text:
I have waited a year and a half for this day - The day The Bourne Ultimatum comes out. A fitting conclusion for the film series that kicked the spy genre in the balls and kept on kicking until it keeled over and gave painful birth to the wonderful "Casino Royale."
One of the best things about the Bourne films is the way that Bourne uses whatever random items that are at his disposal to serve his own ends. But unlike Jackie Chan, who does the same thing in a comical fashion, Bourne's ingenuity usually doesn't provoke laughter; it provokes a fear that would shake you to your core if you were a rival henchman/assassin. Here are the top 5 Jason-Bourne-improvised weapons:
1) Hardcover Book - (Bourne Ultimatum)
Update: footage of fight scene found! Here you go:
The Bourne Ultimatum - Bourne And Desh Fight
2) Pen - (Bourne Identity)
Picture this scene: You've lost your memory and you're visiting your posh apartment with a quasi-cute girl. All of a sudden, a trained assassin rappels through the window with an automatic weapon and starts shooting the shit out of everything. What do you do?
If you're like me, you'd cower in a corner and wet yourself, waiting for your inevitable demise. But if you're Jason Bourne, you grab a bic and cram it into the guy's fist. Because nothing says "deadly weapon" like a $.07 bic pen:
(To get to the fight scene, fast forward past the first 7 minutes of this video)
3) Magazine - (Bourne Supremacy)
I never thought I would see a magazine used as a weapon in a fight scene, but Bourne doesn't just use it to beat the guy senseless: He also uses the magazine to blow up the guy's house afterwards. I pray that the real CIA trains our assassins to be this creative.
4) Electrical Cord - (Bourne Supremacy)
5) Vodka - (Bourne Supremacy)
Update: The comments on this post have been great and greatly appreciated. In light of the interest this post has generated, I thought I'd throw up the following:
Honorable mentions - items that Bourne used creatively, but not as actual weapons
Nondescript aerosol can - (Bourne Ultimatum)
So a whole fleet of policemen are after you as you're walking through a crowded marketplace. If you're Bourne, it ain't no problem. Just grab a can off of a table and use that "Contents under pressure" label to your advantage.
Guy's Carcass - (Bourne Identity)
Oscillating Fan and Flashlight - (Bourne Ultimatum)
Towel and candlestick - (Bourne Ultimatum)
From the now-famous fight scene with "asset" Desh, Bourne uses these items to temporarily help him against his Blackbriar super agent nemesis. But honestly, the book was really the most painful of them all; the packed crowd that I saw the film with collectively cringed every time he shoved that thing into Desh's neck. Brutal.
[Update: This post has been mentioned on several sites, including Gorillamask, Digg, Neatorama, and Defamer - Thanks to everyone for visiting! Here are a couple of more clips to get you in the mood for "The Bourne Ultimatum," or if you've already seen it, to remind you how awesome this whole series is:
Bourne escapes:
Bourne takes down consulate rep and hacks his phone:
Bourne Identity Car Chase:
Related Articles:
The Bourne Ultimatum, starring Guillermo
The Difference Between The UK Office and the US Office Explained In Two Videos
How To Fix 24
Why Do Great Movies Get Terrible DVD Cover Art
[Note: All photos are from Flickr, via Creative Commons, and link back to their original photo pages]


text:
Here we go...
Due to UI problems I had with 2.49 I've decided to install the latest dev version. I've downloaded the tar.bz2 archive from blender.org, extracted it...
The readme.html inside the archive says
1. There is no .blender dir in the archive (even though I have "show hidden files" option checked)Linux, FreeBSD, Irix, Solaris: Unpack the distribution, copy the .blender directory from it to your home directory. Then run the Blender executable.
Install scripts by putting them in the .blender/scripts inside your home folder.
2. 2-Clicking on the blender executable included in this archive does nothing.
Can anyone help me out.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Collection Items
MapTroop movements in Richmond, Petersburg, Appomattox area, April 1865 Drawn on tracing paper. Shows towns, rivers, roads, railroads, troop movements and proposed parks at Five Forks and Appomattox. This item is in the Map Collection of the Library of Virginia; please contact the Library's Archives Research Services department for more information. Available also through the Library of Congress web site as raster image. April 2003, Conservation Commission (1949), gift; Map Cataloging Team. Civil...
- Contributor: Oakley, J. J.
- Date: 19??
MapMap showing the operations of the Army of the Potomac under command of Maj. Gen. George G. Meade : from March 29th to April 9th 1865 "Accompanying report of Maj. Gen. George G. Meade, U.S.A., Series I Vol. XLVI." Another state of this map published in: Atlas to accompany the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. Washington, 1891-1895. Map of the country between Petersburg and Appomattox Court House showing roads, railroads, cities and towns, and some houses and names of residents. Shows army headquarters and routes of march....
- Contributor: United States. Army of the Potomac. Engineer Dept - Duane, James C.
- Date: 1865


text:
Major Section: PROGRAMMING
ACL2 does not in general allow the redefinition of functions because
logical inconsistency can result: previously stored theorems can be
rendered invalid if the axioms defining the functions involved are
changed. However, to permit prototyping of both
program and
logic mode systems, ACL2 permits redefinition if the user has
accepted logical responsibility for the consequences by setting
ld-redefinition-action to an appropriate non-
nil value. The
refusal of ACL2 to support the unrestricted redefinition of
program mode functions may appear somewhat capricious. After
all, what are the logical consequences of changing a definition if
no axioms are involved?
Three important points should be made before we discuss redefinition further.
The first is that ACL2 does support redefinition (of both
program and
logic functions) when
ld-redefinition-action is non-
The second is that a ``redefinition'' that does not change the mode,
formals, guards, type declarations, stobjs, or body of a function
is considered redundant and is
permitted even when
ld-redefinition-action is
nil. We
recognize and permit redundant definitions because it is not
uncommon for two distinct books to share identical function
definitions. When determining whether the body of a function is
changed by a proposed redefinition, we actually compare the
untranslated versions of the two bodies. See term. For
example, redundancy is not recognized if the old body is
(list a b)
and the new body is
(cons a (cons b nil)). We use the
untranslated bodies because of the difficulty of translating the new
body in the presence of the old syntactic information, given the
possibility that the redefinition might attempt to change the
signature of the function, i.e., the number of formals, the
number of results, or the position of single-threaded objects in either.
The third important point is that a ``redefinition'' that preserves
the formals, guard, types, stobjs, and body but changes the mode
program to
logic is permitted even when
ld-redefinition-action is
nil. That is what
verify-termination does.
This note addresses the temptation to allow redefinition of
program functions in situations other than the three
described above. Therefore, suppose
ld-redefinition-action is
nil and consider the cases.
Case 1. Suppose the new definition attempts to change the formals
or more generally the signature of the function. Accepting
such a redefinition would render ill-formed other
functions which call the redefined function. Subsequent attempts to
evaluate those callers could arbitrarily damage the Common Lisp
image. Thus, redefinition of
program functions under these
circumstances requires the user's active approval, as would be
sought with
'(:query . :overwrite).
Case 2. Suppose the new definition attempts to change the body
(even though it preserves the signature). At one time we
believed this was acceptable and ACL2 supported the quiet
redefinition of
program mode functions in this circumstance.
However, because such functions can be used in macros and redundancy
checking is based on untranslated bodies, this turns out to be
unsound! It is therefore now prohibited. We illustrate such an
unsoundness below. Let
foo-thm1.lisp be a book with the
following contents.
(in-package "ACL2") (defun p1 (x) (declare (xargs :mode :program)) (list 'if x 't 'nil)) (defmacro p (x) (p1 x)) (defun foo (x) (p x)) (defthm foo-thm1 (iff (foo x) x) :rule-classes nil)Note that the macro form
(p x) translates to
(if x t nil).
program function
p1 is used to generate this
translation. The function
foo is defined so that
(foo x) is
(p x) and a theorem about
foo is proved, namely, that
(foo x)
is true iff
x is true.
Now let
foo-thm2.lisp be a book with the following contents.
(in-package "ACL2") (defun p1 (x) (declare (xargs :mode :program)) (list 'if x 'nil 't)) (defmacro p (x) (p1 x)) (defun foo (x) (p x)) (defthm foo-thm2 (iff (foo x) (not x)) :rule-classes nil)In this book, the
program function
p1 is defined so that
(p x) means just the negation of what it meant in the first book,
(if x nil t). The function
foo is defined identically
-- more precisely, the untranslated body of
foo is identical
in the two books, but because of the difference between the two
versions of the
program function
p1 the axioms
defining the two
foos are different. In the second book we prove
the theorem that
(foo x) is true iff
x is nil.
Now consider what would happen if the signature-preserving
redefinition of
program functions were permitted and these
two books were included. When the second book is included the
redefinition of
p1 would be permitted since the signature is
preserved and
p1 is just a
program. But then when the
redefinition of
foo is processed it would be considered redundant
and thus be permitted. The result would be a logic in which it was
possible to prove that
(foo x) is equivalent to both
x and
(not x). In particular, the following sequence leads to a proof
of nil:
(include-book "foo-thm1") (include-book "foo-thm2") (thm nil :hints (("Goal" :use (foo-thm1 foo-thm2))))
It might be possible to loosen the restrictions on the redefinition
program functions by allowing signature-preserving
redefinition of
program functions not involved in macro
definitions. Alternatively, we could implement definition
redundancy checking based on the translated bodies of functions
(though that is quite problematic). Barring those two changes, we
believe it is necessary simply to impose the same restrictions on
the redefinition of
program mode functions as we do on
logic mode functions.


text:
Frequent Links
|/ˈkrʌks/, genitive /ˈkruːsɨs/
|Southern Cross
|Right ascension
68 sq. deg. ([[88 modern constellations by area#REDIRECTmw:Help:Magic words#Other
This page is a soft redirect.88th]])
|Main stars
|Stars with planets
|Stars brighter than 3.00m
|Stars within 10.00 pc (32.62 ly)
|Brightest star
|Acrux (α Cru) (0.87m)
|Nearest star
η Cru
(64.22 ly, 19.69 pc)
|Messier objects
|Meteor showers
Visible at latitudes between +20° and −90°.
Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the month of May.
