll put on my apron and start making the Friday pizzas. In fact, A called from work to ask if I needed anything for the pizza making and I decided to tease him and said with a rather serious voice: "You know what, I think I'll skip the pizzas today, as I'm not in the mood to make them." I wish I could allow you to hear the silence that followed. I could almost touch that silence. I was picturing him with a facial expression indicating that his world had just crumbled. When I told him I was kidding he said with almost a shocking voice: "Are you trying to kill me?" This is what happens when you make pizzas every Friday. We have been doing that for more than two years now and Fridays in this home without home-made pizzas are simply unthinkable.
For the new readers and followers out there, on Fridays this summer I have been giving weekend advices. These have just been simple things, something to remind people that there is more to life than material things. We all need some basic stuff but we also need to be able to slow down and enjoy the things we already have. I'm one of those people that enjoy the little things in life. I don't need any grand gestures; a good cup of latte and a walk along cobblestone streets will make my heart ecstatic.
So, my final weekend advice this summer is as follows: Take all your 'must-do' and 'must-have' lists and throw them away! Seriously, if you have written anything down, tear that paper and throw it away. There are no must-dos and must-haves in this world. If you have any such ideas, about not having enough or needing something in particular, these ideas are there because they were made by people whose job it is to sell you something. Everyone is trying to sell you something. Stop comparing what you have to what other people have, especially people that have more money than you (by the way, has it ever occurred to you that they also have more debts than you?). Use this weekend to celebrate your life as it is right now, celebrate it with the things you already have.
I'm ending this post with a special song, The Guests by Leonard Cohen. Here it is performed by Antony & the Johnsons, a beautiful live performance, and here the master himself talks about what the song means before performing it.
photo credit:


text:
Difference between revisions of "Category:SVN"
(→Merge back to previous version)
|Line 152:
|Line 152:
The tricky thing to remember is that now your branch gets the latest Revision number. The next time you want to do an update from the trunk you need to use this new revision number! Yikes! Save yourself some trouble and use [http://www.orcaware.com/svn/wiki/Svnmerge.py svnmerge.py].
The tricky thing to remember is that now your branch gets the latest Revision number. The next time you want to do an update from the trunk you need to use this new revision number! Yikes! Save yourself some trouble and use [http://www.orcaware.com/svn/wiki/Svnmerge.py svnmerge.py].
=== Merge back to previous version ===
=== Merge back to previous version ===
Sometimes you need to roll-back to a previous version after you have committed changes. For this you use merge. In the example below PREV and HEAD are aliases that svn interprets, so you don't even have to know the exact revision numbers you are merging from and to:
Sometimes you need to roll-back to a previous version after you have committed changes. For this you use merge. In the example below PREV and HEAD are aliases that svn interprets, so you don't even have to know the exact revision numbers you are merging from and to:
Revision as of 18:05, 15 July 2008
Subversion has flaws and limitations, but it's a lot better than CVS and it's cheap. The low price tag doesn't reflect low quality or lack of support. Subversion does not do distributed version control very well and merging is frustrating; although, a few simple third-party tools make it tolerable. It is also difficult to automatically generate reports that graph changes. The problem is that all the commercial offerings are very expensive. ClearCase is expensive to buy and very difficult to maintain. It is complex. Perforce is probably better, but it is also expensive. It's hard to beat free! I have also been tempted by Git, which I suspect is better than Subversion, but I have more time and experience invested in Subversion.
- 1 Subversion remote access
- 2 authz authorization with svnserve
- 3 Subversion setup for team development (svn+ssh)
- 4 Merging
- 5 Mass resolve
- 6 Read revision log messages in a date range
- 7 What is svn going to do to my files when I update?
- 8 CR vs. CR/LF -- set text file line endings
- 9 Keywords
- 10 Execute permissions
- 11 Error: Cannot replace a directory from within
- 12 Error: The URL 'FOO' has a different repository root than its parent
- 13 Create and checkout a directory in place of an existing directory
- 14 Status codes
Subversion remote access
After playing with WEBDAV and SVN Server (http:// and svn://) I settled on using svn+ssh://. It is secure and it requires little or no setup or service to run on the host (besides sshd). I don't know why anyone would use anything else. With a few SSH keys it's as easy to use locally as it is to use remotely. It's dead simple and reliable. The only disadvantage of svn+ssh is that you cannot use fine-grained, per-directory authorization to restrict access to files for certain users. You might encounter this problem if you want to allow a consultant to access only one part of a repository.
Start svnserve with the root pointing to the directory ABOVE your repository files. For example, if I had a project repository under "/home/svn/project_a" I would use the following to test svnserve:
# svnserve -d --foreground --root /home/svn
If I wanted to allow employees access to everything, but restrict a consultant named "sid" to a branch but allow read access to the trunk I would create an authz file something like this:
[groups] employees = bob, sue, jim, ted [project_a:/] @employees = rw [project:/trunk] sid = r [project:/branch/for_sid] sid = rw
password caching
The svn client will cache passwords under "~/.subversion/auth/svn.simple/". The big downside of this is that if you enter the wrong password when you first login you will forever be shut out until you delete a file under "~/.subversion/auth/svn.simple/". You will need to delete the file associated with the svn server that you are trying to login to. Cat each file to find the right one... Yes, this does seem like a bug. If svn can't login with the password you gave it then why should it cache that password and use it again later without asking. Unfortunately, the "--no-auth-cache" option only prevents svn from caching the password in the first place. It doesn't prevent it from using a cached password that already exists.
svnserve init.d script
This works on both RedHat and Ubuntu systems.
<include svncat src="file:///home/svn/src/shell/svnserve" highlight="sh" />
Subversion setup for team development (svn+ssh)
The svn+ssh method is the easiest way to securely setup a repository to be used by distributed developers. The downside is that you loose fine-grained control over which files and directories a user can see. You can limit access to the entire repository, but not to directories inside a repository.
If you want to share a repository among several developers you will need to configure a few trivial things.
Create a user "svn" and create the repository under "svn". This assumes the "svn" user will have a home directory of /home/svn. Here are the exact steps starting as root user:
# adduser svn # su - svn $ pwd /home/svn $ svnadmin create /home/svn/src
Add each developer to the svn group (usermod or edit /etc/group):
usermod -a -G svn username
Make the svn repository group writable. In this example the repository is called 'src':
chmod -R g+w /home/svn/src
Now each developer in the svn group can checkout a project using an svn+ssh URL to the repository:
svn co svn+ssh://email@example.com/home/svn/project
Subversion merging is painful. It's confusing; it's not easy to visualize what is happening; and you have to manually keep track of the revision numbers between the sections you want to merge. But no one said that merging was supposed to be easy. Subversion is free, so less complaining and more work!
Branching is simply a "copy" operation. For example say you want to create a new branch from a project on the trunk:
svn copy svn+ssh://email@example.com/home/svn/my_repository/trunk/my_project_A svn+ssh://firstname.lastname@example.com/home/svn/my_repository/branch/my_project_branch_B
Now if you go into your working copy branch and run "svn up" you should see "my_project_branch_B" get added to your working copy.
Normally you would have to keep track of the revision number that the branch was copied from. This is crazy. Instead see #Merging_Enhancements_with_svnmerge.py.
Before you do anything make sure your branch working copy is up to date and committed (`svn up` then `svn ci`).
Merging always happens to your working copy. You might merge between remote URL A and remote URL B, but the results of that merge is stored in your local working copy. This tends to confuse people at first. This is why you want to make sure you working copy is up to date and committed; otherwise, you will get a three way merge which can be even more confusing.
A B \ / \ / \/ working copy
Merging Enhancements with svnmerge.py
