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Nationalization (American English), (British and Commonwealth spelling nationalisation) is the process of taking a private industry or private assets into public ownership by a national government or state.[1] Nationalization usually refers to private assets, but may also mean assets owned by lower levels of government, such as municipalities, being transferred to be the state. The opposite of nationalization is usually privatization or de-nationalization, but may also be municipalization. Industries that are usually subject to nationalization include transport, communications, energy, banking and natural resources.
Renationalization occurs when state-owned assets are privatized and later nationalized again, often when a different political party or faction is in power. A renationalization process may also be called reverse privatization. Nationalization has been used to refer to either direct state-ownership and management of an enterprise or to a government acquiring a large controlling share of a nominally private, publicly listed corporation.[citation needed]
Nationalization was one of the major means advocated by reformist socialists for transitioning from capitalism to socialism. Socialist ideologies that favor nationalization are typically called state socialism. In this context, the goals of nationalization were to dispossess large capitalists and redirect the profits of industry to the public purse, as a precursor to the long-term goals of establishing worker-management and reorganizing production toward use.[2]
Nationalized industries, charged with operating in the public interest, may be under strong political and social pressures to give much more attention to externalities. They may be obliged to operate loss-making activities where it is judged that social benefits are greater than social costs — for example, rural postal and transport services. The government has recognized these social obligations and, in some cases, provides subsidies for such non-commercial operations.
Since nationalized industries are state owned, the government is responsible for meeting any debts. The nationalized industries do not normally borrow from the domestic market other than for short-term borrowing. If they are profitable, the profit is often used to finance other state services, such as social programs and government research, which can help lower the tax burden.
Nationalization may occur with or without compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from property redistribution in that the government retains control of nationalized property. Some nationalizations take place when a government seizes property acquired illegally. For example, in 1945 the French government seized the car-makers Renault because its owners had collaborated with the Nazi occupiers of France.[3]
- 1 Compensation
- 2 Political support
- 3 Notable nationalizations by country
- 3.1 Argentina
- 3.2 Australia
- 3.3 Bolivia
- 3.4 Canada
- 3.5 Channel Islands
- 3.6 Chile
- 3.7 Croatia
- 3.8 Cuba
- 3.9 Czechoslovakia
- 3.10 Egypt
- 3.11 France
- 3.12 Germany
- 3.13 Greece
- 3.14 Iceland
- 3.15 India
- 3.16 Iran
- 3.17 Ireland
- 3.18 Israel
- 3.19 Italy
- 3.20 Japan
- 3.21 Lithuania
- 3.22 Latvia
- 3.23 Malta
- 3.24 Mexico
- 3.25 The Netherlands
- 3.26 New Zealand
- 3.27 Pakistan
- 3.28 Philippines
- 3.29 Poland
- 3.30 Portugal
- 3.31 Romania
- 3.32 Russia
- 3.33 Saudi Arabia
- 3.34 South Korea
- 3.35 Soviet Union
- 3.36 Spain
- 3.37 Sri Lanka
- 3.38 Sweden
- 3.39 Tanzania
- 3.40 Turkey
- 3.41 United Kingdom
- 3.42 United States
- 3.43 Venezuela
- 3.44 Vietnam
- 3.45 Zimbabwe
- 3.46 Other countries
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 Bibliography
- 7 External links
The traditional Western stance on compensation was expressed by United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull during the 1938 Mexican nationalization of the petroleum industry that compensation should be "prompt, effective and adequate." According to this view, the nationalizing state is obligated under international law to pay the deprived party the full value of the property taken.
The opposing position has been taken mainly by developing countries, claiming that the question of compensation should be left entirely up to the sovereign state, in line with the Calvo Doctrine. Socialist states have held that no compensation is due, based on the view that the former owners acquired ownership through exploitation, or that private ownership over socialized assets is illegitimate and exploitative of employees.
In 1962, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 1803, "Permanent Sovereignty over National Resources", which states that in the event of nationalization, the owner "shall be paid appropriate compensation in accordance with international law." In doing so, the UN rejected the traditional Calvo-doctrinist view and the Communist view. The term "appropriate compensation" represents a compromise between the traditional views, taking into account the need of developing countries to pursue reform even without the ability to pay full compensation, and the Western concern for protection of private property.
In the United States, the Fifth Amendment requires just compensation if private property is taken for public use.
Political support
|Social democracy
In the United Kingdom after the 2nd world war, nationalization gained support by the Labour party and some social democratic parties throughout Europe.
Notable nationalizations by country
- 1918 University Revolution and university nationalization
- 1946 Central Bank of Argentina
- 1946 Natural gas (privatized in 1992)
- 1947 Telephone network (privatized in 1990)
- 1947 Radio networks (privatized between 1980 and 1993)
- 1948 Railways (privatized between 1991 and 1999)
- 1949 Petroleum (the state oil concern, YPF, had been established in 1922; mineral resources were nationalized with Article 40 of the 1949 Constitution; the latter was abrogated in 1956, but oil was renationalized in 1958 and private firms operated afterward via leases)
- 1949 Port administration (privatized in 1992)
- 1949 Merchant marine (privatized in 1991)
- 1952 Buenos Aires Metro (operations privatized in 1994)
- 1958 Electric utilities (privatized in 1992)
- 1974 Television networks (privatized between 1982 and 1998)
- 1980 Austral Líneas Aéreas (privatized in 1987, renationalized in 2008)
- 2003 Postal service renationalized (state-owned between 1949 and 1997)
- 2006 AySA, the water utility serving Buenos Aires (its state-owned precursor, OSN, was established in 1912 and privatized in 1993)
- 2008 Aerolíneas Argentinas renationalized (state-owned between 1949 and 1990)
- 2008 Pension funds (transferred to ANSES)
- 2010 FAdeA (state-owned between 1927 and 1995)
- 2012 YPF renationalized (state-owned between 1922 and 1993)
- 2013 Metrogas (part of the Gas del Estado concern privatized in 1992)
- 2015 Railways[4] (renationalization of commuter lines began under the auspices of SOFSE in 2013)[5]
- 1948 The government attempted to nationalize the banks, but the act was declared unconstitutional by the High Court of Australia in the case Bank of New South Wales v Commonwealth.[6]
Most utilities were nationally owned before being privatized in 1994.
- 2006 On May 1, 2006, newly elected Bolivian president Evo Morales announced plans to nationalize the country's natural gas industry; foreign-based companies were given six months to renegotiate their existing contracts.
- 2008 On May 1, 2008, the nationalization of Bolivia's leading telecommunications company Entel was completed, previously having been owned by Telecom Italia.[7]
- 2010 On May 1, 2010, the government nationalized the country's main hydroelectric plant, thereby assuming control over most of Bolivia's electrical generation and end-user sales.[7]
- 2012 On May 1, 2012, the Morales government nationalized power grid operator Transportadora de Electricidad (TDE), until then 99.94% owned by Red Eléctrica de España. TDE owns and runs 73% of the power lines in Bolivia.[7]
- 1918 Canadian National Railways, created from several systems nationwide following their bankruptcy during and after World War I, and since privatised in 1995. (Air Canada, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Marine Atlantic and Via Rail (still government-owned) were all subsidiaries of the company at one time)
- 1944 Hydro-Québec, first created through partial nationalisation of electricity concerns around Montreal in Quebec by the Liberal government of Adélard Godbout. During the Quiet Revolution of the early 1960s, the remaining 11 privately owned electricity companies in Quebec were nationalised by the Liberal government of Jean Lesage.
- 1975 Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan, Province of Saskatchewan nationalised part of the potash industry. Many potash producers agreed to sell to the government instead of being nationalised.
Channel Islands
- 2003 Aurigny Air Services was bought by the States of Guernsey to keep precious routes from the island to London.
- 1972 Chilean nationalization of copper mining industry by the government of Salvador Allende.
On the break-up of Yugoslavia, The HDZ government nationalized private agricultural property and rezoned it under the guise of forest statesmanship, when their publicly professed agenda was to only complete the nationalization of the communists. Much of this land is in the process of being reinstated and the model rethought.
After the Cuban Revolution of 1959 the Castro government gradually expropriated all foreign-owned private companies, most of which were owned by U.S. corporations and individuals.
From 1966-68, the Castro government nationalized all remaining privately owned businesses in Cuba, down to the level of street vendors.
Castro had offered bonds at 4.5% interest over twenty years to U.S. companies, but U.S. ambassador Philip Bonsal requested the compensation up front and rejected the offer.[8] A minor amount of $1.3 million, was paid to U.S. interests before deteriorating relations ended all cooperation between the two governments.[8] The US established a registry of claims against the Cuban government, ultimately developing files on 5,911 specific companies. The Cuban government has refused to discuss the compensation of U.S. claims and the US government continues to insist on compensation for U.S. companies.[citation needed]
- 1945 Large manufacturing enterprises.
