text: /* * Copyright (c) 1998-2000 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved. * * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@ * * The contents of this file constitute Original Code as defined in and * are subject to the Apple Public Source License Version 1.1 (the * "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the * License. Please obtain a copy of the License at * http://www.apple.com/publicsource and read it before using this file. * * This Original Code and all software distributed under the License are * distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES, * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR NON-INFRINGEMENT. Please see the * License for the specific language governing rights and limitations * under the License. * * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@ */ /*! * @header IOAudioDevice */ #ifndef _IOKIT_IOAUDIODEVICE_H #define _IOKIT_IOAUDIODEVICE_H #include <IOKit/IOService.h> #include <IOKit/audio/IOAudioTypes.h> #include <IOKit/audio/IOAudioStream.h> class IOAudioEngine; class IOAudioStream; class IOAudioPort; class IOAudioControl; class OSDictionary; class OSSet; class OSArray; class IOTimerEventSource; class IOCommandGate; /*! * @class IOAudioDevice * @abstract Abstract base class for a single piece of audio hardware. The IOAudioDevice provides * the central coordination point for an audio driver. * @discussion An audio driver is required to subclass IOAudioDevice in order to provide * working audio to the system. A single driver instance will contain a single instance of the * driver's IOAudioDevice subclass. The subclass is responsible for mapping all hardware device * resources from the service provider nub. It must control access to the hardware so that the * hardware doesn't get into an inconsistent state. It is possible that different threads may make * requests of the hardware at the same time. The IOAudioDevice superclass provides an IOWorkLoop * and IOCommandGate on the IOWorkLoop through which all hardware accesses may be synchronized. * All entry points to all parts of the driver controlled by the IOAudioFamily will be synchronized * through this one IOWorkLoop. * * The IOAudioDevice subclass is responsible for creating the rest of the pieces of the driver. * It must identify and create all IOAudioEngines that are not automatically created by the system * (i.e. those that are not matched and instantiated by IOKit directly). * * The IOAudioDevice subclass must enumerate and create all IOAudioControls to match * the device capabilities. * * It must also execute control value chages when requested by the system (i.e. volume adjustments). * * In order to allow sleep and work to work on the system, the IOAudioDevice subclass is responsible * for performing the necessary actions to sleep and wake its hardware (and restore necessary state * on wake). * * The IOAudioDevice class provides timer services that allow different elements in the audio driver * to receive timer notifications as needed. These services were designed with the idea that most * timed events in a typical audio driver need to be done at least as often as a certain interval. * Further, it is designed with the idea that being called more often than the specified interval * doesn't hurt anything - and in fact may help. With this in mind, the timer services provided * by the IOAudioDevice class allow different targets to register for timer callbacks at least as * often as the specified interval. The actual interval will be the smallest of the intervals of * all of the callbacks. This way, we avoid the overhead of having many timers in a single audio * device. As an example, each output IOAudioEngine has a timer to run the erase head. It doesn't hurt * to have the erase head run more often. Also, a typical IOAudioDevice subclass may need to run a timer * to check for device state changes (e.g. jack insertions). * * There are a number of strings passed from the driver to the CoreAudio.framework and then into * applications. All of those strings should be localized by the driver. In order to do that * the kext bundle should have localized string files following the Mac OS X localization * instructions. The IOAudioDevice should contain a property with the name of the bundle/kext * that contains the localized string resources. To do that, the driver's personality in * the bundle resources could have a property named 'IOAudioDeviceLocalizedBundle' with the path * of the bundle/kext relative to '/System/Library/Extensions'. It could also be set by the * IOAudioDevice subclass in its initHardware() function. To do so, call * setProperty(kIOAudioDeviceLocalizedBundleKey, "Driver.kext"). * * In a typical driver, the IOAudioDevice subclass will implement initHardware() to perform the * hardware initialization and driver construction. Within that initialization it must create at * least one IOAudioEngine instance and activate it. In order to activate a new IOAudioEngine * activateAudioEngine() should be called for each one. It must create the IOAudioControls * matching the hardware capabilities to allow the system to set volume, mute and input selection. * To add those controls to the driver, each control should be attached to the IOAudioEngine to * which it applies by calling addDefaultAudioControl() on the IOAudioEngine. * During initialization it should also call setDeviceName(), setDeviceShortName() and * setManufacturerName() with localized strings representing each of the attributes. * * If the driver is to work properly after sleep/wake, it must implement performPowerStateChange() * and deal with the sleep and wake transitions. It may also deal with the idle state transitions * to turn off device power when it isn't in use (especially useful for devices attached to a * portable running on battery power). */ /* * enum IOAudioDevicePowerState * @abstract Identifies the power state of the audio device * @discussion A newly created IOAudioDevices defaults to the idle state. * @constant kIOAudioDeviceSleep State set when the system is going to sleep * @constant kIOAudioDeviceIdle State when the system is awake but none of the IOAudioEngines are in use * @constant kIOAudioDeviceActive State when one ore more IOAudioEngines are in use. This state transition must complete before the system will begin playing audio. */ typedef enum _IOAudioDevicePowerState { kIOAudioDeviceSleep = 0, // When sleeping kIOAudioDeviceIdle = 1, // When no audio engines running kIOAudioDeviceActive = 2 // audio engines running } IOAudioDevicePowerState; class IOAudioDevice : public IOService { friend class IOAudioEngine; OSDeclareDefaultStructors(IOAudioDevice) protected: /*! @var workLoop The IOWorkLoop for the driver - this is shared with the other objects in the driver */ IOWorkLoop *workLoop; /*! @var commandGate The IOCommandGate for this IOAudioDevice. It is attached to workLoop */ IOCommandGate *commandGate; /*! @var timerEventSource An IOTimerEventSource attached to workLoop used for the timer services */ IOTimerEventSource *timerEventSource; /*! @var duringStartup State variable set to true while the driver is starting up and false all other times */ bool duringStartup; /*! @var familyManagePower Set to true if the family is supposed to manage power - this is the default state. It can be changed early in the initialization process with a call to setFamilyManagePower(). */ bool familyManagePower; /*! @var asyncPowerStateChangeInProgress Set to true while an asynchronous power change is pending and false all other times. */ bool asyncPowerStateChangeInProgress; /*! @var numRunningAudioEngines The number of running IOAudioEngines. This is used to maintain idle vs active power state. */ UInt32 numRunningAudioEngines; /*! @var currentPowerState Used to track the existing power state - can be fetched by calling getPowerState() */ IOAudioDevicePowerState currentPowerState; /*! @var pendingPowerState If a power state change is in progress, this represents the pending power state. All other times this is the same as the currentPowerState. */ IOAudioDevicePowerState pendingPowerState; /*! @var audioEngines The set of IOAudioEngine objects vended by the IOAudioDevice. */ OSArray * audioEngines; /*! @var timerEvents The set of timer events in use by the device. * @discussion The key for the dictionary is the target of the event. This means that a single target may * have only a single event associated with it. */ OSDictionary * timerEvents; /*! @var audioPorts The set of IOAudioPort objects associated with the IOAudioDevice */ OSSet * audioPorts; /*! @var minimumInterval The smallest timer interval requested by all timer event targets. */ AbsoluteTime minimumInterval; /*! @var previousTimerFire The time of the last timer event. * @discussion This is used to schedule the next timer event. */ AbsoluteTime previousTimerFire; public: /*! @var gIOAudioPlane A static IORegistryPlane representing the new IOAudioPlane that the IOAudioFamily uses * to represent the signal chain of the device. */ static const IORegistryPlane *gIOAudioPlane; protected: struct ExpansionData { unsigned long long idleSleepDelayTime; IOTimerEventSource * idleTimer; }; ExpansionData *reserved; public: static void idleAudioSleepHandlerTimer(OSObject *owner, IOTimerEventSource *sender); virtual IOReturn setAggressiveness(unsigned long type, unsigned long newLevel); // OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 0); virtual void setDeviceTransportType(const UInt32 transportType); // OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 1); /*! * @function setIdleAudioSleepTime * @abstract This function is to be called by a driver that doesn't want to be told about the audio * going idle immediately, but at some point in the future. * @discussion This is useful if the device will want to power down its hardware into an idle sleep * state, but doesn't want to do that unless audio hasn't been used for a while. Calling this function * immediately changes the idle sleep timer and queues it up if the idle is different from the previous * idle time. The idle time defaults to 0, which means be called immediately (backwards compatible with * previous versions of IOAudioFamily). A value of 0xffffffffffffffffULL means don't ever tell the * driver about going idle. * @param sleepDelay The amount of time, in nanoseconds, before the hardware should be told to go idle. */ virtual void setIdleAudioSleepTime(unsigned long long sleepDelay); // OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 2); virtual void scheduleIdleAudioSleep(void); // OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 3); /*! * @function setConfigurationApplicationBundle * @abstract This function is to be called if an external configuration application is available to set * which application to launch. * @discussion This is useful for device drivers that are too complex to be represented by the Sound Preferences * panel. The bundle ID is a more flexible way of specifying where the application is than a hard coded path. * @param bundleID The bundle ID of the application to be launched by the HAL for configuration of the device and its engine(s). */ virtual void setConfigurationApplicationBundle(const char *bundleID); // OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 4); /*! * @function setDeviceCanBeDefault * @abstract This function is to be called to tell CoreAudio if this device shouldn't be a default device. * @discussion This is useful for device drivers that don't want to be a default device. Can be called with * kIOAudioDeviceCanBeDefaultNothing to prevent CoreAudio from allowing this device to be any default device, or it * can be called with any combination of kIOAudioDeviceCanBeDefaultInput, kIOAudioDeviceCanBeDefaultOutput, or * kIOAudioDeviceCanBeSystemOutput. The default is * (kIOAudioDeviceCanBeDefaultInput | kIOAudioDeviceCanBeDefaultOutput | kIOAudioDeviceCanBeSystemOutput). * @param defaultsFlags The flags to instruct CoreAudio to allow this device to be only the indicated default devices. */ virtual void setDeviceCanBeDefault(UInt32 defaultsFlags); // OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 5); virtual void setDeviceModelName(const char * modelName); private: OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 0); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 1); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 2); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 3); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 4); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUsed(IOAudioDevice, 5); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 6); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 7); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 8); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 9); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 10); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 11); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 12); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 13); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 14); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 15); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 16); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 17); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 18); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 19); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 20); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 21); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 22); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 23); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 24); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 25); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 26); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 27); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 28); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 29); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 30); OSMetaClassDeclareReservedUnused(IOAudioDevice, 31); public: // Initialization /*! * @function init * @abstract Initialize a newly created instance of IOAudioDevice. * @discussion This implementation initializes all of the data structures and variables used by the * IOAudioDevice. The currentPowerState and pendingPowerState variables are set to kIOAudioDeviceIdle. * A subclass that overrides this method must call the superclass' implementation. * @param properties An OSDictionary of the device properties that gets passed to super::init and set * in the IORegistry. * @result true if initialization was successful */ virtual bool init(OSDictionary *properties); /*! * @function free * @abstract Frees resources used by the IOAudioDevice instance * @discussion This method will deactivate all audio audio engines and release the audioEngines OSSet. * It will also deactivate all of the audio ports and release the audioPorts OSSet. It will release * the timerEvents OSDictionary as well as cancel any outstanding timer callbacks. It will clean up * all of the event sources and the workLoop. * * Do not call this directly. This is called automatically by the system when the instance's * refcount goes to 0. To decrement the refcount, call release() on the object. */ virtual void free(); /*! * @function start * @abstract This function is called automatically by the system to tell the driver to start vending * services to the rest of the system. * @discussion The start() implementation in IOAudioDevice starts by calling start() on its superclass. * It then calls initHardware() which the subclass should override to properly initialize itself and * the hardware. If that call succeeds, it sets up power management if the family is supposed to * manage power (checking the familyManagePower variable). Then finally it calls registerService() * to make the IOAudioDevice visible in the IORegistry. * @param provider This is the service provider nub that provides access to the hardware resources. * @result Returns true on success */ virtual bool start(IOService *provider); /*! * @function stop * @abstract This is responsible for stopping the device after the system is done with it (or if the device is removed from the system). * @discussion The IOAudioDevice implentation of stop() disables the timer services, deactivates * all of the audio audio engines and audio ports and stops power management of the device. * The audio engine and port deactivation causes all of the audio engines to get stopped and * all of the audio engine and port resources and objects to be released. A subclass' implementation * may could shut down hardware here if necessary. If this function is overridden by a subclass, * the superclass' implementation must be called. * @param The service provider nub for the device. */ virtual void stop(IOService *provider); virtual bool willTerminate(IOService *provider, IOOptionBits options); /*! * @function initHardware * @abstract This function is called by start() to provide a convenient place for the subclass to * perform its initialization. * @discussion In a typical implementation, a driver would implementation this function and perform * a number of tasks. Those include mapping hardware resources, initializing the hardware to a known * state, creating the IOAudioEngines, IOAudioControls and IOAudioStreams. Additionally it * should also call setDeviceName(), setDeviceShortName(), setManufacturerName(). Upon return of * this function, the device should be ready to begin vending services to the system. * @param provider The service provider nub for the device. * @result This function should return true on a successful initialization. */ virtual bool initHardware(IOService *provider); /*! * @function setDeviceName * @abstract Sets the name of the device * @discussion This method should be called during initialization or startup. It should * be set by the time initHardware() completes. The device name is used by the * CoreAudio.framework to identify the particular piece of hardware. This string should * should be localized by the driver. */ virtual void setDeviceName(const char *deviceName); /*! * @function setDeviceShortName * @abstract Sets the short name of the device * @discussion The short name is a shorter representation of the device name. It may be used * by applications when the device name is too long. It should be set by the time initHardware() * completes. The string should be localized by the driver. */ virtual void setDeviceShortName(const char *shortName); /*! * @function setManufacturerName * @abstract Sets the manufacturer name of the device * @discussion This method should be called during initialization or startup. This should be * called by the time initHardware() completes. The string should be localized by the driver. */ virtual void setManufacturerName(const char *manufacturerName); // IOWorkLoop, IOCommandGate management /*! * @function getWorkLoop * @abstract Returns the IOWorkLoop for the driver * @discussion The IOWorkLoop is used to synchronized all critical aspects of the driver. This * includes all entry points to the driver as well as power management. */ virtual IOWorkLoop *getWorkLoop() const; /*! * @function getCommandGate * @abstract Returns the IOCommandGate for this IOAudioDevice * @discussion This IOCommandGate allows calls into this IOAudioDevice to be synchronized on * the IOWorkLoop. */ virtual IOCommandGate *getCommandGate() const; // IOAudioEngine management /*! * @function activateAudioEngine * @abstract This simply calls activateAudioEngine(IOAudioEngine *audioEngine, * bool shouldStartAudioEngine) with a value of true for shouldStartAudioEngine. * @param audioEngine The IOAudioEngine instance to be activated. It is treated as a newly * allocated instance. * @result Returns true if the audio engine was successfully activated. */ virtual IOReturn activateAudioEngine(IOAudioEngine *audioEngine); /*! * @function activateAudioEngine * @abstract This is called to add a new IOAudioEngine object to the IOAudioDevice. * @discussion Once the IOAudioEngine has been activated by this function, it is ready * to begin moving audio data. This should be called either during the subclass' initHardware() * implementation for each IOAudioEngine the device creates. Or it should be called by * the IOAudioEngine itself if the audio engine was automatically created by IOKit's matching * process. The system won't be able to properly track and control IOAudioEngines if * they are not activated though this function. * This implementation will retain the IOAudioEngine while it maintains control of it. * When the audio engine is deactivated, the IOAudioEngine will be released. If the * IOAudioDevice subclass is passing a newly instantiated IOAudioEngine, it will need to release * the audio engine after it has been activated. This will insure that the refCount on the audio engine * is correct when it gets deactivated when the driver is stopped. That allows the audio engine to be * freed when it is no longer needed. * @param audioEngine The IOAudioEngine instance to be activated. * @param shouldStartAudioEngine If true, the audio engine is treated as a newly allocated IOAudioEngine * instance and is appropriately attached and started according to IOKit convention. If it is false * it is assumed that some other process (possibly the IOKit matching process) has started the * IOAudioEngine and will skip that step. * @result Returns true if the audio engine was successfully activated. */ virtual IOReturn activateAudioEngine(IOAudioEngine *audioEngine, bool shouldStartAudioEngine); /*! * @function deactivateAllAudioEngines * @abstract Deactivates all of the audio engines in the device. * @discussion This is called by the stop() and free() methods in IOAudioDevice to completely * shut down all audio engines as the driver is being shut down. */ virtual void deactivateAllAudioEngines(); // Power management /*! * @function setFamilyManagePower * @abstract Called set whether or not the family should manage the device power throught the * IOService power management APIs. * @discussion The default behavior is for the family to manage power. It is only necessary to * call this function if the driver does not want the family to manage power. It is not * recommended that this function be called because it makes power management much more * difficult for the driver. If this function is to be called, it must be called before * initHardware() completes. Immediately after initHardware() is called by start(), * the power management system is initialized if the family is to manage power. * @param manage Set to false if it is not desired that the family does the power management */ virtual void setFamilyManagePower(bool manage); /*! * @function setPowerState * @abstract Called by the power management system in IOService when the power state of this * service needs to change. * @discussion The default implementation of IOAudioDevice sets up two power states for IOService * to use. State 0 is sleep and state 1 is wake. This function should not be called directly. * It is only supposed to be used by the IOService power management services. * @param powerStateOrdinal The number of the power state as defined by the IOAudioDevice - * 0 for sleep, 1 for wake. * @param device The power management policy maker. * @result Returns kIOPMAckImplied (0) when the power state change is complete. Otherwise the an * upper bound on the number of microseconds until the state change is complete is returned. */ virtual IOReturn setPowerState(unsigned long powerStateOrdinal, IOService *device); /*! * @function setPowerStateAction * @abstract IOCommandGate Action which calls protectedSetPowerState() while holding the IOCommandGate * @discussion This is needed to allow protectedSetPowerState() to be called on the IOWorkLoop * @param owner The owner of the IOCommandGate (the IOAudioDevice in this case) * @param arg1 The powerStateOrdinal to be passed to protectedSetPowerState() * @param arg2 The device to be passed to protectedSetPowerState() * @result Returns the result of protectedSetPowerState() */ static IOReturn setPowerStateAction(OSObject *owner, void *arg1, void *arg2, void *arg3, void *arg4); /*! * @function protectedSetPowerState * @abstract Called by setPowerStateAction() to deal with a power state change from the IOService * power management facility. * @discussion This function is responsible for performing the necessary sleep and wake tasks * when the system is sleeping or waking. If an outstanding power state change is in progress, * it will wait until the state changes has completed. While sleeping, all audio engines are * stopped before calling initiatePowerStateChange() to call performPowerStateChange() to let * the driver deal with the sleep request. When waking, it determines if the device should be * idle or active and continues to call initiatePowerStateChange(). If initiatePowerStateChange() * indicates that the power state change is occuring asynchronously, it returns the number of * microseconds. This function must be called on the IOWorkLoop, but should not be called * directly. * @param powerStateOrdinal Param passed to setPowerState() - 0 for sleep, 1 for wake * @param device Param passed to setPowerState - the device initiating the power state change * @result Returns 0 if the power state change is complete - the number of microseconds until * complete if its asynchronous. */ virtual IOReturn protectedSetPowerState(unsigned long powerStateOrdinal, IOService *device); /*! * @function performPowerStateChange * @abstract This function is called by the IOAudioDevice when a power state change is needed. * @discussion In order to deal with power state changes, a subclass must override this function. * Any combination of old and new power states may be passed to this function. If work is to * be performed while transitioning to sleep, check for a newPowerState of kIOAudioDeviceSleep. * If work is to be performed while transitioning from sleep, check for an oldPowerState of * kIOAudioDeviceSleep. A power state of kIOAudioDeviceIdle means the system is awake, but * no clients are currently playing or recording audio (i.e. no IOAudioEngines are active). * A power state of kIOAudioDeviceActive means that at least one IOAudioEngine is active. * It is possible for a power state change to be performed synchronously or asynchronously. * In the case of a synchronous power state change, simple leave microsecondsUntilComplete * alone and return kIOReturnSuccess. If an asynchronous power state change is needed the * driver should do whatever needed to schedule another thread to finish the state change * and set the microsecondsUntilComplete to an upper bound on the amount of time it will * take to complete the power state change. Then when the power state change is complete, * a call must be made to completePowerStateChange(). During an asynchronous power state * change, the current power state will remain the same as before the transition began, * and the pendingPowerState is set to the new power state that will be set when the * change is complete. * @param oldPowerState The power state before the power state change * @param newPowerState The power state being transitioned to * @param microsecondsUntilComplete A pointer to a value representing an upper bound on * the number of microseconds to complete an asynchronous power state change. It points * to a value of zero at the start and if it remains zero, the state change is complete * upon a successful return from the function. * @result Returns kIOReturnSuccess on a successful completion */ virtual IOReturn performPowerStateChange(IOAudioDevicePowerState oldPowerState, IOAudioDevicePowerState newPowerState, UInt32 *microsecondsUntilComplete); /*! * @function completePowerStateChange * @abstract Called when a power state change is complete * @discussion In the case of an asynchronous power state change, a subclass is responsible * for calling this function. It is safe to call this function if not on the IOWorkLoop. * This function calls protectedCompletePowerStateChange() through the IOCommandGate and * completePowerStateChangeAction(). If the call is already on the IOWorkLoop, it is safe * to call protectedCompletePowerStateChange() directly. * @result Returns kIOReturnSuccess on a successful completion */ virtual IOReturn completePowerStateChange(); /*! * @function completePowerStateChangeAction * @abstract IOCommandGate Action which calls protectedCompletePowerStateChange() while holding the * IOCommandGate. * @discussion This is needed to allow protectedCompletePowerStateChange() to be called on the IOWorkLoop. * @param owner The owner of the IOCommandGate (the IOAudioDevice in this case) * @result Returns the result of protectedCompletePowerStateChange() */ static IOReturn completePowerStateChangeAction(OSObject *owner, void *arg1, void *arg2, void *arg3, void *arg4); /*! * @function protectedCompletePowerStateChange() * @abstract Called on the IOWorkLoop when a power state change is complete. * @discussion This function does the work to complete a power state change (both synchronous and * asynchronous). If the system is waking from sleep, the timer system is restarted and the * audio engines are resumed. If this was called as a result of an asynchronous power state changed * it makes the IOService power management call acknowledgePowerChange() and resets the * asyncPowerStateChangeInProgress variable. Finally it sets the currentPowerState to the * pendingPowerState. This function must be called on the IOWorkLoop. If a subclass is not * on the IOWorkLoop (e.g. holding the IOCommandGate), call completePowerStateChange() instead. * @result Returns kIOReturnSuccess on success */ virtual IOReturn protectedCompletePowerStateChange(); /*! * @function getPowerState * @abstract Returns the current power state (the old power state if a change is in progress). * @result The current power state */ virtual IOAudioDevicePowerState getPowerState(); /*! * @function getPendingPowerState * @abstract Returns the pending power state if a state change is in progress. Otherwise it * returns the current power state change. * @result The pending power state */ virtual IOAudioDevicePowerState getPendingPowerState(); /*! * @function waitForPendingPowerStateChange * @abstract Called internally to wait until a pending power state change is complete. * @discussion This is only used by internal functions to wait during pending power * state changes. It is used to prevent multiple power state changes at the same time. * This function must be called while holding the IOCommandGate. If an asynchronous * power state change is in progress this function will block until the state change * if complete. Once complete, it will return while still holding the IOCommandGate. */ virtual void waitForPendingPowerStateChange(); /*! * @function initiatePowerStateChange * @abstract Called internally to execute a power state change * @discussion This function must be called on the IOWorkLoop. It calls performPowerStateChange() * to let the driver process the state change. If the state change is completed synchronously * by the driver (subclass) it calls protectedCompletePowerStateChange(). If done asynchronously * it returns the microsecondsUntilComplete that was set by performPowerStateChange(). This * function should not be called directly. * @param microsecondsUntilComplete Pointer to the microsecondsUntilComplete that should be set * by performPowerStateChange if an asynchronous power state change was started. * @result Returns kIOReturnSuccess on success */ virtual IOReturn initiatePowerStateChange(UInt32 *microsecondsUntilComplete = NULL); // IOAudioControl management /*! * @function flushAudioControls * @abstract Forces each IOAudioControl in the driver to have its value flushed out to the hardware. * That will cause either the IOAudioControl's ValueChangeHandler to be called. * @discussion This can be used to force the hardware to get updated with the current value * of each control. It may be useful during wake for example. */ virtual void flushAudioControls(); // Timer services /*! * @typedef TimerEvent * @abstract Generic timer event callback for IOAudioDevice timer targets * @discussion TimerEvent callback function takes two arguments; the target of * the timer event and the IOAudioDevice sending the event. * @param target The target of the timer event - passed in when the timer event was registered * @param audioDevice The IOAudioDevice sending the event */ typedef void (*TimerEvent)(OSObject *target, IOAudioDevice *audioDevice); /*! * @function addTimerEvent * @abstract Adds a TimerEvent callback for the given target called at least as often * as specified in interval. * @discussion The frequency of the timer event callbacks will be the smallest interval * specified by all targets. Only one interval and callback may be specified per target. * If a addTimerEvent is called twice with the same target, the second one overrides the * first. There is currently a bug triggered if the first call had the smallest interval. * In that case, that smallest interval would still be used. * @param target This parameter is the target object of the TimerEvent. * @param event The callback function called each time the timer fires. * @param interval The callback will be called at least this often. * @result Returns kIOReturnSuccess if the timer event was successfully added. */ virtual IOReturn addTimerEvent(OSObject *target, TimerEvent event, AbsoluteTime interval); /*! * @function removeTimerEvent * @abstract Removes the timer event for the given target. * @discussion If the interval for the target to be removed is the smallest interval, * the timer interval is recalculated based on the remaining targets. The next fire * time is readjusted based on the new interval compared to the last fire time. * @param target The target whose timer event will be removed. */ virtual void removeTimerEvent(OSObject *target); /*! * @function removeAllTimerEvents * @abstract Removes all timer events and stops the timer * @discussion Called during teardown of the driver */ virtual void removeAllTimerEvents(); // IOAudioPort management /*! * @function attachAudioPort * @abstract Adds the port to the IOAudioDevice's list of ports and attaches the port to its parent * and attaches the child to the port. * @discussion This function provides the functionality to represent the device's signal chain in the * IOAudioPlane in the IORegistry. An IOAudioPort's parent(s) are before it in the signal chain * and its children are after it. This method may be called multiple times for a single IOAudioPort. * This is necessary when there are many children or parents. Once a relationship is made, it is not * necessary to make the reverse relationship. A NULL value may be passed in for either the parent * or child or both. * The IOAudioPort passed in should be a newly allocated IOAudioPort instance. This function will * appropriately attach and start the port object. NOTE: It is not necessary to use IOAudioPorts * in a fully functional audio driver. * @param port The newly created IOAudioPort instance to be activated. * @param parent A parent IOAudioPort or IOAudioEngine of the given port. * @param child A child IOAudioPort or IOAudioEngine of the given port. * @result Returns true when the port has been successfully added and attached. */ virtual IOReturn attachAudioPort(IOAudioPort *port, IORegistryEntry *parent, IORegistryEntry *child); /*! * @function detachAllAudioPorts * @abstract Deactivates all of the ports in the device. * @discussion This is called by the stop() and free() methods in IOAudioDevice to completely * shut down all ports as the driver is being shut down. */ virtual void detachAllAudioPorts(); protected: /*! * @function timerFired * @abstract Internal static function called when the timer fires. * @discussion This function simply calls dispatchTimerEvents() on the IOAudioDevice to do just that. * @param target The IOAudioDevice instance that initiated the timer callback. * @param sender The IOTimerEventSources calling this callback */ static void timerFired(OSObject *target, IOTimerEventSource *sender); /*! * @function dispatchTimerEvents * @abstract Called by timerFired() to cause the timer event callbacks to be called. * @discussion This method iterates through all of the timer event targets and calls * the callback on each. Unless the force flag is set to true, the timer events will * only be dispatched if the power state is not kIOAudioDeviceSleep. This prevents * unexpected timer firings while making wake->sleep->wake transitions. This function must * be called on the IOWorkLoop. * @function force A bool param to allow the timer events to be dispatched even if the * device is in the kIOAudioDeviceSleep power state. */ virtual void dispatchTimerEvents(bool force); /*! * @function audioEngineStarting * @abstract Called by IOAudioEngine when it is starting up * @discussion This should only be called while on the IOWorkLoop. It is not intended to be called * directly. It is called when an IOAudioEngine is starting up to allow the IOAudioDevice * to keep track of running audio engines and change the power state from kIOAudioDeviceIdle to * kIOAudioDeviceActive when the first audio engine starts up. If the state change is done * asynchronously, it waits for the state change to complete. This is to ensure that the * system doesn't start playing audio until the IOAudioDevice has completed its transition * to kIOAudioDeviceActive. */ virtual void audioEngineStarting(); /*! * @function audioEngineStopped * @abstract Called by IOAudioEngine when it has stopped * @discussion This should only be called while on the IOWorkLoop. It is not intended to be called * directly. It is called when an IOAudioEngine has stopped to allow the IOAudioDevice * to keep track of running audio engines and change the power state from kIOAudioDeviceActive * to kIOAudioDeviceIdle when the last audio engine stops. If the state change is done * asynchronously, it waits for the state change to complete. */ virtual void audioEngineStopped(); }; #endif /* _IOKIT_IOAUDIODEVICE_H */