Crux /ˈkrʌks/, located in the deep southern sky, is the smallest yet one of the most distinctive of the 88 modern constellations. Its name is Latin for cross, and it is dominated by a cross-shaped asterism that is commonly known as the Southern Cross. Although visible to the Ancient Greeks, it was seen as part of the constellation Centaurus, and not defined or accurately mapped till the 16th century.
Known as Acrux, blue-white Alpha Crucis is the constellation's brightest star and the bottom star of the cross. Nearly as bright are Beta and Gamma, while Delta and Epsilon make up the asterism. Many of the constellation's brighter stars are members of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association, a loose group of hot blue-white stars that appear to share a common origin and motion across the Milky Way. Two star systems have been found to have planets. The constellation also contains four Cepheid variables visible to the naked eye under optimum conditions. Crux also contains the Jewel Box, a bright open cluster, and the Coalsack Nebula, the most prominent dark nebula in the sky.
Crux was visible to the Ancient Greeks; Ptolemy regarded it as part of the constellation Centaurus.[1][2] It was entirely visible as far north as Britain in the fourth millennium BC. However, the precession of the equinoxes gradually lowered its stars below the European horizon, and they were eventually forgotten by the inhabitants of northern latitudes.[3] By AD 400, most of the constellation never rose above the horizon for Athenians.[citation needed]
The 15th-century Venetian navigator Alvise Cadamosto made note of what was probably the Southern Cross on exiting the Gambia River in 1455, calling it the carro dell'ostro ("southern chariot"). However, Cadamosto's constellation had too many stars and was tilted incorrectly.[4] Historians generally credit João Faras - astronomer and physician of King Manuel I of Portugal who accompanied Pedro Álvares Cabral in the discovery of Brazil in 1500 - for being the first European to depict it correctly. Faras sketched and described the constellation (calling it "Las Guardas") in a letter written on the beaches of Brazil on May 1, 1500, to the Portuguese monarch.[5]
Explorer Amerigo Vespucci depicted Crux as an almond, called "Mandorla".[6]
Another early modern description clearly describing Crux as a separate constellation is attributed to Andreas Corsali, an Italian navigator who from 1515 to 1517 sailed to China and the East Indies in an expedition sponsored by King Manuel I. In 1516, Corsali wrote a letter to the monarch describing his observations of the southern sky, which included a small map showing 19 stars and the two Magellanic Clouds in a geocentric orientation, along with a vivid textual description of the Southern Cross.[7]
Emery Molyneux and Petrus Plancius have also been cited as the first uranographers to distinguish Crux as a separate constellation; their representations date from 1592, the former depicting it on his celestial globe and the latter in one of the small celestial maps on his large wall map. Both authors, however, depended on unreliable sources and placed Crux in the wrong position. Crux was first shown in its correct position on the celestial globes of Petrus Plancius and Jodocus Hondius in 1598 and 1600. Its stars were first catalogued separately from Centaurus by Frederick de Houtman in 1603.[8] Later adopters of the constellation included Jakob Bartsch in 1624 and Augustin Royer in 1679. Royer is sometimes wrongly cited as initially distinguishing Crux.[2]
Crux is bordered by the constellations Centaurus (which surrounds it on three sides) on the east, north and west, and Musca to the south. Covering 68 square degrees and 0.165% of the night sky, it is the smallest of the 88 constellations.[9] The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922, is 'Cru'.[10] The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of four segments. In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 11h 56.13m and 12h 57.45m, while the declination coordinates are between −55.68° and −64.70°.[11] The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 25°N.[12][a]
In tropical regions Crux can be seen in the sky from April to June. Crux is exactly opposite to Cassiopeia on the celestial sphere, and therefore it cannot appear in the sky with the latter at the same time. For locations south of 34°S, Crux is circumpolar and thus always visible in the night sky.
Crux is sometimes confused with the nearby False Cross by stargazers. Crux is somewhat kite-shaped, and it has a fifth star (ε Crucis). The False Cross is diamond-shaped, somewhat dimmer on average, does not have a fifth star and lacks the two prominent nearby "Pointer Stars."
Crux is easily visible from the southern hemisphere at practically any time of year. It is also visible near the horizon from tropical latitudes of the northern hemisphere for a few hours every night during the northern winter and spring. For instance, it is visible from Cancun or any other place at latitude 25° N or less at around 10 pm at the end of April.[13][14] There are 5 main stars. Due to precession, Crux will move closer to the South Pole in the next millennia, up to 67 degrees south declination for the middle of the constellation. But in AD 18000 or BC 8000 Crux will be/was less than 30 degrees south declination making it visible in Northern Europe. Even in AD 14000 it will be visible for most parts of Europe and the whole United States.
In the Southern Hemisphere, the Southern Cross is frequently used for navigation in much the same way that the Polaris is used in the Northern Hemisphere. Alpha and Gamma (known as Acrux and Gacrux respectively) are commonly used to mark south. Tracing a line from Gacrux to Acrux leads to a point close to the Southern Celestial Pole.[3] Alternatively, if a line is constructed perpendicularly between Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri, the point where the above-mentioned line and this line intersect marks the Southern Celestial Pole. Another way to find south, strike line through Gacrux and Acrux, 3 1/2 times the distance between Gacrux and Acrux, directly below that point is south. The two stars of Alpha and Beta Centauri are often referred to as the "Southern Pointers" or just "The Pointers", allowing people to easily find the asterism of the Southern Cross or the constellation of Crux. Very few bright stars of importance lie between Crux and the pole itself, although the constellation Musca is fairly easily recognised immediately beneath Crux.[15]
A technique used in the field is to clench one's right fist and to view the cross, aligning the first knuckle with the axis of the cross. The tip of the thumb will indicate south.[15]
Argentine Gauchos are well known for using it for night orientation in the vast Pampas and Patagonic regions. It is also of cultural significance, as it is referenced in several songs and literature, including the Martin Fierro. The Argentinian singer Charly Garcia says that he is from the southern cross in the song "No voy en tren".
Notable features
Within the constellation's borders, there are 49 stars brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5.[b][12]
The four main stars that form the asterism are Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta Crucis. Alpha Crucis, called Acrux, is a triple star 321 light-years from Earth. Blue-tinged and magnitude 0.8 to the unaided eye, it has two close components of magnitude 1.3 and 1.8, as well as a wide component of magnitude 5. The two close components are divisible in a small amateur telescope and the wide component is divisible in a pair of binoculars. Beta Crucis, called Mimosa, is a blue-hued giant of magnitude 1.3, 353 light-years from Earth. It is a Beta Cephei-type Cepheid variable with a variation of less than 0.1 magnitudes.[3] Gamma Crucis, called Gacrux, is an optical double star. The primary is a red-hued giant star of magnitude 1.6, 88 light-years from Earth. The secondary is of magnitude 6.5, 264 light-years from Earth. Delta Crucis is a blue-white hued star of magnitude 2.8, 364 light-years from Earth. It is the dimmest of the Southern Cross stars.[3] Like Beta it is a Beta Cepheid.[9]
There are several dimmer stars within the borders of Crux. Epsilon Crucis is an orange-hued giant star of magnitude 3.6, 228 light-years from Earth. Iota Crucis is a binary star 125 light-years from Earth. The primary is an orange-hued giant of magnitude 4.6 and the secondary is of magnitude 9.5. Mu Crucis is a double star where the unrelated components are about 370 light-years from Earth. The primary is a blue-white hued star of magnitude 4.0 and the secondary is a blue-white hued star of magnitude 5.1. Mu Crucis is divisible in small amateur telescopes or large binoculars.[3]
15 of the 23 brightest stars are blue-white B-type stars.[9] Of the five main cross stars, Delta Crucis and probably Acrux and Mimosa are co-moving B-type members of the Scorpius–Centaurus Association, the nearest OB association to the Sun.[17][18] They are among the highest-mass stellar members of the Lower Centaurus-Crux subgroup of the association, with ages of roughly 10 to 20 million years.[19][20] Other members include the blue-white stars Zeta, Lambda, Mu1 and Mu2.[21]
Lambda Crucis and Theta2 Crucis are also Beta Cepheid stars.[9]
Crux boasts four Cepheid variables that reach naked eye visibility. BG Crucis ranges from magnitude 5.34 to 5.58 over 3.3428 days,[22] T Crucis ranges from 6.32 to 6.83 over 6.73331 days,[23] S Crucis ranges from 6.22 to 6.92 over 4.68997 days,[24] and R Crucis ranges from 6.4 to 7.23 over 5.82575 days.[25] BH Crucis, also known as Welch's Red Variable, is a Mira variable that ranges from magnitude 6.6 to 9.8 over 530 days.[26] Discovered in October 1969, it has become redder and brighter (mean magnitude changing from 8.047 to 7.762) and its period lengthened by 25% in the first thirty years since its discovery.[27]
The star HD 106906 has been found to have a planet—HD 106906 b—that has a larger orbit than any other exoplanet discovered to date.
Deep-sky objects
The Coalsack Nebula is the most prominent dark nebula in the skies, easily visible to the naked eye as a prominent dark patch in the southern Milky Way. It is large, five degrees by seven degrees, and is 600 light-years from Earth. Not all of the nebula is in the borders of Crux; some of it is technically in Musca and Centaurus.[3]
The open cluster NGC 4755, better known as the Jewel Box or Kappa Crucis Cluster, has an overall magnitude of 4.2—to the naked eye it appears to be a fuzzy star—[3]and is about 7600 light-years from Earth.[28] The cluster was given its name by John Herschel.[3] About seven million years old, an age that makes it one of the youngest open clusters in the Milky Way, it appears to have the shape of a letter A. The Jewel Box Clusters is a Shapley class g and Trumpler class I 3 r cluster; it is a very rich, centrally-concentrated cluster detached from the surrounding star field. It has more than 100 stars that range significantly in brightness.[28] The brightest stars are mostly blue supergiants, though the cluster contains a few bright red supergiants. Kappa Crucis is a true member of the cluster that bears its name, and is one of the brighter stars at magnitude 5.9.[3]
Cultural significance
The most prominent feature of Crux is the distinctive asterism known as the Southern Cross. It has great significance in the cultures of the southern hemisphere, particularly of New Zealand, and Australia, whose citizens colloquially refer to themselves as sons and daughters of the Southern Cross.[29]
Flags and symbols
Beginning in the colonial age, Crux became used as a national symbol by several southern nations. The brightest stars of Crux appear on the flags of Australia, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and Samoa. They also appear on the flags of the Australian state of Victoria, the Australian Capital Territory, the Northern Territory, as well as the flag of Magallanes Region of Chile, the flag of Londrina (Brazil) and several Argentine provincial flags and emblems (for example, Tierra del Fuego and Santa Cruz). The flag of the Mercosur trading zone displays the four brightest stars. Crux also appears on the Brazilian coat of arms.In Australia, the Southern Cross played a crucial role as symbol of the Eureka Stockade. In the Eureka Oath from Peter Lalor's famous speech in 1854 under the Eureka Flag he proclaimed "We swear by the Southern Cross to stand truly by each other and fight to defend our rights and liberties."[citation needed] Of the Australian national flag, the Australian poet Banjo Paterson wrote in 1893:[citation needed]
The English flag may flutter and wave,[citation needed]
where the world wide oceans toss,
but the flag the Australian dies to save,
is the flag of the Southern Cross.