- 1948 All manufacturing enterprises.
- 1956 On July 26, 1956 Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Company.
Nationalization dates back to the 'regies' or state monopolies organized under the Ancien Régime, for example, the monopoly on tobacco sales. Communications companies France Telecom and La Poste are relics of the state postal and telecommunications monopolies.
There was a major expansion of the nationalised sector following World War II.[9] A second wave followed in 1982.
- 1938 Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF) (originally a 51% State holding, increased to 100% in 1982)[9]
- 1945 Several nationalizations in France, including most important banks and Renault.[9] The firm was seized for Louis Renault's alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany, although this condemnation was without judgement and after his death, making this case remarkable and rare. A later judgement (1949) admitted that Renault's plant never collaborated. Renault was successful but unprofitable whilst nationalised and remains successful today, after having been privatized in 1996.
- 1946 Charbonnages de France, Electricite de France (EdF), Gaz de France (GdF)
- 1982 A large part of the banking sector and industries of strategic importance to the state, especially in electronics and communications, were nationalized under the new president François Mitterrand and the PS-led government. Many of those companies were privatized again after 1986.
The Paris regional transport operator, Regie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP), can also be counted as a nationalised industry.
The railways were nationalised after World War I. Partial privatisation of Deutsche Bahn is currently underway, as of 2008.
Most enterprises in East Germany were nationalised following World War II. After reunification, an agency, Treuhand, was established to return them to private ownership. However, due to structural and economic problems inherent in the previous regime, many of these had to be liquidated.
- 2008 Renationalization of the "Bundesdruckerei" (Federal Print Office), which had been privatized in 2001.
- 1974 Nationalization of Olympic Airlines, main airline of Greece. Its founder, Aristotle Onassis, sold all his shares to the Greek state.
- 2011 Proton Bank is effectively nationalized in the midst of the Greek financial crisis
- 2008 Renationalization of Iceland's largest commercial banks: Kaupþing, Landsbanki, Glitnir and Icebank.
- 2009 Nationalization of Straumur Investment Bank and the savings bank SPRON.
The nationalised banks were credited by some, including Home minister P. Chidambaram, to have helped the Indian economy withstand the global financial crisis of 2007-2009.[10][11]
- 1949 (1 January) Reserve Bank of India nationalised (Ref.- Reserve Bank of India chronology of events). The Reserve Bank of India was state-owned at the time of Indian independence.
- 1953 Air India under the Air Corporations Act 1953.
- 1955 Imperial Bank of India and its subsidiaries (State Bank of India and its subsidiaries)
- 1969 Nationalization of 14 Indian banks.
- 1972 Nationalisation and restructuring of 106 insurance companies into four
- 1973 Coal industry and Oil companies
- 1980 Another six banks nationalized
- 1953 Iranian Prime Minister Mohammed Mossadegh nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in Iran.
Railways were nationalised in the 1940s as Coras Iompair Eireann.
- 2007 On August 3, 2007, the Irish government were offered a stake in Eircom's copper network infrastructure.[12] Ireland's telephone networks were privatised in 1999.
- 2009 On January 16, 2009, the Irish Government nationalised Anglo Irish Bank to secure the bank's viability.[13]
- 2010 State-owned Anglo Irish Bank is to take majority control of one of Ireland's largest companies QUINN group bringing it under Public ownership.[14]
- 1983 Nationalization of the major banks: Bank Hapoalim, Bank Leumi, Discount Bank, Mezrachi Bank due to the Bank stock crisis that struck in 1983.
- 1905 The railways were nationalised as Ferrovie dello Stato.
The regime of Benito Mussolini extended nationalisation, creating the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) as a State holding company for struggling firms, including the car maker Alfa Romeo. A parallel body, Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (Eni) was set up to manage State oil and gas interests.
- 1906 Railway Nationalization Act of nationalized 17 railway companies to form the nationwide railway network that was later called Japanese National Railways.
- 2003 Resona Holdings was effectively nationalized after the bank's capital adequacy went too low.
- 2010 Japan Airlines was nationalized after its bankruptcy.
- 2012 Tokyo Electric Power Company was nationalized after Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.
In 2011 Snoras bank was nationalized.
In 2008 Parex Bank was nationalized.
- 1974 Bank of Valletta is founded following nationalisation of the National Bank of Malta
- 1938 The Expropriation of the Petroleum Industry: President Lázaro Cárdenas issued a decree that the petroleum companies were in rebellion against the government and under the powers granted him under the Expropriation Act passed by the Congress of Mexico in late 1936 expropriated them. March 19, 1938, union personnel took control of the properties.[15]
- 1982 The nationalization of the Mexican banking system made by President José López Portillo in response to the debt crisis. Under the Carlos Salinas de Gortari presidency (1988–1994) the nationalized banks were privatized very rapidly between 1991 and 1992 to Mexican family groups privatized.[16]
The Netherlands
- 2008 The state nationalizes the Dutch activities of Belgian-Dutch banking and insurance company Fortis, which had come in solvability problems due to the international financial crisis.
- 2013 SNS Bank is nationalized. It had been in trouble for more than a year, not able to find a private investor. On February 1st 2013, Jeroen Dijselbloem (Dutch minister of Finance) declares SNS nationalized.
New Zealand
- 1945 The Bank of New Zealand was nationalised. It was later sold to the National Australia Bank in 1992.
- 2001 Government purchased the Auckland railway network from Tranz Rail.
- 2003 The Labour Government took an 80% stake in near-bankrupt national air carrier Air New Zealand in exchange for a large financial infusion.
- 2004 The rest of the country's rail network is purchased from Toll New Zealand, formerly Tranz Rail. A new state owned enterprise, ONTRACK, was established to maintain the rail infrastructure.
- 2008 The rolling stock and ferries of Toll New Zealand was purchased, bringing the rail system under state ownership, renamed KiwiRail.
- 1972: On January 2, 1972, Prime minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, after East Pakistan broke away, announced the nationalisation of all major industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electricals, petrochemicals, cement and public utilities except textiles industry and lands.[17]
- 2011: On December 15, 2011, Prime minister Yousaf Raza Gilani nationalized all privately held shares in PIA, Railways, and Steel Mills, in order to protect capital flight of the state-owned enterprises.[18] Pakistan Railways as well as Pakistan International Airlines.[19] The current nationalization programme remains intact to restructured and made profitable while remaining within government ownership.[19]
During the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos, important companies such as Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT), Philippine Airlines, Meralco and the Manila Hotel were nationalized. Other companies were sometimes absorbed into these government-owned corporations, as well as other companies, such as National Power Corporation (Napocor) and the Philippine National Railways, which in their own right are monopolies (exceptions are Meralco and the Manila Hotel). Today, these companies have been reprivatized and some, such as PLDT and Philippine Airlines, have been de-monopolized. Others, like government-owned and controlled corporation Napocor, are in the process of privatization.
- 1946 Following World War II the government nationalized all enterprises with over 50 employees.
- 1974 In the years following the Carnation Revolution, the Junta de Salvação Nacional and Provisional Governments nationalized all the banking, insurance, petrol and industrial companies. Among those companies were Companhia União Fabril (CUF), the assets of the Champalimaud family and SONAE. Along with the telecommunications companies, which were state-owned even before the Revolution, many of the nationalized companies were reprivatized in the 1980s and 1990s. In the agricultural sector, according to government estimates, about Script error: No such module "convert". of agricultural land were occupied between April 1974 and December 1975 in the name of land reform; about 32% of the occupations were ruled illegal. In January 1976, the government pledged to restore the illegally occupied land to its owners, and in 1977, it promulgated the Land Reform Review Law. Restoration of illegally occupied land began in 1978.[20][21]
- 2008: BPN - Banco Português de Negócios bank nationalised to prevent its collapse.
- 1948 With the Decree 119 of June 11, 1948, the new communist regime nationalised all private companies and their assets leading to the transformation of the economy from a market economy to a planned economy.
- 1950 With the Decree 92 of April 19, 1950, a huge number of private houses and lands are confiscated.
- 1998 The Yeltsin government began seizing Gazprom assets, claiming that the company owed back taxes. Privatization of Gazprom from the mid-1990s had been reduced to 38.37% with the intention of achieving full privatization. However, the stake of the Russian Government in Gazprom has since been increased to 50% with Vladimir Putin's plan to increase the stake to a controlling position. Gazprom is also buying up both Russian and other international utility companies.