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*please allow 2-4 weeks for custom manufacturing of this beautiful item especially for you*
Decorative stoneware bowl hand painted with original artwork by Bonnie Ashley.
Vase imported and hand painted in Melbourne, Australia. Clear glaze
Dimensions: 150mm (height) x 280mm (d)
Care Instructions: hand wash only, not suitable for dishwasher. Do not soak or clean with abrasive cleaner. To clean, wipe with a soft damp cloth

subset: commoncrawl


text:
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U.S. Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
The Commission will hold open the November 16 Commission meeting record for 15 days, and invites audience members, as well as other members of the public, to submit written comments on Overcoming Barriers to the Employment of Veterans with Disabilities. Public comments may be mailed to Commission Meeting, EEOC Executive Officer, 131 M Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20507, or emailed to email@example.com. All comments received will be made available to members of the Commission and to Commission staff working on the matters discussed at the meeting. Comments will also be placed in the EEOC library for public review.


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The UBS Investment Bank Client Portal brings the trading floor to client desktops with the latest market news, analysis, research and market strategy direct from our traders, salespersons and research analysts.
This award-winning, content rich web site also provides clients with a wide range of trading and post-trade tools and services from all our businesses - Equities, Fixed Income, Foreign Exchange and Investment Banking.
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Below are images of the "Hodari babies," a group of aborted children who were discovered in March-April 2008 in the trash dumpster at Woman Care abortion clinic on Southfield Road in Lathrup Village, Michigan. Through the efforts of Citizens for a Pro-life Society, there will be a funeral Mass celebrated this Saturday, May 3, 2008 by Bishop John Quinn of Detroit, and the babies will then be buried.
Click here to read a press release about these babies.
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The Beaufort County Board of Elections will hear an election complaint from County Council candidate Dan Duryea challenging opponent Cynthia Bensch's residency in the district she won last week.
The nine-member board will hold a hearing 1:30 p.m. Monday in County Council's chambers, 100 Ribaut Road, to allow Duryea to present his case arguing Bensch's true residency is in Jerry Stewart's District 6, not District 7.
Scott Marshall, executive director of the board, initially questioned the legitimacy of the claim as an election protest, which is typically reserved for irregularities, but he said he found the specific grounds for the challenge aren't clear and a formal election protest contesting Bensch's qualifications "is probably an expedient way to resolution."
"I think it's prudent that we go ahead and hear the protest and perhaps whatever questions may be looming from the information that was presented," he said. "I would hope those could be answered through a hearing."
Assuming the board can muster the legally required number of members to take a vote, the matter will be settled that day, Marshall added. The burden of proof falls on Duryea.
Duryea's filing, submitted by Bluffton attorney Jim Bannon on Wednesday, argues Bensch resided at 1 Crabtree Ln. in Bluffton's Rose Hill neighborhood when she filed her candidacy, a property she's since sold. She lived at 63 Muirfield Drive, just outside District 7, at the time of the election, according to the filing.
The 29 Martingale West address where she now claims residency is within District 7 boundaries but is owned by Bensch's son, according to the filing and the county's property records.
Bensch has maintained the Martingale address is her true residence, though she has admitted to splitting time between the Muirfield Drive residence in Eagle's Point and 29 Martingale because the latter lacks a garage for her husband to use to run his contracting business. She couldn't be reached for comment.
Marshall has confirmed a voter doesn't need to own the property he or she maintains as a registered address.
Bannon earlier declined comment beyond the facts of his filing. Duryea couldn't be reached.
Bensch won the race with 3,813 votes, or 73 percent of those registered in District 7, to Duryea's 1,358, though 38 percent of her support came from voters electing a straight Republican ticket. Duryea also identifies as a Republican but ran as a petition candidate after election officials forced him and more than 200 other candidates from primaries statewide because of paperwork filing errors that critics argued favor candidates who already have paperwork in the system.
District 7 runs west from Buck Island Road to S.C. 170 between S.C. 46 and U.S. 278. It also includes the Rose Hill development north of U.S.278 where both Duryea and Bensch claim residency.


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Check out the latest in the Gallery:Gallery
Here's one I prepared earlier. There's a plenum chamber at the top and a row of holes at the back of the 'ceiling' with some filter foam over them. But mostly it just vents out the main extraction chimney (same system used for the laser cutters and reflow oven). I'm sure the roof is littered with bird carcasses by now....The front cover slides up some PVC trim strips and can be pinned into a couple of positions. Before we had this, we tried all the 'point extraction' options. The only ones that removed enough fumes to prevent headaches were so noisy and cumbersome that they were impractical.This is just some MDF, acrylic sheet and a lick of paint and removes 100% of the fumes.
Page created in 0.051 seconds with 25 queries.


