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Theft from farms, also known as praedial larceny, is a huge problem, especially in the Caribbean. Billions of dollars in losses.
Trinidad and Tobago- 11.3 million over a six month period.
Jamaica- 55 million over a one year period.
Belize- 300,000.00 annually.
St. Vincent- 2.3 million annually.
Bahamas- 16 million from the marine industry.
Jamaica- 12/24/13- 32 young heifers stolen in Trelawney.
Farmers have been forced out of business, aquaculture operations have closed because of constant attacks by organized criminal gangs. They are bold and are rarely caught. A number of government agencies have addressed the problem, but actions have been slow to take effect, and are mostly reactive. We suggest using a much more PROactive approach to the problem of farm theft.
Common sense dictates that the premises install some form of barrier, such as a basic fence. Then, a combination of long-range photobeams around the area to be protected. Cameras with long-range IR illumination to view the protected area. Beams to be connected to an alarm control that will send a signal to a monitoring office. There, upon receiving a signal, the operators can go on line and view the cameras. An immediate response is vital. Preferably armed. Responders can be guided to where the intrusion took place, and apprehend or drive off the intruders. Farmers are also encouraged to take a drive around the farm at random times to monitor activity or hire security; monitor and report any trespassers or unknown vehicles on the farm and, where possible, keep any farm building or roads to farm land well lit.
It is not necessary to surround the entire area, but the path the expected intruders will take will be hardened. I have seen these systems be extremely effective. Several years ago, I installed a system along these lines for a farmer in Homestead FL. Two separate 5 acre groves, mango and lychee. This was, by necessity, a sophisticated system, using solar power for the beams, and wireless alarm signals back to the farmhouse. Two weeks after completion, the farmer received a signal, grabbed his shotgun and two big dogs, and went out to investigate. He found a new van that had been driven through his fence line, which broke the beam. He heard the intruders in his grove and fired a shot from his shotgun into the air. They ran in the opposite direction, leaving the truck. Very little loss as they dropped their bags when they ran off. Investigating Sherriff's officer made sure that he got legal title to the truck. That was a happy customer. Technology has improved since then, and battery powered beams are available now eliminating the need for solar power cells. Battery life of 3 years.
This technology is not inexpensive, so some government support will be necessary. As praedial larceny directly attacks food security, this support will be politically attractive. A balanced approach can give effective results and a protected food chain.
Efforts have been made to ensure that this problem is taken seriously by the authorities, to insure prison for offenders, and to make purchase of stolen property punishable. These efforts must be continued and supported. Trying to convince consumers that buying these products is a bad idea is definitely an important part of the program. Some farmers have even said that they would poison their fruit if it is just going to be stolen!
For installing dealers, there are benefits as well. There will be ongoing revenue for monitoring and response. Each market will have to decide what these charges will be, but ongoing recurring revenue is always a good thing. Demands on Central Station personnel will be moderate. Guards need to be motivated and fast. Training is vital.
Considering that maintaining the status quo will just guarantee that the problems will get worse, with increasing pressure on the vulnerable farmers and legitimate business people, it is vital that real action commence. Food security is a vital concern everywhere. And in areas where so much has to be imported, at high cost, protecting native products is even more important.
To quote a Barbadian official, " It constitutes a loss of livelihood and income to farmers and those losses threaten the viability and profitability of farming enterprises. Praedial larceny also hinders the development of the sector as the farming community becomes discouraged; and theft hampers the country's efforts to improve food security as disillusioned farmers exit the sector, thus increasing the strain on the national food supply."
In addition to losses by land farmers, fishermen and aquaculture businesses have been affected severely. Boats are stolen or stripped, farmed fish and shrimp are taken at night, and losses can drive people out of business, creating even more stress on local food sources. If a fisherman loses his boar or motor, he may be unable to purchase a replacement, forcing him out of business. The problem can be addressed, must be addressed. Methods listed above can be used for protection of these areas as well, with the benefit that these would be smaller areas to protect.
An organized mobile patrol service can provide a strong deterrent as well. Marked vehicles, strobe lights flashing, and then no lights for a while. Standard patrol procedures to be followed. This mobile patrol service can also serve as first responders, already being in the area. Again, they should be trained and armed. Full cooperation by the Police Patrols, who should be available for back up.
These problems combine a legal problem, an economic problem, and a political problem. It is necessary for all the parties to address the problem and to involve the general population in dealing with, defeating these criminals that are badly damaging the economies of some quite vulnerable islands. Without quick action, no matter what course is taken, permanent harm will come to these fragile economies.
If you have any questions about these security systems, feel free to contact us. We will be happy to assist in any way possible.


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Black History Month under way at UND
Document Type
Publication Date
Black History Month under way at UND
The University of North Dakota, along with the rest of the nation, is celebrating Black History Month in February.
UND's Multicultural Student Services encourages everyone to come and take part in the many events arranged for this month.
The Great Conversation with famed Civil Rights Movement leader Angela Davis on Wednesday highlighted Black History Month at UND, but there's still a lot more activities to take part in.
Here is a rundown of other upcoming Black History Month events at UND:
Feb. 7:
From 7 to 9 p.m., partake in "Party with a Purpose," a dance to celebrate the efforts of HIV/AIDS prevention. Wear red to show your support!
Feb. 10:
From 1 to 4 p.m., the Era Bell Thompson Multicultural Center will host a Coffeehouse Movie Marathon featuring "Slavery By Another Name," at 1 p.m. and "The Last Chance for Eden," at 2:30p.m.
Feb. 12:
From 4 to 6:30 p.m., the Era Bell Thompson Multicultural Center will provide a UND Black Community Social. The Black Student Association and the African Student Union invites all students, staff and faculty, and community members to socialize and meet others in our community.
Feb. 20:
From noon to 1 p.m., come to the Memorial Union Badlands Room and take part in Diversity Town Hall. This event aims to involve the campus and community in civil debate of critical issues on local, regional, national and global levels.
Feb. 26:
At 6 p.m., the Memorial Union Loading Dock will be hosting the film "The Negro Zone," which regards the different aspects of slavery. Come and enjoy free pizza while listening to Atif Lanier, the film writer, present a discussion following the film.
At 7 p.m., come to Clifford Hall Auditorium to view the Ron Spriggs Exhibit of Tuskegee Airman: Gladiators of the Skies. Ron Spriggs is an oral historian, lecturer, speaker and curator of the Tuskegee Airmen.
Feb. 27:
From 7 to 10 p.m., the Memorial Union Loading Dock will hold the Infinite Faith Music Challenge: A Celebration of Christian & Gospel Music. This event is a concert and a competition featuring Christian Rap/Rock artists such as Josh Tuinder, One Ten Ride and Sonrize. During intermission, budding artists can compete in one of three categories: Traditional Gospel, A Cappella and Contemporary. First, second and third place winners will receive cash in the amounts of $100/$50/$25.
David L. Dodds
University Relations writer
Recommended Citation
David L. Dodds. "Black History Month under way at UND" (2013). UND News Features. 261.

subset: commoncrawl


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Questions regarding the terms and conditions of car rental
Where can I pick up the car and where should I return it?
RUNWELL car rental office is located in the very centre of Prague, 200 meters from the Wenceslas Square, in the same building where our rental cars are based. The full office address is Wilsonova 6, Prague 1.
Having finalised the documents for car rental, you will have the car ready within a few minutes. Unless you request a different return place at the time of ordering the car, you are expected to return the car in the office at the time specified in the contract. Be reminded that car delivery within Prague is free of charge, whereas the cost of car delivery to the Vaclav Havel international airport is EUR 20. For more information about car delivery and return in other cities of the Czech Republic and Europe please refer here.
