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Aquinnah Circle (Aquinnah)
At the westernmost tip of the Island, State Road comes to a dramatic, looped end, hemmed in by the Gay Head Light and colorful clay cliffs that rise up from the ocean. This is Wampanoag territory, evidenced by the tribe-owned small shops and restaurants. The Wampanoag Cultural Center lies across a grassy knoll; beyond that is Moshup Beach, named for the sachem giant central to Wampanoag lore. Few...
North Shore (Aquinnah)
Modest homes line Lighthouse Road, which meanders from the Gay Head Light to Lobsterville Beach. Here, red stones are washed by gentle surf and sunbathers jockey for position with fishermen. The sunsets are every bit as fantastic as in Menemsha, but enjoyed by far fewer crowds than those that vie for viewing spots on the other side of the harbor.North Shore Aquinnah in the NewsWhy I Love Where I...
South Shore (Aquinnah)
Arguably the Island's most beautiful road, Moshup Trail stretches from the near-tip of the Island to the border of Squibnocket Pond, with expansive views of the ocean, dunes and sandy shores. Philbin Beach, open to Aquinnah residents only, lies along this still serene, stretch of road which has been well-guarded against overdevelopment.South Shore in the NewsTribe Moves to Convert Community...
Central / Middle Road (Chilmark)
One of the most scenic roads on the Island, with stone walls and stunning views across farmland to the distant Atlantic Ocean, Middle Road is favored by fine art photographers and Sunday drivers, and is carefully protected by the town. Buses and large commercial vehicles are prohibited. The Yard, a summer dance colony, is situated off Middle Road near Beetlebung Corner, the Chilmark town center.
Menemsha (Chilmark)
The small fishing village of Menemsha is part of Chilmark, but also a world unto itself. While the rest of the town plies the land, here multi-generation fleets are devoted to what lies just beyond the shore. Those not employed on the high seas seek their own catches of sorts from the fish markets, restaurants and small shops. During the busy summer months crowds flock to the public beach for the...
North Shore (Chilmark)
Beech and oak forest, clay soils, rushing brooks and blue ocean sky are the signatures of the landscape along Chilmark's north shore, historically the site of waterfront commerce where paint and bricks were made using the native clay. It's rural, scenic and sparsely developed. Seven Gates Farm, Spring Point, Old Farm Road and Tea Lane are all residential areas off North Road. North Shore in...
South Shore (Chilmark)
Quansoo, Abel's Hill, Chilmark Pond, Nashaquitsa Pond and Stonewall Beach are all included in this Atlantic-facing section of Chilmark where ancient stone walls frame the roads and wide, grassy moors and farm fields run to the sea. Beaches are mostly private; Lucy Vincent and Squibnocket are public but reserved for town residents in the summer.South Shore Chilmark in the NewsErosion on Chilmark...
Central (Edgartown)
This area south of the Edgartown-Vineyard Haven Road includes a large maze of residential subdivisions built about 30 years ago on former farmland, including Dodgers Hole and Smith Hollow. Many are interconnected and the area of residential homes stretches all the way to the Edgartown-West Tisbury Road on the south. Bike paths provide easy, car-free access into town.
Chappaquiddick (Edgartown)
The name derives from an old Native American word meaning "separated island," and it is indeed a separate place. Chappy, as the place is called, is located off the extreme eastern end of Edgartown and accessed by a three-car ferry that plies a narrow channel. There are about 100 year- round residents and many more seasonal homeowners. The island has an active community center and more than 800...
Downtown/Edgartown Village (Edgartown)
White clapboard houses once owned by whaling captains and rose-covered picket fences are the signatures of the Edgartown Village historic district, which has an eclectic array of architectural styles. Main Street runs down to the harbor and North Water Street runs out to the scenic Edgartown Light, surrounded by a public walking path and beach. The village is mostly seasonal save a handful of...
Katama (Edgartown)
Windswept grasslands mark the topography at Katama, a sandy area of seasonal and year-round homes bounded by Katama Bay on the east and the Atlantic-facing South Beach, a popular public beach in the summer, at the extreme southern end. A long bike path runs from down- town Edgartown through Katama. Open farmland dominates the center of the landscape. Katama in the NewsKatama Has Within It All...
Sengekontacket (Edgartown)
Ocean Heights, The Boulevard and Major's Cove are densely-built areas of modest homes on streets that run from Edgartown-Vineyard Haven Road down to Sengekontacket Pond, a vast saltwater pond that spans the towns of Edgartown and Oak Bluffs and borders Nantucket Sound on the north. On the Edgartown end, Sengekontacket Pond was his- torically named Anthier's Pond. Felix Neck Wildlife Sanctuary is...
South Shore (Edgartown)
The rural coastal perimeter of town includes Edgartown Great Pond, Oyster Pond, Wintucket and parts of the state forest. Three-acre minimum zoning and conservation land have kept the area more sparsely populated than other parts of town, and there are vast tracts covered with blueberry and huckleberry bushes. Turkeyland Cove, a public landing at Edgartown Great Pond, is enjoyed by kayakers and...
Camp Ground (Oak Bluffs)
Originally named Cottage City, the symbol of Oak Bluffs is a hidden area just steps from Circuit Avenue marked by circles of closely-built, brightly-colored gingerbread cottages. The cottages, built in the late 1800s and early 1900s, replaced tents used during religious revivals popularly held in that era. Today owned and managed by the Martha's Vineyard Camp Meeting Association, the Camp Ground...
East Chop (Oak Bluffs)
A beautiful high headland overlooking Vineyard Sound, East Chop once hosted a telegraph tower to relay news of arriving ships to the mainland, and still hosts a lighthouse along with handsome, sprawling summer homes built in the shingle or Queen Anne style and facing out to sea. Small streets run from the chop back to the Highlands, an area of small parks and modest homes. East Chop in the...
Harthaven (Oak Bluffs)
This tiny Island neighborhood is named for the Hart family whose members settled here in the 1800s. The area features a small harbor and abuts the Farm Neck Golf Club. Not gated but distinct, Harthaven is at once funky and exclusive. Harthaven in the NewsHarthaven Centennial Honors FoundersBigger Culvert, Big Grant Will Ease Farm Pond's Ills
Central/Lagoon Heights (Oak Bluffs)
A large area of residential subdivisions encompass the Lagoon Heights neighborhood in Oak Bluffs and its surrounding streets, including the busy Barnes and County Roads. This area was once primarily farmland and was developed between the 1970s and 1990s. Homes built along the Lagoon Pond enjoy peaceful, open views. Lagoon/County Road in the NewsRoundabout Debate Reminds Us that Resources are...
Downtown/Parks District (Oak Bluffs)
An emerald necklace of parks graces the central downtown area of Oak Bluffs just off Circuit Avenue. Waban, Nashawena Park and the grand Ocean Park are among the many parks in the downtown area. All are ringed by houses, most built in the cottage style so popular in this town known for its honky tonk atmosphere. The park designs were created by Robert Morris Copeland, a landscape architect...
Sengekontacket (Oak Bluffs)
Major's Cove, Farm Neck and a small number of relatively-new housing developents line Edgartown-Vineyard Haven Road and Sengekontacket Pond, the latter a vast saltwater pond that spans the towns of Edgartown and Oak Bluffs and borders Nantucket Sound on the north. Houses in the area are a mix of grand modern homes and old fishing camps. Farm Neck Golf Club is a hallmark of the area. ...
Central (Vineyard Haven)
Once open farmland, this area of Vineyard Haven was converted to low-key residential subdivisions more than 30 years ago. Small utilities, such as the old telephone company building and a local trucking company, bump shoulders with a working farm that sells fresh vegetables at a roadside stand. Homes are mostly modest in both size and price by Island standards. Central Vineyard Haven in the...
Downtown/Historic District (Vineyard Haven)
The Island's only year-round ferry port and only truly year-round town, Vineyard Haven never closed up shop in the winter months the way other towns do. Correspondingly, many people also live in the downtown area all year long. Tiny streets radiate from Main and Franklin, built with a mix of Federal, Greek revival and Cape Cod style houses. The William Street historic district runs just off Main...
Lagoon (Vineyard Haven)
A large saltwater pond that also spans the town of Oak Bluffs, the Vineyard Haven side of Lagoon Pond is flanked by a commercial/industrial district along the Vineyard Haven harbor. On the landward side lies a large and varied residential area that includes Hines Point, an old collection of summer and year-round homes fronting the pond, and Skiff Avenue, a pleasant Vineyard Haven neighborhood of...
Lambert's Cove (Vineyard Haven)
Situated in the hilly eastern region of the Vineyard and spanning Vineyard Haven and West Tisbury, Lambert's Cove has a strikingly different topography from much of the rest of the Island. Here, beech and oak forest dominate a rolling, scenic landscape threaded with freshwater streams. Lower Makonikey, Pilot Hill Farm, Tashmoo Farm and the Vine- yard Open Land Foundation cranberry bogs are among...
Tashmoo (Vineyard Haven)
Lake Tashmoo is a hidden gem in the densely-built town of Vineyard Haven. The tranquil saltwater lake is fed by freshwater springs at its head and opens to the sea. Tashmoo is synonymous with pine woods and quiet residential neighborhoods of every description, from old camps and modest homes to large summer homes with grassy yards that run down to the water. There are a handful of public town...
West Chop (Vineyard Haven)
A tiny summer community that dates to the late 19th century, West Chop is primarily an area of large homes facing the sea on one side, and is bordered by the downtown historic district. Mink Meadows Golf Club, the Island's only fully public course, is located here, as is a historic lighthouse and U.S. Coast Guard station. West Chop Woods, a public conservation property, is enjoyed by walkers.