The Southern Cross was written into the lyrics of "Advance Australia Fair" in 1901: "Beneath our radiant Southern Cross"; the song was adopted as the Australian National Anthem in 1984. The victory song of the Australian national cricket team is entitled "Under the Southern Cross I Stand".
The Southern Cross was included in the lyrics of the Brazilian National Anthem (1909): "A imagem do Cruzeiro resplandece" ("the image of the Cross shines"). The five stars are also in the logo of the Brazilian football team Cruzeiro Esporte Clube and the Brazilian coat of arms; it is mentioned in the Brazilian national anthem, and even featured as the name of the currency (the cruzeiro from 1942 to 1986 and again from 1990 to 1994. The constellation is displayed in all coins of the current series of the Brazilian real.
In O Sweet Saint Martin's Land, the lyrics for the Southern Cross are Thy Southern Cross the night.
A stylized version of Crux appears on the Australian Eureka Flag. The constellation was also used on the dark blue, shield-like patch worn by personnel of the U.S. Army's Americal Division, which was organized in the Southern Hemisphere, on the island of New Caledonia, and also the blue diamond of the U.S. 1st Marine Division, which fought on the Southern Hemisphere islands of Guadalcanal and New Britain.
In non-Western astronomy
In Australian Aboriginal astronomy, Crux and the Coalsack mark the head of the 'Emu in the Sky' in several Aboriginal cultures, while Crux itself is said to be a possum sitting in a tree and a representation of the sky deity Mirrabooka.[citation needed] Two Pacific constellations also included Gamma Centauri. Torres Strait Islanders in modern-day Australia saw Gamma Centauri as the handle and the four stars as the trident of Tagai's Fishing Spear. The Aranda people of central Australia saw the four Cross stars as the talon of an eagle and Gamma Centauri as its leg.[6]
In ancient Hindu astrology, the modern Crux is referred to as Trishanku.[30]
Various peoples in the East Indies and Brazil viewed the four main stars as the body of a ray.[6] In both Indonesia and Malaysia, it is known as Bintang Pari and Buruj Pari respectively ("ray stars")
The Javanese people of Indonesia called this constellation Gubug pèncèng ("raking hut") or lumbung ("the granary"), because the shape of the constellation was like a raking hut.[31]
The Māori name for the Southern Cross is Te Punga ("the anchor"). It is thought of as the anchor of Tama-rereti's waka (the Milky Way), while the Pointers are its rope.[32] In Tonga it is known as Toloa ("duck"); it is depicted as a duck flying south, with one of his wings (δ Crucis) wounded because Ongo tangata ("two men", α and β Centauri) threw a stone at it. The Coalsack is known as Humu (the "triggerfish"), because of its shape.[33] In Samoa the constellation is called Sumu ("triggerfish") because of its rhomboid shape, while α and β Centauri are called Luatagata (Two Men), just as they are in Tonga. The peoples of the Solomon Islands saw several figures in the Southern Cross. These included a knee protector and a net used to catch Palolo worms. Neighboring peoples in the Marshall Islands saw these stars as a fish.[6]
In Mapudungun, the language of Patagonian Mapuches, the name of the Southern Cross is Melipal, which means "four stars". In Quechua, the language of the Inca civilization, Crux is known as "Chakana", which means literally "stair" (chaka, bridge, link; hanan, high, above), but carries a deep symbolism within Quechua mysticism.[34] Acrux and Mimosa make up one foot of the Great Rhea, a constellation encompassing Centaurus and Circinus along with the two bright stars. The Great Rhea was a constellation of the Bororo people of Brazil. The Mocoví people of Argentina also saw a rhea including the stars of Crux. Their rhea is attacked by two dogs, represented by bright stars in Centaurus and Circinus. The dogs' heads are marked by Alpha and Beta Centauri. The rhea's body is marked by the four main stars of Crux, while its head is Gamma Centauri and its feet are the bright stars of Musca.[35] The Bakairi people of Brazil had a sprawling constellation representing a bird snare. It included the bright stars of Crux, the southern part of Centaurus, Circinus, at least one star in Lupus, the bright stars of Musca, Beta and Delta Chamaeleonis, Volans, and Mensa.[36] The Kalapalo people of Mato Grosso state in Brazil saw the stars of Crux as Aganagi angry bees having emerged from the Coalsack, which they saw as the beehive.[37]
Among Tuaregs, the four most visible stars of Crux are considered iggaren, i.e. four Maerua crassifolia trees.[citation needed] The Tswana people of Botswana saw the constellation as Dithutlwa, two giraffes - Acrux and Mimosa forming a male, and Gacrux and Delta Crucis forming the female.[38]
In popular culture
The Argentine Air Force acrobatic display team is called Cruz del Sur, the Spanish for "Southern Cross".
In the Victory At Sea suite, Richard Rodgers wrote "Beneath The Southern Cross" to depict the battleships in convoy and the loneliness of the sailors in the Southern Pacific during World War II. This tango melody is also "No Other Love Have I" in the musical "Me and Juliet" and a popular hit for Perry Como during the 1950s.
Cruzeiro Esporte Clube (Crux/Southern Cross Sports Club) is a first class football (soccer) club in Brazil.
Melbourne's Southern Cross Hotel was built and named in 1962 and was one of the city's foremost hotels during the decade. The hotel was demolished in 2005 and replaced by the similarly named office building known as Southern Cross Tower. There is a town in the Western Australian wheatbelt approx 300 km east of Perth called Southern Cross. Melbourne's Spencer Street Station was rebuilt and renamed "Southern Cross Station" in 2006.
The 1974 Australian America's Cup Challenger was named "Southern Cross" KA 4 representing the Royal Perth Yacht Club and was defeated 4-0 sailing off Newport Rhode Island by "Courageous" US26 sailing for the New York Yacht Club. Southern Cross became the trial horse for the 1977 Australian Challenger "Australia" KA 5 representing the Sun City Yacht Club that was defeated 4-0 sailing off Newport Rhode Island by Courageous US26 sailing for the New York Yacht Club.
The Commonwealth Bank of Australia uses a stylized image of the Southern Cross as a corporate logo.
"Southern Cross" is also a 1982 song by the classic rock group Crosby, Stills and Nash, written by Rick Curtis, Michael Curtis, and Stephen Stills. This song was also covered by Jimmy Buffett and is commonly played at his concerts.
After identifying a need for a church for Afrikaans speakers living in the Netherlands, a church was established in Leusden and is known as Suiderkruis Kerk. (Southern Cross Church) There is a town called Suiderkruis (Southern Cross) in the Western Cape province of South Africa. The opening lines of South African composer Koos du Plessis' Christmas carol, 'Somerkersfees' (Summer Christmas) are:
- Welkom o stille nag van vrede (Welcome, o silent night of peace)
- Onder die suiderkruis (Beneath the Southern Cross)
Zeitgeist: the Movie claims that the Sun can be in the vicinity of Crux: this is seen through the northern hemisphere of the earth.[39][40]
In the 2006 video game Ace Combat X: Skies of Deception, Crux plays a major role in the story of the game and is the name of the player's radio operator.
The 1981 Black Sabbath album Mob Rules features the song "The Sign of the Southern Cross", whose lyrics were written by then member and vocalist Ronnie James Dio.
In Literature
Mark Twain's travelogue Following the Equator features Twain remarking on the viewing the Southern Cross for the first time, "It is ingeniously named, for it looks just as a cross would look if it looked like something else."
USS Crux (AK-115) was a United States Navy Crater class cargo ship named after the constellation.
See also
- ^ While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 25°N and 34°N, stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.[12]
- ^ Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night skies.[16]
- Citations
- ^ Pasachoff, Stars and Planets, 2006, p. 144.
- ^ a b Staal 1988, p. 247.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Ridpath & Tirion 2001, pp. 132-133.
- ^ "We likewise observed...due south by compass, a constellation of six large bright stars, in the figure of a cross in this form...we conjectured this to be the southern chariot, but could not expect to observe the principal star, as we had not yet lost sight of the north pole." A. Cadamosto Navigatione, written c.1465 (1550 Ramusio edition, p.116r; 1811 Kerr edition p.244)
- ^ Revista do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro, V nº 19., Rio de Janeiro, 1843
- ^ a b c d Staal 1988, p. 249.
- ^ Nick Kanas (2012), Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography, Second Edition, Chichester, U.K., p. 118, ISBN 978-1-4614-0917-5
- ^ "Ian Ridpath's Star Tales – Crux". Retrieved August 5, 2013.
- ^ a b c d Bagnall, Philip M. (2012). The Star Atlas Companion: What You Need to Know about the Constellations. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 183–87. ISBN 978-1-4614-0830-7.
- ^ Russell, Henry Norris (1922). "The New International Symbols for the Constellations". Popular Astronomy 30: 469. Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R.
- ^ "Crux, Constellation Boundary". The Constellations (International Astronomical Union). Retrieved 23 June 2014.
- ^ a b c Ian Ridpath. "Constellations: Andromeda–Indus". Star Tales. self-published. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
- ^ Pasachoff, Jay M (2000). Field Guide to the Stars and Planets. Houghton Miflin. p. 67. ISBN 978-0-395-93431-9.