Where to park a car overnight in Prague?
There are several ways to park a car in Prague overnight without risking to violate parking rules of the Czech capital. The easiest way is to arrange parking in the hotel where you stay. If the hotel is located in the city centre or nearby, most likely it will be an extra charged service. If you are accommodated further out in the outskirts, then perhaps parking will be free of charge. Parking in the city allows you to park the car overnight in certain places marked by a white dotted line: even though from 6, 8 or 24 pm until 8 am parking is very often for free, please pay attention to the signs. It is important to bear in mind that you must not leave the car on the blue line because those parking places are reserved exclusively for Prague residents. For our customers who have rented a car from RUNWELL company we provide a possibility to park in our parking lot in the centre of Prague at a special price of EUR 10 per day.
Is it possible to return the car before the agreed term?
Yes, you can return the car whenever you wish. It is a free service for our clients during working hours, i.e. between 8 am and 8 pm, whereas returning the car outside those hours, i.e. between 8 pm and 8 am will be charged extra. In case of an earlier car return the rental fee is not refunded, unless otherwise agreed.
Can I return the car later than agreed?
Car return should be executed exactly at the time specified in the contract. If your plans change and you wish to prolong the car rental period, it is worth informing us in advance. Depending on the schedule of your car booking by next customers we shall either extend its rental period or exchange your car for another vehicle. It is important to note that in this case the cost of car hire will be calculated according to the "flexible tariff, when the rental cost per day decreases depending on the number of rental days + the cost per one extra day". In other words, renting a car in Prague for 4 days will end up being cheaper than car rental for 3 days plus an extension by one more day.
Should the client be late with car return at the time specified in the contract, fail to inform RUNWELL company in advance and not answer phone calls, then in addition to the cost of an extra day of rent, RUNWELL company is entitled to impose a fine starting from CZK 1000. If the car is not returned within three days after the date of expected return specified in the contract, the car is considered stolen and the police of the Czech Republic take over the investigations and the car search.
Questions about our cars
How old are the cars in RUNWELL company?
Most of our cars are not older than three years. We renew our fleet annually by 15%, represented by new cars from car salons. During high touristic season we sometimes employ older cars in good technical condition from third-party suppliers.
What is the technical condition of RUNWELL vehicles?
All RUNWELL vehicles undergo timely technical maintenance, pre-season and post-season check-ups and preparation. RUNWELL company is keen on avoiding breakdowns of its fleet, hence we pay great attention to the technical condition of our cars. The vehicles we lease in Prague are always in excellent condition and clean both outside and inside. However, cars are still machines and sometimes unforeseen breakdowns and incidents occur. In such cases we shall duly exchange the faulty car with another one so that you can continue your journey without annoying delays.
Questions about payment
Why do I have to leave a security deposit?
Leaving a deposit is a requirement by the insurance company. It covers the client's responsibility in the event of an emergency and is also used to reimburse expenses incurred by the event that cannot be insured against. For example, the client is late with car return and fails to refuel the car up to the original level. Another example is when the client is late to return the car at the agreed time or commits an accident in the state of intoxication. Moreover, the deposit can be used to pay the fines for client's violation of traffic regulations.
How is the amount of deposit calculated?
The deposit amount depends directly on the cost of the car, that is, the more expensive the car, the higher the cost of its maintenance. A higher deposit can also be requested in some other cases, for example, if the driver has short driving experience and there is a risk of accidents due to his/her inexperience while driving. The smallest deposit is 200 EUR for scooter, 300 EUR for car class MINI, 400 EUR for standard class, 500 EUR for sportcars, 600 EUR for minivans.
When is the deposit for the rented vehicle refunded?
The deposit made in cash is refunded immediately after the vehicle has been inspected at the time of its return. The deposit made by a payment card is refunded to the card between two weeks and one month, depending on the bank that issued the payment card. If the car rental company bears no complaints (e.g. fines, insufficient car fuel, etc.) to you during this time, the deposit is released.
What is included in full car insurance?
Full car insurance, which costs additional EUR 15 per day, includes responsibility for accidents caused by the client. When arranging full insurance you will not be held responsible for the accident with your collateral. However, full insurance does not cover those cases when the driver guilty of the accident is under the influence of alcohol or other psychotropic substances. Moreover, it does not cover the damages to the car occurred as a result of negligence, e.g. the car keys left inside the vehicle, open car windows or doors, etc. Full insurance does not cover damage to windows or wheels.
Is there any correlation between full insurance and the deposit?
Yes, partial. Full insurance does not cover cases of insufficient fuelling of the car or late car return. However, it does cover the damage incurred during the accident caused by the car lessee, therefore the deposit for the car is then refunded to the client. Full insurance does not cover damage to windows or wheels.
What else do I have to pay in order to rent a car from you?
The cost of car rental includes all the basic payments - car rental fee, taxes, navigation, a child car seat and a motorway toll sticker in the Czech Republic. The only payments you make extra are fuel and motorway toll in other countries in case you travel outside the Czech Republic. Our pricing policy is set in such a way to charge our clients a fixed amount for renting a car with certain accessories, which our company provides free of charge.
Questions about the journey
What should I do if I experience car breakdown either in the Czech Republic or outside?
In case of an accident your first step is to immediately contact the hotline of the car rental company and report the accident. Depending on the situation we will suggest a solution: we may send a replacement car for you from Prague, call up technical assistance for you or recommend to get to the nearest car service. Our hotline with technical support is available non-stop 24 hours a day. The number is provided in the contract as well as in the folder with car papers and on the key ring of the rented car.
What should I do if the car has been blocked by the police for improper parking?
If the wheel of the rented car has been blocked, you should be able to find an informative paper sheet in English placed on the car window, which contains the phone number of the police patrol who are responsible for the blockage. You need to call the indicated number and share the address of your location, then the police is expected to arrive within 10-20 minutes and remove the blockage from your car wheel in exchange for your payment of a fine for incorrect parking.
What should I do if the car has been scratched while parked?
Make sure to call the hotline of the car rental company and document (take photographs) the damage. Then call the police and report the accident including the damage. The resulting protocol must be provided to the car rental company.
What to do in case of a traffic accident?
- Immediately after the accident, mark the scene with a triangular sign. Try to put it at least 50 meters away, and on the autobahn, a hundred meters in front of the place of the accident
- When leaving the car, you need to wear a special vest (every car is equipped with it).
- Call the Police using the emergency number 112.
- Call the car rental company.
- While waiting for the arrival of the Police, take a picture of the accident scene and exchange contact information with all participants of the incident. Never leave the accident scene before filling out the police protocol.
Are motorway tolls in the Czech Republic included in the rental fee? What about other countries?
All RUNWELL car rental vehicles are equipped with special stickers that confirm payment of the motorway tolls in the Czech Republic. More information about the toll fares on the motorways of other EU countries can be found here.
Questions that may arise after the rental car is returned
Are there any complaints to us regarding the rental car?
The contract, which we sign upon renting a vehicle, lists all the damages on the car incurred before the start of your lease. If a new damage is detected during the inspection upon car delivery, it will fall under the lessee's responsibility. Rest assured that our business goals are set around making business on renting cars and not on getting the client to pay for car repairs nor on committing fraud against insurance companies, hence our material claims with regards to the car will arise only when the damage to the car is obvious.
Please note! All our cars are equipped with non-smoking signs, which is very important to obey since our cars are being leased also to the people who do not tolerate the smell of tobacco inside the vehicle (e.g. families with children, asthmatics, etc.). In case of violation of the ban on smoking, we shall charge the lessee the full cost of chemical dry cleaning of the rented car.