Downtown/Historic District (West Tisbury)
West Tisbury was originally part of Tisbury, but became its own town in 1892 when disgruntled farmers petitioned for the separation. Still a farm-oriented town, the town center includes Alley's General Store, the Grange Hall, a historic town hall, a Congregational church and a summer farmers' market. The village is the gateway to the remote rural up-Island towns of Chilmark and Aquinnah. Music...
Lambert's Cove (West Tisbury)
The West Tisbury end of Lambert's Cove continues the theme from Vineyard Haven, becoming more rural and dotted with old farms and farm- houses. Seth's Pond, a large freshwater glacial pond, is situated at the upper end, along with Duarte's Pond, owned by the Martha's Vineyard Land Bank. Lambert's Cove Beach, open only to town residents during daytime hours in the summer months, overlooks the...
North Shore (West Tisbury)
The bucolic north shore is marked by swaths of farmland and wooded, winding dirt roads with multiple-acre lots. The unspoiled Cedar Tree Neck Nature Preserve offers woodland paths, a freshwater pond, brooks and a beach that is open for exploration but closed to swimming. The Christiantown section, off State Road, includes the Memorial to the Praying Indians and a small chapel where services were...
North Tisbury (West Tisbury)
The commercial center of West Tisbury, North Tisbury includes up-Island's only grocery store, as well as a bank, post office, restaurant and small shops intermixed with dirt roads and parcels of farmland where horses roam. The Martha's Vineyard Public Charter School and the town's new fire department and emergency services facility are also lo- cated here. Homes are set back from the commercial...
Old County Road (West Tisbury)
Running straight through the sandy flatlands of scrub oak and the state forest, this is West Tisbury's main middle class neighborhood, full of children, dogs, carpenters and fishermen, many of whom built their own homes in the 1980s when the town was a magnet for young families. The subdivisions back up to the state forest with its many miles of bike paths and hiking trails bordered by low bush...
South Shore (West Tisbury)
Tisbury Great Pond, Sepiessa Point and a vast area of sandplain forest stretching from the airport road south to the Atlantic Ocean comprise the south shore of West Tisbury, where small horse farms, summer and year-round homes mingle with upscale subdivisions like Deep Bottom, developed about 20 years ago. South Shore in the NewsRecord Price Sought for West Tisbury Property
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Whether you are looking for a rental car, a lease, replacement car or van, Europcar will be happy to serve you at its car rental stations in Tanzania. To find the station which is most conveniently located for your car rental needs, please use the map below which indicates all our Tanzania car rental locations. Europcar's Green Program: At Europcar, we understand the environmental impact of what we do. That's why we have wholeheartedly embraced a sustainable development program and are proud to be the first car rental company in Tanzania with certified ecological commitments. After all, what's good for the Earth is good for our drivers.
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subset: commoncrawl


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How to develop good study habits in college
Maybe high school was a breeze for you, maybe it wasn't. Whether you hit the books every waking moment or never saw the inside of the library, it is a whole different ball game compared to college and odds are you picked up some bad study habits.
Ditch those bad habits in the new school year and get on the right track for college with these helpful tips for good college study habits!
Facebook & Friends
If you were being truly honest, you know that checking Facebook while studying isn't the best idea. An April 27, 2011, post on CollegeCandy.com, "Your Worst Study Habits & And How to Break Them!," advises weaning yourself off Facebook breaks by setting "Facebook breaks in between study intervals that get longer and longer each time."
But did you realize that studying with a group may not be helping you any, either? It is very easy to start chatting and get way off focus with a large group of friends. When it comes to the study group, proceed with caution. Skip the large gathering altogether, and if you simply must schedule a session, keep it to a single friend. Consider a trial meeting first to get a feel for how focused your study partner will be. You don't want someone else's bad study habits to bring you down.
Create good study habits now
Procrastination—we've all put off a paper or other assignment, for good reasons and bad. Creating good college study habits definitely requires you to stay focused and efficient with your time. Jennifer Wiliamson wrote in a September 27, 2010, post for Distance-education.org, "Five Tips for Breaking Bad Study Habits," that the key to stopping chronic procrastination is making an assignment seem more manageable.
"Most students procrastinate on large projects because they seem so big and overwhelming," Williamson writes. "To combat this, break the project down into small—and doable—chunks. You might get stressed even thinking about writing a twenty-page paper, but if doing two pages per day doesn't freak you out, set that as your goal."
The project organization and time-saving research tools at Questia.com can also go a long way toward helping you learn more and improve your study habits. Questia's research-designed focus helps you stay organized, a proven way to create good college study habits.
Surprising research
A September 7, 2010, post by Tom Scocca for Slate.com, "Good Study Habits Are Bad Study Habits (Bad Study Habits Are Still Bad)" offers this surprising tidbit about focusing too intently on one subject courtesy of a study on fourth graders, "The children who had studied mixed sets did twice as well as the others, outscoring them 77 percent to 38 percent. The researchers have found the same in experiments involving adults and younger children."
So don't be afraid to mix things up during your next study session. You may find that you retain the information better when it comes to your next class or test. The post also highlighted research that found studying the same information in two different locations helped students learn more.
Environmental factors
Where you study can have a big impact on your study habits, too. If the environment you are studying in is too loud — i.e. roommate blasting a Real Housewives marathon — find another spot. Same goes for studying in a room that is too cold or too hot. Part of developing good college study habits is figuring out what works best for you. So if you need a little music in the background, play on. If you like to study in your favorite sweatshirt, turn the thermostat down. Or if you really do better comparing notes with a friend, find that focused study buddy. As CollegeCandy.com suggests, creating a ritual helps you set "up psychological cues so your brain knows it's time to get to work." And that is what the point is, right?
Want to learn more about learning styles and theories? Check out Questia—particularly the section on educational theory.
What other good study habits do you recommend to college students? Share them with us in the comments!


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Perseverance - The fast-paced lifestyle, seemingly gruff attitude of residents, and noise and smells of this big city (home to 8 million people) are not for the weak of heart. The New Yorker must know how to stand up for him or herself in different kinds of situations.
Frugality - New York is one of the most expensive cities, cost-of-living-wise, in the world. Knowing when to scrimp and save, and when to go all out, will help the New Yorker have fun and still pay the rent.
Sense of Adventure - Hey, that's why people move here, right? Go out to see new neighborhoods, different restaurants, galleries, the whole nine yards.
Self-sufficiency - It will help the new transplant tremendously if they learn how to use public transportation, how to read subway maps, how to take new routes, when to call the landlord (and how many calls it takes to get him to come over), how to eat dinner for less than $5, etc.
A love of New York - No, it's not a necessity. But it could help!


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ChakraNews.com, Feb 23, 2012
Male, Maldives -- Similar to the Afghan Islamic Taliban's destruction of the priceless Buddhist and other historic artifacts in 2001, an Islamic Extremist group has vandalized and destroyed precious Buddhist and Hindu statues in the Maldives which can never be made the same again to preserve the history.
<< The head of Lord Buddha statue that was on the display. Courtesy National Museum, Maldives
The scene took place at the Maldives' National Museum where the destruction occurred. A group of five men who were a part of an Islamic Extremist group targeted artifacts dating from the Pre-Islamic era in Maldives. Of those destroyed, many Buddhist and Hindu relics were smashed and broken to pieces making them merely unrecognizable.
Pieces destroyed, specifically included the "Bohomala sculptures, Hanuman statues, and the a sculpture of the Hindu water god, Makara. The two five faced statues from Male were also brutally damaged. This five-faced male was the only remaining archaeological evidence of a Buddhist era in Maldives and it too was destroyed, completely destroying any true history of the country. In addition an 11th century coral stone of the Lord Buddha was also wiped out.
The museum staff were emotionally distraught and upset that any evidence of a Buddhist existence in Maldives was completely destroyed and torn down heartlessly. They stated that all their 12th century statues were lost which were made of coral and limestone. There is no way to restore them because they were very brittle and this makes it very difficult to remake, one of the staff members said.
The Adhaalath Party, a Maldives Islamic group, who supports the newly elected President Mohamed Waheed, stated that the constitution does not allow idols anywhere in Maldives. Maldives also does not permit non-muslims to become permanent citizens of the small island nation.
sourse: Buddhist Channel


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Chapter 1: The Formation Adventure of the Atom
The universe, whose vast dimension pushes the limits of the human's comprehension, functions without fail, resting on sensitive balances and within a great order and has done so since the first moment of its formation. How this enormous universe has come into being, where it leads to and how the laws that maintain the order and balance within it work, have always been matters of interest to people in all ages, and still are. Scientists made countless researches into these subjects and produced various arguments and theories. For scientists who measured the order and design in the universe by using their reason and conscience, it has not been difficult at all to explain this perfection. This is because Allah, the Almighty, Who rules over the entire universe, created this perfect design and this is obvious and clear to all people who can think and reason. Allah proclaims this evident truth in the verses of the Qur'an:
In the creation of the heavens and the earth, and the alternation of night and day, there are Signs for people with intelligence. (Surat Al 'Imran: 190)
Those scientists who ignore the evidence of creation, however, have great difficulty in answering these never-ending questions. They do not hesitate to take recourse to demagoguery, false theories without any scientific basis, and, if forced into a corner, even deceptions to defend theories that are entirely opposed to reality. Yet, all developments that have taken place in science recently, up until the outset of the 21st century, lead us to a single fact: the universe was created from nothing by Allah, Who possesses superior might and infinite wisdom.
