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Earth exploration
Earth exploration, the investigation of the surface of the Earth and of its interior.
By the beginning of the 20th century most of the Earth's surface had been explored, at least superficially, except for the Arctic and Antarctic regions. Today the last of the unmarked areas on land maps have been filled in by radar and photographic mapping from aircraft and satellites. One of the last areas to be mapped was the Darién peninsula between the Panama Canal and Colombia. Heavy clouds, steady rain, and dense jungle vegetation made its exploration difficult, but airborne radar was able to penetrate the cloud cover to produce reliable, detailed maps of the area. In recent years data returned by Earth satellites have led to several notable discoveries, as, for example, drainage patterns in the Sahara, which are relics of a period when this region was not arid.
Historically, exploration of the Earth's interior was confined to the near surface, and this was largely a matter of following downward those discoveries made at the surface. Most present-day scientific knowledge of the subject has been obtained through geophysical research conducted since World War II, and the deep Earth remains a major frontier in the 21st century.
Exploration of space and the ocean depths has been facilitated by the placement of sensors and related devices in these regions. Only a very limited portion of the subsurface regions of the Earth, however, can be studied in this way. Investigators can drill into only the uppermost crust, and the high cost severely limits the number of holes that can be drilled. The deepest borehole so far drilled extends only to a depth of about 10 kilometres (6 miles). Because direct exploration is so restricted, investigators are forced to rely extensively on geophysical measurements (see below Methodology and instrumentation).
Primary objectives and accomplishments
Scientific curiosity, the desire to understand better the nature of the Earth, is a major motive for exploring its surface and subsurface regions. Another key motive is the prospect of economic profit. Improved standards of living have increased the demand for water, fuel, and other materials, creating economic incentives. Pure knowledge has often been a by-product of profit-motivated exploration; by the same token, substantial economic benefits have resulted from the quest for scientific knowledge.
Many surface and subsurface exploratory projects are undertaken with the aim of locating: (1) oil, natural gas, and coal; (2) concentrations of commercially important minerals (for example, ores of iron, copper, and uranium) and deposits of building materials (sand, gravel, etc.); (3) recoverable groundwater; (4) various rock types at different depths for engineering planning; (5) geothermal reserves for heating and electricity; and (6) archaeological features.
Concern for safety has prompted extensive searches for possible hazards before major construction projects are undertaken. Sites for dams, power plants, nuclear reactors, factories, tunnels, roads, hazardous waste depositories, and so forth need to be stable and provide assurance that underlying formations will not shift or slide from the weight of the construction, move along a fault during an earthquake, or permit the seepage of water or wastes. Accordingly, prediction and control of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are major fields of research in the United States and Japan, countries susceptible to such hazards. Geophysical surveys furnish a more complete picture than test boreholes alone, although some boreholes are usually drilled to verify the geophysical interpretation.
Methodology and instrumentation
Geophysical techniques involve measuring reflectivity, magnetism, gravity, acoustic or elastic waves, radioactivity, heat flow, electricity, and electromagnetism. Most measurements are made on the surface of the land or sea, but some are taken from aircraft or satellites, and still others are made underground in boreholes or mines and at ocean depths.
Geophysical mapping depends on the existence of a difference in physical properties of adjacent bodies of rock—i.e., between whatever is being sought and those of the surroundings. Often the difference is provided by something associated with but other than what is being sought. Examples include a configuration of sedimentary layers that form a trap for oil accumulation, a drainage pattern that might affect groundwater flow, or a dike or host rock where minerals may be concentrated. Different methods depend on different physical properties. Which particular method is used is determined by what is being sought. In most cases, however, data from a combination of methods rather than from simply one method yield a much clearer picture.
Remote sensing
This comprises measurements of electromagnetic radiation from the ground, usually of reflected energy in various spectral ranges measured from aircraft or satellites. Remote sensing encompasses aerial photography and other kinds of measurements that are generally displayed in the form of photograph-like images. Its applications involve a broad range of studies, including cartographic, botanical, geological, and military investigations.
Remote-sensing techniques involve using combinations of images. Images from different flight paths can be combined to allow an interpreter to perceive features in three dimensions, while those in different spectral bands may identify specific types of rock, soil, vegetation, and other entities, where species have distinctive reflectance values in different spectral regions (i.e., tone signatures). Images taken at intervals make it possible to observe changes that occur over time, such as the seasonal growth of a crop or changes wrought by a storm or flood. Those taken at different times of the day or at different sun angles may reveal quite distinct features; for example, seafloor features in relatively shallow water in a calm sea can be mapped when the Sun is high. Radar radiation penetrates clouds and thus permits mapping from above them. Side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) is sensitive to changes in land slope and surface roughness. By registering images from adjacent flight paths, synthetic stereo pairs may give ground elevations.
Thermal infrared energy is detected by an optical-mechanical scanner. The detector is cooled by a liquid-nitrogen (or liquid-helium) jacket that encloses it, making the instrument sensitive at long wavelengths and isolating it from heat radiation from the immediate surroundings. A rotating mirror directs radiation coming from various directions onto the sensor. An image can be created by displaying the output in a form synchronized with the direction of the beam (as with a cathode-ray tube). Infrared radiation permits mapping surface temperatures to a precision of less than a degree and thus shows the effects of phenomena that produce temperature variations, such as groundwater movement.
Landsat images are among the most commonly used. They are produced with data obtained from a multispectral scanner carried aboard certain U.S. Landsat satellites orbiting the Earth at an altitude of about 900 kilometres. Images covering an area of 185 kilometres square are available for every segment of the Earth's surface. Scanner measurements are made in four spectral bands: green and red in the visible portion of the spectrum, and two infrared bands. The data are usually displayed by arbitrarily assigning different colours to the bands and then superimposing these to make "false-colour" images.
In geology, Landsat images are used to delineate landforms, rock outcrops and surface lithology, structural features, hydrothermal areas, and sites of mineral resources. Changes in vegetation revealed in the images may distinguish different soil types, subtle elevation differences, subsurface water distribution, subcropping rocks, and trace element distribution, among other things. Lineations of features may distinguish folded-rock strata or fault ruptures even where the primary features are not evident.
Magnetic methods
Measurements can be made of the Earth's total magnetic field or of components of the field in various directions. The oldest magnetic prospecting instrument is the magnetic compass, which measures the field direction. Other instruments include magnetic balances and fluxgate magnetometers. Most magnetic surveys are made with proton-precession or optical-pumping magnetometers, which are appreciably more accurate. The proton magnetometer measures a radio-frequency voltage induced in a coil by the reorientation (precession) of magnetically polarized protons in a container of ordinary water. The optical-pumping magnetometer makes use of the principles of nuclear resonance and cesium or rubidium vapour. It can detect minute magnetic fluctuations by measuring the effects of light-induced (optically pumped) transitions between atomic energy levels that are dependent on magnetic field strength.
Magnetic surveys are usually made with magnetometers borne by aircraft flying in parallel lines spaced two to four kilometres apart at an elevation of about 500 metres (one metre = 3.28 feet) when exploring for petroleum deposits and in lines 0.5 to one kilometre apart roughly 200 metres above the ground when searching for mineral concentrations. Ground surveys are conducted to follow up magnetic anomaly discoveries made from the air. Such surveys may involve stations spaced only 50 metres apart. Magnetometers also are towed by research vessels. In some cases, two or more magnetometers displaced a few metres from each other are used in a gradiometer arrangement; differences between their readings indicate the magnetic field gradient. A ground monitor is usually used to measure the natural fluctuations of the Earth's field over time so that corrections can be made. Surveying is generally suspended during periods of large magnetic fluctuation (magnetic storms).
Magnetic effects result primarily from the magnetization induced in susceptible rocks by the Earth's magnetic field. Most sedimentary rocks have very low susceptibility and thus are nearly transparent to magnetism. Accordingly, in petroleum exploration magnetics are used negatively: magnetic anomalies indicate the absence of explorable sedimentary rocks. Magnetics are used for mapping features in igneous and metamorphic rocks, possibly faults, dikes, or other features that are associated with mineral concentrations. Data are usually displayed in the form of a contour map of the magnetic field, but interpretation is often made on profiles.
Rocks cannot retain magnetism when the temperature is above the Curie point (about 500° C for most magnetic materials), and this restricts magnetic rocks to the upper 40 kilometres of the Earth's interior. The source of the geomagnetic field must be deeper than this, and it is now believed that convection currents of conducting material in the outer core generate the field. These currents couple to the Earth's spin, so that the magnetic field—when averaged over time—is oriented along the planet's axis. The currents gradually change with time in a somewhat erratic manner and their aggregate effect sometimes reverses, which explains the time changes in the Earth's field. This is the crux of the magnetohydrodynamic theory of the geomagnetic field (see also Earth: Sources of the steady magnetic field).
Gravity methods
The gravity field of the Earth can be measured by timing the free fall of an object in a vacuum, by measuring the period of a pendulum, or in various other ways. Today almost all gravity surveying is done with gravimeters. Such an instrument typically consists of a weight attached to a spring that stretches or contracts corresponding to an increase or decrease in gravity. It is designed to measure differences in gravity accelerations rather than absolute magnitudes. Gravimeters used in geophysical surveys have an accuracy of about 0.01 milligal (mgal; 1 mgal = 0.001 centimetre per second per second). That is to say, they are capable of detecting differences in the Earth's gravitational field as small as one part in 100,000,000.
Gravity differences occur because of local density differences. Anomalies of exploration interest are often about 0.2 mgal. Data have to be corrected for variations due to elevation (one metre is equivalent to about 0.2 mgal), latitude (100 metres are equivalent to about 0.08 mgal), and other factors. Gravity surveys on land often involve meter readings every kilometre along traverse loops a few kilometres across. It takes only a few minutes to read a gravimeter, but determining location and elevation accurately requires much effort. Inertial navigation is sometimes used for determining elevation and location when helicopters are employed to transport gravimeters. Marine gravimeters are mounted on inertial platforms when used on surface vessels. A ship's speed and direction affect gravimeter readings and limit survey accuracy. Aircraft undergo too many accelerations to permit gravity measurements except for regional studies.
In most cases, the density of sedimentary rocks increases with depth because the increased pressure results in a loss of porosity. Uplifts usually bring denser rocks nearer the surface and thereby create positive gravity anomalies. Faults that displace rocks of different densities also can cause gravity anomalies. Salt domes generally produce negative anomalies because salt is less dense than the surrounding rocks. Such folds, faults, and salt domes trap oil, and so the detection of gravity anomalies associated with them is crucial in petroleum exploration. Moreover, gravity measurements are occasionally used to evaluate the amount of high-density mineral present in an ore body. They also provide a means of locating hidden caverns, old mine workings, and other subterranean cavities.
Seismic refraction methods
Seismic methods are based on measurements of the time interval between initiation of a seismic (elastic) wave and its arrival at detectors. The seismic wave may be generated by an explosion, a dropped weight, a mechanical vibrator, a bubble of high-pressure air injected into water, or other sources. The seismic wave is detected by a Geophone on land or by a hydrophone in water. An electromagnetic Geophone generates a voltage when a seismic wave produces relative motion of a wire coil in the field of a magnet, whereas a ceramic hydrophone generates a voltage when deformed by passage of a seismic wave. Data are usually recorded on magnetic tape for subsequent processing and display.