If we have violated traffic rules during car rental, should we pay any fine and how do we find out about it?
Yes, all fines must be paid. If RUNWELL company receives a fine during the validity of the security deposit, we will deduct its amount from the client's payment card, pay the fine and submit the payment confirmation to the client upon request. In case the payment card blockage has already been released, we shall contact the client, present the fine and suggest to pay the fine either directly to the bank account of the police, or to our company's account, from which we will pay the fine for the client. Should the client refuse to pay his/her fine, the car rental contract as well as all client's personal data will be transferred to the police. From then onwards the case of violation of traffic regulations shall be dealt with the law enforcement agencies of the country, where this violation has been recorded. Please also note that since 2016 the Czech Republic joined the international database Eucaris, which stores the information about all car owners throughout the European Union, so the traffic fine may be issued by any country, which you have visited with our rental car.


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The protein XPD is one component of an essential repair mechanism that maintains the integrity of DNA. XPD is unique, however, in that pinpoint mutations of this single protein are responsible for three different human diseases: in xeroderma pigmentosum, extreme sensitivity to sunlight promotes cancer; Cockayne syndrome involves stunted growth and premature aging; trichothiodystrophy, characterized by brittle hair and scaly skin, is another form of greatly accelerated aging.
Now, for the first time, researchers at the Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Scripps Research Institute have solved the essential structure of XPD. The structure reveals how discrete flaws in the remarkable architecture of XPD -- as seemingly insignificant as a change in either of two adjacent amino acid residues -- can lead to diseases with completely different phenotypes, and gives novel insight into the processes of aging and cancer.
The team that solved XPD's structure was led by John Tainer, a professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and the Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology at Scripps and a visiting scientist in the Life Sciences Division (LSD) at Berkeley Lab.
"With this exciting work we have helped open the door to understanding how molecular interactions and activities in the cell result in aging -- which is too much cell death -- or in cancer, where defective cells are kept alive," Tainer says.
Li Fan of the Scripps Molecular Biology Department performed the x-ray crystallography of XPD at DOE's Stanford Linear Accelerator Center and the Advanced Light Source at Berkeley Lab. The biochemistry of XPD was assessed by Jill Fuss, a biochemist in Priscilla Cooper's laboratory in the Genome Stability Department of Berkeley Lab's LSD, and by Quen Cheng, a Research Associate in the Cooper lab. The team also included Andrew Arvai of Scripps, Michal Hammel of Berkeley Lab's Physical Biosciences Division, and Victoria Roberts of the San Diego Supercomputer Center at the University of California at San Diego. The researchers report their results in the May 30 issue of the journal Cell.
Crystallizing XPD
"XPD is one of a group of genes originally identified because mutations in it were found in the cells of some xeroderma pigmentosum patients -- which is where the initials XP come from -- and of certain Cockayne syndrome patients as well," says LSD's Cooper, who has long studied the molecular basis of DNA repair and how its failures contribute to these diseases. "The exact roles of the XP proteins in carrying out DNA repair were only discovered much later."
XPD is a DNA unwinding machine in the TFIIH molecular factory, which along with other XP proteins performs the kind of DNA repair called nucleotide excision repair. The TFIIH complex also functions in normal gene transcription and transcription-coupled repair. Nucleotide excision repair involves removing and replacing a strand of DNA that contains one or more damaged bases, damage that can be recognized because it distorts the helical structure of double-stranded DNA.
Once the damage is located, TFIIH is brought to the site and unwinds the helix to expose a 30-nucleotide "bubble" in the DNA around the damaged region. XPD, a helicase, is one of two proteins in TFIIH that does the helix unwinding.
Next, TFIIH's partner proteins XPG and XPF, nucleases that cleave nucleotides apart, clip out the damaged section of the strand. A polymerase, which joins nucleotides to one another, rebuilds the correct sequence by using the opposite strand as a template. Finally the nick is sealed by a ligase, which joins the ends of DNA strands together.
Although not found in all organisms (bacteria use different proteins to carry out a similar DNA repair process), the gene for XPD, like many others essential to the basic processes of life, is highly conserved among numerous species, from humans to one-celled Archaea. The gene sequence has long been known, but the structure of the protein has eluded researchers, partly because XPD is so hard to purify and crystallize.
"We first tried the human protein, but it's very difficult to express as a soluble recombinant protein," says Jill Fuss. "It turns out that human XPD is quite insoluble." Getting enough to crystallize means making quantities of it in a soluble form, she explains, using recombinant E. coli bacteria or other systems.
"So we went searching for homologs," corresponding proteins from other organisms; Fuss notes that in a situation like this, "what crystallographers commonly turn to are thermophilic organisms" -- heat lovers, like microorganisms that thrive in boiling hot springs, or worms that flourish near undersea volcanic vents. "Because they live at high temperature, their proteins are generally more stable."
The Archaea Sulfolobus acidocaldarius lives happily at 80 degrees Celsius and pH 3 -- equivalent to a vat of hot acid -- and its XPD protein is indeed stable. Although it lacks the human protein's extensions, the core of S. acidocaldarius XPD is similar to that of human XPD -- 22 of the 26 locations in the human gene sequence where mutations associated with disease occur are also found in the Archaeal protein's catalytic core.
A unique feature of XPD and a few other helicases is a group of iron and sulfur atoms that can eagerly bind with oxygen; to prevent oxidation (what might be called "rust"), the purified protein had to be crystallized inside an anaerobic glove box.
"After growing hundreds of crystals, we knew we were on the right track when the crystals were a brownish-red color, which meant that the iron-sulfur cluster was intact," says Li Fan, formerly a fellow at Berkeley Lab and currently a researcher at Scripps.
The structure of XPD
Two versions of the protein were needed to do x-ray crystallography: the native conformation and a variant in which all of its methionine amino acid residues were replaced by selenomethionines. In the synchrotron's beam the heavy selenium atoms signal their presence and allow unambiguous registration of the protein's methionines in proper sequence.
The structure of XPD came as a surprise. Of the protein's four domains (distinct substructures), two are helicase motifs, HD1 and HD2; another is the iron-sulfur domain, 4FeS, which protrudes in a way that implies an important role in opening DNA and sensing DNA damage.
The fourth domain, called the Arch, was wholly unexpected. With 4FeS, the Arch domain forms a curious archway over a tunnel-like opening at the end of a long groove. Given the electric charge of the amino acids lining the groove, the topograpy suggests a passageway for channeling DNA.
"If you stretched out the linear sequence of the protein, you would never guess that those different pieces fold together," says Cooper. Proteins result from folding linear strings of amino acid residues, but in XPD the folding is an intricate knot. One of the helicase domains, HD1, takes portions of its sequence from separate regions of the linear string, and the Arch and 4FeS domains sprout from different parts of HD1.
The complex topography of the protein, and the specific amino acid residues of which it is formed, suggest the specialized functions of different structural features. The helicase domains are designed for flexible movement; the channels seem well suited to binding DNA, or the ATP molecules that when hydrolyzed provide the energy for unwinding; and the oxidation-sensitive 4FeS domain is strategically placed for detecting DNA damage.
Structure, function, and disease
To assess XPD's biochemical activity in terms of its structure and to learn how even single-residue changes in structure can derail the process, "We moved back to the test tube," says Fuss. "There are three activities we can measure: one is ATPase activity, its ability to hydrolyze ATP; another is DNA helicase activity, its ability to unwind duplex DNA; and finally its DNA binding activity."
Says Cooper, "The thing that XPD does in the TFIIH complex, in the cell, is unwind DNA to allow nucleotide excision repair to occur -- that's its critical function. Helicase activity measures that unwinding. And you can't have helicase activity if you can't bind to DNA in the first place, or if you can't hydrolyze ATP."