The standard Subversion distribution comes with a handy script called svnmerge.py that keeps track each time you merge in either direction. This allows you to incrementally merge changes without having to manually keep track of revision numbers. Don't merge without it.
By default it expects to be run in a branch working copy and to merge from the trunk down to the branch.
svnmerge.py init
But it can run in a trunk working copy and merge from any branch up to the trunk.
svnmerge.py init BRANCH_URL
What revision was a branch created from?
Merging requires that you know at what revision a branch was branched from. When you did the "svn copy" the new branched copy got a logged with a revision number. This is tricky for a beginner because intuitively you expect Subversion to merge from one branch to another without requiring the user to keep track of branch revision numbers.
The easiest way to get the starting revision of a branch is this command:
svn log --verbose --stop-on-copy svn+ssh://svn.example.com/home/svn/module/branches/project
How to merge to or from the trunk
Use the trick above to get the revision you branched from. Assume this gives you a revision number 17.
merge FROM branch TO trunk
Do this if you want to merge changes from the branch to the trunk.
In your trunk working copy run this command:
svn merge -r 17:HEAD svn+ssh://svn.example.com/home/svn/module/branches/project
merge FROM trunk TO branch
Do this if you want to merge changes from the trunk to the branch.
In your branch working copy run this command:
svn merge -r 17:HEAD svn+ssh://svn.example.com/home/svn/module/trunk/project
The tricky thing to remember is that now your branch gets the latest Revision number. The next time you want to do an update from the trunk you need to use this new revision number! Yikes! Save yourself some trouble and use svnmerge.py.
Merge back to previous version (revert)
Sometimes you need to roll-back to a previous version after you have committed changes. For this you use merge. In the example below PREV and HEAD are aliases that svn interprets, so you don't even have to know the exact revision numbers you are merging from and to:
svn merge -rPREV:HEAD my_file.txt
Mass resolve
This does a resolve all. This will very likely result in a bunch of garbled files. All of the conflicted files will be mangled. But I found this useful from time to time when I know what I'm doing or if I am just going to "svn rm" a whole directory anyway and massive conflicts must be resolved before svn will allow the "rm" command.
svn status | grep ^C | awk '{print $2}' | xargs svn resolved
Read revision log messages in a date range
Revision specifications can take dates. The dates a put between {curly braces}. The SVN docs are unclear on reading revision logs by date. You almost certainly want a date RANGE. For example, the following shows the logs for a six month range:
svn log -r {2006-12-25}:{2007-6-25} topip.py
What is svn going to do to my files when I update?
It's annoying that "svn status" does not do this. The status command only looks at your local revisions. Even if you add '-u' and do "svn status -u" you will still not tell you if there will be any conflicts or automatic merging. It will only show "M" or "*" (newer on server), which is misleading because you might think that you can Update or Commit without conflicts. Here svn does not follow the principle of least surprise.
The solution is to use the merge command. The "svn up" command is just a special form of merging. You can use merge to do an update. The key is that "svn merge" supports the "--dry-run" option, so you can see what files would get thrashed before they actually get thrashed.
svn merge --dry-run -r BASE:HEAD .
This would be a lot simpler if "svn up" supported "--dry-run" or if "svn status" did what you think it should do.
Note that "svn merge" isn't exactly like "svn up", but for the purposes of detecting merges and conflicts before they happen it's close enough.
CR vs. CR/LF -- set text file line endings
This will recursively set all text files (will ignore binary files) so that svn will change text file line endings on checkout.
svn propset -R svn:eol-style native *
Set to always CR (UNIX):
svn propset -R svn:eol-style CR *
Set to always CRLF (Windows):
svn propset -R svn:eol-style CRLF *
This sets keyword expansion for the Id keyword.
svn propset svn:keywords Id *
Put $Id$ in your code and it will be expanded to something like:
$Id: calc.c 148 2002-07-28 21:30:43Z sally $
Execute permissions
This sets execute permission on "script.sh":
svn propset svn:executable script.sh
Note that you cannot set read and write permission or ownership.
Error: Cannot replace a directory from within
If you see this it probably means that your project directory was moved. If you have checked out the directory above then usually going back to the root and running "svn up" will fix this (it will rename your project directory). But probably you did not checkout every directory above this project, so you can't go up and run 'svn up'. Don't panic.
svn switch
You almost always need the relocate switch:
svn switch --relocate
Error: The URL 'FOO' has a different repository root than its parent
If you see this when trying to merge it probably means that you are using a different user or address for the merge URL than the URL used to check out your working copy. The URL to the repository portion has to be exactly the same. Sometimes this happens if I check out a working copy with my own username but then try to merge to the repository using the username of the SVN user.
Create and checkout a directory in place of an existing directory
You want to add an existing directory to svn but you don't want to do "svn import ..."; delete the import directory; then checkout the directory back in-place where you had it to begin with. For example, say you want to add your /etc directory to svn. For this example you should be in the directory you want to add. That is, your current working directory should be the directory you want to add. Here we add /etc to an SVN repository.
cd /etc svn mkdir file://home/svn/root/trunk/etc -m"Created /etc" svn checkout file://home/svn/root/trunk/etc/. . svn add * svn add .* svn ci
Status codes
Subversion prints letter codes next to the filenames to indicate their status. You will see status when you do an update, merge, or status:
svn status:
U This means that you have no changes to your working copy, but the svn server has new changes that will update your working copy. G This means that you have changes to your working copy and the svn server has new changes that will be merged automatically into your working copy. BEWARE! SVN is writing code for you. I never trust this. C This means that you have changes to your working copy and the svn server has new changes that conflict with your changes. These changes cannot be merged automatically. Your working copy will now contain conflict markers (<<<<<<<), so it will be broken until you edit and fix the conflicts. You will also have to tell Subversion that the conflict is resolved ("svn resolved myfile.txt").
Pages in category "SVN"
The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total.