The Creation of the Universe
Sir Fred Hoyle
For centuries, people searched for an answer to the question of "how the universe came into being". Thousands of models of the universe have been put forward and thousands of theories have been produced throughout history. However, a review of these theories reveals that they all have at their core one of two different models. The first is the concept of an infinite universe without beginning, which no longer has any scientific basis. The second is that the universe was created from nothing, which is currently recognized by the scientific community as "the standard model".
The first model, which has proven not to be viable, defended the proposition that the universe has existed for an infinite time and will exist endlessly in its current state. This idea of an infinite universe was developed in ancient Greece, and made its way to the western world as a product of the materialistic philosophy that was revived with Renaissance. At the core of the Renaissance lay a re-examination of the works of ancient Greek thinkers. Thus, materialist philosophy and the concept of an infinite universe defended by this philosophy were taken off the dusty shelves of history by philosophical and ideological concerns and presented to people as if they were scientific facts.
Materialists like Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels vigorously embraced this idea, which prepared an apparently solid ground for their materialist ideologies, thereby playing an important role in introducing this model to the 20th century.
According to this "infinite universe" model which was popular during the first half of the 20th century, the universe had no beginning or end. The universe had not been created from nothing, nor would it ever be destroyed. According to this theory, which also laid the basis for materialist philosophy, the universe had a static structure. Yet, later scientific findings revealed that this theory is totally wrong and unscientific. The universe has not existed without beginning; it had a beginning and was created from nothing.
The idea that the universe is infinite, that is that it had no beginning, has always been the starting point of irreligiousness and ideologies that make the mistake of denying Allah. This is because in their view, if the universe had no beginning, then there was no creator either. Yet, science soon revealed with conclusive evidence that these arguments of the materialists are invalid and that the universe started with an explosion called the Big Bang. Coming into being from nothing had only one meaning: "Creation". Allah, the Almighty created the whole universe.
The renowned British astronomer Sir Fred Hoyle was among those who were disturbed by this fact. With his "steady-state" theory, Hoyle accepted that the universe was expanding and argued that the universe was infinite in scale and without beginning or end. According to this model, as the universe expanded, matter originated spontaneously and in quantities as large as required. This theory, which was based on extremely unworkable premises, and advanced by the sole concern of supporting the idea of an "infinite universe without beginning or end" was in direct opposition to the Big Bang theory, which was scientifically proven closer to a great number of observations. Hoyle and others continued to resist this but all scientific development worked against them.
The universe came into existence out of nothing with a Big Bang. The present perfect system of the universe came about because of the scattering of all particles and forces that were formed in great harmony and order from the first moment of this big explosion.
The Expansion of the Universe and the Big Bang
According to the Doppler effect, if a galaxy stays at a constant distance from the earth, the spectra of light waves will appear in the "standard" position (top). If the galaxy is moving away from us, the waves will seem stretched and red shifted (middle). If the galaxy is moving towards us, the waves will seem squashed up and blue shifted (bottom).
In the 20th century, great strides were made in the field of astronomy. First, the Russian physicist Alexandre Friedmann discovered in 1922 that the universe did not have a static structure. Starting out from Einstein's theory of relativity, Friedmann calculated that even a tiny impulse might cause the universe to expand or contract. Georges Lemaître, one of the most famous astronomers of Belgium, was the first to recognise the importance of this calculation. These calculations led him to conclude that the universe had a beginning and that it was continuously expanding right from the outset. There was another very important point Lemaître raised: according to him, there should be a radiation surplus left over from the big bang and this could be traced. Lemaître was confident that his explanations were true although they initially did not find much support in the scientific community. Meanwhile, further evidence that the universe was expanding began to pile up. At that time, observing a number of stars through his huge telescope, the American astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the stars emitted a red shifted light depending on their distances. With this discovery, which he made at the California Mount Wilson Observatory, Hubble challenged all scientists who put forward and defended the steady state theory, and shook the very basis of the model of the universe held until then.
Hubble's findings depended on the physical rule that the spectra of light beams travelling towards the point of observation tend towards violet while the spectra of light beams moving away from the point of observation tend towards red. This showed that the celestial bodies observed from the Californian Mount Wilson Observatory were moving away from the earth.
a) Edwin Hubble
b) The analysis of the light of the two stars of Alpha Centauri over a period of time showed a series of changes in their spectra. The way the red and blue shifts vary revealed a picture of two stars completing orbits around each other once every 80 years.
c) Albert Einstein, during a visit to the Wilson Observatory, where Edwin Hubble made his observations.
Further observation revealed that the stars and galaxies weren't just racing away from us; they were racing away from each other as well. This movement of celestial bodies proved once more that the universe is expanding. In Stephen Hawking's Universe, David Filkin relates an interesting point about these developments:
Georges Lemaître
…Within two years, Lemaître heard the news he had scarcely dared hope for. Hubble had observed that the light from galaxies was red shifted, and, according to Doppler effect, this had to mean the universe was expanding. Now it was only a matter of time. Einstein was interested in Hubble's work anyway and resolved to visit him at the Mount Wilson Observatory. Lemaître arranged to give a lecture at the California Institute of Technology at the same time, and managed to corner Einstein and Hubble together. He argued his "primeval atom" theory carefully, step by step, suggesting that the whole universe had been created "on a day which had no yesterday." Painstakingly he worked through all the mathematics. When he had finished he could not believe his ears. Einstein stood up and announced that what he had just heard was "the most beautiful and satisfying interpretation I have listened to" and went on to confess that creating the "cosmological constant" was "the biggest blunder" of his life.1
Further observations on the expansion of the universe gave way to new arguments. Starting from this point, scientists ended up with a model of a universe that became smaller as one went back in time, eventually contracting and converging at a single point, as Lemaître had argued. The conclusion to be derived from this model is that at some point in time, all matter in the universe was crushed together in a single point-mass that had "zero volume" because of its immense gravitational force. Our universe came into being as the result of the explosion of this point-mass that had zero volume and this explosion has come to be called the "Big Bang".
The Big Bang pointed to another matter. To say that something has zero volume is tantamount to saying that it is "nothing". The whole universe is created from this "nothing". Furthermore, this universe has a beginning, contrary to the view of materialism, which holds that "the universe has existed from eternity".
Big Bang with Evidence
George Smoot
Once the fact that the universe started to form after a great explosion was established, astrophysicists gave a further boost to their researches. According to George Gamow, if the universe was formed in a sudden, cataclysmic explosion, there ought to be a definite amount of radiation left over from that explosion which should be uniform throughout the universe.
In the years following this hypothesis, scientific findings followed one another, all confirming the Big Bang. In 1965, two researchers by the name of Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson chanced upon a form of radiation hitherto unnoticed.
George Gamov
Called "cosmic background radiation", it was unlike anything coming from anywhere else in the universe for it was extraordinarily uniform. It was neither localised nor did it have a definite source; instead, it was distributed equally everywhere. It was soon realised that this radiation is the relic of the Big Bang, still reverberating since the first moments of that great explosion. Gamow had been spot-on, for the frequency of the radiation was nearly the same value that scientists had predicted. Penzias and Wilson were awarded the Nobel Prize for their discovery.
It took only eight minutes for George Smoot and his NASA team to confirm the levels of radiation reported by Penzias and Wilson, thanks to the COBE space satellite. The sensitive sensors on board the satellite earned a new victory for the Big Bang theory. The sensors verified the existence of the hot, dense form remaining from the first moments of the Big Bang. COBE captured evidentiary remnants of the Big Bang, and the scientific community was compelled to acknowledge it.
Other evidence had to do with the relative amounts of hydrogen and helium in the universe. Calculations revealed that the proportion of hydrogen-helium gasses in the universe is in accord with theoretical calculations of what should remain after the Big Bang.
The launch of the COBE satellite further substantiated that the universe was formed as a result of a big explosion.
The discovery of compelling evidence caused the Big Bang theory to gain the complete approval of the scientific world. In an article in its October 1994 issue, Scientific American noted that "the Big Bang model was the only acknowledged model of the 20th century"
The gigantic horn antenna at Bell Laboratories where Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discovered the cosmic background radiation. Penzias and Wilson were awarded the Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1978.
Confessions were forthcoming one by one from the names who had defended the "infinite universe" concept for years. Defending the steady-state theory alongside Fred Hoyle for years, Dennis Sciama described the final position they had reached after all the evidence for the Big Bang theory was revealed:
There was at that time a somewhat acrimonious debate between some of the proponents of the steady state theory and observers who were testing it and, I think, hoping to disprove it. I played a very minor part at that time because I was a supporter of the steady state theory, not in the sense that I believed that it had to be true, but in that I found it so attractive I wanted it to be true. When hostile observational evidence became to come in, Fred Hoyle took a leading part in trying to counter this evidence, and I played a small part at the side, also making suggestions as to how the hostile evidence could be answered. But as that evidence piled up, it became more and more evident that the game was up, and that one had to abandon the steady state theory.2
Allah Created the Universe from Nothing
With ample evidence discovered by science, the thesis of an "infinite universe" was tossed onto the scrap-heap of the history of scientific ideas. Yet, more important questions were forthcoming: what existed before the Big Bang? What force could have caused the great explosion that resulted in a universe that did not exist before?