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Science Friday® is produced by the Science Friday Initiative, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization.
Science Friday® and SciFri® are registered service marks of Science Friday, Inc. Site design by Pentagram; engineering by Mediapolis.
Why is there something rather than nothing? That's the question cosmologist Lawrence Krauss tackles in his new book, A Universe from Nothing. In it, he surveys the discoveries that have led to scientists' current understanding of the universe, and explores what the future of the universe may be.


text:
Offers on selected dresses
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Perfect for the simple but elegant woman, this charming silver-plated necklace adds a touch of sparkle to any outfit. Featuring a circle pendant with tiny, shimmering crystals dotted around the circle, this women's necklace looks fabulous on its own or paired with some crystal studs.
35 days to return - You may return unused products within 35 days of purchase with a valid parcel summary document. Your items don't need to be in the original box or bag as long as they're securely packaged.
1. FREE returns to M&S store
2. Easy returns from home. Simply print the returns label, attach it to the top of your parcel and insert the returns note in the parcel. You will then be able to return all or part of your order at your own cost through your preferred carrier. To create a returns label, visit our returns portal and follow the instructions Global E portal. Click here.
Standard Delivery: FREE over KWD 15 (usually KWD 2), 7-10 working days
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Store collection: FREE to collect in select stores, 7-10 working days


text:
Discover! Simulations
Looking at Plants and Animals
1. Get Set to Explore
- leaves: Plant parts that help make food for a plant; if there is only one, it is called a leaf.
- magnifying glass: A tool that can make things look bigger. Another name for a magnifying glass is hand lens.
- meadow: A grassy piece of land.
- petal: The leaf of a flower; petals often have bright colors.
- seed: Part of a plant that has a new plant inside it.
- wing: Body part that can help an animal fly.
Building Background
- Take the class outside or have them look out a large window in the classroom. Ask children to name different plants and animals that they see. Explain that when they work on the simulation, they will look for plants and animals in a meadow scene. Go over the definition of meadow.
- Referring to some of the different animals children named, talk about animal body parts. Go over the definition of wing, focusing on the function. Guide children to understand that birds and insects both have wings. Show children a feather. Explain that although birds and many insects have wings, only birds have feathers.
- Talk about plant parts, going over the definitions of the vocabulary words above.
- Show children a magnifying glass. Name this tool and show the class how it makes things look larger. Let children use a magnifying glass to look at their hands. Explain that they will use a similar computer tool to make plants and animals look larger.
- Ask children the Discover! question, and encourage them to propose answers.
2. Guide the Exploration
- Show children how to launch the Discover! Simulation. Point out the magnifying glass. Then, demonstrate how to use the cursor to move the magnifying glass over different plants and animals in the meadow scene.
- You may wish to have children pair up to work on the computer. Children should spend some time exploring the meadow scene using the magnifying glass.
- Challenge children to find eight different plants and animals that the Discover! Simulation highlights with enlarged pictures and verbal descriptions.
3. Review/Assess
- Review Step 3's Wrap-Up text with the class. Have children name the different plants and animals they observed: buttercup, garter snake, goldfinch, ladybug, milkweed, monarch butterfly, rabbit, red-tailed hawk.
- Encourage children to share what they learned about the different animals and how their body parts help them. You may wish to focus on how different body parts help animals move. Give children opportunities to share what they learned about different plants and why specific plant parts are important to the plant.
- Ask children the Extension questions. After they have had a chance to reexamine the meadow scene, share these answers:
- These animals have some black or gray on their bodies: garter snake, goldfinch, ladybug, monarch butterfly. These animals have some brown on their bodies: garter snake, rabbit, red-tailed hawk. These plants and animals have yellow parts: buttercup, goldfinch. The following plants have green parts: milkweed, grass, buttercup.
- The following animals and plants have colors not shared by other plants and animals in the meadow scene: the ladybug has red on its wings; the butterfly has orange on its wings.
- The following animals have wings: goldfinch, ladybug, monarch butterfly, red-tailed hawk. The following animals have feet: goldfinch, rabbit, red-tailed hawk. The following animals have feathers: goldfinch, hawk.
If time permits, present children with the following questions:
- Inquiry Skill: Infer Ladybugs and monarch butterflies both have wings. How do these animals use their wings to move? Answer: Both use their wings to fly.
- Critical Thinking: Classify Think about how the different animals in the meadow move. Put the animals in groups based on how they move. Answer: The snake slithers; the rabbit hops; the goldfinch, ladybug, butterfly, and red-tailed hawk fly.
4. Reaching All Learners
On Level: Visual Learners
Print a black-and-white copy of the meadow scene from the simulation. If possible, enlarge it using your printer or a photocopy machine. Have children identify different plants and animals in the picture and color the scene. Encourage them to use the correct colors for each plant and animal. Have them check their coloring against the simulation.


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Sunday, April 15, 2012
Lighthouse Church, Glenwood
Posted by Jay King at 8:36 PM
Labels: Arkansas, church, Glenwood, Pentacostal, Pike County
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In my travels around the state of Arkansas, I tend to be drawn to houses of worship. There is an amazing diversity of architectural styles when it comes to churches, and I try to record that diversity here. Please excuse my amateur bumbling with a camera; I'm learning as I go along.


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When California became the first state to ban reparative therapy for minors this fall, the public scrutiny of the treatment drew attention to Exodus International, the nation's largest ex-gay ministry. But Exodus had already stopped promoting the practice, saying it was largely ineffective.
Exodus's shift on reparative therapy has been only one of several therapeutic and theological controversies that divided the ministry this year. Top leaders and dozens of affiliate ministries have defected from the 37-year-old umbrella ministry as it has attempted to reshape its mission and public image.
Board member John Warren, a 53-year-old Florida banker who publicly defended Exodus president Alan Chambers in the face of this summer's criticism, reversed course and parted ways with the Orlando, Florida, ministry in September. Warren said he became uncomfortable with the "ambiguous messaging" on sexual identity and salvation that Chambers was disseminating in both secular and Christian contexts.
Warren described Chambers's series of talk show appearances, such as September interviews with the Oprah Winfrey Network's Lisa Ling and Salem Communications' Janet Mefferd, as "death by a thousand cuts" for him.
"That messaging didn't say to me that we [Exodus] clearly believe in the gospel, and I couldn't support that," he said. "I needed to resign."
Warren wasn't alone. Days before, executive vice president Jeff Buchanan resigned after four years of service. They joined a steady stream of affiliates.
The largest of Exodus's 250-plus affiliate ministries, Kansas City, Missouri-based Desert Stream Ministries (DSM), left in April after three decades ...1


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Bu oyunları da deneyin
VIP SpadesVIP Spades is a social platform for the popular card game - Spades. All rights on the platform content and the game are reserved and are property of Casualino JSC. For more questions and information, contact the developer at firstname.lastname@example.com
FreecellA beautiful version of the classic card game. Can you solve this challenging card puzzle?
Wild West SolitairePlay the fun klondike solitaire game in the wild west! Build the four top foundations in suit up from Ace to King and advance to next levels.
Tingly SolitaireReady, set, shuffle! This classic solitaire game provides fun for both casual players and hardcore card sharks.
21 Duel BlackjackBet your chips and win! The dealer will give you cards when you tap 'hit', make sure you don't go over 21!
Poker World
Rate this game
Enjoy another great Texas hold'em style poker game. This multiplayer poker game lets you travel around the world to become the best poker player!


text:
For many of you, your Christianity Today read in print begins with a cursory look at our editorial and corporate mastheads: the long listing of women and men who get this publication to you month in and month out.
The mastheads are our way of telling you that our collective and individual reputations are on the line every time you pick up an issue or read something on our site. Such "recognition," after all, has its costs.
And few have borne those costs as brilliantly as David Neff.
A CT veteran with over 27 years of service, David has led as "capital e" editor (later editor in chief) for a dozen of those years. Through it all, David has embodied the theological preciseness and journalistic excellence that marks this magazine. And he has consistently done so with Spirit-led humility and fairness that have positioned him at the forefront of evangelical leaders.
The sheer weight and reputation of David's name is but one—albeit big—reason why I've asked David to redirect his attentions to the launch of our digital Hispanic edition of CT, Cristianismo Hoy. With the edition debuting in March 2013, David is immersed in setting up editorial staff and structure, and finding funding dollars to ensure that Cristianismo Hoy has a long and healthy life.
David will also work with me on several partnership possibilities that can both strengthen CT's content and creatively see that that content reaches more international readers in the days ahead.
What all this means, of course, is that David's direct oversight of the flagship has come to an end. But waiting in the wings are two gifted leaders whose names are already well established with our readers.
Former senior managing ...1