text:
We are using cookies for a better user experience.
World Rally Champion in Audi R8 LMS ultra
World Rally Champion Sébastien Ogier will be running in the ADAC GTMasters as a guest entrant. The French Volkswagen race driver, 2013 World Rally Champion and current leader of the standings in a Polo R WRC, will be contesting round three of the sports car series. His team-mate is the 2012 FIA GT1 World Champion Markus Winkelhock.


text:
10 questions to find our next president, Part 1
Exclusive: Chuck Norris asks, 'Who should we nominate to represent the GOP?'
Who should we nominate to represent the GOP in a fight against President Obama for the 2012 presidential election? I believe the name of the candidate which fills the majority of the answers in the following 10 questions (in no particular order of importance) deserves your vote.
The first five questions below (in Part 1) lean more toward who the candidate is rather than what he or she can do. The last five questions (in Part 2) lean more toward what they must be able to do rather than who they are.
Based upon the characters and track records of the GOP candidates:
10) Who is most committed to follow and lead by the U.S. Constitution?
I'm not talking about someone with merely a verbal commitment to the Constitution, but one who actively quotes and supports it. It's one thing to take the presidential oath of office, but who has the strongest track record of citing and standing by the Constitution?
James Madison, America's fourth president and one regarded as the "Father of the Constitution," explained: "The aim of every political constitution is, or ought to be, first to obtain for rulers men who possess most wisdom to discern, and most virtue to pursue, the common good of the society; and in the next place, to take the most effectual precautions for keeping them virtuous whilst they continue to hold their public trust."
Strictly following the Constitution includes restoring a Tenth Amendment balance of power to our states and shifting solutions away from an "only government" savior (to which Obama committed early in his presidency) to encouraging local communities, agencies and even neighborhoods across our nation to rally together, strategize and resurrect the Golden Rule in caring for their own, just as it was done in America's heydays.
9) Who has the greatest leadership ability to rally, unify and mobilize citizens across political and societal spectrums?
Everything rises or falls on leadership. It's true for a family, company or nation, and I believe it is a particularly quintessential ingredient in our next president because of the increasing political and social divisions (including class warfare) across our land and around our world.
I believe our country was duped to interpret our current president's charisma as reflecting leadership abilities. Pitting political parties and polarizing social classes against one another isn't leadership.
In November 2008, I warned of this leadership crisis and peril if Obama was elected in an column I wrote titled, "A personality profile of Obama's leadership," based upon a professional personality profile conducted by a Unit for the Study of Personality in Politics at St. John's University and the College of St. Benedict, which concluded Obama was a conciliating people pleaser.
As I wrote then, "It's one thing to be political, but it's quite another to be a chronic people pleaser under pressure. Swaying [others] based on political expediency is not a leadership quality we need in tough times. Sooner or later, that character flaw will bite Obama big-time – and us, too, if we elect him president."
I believe America's woes have been exacerbated by Obama's inexperience and lack of executive leadership, and our country and world are suffering for it.
More than ever, we need a new president who has a proven track record to rally a team of Washington rivals as well as a diversified American public and world. As I've written extensively in a previous column, I firmly believe that the candidate who extends a public invitation to all his GOP rivals to be a part of the same administration could start a chain reaction leading to their nomination and election?
8) Who has the best working comprehension of America?
John Adams, America's second president, said, "I must study politics and war that my sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy."
I believe a mastery of American history and politics is a must for any president, for it is a record of how others have led the country since its founding. To the degree to which one comprehends America's ebbs and flows parallels one's proficiency to lead. As the adage goes, if one doesn't know history, he or she is doomed to repeat its mistakes.
Again, Thomas Jefferson offered a wise word here: "History by apprising [citizens] of the past will enable them to judge of the future; it will avail them of the experience of other times and other nations; it will qualify them as judges of the actions and designs of men; it will enable them to know ambition under every disguise it may assume; and knowing it, to defeat its views."
Nothing could be more essential for this next president than a working knowledge of the past. The same is true for his or her knowledge of other nations, as it will reflect upon how they move America's chess pieces on a global scale.
7) Who has the best ability to influence a volatile world away from its brink of destruction?
These are dangerous times. Mexican cartels are clashing at our borders. Global terrorists have taken their jihad to the borderless Internet. China has become the new global super power. European and global markets are bouncing up and down. Arab springs have sprung unrest across the Middle East. Syria is in utter turmoil. Countries like Egypt, Libya and now North Korea have unclear futures. Iran is determined to add nuclear energy among its arsenal, heightening its strained relations with the West. America is still in a war with extremists in Afghanistan. We're also in a new warless battle to quell violent uprisings back in Iraq, etc.
Now is not the time for political novices, wimps or sheepish patriots in the Oval Office. More than ever, we need a profoundly wise Thomas Jefferson, who moved along a flailing new republic while maneuvering a war with Tripoli, or a Ronald Reagan, who was savvy and tough enough to build up the economy while toppling the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall.
6) Who has clear and present moral fortitude?
Samuel Adams was correct when he wrote in his essay in The Public Advertiser, 1749, "Neither the wisest constitution nor the wisest laws will secure the liberty and happiness of a people whose manners are universally corrupt."
For our founders, moral fortitude was dependent upon the liberties of religion, not the laws of men. For example, John Adams, our second president, explained: "We have no government armed with power capable of contending with human passions unbridled by morality and religion. Avarice, ambition, revenge, or gallantry, would break the strongest cords of our Constitution as a whale goes through a net. Our Constitution was made only for a moral and religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the government of any other."
Benjamin Franklin put it this way: "That wise men have in all ages thought government necessary for the good of mankind; and, that wise governments have always thought religion necessary for the well ordering and well-being of society, and accordingly have been ever careful to encourage and protect the ministers of it, paying them the highest public honours, that their doctrines might thereby meet with the greater respect among the common people."
Temptations are abundant when power is combined with position, and none is greater than the presidency. That is why it is mandatory that the next occupant of the White House demonstrate a life mastery over themself and the wiles of evil and corruption.
That doesn't mean the next president is perfect, but definitely a moral model, including the ability to admit faults and learn from mistakes.
I believe what George Washington said: "[A] good moral character is the first essential in a man." But I also believe what Washington also said: "We must take human nature as we find it, perfection falls not to the share of mortals."
While character is preeminent to leadership, we must never penalize one's past from progressing forward into a forgiven and fruitful future; lest we forget that some of the greatest national leaders in human history, like King David of Israel, committed heinous acts of immorality.
The dilemma for many in this race for the GOP nomination is discerning whether to choose the unblemished and relatively inexperienced youthful shepherd in the field or the veteran of war who battled Goliath long ago but slung mud on his face when doing so.
(Next week in Part 2, I will discuss the remaining five questions, including the critical economic ones, which address vital actions of the best candidate. Until then, for further study of where each GOP candidate stands on these and other critical issues, check out the Family Resource Council's Voter Guide and this "Know the Candidate" chart.)