Seismic energy travels from source to detector by many paths. When near the source, the initial seismic energy generally travels by the shortest path, but as source– Geophone distances become greater, seismic waves travelling by longer paths through rocks of higher seismic velocity may arrive earlier. Such waves are called head waves, and the refraction method involves their interpretation. From a plot of travel time as a function of source–Geophone distance, the number, thicknesses, and velocities of rock layers present can be determined for simple situations. The assumptions usually made are that (1) each layer is homogeneous and isotropic (i.e., has the same velocity in all directions); (2) the boundaries (interfaces) between layers are nearly planar; and (3) each successive layer has higher velocity than the one above. The velocity values determined from time–distance plots depend also on the dip (slope) of interfaces, apparent velocities increasing when the Geophones are updip from the source and decreasing when downdip. By measuring in both directions the dip and rock velocity, each can be determined. With sufficient measurements, relief on the interfaces separating the layers also can be ascertained.
High-velocity bodies of local extent can be located by fan shooting. Travel times are measured along different azimuths from a source, and an abnormally early arrival time indicates that a high-velocity body was encountered at that azimuth. This method has been used to detect salt domes, reefs, and intrusive bodies that are characterized by higher seismic velocity than the surrounding rock.
Two types of seismic waves can travel through a body: P waves (primary) and S waves (secondary). P waves are compressional waves and travel at the highest velocity; hence, they arrive first. S waves are shear waves that travel at a slower rate and are not able to pass through liquids that do not possess shear strength. In addition, there are several types of seismic waves that can travel along surfaces. A major type of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave, in which a particle moves in an elliptical path in the vertical plane from the source. The horizontal component of Rayleigh waves is probably the principal cause of damage from earthquakes. Love waves are another type of surface wave; they involve shear motion. Still other varieties of surface waves can be transmitted through low-velocity layers (channel waves) or along the surface of a borehole (tube waves). Under certain circumstances (e.g., oblique incidence on an interface), waves can change from one mode to another.
Most of the current knowledge about the Earth's internal constitution is derived from analysis of the time–distance curves from earthquakes. Earthquakes usually generate several wave modes. These refract and reflect at interfaces within the Earth and partially change to other wave types to add to the number of seismic waves resulting from an earthquake. Different wave types can sometimes be distinguished by their components of motion detected by three-component seismographs; the direction from which they come can be determined by using an array of seismographs at the receiving station or by combining the data from different stations. The first wave motion from an earthquake reveals the nature of earth motion involved in the earthquake.
Very shallow seismic refraction is extensively used in engineering studies. Sometimes the energy source for shallow-penetration engineering studies involves simply hitting the ground with a sledgehammer. The ease with which a rock can be ripped by a bulldozer relates to the rock's seismic velocity. S-wave velocity measurements are of special interest to engineers because building stability depends on the shear strength of the foundation rock or soil. Seismic waves may be used for various other purposes. They are employed, for example, to detect faults that may disrupt a coal seam or fractures that may allow water penetration into a tunnel.
Seismic reflection methods
Most seismic work utilizes reflection techniques. Sources and Geophones are essentially the same as those used in refraction methods. The concept is similar to echo sounding: seismic waves are reflected at interfaces where rock properties change and the round-trip travel time, together with velocity information, gives the distance to the interface. The relief on the interface can be determined by mapping the reflection at many locations. For simple situations the velocity can be determined from the change in arrival time as source–Geophone distance changes.
In practice, the seismic reflection method is much more complicated. Reflections from most of the many interfaces within the Earth are very weak and so do not stand out against background noise. The reflections from closely spaced interfaces interfere with each other. Reflections from interfaces with different dips, seismic waves that bounce repeatedly between interfaces ("multiples"), converted waves, and waves travelling by other modes interfere with desired reflections. Also, velocity irregularities bend seismic rays in ways that are sometimes complicated.
The objective of most seismic work is to map geologic structure by determining the arrival time of reflectors. Changes in the amplitude and waveshape, however, contain information about stratigraphic changes and occasionally hydrocarbon accumulations. In some cases, seismic patterns can be identified with depositional systems, unconformities, channels, and other features.
The seismic reflection method usually gives better resolution (i.e., makes it possible to see smaller features) than other methods, with the exception of measurements made in close proximity, as with borehole logs (see below). Appreciably more funds are expended on seismic reflection work than on all other geophysical methods combined.
Electrical and electromagnetic methods
A multitude of electrical methods are used in mineral exploration. They depend on (1) electrochemical activity, (2) resistivity changes, or (3) permittivity effects. Some materials tend to become natural batteries that generate natural electric currents whose effects can be measured. The self-potential method relies on the oxidation of the upper surface of metallic sulfide minerals by downward-percolating groundwater to become a natural battery; current flows through the ore body and back through the surrounding groundwater, which acts as the electrolyte. Measuring the natural voltage differences (usually 50–400 millivolts [mV]) permits detecting continuous metallic sulfide bodies that lie astride the water table. Graphite, magnetite, anthracite, some pyritized rocks, and other phenomena also can generate self-potentials.
The passage of an electric current across an interface where conduction changes from ionic to electronic results in a charge buildup at the interface. This charge builds up shortly after current flow begins, and it takes a short time to decay after the current circuit is broken. Such an effect is measured in induced-polarization methods and is used to detect sulfide ore bodies.
Resistivity methods involve passing a current from a generator or other electric power source between a pair of current electrodes and measuring potential differences with another pair of electrodes. Various electrode configurations are used to determine the apparent resistivity from the voltage/current ratio. The resistivity of most rocks varies with porosity, the salinity of the interstitial fluid, and certain other factors. Rocks containing appreciable clay usually have low resistivity. The resistivity of rocks containing conducting minerals such as sulfide ores and graphitized or pyritized rocks depends on the connectivity of the minerals present. Resistivity methods also are used in engineering and groundwater surveys, because resistivity often changes markedly at soil/bedrock interfaces, at the water table, and at a fresh/saline water boundary.
Investigators can determine how resistivity varies over a given area by means of profiling methods, in which the location of an array of electrodes is altered but the same spacing between the component electrodes is maintained. Sounding methods enable investigators to pinpoint variations of resistivity with depth. In this case, electrode spacing is increased and, correspondingly, the effective depth of the contributing section. Several other techniques are commonly employed. Equipotential methods entail mapping equipotential lines that result from a current. Distortions from a systematic pattern indicate the presence of a body of different resistivity. The mise-a-la-masse method involves putting one current electrode in an ore body in order to map its shape and location.
The passage of current in the general frequency range of 500–5,000 hertz (Hz) induces in the Earth electromagnetic waves of long wavelength, which have considerable penetration into the Earth's interior. The effective penetration can be changed by altering the frequency. Eddy currents are induced where conductors are present, and these currents generate an alternating magnetic field, which induces in a receiving coil a secondary voltage that is out of phase with the primary voltage. Electromagnetic methods involve measuring this out-of-phase component or other effects, which makes it possible to locate low-resistivity ore bodies wherein the eddy currents are generated.
Natural currents are induced in the Earth as a result of atmospheric disturbances (e.g., lightning strikes) and bombardment of the upper atmosphere by the solar wind—a radial flow of protons, electrons, and nuclei of heavier elements emanating from the outer region of the Sun. Magnetotelluric methods measure orthogonal components of the electric and magnetic fields induced by these natural currents. Such measurements allow researchers to determine resistivity as a function of depth. The natural currents span a broad range of frequencies and thus a range of effective penetration depths. Related to the above techniques is the telluric-current method, in which the electric current variations are measured simultaneously at two stations. Comparison of the data permits determining differences in the apparent resistivity with depth at the two stations.
Electrical methods generally do not penetrate far into the Earth, and so do not yield much information about its deeper parts. They do, however, provide a valuable tool of exploring for many metal ores.
In addition, several electrical methods are used in boreholes. The self-potential (SP) log indicates mainly clay (shale) content, because an electrochemical cell is established at the shale boundary when the salinity of the borehole (drilling) fluid differs from that of the water in the rock. Resistivity measurements are made by using several electrode configurations and also by induction. Borehole methods are used to identify the rocks penetrated by a borehole and to determine their properties, especially their porosity and the nature of their interstitial fluids.
Radioactive methods
Radioactive surveys are used to detect ores or rock bodies associated with radioactive materials. Most natural radioactivity derives from uranium, thorium, and a radioisotope of potassium (potassium-40), as well as from radon gas. Radioactive elements are concentrated chiefly in the upper portion of the Earth's crust.
Radioactive disintegration, or decay, gives rise to spontaneous emission of alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Detection is usually of gamma rays, and it is accomplished in most cases with a scintillometer, a photoconversion device containing a crystal of sodium iodide that emits a photon (minute packet of electromagnetic radiation) when struck by a gamma ray. The photon, whose intensity is proportional to the energy of the gamma ray, causes an adjacent photocathode to emit electrons, the exact number depending on the energy of the photon. The energy of the gamma ray itself is determined by the nature of the radioactive disintegration involved.
Where it can be assumed that a product element of a radioactive disintegration (a daughter isotope) is derived solely from the disintegration of a parent isotope that occurred after a rock's solidification (i.e., as the rock cooled through its Curie point), the ratio of the parent/daughter isotopes present depends on the time since solidification. This often provides the basis for age determinations of rocks.
Information about the mineral composition and physical properties of a rock formation can be obtained by means of gamma-ray logging, a technique that involves measuring natural gamma-ray emissions in boreholes. In most sedimentary rocks, for example, potassium-40 is the principal emitter of gamma rays. Because potassium is generally associated with clays, a recording of gamma-ray emissions permits determination of clay (shale) content. In another related technique, the rock surrounding a borehole is bombarded by a radioactive source in the logging sonde and the effects of the reactions caused by the bombardment are measured. In a density log measurements are made of gamma rays that are backscattered from the rock formation, since their intensity indicates rock density. A neutron source is employed in another type of borehole log, one that is designed to reveal how much fluid occurs in a rock formation or how porous it is. Neutron energy loss is directly related to the density of protons (hydrogen nuclei) in rock, which is in turn reflective of its water content (or degree of porosity). These borehole logging techniques are used often in the oil and natural gas industries to assist in the exploration and determination of reservoirs.
Geothermal methods
Temperature-gradient measurements are sometimes made to detect heat-flow anomalies; however, most exploration for geothermal resources (e.g., superheated water and steam) is done with indirect methods. Resistivity or seismic methods, for example, may be used to map the magma chamber, which is the source of the heat, or to detect faults or other features that control the flow of hot subsurface water.
Geochemical methods
Since the early 1970s researchers have developed extremely sensitive methods of chemical analysis, providing the ability to detect minute amounts of materials. Many chemical elements are transported in very small quantities by fluids flowing in the Earth, so that a systematic measurement of such trace elements may help in locating their sources. Trace elements are sometimes associated with hydrocarbons (the principal constituents of petroleum, natural gas, and other fossil fuels); they can be utilized for identifying the specific types of hydrocarbons present in a given area. Geochemical soil maps of small areas or whole countries are used to locate industrial wastes, areas of soil contamination, and sites of pollution discharge to rivers.
Excavation, boring, and sampling
Direct sampling, usually by means of boreholes, is required to make positive identification of ores, fuels, and other materials. It is also necessary for determining their quantity and for selecting methods of recovery. Most deep boreholes are drilled by the rotary method, in which a drill bit is rotated while fluid ("drilling mud") is circulated through the bit to lubricate and cool it and to bring rock chips to the surface where they can be collected and analyzed. Shallow boreholes in hard rock formations are sometimes drilled by a percussion method, whereby a heavy bit is repeatedly raised and dropped to chip away pieces of rock. After a borehole has been drilled, various tools—sondes—are lowered into the hole to measure different physical properties.