There is a single answer to be given to the question of what existed before the Big Bang: Allah, the All-powerful and the Almighty, Who created the earth and the heavens in great order. Many scientists, be they believers or not, are obliged to admit this truth. Although they may decline to admit this fact on scientific platforms, their confessions in between the lines give them away. Renowned atheist philosopher Anthony Flew says:
Notoriously, confession is good for the soul. I will therefore begin by confessing that the Stratonician atheist has to be embarrassed by the contemporary cosmological consensus. For it seems that the cosmologists are providing a scientific proof of what St. Thomas contended could not be proved philosophically; namely, that the universe had a beginning. So long as the universe can be comfortably thought of as being not only without end but also beginning, it remains easy to urge that its brute existence, and whatever are found to be its most fundamental features, should be accepted as the explanatory ultimates. Although I believe that it remains still correct, it certainly is neither easy nor comfortable to maintain this position in the face of the Big Bang story. 3
Some scientists like the British materialist physicist H. P. Lipson confess that they have to accept the Big Bang theory whether they want it or not:
If living matter is not, then, caused by the interplay of atoms, natural forces, and radiation, how has it come into being?… I think, however, that we must…admit that the only acceptable explanation is creation. I know that this is anathema to physicists, as indeed it is to me, but we must not reject that we do not like if the experimental evidence supports it.4
In conclusion, science points to a single reality whether materialist scientists like it or not. Matter and time have been created by a Creator, Who is All-Powerful and Who created the heavens, the earth and all that is in between: Almighty Allah.
It is Allah who created the seven heavens and of the earth the same number, the Command descending down through all of them, so that you might know that Allah has power over all things and that Allah encompasses all things in His knowledge. (Surat at-Talaq: 12)
The Signs of the Qur'an
In addition to explaining the universe, the Big Bang model has another important implication. As the quotation from Anthony Flew cited above points out, science has proven an assertion hitherto supported only by religious sources.
This truth is the reality of creation from nothingness. This has been declared in the scriptures that have served as guides for mankind for thousands of years.
In the only book revealed by Allah that has survived completely intact, the Qur'an, there are statements about the creation of the universe from nothing as well as how this came about that are suggestive of 20th-century ideas and yet were revealed fourteen centuries ago.
First of all, the creation of this universe from nothingness is revealed in the Qur'an as follows:
He (Allah) is the Originator of the heavens and the earth… (Surat al-An'am: 101)
Another important point revealed in the Qur'an fourteen centuries before the modern discovery of the Big Bang and findings related to it is that when it was created, the universe occupied a very tiny volume:
Do those who are disbelievers not see that the heavens and the earth were sewn together and then We unstitched them and that We made from water every living thing? So will they not have faith? (Surat al-Anbiya': 30)
There is a very important choice of words in the original Arabic whose translation is given above. The word ratq translated as "sewn to" means "mixed in each, blended" in Arabic dictionaries. It is used to refer to two different substances that make up a whole. The phrase "We unstitched" is the verb fataqa in Arabic and implies that something comes into being by tearing apart or destroying the structure of ratq. The sprouting of a seed from the soil is one of the actions to which this verb is applied.
Let us take a look at the verse again with this knowledge in mind. In the verse, sky and earth are at first subject in the condition of ratq. They are separated (fataqa) with one coming out of the other. Intriguingly, cosmologists speak of a "cosmic egg" that consisted of all the matter in the universe prior to the Big Bang. In other words, all the heavens and earth were included in this egg in a condition of ratq. This cosmic egg exploded violently causing its matter to fataqa and in the process created the structure of the whole universe.
Another matter in the Qur'an that could be interpreted as the expansion of the universe, which was discovered in the late 1920s. Hubble's discovery of the red shift in the spectrum of starlight is revealed in the Qur'an as :
It is We Who have built the universe with (Our creative) power, and, verily, it is We Who are steadily expanding it. (Surat adh-Dhariyat: 47)
In short, the findings of modern science increasingly point towards the truth that is revealed in the Qur'an and do not support materialist dogma. Materialists may claim this all as "coincidence" but the plain fact is that the universe came into being as a result of an act of creation on the part of Allah. The only true knowledge about the origin of universe is to be found in the word of Allah as revealed to us.
Creation of Matter Moment by Moment
As the Big Bang theory showed once more, Allah created the universe from nothing. This great explosion involves many fine gradations and details, prodding one to reflection, and these matters unaccountable for by coincidence.
The temperature at each moment of the explosion, the number of atomic particles, the forces involved, and their intensity must be of very precise values. Even if only one of these values was not specified, the universe we live in today would not be formed. This end would be inevitable if any one of the abovementioned values deviated by any value mathematically close to "0".
In short, the universe and its building blocks, the atoms, have come to exist in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang after having not existed, thanks to these balances created by Allah. Scientists conducted numerous researches to understand the chronology of the events that took place during this process and the order of the rules of physics in effect at each phase. The facts all scientists who have worked on this subject today admit are as follows:
Moment "0": This "moment" when matter and time were non-existent, and when the explosion took place is accepted as t (time) = 0 in physics. This means that nothing exists at time t=0. In order to be able to describe earlier than this "moment" when creation was initiated, we must know the rules of physics that existed then, because the current laws of physics do not count for the first moments of the explosion.
The events that may be defined by physics start at 10-43 seconds, which is the smallest time unit. This is a time frame incomprehensible to the human mind. What happened in this small time period of which we cannot even conceive? Physicists have hitherto been unable to develop a theory that explains in full detail the events that took place at that moment.5
This is because scientists do not have the data required to make the calculations. The scope of the rules of mathematics and physics is at a dead-end at these limits. That is, both what went before and what happened at the first moments of this explosion, every detail of which rests on highly delicate balances, have a reality beyond the confines of the human mind and physics.
This creation, which started at before time, has led moment by moment to the formation of the material universe and the laws of physics. Now let us take a look at the incidents that occurred with great precision within a very short time during this explosion.
As mentioned above, in physics, everything can be calculated from 10–43 seconds onwards, and energy and time can be defined only after this moment. At this point of the creation, the temperature is 1032 (100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) K. To draw a comparison, the temperature of the sun is expressed in millions (108) and the temperature of some stars much larger than the sun is expressed in billions (1011). That the highest measurable temperature at present is limited to billions of degrees reveals how high the temperature was at 10-43 seconds.
When we go one step further than this period of 10-43 seconds, we come to the point at which time is at 10-37 seconds. The time lapse between these two periods is not something like one or two seconds. We are talking about a time lapse as short as one over quadrillion times quadrillion of a second. The temperature is still extraordinarily high, at 1029 (100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) K. No atoms were yet created at this stage.6
Following moment "0" when no matter or time existed and when the explosion occurred, the universe, and its building blocks, the atoms, were created out of nothing within a great scheme.
a) 3 MINUTES: Protons and neutrons form atomic nuclei.
b) 1 SECOND: Quarks form hadrons, electronsand neutrinos.
c) 10-6 SECONDS: Annihilation of matter andantimatter
d) 10-35 to 10-32 SECONDS: Inflation period
e) 10-43 SECONDS: Planck time
1) Electrons captured
2) Electron
3) Neutrino
4) Helium nucleus
5) Deuterium nucleus
6) Neutron
7) Proton
8) Triples of quarks formhadrons
9) Quark
10) Antiquark
11) Singularity
12) Gravity
13) Electromagnetic force
14) Weak force
15) Strong force
16) Unified Force
17) Electroweak force
18) Universe becomes transparent
19) High energy fog of matter and radiation
One more step, and we are at 10-2 seconds. This time period indicates one hundredth of a second. By now, the temperature is 100 billion degrees. At this point, the "early universe" has started to form. Particles like the proton and neutron forming the nucleus of the atom have not yet appeared. There is only the electron and its antiparticle, the positron (anti-electron), because the temperature and speed of the universe at that point only allow the formation of these particles. In less than a second after the explosion has taken place out of nothing, electrons and positrons have formed.
From this moment on, the time of the formation of each sub-atomic particle is very important. Every particle has to emerge at a specific moment so that the current rules of physics may be established. It is of great importance which particle is to form first. Even a slight deviation in the sequence or timing would make it impossible for the universe to take its current shape.
Let us stop now and do some thinking.
The Big Bang theory provides evidence for Allah's being by showing that all matter comprising the universe originated from nothingness. It did even more and showed that the building blocks – the atoms – also came into existence from nothing less than one second after the Big Bang. The enormous equilibrium and order in these particles are worthy of note. The universe owes its present state to this equilibrium that will be described in more detail in the pages ahead. It is again this equilibrium that allows us to live a peaceful life. In short, perfect order and un-changing laws, "the laws of physics", have formed following an explosion that would normally be expected to create great turmoil and disorder. This proves that each moment following the creation of the universe, including the Big Bang, has been designed perfectly.
Now, let us continue looking at the developments from where we left off.
Do you not see that everyone in the heavens and everyone on the earth prostrates to Allah, and the sun and moon and stars and the mountains, trees and beasts and many of mankind? But many of them inevitably merit punishment. Those Allah humiliates will have no one to honour them. Allah does whatever He wills. (Surat al-Hajj: 18)
The next step is the moment at which a time of 10-1 seconds has elapsed. At this moment, the temperature is 30 billion degrees. Not even one second has elapsed from t = 0 moment to this stage. By now, neutrons and protons, the other particles of the atom, have started to appear. The neutrons and protons, the perfect structures of which we will analyse in the following sections, were created out of nothing within a time period even shorter than a second.
Let us come to the first second after the explosion. The massive density at this time again gives a colossal figure. According to calculations, the density value of the mass present at that stage is 3.8 billion kilograms per litre. It may be easy to express this figure, termed as billions of kilograms, arithmetically, and to show it on paper. Yet, it is impossible to conceive of this figure exactly. To give a very simple example to express the magnitude of this figure, we can say "if Mount Everest in the Himalayas had this density, it could swallow our world in a moment with the force of gravitation it would possess."7
The most distinctive characteristic of the subsequent moments is that by then, the temperature has reached a considerably lower level. At that stage, the universe is approximately 14 seconds old, has a temperature of 3 billion degrees and continues to expand at a dramatic speed.