- ^ "Ian Ridpath.com: Constellations". Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- ^ a b Grainger, DH. Don't die in the Bundu (8th ed.). Cape Town. pp. 84–86. ISBN 0 86978 056 5.
- ^ Bortle, John E. (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. Sky Publishing Corporation. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
- ^ Preibisch, T., Mamajek, E. (2008). "The Nearest OB Association: Scorpius-Centaurus (Sco OB2)". Handbook of Star-Forming Regions 2: 0. Bibcode:2008hsf2.book..235P. arXiv:0809.0407.
- ^ Rizzuto, Aaron; Ireland, Michael; Robertson, J. G. (October 2011), "Multidimensional Bayesian membership analysis of the Sco OB2 moving group", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 416 (4): 3108–3117, Bibcode:2011MNRAS.416.3108R, arXiv:1106.2857, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19256.x.
- ^ de Geus, E. J., de Zeeuw, P. T., & Lub, J. (1989). "Physical Parameters of Stars in the Scorpio-Centaurus OB Association". Astronomy & Astrophysics 216 (3): 44–61. Bibcode:1989A&A...216...44D.
- ^ Mamajek, E.E.; Meyer, M.R.; Liebert, J. (2002). "Post-T Tauri Stars in the Nearest OB Association". Astronomical Journal 124 (3): 1670–1694. Bibcode:2002AJ....124.1670M. arXiv:astro-ph/0205417. doi:10.1086/341952.
- ^ de Zeeuw, P.T.; Hoogerwerf, R.; de Bruijne, J.H.J.; Brown, A.G.A.; Blaauw, A. (1999). "A Hipparcos Census of Nearby OB Associations". Astronomical Journal 117 (1): 354–99. Bibcode:1999AJ....117..354D. arXiv:astro-ph/9809227. doi:10.1086/300682.
- ^ Watson, Christopher (4 January 2010). "BG Crucis". AAVSO Website. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ Watson, Christopher (4 January 2010). "T Crucis". AAVSO Website. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ Watson, Christopher (4 January 2010). "S Crucis". AAVSO Website. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ Watson, Christopher (4 January 2010). "R Crucis". AAVSO Website. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
- ^ Otero, Sebastian (6 January 2011). "BH Crucis". AAVSO Website. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 23 June 2014.
- ^ Walker, W.S.G. (2009). "BH Crucis : Period, Magnitude, and Color Changes". J. Am. Assoc. Variable star obs. 37: 87–95. Bibcode:2009JAVSO..37...87W.
- ^ a b Levy 2005, p. 87.
- ^ http://www.smh.com.au/national/sons-and-daughters-of-the-southern-cross-20091009-gqub.html
- ^ "Crux - Trishanku". Space Yuga. 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2011-06-15.
- ^ Daldjoeni, N. (1984). "Pranatamangsa, the javanese agricultural calendar – Its bioclimatological and sociocultural function in developing rural life.". The Environmentalist 4: 15–18. doi:10.1007/BF01907286.
- ^ "Māori Dictionary; Waka o Tama-rereti, Te". Retrieved 4 February 2013.
- ^ Velt 1990.
- ^ "Chakana: Inca Cross". 23 June 2007. Retrieved 9 July 2012.
- ^ Staal 1988, p. 251.
- ^ Staal 1988, p. 250.
- ^ Basso, Ellen B. (1987). In Favor of Deceit: A Study of Tricksters in an Amazonian Society. Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press. p. 360. ISBN 0816510229.
- ^ Clegg, Andrew (1986). "Some Aspects of Tswana Cosmology". Botswana Notes and Records 18: 33–37. JSTOR 40979758.
- ^ "Constellation". Cosmos - The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy. Swinburne University. (Table of all constellations).
- ^ "Zodiac". Cosmos - The SAO Encyclopedia of Astronomy. Swinburne University.
- References
- Levy, David H. (2005), Deep Sky Objects, Prometheus Books, ISBN 1-59102-361-0
- Pasachoff, Jay M. (2006), A Field Guide to the Stars and Planets, Houghton Mifflin
- Ridpath, Ian; Tirion, Wil (2001), Stars and Planets Guide, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-08913-2
- Velt, Kik (1990), Stars Over Tonga, 'Atenisi University
External links
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Crux.
- Southern Cross Starry Night Photography.
- Star Tales – Crux
- Finding the South Pole in the sky
- Southern Cross in Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand
- Tell time from the position of the southern cross http://puggle.byethost14.com/homepage/cruxstuff.html
- Letter of Andrea Corsali 1516-1989: with additional material ("the first description and illustration of the Southern Cross, with speculations about Australia ...") digitised by the National Library of Australia.
- The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: Crux.
- The Cambridge Guide to the Constellations, Michael E. Bakich, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pg. 85.
- Universe: The Definitive Visual Dictionary, Robert Dinwiddie and others., DK Adult Publishing, (2005), pg. 396.
- The Sign of the Southern Cross Black Sabbath
- Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). Stars and Planets Guide, Collins, London. ISBN 978-0-00-725120-9. Princeton University Press, Princeton. ISBN 978-0-691-13556-4.
- Crux Constellation at Constellation Guide
- [1] Andrea Corsali - Letter to Giuliano de Medici, 1516, with additional material, 1989


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Engaging the community to help save sharks from extinctionStarted in 2009, Shark Truth is program dedicated to promoting awareness, education and action for sharks with a specific focus on the cross-cultural aspect of shark conservation. Our philosophy is to create long-term champions from within the community to protect sharks and our oceans. Through unique campaigns like the Happy Hearts Love Sharks wedding contest, we have saved nearly 8,000 sharks and counting from being eaten by diverting over 80,000 bowls of shark fin from consumption.
Shark Truth is a program of Hua Foundation, an organization dedicated to bringing together the worlds of cultural heritage and social change. Read more about it here.


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Rod R. Blagojevich was the 40th governor of Illinois. He was first elected in 2002 and was re-elected in 2006. Blagojevich was born in Chicago in 1956. He graduated from Northwestern University in 1979 and earned his law degree from Pepperdine in 1983. Prior to being elected governor, Blagojevich was a Cook County Assistant State's Attorney. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1996. On December 9, 2008, Blagojevich was arrested for political corruption. The Illinois House of Representatives impeached him, and the Senate voted on January 29, 2009, to remove him from office.
Get the latest on the Blagojevich case
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Swift Motorised Curtain Track 5-6 Meters (60Kg) Double Motor
Availability: In Stock
Swift Motorised Curtain Track 5-6 Meters (60Kg) Double Motor
- In-stock and cut to exact length required
- Voltage Supply 230V AC direct.
- The hangers and pulleys are belt driven ensuring precision driving of the curtain
- The system can run on up to 12m width tracks
- The allowable curtain weights are shown per track, this is only a guide. You should always use two motors on wide or very heavy tracks!
- Curtains can open from centre or from any one side if required.
- The motors are placed on either side to allow for very heavy curtains
- Comes supplied with one RF remote control (requires two AAA batteries) which can work from up to 80m away in open air and does not require line of sight (i.e. curtains can be controlled from other rooms)
- The RF receiver is built into the motor
- Multiple tracks can be operated from one remote either all together or individually (Multi channel remotes are optional extras)
- A fixed wall controller can also be supplied if required (optional extra)
- The motors have hard wire Stop, Open, & Close inputs allowing it to be connected to any pulse switch or to a home automation system via a four wire cable.
- An RS232 to RF 15 Channel controller can be interfaced with a Home Automation system to allow up to 15 curtains or blinds to be controlled by the Home Automation System with out running any cabling.
- Hooks are supplied for the sub driving wheel and also the motor to allow the curtain to be hooked onto these to totally hide them from view. This also ensures that the motor and cabling remains hidden behind the curtain on either side even when the curtain is fully open
- The track can be fixed on a side wall or on a ceiling, both brackets are supplied
- Setting the limits is extremely easy and can be done in a matter of seconds
- There are separate open, close and stop buttons on the remote control allowing the curtain to be stopped in any position and controlled in the direction that you require
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Hyundai Genesis Real World MPG
I'm in the process of deciding on the 6 or 8 cylinder and am curious how current owners are finding the mileage on both compared to the official MPG ratings on these engines. I haven't seen many comments on this so hope to get your feedback soon.
norse56 Posts: 2I have a 4.6 with 1000 miles. I drive REASONABLY, and get 18-19 city, 22-23 suburban mix, 26+ freeway (loaded w/cruise @ 75mph). I am still running premium fuel. It has amazing performance with excellent mileage for a 2-ton, 375hp car!0
rk2469 Posts: 30Your mpg will get better. My Azera 3.8L now can go from Houston to Dallas with the 31.8 mpg figure based on the meter. Now, it could be off little but the very fact that it can is remarkable.
The 31.8 mpg value is measured from downtown Houston to Lewisville (Dallas surburb).
The "reset" button was pressed so the count was 0 mpg.
The car is set to cruise control at 65mph.
Average mpg is now at 23 mpg. I have remarkably short drive to/from my work place. 23 mpg figure is good based on the fact that I go through many traffic light in the commute of 4 miles.0
carolinabob Posts: 576Does anyone know how to determine whether gas with ethanol was used in the various MPG tests? Since my MPG has decreased with ethanol, seems to me this will affect all tests. Had an oil company rep. tell me they know it decreases MPG, but Congress has mandated use of ethanol to satisfy farm lobby.0
I hadn't paid much attention to the MPG until now and when I checked I got 21.4 mpg.I live in Arizona and its the middle of summer so its way hot, I'm very happy with my results.I have the 6cyl Genesis with premium package and 18 in wheels,these results are in town driving (stop & go) with A.C. cranked up.I got the ride in January and only have 4600 miles on it,to say I'm happy with this car is an understatement.I bought my first new car 40 years ago for $1,995.00 and my payments were $55.00 a month, the Genesis was a bit more than that.....LOL.Like many ppl I have had a vast assortment of cars over the years,my last ride was a 2005 CTS cady,I also have owned BMW,Lincolns,and everything in between with a few sports cars and muscle cars in the mix.The Genesis I now own is one of the best cars I have had as far as price,quality,and value are concerned and 2me its a really nice looking car.I'm not sayin the car is perfect but I'm very Happy overall and am glad I got the 6cyl,don't get me wrong the V8 is sweet but having it would probably just get me overloaded with speeding tickets, and the six has plenty of power for any situation.Now I just gotta get a road trip planned and put this car on the highway and enjoy the comfort and luxury.