- 2013 The space industry is being renationalized. The government created a new corporation—United Rocket and Space Corporation—in August 2013 because of a string of recent rocket launch failures. According to Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin, "The failure-prone space sector is so troubled that it needs state supervision to overcome its problems."[22] The October 2013 plan calls for re-nationalization of the space industry, with sweeping reforms including a new unified command structure and reducing redundant capabilities.[23]
Saudi Arabia
- The government nationalized the oil producer company Aramco in 1980.
South Korea
- 1946 USAMGIK nationalized all railroad companies and made Department of Transportation. This now becomes Korail.
Soviet Union
- 1918 All manufacturing enterprises, many retailing enterprises, any private enterprises, the whole bank system, agrarian sector, others. Later the government of Lenin introduced the New Economic Policy that shifted the country somewhat towards market economics until the end of the revolutionary period and Stalin's acquisition of power.
- 1941 Railways were nationalised, as RENFE, in the aftermath of the Spanish Civil War.
- 1983 Nationalization without compensation of Rumasa. Separate business were later privatized.
Sri Lanka
- 1958 The Government nationalised bus transport, creating the Ceylon Transport Board. Colombo Port was nationalised the same year.
- 1961 The local subsidiaries of the foreign-owned petroleum companies Caltex, Esso and Shell had formed a cartel, to break which they were nationalised. The Insurance companies and the Bank of Ceylon were nationalised in the same year.
- 1971 Graphite mines nationalised.
- 1972 Locally owned tea and rubber plantations were nationalised under the Land Reform law.
- 1975 Sterling plantation companies (owned by British plantation companies) were nationalised.
- 2009 Seylan Bank nationalised to prevent its collapse.
- 2011 The Expropriation Act was passed. The government will take over "underperforming or underutilized assets of 37 enterprises".[24]
- 1939-1948 Nationalisation of most of the private railway companies.
- 1957 The mining company LKAB is nationalized. The state had owned 50% of the corporation's shares, with options to buy the remainder, since 1907.[25]
- 1992 A minor part of the banking sector is nationalized.[26]
The Arusha Declaration was proclaimed in 1967 by President Julius Nyerere, which aimed to achieve self-reliance through nationalising key sectors of the economy such as banks, large industries and plantations were therefore nationalised. This failed, worsening Tanzania's economic problems until foreign aid and liberalisation took effect in the 1980s and 1990s.[27]
After the abolition of Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923), foreign concessions were suppressed, rail transport, electric power generation and distribution, telephone network and other big industrial firms were nationalized by Turkish government between 1928 and 1940.[28]
United Kingdom
- 1868 Nationalisation of inland telegraphs under the GPO[29]
- 1875 Suez Canal Company - The Egyptian share in the company was bought by the government.
- 1912 Nationalisation of inland telephone services under the GPO, apart from Portsmouth, Hull, Guernsey, and Jersey. The Portsmouth telephone service was nationalised the following year.
- 1916 Liquor Trade - The nationalisation of pubs and breweries in Carlisle, Gretna, Cromarty and Enfield under the State Management Scheme; mainly an attempt to restricting alcohol consumption by armaments factory workers. The scheme was privatised by asset transfer in 1973.[30]
- 1926 Central Electricity Board introduced under Electricity (Supply) Act 1926 established the National Grid and set up a national standard for electricity supply.
- 1927 British Broadcasting Company (a privately owned company) became British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), a public corporation operating under a Royal Charter.
- 1933 London Transport
- 1938 Nationalisation of UK Coal Royalties under the Coal Commission[31]
- 1939 British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), later British Airways (BA) - combining the private British Airways Ltd. and the state owned Imperial Airways
- 1939 At the outset of World War II, much of British industry was subjected to State regulation or control, although not nationalised as such.
- 1943 North of Scotland Hydro-Electricity Board
- 1946 Coal industry under the National Coal Board (later British Coal); Bank of England - the latter had had private shareholders who were bought out by the state.[32]
- 1947 Central Electricity Generating Board and area electricity boards, Cable & Wireless Ltd - the latter had had private shareholders who were bought out by the state.
- 1948 National rail, inland (not marine) water transport, some road haulage, some road passenger transport and Thomas Cook & Son under the British Transport Commission. Separate elements operated as British Railways, British Road Services, and British Waterways, also health services created (as England and Wales, for Scotland and for Northern Ireland) taking over a mixture of previously local authority, private commercial and charitable organisations.
- 1949 Local authority gas supply undertakings in England, Scotland and Wales
- 1951 Iron and Steel Industry (denationalised by Churchill's following Conservative Government)[33]
- 1967 British Steel
- 1969 National Bus Company, combining former interests of the British Transport Commission with others acquired from the British Electric Traction group.
- 1969 Post Office Corporation created
- 1971 Rolls-Royce (1971) Ltd - The strategically important aero-engine part of the recently bankrupt Rolls Royce Limited.
- 1973 Water Act 1973 nationalises local authority water supply undertakings in England and Wales
- 1973 British Gas plc Corporation created, replacing regional gas boards.
- 1974 British Petroleum - the combination of a 50% stake bought by Winston Churchill as First Lord of the Admiralty after World War I with around a 25% stake acquired by the Bank of England from Burmah Oil made the government directly or indirectly BP's majority shareholder, though commercial independence was maintained. The shares were all sold during the 1980s.
- 1975 National Enterprise Board - a State holding company for full or partial ownership of industrial undertakings
- 1976 British Leyland Motor Corporation - became British Leyland upon nationalization. Later became known simply as the holding company "BL Ltd", it was later reorganised into several standalone businesses - the best known being Austin Rover, Leyland Trucks, Freight Rover, Land Rover and Jaguar.
- 1977 British Aerospace - combining the major aircraft companies British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley and others. British Shipbuilders - combining the major shipbuilding companies including Cammell Laird, Govan Shipbuilders, Swan Hunter, Yarrow Shipbuilders
- 1981 British Telecom (later styled as BT) created, taking control of telecommunications services from the General Post Office (GPO)
- 1984 Johnson Matthey - purchased for a nominal sum of £1 by the Thatcher government [34]
- 1997 Docklands Light Railway - John Prescott announced to the 1997 Labour Party Conference that he had nationalised this, although it was already in public hands anyway.[34]
- 2001 Railtrack - The owner and operator of the railway infrastructure, Railtrack, was not nationalised as such. However, its replacement Network Rail, whilst not a state-owned company, has no shareholders (company limited by guarantee) and is underwritten by the state. Prior to this the government began to make use of a residual shareholding of 0.2% (including voting rights) in Railtrack Group Plc left over from the original sale.[35]
- 2008 Northern Rock - announced by Alistair Darling, Chancellor of the Exchequer on 17 February 2008 as 'a temporary measure'. The bank will be run at 'arm's length' as a commercial business and sold to a private buyer in the future.[36]
- 2008 Bradford & Bingley (mortgage book only) - announced by Alistair Darling, Chancellor of the Exchequer on 29 September 2008. The loans part of the company was nationalised, while the commercial bank was sold.[37]
- 2008 In October, the Royal Bank of Scotland, and the newly merged HBOS-Lloyds TSB was partly nationalised. The Government took approximately 60% of RBS (later increased to 70%, then 80%) and 40% of HBOS-Lloyds TSB as part of the £500bn bank rescue package. The Lloyds Bank and TSB businesses were operationally demerged in 2013 in preparation for a full demerger and reprivatisation.
- 2009 On 13 November, Directly Operated Railways, a government company, took over the InterCity East Coast franchise that National Express East Coast had been awarded in 2007 with £1.4 billion premium to be paid over seven years. The nationalised service operates as East Coast and includes services from London to York and Edinburgh. It has been stated by the government that their control is a temporary measure, initially to last two years.
- 2013 In December it was acknowledged that Network Rail would be reclassified as a "public sector body"[38] in 2014 with its financial liabilities now formally included as part of the national debt. Much debate continues however, whether this still constitutes "nationalisation" in a broader context.