text:
Sugarland's Kristian Bush to Help 'Pretty Little Liars' Star Lucy Hale Jumpstart a Country Career
Look out, ladies and gentleman! Like many before her, 'Pretty Little Liars' star Lucy Hale is moseying her way onto the country music scene, and she's coming armed with a great singing voice and the support of Sugarland's Kristian Bush.
This news might come as a surprise for fans of the hit teen drama, since Hale plays the part of a trendy former punk princess. But when she's off camera, it sounds like this girl is ready to go all country.
"We have a week off from ['Pretty Little Liars'] and I'm flying to Atlanta to write with Kristian Bush from Sugarland," Hale revealed told MTV News in a recent interview. "They're the biggest country band out there and I don't even know how I got that. I don't even know! I got an email about it and it was obviously a no-brainer."
Knowing she has to make a lasting impression, Hale won't be holding anything back on her debut album. In addition to working with one half of the Grammy Award-winning duo, the sultry brunette is hoping to team up with a few of the producers who worked with Adele on her mega-hit record.
"I think I'm working with some people who have worked with Adele, which is really cool, although she's not country. It's sort of a lot of writers and producers who don't do a lot of country, so it's going to be a good mixture," she said. The television star also plans to have support from several music veterans who will help her navigate the country scene.
She adds, "It's going to be interesting, in a good way!"
Working with the popular actress won't be Bush's first foray into helping a country music hopeful rise to success. In May, Sugarland performed 'Baby Girl' onstage with Alana Springsteen, an 11-year-old aspiring singer. Bush has worked closely with the young girl, helping her pen new songs, and working to land her a country music record deal.
So far there's no news about when Hale expects to release her debut record, but with the help of Kristian Bush, we're confident that it will be a success.
Watch Lucy Hale Talk About Writing Country Songs With Kristian Bush


text:
Find the perfect hotel in Wayne using our hotel guide provided below. Find cheap and discounted hotel/motel rates in or nearby Wayne, PA for your personal leisure or group travel. Discover the most favored Wayne Pennsylvania hotel/motel rooms. Review the Wayne hotel list below to find the perfect lodging. We also have a map of the Wayne hotels. Coordinating a group? Get Wayne Group Hotel Rates
The Wayne center is approximately 1 mile southwest of Eastern University and 1 mile northwest of Radnor Valley Country Club.
How should we direct your call?


text:
Sergio Eguiarte
email@example.com Cell: 630.765.1702 Office: 630.469.1855
Glen Ellyn
Real Estate Office
Glen Ellyn, IL 60137
Baird & Warner has been serving the Glen Ellyn and Wheaton markets since 1941. We are also active in the Lombard, Winfield, Villa Park, Elmhurst, Warrenville, West Chicago, Carol Stream, Bloomingdale and Glendale Heights communities, to name a few.
Today, the office offers the best technology tools in the market, as well as a comprehensive suite of services to meet all homebuying, selling and financing needs to take a full service approach to your real estate transaction. Our 60+ broker associates are involved in all aspects of real estate, including residential, new construction, relocation, vacant land and commercial.
We are the best trained sales team in our market and are known for putting the needs of our clients first. For our buyers, our goal is to secure the right home under the best possible terms. For our sellers, we strive to obtain the best price in the shortest amount of time with the least inconvenience.
From sales and marketing to title and home services, we have your entire transaction covered. This also includes our mortgage representatives, who are available to provide convenient and confidential financial counseling.
Click here to visit and 'like' our office Facebook page.