Though computer says 19.7 mpg in town, the real world measurement is 19 mpg. That is better than the sticker, but in my V6 highway mileage is 23.5 mpg at a cruise controlled 80 mph. At 75 mph\ it has only be 24.0 mpg, and I find these numbers far below the 27 mpg claimed. This is the biggest disappointment I have had with this car.
My previous 1998 V8 Lexus GS400 did 17.5 and 24 mpg (and highway mileage was measured at 80 mph).0
toye Posts: 351With my V6 going 70 with no A/C I got an average of 28.6 on a trip from S Florida to NE US and back0
My fuel mileage in town has steadily improved in the past 1500 miles. My V6 has just turned 3K miles, and around town I have improved from 19 mpg to 20. I am a bit startled by the improvement, and some of this improvement may be that I am learning to feather the accelerator a bit better as I get used to the car. Still using Regular gas. I ALWAYS run the A/C. Been too warm in GA to go without in the past month.
I will not have it out on the highway til this coming weekend, and I should have waited to report, but will next week, after a 600 mile round trip. I am gratified by this improvement, and am startled by how much better than the rating it is. Usually I have to baby a car to get the rated MPG, but as of now that doesn't seem necessary.
Of course, my measurement of every tankful is indicative of my OCD, but I'm stuck with it, and sometimes the news is good.
I traded in a VW Phaeton for the Hyundai. Loved the Phaeton, but hated the OHMIGOD maintenance requirements. That car, babied, did 15 mpg about town, and 20 mpg at 80 mph cruise controlled. I had guilt about driving that car, and fears of $5 a gallon gas making me miserable if I had kept it. I dare hope that my highway mileage will improve to near claims.0
tjc78 South JerseyPosts: 8,396Usually I have to baby a car to get the rated MPG, but as of now that doesn't seem necessary
There was a new MPG system put in place about two years ago that makes the teting much more like real world driving. It is much easier to beat the new EPA estimates than the old (somewhat) optimistic #s.
For example (from fueleconomy.gov) a 2006 Avalon was originally rated at 22/31 25 overall on the new ratings system its 20/28 23 combined.
Your MPG seems spot on in your Genesis. My 09 with a tick over 10K is averaging around 20 in all city or gridlock highway.
2017 Buick Enclave / 2017 Hyundai Elantra0
Yeah, I'm replying to myself. Took a round trip ride in my V6 Genesis, 300 miles each way. Wow, there has been improvement with break in. Initial MPG was 23.5 at a cruise controlled 80 mph. That trip occurred with only 1000 miles on the odometer, and on flat land. More recent trip started with 3500 miles on odometer. On the first leg of the current trip, I averaged 26.5 mpg at 80 mph, and that is NOT the computer reading, but the calculated mpg. The computer read 27 mpg. By the way, there was an elevation increase of just over 1000 feet on the first leg. On the way home I took a different route with less highway driving, and more 2 lane roads, though a more direct route. The car did 27.5 mpg, with about 1/3 of the miles driven between 55 to 65 mph, and there were a few stops or slowdowns in some small towns. Of course there was more of a downhill benefit on the way home, though I don't dare estimate what that elevation change meant to the mpg measurement.
So average both ways was 27 mpg, right on the number, and that was doing 80 mph on open highways. I am starting to believe the hype about this car.
Since the car is actually larger than it first appears, I consider this mileage for a car this size, this powerful, rather remarkable.0
sooththetruth , I just came back from an out of town trip and in fact my gas mileage has improved since the car was new.I just turned 11,000 miles and on this trip doing 80mph I averaged 27.7 which surprised me cuz I do have a tendency to have a heavy foot.In town I'm usually at 22.5 and both the averages are better than when the car was new.To say I'm happy with this ride is an understatement,gas mileage aside I'm pleased with everything about the car,its just a car I really like and is fun to drive.I often get compliments about this car,I have removed all the "H" emblems and installed the wings emblems so the car doesnt say Hyundai anywhere.As a result ppl are often very surprised when I tell them that it is a Hyundai. Anyway enjoy your Genesis I sure do along with many others on this site.
on this trip doing 80mph I averaged 27.7 which surprised me cuz I do have a tendency to have a heavy foot.In town I'm usually at 22.5 and both the averages are better than when the car was new
I am pleased to hear I have more improvement to look forward to, but the 22.5 mpg in the city seems surreal to me, given the size of the car. I hope to one day post how right you are.
By the way, I am continuing to use regular gas, though I once did fill up with 93 octane, and I had no doubt I could feel the difference in performance. I would like to take a blinded test, though, so as to KNOW that I can tell the difference, or if my expectation led me to "feel" the difference.
Has anyone else made that "seat of your pants" comparison?
It would be a lot harder to drive your car to nearly empty, add one gallon of regular, do speed runs in two directions, then finish off the gallon as much as you dare, add a gallon of premium, and repeat the test at the same site.
Is that OCD, or what?
smookdog Posts: 7Just returned from a trip from Las Vegas to Phoenix. Somewhat hilly and averaged about 70 MPH. Trip computer showed 32.7 MPG. Was averaging about 24.6 MPG combined in city and highway and commute to work is less than 1 mile so I stop minutes after I start which obviously affects the MPG. Changed the air filter to K & N and very happy with the MPG.0
Very nice, I have made that trip from Tucson many times I noticed recently that I was getting 23.3 mpg in town which seems to keep improving the more miles I put on the car. (11,750 now) But 32.7 on that road is very nice, and I am assuming you had on the A.C. Good luck with your Genesis and enjoy.
crkyolfrt Posts: 2,345Here in Cda, the V6 is suppose to run on 87 octane. The V8 on premium.
There are few misconceptions greater than there is between reg and premium gas.
Here are the (rather simplistic but) basic facts.
- There is more BTU in regular gas. If your manual calls for regular, do NOT use hi test.
- Hi-test has less BTU (energy) in it. Hi-test is design to have a higher (read slower) flash point. i.e. it is meant to be burned in combustion chambers which have a high compression ratio. Fuel ignites easier the more it is compressed. That is why older cars that have carbon build up in the C chamber, (which raises the CR due to its basic volume sitting there) often don't ping and run on when owners switch to mid or hi-test. You see....it is the red hot carbon that ignites the gas when the ignition has already been turned off, and hence causes the dieseling or run-on. Because the regular gas has a lower flash point (quicker to burn). So that is why hi-test often eliminates ping and run-on.
- there are no more deterents or additives in hi-test than there is in regular.
- if your car is designed to run on regular, it will have more power, and run more efficient to boot. (no blind test required)
- upper class luxury vehicles (and some lesser ones) often use a detonation device that operates electronically. It can sense regular gas if an owner uses regualr gas in a car that requires premium. But this only fools the engine into thinking it has the proper grade gas. It makes adjustments to engine timing etc to do this. But owners of cars that require premium should switch back as soon as their next tank. Running hi-test in a car that requires regular, actually tends to strangulate the engines ability to perform as manufactured.
- because fewer owners purchase premium at the pumps, it is always older gas. Makes sense right? So again, use regular if your car is designed for it.
I am amazed at these MPG figures real world owners are getting, and I really enjoyed seeing some of the detailed write-ups here. Very impressive.
I am in the market for a Genesis I think. But I am sorta poor and need them to depreciate a little more before I can find one I can afford. Was the first year 2009? Did they have any issues? I sorta hate to buy first year of anything.
If anyone here (non-smokers only please) decides to sell their (V6 only) any year considered, Genesis because their needs change, send me a message here or PM. My notifier is turned on. thanks and enjoy your new rides everyone0
harrybush00 Posts: 76So far I've put on ~400 miles on the car. On the 2nd fill up, I got a 17.9 mpg average.
lakerunner4h Posts: 37I have recorded the $$ & amount of each fill up since I purchased my Genesis 3.8L in July, 2008. After slightly over 47K miles, I am averaging 24.7 mpg with approximately a 55 / 45 mix (highway / city miles). Highest mileage to date -- 31.0, lowest 17.7.0
Really? 22+ in town? 28+ on the highway? hhhmmmmmmmmmmm0
LASHAWN Posts: 303Everytime I take a trip to Alabama to see my mom, I average about 28-29mpg for the 370 mile one way trip. I average around 26-27 going back and forth to work.0
megabrooke1 Posts: 3I am a fanatic for record keeping of my car expenses, so I record each fill up, range and gallons used. Much to my dismay, I discovered that my actual mpg from fill up to fill up runs about 0.5 to 1 MPG less than what the trip computer says I achieved on that tank. I bought my 2011 Genesis Certified used with 17K on odometer and have record every tank so far( now 24K and the pattern is the same. I called Hyundai to see if my model qualified for the MPG overstatement settlement and they told me my model was too new. They said I could bring it to the dealer to have the trip computer calibrated and validate my claims. I hate to take my car to dealer for anything so I will wait until I HAVE to go for something else.
Anybody else validate this subtle exaggeration. I am getting 22-23 MPG but trip computer says I'm getting 23-24mpg.0
If I remember correctly the "fine print" when I bought my Genesis new in 2009 says that this is a estimate.. +or- a certain percent .One mile per gallon on a 15 gal fill up may be acceptable to the manufacturer..... maybe not for me or you but it is 4them I suppose it can be put in the category of the lies they always tell us, for example a computer doesn't have the amount of storage it says on the specs. A 2GB thumb drive empty has way less than 2GB,build your house and buy a 2X4 and its really 1 1/2 by 3 1/2. For sure this doesn't make it fair or right but its just they way it is and the government allows this and a whole lot more BTW if this is your only problem it ain't that bad as far as cars go. If you enjoy your Genesis half as much as I have in the past 5 years your in good shape. My car has been almost free of problems except for a accelerator part when it was less than a year old and was fixed for free of course.
P.S. Please don't think I'm not taking your problem seriously, if we buy something it should work as advertised. Good luck.