These activities were measured using 15 mutant forms of XPD, designed with specific mutations known to be involved in xeroderma pigmentosum, Cockayne syndrome, or trichothiodystrophy. In all three diseases, patients are sensitive to sunlight -- ultraviolet light is a chief cause of the nucleotide damage that TFIIH specializes in repairing. But while xeroderma pigmentosum patients are thousands of times more prone to skin cancer than the population as a whole, neither Cockayne syndrome nor trichothiodystrophy patients show an increase in skin cancer. Instead they exhibit different forms of accelerated aging.
"Until you have structures of the components of TFIIH, it's difficult to understand precisely the effect of particular mutations," says Cooper. "In the case of XPD, there's been a mystery all along that mutations that are very close together -- and in one case, even in adjacent amino acids -- can cause different diseases.
Says Fuss, "In that case the two amino acids are side by side in the linear structure, but because of the intricate folding of XPD they end up with very different functions, acting as DNA hooks or structural clamps."
Cooper says, "It's only once you see the structure that you realize why mutating one or the other of those two adjacent residues produces different effects -- one is right in the DNA binding channel, and the other is going to affect the movement of the domains relative to each other. A mutation in one causes xeroderma pigmentosum. A mutation in the other causes Cockayne syndrome."
Cooper explains that this may be because the Cockayne syndrome-causing mutation hampers XPD's binding with its TFIIH partner proteins, causing TFIIH to act as if it's doing DNA repair when it should be doing transcription -- and thus allowing the wrong incisions in the DNA.
"Sometimes combining structures from crystallography with activities from biochemistry is like turning on a light in a dark room -- we can suddenly see how XPD works," says Tainer.
The mutations that cause xeroderma pigmentosum directly affect the channels in the protein that are predicted to bind DNA and ATP. These changes make the mutant XPDs less efficient at unwinding DNA.
Other mutations, which result in Cockayne syndrome in combination with xeroderma pigmentosum, interfere with the flexibility of the helicase domains, which must be able to conform to the changing work site during repair and, in particular, bind with other proteins that are components of the repair machinery.
Trichothiodystrophy is caused by mutations that may or may not reduce helicase activity but do interfere with "framework stability," the structural integrity of the protein. And some mutations in the 4FeS domain wreck XPD's structure to such a degree that helicase activity vanishes completely.
Says Tainer, "The combined experiments showed that xeroderma pigmentosum mutations are binding defects; mutual xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome mutations are conformational defects that make the protein more rigid; and trichothiodystrophy mutations are framework defects that make the protein more floppy."
Cooper adds, "An important part of understanding the effects of these mutations is knowing exactly how they bind to DNA, which has proved to be a particular challenge and one of the next goals of our research. Although we have computational predictions and tested them with biochemistry, we don't yet have a structure of XPD bound to DNA."
The structure of XPD's catalytic core represents a major advance in the understanding of the TFIIH repair and transcription machinery and yields immediate insights into how different breakdowns in this machinery give rise to the physical signs of aging, and to cancer. There is much more still to learn about this remarkable protein.
Structural and biochemical research on XPD was made possible at Berkeley Lab through a combination of programs. The SIBYLS beamline at the ALS is supported by DOE. Sulfolobus proteins were characterized in DOE's Genomics: GTL Program. Funding from the National Cancer Institute has supported understanding of DNA repair machines.
Story Source:
Materials provided by DOE/Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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In an April 5 article of the Wall Street Journal by Christina Passariello and Emily Glazer, "Coty Knocks on Brazil's Door," it was reported that an interest in Brazil fueled Coty's recent proposal to purchase Avon Products Inc. for $10 billion.
Citing Euromonitor International, the article discussed how Brazil has become a beauty battleground as the world's third largest beauty market (behind the U.S. and Japan) and notes Avon's reach there, saying, "Two years ago, Brazil became the single biggest market for Avon's door-to-door sales of lipstick, face cream and perfume." Despite some sales and technical issues for Avon there late last year, a quote from Avon chairman and CEO Andrea Jung also said, "We still view Brazil to be a really good beauty market going forward."
Due to Brazil's underdeveloped store retail network, door-to-door sales has become almost imperative to beauty brands looking to gain a foothold there, taking advantage of the geographical reach of door-to-door sellers and their ability to gain access to and influence social networks, according to the article. Passariello and Glazer write that direct selling made up 28.6% of Brazil's sales in the beauty and personal care market in 2011.
Currently, many major beauty brand owners such as L'Oréal, Estée Lauder and P&G are fighting for a larger stake in Brazil via retail positioning, particularly with skin care and makeup brands, because, as the article states, "Brazilian women have long been heavy users of beauty products, ranging from hair conditioners to nail polish to perfume. That has propelled the country's cosmetics sales far ahead of other emerging consumer markets such as China and India... " With that current focus on makeup and skin care, the article notes that it likely means the fragrance segment will be targeted next t for Brazilian growth opportunities.
This has made an Avon-Coty agreement all the more attractive for Coty, as the majority of its business is fragrance. Coty chairman Bart Becht is quoted in the article as saying, "A key win for Coty is to get into Brazil. Door-to-door is a key way of getting into the market."
Gaining that foothold means gaining recognition, which will be important as Brazil's retail infrastructure continues to develop and mature. In fact, store-based sales of beauty and personal care products in Brazil are targeted to grow more quickly than direct sales in 2012, according to Euromonitor, meaning the time to become a player in Brazil is now.
Obviously the beauty marketplace is changing in many ways around the globe, and emerging markets are bearing a majority of current growth. But what is the best way to gain traction in these markets, and what will the opportunities and challenges be like once beauty brands get there?


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Thursday, August 25, 2011
Melon Farmer
Melon Farmer 3
By Orson and Zeel
[Yeah! It's my birthday! So to celebrate that (and the fact that someone just asked that I remove the review of their zine that I posted six months ago) here's a review I wrote weeks ago but was unable to post due to internet problems and traveling. More soon.]
When I went to the Brighton Zine Fest earlier this year one of the really neat things they had was a zine scavenger hunt. This was a list of different types of zines that you had to try to collect in order to get a prize. The list included things like "a blue zine", "a tiny zine", "a zine about tea", and other things. However, the organizers wanted to give out the loot bag prizes and would allow pretty much anyone to get one if they made up some decent reasons.
Part of my lootbag was this zine created by a little kid and (I assume) his dad. This is reminiscent of Axe Cop and also a project I was involved in recently that involved redrawing children's characters. I really love the ideas of these projects, as it encourages creativity at a young age.
From what I can tell Zeel drew the panel borders, did toning and lettering, and maybe drew other background background elements. Everything else seems to be by Orson. The art is mostly the type you'd expect from a little kid, with little consistency, and the story frequently doesn't make a lot of sense.
Despite this there is definitely a lot of charm in this comic, and there are some panels (like below) that I really like the look of, as they have a style and energy I really enjoy. There's a lot of charm in the work in here: characters powers being based upon their names (as opposed to vice-versa), diagrams showing the powers and equipment people have. This reminds of what I used to do as a kid, and I think it's awesome that kids are still doing this.
Plus the lootbag also had one of those party noisemakers (with a pirate!), a glow stick thing (which I've broken), a temporary tattoo, and a rad stamp/marker thing.