This is the stage where the steady atomic nuclei, like hydrogen and helium nuclei, have started to form. One proton and one neutron have for the first time found conditions conducive to their co-existing. These two particles, which have a mass straddling the line between existence and non-existence, have, because of the force of gravitation, started resisting the tremendous rate of expansion. It is obvious that a dramatically conscious and controlled process is in progress here. A massive explosion gives way to great equilibrium and precise order. Protons and neutrons have started to come together to form the atom, the building block of matter. It is certainly totally impossible for these particles to have the power and consciousness to establish the delicate balances required for the formation of matter.
During the epoch following this formation, the temperature of the universe has dropped to one billion degrees. This temperature is 60 times the temperature at the core of our sun. Only 3 minutes and 2 seconds have elapsed from the first instant to this one. By now, sub-atomic particles like photons, protons, anti protons, neutrinos and anti-neutrinos are abundant. The quantities of all the particles existing in this phase and their interactions with each other are extremely critical. So much so that the slightest variation in the quantity of any particle will destroy the energy level set by them and prevent the conversion of energy into matter.
The Hydrogen Atom
Take electrons and positrons for example: when electrons and positrons come together, energy is produced. Therefore, the numbers of both particles are very important. Let us say that 10 units of electrons and 8 units of positrons meet. In this case, 8 of the 10 units of electrons interact with 8 units of positrons and produce energy. As a result, 2 units of electrons are released. Since the electron is one of the particles forming the atom that is the building block of the universe, it has to be available in required quantities in this stage so that the universe may exist. To take up the abovementioned example, if the number of positrons was more than that of the electrons, then positrons would be left over instead of electrons as a result of the energy released and the material universe would never be formed. If the numbers of positrons and electrons were equal, then only energy would be produced and nothing left to form the material universe. Yet, this excess in the number of electrons has been arranged in such a way as to match the number of protons in the universe in the time that follows this moment. In the atom that will form later on, the numbers of electrons and protons will be equal.
The numbers of particles that emerged in the aftermath of the Big Bang were determined with so precise a calculation, finally leading to the formation of the material universe. Professor Steven Weinberg remarks on how critical is the interaction between these particles:
If the universe in the first few minutes was really composed of precisely equal numbers of particles and antiparticles, they would all have annihilated as the temperature dropped below 1,000 million degrees, and nothing would be left but radiation. There is a very good evidence against this possibility – we are here! There must have been some excess of electrons over positrons, of protons over antiprotons, and of neutrons over antineutrons, in order that there would be something left over after the annihilation of particles and antiparticles to furnish the matter of the present universe.8
A total of 34 minutes and 40 seconds have passed since the outset. Our universe is now half an hour old. The temperature has dropped from degrees expressed in billions to 300 million degrees. The electrons and positrons continue producing energy by colliding with each other. By now, the quantities of the particles that are to form the universe have been balanced to allow the formation of the material universe.
Steven Weinberg
Once the rate of the explosion slows down, these particles, almost lacking a mass, start to interact with one another. The first hydrogen atom forms by an electron settling into the orbit of a proton. This formation introduces us to the fundamental forces we will commonly encounter in the universe.
It is no doubt impossible for these particles, which are products of a design far beyond human comprehension and have distinct structures resting on extremely delicate balances, to have come together through coincidence and to act towards the same goal. This perfection leads many researchers working on the subject to a very important conclusion: it is a "creation" and there is a matchless supervision of every moment of this creation. Each particle that is created after the explosion is supposed to form at a specific time, at a specific temperature and at a specific velocity. It seems that this system, which runs almost like a wound-up clock, had been programmed with such fine-tuning before becoming active. This means that the Big Bang and the perfect universe that originated as a result of the Big Bang had been designed before the inception of the explosion and afterwards put into action.
The will that arranges, designs and controls the universe is certainly that of Allah, the Creator of everything.
The Helium Atom
This design is observable not only in the atom, but in every object in the universe, big or small. These particles, which initially dashed away from each other at the speed of light, not only caused the formation of hydrogen atoms, but also gave rise to all the enormous systems contained within the universe today, as well as the atoms, molecules, planets, suns, solar systems, galaxies, quasars etc., according to a magnificent plan, and in perfect order and balance. While it is impossible for the particles required to form an atom to come together by chance and establish delicate balances, it would be far more unreasonable and illogical to claim that planets, galaxies, and in short, all systems that provide the workings of the universe to form by chance and develop balances by themselves. The will that makes this unique design is that of Allah, the Creator of the entire universe.
Other atoms formed following the hydrogen atom, which was a miracle on its own. At this point, various questions come to mind such as "How did other atoms form? Why didn't all protons and neutrons form only the hydrogen atom? How did the particles decide which atoms they would form and in what quantities?" The answer to these questions again takes us to the same conclusion. There is a great power, control and design in the formation of the hydrogen atom and all the other atoms that followed. This control and design exceeds the capacity of the human mind and points to the fact that the universe is obviously a "creation." The laws of physics that were established in the aftermath of the Big Bang have not changed at all during the approximately 17 billion years that have passed. Furthermore, these laws are based on such precise calculations that even millimetric deviations from their present values may cause results upsetting the general structure and order in the entire universe. The words of famous physicist Prof. Stephen Hawking addressing this point are quite interesting. Hawking explains that these phenomena are based on much finer calculations then we can imagine:
If the rate of expansion one second after the big bang had been smaller by even one part in a hundred thousand million million, the universe would have recollapsed before it ever reached its present size.9
The Big Bang, which is built on such fine calculations, evidently reveals that time, space and matter did not come into being spontaneously, but were created by Allah. It is absolutely impossible for the events described above to have formed as a result of sheer coincidence and to lead to the formation of the atom, the building block of the universe.
Unsurprisingly, many scientists working on the subject have accepted the existence of an infinite force and its might in the creation of the universe. The renowned astrophysicist Hugh Ross explains that the Creator of the universe is beyond all dimensions:
By definition, time is that dimension in which cause-and-effect phenomena take place. No time, no cause and effect. If time's beginning is concurrent with the beginning of the universe, as the space-time theorem says, then the cause of the universe must be some entity operating in a time dimension completely independent of and pre-existent to the time dimension of the cosmos. …It tells us that the Creator is transcendent, operating beyond the dimensional limits of the universe. It tells us that God is not the universe itself, nor is God contained within the universe.10
The most important aspect of the Big Bang is that it gives mankind the chance to understand Allah's power better. The origination of a universe with all the matter it contains from nothing is one of the greatest signs of Allah's might. The delicate equilibrium in the energy at the moment of the explosion is a very big sign directing us towards thinking about the infinity of Allah's knowledge.
He has made night and day subservient to you, and the sun and moon and stars, all subject to His command. There are certainly Signs in that for people who use their intellect. (Surat an-Nahl: 12)
Fundamental Forces In the Universe
We mentioned that the laws of physics in the universe originated after the Big Bang. These laws are based on the "four fundamental forces" known to modern physics today. These forces were formed along with the formation of the first sub-atomic particles at specifically appointed times in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang to form the entire order and system of the universe. Atoms, which make up the material universe, owe their existence and extremely even distribution across the universe to the interaction of these forces. These forces are the force of mass attraction known as the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. All have a distinct intensity and field of impact. The strong and weak nuclear forces operate only at the sub-atomic scale. The remaining two – the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force – govern assemblages of atoms, in other words "matter." The flawless order on the earth is the outcome of the highly delicate proportion of these forces. A comparison of those forces produces a very interesting result. All the matter that was created and dispersed across the universe following the Big Bang was shaped by the effect of these forces, which have wide gulfs between them. Below are the stunningly different values of these forces shown in international standard units:
These fundamental forces allow the formation of the material universe through a perfect distribution of power. This proportion between the forces is based on such a delicate balance that they can cause the due effect on particles only at these particular proportions.
1. The Giant Power in the Nucleus: The Strong Nuclear Force
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1. Carbon -14: 6 protons, 8 neutrons
2. Neutron
3. Electron
4. Proton
6. Photon
7. Nitrogen -14: 7 protons, 7 neutrons
Up to this point, we reviewed how the atom was created moment by moment and the delicate balances acting in this creation. We saw that everything around us, including ourselves, is made up of atoms and these atoms consist of many particles. What then is the force that holds all the particles that form the nucleus of the atom together? This force, which keeps the nucleus intact, and which is the most powerful force defined by the laws of physics, is the "strong nuclear force".
Strong nuclear force: 15
Weak nuclear force: 7.03 x 10-3
Gravitational force: 5.90 x 10-39
Electromagnetic force: 3.05 x 10-12
This force ensures that the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom stay together without flying apart. The nucleus of the atom is formed in this way. This force is so strong that it almost causes the protons and neutrons within the nucleus to bind to each other. This is why the minute particles that possess this force are called "gluon" meaning "glue" in Latin. The strength of this bond is adjusted very sensitively. The intensity of this force has been specifically arranged to provide that the protons and neutrons keep at a certain distance to each other. If this force had been just slightly stronger, the protons and the neutrons would bump into each other. If this force had been slightly weaker, they would be dispersed. This force has just the proper degree required for the formation of the nucleus of the atom after the first seconds of the Big Bang.
The Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings were indicative of how destructive the strong nuclear force becomes once it is liberated. The only reason atomic bombs, which will be reviewed in more detail in the chapters ahead, are so effective is the liberation of tiny amounts of this force hidden in the nucleus of the atom.
2. Safety Belt of the Atom: The Weak Nuclear Force
One of the most important factors maintaining order on the earth is the balance within the atom. This balance ensures that things do not suddenly fall apart or emit harmful radiation. The "weak nuclear force" is responsible for this balance between protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom. This force plays an important role in maintaining the equilibrium of the nuclei that contain high numbers of neutrons and protons.