text:
Digital cable analyzer
The DSP-4300 digital cable analyzer includes 16 MB of on-board memory, enough to hold 300 graphical Cat. 6 tests. Using the analyzer's removable memory card, you can store the data and transfer it to a PC. Cable ID lists can be downloaded to the card. Also included is a Cat. 6 channel/traffic adapter that allows traffic monitoring for network diagnosis and troubleshooting.
Fluke Networks
Circle 177
Telecom distribution box
The Active Zone Box is a multi-user telecommunications distribution facility designed for fiber-in-the-horizontal or zone cabling infrastructures. It accommodates as many as 48 ports of active electronics and 48 ports of fiber/copper patch panels. One large cable entry is provided, equipped with a seal to prevent dust and liquid penetration.
Corning Cable Systems
Circle 154
Cable probe
With sensitive signal acquisition capabilities, the Amplifier probe offers pinpoint identification even among congested cable bundles. Designed to work with any tone generator on twisted pair, coax, and de-energized AC wiring, the probe can be purchased as part of a kit that includes a tone generator, lead set, and cable assembly.
IDEAL Industries
Circle 162
Punchdown tool
The Economy punchdown tool features a nonimpact compression design. The 110-style data blade terminates Cat. 3 and Cat. 5 cables to all data jacks and terminal blocks. It's made of high-impact ABS plastic.
Gardner Bender
Circle 157
Vertical cable tray for cabinets
Designed for 24-in. wide cabinets, the SlimFrame cable manager occupies the space between a cabinet's side panel and frame. It includes two vertical mounting brackets, eight cable rings, a control radius, and a hardware kit.
Chatsworth Products
Circle 169


text:
Dear visitor, welcome to SPRINKLER TALK FORUM - You Got Questions, We've Got Answers. If this is your first visit here, please read the Help. It explains how this page works. You must be registered before you can use all the page's features. Please use the registration form, to register here or read more information about the registration process. If you are already registered, please login here.
Saturday, April 22nd 2006, 9:25am
Supreme Member
Location: Metro NYC
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Monday, April 24th 2006, 1:21pm


text:
NEW YORK (AP) — Facing an afternoon deadline to make a deal or face a worse one, NBA players are meeting with the league in an attempt to end the lockout.
Day 132 of the work stoppage will be marked by Commissioner David Stern's ultimatum: Accept the league's latest proposal by the end of the business day or it will be replaced with a much harsher one that would drive the sides even farther apart.
The current offer calls for players to receive between 49 percent and 51 percent of basketball-related income, though union officials said it would be impossible to get above 50.2 percent. Players were guaranteed 57 percent of BRI under the previous collective bargaining agreement.
The next proposal would call for a 53-47 revenue split in the owners' favor, essentially a hard salary cap and salary rollbacks, which the league originally sought but had taken off the table. Both proposals were sent to union executive director Billy Hunter on Sunday. Players said Tuesday they wouldn't accept the current proposal as configured and asked to negotiate again before the Wednesday afternoon deadline.
The meeting featuring small groups from both sides was arranged Wednesday morning.
Attorney Jeffrey Kessler took part along with other union negotiators, hours after saying he regretted telling the Washington Post that owners are treating players like "plantation workers" during the ongoing lockout. He added he planned to call Stern and apologize.
Besides the revenue split, the sides are still divided on elements of the salary cap system, mostly relating to the spending rules for teams that are over the luxury tax level. Players want those teams to remain options for free agents, whereas the league thinks talent would be more evenly distributed throughout the league if payrolls were more balanced.
Players indicated after their meeting Tuesday that they would be open to reducing their BRI take if owners made some changes on the system issues. Players offered to go to about 51 percent Saturday, with 1 percent going into a fund for retired player benefits.
Hunter said Tuesday he had heard Stern also planned to cancel games through Christmas without a deal Wednesday, though Stern later told NBA TV that "we have made no such plans, and we have had no such discussions."
(Copyright 2011 The Associated Press.)


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Coughing is a sudden expulsion of air from the lungs through the epiglottis at an amazingly fast speed (estimated at 100 miles per hour). With such a strong force of air, coughing is the body's mechanism for clearing the breathing passageways of unwanted irritants.
In order for a cough to occur, several events need to take place in sequence. First, the vocal cords open widely, allowing additional air to pass through into the lungs. Then the epiglottis closes off the windpipe (larynx), and simultaneously, the abdominal and rib muscles contract, increasing the pressure behind the epiglottis. With the increased pressure, the air is forcefully expelled, and creates a rushing sound as it moves very quickly past the vocal cords. The rushing air dislodges the irritant, making it possible to breathe comfortably again.


text:
Gravitational Lensing in Galaxy Cluster Abell 370
Hubble Space Telescope's newly repaired Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) has peered nearly 5 billion light-years away to resolve intricate details in the galaxy cluster Abell 370.
Abell 370 is one of the very first galaxy clusters where astronomers observed the phenomenon of gravitational lensing, where the warping of space by the cluster's gravitational field distorts the light from galaxies lying far behind it. This is manifested as arcs and streaks in the picture, which are the stretched images of background galaxies.
Gravitational lensing proves a vital tool for astronomers when measuring the dark matter distribution in massive clusters, since the mass distribution can be reconstructed from its gravitational effects.
Ground-based telescopic observations in the mid-1980s of the most prominent arc (near the right-hand side of the picture) allowed astronomers to deduce that the arc was not a structure of some kind within the cluster, but the gravitationally lensed image of an object two times farther away. Hubble resolves unseen new details in the arc that reveal structure in the lensed background galaxy.
Galaxy clusters are the most massive structures of the universe, located at the crossing of the filaments of the cosmic web of dark matter. The most massive clusters can contain up to 1,000 galaxies and intergalactic hot gas, all held together primarily by the gravity of dark matter.
These observations were taken with Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) in its Wide Field mode on July 16, 2009. The composite image was made using filters that isolate light from green, red, and infrared wavelengths.
These Hubble data are part of the Hubble Servicing Mission 4 Early Release Observations.


text:
Posted: January 18, 2010
10:16 pm Eastern
By Drew Zahn
© 2010 WorldNetDaily
Ed Schultz
MSNBC television and syndicated radio
host Ed Schultz declared that he would stuff the ballot box in Massachusetts if he could to prevent Republican Scott Brown from upsetting Democrat Martha Coakley in the race to fill the state's Senate seat formerly held by Edward M. Kennedy.
Whatever it takes to keep "the bastards" out of power.
"I tell you what, if I lived in Massachusetts I'd try to vote 10 times," said Schultz on his Friday radio show. "I don't know if they'd let me or not, but I'd try to. Yeah, that's right. I'd cheat to keep these bastards out. I would. 'Cause that's exactly what they are."
Learn why the Mainstream Media are dying. Get Joseph Farah's "Stop the Presses: The Inside Story of the New Media Revolution."
Audio of Schultz's statement can be heard below:
Schultz's statement was broadcast on "The Ed Schultz Show," which is aired weekdays, 12-3 p.m, as well as on satellite radio. His show's website boasts Schultz is "the most listened-to progressive radio talk show host in America" and "the first progressive talker to hit 100 affiliates, both satellite networks and the Armed Forces Radio Network."
His comments about cheating to turn the tide of an election, however, have already sparked heavy criticism.
Talk radio commentator Brian Maloney of The Radio Equalizer scoffed at Schultz's statement by rephrasing it: "Who needs democracy when it leads to outcomes one might not like?"
Noel Sheppard of Newsbusters.com quipped, "Who says there's liberal bias in the media?"
Sheppard also points out that Schultz's comments came on the same day fellow MSNBC host Chris Matthews lamented that Democrat operatives couldn't "buy" enough votes in Massachusetts to ensure Coakley's victory:
"You know, in the old days – maybe I shouldn't be harkening back to the old days – if the Democrats faced this kind of a disaster in the works, you'd go back to your ones, the people you were sure are going to vote Democrat, and you'd make sure they got to the polling place, you'd get them lunch, you'd get them a car," Matthews said. "You'd make sure they got there, and in some cases you'd be buying people to get them, not officially buying them, but getting them there as block secretaries, as block captains, you'd be getting them there with street money – legitimate, but it's a little bit old school."
Commented Sheppard, "The good folks at General Electric and NBC must be thrilled to know that two of their on-air personalities are so biased in their political views that they publicly advocate cheating for their party to be victorious."
WND contacted "The Ed Schultz Show" for clarification or comment on the host's statement, but has yet to receive a reply.


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damn! thanks a bunch man. k+
You never drink alone when you have something good to listen to.
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Secretary Pritzker Meets With Commerce Employees in Houston
While in Houston, Texas today, Secretary Pritzker visited a U.S. Export Assistance Center (USEAC), part of the International Trade Administration (ITA), and met with USEAC employees and employees from the Bureau of Industry and Security's (BIS) Houston field office. The secretary's visit was part of her latest stop on a nationwide listening tour and was an opportunity to thank the employees for their work for the Department of Commerce.
USEACs are the domestic arm of ITA's U.S. Commercial Service, which is comprised of an extensive network of trade specialists located in more than 100 U.S. cities and 80 countries worldwide. The specialists help American companies start exporting or expand their international business presence. Specific services include: world class market research; trade events that promote companies' product or service to qualified buyers; introductions to buyers and distributors; and counseling and advocacy through every step of the export process.The Houston USEAC in particular has been working with companies in the energy, information technology and transportation sectors to support and increase U.S. exports.
The secretary also met with representatives from BIS' Houston field office. The Houston office's mission is to protect U.S. national and domestic security, foreign policy and economic interests. BIS operates a law enforcement program focused on sensitive exports to hostile entities or those that engage in onward proliferation, prohibited foreign boycotts and related public safety laws. The office accomplishes its mission through preventative and investigative enforcement activities and then pursuing appropriate criminal and administrative sanctions against export violators.