Nationalization was a key feature of the first post World War II Labour government, from 1945 to 1951 under Clement Attlee. The coal and steel industries were just two of many industries or services to be nationalised, while the formation of the National Health Service in 1948 entitled everyone to free healthcare. The subsequent Conservative governments led by Winston Churchill, Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Alec Douglas-Home and Edward Heath allowed practically all of the nationalized industries and services to remain in public ownership, as did subsequent Labour prime ministers Harold Wilson and James Callaghan. However, the election victory of Margaret Thatcher's Conservatives in 1979 saw the vast majority of nationalized industries, services and utilities privatized within a decade. The Labour Party in opposition, led by Michael Foot and later Neil Kinnock, initially opposed privatization, but the party's commitment to nationalization had been abandoned by the time it swept back into government with a landslide in the 1997 election under Tony Blair.[39] However, in February 2008, Blair's successor Gordon Brown nationalized the failing Northern Rock bank during the Great Recession.[40] The much larger Royal Bank of Scotland and Halifax Bank of Scotland were part nationalized for the same reason in October of that year. After nearly four years in public ownership, Northern Rock was sold to Virgin Money and Royal Bank of Scotland agreed a branch sale to the Santander Group in November 2011. However, Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds remain in public ownership five years later and in November 2012 the Public Accounts Committee warned that it could be many years before the banks are sold and the £66 billion so far invested in these banks may never be recovered.[41]
British assets nationalised by other countries
- 1940s Argentine railways
- 1953 British Petroleum's Iranian assets (actually a nationalisation of part of a part-nationalised company)
- 1956 The Egyptian Government nationalised the Suez Canal, owned by the Suez Canal Company which was part owned by the British government.
- 1962 The Sri Lanka Government nationalised the assets of the partly British-owned Royal Dutch Shell company.
- 1975 The Sri Lanka Government nationalised the assets of the British-owned plantation companies.
United States
- 1917: All U.S. railroads were nationalized as the Railroad Administration during World War I as a wartime measure. The United States Railroad Administration was returned to private ownership in 1920.
- 1939: Organization of the Tennessee Valley Authority entailed the nationalization of the Tennessee Electric Power Company.
- 1971: The National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak) is a government-owned corporation created in 1971 for the express purpose of relieving American railroads of their legal obligation to provide inter-city passenger rail service. The (primarily) freight railroads had petitioned to abandon passenger service repeatedly in the decades leading up to Amtrak's formation.
- 1976: The Consolidated Rail Corporation (Conrail) was created to take over the operations of six bankrupt rail lines operating primarily in the Northeast; Conrail was privatized in 1987. Initial plans for Conrail would have made it a truly nationalized system like that during World War I, but an alternate proposal by the Association of American Railroads won out.
- 1980s: Resolution Trust Corporation seized control of hundreds of failed Savings & Loans.
- 2001: In response to the September 11 attacks, the airport security industry was nationalized and put under the authority of the Transportation Security Administration.
- 2008: Some economists consider the government's takeover of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation and Federal National Mortgage Association to have been nationalization (or renationalization).[42][43] The conservatorship model used with Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac is looser and more temporary than nationalization.[44]
- 2009: Some economists consider the government's actions through the Troubled Asset Relief Program with regards to Citigroup to have been a partial nationalization.[45] Proposal was made that banks like Citigroup be brought under a conservatorship model similar to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, that some of their "good assets" be dropped into newly created "good bank" subsidiaries (presumably under new management), and the remaining "bad assets" be left to be managed under the supervision of a conservatorship structure.[44] The government's actions with regard to General Motors in replacing the CEO with a government-approved CEO is likewise being considered as nationalization.[46][47] On June 1, 2009, General Motors filed for bankruptcy, with the government investing up to $50 billion and taking 60% ownership in the company. President Barack Obama stated that the nationalization was temporary, saying, "We are acting as reluctant shareholders because that is the only way to help GM succeed"[48]
- 2007 On May 1, 2007, the government stripped the world's biggest oil companies of operational control over massive Orinoco Belt crude projects, a controversial component in President Hugo Chávez's nationalization drive.
- 2008 On April 3, 2008, Chávez ordered the nationalization of the cement industry.[49]
- 2008 On April 9, 2008, Chávez ordered the nationalization of Venezuelan steel mill Sidor, in which Luxembourg-based Ternium currently holds a 60% stake. Sidor employees and the Government hold a 20% stake respectively.[50]
- 2008 On August 19, 2008, Chávez ordered the take-over of a cement plant owned and operated by Cemex, an international cement producer. While shares of Cemex fell on the New York Stock Exchange, the cement plant comprises only about 5% of the company's business, and is not expected to adversely affect the company's ability to produce in other markets. Chávez has been looking to nationalize the concrete and steel industries of his country to meet home building and infrastructure goals.[51]
- 2009 On February 28, 2009, Chávez ordered the army to take over all rice processing and packaging plants.[52]
- 2010 On January 20, 2010, Chávez signed an ordinance to nationalize six supermarkets under the system of retail stores of a French company because of increasing price and speculation hoarding illicit.[53]
- 2010 On June 24, 2010, Venezuela announced the intention to nationalize oil drilling rigs belonging to the U.S. company Helmerich & Payne.[54]
- 2010 On October 25, 2010, Chávez announced that the government was nationalizing two U.S.-owned Owens-Illinois glass-manufacturing plants.[55]
- 2010 On October 31, 2010, Chávez said his government will take over the Sidetur steel manufacturing plant. Sidetur is owned by Vivencia, which had two mineral plants appropriated by the government in 2008.[55]
- 2015 Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro promises to nationalize food distribution.[56]
- According to the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1980, land ownership of farmers disappeared, the State owned land across the country and people have the right to temporary use of land, as a slow result of the Land reform in North Vietnam from 1953 to 1956.[57][58]
- After the Fall of Saigon in 1975, the government nationalized nearly all the property of the "landlords" and "comprador" in South Vietnam, property of the church and of the government of South Vietnam. All private enterprise was nationalized without compensation down to the street vendors, however "shadow companies" continued to operate.
- Zimbabwe has nationalized its food distribution infrastructure.
Other countries
- Nationalization of the oil industry in numerous countries, including Libya, Kuwait, Mexico, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.
See also
- Compulsory purchase
- Constitutional economics
- Eminent domain
- Confiscation
- Deprivatization
- Government agency
- Government-owned corporation
- Planned economy
- Privatization - the reverse process
- Public ownership
- Railway nationalization
- Reprivatization
- Sequestration
- State capitalism
- State sector
- Socialization (economics) - the process of making cooperative in management or ownership
- ^ http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nationalization
- ^ The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited, by Nove, Alexander. 1991. (P.176): "The original notion was that nationalization would achieve three objectives. One was to dispossess the big capitalists. The second was to divert the profits from private appropriation to the public purse. Thirdly, the nationalized sector would serve the public good rather than try to make private profits...To these objectives some (but not all) would add some sort of workers' control, the accountability of management to employees."
- ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (December 14, 2011). "Renault descendants demand payout for state confiscation". The Guardian (London).
- ^ "Senate passes railway nationalisation into law". Buenos Aires Herald. 15 April 2015.
- ^ "Avanza la nacionalización del ferrocarril: el Gobierno estatizó los trenes de Entre Ríos". iProfesional. 24 September 2013.
- ^ The Constitutional Centre of Western Australia | The Role of The High Court
- ^ a b c "Bolivia announces nationalization of electrical grid". The Washington Post. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 1 May 2012.[dead link]
- ^ a b Thomas, Hugh (March 1971). Cuba; the Pursuit of Freedom. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 224, p252. ISBN 0-06-014259-6.
- ^ a b c Myers (1949)
- ^ PSU banks' policies saved India from financial blushes: Chidambaram
- ^ The importance of public banking
- ^ Eircom and State in broadband swap?
- ^ Government nationalises 'fragile' Anglo Irish Bank
- ^ Anglo Irish Bank's €700m Quinn plan
- ^ The Expropriation of the Petroleum Industry of Mexico in 1938
- ^ Marois, Thomas (2008). "The 1982 Mexican Bank Statization and Unintended Consequences for the Emergence of Neoliberalism". Canadian Journal of Political Science 41 (1): 143–167. doi:10.1017/s0008423908080128.
- ^ US Country Studies. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP). Retrieved 2006-11-07.
- ^ Syed Fazl-e-Haider (May 3, 2012). "The state-owned Pakistan Steel Mills". Asia Times. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
- ^ a b Iftikhar Firdous (December 15, 2011). "Railways, Steel Mills taken off the chopping block". The Tribune Express, Iftikhar Firdous. Retrieved 31 May 2012.
In a major blow to the economic liberals in government, the federal cabinet decided against the privatisation of eight of the largest state-owned companies, including Pakistan Steel Mills
- ^ "Portugal". Country Studies (U.S. Library of Congress).
In the mid-1980s, agricultural productivity was half that of the levels in Greece and Spain and a quarter of the EC average. The land tenure system was polarized between two extremes: small and fragmented family farms in the north and large collective farms in the south that proved incapable of modernizing. The decollectivization of agriculture, which began in modest form in the late 1970s and accelerated in the late 1980s, promised to increase the efficiency of human and land resources in the south during the 1990s.