text:
Are you traveling soon?
Take EWTN Radio Network along with you! Grab a complete printer-friendly version list of affiliates here You can also hear your favorite programs on Sirius Satellite Radio, Channel 130.
Show Description
Johnnette Benkovic Williams hosts this live program of special interest to women! She informs, instructs and inspires listeners with the truth of the Catholic faith.
EWTN Document Library
As a companion to our programming, we would like to direct you to our Document Library. There are thousands of entries available to you and many more added frequently. So, stay current on Catholic events and visit our Document Library here at EWTN. To use simply input your search criteria and hit enter.


text:
Why I Have Given Up on Coding Standards
Richard Rodger argues that you should toss out the coding standards and let programmers express themselves. I've been a fan of coding standards in the past but I find myself changing my thinking on this front. These days, I look at a lot of code written by people whose coding styles don't particularly appeal to me. I manage. It's fine. I just don't think it's as big a deal as I once thought it was.


text:
Classical sociological theory
McGraw-Hill, 1996 - Biography & Autobiography - 532 pages
The fifth edition of "Classical Sociological Theory" by George Ritzer, one of the foremost authorities on sociological theory, gives readers a comprehensive overview of the major classical theorists and schools of sociological thought. Key theories are integrated with biographical sketches of theorists, and theories are placed in their historical and intellectual context. This helps students to better understand the original works of classical authors as well as to compare and contrast classical theories.
What people are saying - Write a review
We haven't found any reviews in the usual places.
Abdel Rahman IbnKhaldun
Sigmund Freud
37 other sections not shown
Other editions - View all
Common terms and phrases
action actors Addams analysis argued Auguste Comte basic bureaucracy capitalism chapter Chicago collective conscience Comte Comte's concept concern conflict consciousness contemporary critical dialectical differentiated discussion division of labor dominated Durkheim early economic Emile Durkheim ethnomethodology evolution example existence feminist focus Georg Simmel human ideal types ideology important individual institutions integration intellectual interaction interest involves laws major Mannheim Marx Marx's Marxian Marxian theory Marxists Max Weber Mead metatheorizing modern moral nature nonmaterial social facts objective culture organization orientation paradigm Parsons's perspective phenomena philosophy political position positivism positivist problems production rational reality relations relationship religion Ritzer role Schutz scientific Simmel social facts social statics social structures social system social world sociological theory sociologists sociology of knowledge specific Spencer structural functionalism suicide symbolic interactionism Talcott Parsons theoretical theorists things thinkers thinking thought utopia values Weber women


text:
Welcome to Preston Idaho and Franklin County!
Preston, Idaho, located in Franklin County, is a great place to visit. With many unique things to do and see, the scenery is beautiful and the activities are a blast. Most importantly, it is one of the best places in the world to live and raise a family. People here are friendly and helpful. We have great schools, a wonderful library, trained medical personel and facilities, and compassionate government, all of whom are ready and willing to help. Recreation is all around us, and the arts are strong part of our community. Everything you need for a well balanced life is right here, including a wide variety of religious groups and activities.
The Greater Preston Business Association promotes business in the area. We believe that a strong business community helps the whole community prosper. We encourage business owners and customers alike to check out Franklin County for goods and services. SHOP LOCAL FIRST! We believe that you will be amazed and pleased at what is available here. As we all do this, businesses will prosper, employment will increase and tax dollars will stay here to help schools, roads, and public services.
Yard signs and window stickers are available at no charge with the campaign slogan. Shop Local First!
Come join with us. Find us on FACEBOOK!