You're right. Manufacturers are allowed to inflate (or deflate) numbers w/out regard of the effects to the consumer. Maybe we should all start paying "approximately" what a total would be.... say if the total is $98.59 we should pay "approximately" $94.14. After all we're being deceived (cheated) at every turn, so why can't we put it back on them....... lol0
shagnat.... I like the way you think and I'm in complete agreement, the only problem is they get away with it and we go to jail. LOL


text:
Story highlights
- Martin Luther King Jr.'s class at Morehouse College was in 1962
- His 8 students knew of him, but he was not yet world-famous
- The students share their memories of King as teacher and inspiration
Martin Luther King Jr. taught exactly one class his entire life. It was in 1962 in Atlanta -- a year before he would give his "I Have a Dream" speech in the nation's capital.
King had just moved back to his hometown to become co-pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church, where his father was in the pulpit. The church was such an influential voice, the King family was considered royalty in the city's African-American community.
After leading the Montgomery bus boycott of the mid-'50s, King was nationally known in his own right. The international fame that would follow the Nobel Peace Prize had yet to come.
To many of the students in his class at Morehouse College -- King's alma mater -- he was considered a mentor, even a member of the family.
He taught social philosophy -- the scholarly soul of the civil rights movement. The syllabus was demanding; students were expected to read the greatest thinkers of political theory: John Stuart Mill, Hegel, Rousseau, Socrates, Plato and more. His final exam asked: Would Adam Smith or Karl Marx support the nonviolent theory of social change?
The class met weekly for one semester. King's work often kept him away, so he enlisted a co-teacher: Samuel Williams, a member of the Morehouse faculty and pastor at a nearby church.
King was too busy to give the course his full attention, but preparing for it gave him time to reflect on his future, according to David Garrow's Pulitzer-winning book, "Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference."
"I know I would not always be a leader," the book quotes King as saying. "I will not always be in the public eye and in the news. ... I feel that there are many things just as important ahead for me, and I have almost an eagerness to give the rest of my life to the pursuit of the cultural, intellectual and aesthetic ideas I've been pulled away from by this struggle.
"Not now of course," King added with a pause, "but someday."
He spoke these words six years before he was assassinated.
Eight students stayed with the class: six Morehouse men and two women from Spelman College. Among them were Julian Bond, who would go on to become a legislator, and Amos Brown, who would move out West to lead a major congregation.
"When you were there, it's not like you are thinking, 'This is incredible,'" student Mary Worthy recalled. "He's not saying, 'I'm a great guy.' He didn't have to -- we knew that just being with him."
She and her classmates were already knee-deep in civil rights activism; now was their chance to learn from the master tactician about the movement's ties to its academic and philosophical underpinnings -- scholarly thinking that abhorred inequality; reasoned ideas that stretched back centuries.
All eight were touched by King, and they would go on to use their activism and energy -- and the lessons from that class -- to change history.
Here are their stories, in their own words. They have been edited for brevity and clarity.
Barbara Adams: 'We didn't see ourselves as heroes'
She was served hot chocolate by John F. Kennedy, was taken to a Joan Baez concert by her history professor and got to meet the Rockefellers. But one of the highlights of Barbara Adams' time at Spelman College was the course taught by King.
Married and now Barbara Carney, she went on to be a consultant to children's authors so her daughter "could have people to read about that looked like her." She and her husband owned a bookstore that became a kind of intellectual center in Columbia, Maryland. After moving to North Carolina she worked her "buns off" for Barack Obama in 2008. Here, she remembers King's class and other highlights from her college days:
I loved philosophy and I had taken as many courses as I could in the subject, and when I heard that he was going to be teaching social philosophy and we were going to get to study the scholarship behind nonviolence, you couldn't stop me. I never went to jail but I was very involved with the movement. I was always a behind-the-scenes person.
I truly enjoyed (the class). I remember sitting outside for a couple of classes. In my mind's eye I can see Julian (Bond) lying back, his legs crossed, having this intense conversation. I can remember Mary (Worthy), how quiet and neat and smart she was. She had a real calmness about her when everyone else would be debating. I was kind of hyper sometimes and very talkative, but she was always calm and thoughtful. And I remember Ben Berry talking with that voice of his.
It was a hard class in the sense that there was a lot of reading and understanding great thinkers. It was relaxed in that it was more like a conversation rather than a lecture. It was hard in that we had to come to grips with nonviolence as more than just a political tactic. He wanted us to understand it was a way of living and bringing about change. Right at the moment when you would rather reach out and strike out, you actually had to be still. That's what so angered the whites in the South. We were justified in retaliating and hitting, but we wouldn't. So then to go in and read about Gandhi and his life in a totally different culture using the same kinds of methods and seeing the same results ... that was a strong argument to me that it was effective.
I do remember the paper I wrote for him. I got a B on it. Yes, I still have it. It's in a box someplace. I was surprised to see that he read and graded it himself.
Generally though, it was fun, I don't remember being apprehensive or anything. If anything, we were generally wide-eyed and very present and we were so wanting to change the world. We didn't really know we were in the midst of a man who in the future would be considered great. We knew he was a man with a vision, sure, but he seemed so ordinary and so down to earth and he was so easy to talk to, even more than some of my other professors. I mean we respected and admired him, but we never dreamed that he would become a Nobel Prize winner or that he would become a martyr. He was not a puffed-up man.
When you are in college there sometimes is a dynamic where it's like "I am a professor and you are the lowly student." It wasn't like that. He was always so humble, and to see where he went in life, it was so amazing to me. He definitely had the charisma and there was something about him, but we sat with him. We talked with him. We were comfortable with him. I did have other professors that we were all in awe of, but it wasn't like that with him. We knew he was smart and he was sincere about what he was doing. I don't remember him having many notes when he taught, but he knew the subject of nonviolence so well.
Later on I got very involved in the peace movement and I remember marching at the White House. People from all over the country came to protest against Vietnam and JFK was there. My mother saved all the newspaper clippings. It was an exciting time, but it was also cold since it was February. I remember JFK sent out hot chocolate to us and he stood behind the fence and talked to us.
Spelman was such a good place for me. My senior year I had a class with (the famous liberal historian) Howard Zinn. I was his only student in the class. He took me and some of my friends to a Joan Baez concert, and I absolutely love her 'til this day. A bunch of us were always at his house on campus talking about issues, and we'd get to meet people like the visiting Russian professor he had over.
It was like that at Spelman. The Rockefellers came and we were invited to have lunch with them and all these different people. I felt extremely privileged to have lived in that time. I look back and say, "Wow, if we had only known we were ordinary people living in extraordinary times." We didn't see ourselves as heroes or anything. We saw ourselves as doing what needed to be done.
Benjamin D. Berry Jr: 'They literally locked him in the closet'
When he died in October 2011, Benjamin D. Berry Jr. was a professor of history and African-American studies at Virginia Wesleyan College. Educated at Morehouse and Harvard, he began his career as a minister with his wife, Linda, by his side.
They were married 47 years, had four children and were dedicated to the social gospel:- helping the poor and fighting racial injustice. Linda Berry tells her husband's story and discusses the mark King's class left and their friendship with the man they call "M.L.":
I didn't actually meet (my husband) until he was a seminary student at Harvard, so it was after the class he took with M.L., I'm afraid. He did bring up what that class was like, though. He said he only remembered two other people being in there -- Julian Bond and someone else. He couldn't remember the others, but at any rate he said he recalls that the class met once a week and they did an immense amount of reading, and in between they would sit and talk and talk. M.L. didn't really lecture. Instead, he used the Socratic method and drew out of them what the readings were.
I did know Dr. King and met him because A.D. Williams King (Dr. King's younger brother) was pastoring a church in Louisville when we were there. M.L. would come to visit A.D. and his wife, and we would go over for dinner. The most important thing I can say about Dr. King was that he was human. He was immensely human and had a great sense of humor. A.D. was hysterical, too. My husband had a good sense of humor. He had to -- he put up with me for all those years.
Now back at Morehouse, he was involved in the civil rights movement, even early on. But he was not as involved during the high time of the movement because Ben spent his junior year abroad in France. When they had the really big march in Atlanta, the guys in his fraternity knew he wanted to go, but they didn't let him go to the march. That's because he was supposed to go to Europe the week later. They literally locked him in the closet. They knew if he went he could face expulsion and it was a very positive thing in their mind that he was going to study abroad. His fraternity brothers who shoved him in the closet thought that really was as important as the march.
One thing he really got from Dr. King and in the development of his faith at Harvard was his real devotion to the social gospel and the idea that true belief manifested itself in clothing the naked and feeding the hungry.
Charles A. Black: 'It was generally pretty boring'
Charles A. Black was involved in organizing so many sit-ins his nickname became "Sit Down Black." His friend and fellow civil rights leader Julian Bond says Black still leaves voice mail messages using that moniker.
After college, he went on to run a consulting business with Bond and other civil rights leaders like John Lewis and Lonnie King. It helped supply a more diverse workforce to government offices. Today he continues his civil rights work, in addition to acting and voice work for TV and films.
What I remember about the class is that it met for two hours in the afternoon not even for a full year. My ex-wife told me I had to stop saying this, but I thought at the time it was generally pretty boring. We'd sit in a circle and Dr. King, he had this horrible monotone; it was nothing like how he sounded when he was giving a speech. But he would use this horrible monotone and would talk about all this heavy material, and it was after lunch so I know I'd get tired.
I think in a way having him teach a class, it was Morehouse's way to give him some income and give him something to do. You know how poor he was. He really didn't make much money at all, so this was at least some steady income.
I think there was an emphasis in the class more on multinational philosophy folks like Gandhi and it contextualized the philosophy of what we were doing with our protests. Looking at the great thinkers like Plato and Socrates and Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolence, this was a concept that had been around for a long time, and it was grounded in something much bigger than us. This was really at the core of all his great speeches. I do remember a good debate about Machiavelli and talking about do the ends justify the means. Dr. King disagreed; he said the end is inherent in the means. Nonviolence wasn't just about a philosophy; it was about what is right.
(During the boycotts) we targeted Rich's since they were the highest profile department store at the time. At the time Rich's said that the protest wasn't a big deal, but I learned later that they lost $10 million in sales that year. That was a lot of money back in the '60s. Hundreds of people closed their accounts or sent us their Rich's credit card so they wouldn't use it. They didn't know us from Adam's house cat, but still they sent them in to us. We put them in the bank deposit box.