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Calvin's Commentaries, Vol. 31: Matthew, Mark and Luke, Part I, tr. by John King, [1847-50], at sacred-texts.com
1. Now when Jesus had been born in Bethlehem of Judea, 175 in the times of Herod the King, lo, Magi from the East came to Jerusalem, 2. Saying, Where is he who is born King of the Jews? for we have seen his star in the East, and have come that we may worship him. 3. And having heard these things, Herod the King was troubled, and all Jerusalem with him. 4. And having assembled all the chief priests and scribes of the people, he inquired at them where Christ should be born. 5. But they said to him, In Bethlehem of Judea: for thus it has been written by the prophet: 6. And thou, Bethlehem, in the land of Judah, art by no means the least among the princes of Judah: for out of thee shall come the leader, 176 who shall feed my people Israel.
1. Now when Jesus had been born How it came about that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, Matthew does not say. The Spirit of God, who had appointed the Evangelists to be his clerks, 177 appears purposely to have regulated their style in such a manner, that they all wrote one and the same history, with the most perfect agreement, but in different ways. It was intended, that the truth of God should more clearly and strikingly appear, when it was manifest that his witnesses did not speak by a preconcerted plan, but that each of them separately, without paying any attention to another, wrote freely and honestly what the Holy Spirit dictated.
This is a very remarkable narrative. God brought Magi from Chaldea, to come to the land of Judea, for the purpose of adoring Christ, in the stable where he lay, amidst the tokens, not of honor, but of contempt. It was a truly wonderful purpose of God, that he caused the entrance of his Son into the world to be attended by deep meanness, and yet bestowed upon him illustrious ornaments, both of commendation and of other outward signs, that our faith might be supplied with everything necessary to prove his Divine Majesty.
A beautiful instance of real harmony, amidst apparent contradiction, is here exhibited. A star from heaven announces that he is a king, to whom a manger, intended for cattle, serves for a throne, because he is refused admittance among the lowest of the people. His majesty shines in the East, while in Judea it is so far from being acknowledged, that it is visited by many marks of dishonor. Why is this? The heavenly Father chose to appoint the star and the Magi as our guides, to lead directly to his Son: while he stripped him of all earthly splendor, for the purpose of informing us that his kingdom is spiritual. This history conveys profitable instruction, not only because God brought the Magi to his Son, as the first-fruits of the Gentiles, but also because he appointed the kingdom of his Son to receive their commendation, and that of the star, for the confirmation of our faith; that the wicked and malignant contempt of his nation might not render him less estimable in our eyes.
Magi is well known to be the name given by the Persians and Chaldees to astrologers and philosophers: and hence it may readily be conjectured that those men came from Persia. 178 As the Evangelist does not state what was their number, it is better to be ignorant of it, than to affirm as certain what is doubtful. Papists have been led into a childish error, of supposing that they were three in number: because Matthew says, that they brought gold, frankincense, and myrrh, (Mt 2:11.) But the historian does not say, that each of them separately presented his own gift. He rather says, that those three gifts were presented by them in common. That ancient author, whoever he may be, whose imperfect Commentary on Matthew bears the name of Chrysostom, and is reckoned among Chrysostom's works, says that they were fourteen. This carries as little probability as the other. It may have come from a tradition of the Fathers, but has no solid foundation. But the most ridiculous contrivance of the Papists on this subject is, that those men were kings, because they found in another passage a prediction, that
the kings of Tarshish, and of the Isles, and of Sheba,
would offer gifts to the Lord, (Ps 72:10.)
Ingenious workmen, truly, who, in order to present those men in a new shape, have begun with turning the world from one side to another: for they have changed the south and west into the east! Beyond all doubt, they have been stupified by a righteous judgment of God, that all might laugh at the gross ignorance of those who have not scrupled to adulterate "and, change the truth of God into a lie," (Ro 1:25.)
The first inquiry here is: Was this star one of those which the Lord created in the beginning (Gen. 1:1, 16) to "garnish the heavens?" (Job 26:13.) Secondly, Were the magi led by their acquaintance with astrology to conclude that it pointed out the birth of Christ? On these points, there is no necessity for angry disputation: but it may be inferred from the words of Matthew, that it was not a natural, but an extraordinary star. It was not agreeable to the order of nature, that it should disappear for a certain period, and afterwards should suddenly become bright; nor that it should pursue a straight course towards Bethlehem, and at length remain stationary above the house where Christ was. Not one of these things belongs to natural stars. It is more probable that it resembled 179 a comet, and was seen, not in the heaven, but in the air. Yet there is no impropriety in Matthew, who uses popular language, calling it incorrectly a star.
This almost decides likewise the second question: for since astrology is undoubtedly confined within the limits of nature, its guidance alone could not have conducted the Magi to Christ; so that they must have been aided by a secret revelation of the Spirit. I do not go so far as to say, that they derived no assistance whatever from the art: but I affirm, that this would have been of no practical advantage, if they had not been aided by a new and extraordinary revelation.
2. Where is he who has been born King? The notion of some commentators, that he is said to have been born King, by indirect contrast with one who has been made or created a king, appears to me too trifling. I rather suppose the Magi to have simply meant, that this king had been recently born, and was still a child, by way of distinguishing him from a king who is of age, and who holds the reins of government: for they immediately add, that they had been drawn, not by the fame of his exploits, or by any present exhibitions of his greatness, but by a heavenly presage of his future reign. But if the sight of a star had so powerful an effect on the Magi, woe to our insensibility, who, now that Christ the King has been revealed to us, are so cold in our inquiries after him!
And have come that we may worship him The reason why the star had been exhibited was, to draw the Magi into Judea, that they might be witnesses and heralds of the new King. 180 So far as respects themselves, they had not come to render to Christ such pious worship, as is due to the Son of God, but intended to salute him, according to the Persian custom, 181 as a very eminent King. For their views, with regard to him, probably went no farther, than that his power and exalted rank would be so extraordinary as to impress all nations with just admiration and reverence. It is even possible, that they wished to gain his favor beforehand, that he might treat them favorably and kindly, if he should afterwards happen to possess dominion in the east.
3. Herod the king was troubled Herod was not unacquainted with the predictions, which promised to the Jews a King, who would restore their distressful and ruinous affairs to a prosperous condition. He had lived from a child among that nation, and was thoroughly acquainted with their affairs. Besides, the report was spread everywhere, and could not be unknown to the neighboring nations. Yet he is troubled, as if the matter had been new and unheard of; because he put no trust in God, and thought it idle to rely on the promises of a Redeemer; and particularly because, with the foolish confidence incident to proud men, he imagined that the kingdom was secure to himself and his descendants. But though, in the intoxication of prosperity, he was formerly accustomed to view the prophecies with scorn, the recollection of them now aroused him to sudden alarm. For he would not have been so strongly moved by the simple tale of the Magi, if he had not remembered the predictions, which he had formerly looked upon as harmless, 182 and of no importance. Thus, when the Lord has permitted unbelievers to sleep, he suddenly breaks their rest. 183
And all Jerusalem with him This may be explained in two ways. Either the people were roused, in a tumultuous manner, by the novelty of the occurrence, though the glad tidings of a king who had been born to them were cordially welcomed. Or the people, accustomed to distresses, and rendered callous by long endurance, dreaded a change which might introduce still greater calamities. For they were so completely worn down, and almost wasted, by continued wars, that their wretched and cruel bondage appeared to them not only tolerable, but desirable, provided it were accompanied by peace. This shows how little they had profited under God's chastisements: for they were so benumbed and stupified, that the promised redemption and salvation almost stank 184 in their nostrils. Matthew intended, I have no doubt, to express their ingratitude, in being so entirely broken by the long continuance of their afflictions, as to throw away the hope and desire of the grace which had been promised to them.