- ^ "Portugal Agriculture". The Encyclopedia of the Nations
- ^ Messier, Doug (2013-08-30). "Rogozin: Russia to Consolidate Space Sector into Open Joint Stock Company". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2013-08-31.
- ^ Messier, Doug (2013-10-09). "Rogozin Outlines Plans for Consolidating Russia's Space Industry". Parabolic Arc. Retrieved 2013-10-11.
- ^ Lanka risks losing image, investment
- ^ A Historic Journey Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara Aktiebolag, April 2006
- ^ Stopping a Financial Crisis, the Swedish Way
- ^ "BBC: Tanzania profile". BBC. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ "Mustafa Kemal Atatürk". guide-martine.com. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
- ^ Schifferes, Steve (February 18, 2008). "The lessons of nationalisation". BBC News. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ http://www.historytoday.com/dt_main_allatonce.asp?gid=9859&g9859=x&g9857=x&g30026=x&g20991=x&g21010=x&g19965=x&g19963=x&amid=9859
- ^ SN 1825 -Nationalisation of the UK Coal Royalties, 1938 : Compensation Payments
- ^ Robert A. Brady (1950). Crisis in Britain. Plans and Achievements of the Labour Government. University of California Press., detailed coverage of nationalisation programs 1945-50
- ^ http://www.uksteel.org.uk/history.htm
- ^ a b "What was the last nationalisation?", BBC News, 18 February 2008
- ^ House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 12 February 2002 (pt 16)
- ^ "Northern Rock to be nationalised". BBC News. February 17, 2008. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ "HIGHLIGHTS-Britain nationalises Bradford & Bingley". Reuters. September 29, 2008.
- ^ "Network Rail to become public sector body in 2014". Railnews. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
- ^ Schifferes, Steve (February 18, 2008). "The lessons of nationalisation". BBC News.
- ^ "Northern Rock to be nationalised". BBC News. February 17, 2008.
- ^ "MPs: Sale of RBS or Lloyds 'not for years'". BBC News. November 16, 2012.
- ^ US rescue of Fannie, Freddie poses taxpayer risks
- ^ Diamond and Kashyap on the Recent Financial Upheavals
- ^ a b Baxter, Lawrence; Brown, Bill; Cox, Jim (February 27, 2009). "Finally, A Bridge to Somewhere". Huffington Post.
- ^ Nature of Citi stake debatable
- ^ Am I the Last Capitalist? Obama Falters on Rick Wagoner, GM, and the Auto Industry - Mary Kate Cary (usnews.com)
- ^ "If, in fact, Wagoner resigned because somebody in government said, 'You have to resign,' then I think we have nationalized the auto industry, at least GM, and I think that's bad to have the government have a socialized car industry," -Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa)
- ^ The Washington Post http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/01/AR2009060101480.html. Missing or empty
|title=(help)[dead link]
- ^ Al Jazeera English - Americas - Chavez nationalises cement industry
- ^ "Venezuela to nationalize steelmaker Sidor: union". Reuters. April 9, 2008.
- ^ "Venezuela Seizes Cemex - Forbes.com".[dead link]
- ^ "Chavez sends army to rice plants". BBC News. March 1, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
- ^ Venezuela quốc hữu hóa 6 siêu thị ngoại quốc Invalid language code.
- ^ Frank Jack Daniel (June 24, 2010). "Venezuela to nationalize U.S. firm's oil rigs". Reuters.
- ^ a b the CNN Wire Staff (November 2, 2010). "Venezuela nationalizes private steel plant". CNN.com.
- ^ https://news.yahoo.com/venezuela-nationalize-food-distribution-191734377.html
- ^ Development of Propert Law in Cambodia, Vietnam and China
- ^ Ownership regimes in Vietnam
On banks nationalization
- Dougherty, Carter, Stopping a Financial Crisis, the Swedish Way, The New York Times," September 23, 2008.
- Hilferding, Rudolf (1981) Finance Capital: A Study of the Latest Phase of Capitalist Development (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul), p. 234. ISBN 0-7100-0618-7, ISBN 978-0-7100-0618-9
- La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, Government Ownership of Banks, The Journal of Finance, vol. 57, No. 1 (February 2002), 265-301.
- La Botz, Dan (2008) The Financial Crisis: Will the U.S. Nationalize the Banks? Monthly Review 28 September 2008
- Vladimir Lenin (1917) Nationalisation of the Banks, published in October 1917 in pamphlet form
- Lohr, Steve, From Japan's Slump in 1990s, Lessons for U.S., The New York Times, February 9, 2008.
- Maxfield, Sylvia, The International Political Economy of Bank Nationalization: Mexico in Comparative Perspective, Latin American Research Review, Vol. 27, No. 1 (1992), pp. 75–103.
- Myers, Margaret G., The Nationalization of Banks in France, Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 2 (June 1949), pp. 189–210.
- Political / Nationalization risk resources directory [www.ipoliticalrisk.com]
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nationalism.
|Look up nationalization in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- The importance of public banking - article on Indian public sector banks
- Time for Permanent Nationalization by economist Fred Moseley in Dollars & Sense magazine, January/February 2009
- The Corporate Governance of Banks - a concise discussion of concepts and evidence
- 12px Albert Emil Davies (1922). "Nationalization". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
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Online UK Visitor Management Software helps companies or businesses to manage and track visitors using their services or being on their premises. UK Visitor Management Software tends to provide a quick and easy service for visitors to log their details and for the company or business to maintain a visitor diary. The UK Visitor Management Software here is offered under the SaaS (Software as a Service) model, meaning that the software is web based, hosted on the Cloud and can be accessed when needed through a client or web browser. If you're looking for similar online software like UK Visitor Management Software, consider our Time Tracking or Facility Management Software categories.
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subset: commoncrawl


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D. Minsk / D. Riga have not exceed 5 goals in their last 7 games including 3 games already played this season with scores of 2-1 (OT) @Riga, 2-0 @ Riga and 2-1 @ Minsk so I am curious as to what your seeing -- or feeling -- about this game today that has you believing in the O5? Thank-you and GL.
Czech: Liberec/Paradubice: Paradubice pick @ 2.11
Norway: Lillehammer/Valerenga: Lillehammer pick @ 2.09
KHL: Dinamo Minsk/Dinamo Riga over 5 @ 1.93 push
World Juniors: USA/Canada: USA +1.5 @ 1.86
3-0-1. ytd: 108-137-24.
One more thing that I forgot to add was, GREAT day today with the 3-0-1!!! Keep up the good work!
im usually sleeping or out for work as i tend to stay off the computer in the morning which kind of doesnt help in me answering your questions as most of these european games are played 5-8am my time! Anyways to answer your question i really dont have any sites i have to dig for information. i havent made many khl bets in the last few weeks but i had to jump on the over as pekka rinne hadnt played in the previous 3 games so i began to dig and found out he has a groin injury and is out 2-4weeks.
Czech: Mountfield Ceske/Plzen: Plzen pick @ 2.02. Plzen top team with 78 pts playing a middle of pack team, plzen top GF-GA differential ill take my shot with plzen at a pick.
Finland: Blues/Pelicans: Blues pick @ 2.15. Again we get value with the better squad, Blues are in the hunt for a playoff spot only 4 pts back of 6th place Tappara. Pelicans give up the most goals in the sm liiga, expecting blues to get some goals.
Swiss: SC Bern/HC Davos: SC Bern -0.5@ 1.91: Fading Davos here after playing 5 games back to bakc in spengler cup ending 4 days ago i think these guys will be tired and Bern should handle them.
World Juniors: Czech Republic/Switzerland under 6
KHL: Barys Astana/Amur: Barys Astana pick @ 1.90: Barys Astana is 30 pts better then Amur, and can put up goals. At a pick ill try them. I wouldnt be surprised if this game goes over the total as both teams have trouble keeping the puck out of the net.
2-2. ytd: 110-139-24. Barys game is later tonight.
Finland: Tappara/Kalpa: Kalpa +0.5 @ 1.90: Kalpa is red hot winning there last 5 games and have a 8pt lead over tappara taking the plus .5 here.
KHL: Sibir/Avangard Omsk: Avangard -0.5 @ 2.09: Avangard is a point back of Metallurg for 1st in the east, shoud be motivation enough to get the win against a weaker team.
Ak Bars Kazan/Salavat: Ak Bars -0.5 @ 1.83: Ak gives up the 2nd fewest goals in the khl and they can also put goals up, Salavat shoud be overmatched here.