We were encouraged to do another group of protests, but it was getting on Easter and the merchants really wanted us to shop downtown again and there were all these businesses that had black owners that wanted the shoppers to come back. There was a real split in the community. The older people in the movement wanted us to give in and call it quits.
Lonnie, Julian, and I knew what we needed to do. I said we need to get Martin Jr. here. He had just been in Alabama and he was sick with a terrible flu. He was at home and he didn't want to come in. But we called and convinced him that he had to be here. He said exactly the right thing. You would have thought that he walked on water after that. In my opinion, that was the best speech he had ever made. He brought us together. He said we could not afford the luxury of discounting the boycott. And the boycott did continue.
Julian Bond: 'I'm so ashamed I didn't take notes'
He was the first African-American nominated as vice president, although he was too young to accept. He was an outspoken member of the Georgia Legislature. He's even hosted "Saturday Night Live." But long before any of that, Julian Bond helped lead one of the first student sit-ins in Atlanta, where he was a student of King. To explain the protests, he and other students, including Charles Black, wrote "An Appeal for Human Rights," which ran as a full-page ad in the Atlanta newspapers and The New York Times.
At the March on Washington, Bond passed out copies of John Lewis' speech, which movement leaders made him tone down for fear of offending the president. Listed as "Horace J. Bond" on the roster for King's class, he disagrees with his old friend and classmate Charles Black. He didn't think King was a "little boring." To him the class was a good philosophical grounding for a life's work in civil rights.
I wouldn't call it boring, not at all; it was a survey course on the great philosophers like Plato and Aristotle. My memory of the class was not a strict study of the philosophers, though. We read them -- there was an awful lot of reading -- but mostly the class would use them as a kind of jumping off point to then talk about the civil rights movement and about what happened in Montgomery. I'm so ashamed I didn't take notes. A lot of my memory of the specifics of the class has all vanished.
(King) was certainly known, but he was not nearly as famous then as he became, and he certainly didn't act like a famous person. That was my feeling in being in that class and listening to him. He was important. He definitely seemed like an important person, and he was important in my life. I knew even at the time that I was privileged to learn from him, but he never made us feel as if he was that important. That's not what it was about.
When we started our plans (for the sit-in protest), I talked it over with my parents. They were a little worried about it. I remember my parents always told us growing up that whatever you do, don't get arrested. Getting arrested is like getting a tattoo on your forehead, they said; you will not get a job. Turned out that wasn't completely true. Thankfully.
While we were training and building toward sitting in, Dr. Rufus Clement -- who was the president of Atlanta University and the collection of black colleges -- heard about it. On campus you can't have any secrets, I learned. And he called us into his office. He said, "I can't stop you, but you ought to tell people why you are doing this." So together with a couple of other students we wrote the statement ("An Appeal for Human Rights").
It was a little scary to be doing this. We were kind of the good kids, and our parents always told us not to get in trouble, but this is something we knew we needed to do. We didn't know what would happen as a consequence. We didn't know if we would be treated badly or beaten, but we had to do this.
I led a group of people who went to the Atlanta City Hall cafeteria. It was in the basement. We walked in with about 20 of us, men and women. We saw black women working over at the steam tables, and they had both looks of fear and admiration. They had heard about it ahead of time, and so they were nervous already. The woman who I later found out was the manager was sitting in front of the cafeteria at the table and she said, "I'm awful sorry, this is for city hall employees only." I responded, "The sign out front said that the public is welcome." She said, "We don't mean it." So I told her, "I will stand here until you do." The police came and arrested us.
There were 200 of us arrested all around Atlanta that day. Because so many of us had been arrested, they decided to try one of us from each of our groups. I was chosen from my group, and for the first time I found myself standing in front of a judge.
The judge bonded me over to a grand jury, and some well-to-do people in Atlanta paid our bail and we got out of jail. Then I immediately went with a couple of other guys straight over to Spelman where my heroism could be reflected in the eyes of all those beautiful co-eds.
I never got arrested again in Atlanta, during that time period anyway. I did get arrested some years later outside the South African embassy protesting apartheid. Just this year I was arrested at the White House protesting the Keystone pipeline, hoping to convince President Obama that shouldn't happen.
As I hear about the anniversary for the march, I have been thinking about what it was like. I remember listening to all the speakers. We all had different assignments. One of my assignments was passing out John Lewis' speech -- the one he wrote, not the one he had to edit and ultimately give.
I thought his speech would be the one that stood out. I remember his was the only one to use the word "black" people or citizens, I think. This was radical at the time. We were not calling ourselves Negros or colored people.
I also had a fun job. I was in charge of giving Coca-Cola's to the movie stars. I remember giving one to Sammy Davis Jr. and he pointed his finger like a gun at me and said, "Thanks." I don't really remember talking to any of the others, but I saw them and was excited to be around them. There was Burt Lancaster and Harry Belafonte and Joan Baez and Bob Dylan.
The Rev. Amos Brown: 'More intense than my other studies'
His church is known as Ebenezer of the West. A San Francisco fixture for more than 160 years, it's been visited by presidents and international dignitaries and has provided food, housing and help for those in need. But before he became pastor at Third Baptist Church, the Rev. Amos Brown was mentored by civil rights activist Medgar Evers.
Brown first met King in San Francisco after riding with Evers cross-country to an NAACP meeting, where the 15-year-old Brown was a youth leader from Mississippi. Here he recalls King's class and the sit-ins taking place in Atlanta at the time:
The class was in the chapel on the second floor. What I remember most from that class is Rousseau's "Social Contract." I actually have the notes from that class written in Dr. King's own hand. They are in an old Blue Horse notebook that cost 25 cents. You know that's got to be old then, right? There is also an interesting price list in his hand. It looks like he was raising money for an event.
We also learned about Plato's "Republic" and Kant and Hume. Also I remember we talked a lot about Dr. (Edgar) Brightman at Boston University, whose writings had a great influence on Dr. King when he talked about personalism -- the idea that every person was imbued with worth and dignity and metaphysics.
The class itself was a little more intense than my other studies, and yet we related the experiences we had in the context of this philosophy.
I had already been to jail with Dr. King and his brother. We all got sent to the prison farm to work. We were there for 10 days. But we continued staging sit-ins at Rich's (department store) and Woolworth. It was incredible. But the class itself, it was a little more intense, especially the moments in which we related the experiences that we had.
We also had a kneel-in at the white First Baptist Church. Kids from Georgia Tech and Spelman and Morehouse decided to go in. I organized it. I was privy to the floor plan and knew to sit right up front. Other students who had stayed in the back got thrown right out with the aid of the ushers. They let those of us in the front stay since the TV cameras were there.
I actually met my wife-to-be on the steps of that church. She was one of the Spelman students who was thrown out. After that I helped organize several other protests. We integrated Savannah beach. We called that one a "wade-in."
When I interviewed to go to school at Morehouse, I knew that's where I wanted to be. When I got in, I had a professor who was the same speech teacher that taught Dr. King. I was so happy -- I got A's in that class. But when (King) took it he didn't do so well. Can you imagine? I had been speaking for a while though.
When I was 17 years old, I gave my first sermon. I still remember it to this day. I talked about how important it was to stay true, how important it was not being disobedient to the vision. I urged them to take a stand others can't see.
Graham Prindle: 'A hot spring of ideas'
After graduating from high school, Graham Prindle hit the road with a friend. They were hitchhiking to all four corners of the country. It was in the South where Prindle, who is white, said he first really understood racism. The "colored only" signs left him deeply disturbed. He had been involved in a youth movement, the National Student Association -- which he says was "a CIA front" -- but his first serious act to support civil rights was to quit a good-paying job in New York and move to Atlanta to take King's class.
He would only spend a year at Morehouse; eventually he completed an undergraduate degree at Antioch. He went on to work at IBM as a computer programmer and spent many years in San Francisco witnessing the radical changes the youth movement brought. But he says that semester in King's class was one of the most important times in his life.
I guess I didn't ever picture myself in a classroom full of black people in Atlanta until about two weeks before it happened. I was low-profile on purpose in there. I said something to my sister about it recently: Instead of being a fly on the wall there, maybe I should have been thought of as a white moth.
When I met Dr. King in this class, I think it hadn't been more than a year since he had come up from Montgomery to be associate pastor of his dad's church, and this was the first time he was living full-time in Atlanta. When they got wind of that, I'm told, the people at Morehouse recruited him to teach this course.
The class itself was a pretty open discussion. Dr. King was not pushing a particular viewpoint so much as exploring the possible viewpoints of social philosophy. The question that kept coming up from the students is, "Is nonviolence just a tactic you deploy when your adversary is susceptible to it? Or is it a piece of ideology you hold to for other reasons?" He never definitively came down on one side or the other but encouraged the discussion of the viewpoints between the rest of us.
Some may have worried that the class was a recruiting tool or something for the movement, but it was less of a recruiting tool than you might think. Most of the people in the class had already been recruited for the movement.
I don't remember any problem of getting into the class when I enrolled at Morehouse. I think you just signed up. Somehow you worked out a roster of classes, and it was no harder than the others to get into. A little footwork was also done on my behalf.
But the class, it was different. There were so many ideas. For most of it he was sitting down at a desk. He did not lecture; he did not speechify at us. That was one of my few reservations about taking the class, that I was going to get preached at for the semester. But no, he absolutely was self-effacing, at least to my retrospective view, and I was keeping a low profile trying to get a sense of what people in the class, the Julian Bond generation, were feeling. He was very light-handed about it and let people talk.
You know, I didn't see a great deal of him, the real him, in his public persona, except in television later on, of course. My sense is that he had the preacherly tradition on the one hand, and that came through in his voice and his mannerisms in public, and then there was this political or philosophical openness to good ideas.
It certainly struck me as a sane and civilized way of teaching, and I stayed a little bit braced against the preacherly until I saw how he was doing the class, and I was just relaxed then. I tell you I paid less attention to him than I did to the students. I was interested in the variety of viewpoints and stages of thought that people were going through, and he facilitated that in a way that if he had been running the class, I wouldn't have been able to get that sense.
I don't know what the right word is -- this was being the opposite of provincial. The word that comes to mind is "cosmopolitan," but that is an old-fashioned term. The class was more about broadening us, in a way. Ultimately, I think it was pretty unremarkable in that time period, though. There were a lot of people who were being similarly broadened, just by the flavor of the times.