4. Having assembled the priests Though deep silence prevailed respecting Christ in the Hall of Herod, yet, as soon as the Magi have thrown out the mention of a King, predictions are remembered, which formerly lay in oblivion. Herod instantly conjectures, that the King, about whom the Magi inquire, is the Messiah whom God had formerly promised, (Da 9:25.) Here again it appears, that Herod is seriously alarmed, when he puts such earnest inquiries; and no wonder. All tyrants are cowards, and their cruelty produces stronger alarm in their own breasts than in the breasts of others. Herod must have trembled more than others, because he perceived that he was reigning in opposition to God.
This new investigation shows, that the contempt of Christ, before the arrival of the Magi, must have been very deep. At a later period, the scribes and high priests labored with fury to corrupt the whole of the Scripture, that they might not give any countenance to Christ. But on the present occasion they reply honestly out of the Scripture, and for this reason, that Christ and his Gospel have not yet given them uneasiness. And so all ungodly persons find no difficulty in giving their assent to God on general principles; but when the truth of God begins to press them more closely, they throw out the venom of their rebellion.
We have a striking instance of this, in our own day, among the Papists. They freely own, that he is the only-begotten Son of God, clothed with our flesh, and acknowledge the one person of God-man, as subsisting in the two natures. But when we come to the power and office of Christ, a contest immediately breaks out; because they will not consent to take a lower rank, and much less to be reduced to nothing. In a word, so long as wicked men think that it is taking nothing from themselves, they will yield to God and to Scripture some degree of reverence. But when Christ comes into close conflict with ambition, covetousness, pride, misplaced confidence, hypocrisy, and deceit, they immediately forget all modesty, and break out into rage. Let us therefore learn, that the chief cause of blindness in the enemies of truth is to be found in their wicked affections, which change light into darkness.
6. And thou, Bethlehem The scribes quoted faithfully, no doubt, the words of the passage in their own language, as it is found in the prophet. But Matthew reckoned it enough to point out the passage; and, as he wrote in Greek, he followed the ordinary reading. This passage, and others of the same kind, readily suggest the inference, that Matthew did not compose his Gospel in the Hebrew language. It ought always to be observed that, whenever any proof from Scripture is quoted by the apostles, though they do not translate word for word, and sometimes depart widely from the language, yet it is applied correctly and appropriately to their subject. Let the reader always consider the purpose for which passages of Scripture are brought forward by the Evangelists, so as not to stick too closely to the particular words, but to be satisfied with this, that the Evangelists never torture Scripture into a different meaning, but apply it correctly in its native meaning. But while it was their intention to supply with milk children and "novices" (1Ti 3:6) in faith, who were not yet able to endure "strong meat," (Heb 5:12,) there is nothing to prevent the children of God from making careful and diligent inquiry into the meaning of Scripture, and thus being led to the fountain by the taste which the apostles afford.
Let us now return to the prediction. Thus it stands literally in the Prophet:
"And thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, though thou be little
among the thousands of Judah, yet out of thee shall
he come forth to me, who is Ruler in Israel," (Mic 5:2.)
For Ephratah Matthew has put Judah, but the meaning is the same; for Micah only intended, by this mark, to distinguish the Bethlehem of which he speaks, from another Bethlehem, which was in the tribe of Zebulun. There is greater difficulty in what follows: for the Prophet says, that Bethlehem is little, when reckoned among the governments of Judah, while Matthew, on the contrary: speaks highly of its rank as one of the most distinguished: thou art by no means the least among the princes of Judah This reason has induced some commentators to read the passage in the prophet as a question, Art thou little among the thousands of Judah? But I rather agree with those who think that Matthew intended, by this change of the language, to magnify the grace of God in making an inconsiderable and unknown town the birth-place of the highest King. Although Bethlehem received this distinguished honor, it was of no advantage to its inhabitants, but brought upon them a heavier destruction: for there an unworthy reception was given to the Redeemer. For he is to be Ruler, Matthew has put he shall feed, (ποιμανεῖ) But he has expressed both, when he says, that Christ is the leader, (ἡγούμενος,) and that to him is committed the office of feeding his people.
"(Cite) de Judee;" — "(city) of Judea."
"Scribas;" — "greffiers."—Clerks, not Authors in the ordinary meaning of that term, but persons who wrote to the dictation of another. This conveys the idea of what is frequently called plenary inspiration. If such a term as Clerk, or Penman, may be supposed to lower the sacred writers, it is not by a comparison of them with uninspired historians, the ablest of whom cannot, without arrogance, aspire to an equal level with those who wrote by inspiration. But when man is brought into a comparison with God, no language can express too strongly the infinite distance between the parties. The Evangelists do not ask the praise of invention, or judgment, or of anything else which would imply that the work was their own production. But they lay claim to a loftier and peculiar distinction, that they faithfully committed to writing that history which they were honored to receive from its Divine Author. Holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost, (2Pe 1:21.) — Ed.
"Le mot Grec, (μάγαι,) du quel use l'Evangeliste est celuy d'ou vient le mot de Magiciens: mais les Perses et Chaldeens nomment ainsi leurs Astrologues et Philosophes: et pourtant nous l'avons traduit par ce mot de Sages. Parquoy il y a grande apparence de dire qu'ils etoyent venus du pays des Perses." — "The Greek word, (μάγοι,) which the Evangelist employs, is that from which the word Magicians is derived: but the Persians and Chaldees give this name also to their Astrologers and Philosophers: and therefore we have translated it by the word Sages, or Wise men. Wherefore there is great probability in saying that they had come from the country of the Persians."
Calvin says, not that it was a comet, but that it resembled a comet; and it is probable enough that the meteor assumed that aspect. He refutes, in a masterly and conclusive manner, the supposition that it was "natural star," but, with modesty and good sense, avoids shocking the prejudices of his age. Of astrology he speaks more doubtfully. If he had lent the countenance of his name to that pretended science, we ought not to have blamed him severely. Long after he had left the world, men of powerful minds, and of extensive attainments in science, found it no easy matter to disentangle themselves from its meshes, and to proclaim their freedom. But Calvin needs no vindication. He has left us a treatise, Adversus Astrologiam Judiciarium, "Against Judicial Astrology;" which Servetus, as much his inferior in philosophical views in sterling worth, brings forward as one of his charges. Damnatam a me fuisse Astrologiam conqueritur, says Calvin; "It is made a ground of complaint against me that I have condemned astrology." — Ed.
"Que la ils fussent comme herauts pour porter les nouvelles du nouveau Roy." — "That there they might be as heralds, to carry the tidings of the new King."
"Persico more;" — "selon la coustume de leur pays;" — "according to the custom of their country."
"Lusoria;" alluding to the phrase used by Seneca and others, lusoria fulmina, "harmless thunderbolts."
"Il les resveille tout soudain, et leur fait bien sentir leur folie." — "He awakes them all on a sudden, and makes them deeply feel their folly."


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- Business Tax License Update
Business Tax License Update
Uniformity & Small Business Relief Act of 2013
Public Chapter 313 makes changes in the business tax to provide tax relief to small businesses and to increase uniformity across the state. Several highlights include:
- Business tax exemption is raised from $3,000 in gross sales to any business with less than $10,000 in gross sales (provided that businesses with between $3,000 and $10,000 in gross sales obtain a minimal activity license from their county/city clerk)
- Converts the county/city business tax into a state level tax using the same revenue distribution formula that applied under prior law
- Clarifies the application of the business tax to out-of-state businesses that perform certain activities in the state
- Authorizes the commissioner of Revenue to accept a single filing of business tax returns covering multiple jurisdictions, a complement to the commissioner's authority to change the tax period to coincide with taxpayer's fiscal year end
The effective date of January 1, 2014, applies to tax periods on or after that date.