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Suspect arrested in alleged kidnapping of Utah teen
SALT LAKE CITY – Police investigating the alleged kidnapping of a 13-year-old Utah girl have arrested a 55-year-old man.
Salt Lake County Sheriff Jim Winder says Angel Garcia of Draper was booked Wednesday night on suspicion of child kidnapping, harboring a runaway, obstructing justice and endangering a child.
Garcia insists he's innocent and has told police that Brooklyn Gittins ran away from her home in suburban Herriman and he picked her up after she called him.
Gittins' disappearance last week prompted authorities and about 1,000 volunteers to conduct a two-day search. The teen crawled out of her bedroom window and left on her own accord on Jan. 8 but was thought to be without her shoes or a coat in chilly weather.
Winder told KSL-TV the question of whether the teen stayed with Garcia willingly is irrelevant. He says that because of her age, she's considered a victim.


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The goal of this scientific and educational association of orthopedists and neurosurgeons is to improve the quality of care and directions for patients in the fields of orthopaedics and neurosurgery. The American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgeons (AANOS) sets high standards for training, credentialing and surgical education and for the practice of orthopaedics and neurosurgery by teaching through the Journal of the American Academy of Neurological and Orthopaedic Surgery. AANOS also hosts meetings and workshops throughout the year for practitioners in the field.
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The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) is the world's largest medical association of musculoskeletal specialists, concerned with the diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. The AAOS provides continuing education and practice management services for orthopaedic surgeons and allied health professionals. The Academy tracks socioeconomic and legislative measures affecting the quality, availability, and utilization of orthopaedic health care; and represents the interests of its members and their patients to government agencies. Services to the general public include public education programs addressing issues ranging from the effectiveness of safety belts to the prevention of lower back pain.
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The American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) provides a scientific outlet for presentation and publication of new ideas; an opportunity for physician to meet and exchange ideas regarding research, clinical problems, proposals for future progress in sports medicine and a high level publication controlled by the Society. AOSSM members are physicians and allied health professionals who demonstrate scientific leadership, involvement and dedication in the daily practice of sports medicine.
Review Date: Tuesday, December 06, 2011
A national nonprofit, 501(c)(3), organization established in 1967 by disabled Vietnam veterans to serve the war injured. DS/USA now offers nationwide sports rehabilitation programs to anyone with a permanent disability. Activities include winter skiing, water sports, summer and winter competitions, fitness and special sports events. Participants include those with visual impairments, amputations, spinal cord injury, dwarfism, multiple sclerosis, head injury, cerebral palsy, and other neuromuscular and orthopedic conditions. DS/USA's national office provides technical assistance to its local chapters and other recreation programs so they can better serve the disabled population in their communities. The organization has a nationwide network of community-based chapters. DS/USA conducts an annual "The Hartford Ski Spectacular" in Breckenridge, CO, the largest winter sports event for physically disabled people in the U.S. and "The International Challenge Track and Field" event.
Review Date: Monday, October 05, 2015
Shriners Hospitals is a network of 22 pediatric speciality hospitals that provide free orthopaedic and burn care to children under the age of eighteen. There are 18 orthopaedic Shriners Hospitals, three Shriners Hospitals dedicated to treating children with burns and one Shriners Hospital that provide burn and spinal cord injury care. The Hospitals accept neither government funds nor insurance monies; all care is paid for entirely by Shriners Hospitals. Shriners hospitals serve as a valuable resource for families whose children need specialized expert care but who cannot afford it.
Review Date: Sunday, March 20, 2011
University Healthcare and the University of Utah offer numerous patient education resources in both English and Spanish to patients and their families.
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The mid-size tractor market is a kind of sweet spot with the 200 to 285 horsepower machines as the main workhorse on a lot of farms. And this year Deere is turning up the heat.
Deere has launched the 7R series of tractors ranging from200 to 280 engine horsepower. But in that 200 to 230 horsepower range, Deere now offers three machines that livestock, dairy and crop farmers can put to work. The line includes five models. Model numbers correspond to engine horsepower - the 7200R has a 200 hp engine - and range from the 7200R to the 2780R. Two engines power the line, the 7200R and 7215R feature a 6.8-liter PowerTech power plants. The 7230R, 7260R and 2780R get power from a 9-liter PowerTech engine.
There are two new transmissions for the line including a new IVT (for infinitely variable transmission) and a Command Quad. And farmers will find that the machines have a range of customization options from larger tires to Ag Management Solutions additions. The company notes this versatile model series can handle tillage, planting, haying, loader work and other tough chores.
In addition the 7R series can be outfitted with an optional integrated front hitch and power takeoff so you can operate front-driven equipment including triple-mounted mower-conditioners (see sidebar), snow blowers and a wide range of other attachments. Long popular in Europe, the front-mount implement business is becoming more popular in North America.
The machines feature 30% more fuel capacity and 23% greater hitch lift capacity compared to their large-frame 7030 predecessors. The roomier CommandView II Cab has improved visibility to the drawbar and even an optional touch-screen video capable CommandCenter Display.
There's even a configuration for these machines to be able to move at a top transport speed of 31 miles per hour, depending on the transmission, brakes and other options you order. The machines are already rolling into dealerships, learn more at www.johndeere.com/ag.