text:
Dinner and Induction slated for Friday, Nov.
COOKEVILLE, Tenn. – A smooth fielding shortstop who developed into a power hitter and led Tennessee Tech and the Ohio Valley Conference in home runs, Steve Hawkins was the first player in school history to truly earn the "slugger" label.
In recognition of his success, Hawkins is one of four people who will be enshrined into the Tennessee Tech Sports Hall of Fame November 12 as the school honors its athletic legacy with the 36th annual induction ceremony.
The 2010 Hall of Fame Class will be honored during Homecoming weekend, Nov. 12-13. The induction will take place at the Hall of Fame Dinner Friday evening, and the group will also be recognized at the Homecoming football game Saturday against Eastern Kentucky.
The Tech baseball team made a slow and steady climb during the 1980s from the lower division in the Ohio Valley Conference to the Southern Division championship in 1988.
One of the key players in building the foundation for that
championship was Hawkins, a two-time all-OVC shortstop and team
captain for coach David Mays during his career from 1984 through
1987. After posting sub .500 overall records in five of the seven
years before Hawkins' arrival, the Golden Eagles finished
above the .500 mark in three of his four years and constructed a
combined mark of 102-85 for a .545 winning percentage.
As a junior, Hawkins led the team in every offensive category, and as a senior he did the same in every category except two, yielding to previous Hall of Fame inductee Derek Lane in runs scored and stolen bases.
Hawkins' name is sprinkled throughout the Tennessee Tech baseball record book, but what those pages don't reveal is that he was the first player in the program's history to really earn the "slugger" label with his power. He also had speed, leading the team in triples one season, and was a highly effective defensive player as the teams starting shortstop for all four years.Hawkins held numerous school records – both single season and career marks – when he finally hung up his spikes and graduated in 1987.
In his junior campaign (1986), Hawkins slammed 14 home runs to set a new school record and rank second in the OVC. His .738 slugging percentage that season still ranks as the second highest year in school history. In addition to that power, he ranked first in the OVC in triples with four.
The following year, Hawkins slammed 12 home runs, a total which ranked first in the OVC. He walked away with the top two single-season home run totals in Golden Eagle history, marks that stood for nine years.
He was also at the top of the career charts in several categories when his eligibility ended, including then-school records for most games played (182), most total bases (316) and most home runs (32).
Today, 23 years after he finished playing, Hawkins' totals still rank tied for second in career home runs. He is third in total bases, fifth in career RBI, seventh in slugging percentage, eighth in triples and 10th in games played.
He received his degree in Management Information Systems in 1988 and worked for several years at Averitt Express. He eventually began his own business in the auto industry, a position he currently holds.
Today, Steve sings in a popular local, four-man Gospel quartet, The Glorylanders, along with two brothers and a friend. He is a deacon and Sunday school teacher at Washington Avenue Baptist Church. Steve and his wife, Nan, live in Cookeville and have two children – Katie (20) and Markie (14).
Joining Hawkins in the Class of 2010 will be Gene Palmer, Diane Seng Haynes and Brandy Henry Kleeman. With their inductions, the Hall of Fame will grow to 154 since it was established in 1975.
Tickets to the Hall of Fame Dinner and the game are available by calling (931) 372-3940, or through the Athletics ticket office in Eblen Center. Reservations must be made for the dinner, and tickets are $25 each. Reservations may also be made online at TTUsports.com.


text:
Gas Prices Keep Climbing
SIOUX FALLS - Sioux Falls drivers are paying more for gasoline than their Rapid City counterparts, and also more than the statewide average.
As of Tuesday, AAA says the average pump price in Sioux Falls, for the mid-level fuel, was $3.65, almost 60 cents above the price of a month ago ($3.058) and nearly 30 cents above the price at the same time in 2012 ($3.362).
Rapid City, meanwhile, was averaging $3.228 for the same fuel, compared to $2.771 on the same date in January, and $3.234 in 2012.
Triple "A" says the national average is up 19 cents in the past week, and they're saying it's because refineries are changing over to producing summer fuel, which costs more to produce.
And while you're grumbling about paying more, think of those who drive delivery vehicles, or taxis.
We're all paying more, and our best options might be to try to drive less, or to hope the price goes back down.


text:
sourdough rye meal
After seeing some really lovely ryes here recently I thought it was time to give it a go, so this morning whilst refrehing my sour dough i thought rather than toss it out i would put it to work.
I used 500g of coarse rye meal and 100g of white flour 200g of ripe sour dough culture, (just my standard white culture refreshed twice a day normally) and 14g of salt to this i added enough water to make a batter the same consitancy as the sour dough culture and just whisked it with my hand for a few minutes till it felt that it had all come together i then pour / scraped it into a bread tin and used a wet spatula to smooth the top a bit like trowelling cement really dusted it with rye flour and placed it in a plastic bag for 4 hours.
To my great suprise when i returned it had passed the top of the tin and had stuck ever so slightly to the plastic, i hadn't expected it to have made it that far actually. Any way i fired up the combi oven and in 5 minutes i had it in the oven with a bit of steam for 6 or 7 minutes and then let it bake at about 185C for the best part of 40 minutes.
It was then onto the cooling rack and when it was barely cool enough we sliced it to see and taste. It had a certain amount of sourness that we don't normally detect when using the same culture in other doughs.
I was quite pleased with the openess and the texture of the crumb especially as there had been very little mixing to develop what gluten the white flour and the sour dough culture brought to the mix. The German program manager loved it and took the remainder of the loaf home for the family to comment upon, but is still looking for a heavier loaf with what he refers to as champagne style aeration, minute little holes in great profusion. for me it was quite moorish and well worth the 5 minutes it took to bring together the 4 hour proof with virtually no moulding skills required.
another bake was a quick go at Baguettes using instant yeast with 24 hour retardation of the dough and then shaped a quick fermentaion period and baked off, time was a bit of an issue and i think i could have allowed them a bit more final proof but other than that quite happy
regards Yozza