How This Applies to Current Business License Holders
Gross Receipts
If your gross receipts are $3,000 to $9,999 during the business tax reporting period, when you renew your current business license you will do this at the City's tax office, not through the State of Tennessee. The City tax office will then issue you a Minimal Activity License for a flat fee of $15. Each year upon expiration you will report your gross receipts; if your gross receipts put you above the $9,999 limit then you will file with the State of Tennessee for a business license renewal. Any questions about differentiating between the Minimal Activity License and the Business License can be emailed to Finance or by calling 931-645-7436.
Reporting Tax Period/Timeline
The Uniformity and Small Business Relief Act of 2013 establishes and regulates a uniform reporting tax period for all Business License classifications as well as Minimal Activity Licenses. Effective January 1, 2014 the reporting tax period will run with taxpayer's fiscal year (January 1 to December 31), unless the taxpayer notifies their respective collecting official otherwise (Minimal Activity License holders notify the City, Business License holders notify the State). The returns for the January 1 to December 31 period will be due to their respective collecting agency no later than April 15.
How Do These Changes Affect Me?
Class | Current Tax Period | Current Due Date | New Tax Period Effective January 1, 2014 | New Due Date Effective January 1, 2014 |
1 | January to December | February 28 | January to December | April 15 |
2 | April to March | May 31 | January to December | April 15 |
3 | July to June | August 30 | January to December | April 15 |
4 | October to September | November 30 | January to December | April 15 |
Additional Information
For more information about business license renewals and classifications, please visit the State of Tennessee Department of Revenue's website.


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University of Houston Law Center and Arte Publico Press Sponsor Conference on Hernandez v. Texas at Fifty "Colored Men" and "Hombres Aqui": Hernández v. Texas and the Emergence of Mexican American Lawyering is now available for purchase, including discounts for multiple copy purchases: http://www.arte.uh.edu/view_book.aspx?isbn=1558854762 http://www.artepublicopress.com The University of Houston Law Center, UH's Arte Publico Press, and several Houston law firms will host an important conference on November 19, 2004, in the 50th anniversary year of Hernandez v. Texas, 347 US 475 (1954), the major case involving Mexican Americans and jury selection, published just before Brown v. Board in the 1954 Supreme Court reporter. This landmark case, the first to be tried by Mexican American lawyers before the US Supreme Court, held that Mexican Americans were a discrete group for purposes of applying Equal Protection. Although the case was about discriminatory state jury selection and trial practices, it has been cited for many other civil rights precedents in the intervening 50 years. Even so, it has not been given the prominence it deserves, in part because it lives in the shadow of the more compelling Brown case. In order to pay tribute to this important case, we have invited civil rights, social science, and criminal law scholars to present papers on Hernandez and its implications. Selected papers will be presented at the conference, to be held in Houston on November 19, 2004; these papers will be edited for eventual publication in a law review in 2005 and a subsequent Arte Publico Press volume, which will include trial materials and press coverage from the original trial. This occasion will also give participants an opportunity to pay tribute to Houston attorney James deAnda, one of the original attorneys in the Hernandez case, who later served as a federal judge in the Southern District of Texas, and who is still an active lawyer in Houston. He will be giving the keynote address at the conference dinner on Friday, November 19. Most importantly, the conference participants will include Richard Delgado (Pittsburgh), George Martinez (SMU), Ian Haney-Lopez (Boalt Hall), Kevin Johnson (UC-Davis), Laura Gomez (UCLA), Juan Perea (Florida), Steven Wilson ( Prairie View A&M ), Thomas Russell (University of Denver), Neil Foley (University of Texas), Clare Sheridan (University of California, Berkeley), Sandra Guerra Thompson (Law, University of Houston), and Amilcar Shabazz (University of Alabama). Papers will be on the case and its aftermath , and will be from a wide range of academic disciplines and take many approaches. This occasion will be the major national examination of the Hernandez case. The sponsors welcome you to join us in this important undertaking. There will be no charge for attending the conference, and students and scholars are welcome to attend without charge for any of the events. There will be a charge for attending the dinner, but all materials and refreshments will be provided by the generous sponsors and the UH Law Center. The Friday dinner reception will be hosted by Belo Corp. and KHOU-TV. Be sure to mark your 2004 calendar for November 19, in Houston. 6 hours of Texas CLE credit has been approved; the CLE number is 000073150. Click here for a copy of the Hernandez case, for the speaker topics, and for UHLC and Arte Publico Press. Click here to view the conference postcard. (pdf) Click here for the Hernandez at 50 Program. Table Sales and Reservations for Reception, Dinner (Nov. 19) (pdf) Bonus movie screening: Thursday night, Nov. 18, there will be a pre-conference movie, Paul Espinosa's prize-winning story of the first U.S. desegregation case, successfully brought by Mexican American plaintiff parents in 1930's California, THE LEMON GROVE INCIDENT. This film will be screened for conference authors and invited guests. A buffet dinner will be served at 6:30 pm. on November 18, in the UH Hilton, and the film will be presented at 7:00 p.m. Director Paul Espinosa will attend the screening. Sponsors and other links
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Revolutionary War Bounty Land Grants
Reasons for Issuing Bounty Land Grants
A land bounty is a grant of land from a government as a reward to repay citizens for the risks and hardships they endured in the service of their country, usually in a military related capacity.
In their colonial tradition, the Revolutionary governments patterned their struggle for independence from Great Britain on the principle of bounty lands. They generally offered free lands in exchange for military service, but they strategically did so on the presumption that they would be victorious in their struggle. They would not actually award the lands until the war had been concluded and the British defeated. Such a policy not only imposed no financial constraints on the war effort but also insured a degree of support for the Revolutionary cause. The Revolutionary governments were cognizant that to the victor belonged the spoils and that defeat brought no reward. Bounty lands were an effective propaganda technique for enrolling support for the war among the citizenry and preventing them from lapsing into the British fold when the tide of battle ebbed.
Those colonies with unseated lands used their advantage to enlist support for the cause with the offer of free lands. Unfortunately, some of the Original Thirteen enjoyed no such advantage. There was no bounty land policy in Delaware, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, or Vermont. Those states lacked enough vacant land to support such a policy. Bounty lands were a feature, however, in Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia. Administratively, these nine states selected reserves in their western domains for the location of bounty lands. Such a choice was seemingly quite logical. By placing veterans on the frontier, the states would be able to rely upon a military force which in turn would be able to protect the settlements from Indian incursions. These state governments also realized that they had to encourage the ex-soldiers to occupy their newly awarded bounty lands, so they granted exemptions from taxation ranging from a few years to life to those veterans who would locate on their respective bounty lands. Such a policy also had the effect of retarding the exodus of a state's population.
Since most of the Indian nations had supported the British during the Revolutionary War, the Thirteen States were cautious in approaching their former enemies. Populating the frontier with citizens skilled in defense offered the best prospect in enticing other settlers to join them. Veterans were knowledgeable in the use of firearms and in military strategy. Knowing that they would be defended if the need arose was reassuring to many settlers. The state governments also realized that the revenue derived from the sale of vacant lands in the west was badly needed. The extension of settlements on the frontier would, in time, also increase the tax rolls and contribute to the reduction of their Revolutionary War debts. In the aftermath of the war, the states with transappalachian claims ceded some of those claims to the federal government, but not until they had the assurance of being able to fulfill their bounty land commitments.