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Detroit Police say a man chasing his girlfriend at speeds around 70 mph caused the woman to lose control, launch over a freeway embankment and land her car atop a pickup truck, resulting in the deaths of four people.
The crash happened early Saturday morning. It's not known why the man, who was driving with one other passenger, was chasing the woman, who was driving with three other passengers in a Chrysler 300.
Both cars were traveling at high speeds on residential streets before both launched over the embankment on I-94. The woman's car went airborne before impacting an oncoming pickup, slicing the cab from the frame.
The pickup contained three passengers, all of whom were killed instantly. One woman in the woman's 300 also was killed. The driver of the 300 is currently hospitalized in critical condition, while police have detained the male driver and are weighing charges.


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PCI 3.0, Part 3: Validating Your Cardholder Data Environment
Apr 14, 2014 5:00 AM PT
PCI 3.0, Part 2: Defining Your Cardholder Data Environment
As spring gets under way, most e-commerce businesses already are preparing for their 2015 PCI audit. If you're one of them, you know that plenty of changes are afoot when it comes to meeting 3.0 compliance requirements.
Remember, compliance itself does not equal security, but rather is a reporting function of your security program. It is both a mandatory part of meeting 3.0 standards and a critical step toward improving your security posture.
As an e-commerce business, your top priority is protecting cardholder data and your brand reputation -- and validating your CDE is an important part of that. In a nutshell, you'll need to prove that the CDE boundaries you've defined actually are effective; you'll also have to illustrate the adequacy of any segmentation efforts.
Where's the Data?
If you followed the steps suggested in PCI 3.0, Part 1: Breathe, Relax, Get Compliant, you've already identified all relevant people, processes and technology involved in your cardholder data. You've also taken inventory of all hardware and software systems and devices in the CDE, and created network and data diagrams that outline connections and the flow of payment data through your environment.
You might be using network segmentation to isolate cardholder data. Now it's time for you to ensure all of your new controls are working successfully -- and you'll do this by running cardholder data searches, reviewing your segmentation controls, and building an appropriate pen-testing methodology.
This can be a risky area for many e-commerce organizations. Why? Because many assume they already know where their cardholder data is. Convinced they know where and how payment card data flows through their system, they tend to test only some of their systems.
Meanwhile, lost data in rogue locations puts the organization at risk for unauthorized access, failed audits and disastrous fines. To accurately validate your CDE, you must prove your data is in the correct systems and nowhere else -- and that means searching across the entire enterprise.
Testing Your CDE from A-Z
The best starting point is running cardholder data searches. Remember that the CDE includes people and processes as well as technology -- because that's exactly where data often goes off track.
Consider, for instance, an employee who decides to create an individual process that makes his job easier. Maybe he decides to create a separate list of full card numbers, written down by hand or stored on a spreadsheet, for easy reference. He's not aware this violates company policy; he's simply trying to make his job easier.
Because it's a random decision, there's no way for the IT team to know about it. If they run an exhaustive search across the entire environment, they'll find that data; if they skip the systems where they believe there's no data, they may be oblivious until it's too late.
That's just one example of why searching your entire system is mandatory. (If you're not already using one, I recommend using one of several reliable tools on the market that can search for specific types of data.)
Check every location and component possible, and confirm that your diagrams match your actual CDE. Also be sure to review all segmentation controls, including firewall rules, router and switch ACLs. Finally, confirm that your diagrams reflect your real cardholder data flows by tracking the data path of real transactions.
Your next step is pen testing. In addition to proving the legitimacy of your network boundaries, pen testing can turn up weaknesses in your system. For this reason, it's best to have a pen test conducted earlier rather than later, so you can correct any deficiencies.
While it's not a requirement, the best results always come from a test administered by an outside party -- so consider this as an important option. Also, be aware that 3.0 requirements are quite specific on the type of pen-testing methodology you should use, regardless of whether you're building your own methodology internally or hiring an outside vendor to do a pen test.
Proving the Power of Your Security
After doing all of this testing, you'll need to document everything and offer written demonstrative evidence of your validation. You'll need to prove that your boundaries are working effectively and protecting your cardholders, that your pen-testing methodology includes both public-facing and administrative applications, and that it aligns with 3.0 requirements.
No doubt this sounds like a lot of work -- but remember that validating your boundaries will benefit your organization long after you pass your 2015 audit. After all, airtight security is the top priority for e-commerce businesses that want to protect their customers while building a brand reputation as the company to trust.
Stay tuned for PCI 3.0, Part 4.


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Neandrathals who think yelling obscene things at unfamiliar girls is flattering. Usually they quit if the girl gives them a tight slap or if they spy the girl's male family members.
I broke that eve-teaser's jaw this morning! Saale ke ghar mein maa, behen nahi hain?!?!
by bittersweetchocolate March 26, 2011
buy the domain for your cat site


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Chances are that you or someone you know has fibroids. Fibroids (also called myomas) are benign tumors that grow in the smooth muscle cells in the uterine wall (the myometrium). They can form on the inside or outside of the uterus; above, below, or on the side of it. They're present in 25-40 percent of women in their childbearing years, and about 40 percent of women have one or more fibroids when they reach menopause. As a physician, I've cared for thousands of women with fibroids-including myself-treating them with everything from diet to drugs to hormone replacement to surgery.
women with fibroids don't even know they have one until their doctor discovers it during an annual pelvic exam. These benign growths are amenable to lifestyle changes such as diet, taking certain herbs, exercise, and changes in emotional patterns. Lifestyle modifications are likely to have an impact because fibroids are very sensitive to changes in hormone levels in the body. Your hormones can be influenced by everything from dietary modifications to changes in your thoughts
and emotions!
good news is most fibroids don't cause symptoms, don't require any fancy treatment,
and almost never require a hysterectomy, despite what you may have heard. Unfortunately,
fibroids are the number one indication for hysterectomy in this country. And many
times the ovaries, a woman's source of testosterone, are removed along with the
uterus to prevent possible ovarian cancer in the future. Though I certainly understand
the rationale for this, many women suffer from unexpected side effects from ovarian
removal and subsequent low testosterone levels, which result in a loss of sex
drive and decreased vitality.
course, depending upon the size, number, and location of the fibroid, some women
experience pain, heavy bleeding, or pressure. If the fibroid is large, 10 cm.
or greater, the lower abdomen can swell slightly and make it appear that a woman
is a few months pregnant, which is what happened to me. Even if her fibroids are
causing problems, there's a lot that a woman can do besides taking drugs, having
surgery, or undergoing the new Ex Ablate ultrasound procedure. (See below.)In
his excellent and comprehensive book Healing Fibroids: A Doctor's Guide to a Natural
Cure (which he co-wrote with Elena Oumano for Fireside, 2002), Allan Warshowsky,
M.D. (a board certified ob-gyn colleague and friend of mine), gives you everything
you need to know to decrease fibroid symptoms naturally. If you have fibroids,
I urge you to read his book. You're likely to find just the solution you're looking
for. And keep in mind that the lifestyle changes you adopt to heal your fibroids
will also improve the health of every cell in your body! Here are a few points
from Healing Fibroids. There are many other fantastic insights in the book.
Decrease or eliminate "white" foods. Foods such as white bread, cookies,
cakes, and pasta increase insulin, which changes the way estrogen is metabolized,
creating compounds that are more likely to cause cellular inflammation and fibroid
symptoms, including enhanced growth of existing fibroids. (Further evidence of
the diet-estrogen-fibroid connection is the fact that fibroids are more common
in overweight women.)