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No lines; no waiting for passports!
As always, complete passport processing service (in addition to photos for $10) is available in the Library Saturdays: 10:00 am – 3:00 pm; Sundays: 12 noon – 3:00 pm; Mondays and Tuesdays: 2:00 pm – 6:00 pm.
Applicants should come prepared with two passport photographs (or have photos taken at the Library), a current valid form of photo identification (state driver's license, current U.S. passport, military ID card, etc.) and proof of U.S. citizenship (U.S. passport, certified birth certificate, certificate of naturalization, certificate of citizenship or consular report of birth abroad.) Payment may be by check or postal money order. Separate checks are required for the passport fee and the Execution fee. Credit cards are not accepted. For more information about passports, please visit http://travel.state.gov/passport/index.html. Applications are also available here. Appointments (480-488-2286) are encouraged, but walk-ins always welcome!
Please check out the Library's complete website at www.dfla.org for a complete listing of programs listed on the online calendar! Desert Foothills Library, 38443 N. Schoolhouse Rd., Cave Creek. Call 480-488-2286.


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Curt Schilling says Sox medical staffer suggested he use HGH in 2008
Former Red Sox pitcher Curt Schilling was standing in the clubhouse at Fenway Park early in the 2008 season when a member of the team's medical staff suggested he try human growth hormone to help overcome a shoulder injury.
"There were a few people around and I was shocked,'' Schilling said Thursday. "After this person left, I turned to a teammate and said, 'Can you believe that?' It came out of nowhere.''
Schilling reported the incident to Theo Epstein, then the team's general manager. Epstein was required to inform Major League Baseball, and an investigation subsequently took place.
"Our office was notified,'' said MLB vice president Pat Courtney. "We take any report like this seriously and there was an investigation.''
Courtney would not say what the results of that inquiry were because it was a personnel matter between a team and its employee.
Schilling said the person no longer works for the Red Sox, something that two baseball sources confirmed. The team has made a number of changes in its medical staff in recent years, but none apparently was a direct result of the 2008 investigation.
Schilling said "two or three'' investigators from MLB came to Boston to speak to him.
"I don't remember who they were,'' said Schilling. "I was trying to downplay the whole thing because I wasn't playing at the time and I didn't want to cause any problems in the clubhouse.
"Had I known Theo was going to report it to MLB, I would have never said anything. I was kind of mad that he had to do that.''
Schilling did not identify the person who suggested HGH to him, telling the Globe only that it was not former medical director Thomas Gill, former head athletic trainer Paul Lessard, or former strength and conditioning coach Dave Page.
Schilling responded to a Twitter user who asked why he wouldn't expose somebody who suggested he use a substance that is banned by Major League Baseball.
"Because outing the person would not do anything for anyone,'' Schilling wrote. "It wasn't anyone in uniform, nor the baseball ops group.''
Schilling said he was taken aback by the suggestion, and that it was not made in a joking manner.
"It was right out in the open, it was sort of a conversation between 1½ people,'' he said. "There were people listening. It was the last thing I expected.''
Schilling initially spoke about the incident Thursday morning during an appearance on ESPN Radio. Shortly thereafter, Red Sox president Larry Lucchino said he was surprised by the news.
"Certainly this is something to look into, but it came from out of left field, to use a baseball cliché,'' Lucchino told reporters at a Jimmy Fund event in Boston.
Later in the day, Lucchino said he did recall the incident and that the investigation by MLB was conducted "in a timely manner.''
Schilling signed a one-year, $8 million contract before the 2008 season and passed a physical. But he never pitched because of a torn rotator cuff and a biceps injury.
There was a dispute at the time about what course of action to take with Schilling. Gill advised a course of rest and rehabilitation. Dr. Craig Morgan, who had twice operated on Schilling's shoulder, suggested another surgery.
A third party, Mets team physician David Altchek, agreed with Gill. Because Schilling was 41, the thought was that surgery would mean the end of his career.
After trying the team's approach for nearly five months, Schilling had surgery in June. The righthander announced his retirement on March 24, 2009.
Schilling said he was not tempted to use HGH despite dealing with an injury that would eventually require career-ending surgery.
"I have sons, and it wasn't something I was going to do, to take that step and cross the line,'' he said. "I had been clean and I wasn't going to do something to change that at the end of my career. I said something at the time because I was worried about younger players.''
Courtney said MLB planned to speak to Schilling again to make sure the incident he is speaking of now is the same one he reported then.
"It is,'' Schilling said.
Schilling spent 20 years in the majors, the last four with the Red Sox. He helped lead the team to World Series championships in 2004 and '07. He now works for ESPN as an analyst.


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District 1 City Council Race Heats Up
Gómez and Sanchez spar over residence issue
Politics can get nasty. But when two elected officials nearly come to blows in a middle school parking lot, you know something's amiss. That was the case nearly two years ago, when City Councilor Miguel Gómez and former two-time County Commissioner Ken Sanchez came inches away from a brawl following a Westside neighborhood coalition meeting nearly two years ago. It took a burly city employee, James Lewis, the mayor's chief administrative officer, to break up the ruckus. The argument stemmed from a dispute over the 2003 city road bond, which failed to pass due to the controversial extension of Paseo del Norte through the Petroglyph National Monument.
Council Watch
Kill Bills
At the Aug. 15 meeting, Councilor Craig Loy's bill banning cruising Downtown and Councilor Sally Mayer's massive revision of the city's animal ordinance were postponed. Another Mayer bill that added foxtails to the list of banned weeds passed.
Ortiz y Pino
Council Races Offer Tantalizing Prospects
In some ways the Alibi food editor probably ought to be the one writing about this year's City Council races because there are enough tasty prospects involved in them to tempt even jaded political palates. There are some recipes for disaster mixed in, as well.
News Interview
Closing the Achievement Gap
An interview with State Education Secretary Veronica Garcia
When New Mexico voters created a state secretary of education back in Sept. 2003, Gov. Bill Richardson promised that the new position would be an integral part of his administration's education reform initiative. Richardson pledged that a cabinet-level secretary would hold public schools accountable for how state funds were spent, ensuring that the lion's share went into the classroom and not administrators' pockets.
The Real Side
Candles in the Night
Mothers Challenge Bush's War
Dixie Prowell had never done anything like it before. Prowell, 58, an Albuquerque CPA, was moved by Cindy Sheehan's vigil outside President Bush's hobby ranch. Sheehan wants Bush to explain exactly what her son died for in Iraq. While Prowell doesn't agree with all Sheehan says, "I agree with her quest for the truth. She has been able to say he lied in such a poignant way. Her 'emperor has no clothes' story really appeals to me."
Odds & Ends
Dateline: Sweden—Bored with books? Last weekend, the Malmoe Library in southern Sweden initiated the Living Library project. The project enables people to "check out" a real live human being and is designed so that people can confront their prejudices. Nine people, including a homosexual, an imam, a journalist, a Muslim woman and a gypsy were all available for members of the public to "borrow" for a 45-minute conversation in the library's outdoor café. "Maybe not all journalists are know-it-all and sensationalist, just unafraid and curious. Maybe not all animal rights activists are angry and intolerant, but intelligent and committed," librarian Ulla Brohed told the AFP news organization. The Living Library project only lasted through the weekend, but officials are considering running it again later this year.
This is to offer my heartfelt sympathies to anyone who missed this year's National Poetry Slam. Congratulations to Team Albuquerque who won the team category competition. Being present for this year's National Slam was like going back in time and attending the best rock concert I can remember. Performances were sophisticated, witty, beautiful, humorous, clever, amusing, thought provoking, imaginative and dramatic. Yet, they were delivered in today's language and they were about today's topics--the way rock was then. These events made me feel young again and hopeful.