As this balance is maintained, a neutron, if required, may be changed into a proton. Since the number of protons in the nucleus changes at the end of this process, the atom changes too and becomes a different atom. Here, the result is very significant. An atom transforms into a different atom without disintegrating and continues its existence. This safety belt protects living organisms against the dangers that would otherwise arise from particles breaking free uncontrollably and giving harm to people.
3. The Force That Keeps Electrons in Orbit: The Electro-magnetic Force
The discovery of this force ushered in a new age in the world of physics. It was then understood that each particle bears "an electrical charge" according to its own structural characteristics and that a force exists between these electrical charges. This force provides that particles with opposite electrical charges attract each other and particles with the same charge repel each other, therefore ensuring that the protons in the nucleus of the atom and the electrons travelling in the orbits around it attract each other. In this way, the "nucleus" and the "electrons", the two basic elements of the atom, stay together.
The slightest change in the strength of this force would cause electrons to shoot away from the nucleus or to fall into the nucleus. In both cases, it would become impossible for the atom and therefore, the material universe to exist. Yet, from the first moment this force formed, the protons in the nucleus attracted the electrons at the exact force required for the formation of the atom thanks to the value of this force.
4. The Force Holding the Universe Together: The Gravitational Force
Supreme design and perfect order prevail in the entire universe governed by these fundamental forces. The Owner of this order is, beyond doubt, Allah, Who created everything flawlessly out of nothing. Isaac Newton (1642-1727), the father of modern physics and celestial mechanics, who is recognized as "one of the greatest scientists who ever lived" draws attention to this fact:
"This most beautiful system of the sun, planets, and comets could only proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being. This Being governs all things, not as the soul of the world, but as Lord over all, and on account of His dominion. He is wont to be called Lord God, Universal Ruler."
Being the only force we can ordinarily perceive, it is also the one about which we know least. Commonly known as gravity, this force is actually called the "mass attraction force". Although it is the least powerful force compared to the other forces, by it very large masses attract each other. This force is the reason why the galaxies and stars in the universe stay in each other's orbits. The earth and other planets remain in a certain orbit around the sun again with the help of this gravitational force. We are able to walk on the earth because of this force. If there were a decline in the value of this force, the stars would fall, the earth would be ripped from its orbit and we would be dispersed from the earth into the space. In the case of the slightest increase, the stars would collide with each other, the earth would run into the sun and we would be pulled into the earth's crust. These may seem very remote possibilities to you now but they would be inevitable if this force had deviated from its present value even for a very short time.
All scientists doing research on this subject admit that the precisely determined values of these fundamental forces are crucial for the existence of the universe.
Addressing this point, the famous molecular biologist Michael Denton states in his book Nature's Destiny: How the Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose in the Universe:
If, for example, the gravitational force was a trillion times stronger, then the universe would be far smaller and its life history far shorter. An average star would have a mass a trillion times less than the sun and a life span of about one year. On the other hand, if gravity had been less powerful, no stars or galaxies would have ever formed. The other relationships and values are no less critical. If the strong force had been just slightly weaker, the only element that would be stable would be hydrogen. No other atoms could exist. If it had been slightly stronger in relation to electromagnetism, then an atomic nucleus consisting of only two protons would be a stable feature of the universe-which would mean there would be no hydrogen, and if any stars or galaxies evolved, they would be very different from the way they are. Clearly, if these various forces and constants did not have precisely the values they do, there would be no stars, no supernovae, no planets, no atoms, no life.11
Renowned physicist Paul Davies states his admiration for the predetermined values of the laws of physics in the universe:
When one goes on to study cosmology, incredulity mounts. Recent discoveries about the primeval cosmos oblige us to accept that the expanding universe has been set up in its motion with a cooperation of astonishing precision.12
Supreme design and perfect order prevail in the entire universe constructed on a foundation provided by these fundamental forces. The owner of this order is, beyond doubt, Allah, Who created everything flawlessly out of nothing. Allah, the Lord of all the worlds, holds the stars in their orbits with the weakest of forces, and holds together the nucleus of the minute atom with the strongest of forces. All forces act according to the "measures" He has determined. Allah refers to the order in the creation of universe and the equilibriums "determined most exactly" in one of His verses:
He to whom the dominion of the heavens and the earth belongs. He does not have a son and He has no partner in His dominion. He created everything and determined it most exactly. (Surat al-Furqan: 2)
One can stay in an environment without gravity only for a certain period using special equipment. Living beings can only survive in a system where gravity exists.
1. David Filkin, Stephen Hawking's Universe:The Cosmos Explained, Basic Books, October 1998, pp. 85-86
2. Stephen Hawking's A Brief History of Time A Reader's Companion (Edited by Stephen Hawking; prepared by Gene Stone), New York, Bantam Books, 1982, p. 62-63
3. Henry Margenau, Roy Abraham Vargesse, Cosmos, Bios, Theos, La Salla IL: Open Court Publishing, 1992, p. 241
4. H. P. Lipson, "A Physicist Looks at Evolution", Physics Bulletin, vol. 138, 1980, p. 138
5. Taşkın Tuna, Uzayın Sırları (The Secrets of Space), Boğaziçi Yayınları, p.185
6. Colin A. Ronan, The Universe Explained, The Earth-Dwellers's Guide to the Mysteries of Space, Henry Holt and Company, pp. 178-179
7. Taşkın Tuna, Uzayın Sırları (The Secrets of Space), Boğaziçi Yayınları, p.186
8. Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes, A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, Basic Books, June 1993, p. 87
9. Stephen W. Hawking, A Brief History of Time, Bantam Books, April 1988, p. 121
10. Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, How Greatest Scientific Discoveries of the Century Reveal God, Colorado: NavPress, Revised Edition, 1995, p. 76
11. Michael Denton, Nature's Destiny:How The Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose in the Universe, The New York: The Free Press, 1998, pp. 12-13
12. Paul Davies, The Accidental Universe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982, Foreword


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The Steelers and Titans both attempted game-winning field goals in the final minute on Thursday night. Steelers kicker Shaun Suisham came up a yard short. Titans kicker Rob Bironas was perfect.
Bironas's kick as time expired gave the Titans a 26-23 win over the Steelers, in a good Thursday night game that may help the Titans turn around their season, and may prove to be costly for the Steelers.
It will be costly not only because it drops the Steelers to 2-3, but also because the injuries piled up for Pittsburgh. Steelers center Maurkice Pouncey and tackle Marcus Gilbert both suffered leg injuries, while running back Rashard Mendenhall suffered an apparent Achilles injury, and running back Isaac Redman, who was having a great game catching passes out of the backfield, left with an ankle injury.
Despite facing a lot of pressure, Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger had a strong night, completing 24 of 40 passes for 363 yards, with one touchdown and one interception. Titans quarterback Matt Hasselbeck was also effective, completing 25 of 44 passes for 290 yards with one touchdown and one interception.
And when Suisham's field goal was short with 49 seconds left to play, Hasselbeck maneuvered the Titans into position for Bironas's game winner. This was a win the Titans needed, and a loss the Steelers could ill afford.


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Wastewater Treatment Plant Ultrasonic Flow Meter and V-notch Weir
Effluent flow measurement in wastewater treatment plants have traditionally been measured by weirs, flumes, time-transit flowmeters, partially filled pipe flow meters, insertion meters, magmeters and other flowmeter technologies. This wastewater treatment plant uses two 90 degree V-notch weirs along with an Ultrasonic Flow Meter system from Aqua Technology Group and Nivelco to accurately measure the treated waste water as it flows out of the plant into the receiving waters.
But what if you have a flow meter application like this dual 90 Degree V Notch Weir or another primary flow device? Aqua Technology Group and Nivelco have you covered with a best of breed solution for any wastewater flow application.
How Does a Ultrasonic Flowmeter with V-notch Weir Flowmeter Work?
The two v-notch weirs act as the primary flow measurement devices for the system. Primary measuring devices like these weirs provide a reliable way of producing a measurable head (or water level) above the crest elevation. The V-notch weirs are are available in various angles and we typically fabricate them out of 1/4″ or larger aluminum plate. We can even provide them as fabricated fiberglass weirs. The head 0r water level above the crest (or bottom of the V) of this 90 Degree V-notch weir is accurately measured by a Nivelco EasyTREK ultrasonic level transmitter. The integrated ultrasonic level transmitter and flow meter sends a scaled 4-20 mA + HART signal over two wires to the Nivelco MultiCONT multichannel display and process controller. The MultiCONT can act as a fully featured multichannel process controller in many applications but here it simply provides a remote display of the instantaneous level in feet along with flow in GPM (Gallons Per Minute). The MultiCONT process controller also provides the accumulated flow in both resettable and non-resettable totalizers. The 4-20 mA signal is then looped through the wastewater effluent sampler and back to the RTU and SCADA system for analysis and archiving.
What's the angle of that V-notch weir?
V-notch Weir Angles Range from 22.5 Degrees up to 120 Degrees
22.5 Degree V-notch weir
30 Degree V-notch weir
45 Degree V-notch weir
60 Degree V-notch weir
90 Degree V-notch weir
120 Degree V-notch weir
V-Notch Weir Design Considerations
- Minimum of 2.4 inches or 0.2 feet of head (water level above the crest).
- Maximum of 24 inches or 2.0 feet of head (higher is possible but not recommended for good accuracy).
- The upstream weir face must be vertical – always check with a level.
- The edges of the weir must be cut or machined straight, sharp and crisp – no burs or jagged edges.