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Iraqi Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki and main rival Iyad Allawi were locked in a close election race on Thursday, as indicated by updated results. Maliki's State of Law Alliance led secular ex-premier Allawi's Iraqiya list by just 40,000 votes nationwide, according to latest results based on 89 percent of ballots counted.
Thursday's figures included 70 percent of special voting, conducted three days before the election, for security personnel, hospital patients and staff, and prisoners. Votes cast by Iraqis abroad have not yet been tabulated.
Overall, State of Law garnered 2,448,452 votes compared to Iraqiya's 2,408,547, a difference of 39,905. The Iraqi National Alliance (INA), a coalition led by Shiite religious groups, was third nationwide with 1,859,606, AFP reported.
State of Law leads in Baghdad, which is the largest province and accounts for more than twice as many seats as any other. It is also ahead in the southern province of Basra, the third biggest, as well as five other mostly Shiite central and southern provinces, but has failed to finish in the top three in all but one of Iraq's Sunni-majority provinces.
Iraqiya, on the other hand, was leading in four provinces, including the second biggest, Nineveh. It was also in a tie for the lead in a fifth, Kirkuk, where it was ahead of a Kurdish bloc by about 600 votes. It was placed in the top three in six predominantly Shiite provinces where Maliki was either first or second.


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A mom off the Hypnobabies Yahoo Group came up with this.
Most women are like surfers who never get on the board when the wave comes. Those are the epidural folks.
Some of us get on top of the wave and ride it, but really don't enjoy the ride. (that's me, and it makes an epidural tempting).
I suppose Hypnobabies is like a surfer who not only rides the wave, but is enjoying it, too!