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Texas Sheriff Won't Enforce Gun Laws That He Says Violate Constitution
Collin County Sheriff Terry Box says he, nor his deputies, will enforce unconstitutional gun laws put in place by whom he calls misguided politicians.
Missouri Sheriffs Pledge to Not Enforce Obama's Gun Control Laws
As President Barack Obama continues to push gun control proposals in Washington D.C., Sheriff Charles M. Heiss, R-Johnson County is asking fellow law enforcers to sign and send this letter to the president.
States Standing Up For Second Amendment Are Prepared To Throw Feds In Jail
President Barack Obama hadn't even announced his gun control proposals last week, and states were already trying to criminalize anybody who enforces them.
- Strengthen existing gun background check laws
- Provide greater access to mental health records for law enforcement
- Address gaps in providing services and resources to Minnesotans who live with untreated mental illness.
What's so great about free speech?
— As a young lad in grad school, President Obama's nominee to head the CIA didn't think free speech was such a sacrosanct value. Charles Johnson reports for TheDC:
"In his 1980 graduate thesis at the University of Texas at Austin, John Brennan denied the existence of 'absolute human rights' and argued in favor of censorship on the part of the Egyptian dictatorship. 'Since the press can play such an influential role in determining the perceptions of the masses, I am in favor of some degree of government censorship,' Brennan wrote. 'Inflamatory [sic] articles can provoke mass opposition and possible violence, especially in developing political systems.' Brennan serves as President Barack Obama's national security advisor. Obama has nominated him to lead the Central Intelligence Agency."
That John Brennan is just so open-minded.
Unions suffer steep decline in membership
And they expect anyone to really care…??
On Tuesday, CBS's Sharyl Attkisson broke on Twitter that the Obama administration "has indicated that it will not be answering Benghazi question we've been asking since Oct." Attkisson, who has provided hard-hitting reporting on the September 11, 2012 Islamist attack on the U.S.
Universities Slash Teachers' Hours to Evade ObamaCare
Ah.Gee…And you were so nice to Buck Ofama….
NEWS RECAP…Obama Asks Military Leaders If They Will "Fire On US Citizens"
Shock claim purported to come from "one of America's foremost military heroes"
2009 Nobel Peace Prize nominee Jim Garrow shockingly claims he was told by a top military veteran that the Obama administration's "litmus test" for new military leaders is whether or not they will obey an order to … (more)
Newspulper Headlines:
Because He Had a Really Effective Turnout Operation: "Why Is Obama Being Sworn In Twice?" –CBSNews.com
Shortest Books Ever Written: "The Significance of Obama's Inaugural Address" –Commentary website
Out on a Limb: "Analysis: Budget Constraints Limit Obama's Second-Term Agenda" –Reuters
News You Can Use: "You Are Going to Die" –New York Times website
Breaking News From 1492: "Police Looking for Missing Columbus Man" —WTVM-TV website (Columbus, GA)
'You Can't Fight in Here! This Is the War Room.': "Obama Declares War on Violence" –New York Post
We Blame Global Warming: "U.S. Sees Hazy Threat From Mali Militants" –The New York Times
Bottom Story of the Day: "Al Gore 'Sorry to See' NYT Close Environmental Desk" –Politico.com
(Thanks to The Wall Street Journal's James Taranto)
President Obama's nomination of B. Todd Jones to head the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives on Wednesday is an effort to energize a depleted agency .
Pray that all of our law enforcement agencies place a high regard on honoring and protecting our U.S. Constitutional rights and freedoms while also protecting the citizens of the United States from illegal activites.
"In my anguish I cried to the LORD, and He answered by setting me free." (Psalm 118:5)"The Lord knows how to rescue godly men from trials." (2 Peter 2:9)"Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, who gave himself for our sins to rescue us from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father, to whom be glory for ever and ever. Amen." (Galatians 1:3-5)
In May 2012, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 2nd Circuit issued an aggressive, secular ruling in a "legislative" prayer case arising from a small town in western New York. In Town of Greece v. Galloway, the 2nd Circuit ruled that Greece's permitting public prayer before town meetings violated the First Amendment. The court ruled in this manner despite the town's highly inclusive policy that allowed even a practicing Wiccan and an atheist to offer civic prayers. No person's attempt to offer a prayer was blocked.
Pray for righteous judges in the land. Pray that there will be an increase in the awareness of how stabilizing the honor of God and His Word is to a nation that puts its trust in Him. Our national motto: "IN GOD WE TRUST" should be enough to clarify that truth.
"The LORD is my rock, and my fortress, and my deliverer; my God, my strength, in whom I will trust; my buckler, and the horn of my salvation, and my high tower." (Psalm 18:2)"I will say of the LORD, He is my refuge and my fortress: my God; in him will I trust." (Psalm 91:2)"The LORD is good, a strong hold in the day of trouble; and he knoweth them that trust in him." (Nahum 1:7)


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I feel a day late and a dollar short as it is now Halloween night. Despite its joys and excitement, I am glad to see the month end. October is one of the busiest times of the year for my family, in a good way, and I'm ready to hunker in and focus on all things domestic: my house (and Chickabiddy Cottage), my writing, and preparations for the (simple, joyful) holidays.
This is also the beginning of my 50th year. I can't quite believe it. 49 feels good but it also is providing the impetus for change in many ways: better health habits, setting good boundaries, and asking myself, what is it that I want to do with the next 50 years, God willing? Those are just personal goals–there are many that I have for my family, too, but those are shared. We've settled into our Kentucky lives fairly well and now it's time to micromanage the details and the dreams. The realization is also here that no longer can I idle away any goals by saying, "some day" because, let's face it, I was saying some of those same things twenty-five years ago, half my lifetime to this point.
Yesterday I read the eulogy that novelist Mona Simpson wrote about her brother Steve Jobs that appeared in the October 30th edition of The New York Times. Perhaps you have read it, too. If not, do yourself a favor and stop reading this post now and read it. I wept throughout because her words were lovely but also because of what she was sharing. Here is a man, not much older than myself, who has changed the way we communicate with the world. His life was a series of extraordinary accomplishments and a few setbacks. While he was known for his perfectionism, his sister portrayed him as a romantic who also knew all of the names of the English roses. What especially got me were his last words, as he looked beyond his wife and children on his death bed in that most intimate and sorrowful of moments that some of us are privy to share with someone we love.
His sister writes:
"But with that will, that work ethic, that strength, there was also sweet Steve's capacity for wonderment, the artist's belief in the ideal, the still more beautiful later.
Steve's final words, hours earlier, were monosyllables, repeated three times.
Before embarking, he'd looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them.
Steve's final words were:
OH WOW. OH WOW. OH WOW."I want to continue to live, and eventually die, with that feeling of "OH WOW."
You come back when you're ready!


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Average Wait Time For A Response At Administration's 'We The People' Petition Site At 298 Days
from the government-crushes-idealists,-film-at-11 dept
The We the People site set up by the Obama administration gave American citizens a more direct way to petition their government. The ideal propelling it was noble, but it has failed spectacularly in execution. As we've noted before, various petitions have gone unanswered for months after hitting the signature threshold.
The threshold itself has been raised a handful of times as well (from 5,000 to 25,000 to 100,000 as the site increased in popularity), ostensibly to weed out petitions that weren't truly representative of the population. This should have made the administration's job easier. A higher threshold means fewer petitions requiring an answer, and those that surpass the threshold should (although it's not always the case) be of higher quality.
Counterintuitively, as the threshold has increased, so has the response time. (h/t to Techdirt reader Neppe)
Of the 30 unanswered petitions currently posted to We the People, 11 were posted after the threshold was raised to 100,000 signatures and 19 were posted before the threshold was raised to that level.What the site was supposed to be (responsive) and what it's turned out to be (a mostly empty gesture) tracks with the administration's continual failure to uphold its own stated ideals. The "most transparent administration in history" has advanced and expanded Bush-era policies that added layers of opacity to the government's inner workings in order to further subvert the notion that a government should be accountable to its constituents. The administration has also prosecuted more whistleblowers than all other administrations combined, further widening the gap between those who govern and those that are governed.
Unanswered petitions posted after the threshold hike have been waiting 103 days for a response on average.
Unanswered petitions posted before and after the threshold hike have been waiting 298 days, on average, for a response.
It appears that any petition not deemed a "softball" or that can't be handled by a canned policy statement is backburnered. One of the first petitions to gather enough signatures (requiring labeling of genetically modified foods) has been waiting since September 2011 for an answer. More recent petitions appear to headed down that same road.
The unanswered petitions include one asking the president to fire the U.S. Attorney who led the prosecution of Internet activist Aaron Swartz and one to pardon the National Security Agency documents leaker Edward Snowden.The Swartz petition will hit a year of being ignored within a month. The Snowden petition is headed into its seventh month without an answer.
It's not as though it's impossible for the administration to answer these in a timely fashion. While the answers given to each of these petitions would probably be unpopular, the point of the site is not for the administration to "look good" but rather to increase its direct communication with the public. The administration also needs to keep in mind that canned policy statements that ignore or only very indirectly address the petitions' subject matter is not "communication."
When petitioners are waiting nearly a year to have their issues addressed, the "offer" of a direct line to the government is effectively empty.
Filed Under: delays, obama administration, petitions, politics, responses, we the people


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You get the following error code when you try to launch Halo 5: Forge:
Error 0x80000011
This means that the amount of Video RAM (VRAM) available on your computer's GPU does not meet the minimum requirement.
Make sure your video card (GPU) has at least 2GB of Video RAM.
To identify how much Video RAM your GPU has, follow these steps:
Once you identify the amount of Video RAM available, compare it to the game's minimum specifications and make sure you match or are above this requirement.
Thanks for your feedback!
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