Sweden: Vaxjo/Brynas: Brynas pick @ 1.80
Swiss: Hc Davos/Zsc Lions: ZSC Lions +0.5 @ 1.86: Again fading Davos who are going to being playing there 8th game in 10 days, and 3 in the last 4 days. ZSC lions are 10 pts ahead of davos taking the +0.5.
EV Zug/Sc Bern under 5.5 @ 2.07: Two teams seperated by 1 point for 2nd, expecting a tight game here and should stay under possibly 3-2 shootout game.
World Juniors: Canada/Russia: Russia +1 @ 2.01: Canada is playing there backup, and the Russians at home want to finish strong and win the bronze.
Sweden/Usa: Sweden ML @ 3.33: Didnt see any sweden games as tsn didnt show them but there the defending champs and think they can handle the team usas speed.
Sweden: Vaxjo/Brynas: Brynas pick @ 1.80 Push
5-3-1. ytd: 115-142-25
Germany: Thomas Sabo Ice tigers/Adler Manheim: Adler Manheim pick @ 1.87
Bol today
ytd: 116-142-25. Nhl is back, going to turn my focus on that in a week.
KHL: Metallurg Novo/Barys Astana: Barys Astana ML @ 2.28
ytd: 117-142-25
CZECH: Bili Tygri liberec/Kometa Brno: Kometa Brno pick @ 2.04
Finland: Assat/Karpat: Karpat pick @ 2.15
Pelicans/HIFK: HIFK pick @ 2.02
KHL: Salavat/Dynamo Moscow: Dynamo -0.5 @ 2.29
Lev/Metallurg Magnitogorsk: Metallurg -0.5 @ 2.08
Norway: Frisk Asker/Lillehammer: Lillehammer pick @ 1.88
Sweden: Brynas/HV71: HV 71 pick @ 2.05
Originally Posted by Ushpa: I took a shot with Bars Kazan to win @ home vs. St. Petersburg. Have a good day and BOL with your card.
Nice play
4-3. ytd: 121-145-25
Czech: Sparta Praha/Paradubice over 5.5 @ 1.93
KHL: Amur Khabarovsk/Yugra over 5.5 @ 2.17
AHL: Syracuse/Rockford over 5.5 @ 2.02
AHL: Syracuse/Rockford over 5.5 @ 2.02 typo here should have said grand rapids vs rockford. still went over.
2-1. ytd: 123-146-25
Czech: Plzen/Ocelari Trinec: Plzen -0.5 @ 1.93
Finland: Blues/HPK over 5 @ 2.15
Saipa/Assat over 5 @ 2.16
HIFK/Kalpa: Kalpa pick @ 2.06
IIves/Karpat: Karpat -0.5 @ 1.92
KHL: Lev/Tractor: Tractor pick @ 1.81
Torpedo/Dinamo Minsk: Torpedo -0.5 @ 1.95
Sweden: AIK/Frolunda: Frolunda pick @ 1.93
Modo/Brynas: Brynas pick @ 2.44 Taking a risk here but both teams seperated by 3 pts.
AHL: Lake Erie/San Antonio over 5.5 @ 2.07
Finland: Blues/HPK over 5 @ 2.15 push
Saipa/Assat over 5 @ 2.16 push
4-4-2. ytd: 127-150-27
Czech: Paradubice/Zlin: Zlin @ 1.98
Germany: Straubing/Krefeld: Krefeld pick @ 1.95
Swiss: Lugano/EV Zug: Ev Zug pick @ 2.32
Fribourg/Gotteron/SC Bern under 5.5 @ 1.87
Czech: Paradubice/Zlin: Zlin pick @ 1.98 push ot
Swiss: Lugano/EV Zug: Ev Zug pick @ 2.32 push ot
0-2-2. ytd: 127-152-29
Sweden: Frolunda/HV 71: HV 71 pick @ 1.92
Modo/Linkopings: Linkopings pick @ 2.12
Swiss: SCL Tigers/Lugano: Lugano -0.5 @ 1.95


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Note, our first generation MSX125 Grom rear sets fit the second generation 2016 MSX125SF IF YOU INSTALL A TYGA EXHAUST SYSTEM OR SIMILAR and WILL NOT FIT WITH THE STOCK HONDA EXHAUST FOR THE MSX125SF MODEL. The stock exhaust needs to be replaced to provide space for the rear set hanger. Once this is done, our rear sets fit perfectly well with all mounting positons etc. lining up. So, if you are ordering up an exhaust system, it is worth considering some TYGA rear sets to clean up and individualize your bike further.
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Table of Contents
Tomorrow is Yesterday (or nearly so): Historical Lessons that Foretell the Future of Mobile
The evolution of mobile computing strongly resembles the evolution of the three generations of computing that preceded it, but with a few crucial differences. Like the past generations, value shifts between hardware, software and services in fairly predictable ways. Unlike past generations, mobile computing is encumbered both by the complexity of distributed computing and by the hard limits imposed by physics and human physiology.
This talk examines the evolution of mobile computing, probes some of the difficult problems at its heart, and identifies a handful of challenges that could drive new research. We will examine one of these in some detail.
Time permitting, we will also explore connected computing beyond the phone, drawing on the speaker's personal deep-dive into hardware, firmware, software and services for an application of interest to emergency first responders.
Areas of Interest
• Mobile and embedded computing, scalable systems, sensor networks, emergency communications systems
• Ph.D. 1988, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT
Bob Iannucci is Director of the Mobility Research Center at Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley and is known for leading both software and systems research in scalable and mobile computing. Most recently, he served as Chief Technology Officer of Nokia and Head of Nokia Research Center (NRC). Bob spearheaded the effort to transform NRC into an Open Innovation center, creating "lablets" at MIT, Stanford, Tshinghua University, the University of Cambridge, and École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL). Under his leadership, NRC's previously established labs and the new lablets delivered fundamental contributions to the worldwide Long Term Evolution for 3G (LTE) standard; created and promulgated what is now the MIPI UniPro interface for high-speed, in-phone interconnectivity; created and commercialized Bluetooth Low Energy - extending wireless connectivity to coin-cell-powered sensors and other devices; and delivered new technology initiatives including TrafficWorks (using mobile phones to crowd source traffic patterns), Point and Find (augmented-reality using the mobile phone's camera for image recognition and "zero click" search) and the Morph Concept (opening new directions for using nanotechnology to significantly improve mobile phone functionality and usability).
Previously, Bob led engineering teams at startup companies focused on virtualized networking and computational fluid dynamics, creating systems that offered order-of-magnitude improvements over commercial alternatives. He also served as Director of Digital Equipment Corporation's Cambridge Research Laboratory (CRL) and became VP of Research for Compaq. CRL created some of the earliest multimedia indexing technologies, and these became part of Alta Vista. During this time, Bob, the CRL team and Dan Siewiorek's team at CMU created MoCCA - a mobile computing and communications architecture - that prefigured and anticipated (by more than a decade) much of what has become well-known as today's smartphone technology. MoCCA won the IDEA Gold award for its innovative approach to facilitating real-time interaction within teams. Bob spent the earliest days of his career at IBM.
Bob remains active as a hands-on systems builder. His most recent iPhone app for radio direction finding is in use in over 70 countries, and he is actively engaged in building WiFi-based "internet of things" devices and the cloud services behind them. He also serves as advisor to companies developing new technologies for ultra-low-power computing, mobile video systems, and cloud-connected mobile apps.
Bob earned his Ph.D. from MIT in 1988, and his dissertation was on the hybridization of dataflow and traditional von Neumann architectures, offering advantages over both. He has served on a number of scientific and engineering advisory boards and was on the program committees for the 3rd and 4th International Sympoisia on Wearable Computing. Bob also served as a member of the selection committee for the Millennium Technology Prize in 2008.


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Explore Florida's beautiful wild places with the new Taking Flight GeoTour in Manatee County. Sponsored by Charlotte Harbor, Sarasota Bay, and Tampa Bay Estuary Program in cooperation with Manatee County's Natural Resources Department, the tour leads geocachers through an area that encompasses over 25,000 acres of natural preserved land. The tour takes adventurous geocachers from coastal mangrove forests and salt marshes to upland pine flatwoods and dry scrub habitat.
The new Taking Flight GeoTour's geocaches are located in birding "hot spots" throughout Manatee County Florida's publicly accessible preserve system. Each cache highlights a specific bird species or aspect of bird life. You'll get with opportunities to learn more about these creatures and what geocachers can do to help them survive. Geocaches also focus on protecting the region's waterways, bays, natural watersheds, and habitat areas for many of the area's feathered friends.
Geocachers who find at least 12 of the 15 geocaches on the tour and complete the activities associated with each stop can turn in their passport to receive a special custom Taking Flight tracking tag. Download the official passport and begin the adventure today!