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Thursday, 28 February 2013
k&a: tomato soup with garlic and thyme
It being the last day of February, and spring bound to show up eventually, it felt as if it might be the last chance this winter season to post a soup recipe on kitchen & aroma. I tasted this one, tomato soup with garlic and thyme, many years ago at a friend's birthday party, served with delicious bread. It is easy to prepare; ideal on those cold days when you don't have much time to spend in the kitchen. If you do have time, make home-made bread as well.
photo credit:
Lisa Hjalt
posted by: Anonymous 2 comments
Wednesday, 27 February 2013
interior design: bright swedish home
This Swedish home that was featured in Sköna hem almost makes wonder for my I'm-craving-for-spring mood because of the brightness of it. It feels crisp, yet not cold; the gold accents create the perfect balance.
I like the glassware on the dining table and the branches in the vase, and don't get me started on the rug in the dining room and all these beautiful windows.
photo credit:
Anne Nyblaeus for Sköna hem
posted by: Anonymous 9 comments
Tuesday, 26 February 2013
notes à la mode 30
In my yesterday's post I mentioned the Italian regions of Tuscany and Umbria but today we are travelling to Milan for a sneak peek of the Autumn/Winter 2013-2014 Collection of Domenico Dolce and Stefano Gabbana, which they presented at the Milan Fashion Week on Sunday.
This time their sources of inspiration were 12th century Venetian and Byzantine mosaics that cover the walls of the Santa Maria Nuova cathedral in Monreale, Sicily.
Think gold, black, red and white, mixed with lace, herringbone tweed, gemstones and tiaras.
photo credit:
1,3-6 (catwalk + details): Alessandro Viero + Filippo Fior via Vogue US / 2,7,10,11: Kevin Tachman for Vogue US /
08 + 09 (bag + red dresses): Scott Schuman of The Sartorialist
Monday, 25 February 2013
ode to spring + summer
"In the midst of winter, I found there was, within me, an invincible summer." Really, Albert Camus? I'm trying; I'm just not feeling it. It has been snowing for three days in my part of the world and I have had enough. Enough! I don't want to put on warm socks and sweaters any more; I don't want to put on winter boots each time I go out to get the mail.
Winter, you and me are so over! O.v.e.r.
This post is some kind of an ode to spring and summer. I went through my magazines to find spring and summer issues showing the mood in Provence and Normandy, or anywhere in the south or north of France, and in Umbria and Tuscany in Italy. Every time I leaf through the pages I start dreaming of al fresco lunches with a glass of rosé, putting on sandals again, feeling the sun on my face, bicycling, and visiting flower markets.
Spring, seriously, where are you?!!
photo credit:
1 + 4: Lisa Hjalt (from the February/March issue of Art & Décoration) / 2: from the book Provence Style edited by Angelika Taschen / 3: from the book French Country Living by Caroline Clifton-Mogg | both photos via Aged and Gilded / 5: Kristian Septimius Krogh for Bo Bedre via Pinterest
Saturday, 23 February 2013
styling: anya hindmarch spring 2013 campaign
The photo above, part of the Anya Hindmarch Spring 2013 ad campaign, almost mesmerised me when I saw it for the first time (it is in almost every magazine I leave through these days). It wasn't the accessory itself that caught my attention, but the gorgeous styling. All these beautiful blue coloured vintage items and the books - love it! Unfortunately, I have no idea who is the mastermind behind it all. Whoever it is, that person is my favourite stylist these days.
I had to share two more ads with different colours.
I had such a pleasant morning with my coffee and magazines (I love the Vanity Fair issue; it has a great collection of Bruce Weber's photographs). I decided to stay home today, as it is so cold outside (could someone please tell Siberia to blow their winds in another direction!). Instead I had fun in the kitchen and I made my chocolate tray bake. I was experimenting with a new chocolate frosting and I believe the recipe is ready. I will share it soon on kitchen & aroma.
Have a wonderful weekend!
photo credit:
Anya Hindmarch Spring 2013 ad campaign via The Terrier and Lobster
posted by: Anonymous 4 comments
labels: accessories, ad campaigns, colours, magazines, photography, styling
Friday, 22 February 2013
charming spaces: artistic + modern in madrid
Today's charming space is in the heart of Madrid, the capital of Spain. The owners of the flat are French and they turned to interior designer Sabine Marchal, who in my opinion did a wonderful job in creating harmony. I like spaces with character and this flat has plenty. The sculpture is by Richard Hudson and the Chinese vase is from the nineteenth century. I'm drawn to the rug, which is from Rajasthan in India - I love its colours.
Got any plans for the weekend? Tonight it's of course the traditional Friday pizza in this house, enjoyed with red wine. Basically, I'm just looking forward to not having to set the alarm clock and having a relaxing Saturday morning with a cup - or two - of good coffee and magazine reading. A stack is already awaiting me. Yesterday I bought the March issue of Vanity Fair, a special collector's edition that looks like a good one, and the French design magazine Art & Décoration. I recently subscribed to the British version of Harper's Bazaar, as it isn't available anywhere in Luxembourg. My first copy arrived in the mail earlier this week and I have yet to read it. If the cold weather doesn't stop me I may go into the city to check out a nice café that I recently spotted, hidden in a small alleyway. So, relaxation is what I have in mind.
I'm leaving you with this live version of Lykke Li's song I Follow Rivers and wishing you a wonderful day!
photo credit:
Nuevo Estilo
posted by: Anonymous 5 comments
labels: • SPACE, art, designers, interior design, living room, magazines, music, rugs
Thursday, 21 February 2013
luxembourg: the old quarter of the city
During the winter break I took the kids for a long walk in the Pétrusse Valley in the city centre of Luxembourg. It was a cold and grey February day but the walk was lovely and afterwards we went to a café. I was sort of expecting most of the photos to turn out a bit dull and gloomy but found myself pleasantly surprised. I think the old quarter of the city, called Grund, looks just as beautiful on a grey day as on a sunny one.
For those interested in the history of the city, here is a little extract from the website of UNESCO World Heritage Centre:
photo credit:
Lisa Hjalt
Luxembourg, February 2013
For those interested in the history of the city, here is a little extract from the website of UNESCO World Heritage Centre:
Because of its strategic position, Luxembourg was, from the 16th century until 1867 when its walls were dismantled, one of Europe's greatest fortified sites. It was repeatedly reinforced as it passed from one great European power to another: the Holy Roman Emperors, House of Burgundy, Habsburgs, French and Spanish kings, and finally the Prussians. Until their partial demolition, the fortifications were a fine example of military architecture spanning several centuries.The City of Luxembourg is located at the crossing point of two major Roman roads. In 963 Sigefroid, a count from the Moselle valley, built a castle on the Rocher du Bock, which he obtained by means of an exchange with the Abbey of St Maximin of Trier. His servants and soldiers settled around the castle and the modern town sprang from the market-place of this settlement, the Vieux Marché.The lower town of Grund and the Plateau du Rham: archaeological excavations have shown that the Grund and Rham areas were settled for some six centuries before Count Sigefroid took possession of the Bock promontory in 963. The Wenceslas Wall formed part of the third defensive circuit built in the late 14th century. It underwent a number of modifications and strengthenings as artillery improved.The Grund sluice was built by the Austrians in 1731; it consists of a massive masonry dam with vaulted openings that could be closed to prevent water passing through them. Much of the lock was dismantled in 1878, but its remains are still impressive, and also provide a magnificent panorama of the city. The Hospital Saint-Jean was founded in 1308; in 1543 a Benedictine community was established there, to become known as the Neuminster.
photo credit:
Lisa Hjalt
Luxembourg, February 2013
Wednesday, 20 February 2013
k&a: pancakes
Anyone in the mood for pancakes? I am. Always. If you were expecting fashion on the blog today then let me just say that pancakes are classic and they never go out of style!
I just posted a pancake recipe on kitchen & aroma that I have been using for about six years. It is less oily than all other pancake recipes that I have tried and I love it.
Enjoy your day!
photo credit:
Lisa Hjalt
posted by: Anonymous 7 comments
labels: • KITCHEN AND AROMA, food, photography by Lisa Hjalt, recipes
Tuesday, 19 February 2013
brighter shade than pale 09
Hello again. Life is back to normal with the kids back to school. We were all in the mood for a longer break. I almost managed to do absolutely nothing, almost. One of the most enjoyable doing-nothings was watching the first two seasons of Downton Abbey. I hadn't seen a single episode in full-length and found myself really enjoying them. How fabulous is Maggie Smith's character? She's priceless, almost cracks me up every time she appears on the screen.
February is finally greeting us with some sun after what seems like endless grey days. I'm so in the mood for this cold to go away. Yesterday I spotted my bicycle downstairs and felt the longing to ride it again. That would surely put a spring in my "step".
photo credit:
1: Confinedlight (Caffé Della Pace, Rome) via Pinterest / 2: Mario Testino for Vogue Paris, Feb. 2007 | Maryna Linchuk in 'Protocole d'élégance' styled by Emmanuelle Alt / 3: Erin Alderson of Naturally Ella / 4: Alexander Wagner for Sportswear International Magazine, Nov/Dec 2011 | Charlie France + Aiden Andrews in 'Tweed Run' styled by John Tan
posted by: Anonymous 9 comments
labels: • BRIGHTER SHADE THAN PALE, blues, fashion: editorials, food, photography, tv
Saturday, 9 February 2013
luxembourg: pétrusse valley + adolphe bridge + winter break
I wanted to leave you with beautiful scenery of the city before signing off for a week. The children have a week-long break and we are pretty much thinking about doing absolutely nothing. In between doing nothing there will be a library visit and some baking. I am in the mood for trying a few recipes from my new cookbooks and I am also in the mood for getting organised for spring. I think it is time to reorganise the wardrobes and maybe pop up the home decor. Tomorrow we are invited to a waffle party at a friend's house and maybe next week friends from Antwerp will come for a short visit.
The area you see in the photos is the Pétrusse Valley in the heart of the city. The Adolphe Bridge, 110 years old, is one of the bridges crossing it. They will soon be building a temporary replacement bridge because the Adolphe Bridge needs renovation that should start in early 2014. Close to the bridge, on Boulevard Roosevelt, they have set up a small building, a visitor centre, where everyone can have a look at the plans and models of the project. I walked by it the other day and it looked pretty cool but I didn't have time to enter and take a look.
Have a wonderful weekend and week!
photo credit:
Lisa Hjalt
Luxembourg, February 2013
posted by: Anonymous 7 comments
Friday, 8 February 2013
charming spaces: stylish + solid
I have been keeping this photo in my files, regularly looking for the source without any luck. I noticed it popping up on Pinterest, never with a link to the source or any information about the design. I thought that it must be a scan from some book and that one day I would find it. Last week I made yet another attempt to track it and to my wonderful surprise I found a website that led me to the source. This, in my opinion, stylish and solid space is the living room in the Hollywood Hills home of Claire Stansfield, the founder of the clothing line C & C California, and her husband. The house is a 1920s Robert Byrd design, remodelled by the architect firm Marmol Radziner (see more photos on their website).
Enjoy your day!
photo credit:
Paul Raeside for House & Garden via Design rulz (cropped by me)
Enjoy your day!
photo credit:
Paul Raeside for House & Garden via Design rulz (cropped by me)
Thursday, 7 February 2013
on my mind + books
The internet has been teasing me today, which has given me the perfect excuse to read, wrapped in my new 100% wool pashmina (feels like being wrapped in a blanket, it's so warm). Before I talk about the books I wanted to ramble just a little. The other day I read an interview in my February issue of British Vogue with actress Andrea Riseborough (played Wallis Simpson in Madonna's W.E.). It is called 'Character Study' and what amazes me is that I hardly learn anything about her character. The interview is only one page long, with five pages devoted to photos of her wearing Armani. In the "interview" she says 'I don't shop', adding that most of her clothes come from charity shops. Why wasn't the interview five pages long with maybe one photo of her wearing her own clothes? Why do we get a fashion editorial every time an actress or other celebrities are interviewed?
I can only imagine how frustrating this must be for an artist that is only interested in promoting his or her craft. Is this really something that the majority of consumers want? Do you buy a magazine because someone that interests you is photographed wearing the latest fashion? Do you? I didn't buy this particular issue for myself (A brought it home) but when I looked at the content I was looking forward to reading this interview, to learn more about Riseborough as an actress, only to read one page and learn nothing, except the fact that she doesn't shop, and a film she stars in will soon be released.
Now to the books.
These days I'm reading two. The first one I got on my birthday last summer, Dancing on My Grave by Gelsey Kirkland (with Greg Lawrence). I started reading it a long time ago only to put it down shortly after, thinking that the timing wasn't right. That often happens with my books; they can sit on my table for months until the right moment to read them arrives. That moment has definitely arrived and I'm thoroughly enjoying it, sometimes unable to put it down.
Gelsey Kirkland was a famous ballerina (she now runs a ballet school) that, for example, danced and was romantically involved with the ballet dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov (some of you probably remember him as the Russian in the last season of Sex and the City). Her story is both inspiring and heartbreaking. I have never studied ballet but still I find myself enjoying her vocabulary, her descriptions of struggles with body movements, physical pain and suffering, and how she strived to always become better. Of course it's wonderful to read about her success, which she never seemed to enjoy. She was her worst enemy. I haven't reached the part of the book where she starts using drugs but her thoughts on body image and how she used to starve herself are difficult to comprehend, especially when all the photos of her reveal a beautiful woman.
I highly recommend this book. I don't think you will find it in bookshops anymore (I got a used copy) but maybe your local library has a copy.
The other book I just started reading is called The Art of Travel, written by Alain de Botton. At this point I cannot really say much about it but what drew me to it were these words on page 9:
If our lives are dominated by a search for happiness, then perhaps few activities reveal as much about the dynamics of this quest - in all its ardour and paradoxes - than our travels. They express, however inarticulately, an understanding of what life might be about, outside the constraints of work and the struggle for survival.
I had to include a photo of my furry friend. She moves so gracefully and every time I'm photographing something on that working table she tends to jump on it. She usually plants herself firmly on my stuff, as if she wants to be in the photo. Yesterday she lay on my magazine and watched the snow falling while my heart melted.
photo credit:
Lisa Hjalt
posted by: Anonymous 6 comments
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Tagged: soluble
Bang On Design
It's always exciting when someone creates a new packaging or product innovation that changes the face of that category entirely and potentially sets the future of it. One such example is the 'Dissolve' prototype toothbrush packaging by Atelier Bang Bang, a Montreal based screen printing workshop and multidisciplinary design studio. It was designed by the company's founder Simon Laliberté for the 'Remarkable Packaging & Alternative' category of the 2012 Packaging Exhibition in Paris where it won 3rd place.
The innovation of the packaging stems from the want to make it 100% recyclable, resulting in a pack that completely dissolves within ten seconds when exposed to water. This is achieved through the use of cellulose based paper and water-soluble soy inks. The design of the packaging itself is relatively simple as the dissolving nature of it means it doesn't have to be incredibly fancy. Instead, it's quite stripped back, using just black and white, with the word 'dissolve' written across the faces of the slightly futuristic and more complex triangular packaging shape. It's a really interesting and clever concept that completely revolutionises the toothbrush market and definitely succeeds in its recyclable aims. I believe that it's this truly revolutionary nature that could allow it to work well in practice if ever taken from prototype to mass production.
Here it is in action;