- The channel should have a free-fall of 6″ (152.4 mm) downstream of the crest of the weir.
- Ice, debris, corrosion, algae and biological buildup must be removed regularly – keep the edges clean!
- The weir nappe must be adequately aerated so the water does not cling to the outfall face of the weir.
- The pool on the upstream side of the weir must be kept free of weeds and debris.
- The upstream pool must be large enough and properly sized to ensure accuracy.
- The approach velocity of weirs should normally be below 0.5 ft./s (0.1524 m/s). Above this requires calibration.
How to Size Your V-Notch Weir
What is the Minimum and Maximum Head for V-notch Weirs? Download V-notch Weir Min/Max Table
Flow may become very unstable if you regularly have low discharge head (or water level above the notch). If the minimum head of .2′ (2.4″) is not reached, you may see flow inconsistencies or even meter errors. Engineers and flow experts alike agree that heads less than 2.4 inches will not produce reliable flow meter results as the nappe tends to adhere to the crest of the weir and viscous drag is observed.
How Do I Calculate Flow Across a V-notch Weir at a Given Head? Download V-notch Weir Discharge Table
In this 90 degree V-notch weir application, we want to know our flow in GPM (gallons per minute). We have approximately 1.0 feet of head which calculates out to about 112o GPM. We calculate this by taking 1120 times the head in Feet ^2.5 power. (1120 x 1^2.5 = 1120 GPM).
Choosing the Right Ultrasonic Flow Meter for V-notch Weirs and Flumes
Not all flowmeters are created equal. Some consist of cheap components, low accuracy and other shortcuts to keep costs low. The units keep moving out the factory door but later end up in the trash bin!
We prefer the customer centric longer approach by providing the best mixture of price and quality. That leads to industry leading customer satisfaction and the least amount of warranty service calls. The Nivelco EasyTREK and MultiCONT in this application have been in continuous service for nearly a decade. We hope every customer can get that type of life. Nivelco keeps you covered with a industry leading 3 Year Warranty.
No flow meter can be the perfect fit for every V-notch weir or flume flow measurement application. Contact our team save you time and money with a matched system for years of service. Looking for a compact ultrasonic flow meter solution? Check out the EchoTREK compact ultrasonic flow meter. We can also help you meter water and collect meaningful data throughout the entire water cycle – raw water sources, wells, raw water pumping, water treatment plant, water distribution, waste water collection system, metering manholes, lift station flowmeters, wastewater treatment plant flowmeter, plant process flow meters, wastewater treatment plant effluent flow and everything else in between.
Maybe you even have an existing V-notch and ultrasonic flow meter that needs service. Aqua Technology Group provides flow meter calibration, repair and emergency service for your water and waste water plant.


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Kefaya leaders are currently trying to breathe life back into the corpse of the opposition movement and held a press conference this week to present their new coordinator, Abdel Halim Qandeel.
It was held in a dodgy-looking building in Mounira. One of those splended pre-war edifices which have been left to go to seed, all broken windows and stained walls. I was initially convinced that I had got the address wrong.
Having neglected to observe the golden rule regarding press conference timing I waited 45 minutes for the effin thing to start, despite arriving fifteen minutes late. I used the time to watch the organisers put the finishing touches to the setting. This largely consisted of hanging up zillions of banners and pieces of cards bearing anti-Zionist and anti-regime slogans, until the place looked like a giant library notice board gone mad. A huge Palestinian flag had been affixed above the speakers' heads while Hassan Nasrallah looked out beneficently from the front of the speakers' table, to which he had been pinned.
One restless organiser decided that it would be a good idea to clean the table while waiting for proceedings to begin, and did so using a tissue moistened with a mineral water bottle containing tap water. He apparently tired of the table halfway through the endeavour and instead switched to his head, wiping the bald pate with a circular motion while in discussion with another organiser.
The table the organisers selected was a mistake. Qandeel is a small man, and the table's elevation/shortness of his chair/both had the effect of making him look even tinier. The effect was only intensified by the chaotic collection of huge banners which surrounded him above and below: Kefaya has always been dwarfed by (rather than exploiting) the issues around which it rallies, and Qandeel seemed the embodiment of this, shrunk and lost somewhere in the midst of the slogans. And Nasrallah.
A political movement must have an identity independent of the issue(s) around which it rallies if it to endure, innit. As has often been pointed out, this is/was Kefaya's critical weakness: it based its existence on opposition to the presidential elections, succeeded in capitalising on the momentum generated by popular opposition to inherited rule, and has since been busy playing Swingball with itself now that it apparently doesn't have an issue to lob at the regime.
Interestingly Karima El-Hefnawy told the press conference that Kefaya came into existence to oppose the regime, and will cease to exist once the regime ends. Qandeel meanwhile said that as part of Kefaya's makeover, they will cease merely to be an anti, 'no' movement and will instead be a force for change - a la Obama, perhaps?? This he says will be carried out via the 'Coalition of Egyptians for Change' which will apparently unite in one group Egypt's political and social forces. I don't know why but I thought of the Travelling Wilburys.
It's an ambitious endeavour given the fragmented state of Egyptian politics, the crippling apathy gripping the street, and the regime's WWF approach to protests. Qandeel has promised some kind of earth-shattering 'surprise' in February concerning the Coalition. Short of the news that Hosny Mubarak will be joining the Coalition of Egyptians for Change I can't see what magical political alchemy they have in store.
I overheard a comment made just before the start of the conference, while the bald man was busy polishing his head. It was saddening somehow, in its delusion. Someone who had just arrived said to the organisers, "I thought I had got the wrong place: the street is completely empty! There's no police at all – during a Kefaya conference!"
Almost as an afterthought, he to reassure himself he added, "Perhaps they're all on Qasr El-Aini Street [the main street perpendicular to the street in which the press conference took place]".
He may have been joking, but seemed not to be.


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Parking at Manchester
Browse our great parking deals at Manchester Airport to find the right one for you. Choose from multi-storey indoor or outdoor options, short- or long-stay car parks, or whether you prefer a Park and Ride or a Meet and Greet service. We will find the best deal for your needs and the most convenient one for your terminal. You could even save up to 60% by booking today!
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Since it serves more than 25 million passengers a year, Manchester Airport has an abundance of parking options for all types of travellers. Whether you are flying as a family or an individual for a holiday or a business trip, you can compare parking with us at Looking4.com to find a deal that suits your requirements.
There are multi-storey, short- and long-stay, and indoor and outdoor car parks that allow you to leave your vehicle for anything between a few hours and a few weeks – to that end, you can book by the hour, by the day or by the week in any parking facility. Some of the car parks are only available if you pre-book your space, though, so be sure not to leave it until the day you arrive to secure a spot for your vehicle.
You have a range of options from which to choose: Meet and Greet, Park and Ride and On-site Parking are all available at Manchester.
|Car Park
|Daily Rates From
|Manchester Toad Park and Ride
|Manchester Peter Ashley Park and Ride
|Manchester Jetparks 3
|Manchester JetParks Ringway Park and Ride
|APH Manchester - Park and Ride
These are our cheapest prices based on the daily price when staying for a week in a month's time. To get prices accurate for you, use the search box above to compare prices for your parking dates.
Meet and Greet allows you to drop your keys off with an attendant to park for you, which is easier when you're travelling with children. When you're back, all you have to do is simply pick up your keys from reception and head to your car, which is usually parked only a few metres away.
Park and Ride and On-site parking mean finding your own parking space before walking or catching a free shuttle bus to your terminal.
The On-site car parks at MAN utilise Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology for hassle-free entry, which means you can simply drive up to the barrier and the sensor will detect your registration details to match it to your booking and let you in.
All of the parking facilities at Manchester either are within walking distance of the terminals or run frequent and reliable transfer services to take you to your desired location. The transfer time is seldom longer than 10 minutes, so you can get straight to check-in after you have parked.
Manchester Airport (MAN) is the largest regional airport in the UK and the gateway to the north of England for the rest of the world. Over 200 destinations are served by it, which is why more than 25 million passengers pass through its terminals every year.
Manchester Airport, which is owned by Manchester Airports Group (MAG), is located 8.6 miles (13.9 kilometres) south west of the city centre and is connected to it by many modes of transport. The Station, as it is officially known at MAN, offers train and tram services to and from the city and its surrounding areas; the cities of Leeds, Sheffield, Liverpool and Preston can all be reached within 90 minutes of the airport by train. The tram from MAN to Manchester city centre takes approximately 35 minutes via Cornbrook station.
The airport itself is part of transport development plans to improve connection times between the north and the south of England via the High-Speed 2 (HS2) railway, which is due for completion in 2033. The HS2 station at MAN will cut an hour off the journey time to London, making Manchester even more attractive as a destination for holidaymakers and businesses.
As one of the busiest airports in the world, Manchester gives travellers a wide selection of airlines across three interconnected terminals, commonly referred to as T1, T2 and T3. The youngest of the three terminals, T3, was opened in 1989 by Princess Diana, 51 years after the airport became fully operational in 1938. The site at Ringway, Manchester, was used as a base for the RAF during World War II and reopened to the public shortly afterwards to go on to become the vibrant hub of world travel it is today.
Passengers using Manchester Airport are not short of choice when it comes to facilities. The three terminals are packed with convenient stores and fun things to do.
A range of shops that you would expect to see on every major high street make it easy to grab last-minute clothes, books and accessories, whilst the many bars and restaurants make it even easier to kick back, relax and begin your holiday before you've even stepped onto a plane.
If you have any special requirements for your time at MAN, it's advised that you contact customer services ahead of your arrival on +44 (0)800 042 0213.