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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Google Inc, which consumer groups have accused of trying to avoid payment of U.S. taxes, plans to sue the Internal Revenue Service over a tax audit, according to a federal securities filing.
The web search giant said it is appealing an IRS audit related to 2003 and 2004, but that on one undescribed issue, it plans to "litigate in court," said its annual filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, dated January 29.
A company spokeswoman was not available for comment.
Groups such as Citizens for Tax Justice accuse Google of using accounting gimmicks and paper transactions to shift profits to tax havens to avoid U.S. tax.
Google also said its tax rate for the United States declined in 2012, in part because of "proportionately more earnings realized in countries that have lower statutory tax rates."
Its effective tax rate fell to 19.4 percent in 2012, from 21 percent in 2011, according to the filing.
The United States has the highest statutory corporate income tax rate among its industrialized peers at 35 percent. Many companies say this hurts their competitiveness.
The tax rate paid, however, is highly variable across sectors, and tech companies in particular enjoy numerous options for transferring profits offshore to tax havens to avert tax.
President Barack Obama and Republicans both back lowering the corporate rate, though they differ on how to get there and whether new revenue should be raised in the process.
Several European countries are taking an aggressive stance on corporate tax avoidance, most notably the United Kingdom.
Reporting by Kim Dixon; Editing by Kevin Drawbaugh and Steve Orlofsky


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Identity management in SharePoint 2013 is the combination of the following parts:
* The set of identifiers for entities, their storage location, the creation of trust relationships among identity stores, and the display of identifier information.
* Users, computers, or services are examples of entities.
* The methods, typically provided by a form of credential exchange that is protected with cryptography, that use identifiers to authenticate access to a resource.
* The methods, typically specified by a set of permissions that are assigned to identifiers, that specify and enforce the authorization of access to a resource.
Elements of an identity management system
- A typical identity management system consists of the following elements:
- Entities
- Stores for accounts and attributes
- Authentication methods
- Authorization methods
- Storage, synchronization, and display of entity attributes
The following sections describe these elements and how SharePoint 2013 supports them.
Within an identity management system, an entity represents a physical or logical object that requires access to a resource. Entities on a network that uses Active Directory Domain Services (AD DS) include users, computers, and services. Each entity has an identity that can correspond to an account in a directory, such as AD DS. Accounts can consist of a set of attributes that describe the entity, such as name, group membership, email address, and so on.
Stores for accounts and attributes
A store that contains accounts and attributes provides a location for entity accounts and their attributes. Networks that use AD DS store accounts and attributes in AD DS. The store that contains accounts and attributes can do the following:
- Validate account credentials during authentication.
- Provide account attributes to the entity that requests authentication so that those attributes can be used for authorization.
SharePoint 2013 can use the forms-based or Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML) user authentication methods for AD DS or additional stores. SharePoint 2013 does not include a store for accounts and attributes.
Identity federation is the process that links multiple stores of accounts and attributes through trust relationships so that authentication and authorization for access to resources can occur seamlessly across those stores. Forefront Identity Manager 2010 R2 enables you to manage identity life cycle and role management across heterogeneous identity platforms.
Methods of authentication
An authentication method is a specific set of messages that computers send to each other to perform authentication. A message validates an identity of an entity. The result of the authentication process is a security token, which typically contains cryptographic proof that a store of accounts and attributes has validated the identity. The security token can also contain entity attributes, such as the list of security groups to which the entity belongs.
For AD DS, the authentication method is typically either NTLM or the Kerberos protocol. For example, when a user logs on to a domain-joined computer, it collects the security credentials from the user and uses the Kerberos protocol to validate those credentials with an AD DS domain controller. The user's computer receives a Kerberos ticket to use when the user accesses resources. The Kerberos ticket contains cryptographic proof that AD DS has validated the credentials and a list of groups to which the user belongs.
Claims-based identity and authentication
Although Kerberos and NTLM work well for AD DS-based networks, they do not extend easily to multiple stores of accounts and attributes from third-party vendors or to identity management systems in the cloud.
For claims-based identity, a user obtains a security token that a trusted security token service (STS) has digitally signed and that contains a set of claims. Each claim represents a specific item of data about the user such as his or her name, group memberships, and role on the network. Claims-based identity enables applications to rely on the security token for proof of authentication and the set of claims for authorization or other processing. Claims-based identity typically enables a user to perform an authentication to obtain the security token and submit that token to applications. The claims-aware application verifies the digital signature of the security token and uses the claims to implement authorization and other application-specific functions.Claims-based identity and authentication in Windows is built on Windows Identity Foundation (WIF), which is a set of .NET Framework classes that is used to implement claims-based identity. Claims-based authentication relies on standards such as WS-Federation, WS-Trust, and protocols such as SAML.A simplified claims-based identity implementation contains the following components:
* A claims-aware client application An application that can obtain a security token from an STS and submit security tokens for authentication and authorization. An example of a claims-aware client application is a web browser, such as Internet Explorer.
* An STS A server or service that creates security tokens for claims-aware client applications. The STS that is in SharePoint 2013 provides its own security tokens to requesting claims-aware client applications, and it can also use Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) 2.0 as an external STS.
* A relying party A computer or application that relies on an STS for tokens. The relying party redirects claims-aware client applications to the STS to obtain a suitable security token. SharePoint 2013 can act as a relying party to an external STS. An example is a SharePoint web application that is configured to use AD FS as its STS.
* A claims-aware server application An application that requires a security token for authentication and authorization. An example is a SharePoint 2013 web application that uses claims-based authentication (the default).
SharePoint 2013 supports claims-based identity and authentication for the following entities:
* Users The validation of a user's identity against a store of accounts and attributes that contains the user's credentials and can verify that the user submitted them correctly. User authentication occurs when a user attempts to access a SharePoint resource. For more information, see Plan for user authentication methods in SharePoint 2013.
* Apps The validation of the identity a remote app for SharePoint and the authorization of the app and an associated user to request a secured SharePoint resource. App authentication occurs when an external component of a SharePoint Store app or an App Catalog app, such as a web server that is located on the intranet or the Internet, attempts to access a secured SharePoint resource. For more information, see Plan for app authentication in SharePoint 2013.
* Servers The validation of a server's request for resources that is based on a trust between the STS of the server that runs SharePoint 2013 and the STS of another server that supports the OAuth server-to-server protocol. Based on this trust relationship, a requesting server can access secured resources on the server that is running SharePoint 2013 on behalf of a specified user account, subject to server and user permissions. For more information, see Plan for server-to-server authentication in SharePoint 2013.
Methods of authorization
After authentication succeeds, an application must determine whether the entity is authorized to access the requested resource. To perform this analysis, the application compares the identity information about the entity—such as the user name and the groups for which it is a member—in the security token (for claims-based identity) or Kerberos ticket to the list of default or configured permissions for the resource being accessed.
Permissions are settings that specify an entity (such as a user or group name) and what that entity is allowed or not allowed to do (such as read, edit, or delete files in a shared folder). To obtain access to the resources, the configured permissions must permit the type of access that the entity requests.
SharePoint 2013 provides permissions for users to access web applications and their resources, server permissions for server-to-server resource requests, and app permissions for app resource requests.


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The combination of Drink and Doubt: that uneasy feeling you get just before the first sip of a drink that you've left on the table for some time.
Thought: "Did something fall in this? - Oh man, major droubt there, but I think things are okay - wait, maybe just a sip to find out..."
by Turlook March 11, 2009
"Jessica was getting on my last nerve today!"
"Droubt...that bitch was mad irritating"
via giphy
by Ceramics December 06, 2016


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This question already has an answer here:
I have a remote Linux server and I use it to run some very long tasks using SSH. It works great, but, of course, if the connection dies for some reason, the task dies.
Specifically, I'm running something like this:
[myName@localStation]$ ssh john_doe@myRemoteServer
Password: *****
[john_doe@remoteServer]$ ./myVeryLongTask.script > myOutputLog.txt
Is there a way to tweak the SSH connection in such a way that, if the network connection fails, the task keeps running?


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(written from a Production point of view)
Paul Lacovara (born 7 June 1976; age 43) is a stuntman and stunt coordinator who served under stunt coordinator Joey Box as stunt double for the lead actors Eric Bana and Chris Pine in 2009's Star Trek. In 2010 Lacovara earned a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Stunt Ensemble in a Motion Picture as part of the Star Trek stunt crew. The same year he received two Taurus World Stunt Award nominations in the categories Best High Work and Best Specialty Stunt. He shared the first nomination with Daniel Arrias, Ilram Choi, Mike Massa, and Anthony R. Molinari and the second one with Mike Massa.