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Reptile Day festival is September 21
The Reptile Day family festival is slithering its way back to the Virginia Museum of Natural History on Saturday, September 21 from 9 a.m. to 4 p.m., giving festival attendees the chance to view many of the cold-blooded creatures that call Virginia and North Carolina home, as well as the chance to see some of the most well-known and feared reptiles from around the world.
Reptile Day presents a unique opportunity for visitors to see over 200 live snakes and other reptiles, while allowing presenters to demonstrate that reptiles play a critical role in the environment and, most often, a harmless role in peoples' day-to-day lives. Visitors are also allowed the opportunity to handle a variety of the animals on display.
"I want people to learn their importance to the environment and their importance to people," said Mark Kilby, operator of the Luray Zoo in Luray, Virginia, noting that snakes in particular are not mean and overly aggressive like many people believe, but are actually gentle creatures.
Kilby has been a Reptile Day staple, wowing audiences with his presentations that have previously included a king cobra, black mamba, giant snapping turtle, alligator and more. This year, Kilby's alligator and reptile presentations will take place from 11:30 a.m. to noon and from 2 to 2:30 p.m.
Throughout the day, animal experts will display hundreds of live reptiles and amphibians that range from venomous snakes to tiny frogs. Keith Farmer, of the North Carolina Herpatological Society, will be providing a large variety of snakes and reptiles that are native to Virginia, North Carolina, and the surrounding region. Other displays include Reptile Rescue, Reptiles of Virginia, specimens from the museum's collections, and a special viewing of a female albino Burmese python.
In addition to Mark Kilby's presentations, the festival offers several other presentations throughout the day. Meredith Swartwout, from Virginia Tech, will present "Virginia Snakes" from 10:30 to 11 a.m. and "Poisonous Snakes in Virginia" from 1 to 1:30 p.m. Additionally, Keith Farmer will make a special presentation from 3 to 3:30 p.m. titled "Snake Mythconceptions", providing visitors with the facts regarding the true nature of snakes.
The museum will offer a variety of reptile-themed games and crafts throughout the day provided by VMNH educators and volunteers. Food and drinks will also be provided for an additional cost at the museum's PALEO Café.
Admission to the festival is $5/adults, $4/senior citizens and college students, $3/children 3-18, and free for children under 3 and museum members. Admission also grants visitors access to all of the museum's exhibit galleries.
For more information regarding the festival, including a schedule of events, visit www.vmnh.net.


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A trio of 3-year-olds will represent the Pletcher barn for Saturday's Grade 3, $200,000 Discovery Handicap, headed by Eclipse Thoroughbred Partners' Battier, most recently third behind winner Will Take Charge and Moreno in the Grade 2 Pennsylvania Derby on September 21.
"He gave us a thrill for a moment there," said Pletcher of Battier. "I thought that race was excellent. He's a horse who is maturing. He's always trained impressively so we think he has a big race in him."
Also pointing to the 1 1/8-mile Discovery for Pletcher are a pair of Repole Stable runners: Midnight Taboo, beaten a head by Vegas No Show in the Coastal overnight stakes on October 9 at Belmont, and Micromanage, most recently fourth in the Grade 2 Indiana Derby on October 5.
• Wedding Toast will attempt to emulate her stablemate Dance Card when she makes her graded stakes debut in the Grade 3, $400,000 Comely for 3-year-old fillies on the Cigar Mile Handicap undercard on November 30 at Aqueduct Racetrack.
"A very nice filly," said trainer Kiaran McLaughlin of Wedding Toast, a daughter of Street Sense. "She's similar to Dance Card: she finished second [in her debut] and now she has won her next three, so, hopefully, she can keep going."
On opening weekend at Aqueduct, McLaughlin will be represented by Paul Braverman and Namecook Stables' Cairo Prince in the Grade 2, $250,000 Nashua for 2-year-olds. Darley Stable's Divided Attention is possible for the Grade 3, $250,000 Tempted for juvenile fillies. Both the Nashua and the Tempted will be contested at one mile on Sunday.
• Arriving at Hall of Fame trainer Bill Mott's barn Sunday morning from Kentucky for Saturday's Grade 3 Discovery Handicap is Mr Palmer, last seen in New York finishing fourth behind winner Verrazano in the Grade 1 Wood Memorial at Aqueduct.
Subsequently given time off, the Pulpit colt returned to action on October 5 at Indiana Downs, where he finished seventh over a sloppy, sealed track in the Grade 2 Indiana Derby.
"He ran well in the Wood, but he needed time after that, it took a lot out of him, " said Mott's assistant, Leana Willaford. "The Indiana Derby wasn't ideal; he caught a very mucky racetrack."
• Trainer Jimmy Jerkens expressed satisfaction with Wicked Strong's two-length victory in a Saturday maiden special weight, adding that the 2-year-old could make his next start in the Grade 2, $400,000 Remsen at 1 1/8 miles on November 30 at Aqueduct Racetrack.
"I think we'll eventually go to Florida, but we might entertain the thought of running in the Remsen," said Jerkens. "We'll have to see. We'll make a decision in the next week or so."


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University of Mary
The University of Mary exists to serve the religious academic and cultural needs of people in this region and beyond.
School Information7500 University Dr
Bismarck, North Dakota 58504
Calendar: Semester
Locale: Rural: Fringe
Open Admissions: Yes
Sector: Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above
Carnegie Basic: Master's Colleges and Universities (larger programs)
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Accrediting Agency: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, The Higher Learning Commission
Common name(s): UMary/Marauders
Locale: Rural: Fringe
Open Admissions: Yes
Sector: Private not-for-profit, 4-year or above
Carnegie Basic: Master's Colleges and Universities (larger programs)
Religious Affiliation: Roman Catholic
Accrediting Agency: North Central Association of Colleges and Schools, The Higher Learning Commission
Common name(s): UMary/Marauders
Students & Faculty
Total Students
Male Students
Female Students
Total Intl Students
Intl Male Students
Intl Female Students
* All data is provided by the school or compiled from IPEDS as of December 2018
Total Tuition $22,104.00
SAT Scores:
25th-75th percentile
453-578 440-568
ACT Scores:
25th-75th percentile20-25
Note: 25th-75th percentile ranges show the range of scores achieved by the middle 50% of students who were admitted to the school.
Other Requirements:
Degrees & Programs
|Accounting and Business/Management
|Athletic Training/Trainer
|Biology Teacher Education
|Biology/Biological Sciences, General
|Business Administration and Management, General
|Business Administration, Management and Operations, Other
|Business Teacher Education
|Business/Corporate Communications
|Clinical Laboratory Science/Medical Technology/Technologist
|Computer and Information Sciences, General
|Counselor Education/School Counseling and Guidance Services
|Criminal Justice/Law Enforcement Administration
|Criminal Justice/Safety Studies
|Early Childhood Education and Teaching
|Education/Teaching of Individuals with Emotional Disturbances
|Education/Teaching of Individuals with Mental Retardation
|Education/Teaching of Individuals with Specific Learning Disabilities
|Educational, Instructional, and Curriculum Supervision
|Elementary and Middle School Administration/Principalship
|Elementary Education and Teaching
|Engineering, General
|English Language and Literature, General
|English/Language Arts Teacher Education
|Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Studies
|Family Practice Nurse/Nursing
|Finance, General
|General Studies
|Health and Physical Education/Fitness, General
|Health/Health Care Administration/Management
|History Teacher Education
|Information Science/Studies
|Kinesiology and Exercise Science
|Liberal Arts and Sciences/Liberal Studies
|Management Information Systems, General
|Management Science
|Marketing/Marketing Management, General
|Mass Communication/Media Studies
|Mathematics Teacher Education
|Mathematics, General
|Mental Health Counseling/Counselor
|Music Performance, General
|Music Teacher Education
|Nursing Administration
|Nursing Education
|Occupational Therapy/Therapist
|Office Management and Supervision
|Operations Management and Supervision
|Organizational Leadership
|Physical Education Teaching and Coaching
|Physical Therapy/Therapist
|Psychology, General
|Radiologic Technology/Science - Radiographer
|Reading Teacher Education
|Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse
|Religion/Religious Studies
|Respiratory Care Therapy/Therapist
|Secondary School Administration/Principalship
|Social Science Teacher Education
|Social Sciences, General
|Social Work
|Special Education and Teaching, Other
|Sport and Fitness Administration/Management
|Substance Abuse/Addiction Counseling
|Teacher Education and Professional Development, Specific Levels and Methods, Oth
|Theology/Theological Studies