This experience is a different thing from joining a church or joining an ideology. It is like the difference between taking a bath and soaking in the hot spring. The one you do because you have to do it, the other you do because you want to. It is such a pleasure that you keep going back for it. That's what this class was like: a hot spring of ideas.
Mary Worthy: 'He was very much moved by his faith'
It was King's father, "Daddy" King, who bailed Mary Worthy out of jail after she got arrested in one of the many sit-ins she helped organize in Atlanta. But she says you couldn't miss too many classes, because the professors would get angry. The one class she never missed was King's. She was a science major but loved philosophy.
Worthy converted to the Baha'i faith in college. The year she graduated, she married a fellow believer, a white man. The move was risky; at the time, their marriage was legal in only seven states. The couple moved around the country trying to spread the word of their faith. At its core, the message mirrored that of the civil rights movement, abhorring prejudice and teaching about the "oneness of mankind." Worthy raised five children in this same spirit. She now works as an artist in Florida.
As far as Dr. King's class was concerned, I just signed up for a class in social philosophy and he happened to be the teacher. He was known then, but he wasn't the internationally known leader then. He was Dr. King. We knew his family. His dad had a well-known church in the community, and he was prominent in one of the black neighborhoods.
Dr. King was a very good teacher. He was inspirational. A lot of people don't mention it; they mostly think of him as political, but I thought of him as a very religious man. He didn't talk about his religion and he wasn't doing something political with the class. He was just someone who clearly was very much moved by his Christian faith. He really emanated it: that what he was doing was just doing the will of God. That was his attitude.
When you were there, it's not like you are thinking, "This is incredible." It's so regular. It's just there. It's part of school. And he's not saying, "I'm a great guy." He didn't have to; we knew that just being with him. And we saw that he was doing his job and he was inspiring people.
Atlanta was not very violent compared to other places. Even when we were arrested for protesting, it was not a hostile arrest. We were not beaten. It was not like the bus rides, which were quite violent. Whites were close to where I lived; they were right around the corner. Of course certain parts of town were different. We had this great open-air theater and the (civil rights) leaders were talking about staging a protest there to desegregate it. I guess I inadvertently desegregated it because I had already been there to see a show. No one told me I couldn't. Same with the buses.
I have always paid attention to politics, but I never felt politically involved. I didn't see myself as a political activist more than teaching what was right to my kids later on. But at school we saw all these other movements at schools and colleges all over the country, so we decided we should get involved.
We had all these organizing meetings and training sessions on how to be nonviolent. We did this for weeks on end. And then came time to do the protests. They were pretty simple. A lot of time we went downtown to march, and we would be on one side and then the KKK was marching on the other. I did take part in some of (the first Atlanta) sit-ins. It wasn't as easy as you might think to do that. We did not get any special treatment. You really had to struggle to keep up your grades, and we'd get lectures from some of the teachers who would say, "You can't rob Peter to pay Paul."
My mother was a little worried. She was a single parent and didn't know what would happen to us. We knew what the consequences were of participating in a sit-in. We knew we would go to jail, but we knew we needed to do it. She didn't say anything against it. And I did get arrested. I spent all day in the jail. It was Dr. King's father who bailed us out of jail.
I don't really talk about taking a class from Dr. King. I've told my grandkids, and when Dr. King day comes up I might mention it to my kids or talk about what it was like during our protests. But when you are there, it's not like you are thinking, "This is an incredible time," or "This is something incredible that we are doing." It's just so regular, and so was he.
The Rev. Willie J. Wright: 'It had to be nonviolent'
Thaddeus T. Wright was only 9 when his father died in 1980. But the Rev. Willie J. Wright made a huge impression on his son. "People say the World War II generation is the greatest generation; I think my parents give them a run for their money," he said. "They organized and fought for equality on their own initiative and under the worst conditions." Wright and King became so close that Thaddeus -- now a naval master chief commissaryman -- thought King was a member of the family.
Before taking King's class, Wright and his future wife, Hattie Smith, were among the "Greenville 8," a group that staged a sit-in at the whites-only central library in the South Carolina town. When Wright arrived at Morehouse, he was ready to continue his activism. His widow tells about it:
Those were exciting times. But the class, well they didn't really know how famous he would be, and they didn't know what they would become. Charles Black, who was in that class, was one of my husband's favorite friends. He came to our wedding, and he was the best man. He came to help protest in Greenville in '65. My husband always admired his dedication.
When he found out that Dr. King was teaching the class, he seemed excited about it. I was writing letters to (him) at the time, and he told me about the class. He said, "I hope that enrollment is very good and the people who need it can get in there." We always saw Martin as a very obedient son of Morehouse.
The day-to-day teaching, Willie said, was a little different than with the other classes. He said that Martin used to take the words of Jesus to teach, but since it was a philosophy class he used the teaching of Gandhi to explain how it was going to get done. And since Morehouse men were all considered to have the ability to lead, Martin knew he was teaching some of the most talented people who would go on to lead the next generation.
To get to study with someone who becomes your mentor and you become like a disciple is very rare, and that one-on-one kind of time kept him motivated. Here they had someone side-by-side with them, someone who came from their school showing them the degrees, to see how you will get this done -- particularly with all the poison in society. The Civil War didn't work, so it had to be nonviolent.
The message he shared with them is, "You are gifted, and because of that you have to take responsibility." It was still a Christ-centered way of life, and the things they learned from Gandhi changed their life forever, because it made change real. And it was with this kind of faith and belief and hope for tomorrow that these things are possible, and it doesn't take a lot of people either. It just takes the right people to sing their passion.
And they talked about how the ills of society had to be addressed in a different way.
That's what was great about the 'House. It's where people are given an opportunity to advance the knowledge they already have, and they can counteract the prevailing sentiment of the time. When you have the Morehouse gift, it is wonderful, but the pressure to lead and succeed is really remarkable.


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Ask the typical American traveler about the ideal location for mid-winter travel and you�ll hear places like the Caribbean, Mexico and Hawaii. One destination that is often overlooked, however, is the coastal region of the Mediterranean Sea, which includes southern Italy, Greece and coastal Spain.
Art lovers who travel to Spain are usually familiar with the great artists who lived and worked in Barcelona, including Pablo Picasso, Jean Miro and Antonio Gaudi. But there is much more to Barcelona, a major Mediterranean port that rivals Madrid as the country�s most populated urban area.
The history of the city is rich and complicated, with an origin dating back to around 250 B.C., when Hannibal�s brother, Hamilcar Barca, founded the port city, then known as �Barcino.�
From that time on, Barcelona was popular with Greek sailors, Carthaginian merchants and the Romans, who conquered the city around 200 B.C. Barcelona was also conquered by the North African Muslim invaders in 800 A.D. All these invaders left their mark on the city and its culture.
Not surprisingly, Barcelona�s cuisine is a mixture of its many different conquerors and inhabitants. On our college study tours� week-long trip, we visited a famous cooking school in the city and learned to prepare the iconic dish of the region, seafood paella. What we thought would be a simple meal turned into a four-course extravaganza, with a fresh tomato soup appetizer, our version of a Catalan tortilla (not at all like our version of a tortilla, but more like a potato quiche), the main course of paella, and Catalan cr�me cremada (Cr�me brulee) for dessert.
One bit of historical trivia that caught our attention was the fact that when Christopher Columbus made his return voyage back to Spain after his first successful visit to the New World, he docked in Barcelona, where he was received by the Christian monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella. This explains the huge column and statue of the explorer down near the waterfront in the city.
As we began our long flight from Barcelona to Miami and on to Charlotte, we reminisced about the friendly Catalonians, the balmy weather, the incredible architecture, and the outstanding food and drink that we had experienced. Our heads were also filled with new information about the history and culture of one of Europe�s most cosmopolitan and beautiful cities.
The Basilica of Sagrada Familia
Antonio Gaudi left his indelible mark on Barcelona with his Basilica of Sagrada Familia (Holy Family), the singular icon of the city�s architecture today. The downtown basilica has been revered by surrealists and modernistas in Catalunya, who considered Gaudi one of their own, and reviled by critics who consider it �one of the ugliest buildings in the world.�
By the time Gaudi got involved in its construction in 1883, the plans had already been drawn up by another architect. However, Gaudi redesigned the structure with his own style and personal touches. By 1910, he completely abandoned all his other works and focused entirely on �La Sagrada Familia.�
Gaudi died of a tragic accident in 1926 while in his 70s. Before his death, his critics asked him how long the structure would take to complete. In typical Gaudi fashion, he remarked �My client is not in a hurry.�
His �client� was God.
More than a century later, the immense structure is still a work in progress. It is expected to be completed by 2026.
Having visited the basilica many times over the years with the interior nave as a construction zone, this visit was the first time I have ever felt that I was in a sacred space. I and many of my 18 tour members were moved to tears by the quiet sanctity and majestic proportions of the basilica, now recognizable as a church � not just a jumble of ladders, scaffolding and building materials.
�Bob Blanton
Bob Blanton is Director of Study Tours at Gaston College, a position he has held for 34 years. The next college study tour will be a return to mainland China in May 2013.


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Pacific Rim Action Figures
Humanity's last stand
- Pick your Giant
- Between 6" and 8" Tall
- Articulated joints
As humanity continues to grow and thrive, something beneath the Pacific Ocean stirs. A portal has opened on the ocean floor and monstrous creatures known only as "Kaiju" have risen. Mankind is immediately pushed to the brink of extinction as their resources and will to fight are consumed. In one final response, massive robots known as Jaegers are created.
Two individuals pilot the Jaegers with their minds melded together via neural bridging. But, as the war rages on, the Kaiju show no signs of slowing and their numbers continue to grow. With their numbers dwindling and their power weakened, humanity has to make one final stand.
Product Specifications:
- Action figures from Pacific Rim
- Articulated joints for poseable battle action
- Choose from characters:
- Cherno
- Coyote
- Crimson Typhoon
- Kaiju Scunner
- Knifehead (battle-damaged)
- Striker Eureka
- Trespasser
- Battle Gipsy & Leatherback set
- Officially licensed Pacific Rim collectibles
- Dimensions: Between 6 - 8" tall (depending on figure)