Lacovara was born in San Luis Obispo, California and specializes in stunt fights and has a black belt in Tae Kwon Do. He previously doubled Eric Bana in the drama Lucky You (2007, alongside Darlene Ava Williams and Ransom Gates).
Lacovara also doubled actor Christian Bale in the acclaimed 2006 period thriller The Prestige (featuring Daniel Davis and Christopher Neame; under the stunt coordination of Rick Avery). He again doubled Bale in 2009's Terminator Salvation (featuring Anton Yelchin).
Other actors Lacovara has doubled include John Turturro in the comedy You Don't Mess with the Zohan (2008), Til Schweiger in the thriller Already Dead (2007, with Patrick Kilpatrick, Christopher Plummer, and Shawn Crowder and Brian Avery), and David Boreanaz in two episodes of the television series Bones (2006-2007). He also doubled Star Trek: Enterprise guest star Adam Grimes in the 2006 horror film Big Bad Wolf (co-starring Clint Howard).
Lacovara has performed stunts on such television series as Scrubs, She Spies (with Elle Alexander and Spice Williams-Crosby), The Practice (with Bill Smitrovich and Star Trek co-performer Lin Oeding), Crossing Jordan (starring Miguel Ferrer), J.J. Abrams' Alias, Invasion, Wildfire (starring Nana Visitor), 24, CSI: Miami (with Andrea Robinson), and ER (with Scott Grimes and Gina Ravera).
His feature film resume includes the war drama We Were Soldiers (2002), the comic adaptation Hulk (2003, starring Eric Bana), Wes Craven's horror film Cursed (2005), the comedy sequel Big Momma's House 2 (2006, with Mark Moses), Clint Eastwood's Academy Award-nominated war drama Flags of our Fathers (2006, with Neal McDonough), and the blockbuster science-fiction film Transformers (2007). The latter, like 2009's Star Trek, was written by Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman.
Among his more recent projects are David E. Kelley's pilot for the American version of Life on Mars (2008, starring Colm Meaney and featuring Justin Sundquist), the action film G-Force (2009, under stunt coordination of Doug Coleman), the thriller Eagle Eye (2008, featuring Peggy Roeder; with stunts by Shauna Duggins and Stacey Carino; executive produced by Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci), and stunt coordination for the comedy The Adventures of Umbweki (2008, with Geneviere Anderson).


text: There was a time when the nation was mildly scandalized by presidential candidate Bill Clinton being asked if he wears boxers or briefs. A lot has changed in the past two decades, and our sensibilities aren't quite as delicate as they once were. Case in point: Yesterday a man called in to C-SPAN (C-SPAN!) and asked New Hampshire Republican Party Chairman Wayne MacDonald about the contents of Mitt Romney's tighty whities.


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NEW YORK - June 14, 2012 - Brent Spiner (Star Trek: Next Generation) will guest star on Syfy's Warehouse 13 as Brother Adrian, leader of an intensely secretive sect, when the hit series returns for a fourth season Monday, July 23 at 9PM (ET/PT).
Brother Adrian's sect, The Brotherhood of the Knights of the Black Diamond, is descended from the Knights Templar, loosely connected and protected by the Vatican. Like Warehouse 13, The Brotherhood's charge is to protect various powerful artifacts from history. However, they follow no rules and will do whatever they must to fulfill their duty.
Spiner joins Sam Huntington (Being Human), who plays jazz musician "Ethan," as an upcoming guest star.
Warehouse 13 will anchor Syfy's "Powerful Mondays" programming block this summer, followed by the second season return of Alphas at 10PM.
After the powerful, two-hour season three finale, the Warehouse team struggles with the horrible reality of the Warehouse's destruction and the tragic loss of Steve Jinks (Aaron Ashmore), Mrs. Frederic (CCH Pounder) and H.G. Wells (Jaime Murray). With matters so desperate, Pete (Eddie McClintock), Myka (Joanne Kelly), Artie (Saul Rubinek) and Claudia (Allison Scagliotti) must decide whether to knowingly use a dangerous artifact for their own personal gain - at the risk of deadly consequences.
Last year Warehouse 13 averaged 3.3 million total viewers and a series record 1.6 million Adults 18-49, based on Live +7 data.
The most watched series in Syfy history, Warehouse 13 follows a team of government agents who work at a massive, top-secret storage facility in windswept South Dakota which houses every strange artifact, mysterious relic, fantastical object and preternatural souvenir ever collected by the U.S. government. The Warehouse's caretaker Artie Nielsen (Saul Rubinek) charges Pete Lattimer (Eddie McClintock), Myka Bering (Joanne Kelly) and Claudia Donovan (Allison Scagliotti) with chasing down reports of supernatural and paranormal activity in search of new objects to cache at the Warehouse, as well as helping him to control the Warehouse itself. At the end of last season, the Warehouse was shockingly destroyed. What's next for the surviving members of the Warehouse 13 team?
Warehouse 13 is produced for Syfy by Universal Cable Productions. Jack Kenny (The Book of Daniel) is executive producer and showrunner.
Universal Cable Productions creates quality content across multiple media platforms for USA, Syfy and other networks. A leader in innovative and critically acclaimed programming, UCP is the studio behind USA's Royal Pains, Law & Order: Criminal Intent, Psych, In Plain Sight, Covert Affairs, Fairly Legal and Suits, along with Syfy's Eureka, Warehouse 13 and Alphas. The studio is also producing Against the Wall for Lifetime and I Just Want My Pants Back for MTV. UCP is a division of NBCUniversal.
Syfy is a media destination for imagination-based entertainment. With year round acclaimed original series, events, blockbuster movies, classic science fiction and fantasy programming, a dynamic Web site (www.Syfy.com), and a portfolio of adjacent business (Syfy Ventures), Syfy is a passport to limitless possibilities. Originally launched in 1992 as SCI FI Channel, and currently in more than 98 million homes, Syfy is a network of NBCUniversal, one of the world's leading media and entertainment companies. (Syfy. Imagine greater.)


text:
Last year I did these silly elf sentences with my students.
They loved working on this activity and would ask me every day if they could write their elf sentences.
First we created an elf adjectives anchor chart for the children to use when they were writing their sentences.
There were three parts to the sentences.
1. Who ~ this is where the children used the adjectives on the anchor chart.
2. What ~ the elf did
3. Where ~ the elf did it.
They wrote their sentences and illustrated them in the elf books I made.
If you would like to do this activity with your students you can get it from
Happy Teaching


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WINSTON-SALEM � Michael Campanaro�s return to the Wake Forest offense was a boost for the Demon Deacons last week.
They�re hoping for more coming up.
�It�ll be nice to have him back full speed and in there healthy with a few practices under his belt,� said coach Jim Grobe, whose team faces visiting Boston College on Saturday.
Campanaro, a receiver, made a somewhat unexpected early return from a broken bone in his right hand to play in Thursday night�s 42-13 loss to Clemson. Wake Forest will figure to need more from him across the final month of the season if it�s going to stay out of the Atlantic Coast Conference�s Atlantic Division basement and qualify for a bowl game.
�Just coming back around all the guys brought some energy to the group,� said Campanaro, who missed the previous 2� games with the injury suffered in the first half of a Sept. 29 loss to Duke.
Campanaro finished with six catches for 52 yards in the Clemson game. He seemed capable of making a bigger impact based on back-to-back first-quarter plays when he caught a 27-yard pass and drew a defensive interference penalty.
�I thought he did OK,� Grobe said. �I thought we missed him a couple of times where we could have gotten it in there to him. I think he played really good for having missed over three weeks (including a weekend without a game on the schedule).�
Wake Forest�s offense has been sluggish. That 27-yard pass play that involved Campanaro was the longest pass play for the Demon Deacons and their second-biggest yardage pickup of the game.
He came out of it in good condition physically.
�The hand feels good,� Campanaro said. �A few times it got hit where it was a little sore. Nothing bad at all. � The legs feel a little tired. I played a lot of snaps and wasn�t expecting that. I came out healthy with my hand and I�m feeling lucky about that.�
Quarterback Tanner Price said with the return of Campanaro, who was among the national leaders in receptions through September, that the Demon Deacons must make good use of the junior play-maker. Price said Campanaro draws attention of defenses.
�He opens up other guys as well,� Price said. �I overshot him a little bit (on one play). I felt like there were (passes) I could make.�
Campanaro said scoring 13 points wasn�t enough for the offense and he wants to help. The Demon Deacons haven�t reached the 20-point mark in their past three games.
�Being a leader of the offense, I take a lot of responsibility for how we play,� he said.


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