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HST Reveals Stunning Detail in Herbig-Haro Object
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has provided astronomers with their clearest look yet at a vast cloud of gas being heated by the birth of a new star.
Called Herbig-Haro object #2 (HH-2), the cloud is heated by shock waves from jets of high speed gas being ejected from a newborn star. Because the star itself is embedded in a dusty cocoon, HH-2 provides the only visible clues to physical processes occurring in the young star.
NASA's Hubble Space Telescope (HST) has provided astronomers with their clearest look yet at a vast cloud of gas being heated by the birth of a new star.
The results from this observation are being presented to the American Astronomical Society meeting in Berkeley, CA.
Called Herbig-Haro object #2 (HH-2), the cloud is heated by shock waves from jets of high-speed gas being ejected from a newborn star. Because the star itself is embedded in a dusty cocoon, HH-2 provides the only visible clues to physical processes occurring in the young star.
The Hubble observations made with the Wide Field/Planetary Camera (WF/PC) provide new insight into similar events that probably occurred when our Sun and solar system formed 4.6 billion years ago.
"The fine detail, never before seen in such objects, provides a challenge to astronomers who are attempting to model the physical processes associated with star formation," said Dr. Richard D. Schwartz, of the University of Missouri at St. Louis.
Dr. Schwartz and an international team of astronomers used Hubble to obtain detailed images which "reveal a rich array of structures with diameters of a few billion miles, comparable to the size of the solar system," according to Schwartz. He explained, "The existence of such small features was unexpected based upon earlier images obtained with ground-based telescopes."
HH-2 is one of several peculiar nebulae first discovered by American astronomer George Herbig and Mexican astronomer Guillermo Haro in the early 1950s.
The nebula has been an enigma to astronomers because of its irregular, somewhat chaotic appearance. The nebula differs from the regular, symmetric bow-shock structures seen in other HH objects. Such bow-shock structures have the shape of a wave that leads a boat traveling through water. Schwartz said that the structures in HH-2 may result from the fragmentation of a bow-shock at the head of a gas jet coming from the young star.
HH-2 lies at a distance of about 1,500 light-years, in a star-forming region of the constellation Orion. The object is located at the leading edge of a supersonic gas flow that emanates from a young star located about 1/2 light-year from the object. The star is detectable only with infrared and radio telescopes.
The high-speed jets that create HH-2 form as a young star contracts under its own gravitational pull. The star reaches a stage where it releases a strong outflow of gas. A thick disk of cool gas and dust around the star, perhaps coupled with a strong magnetic field, forces the hot gas to squirt outward along the system's rotational axis. This forms a pair of narrow jets that plow through the gas of the parent cloud in the star formation region. Gas shoots away from the star at velocities of up to 500,000 miles per hour (fast enough to span the distance between Earth and the Moon in 1/2 hour!)
The supersonic flow forms strong shock waves, heating gas in the parent cloud to temperatures more than 200,000 degrees Fahrenheit (93,000 degrees Celsius). Though a cocoon of dust obscures the star from view, the effects of the jets can be see across great distances.
The hot gas radiates energy in visible light associated with atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other common elements, forming the structure of a Herbig-Haro object.
HH objects offer clues into the nature of young stellar objects. "The energetics, degree of collimation, and evolutionary time scales of HH objects all serve to constrain models of the environment and physical properties of the young stellar object at the center of the outflow," said Schwartz.
Co-investigators: Martin Cohen (Univ. of California-Berkeley), Burton Jones (Univ. of California-Santa Cruz), Karl-Heinz Bolim (Univ. of Washington), John Raymond and Lee Harnnann (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics), Reinhard Mundt (Max-Planck- Institute fur Astronomie, Heidelberg, Germany), Michael Dopita (Mt. Stromlo and Siding Spring Observatories, Australia), and Angie Schultz graduate student at Washington Univ., St. Louis, conducting Ph.D. thesis work at Univ. of Missouri-St. Louis).
Contacts Ray Villard, STScI


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Home / File format / doc
DOC file format
File extension
File category
DOC – is a special extension corresponding to the documents created in the text editor Microsoft World, up to the 2007 version. This format stores information about the formatting of a text document - paragraphs, lists, indents, alignments and much more. DOC files can include not only textual information, but also numerous images, graphics, scripts, diagrams. DOC is an extension in the binary file format, which begins with an information block that acts as a key element of the entire collection of data files. Such binary files include a fairly large amount of information about the formatting of a text document. Traditionally, the extension has become widespread for creating text-format documents in a wide range of OS. Files in this format are opened by any, including modern versions of the Word editor or its analogues from free packages like Open Office, Libre Office or utilities like Corel WordPerfect.
Technical details
The first versions of the DOC file format prioritized the content of the formatted text, but over time, a large number of built-in objects were added to it, among which both diagrams and graphs are found, as well as various media files (sounds, video). Files with the DOC extension are able to contain data about the merge, so that the word processing template can be used together with the table or database.
Microsoft Word
OpenOffice.org Writer
IBM Lotus Symphony
Apple Pages
Main program
Microsoft Word
MIME type


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Downward pressure on prices may seem like good news, but you have to look deeper, says the Philippines Agriculture Secretary.(See our Davos page)
Arthur C. Yap, the Philippines Agriculture Secretary, says it's easy to misread the impact of the global financial crisis on the food crisis. The deflationary effects of the financial crisis seem to be pushing commodity prices down, and that looks like good news. But it's not that simple, as Yap explains.
Mr. Yap spoke with www.wfp.org in the WFP tent in Davos immediately after a private meeting of the Business Alliance Against Chronic Hunger.


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Michael Marienthal, a former scorer for UCLA men's basketball, passed away due to heart issues on Wednesday. He was 89. A former Marine, Marienthal retired from the scorekeeper's table in 1996 after serving for 50 years. He witnessed all 11 of the Bruins' national championships and was inducted into the UCLA Hall of Fame in 1990.
Marienthal also played football at UCLA and was part of the school's first Rose Bowl Game appearance in 1943. He then joined the Marines in the midst of World War II, losing his left leg in Okinawa in 1945. Continue reading "Former longtime scorekeeper dies at 89" »


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BRISTOL — Police are urging local businesses and vendors at Addison County Fair and Field Days to be on the lookout for counterfeit $5 and $10 bills this week.
An anonymous tip led Bristol police and the U.S. Secret Service agents on Tuesday to arrest Mildred Martin, 29, of Bristol for possession of a regulated drug.
But that's not why the federal and local authorities stopped Martin, according to Bristol Police Chief Kevin Gibbs. They were informed that she and another person had counterfeit money and a firearm on national forest land.


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There are two lasting images from Wednesday night in TD Garden.
One was the emotional national anthem started by longtime Boston crooner Rene Rancourt and finished by the fans. The other was the stick salute both teams gave to the sellout crowd after the Sabres completed their shootout victory over the Boston Bruins.
The sign of unity the Sabres and Bruins showed in the face of the Boston Marathon bombings was a huge national topic Thursday morning on network news shows and across the Internet. Still pictures have landed in newspapers and websites all over North America.
Where did the idea come from? Bruins players said Wednesday night it was the thought of Sabres star Thomas Vanek.
"Even though they play in that city, it doesn't matter where you're from," Vanek said after practice Thursday in the Northtown Center at Amherst. "Buffalo, my case Europe, or whatever. Everyone gets affected by it.
"We didn't think about the publicity it's getting. For us, it was just to appreciate the people who came. The atmosphere was unbelievable. It's a few hours away from something you have to not think about. It was good for everyone, a good few hours."
"It was a no-brainer for everyone I think on both sides," Boston center Patrice Bergeron said. "And I think it was the perfect way to end the game."
Vanek broached the idea at the morning skate with fellow alternate captains Steve Ott and Drew Stafford and took it to Buffalo's training staff. They relayed it to the Bruins' side of the room, and the plan was finalized on the ice during the pregame warm-up when Vanek briefly chatted with Boston captain Zdeno Chara.
"It was spectacular I thought," said Sabres interim coach Ron Rolston. "Just seeing that picture, you don't see that a lot in sports."
"We were all playing for Boston," added Ott. "It puts it in perspective. When you're a hockey player, to be able to live through that experience and that game, it was absolutely surreal."
Vanek and several of his teammates walked to the barricades on Boylston Street on Tuesday night and saw a barren landscape in the place of the bustling street's normal activity.
"Seeing it on the news and seeing it in person is a lot different," Vanek said. "People were upbeat, positive. That goes a long ways. Anytime something like that happens, you put hockey and whatever you've got on the side. You think about your own family and the other families. It's a tough thing."
As for the anthem, it's almost sure to become a time-tested YouTube classic. Veteran hockey reporters were comparing it Thursday to the version nearly drowned out by the roaring crowd at the 1991 All-Star Game in old Chicago Stadium, played at the start of the Persian Gulf War. Rancourt told WEEI Radio in Boston on Thursday morning he was concerned about getting too emotional to finish the song and a Bruins official suggested letting the crowd help him.
"It was unbelievable. It was cool," Vanek said. "It was one of those moments you're happy you were part of it. The atmosphere was electric. Even as a visiting team, it seemed like it was one big happy crowd. It was a good game. It was something I won't forget and I'm sure a lot of guys won't either."
"I had chills just looking around," said winger Brian Flynn, a Massachusetts native. "I don't think there was one person in the stands that wasn't singing."
According to the Elias Sports Bureau, Ryan Miller's 41 saves Wednesday gave him an NHL-high four wins this season when facing 40-plus shots. Miller entered Thursday's game leading the NHL in shots against (1,183) and saves (1,082). He has faced 66 more shots and made 48 more saves than any other NHL goalie.
Miller's .928 save percentage in five-on-five play is equal to what he had in his Vezina Trophy year of 2009-10. Where his overall numbers have suffered are on opponents' power plays (.860) and opponents' short-handed situations (.875).
Miller has excellent numbers against the New York Rangers, the opponent in tonight's key game in First Niagara Center. He's 8-2-4 in his last 14 games against the Rangers with a 1.71 goals-against average and .943 save percentage, allowing three or more goals just twice in those 14 games. It would be Miller's 498th career game. … The Rangers will be without Brian Boyle for tonight's game after he suffered a leg injury Tuesday in Philadelphia. They called up Chris Kreider from Connecticut of the AHL. … Vanek's first-period goal Wednesday was the 247th of his Buffalo career, tied with Mike Foligno for sixth all-time in franchise history.
email: firstname.lastname@example.com


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