text:
Surrounded by the Catskill Mountains in the town made famous for peace and music, Woodstock Farm Animal Sanctuary provides shelter to cows, pigs, chickens, turkeys, ducks, sheep, goats, and rabbits who have been rescued from cases of abuse, neglect and abandonment.
A place where visitors can come face to face with these animals who most only know as dinner and learn about the devastating effects of modern-day agribusiness on the animals, the environment and human health. Here you can frolic with goats in a large open pasture, sit down with a pig who wants nothing more than a belly rub, cuddle with chickens who seek out your attention or get nuzzled by some very friendly sheep!
At the heart of our mission is the hands-on work of rescuing, rehabilitating and caring for farmed animal refugees — as well as educating the public about the horrific treatment of animals who are raised for food.
Mission: To protect farm animals from cruelty, inspire change in the way society views and treats farm animals, and promote compassionate vegan living.
Farm Sanctuary was founded in 1986 to combat the abuses of factory farming and encourage a new awareness and understanding about farm animals. Today, Farm Sanctuary is the nation's largest and most effective farm animal rescue and protection organization. We have rescued thousands of animals and cared for them at our sanctuaries in Watkins Glen, New York; Northern California (Orland); and the Los Angeles area. At Farm Sanctuary, these animals are our friends, not our food. We educate millions of people about their plight and the effects of factory farming on our health and environment. We advocate for laws and policies to prevent suffering and promote compassion, and we reach out to legislators and businesses to bring about institutional reforms.
The Dark Side of the All-American Meal
by Eric Schlosser
Eric Schlosser's exposé reveals how the fast food industry has altered the landscape of America, widened the gap between rich and poor, fueled an epidemic of obesity, and transformed food production throughout the world.
How Your Diet Can Help Save Your Life and Our World
by John Robbins
The Food Revolution discusses the negative health effects of eating genetically modified foods and animal products of all kinds, it exposes the dangers inherent in our factory farming system, and advocates a complete plant-based diet.
Plain Truth from the Cattle Rancher Who Won't Eat Meat
Howard F. Lyman
Lyman, a fourth-generation Montana rancher, blasts through the propaganda of beef and dairy interests — and the government agencies that protect them — to expose an animal-based diet as the primary cause of cancer, heart disease, and obesity in this country.
by Rory Freedman
Not your typical boring diet book, this is a tart-tongued, no-holds-barred wakeup call to all women who want to be thin. With such blunt advice as, "Soda is liquid Satan" and "You are a total moron if you think the Atkins Diet will make you thin," it's a rallying cry for all savvy women to start eating healthy and looking radiant.
The Vegan Nutrition Guide to Optimal Performance in Sports and Life
Brendan Brazier
Thrive is a long-term eating plan to help all athletes (professional or not) develop a lean body, sharp mind, and everlasting energy. One of the few professional athletes on a plant-based diet, Brazier developed this easy-to-follow program to enhance his performance as an elite endurance competitor.
The Definitive Classic of the Animal Movement
by Peter Singer
This groundbreaking work has awakened millions of people to the existence of "speciesism"—our systematic disregard of nonhuman animals—inspiring a worldwide movement to transform our attitudes to animals and eliminate the cruelty we inflict on them.
The Plant-Based Way to Health
by Gene Stone
What if one simple change could save you from heart disease, diabetes, and cancer? Forks Over Knives is introducing more people than ever before to the plant-based way to health, this accessible guide provides the information you need to adopt and maintain a plant-based diet.
A Kick-in-the-Ass for Real Men Who Want to Stop Being Fat and Start Getting Buff
by Rory Freedman
What's good for the bitch is good for the bastard. In Skinny Bastard, they explain why the macho "meat and potatoes" diet is total crap, why having a gut is un-cool (and a turn-off), and how to get buff on the right foods.
The Revolutionary, Scientifically Proven, Nutrition-Based Cure
by Caldwell B. Esselstyn Jr.
Based on the results of his twenty-year nutritional study, Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease illustrates that a plant-based, oil-free diet can not only prevent the progression of heart disease but can also reverse its effects.
Blossom Du Jour makes every effort to create an environment where each employee is encouraged to express their talents. Each team member is someone who represents the company and all positions are considered links that connect to one another allowing for a unique and productive work environment. Presenting delicious, healthy, vegan food in a professional, positively committed way as well as being an ambassador for the animals is of the utmost importance to us. We encourage those with the same principles and work ethic to join our team.
If you are interested in a position at BDJ please forward your resume/references, along with a letter telling us about yourself to email@example.com


text:
|Home | Products | Services | Automation | Company Info | Contact Us
All contents Copyright 2006 © Clear Horizons, LLC. All rights reserved.
Clear Horizons, LLC does not distribute any personal data on persons visiting this website. SEO done by the Dallas SEO Geek. If you choose to contact us through e-mail or by submitting forms through U.S. Mail, the information you provide will be usedonly by Clear Horizons, LLC and will not be given or sold to any other companies or individuals.