As a traveller using Manchester Airport, you can book a hotel and a parking space at the same time to combine a good night's rest with leaving your vehicle parked safely for as long as you are away.
If you are due to jet off in the early morning and need to get to your terminal before daybreak, this gives you the option to remove the stress and danger of driving in the middle of the night before your flight.
If you want to travel in style, you can choose from the luxury hotels at Manchester Airport to get off to a flying start with perks such as swimming pools and restaurants with panoramic views, whilst the cheaper budget hotels will help you save a little more to spend in your destination.
All of the hotels with parking available are minutes away from the airport terminals, so it's as straightforward to leave your vehicle before your flight as it is to pick it up again upon your return.
Visitors with a bit of time to spare – or even a passing interest in planes – can visit the Runway Visitor Park on the grounds of Manchester Airport. Here, you can watch the aircrafts land and take off from an exhilaratingly close vantage point and grab a bite to eat from the restaurant.
The Runway Visitor Park experience doesn't stop at watching planes in action. You can even book a tour to see a legendary Concorde in its hangar whilst you're there. Trust us, it's an impressive sight on the ground, too.
If you're travelling in the middle of winter or just prefer the comforts of the indoors, you can partake in a bit of plane spotting inside Manchester Airport. The floor-to-ceiling windows are lined with seating and designed specifically for increased visibility of the runways, so it's one the kids are sure to love.
Terminals 1 and 2 boast a couple of the best airport lounges in the country in Aspire. If you've got a long-haul flight ahead of you, there is no better way to relax with comfortable seating, complimentary food and drinks, and huge runway-facing windows to watch the planes travelling in and out of Manchester Airport.
In all three terminals of MAN, you'll find an Escape Lounge. It's the airport's way of putting your feet up for you before a long flight so you can worry about nothing more than what to eat or drink next.
Terminal 3 has the cream of the crop of airport lounges. Its adults-only executive lounge is ideal for getting some peace and quiet in the frantic airport environment, whether you're working or resting before you jet off.
Manchester Airport is practically a mini-city in itself; there's even a pub in it. With classic meals and real ales to accompany amazing runway views, you can't go wrong with counting down the minutes until you take off in here.
Fancy getting your nails, lashes and brows done as a last-minute treat before your holiday? Stop by Cloud Spa in Terminals 1 and 2 for the ultimate pre-holiday chill factor and come out feeling refreshed and ready to relax some more.
As well as a great pub offering, Manchester Airport has its fair share of restaurants for slightly more up-market meals. You can travel the world with your taste buds before you take off in any of the three terminals – they have everything from French to Italian to Mexican, so you won't be short of choice.
One of the reasons MAN is such an appealing airport is the vast array of high-street brands it has in its shops. You can even fill one whole bag in them and take it onto your flight along with your hand luggage. What's more, if you want to splash out on an expensive item that isn't fit for travelling with, you can leave it with them in a safe and secure place to collect upon your return.
Take a leap back to the Industrial Revolution by spending a few hours in one of the greatest mills in Great Britain. Located just 2.4 miles from Manchester Airport, Quarry Bank Mill was once awash with hard-workers in a dedicated industrial community and you can sense just what it was like as you take the tour of its grounds.
Eagles, vultures and hawks are just some of the incredible birds of prey you can admire at Gauntlet in Knutsford. It's just five miles from Manchester Airport and perfect for a family day out, especially for the budding wildlife photographer on one of their specialist workshops.
Open most days of the week and aimed at fans of food, drink, arts and crafts, Altrincham Market is a true delight for the senses. Experience the best of the local area from chefs and designers alike – this is one for all the family.
Hale Country Club is a place of pure indulgence. Treat your body and mind to a session of tranquillity just minutes from Manchester Airport. Swimming pools and spa treatments in abundance will make you want to stay there forever.
If relaxing at the spa isn't up your street, get bouncing at the trampoline park in Wilmslow. Energi Trampoline Park does everything from disco days to fitness classes in one of the most fun and energetic ways imaginable.
Manchester is, of course, the home of football to many a fan around the world. Manchester United's stadium, Old Trafford, is a must-see for any visitor to the city – stadium tours let you see the trophy rooms and dugouts of the world's most famous sports team.
The eye-catching Etihad Stadium is the electric home of Manchester City and simply has to be on your to-do list. As well as hosting exhilarating football, it regularly brings the biggest acts in the world to the people of Manchester. Get involved or miss out on the likes of Bruce Springsteen, The Stone Roses and Coldplay here.
The multi-million-pound media complex in Salford is a sight to behold and an experience not to be missed. Grab a bite to eat on the quayside or get inspired in the theatre at the home of the BBC, the University of Salford and the world-famous Salford Quays.
The three terminals at Manchester Airport are used by most of the world's major airlines. Terminal 1, which is the largest of the trio, is a base for easyJet, Jet2.com and Thomas Cook and a major port for Emirates, Etihad and Lufthansa. The airport is also a hub for Flybe, which operates out of Terminal 3 along with major airlines such as American Airlines, British Airways and Ryanair.
|Adria Airways
|Aegean Airlines
|Aer Lingus
|Air Canada
|Air Canada Rouge
|Air Europa
|Air France
|Air Malta
|Air Transat
|American Airlines
|ASL Airlines France
|Austrian Airlines
|Balkan Holidays
|BH Air
|BMI Regional
|British Airways
|Brussels Airlines
|Cathay Pacific
|Cobalt Air
|Corendon Dutch Airlines
|Delta Air Lines
|Enter Air
|Etihad Airways
|Etihad Airways
|Hainan Airlines
|Iberia Express
|Iraqi Airways
|Jetsgo Holidays
|Monarch Airlines
|Norwegian Air
|Olympic Holidays
|Oman Air
|Pakistan International Airlines
|Pegasus Airlines
|Qatar Airways
|Royal Air Maroc
|Sardatur Holidays
|SAS Scandinavian
|Saudi Airlines
|Singapore Airlines
|Small Planet Airlines
|Swiss International Air Lines
|TAP Portugal
|Thomas Cook Airlines
|Thomson Airways
|Titan Airways
|Turkish Airlines
|United Airlines
|Virgin Atlantic
Manchester Airport is located at Junction 5 of the M56. You can navigate there via the post code M90 1QX.
If you're travelling from afar, you can reach the M56 via the M6 and the M60. If you're travelling from a local area, just follow the signs for the A34 or the A5103.
The car parks at MAN are all locally situated and signposted on approach, as are the corresponding terminals for ease of navigation. Make sure you note down the name of the car park you are booked in before you set off so you can easily identify it on the signs as you approach the airport.
The Station at the airport can be reached from Manchester Piccadilly - and vice versa – in around 20 minutes. Services run every 10 minutes to and from the airport, so connections to Manchester city centre are straightforward. It is also possible to connect to other major cities directly from the Station.
The airport itself is only 10 minutes' walk from The Station and it can be accessed via elevators and escalators.
The tram services to and from MAN connect it to the city and its surrounding areas. It takes approximately 35 minutes to get from the airport to Manchester city centre via Cornbrook station, 25 minutes to get to Old Trafford football or cricket grounds and 50 minutes to get to Etihad Stadium.
Wherever your destination, you must buy a ticket in The Station or on the platform before you board the tram.
Manchester Airport is served by regular bus and coach services from the local areas and beyond. As is the case for travellers arriving by train or tram, The Station is the drop-off point for all bus or coach riders and the airport is reachable in a 10-minute walk from there.
Services run up to every 20 minutes in some cases. You can check the timetables here.
It goes without saying that you need plenty of time to get through check-in, security and passport control at most airports today, but MAN is a particularly busy one both inside and out.
The motorways and A-roads to the airport are regularly clogged with traffic and the queues inside have been known to take an hour or more at peak times, so give yourself plenty of time to do everything you need to do before you can step onto the plane.
There is no need to pay for parking at Manchester Airport if you are simply dropping someone off ahead of a flight. Simply pull up outside Departures, unload their luggage and wave them off without the stress of finding a last-minute parking space or being rushed on by staff.
The seats in Manchester Airport aren't designed to be as comfortable as beds and the hum of the many fellow travellers you will almost certainly encounter around them isn't conducive to a good sleep.
If you are going to be in MAN for a few hours, book into an airport lounge to get access to more comfortable seating, quieter crowds and more plug sockets to recharge your devices at the same time.
Terminals 1 and 2 are connected via the Skylink in MAN, which has a moving walkway for ease of transport. If you want to get from T1 to T3, there is a short walkway located outside the terminal building.
Manchester Airport offers special assistance to anyone with reduced mobility or visible or non-visible disabilities. To request assistance from your airline ahead of arrival, please find the appropriate contact details on the Manchester Airport website.
Yes, it is possible to combine airport parking with a hotel stay at Manchester Airport. There are many hotels ranging from budget to luxury there; you can compare your options with Looking4Parking.com before you travel.
There is a wide range of high-street names in MAN, so you can shop until you drop into your plane seat. From major coffee chains to popular fashion retailers, shopping in Manchester Airport is almost like shopping in Manchester city centre.
Charging points are hard to come by in the main lounges of the airport, but additional sockets are available in the exclusive lounges. You need to pre-book your access to them online before you get there.
The exclusive lounges at Manchester Airport are the best places to get some rest before your flight, since the main areas are often busy and noisy. Pre-book online to gain access to the quieter lounges.
In the event of lost luggage, passengers are advised to contact their airlines as quickly as possible. The airport lists the contact numbers for every carrier here.
The Lost Property service at Manchester Airport can be contacted here. You can either arrange for shipping of your item, for someone you know to collect it for you or for the service to store it for you for up to 42 days whilst you organise a way of getting back to the airport to retrieve it.
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