Accordingly, the issue of bounty lands has far wider geographical implications than the area encompassed by the nine state governments which instituted the practice. Besides the original states of Connecticut, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Virginia, the future states of Indiana, Kentucky, Maine, Ohio, and Tennessee were directly affected by the bounty land system. While the administrative records were, with one exception, the purview of the former nine, the bounty land reserves involved the five transappalachian states. The states of Georgia, Maryland, New York, Pennsylvania, and South Carolina either had no claims to transappalachian territory or relinquished their claims to the national government. Accordingly, their reserves for bounty lands lay within their own western borders. In the cases of Georgia and New York, these reserves were to be situated on the definition of their western borders as they existed in 1783. The bounty land reserves in those two states today would be described as being centrally located. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts allotted its bounty lands in the then District of Maine, which in 1820 achieved statehood status.
While most of the states awarded bounty lands for military service, there were two exceptions. Connecticut compensated its citizenry with lands in Ohio if their homes, outbuildings, and businesses were destroyed by the British. The Nutmeg State seemingly awarded no bounty land for military service per se. Georgia also issued lands to its civilian population who had remained loyal, or at the very least neutral, to the Revolutionary cause after the British restored royal control. There were no Revolutionary War bounty land grants within the current borders of the southern states of North Carolina and Virginia. The former issued its bounty lands in its western lands which became Tennessee. The latter selected reserves for its bounty lands in Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio before ceding its claims to the federal government.
It is important to emphasize that the Continental Congress also made use of the policy of bounty lands. The index to those claims appears in the Index to Revolutionary War Pension Applications in the National Archives (Washington, D.C.: National Genealogical Society, 1976). The federal bounty land records are included in the National Archives micropublication, Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty-Land Warrant Application Files, 1800-1900, Series M804, 2,670 rolls. Abstracts of these files appear in the four-volume work of Virgil D. White, Genealogical Abstracts of Revolutionary War Pension Files (Waynesboro, Tenn.: The National Historical Publishing Company, 1990-1992). The federal government likewise selected a reserve in the Northwest Territory where bounty land warrants could be used to locate land. The U.S. Military Tract in Ohio encompassed portions or all of the counties of Coshochton, Delaware, Franklin, Guernsey, Holmes, Knox, Licking, Marion, Morrow, Muskingum, Noble, and Tuscarawas. These records appear in the micropublications U.S. Revolutionary War Bounty-Land Warrants Used in the U.S. Military District of Ohio and Related Papers (Acts of 1788, 1803, 1806), Series M829, 16 rolls, and in Register of Army Land Warrants Issued under the Act of 1788 for Service in the Revolutionary War: Military District of Ohio, Series T1008, 1 roll. Since the federal land grants are readily accessible via these sources, they are not included in this work.
With the exception of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, the other states permitted qualified veterans and/or their dependents to receive bounty lands from both the federal and the respective state governments. Accordingly, there may be relevant bounty land files for soldiers in the Continental Line at both the federal and state levels. While New York made some adjustments, double dipping was the norm in the other states.
Following the American victory at Yorktown in 1781, the various governments sought to implement their bounty land programs. The delay in establishing a governmental agency to fulfill the bounty land pledge holds dual benefits genealogically. Firstly, it increases the likelihood of the survival of a paper trail for proving Revolutionary War participation for many individuals who may not be mentioned in any other record. Secondly, because the benefits were still being processed as late as the 1870s in some jurisdictions, there may be a wealth of information pertaining to heirs in bounty land files. Not only do the records locate the veteran in time and place him in a given locality during the Revolutionary War, they also do so for him and/or his dependents in the years following independence when internal migrations within the nation complicate the identification of specific individuals in their various removals.
The appearance of an individual or family in the west after 1783 offers considerable challenge in learning the former domicile or in establishing filiation. A master index to the bounty land grants of the relevant state governments seemed to offer expeditious access to the records holding the potential solution to such a dilemma. While access to the federal records has long since been available in a master index, and while many localities have been treated individually by others works of varying quality, the absence of an overall index has impeded effective use of these significant records.
Lloyd Dewitt Bockstruck, a native of Vandalia, Illinois, is the supervisor of the Genealogy Section of the Dallas Public Library, Dallas, Texas. He holds an A.B. cum laude from Greenville College, an M.A. from Southern Illinois University, and an M.S. from the University of Illinois.
Active in numerous hereditary organizations, he has been the Librarian General of the National Society Sons of the American Revolution and the Registrar of both the Order of Americans of Armorial Ancestry and the Order of Founders and Patriots of America. A sought-after public speaker on a number of topics, Mr. Bockstruck is widely recognized as one of our leading authorities on the genealogical sources of the American Revolution. In 1983 the National Genealogical Society recognized him with its Award of Merit and in 1989 the Daughters of the American Revolution gave him the History Award. His other publications include Virginia's Colonial Soldiers and Revolutionary War Bounty Land Grants.


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Priests for Life and Gospel of Life Ministries joined today in a Twitterstorm on women's health and abortion in developing countries.
Father Frank Pavone, National Director of Priests for Life, is sending out Tweets from his account, @frfrankpavone, as are members of the Pastoral Team, including Youth Outreach Director Bryan Kemper, @bryankemper, and Dr. Alveda King, Director of African-American Outreach, @alvedaking. Janet Morana, executive director, is sending Tweets from @recallabortion and @regretabortion.
Through her work at the United Nations as PFL's Special Representative, Marie Smith, director of the Parliamentary Network for Critical Issues, part of Gospel of Life Ministries, learned that today, #May28, a coalition of pro-abortion groups would take to Twitter to promote abortion as "essential healthcare for women" and for its inclusion in the next set of goals being created at the United Nations.
Smith brought the event to Kemper's attention last week. Since then, he and Andy Moore, director of online communications for Americans United for Life, have been publicizing the event across the social media universe.
"Pro-life Tweeters gave a major push back to the global promotion of abortion as part of women's health as pro-abortion activists marked May 28 as the International Day of Action for Women's Health," Smith said. "May 28 was supposed to be a day when a cacophony of pro-abortion organizations and radical feminist groups came together to advance global access to abortion, but their plans was interrupted."
Kemper commented: "Once again the pro-life generation has risen up and taken over the Twittersphere as we have dominated #womenshealth by as much as 15 to 1 during the pro-abort Tweetfest. The youth are always called the leaders of the future but they are showing they are the leaders of today by flooding Twitter with the truth that abortion is not #womenshealth. Stand True, the youth outreach of Priests for Life is dedicated to educating, activating and equipping this generation and we are excited to see today's successful takeover of the pro-abortion Tweetfest."
"We really can't underestimate the value of this kind of social engagement," said Father Pavone. "We are directly reaching people all over the globe with important, informative messages about how abortion is not healthcare in any circumstance."


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Abbotsford hockey players caused more than $200,000 in damage to the Mountain Retreat Hotel & Suites in Squamish when they kicked or pushed an ice machine and ruptured a water line, according to a lawsuit from the hotel's owner.
Coastal Hospitality is suing the Abbotsford Minor Hockey Association (AMHA), coach James Young and 60 unidentified players and parents for the alleged Feb. 6, 2016 incident. The company filed a notice of civil claim in B.C. Supreme court on Jan. 9, nearly two years after the hockey team stayed at its hotel during a local tournament.
The court documents don't specify the ages of the players but there was an Atom (ages 10 and younger) A3 Family Day tournament scheduled in Squamish at the same time of the Abbotsford team's visit.
Coastal says the players were unsupervised when one or more of them damaged the ice machine and, in turn, ruptured the water line, which leaked water into the hallway and down elevator shafts. The water damaged the structure and contents of the hotel, its elevators and cost the hotel lost business, Coastal claims.
All told, the hospitality company says the rupture cost it more than $200,000.
Coastal says the players, coach and parents all failed in the "duty of care" they owed the hotel. It says the parents and coach should have been supervising the players or had supervision arranged and they failed to report the ruptured line "promptly."
Coastal is seeking general damages, special damages, costs and "such other relief this honourable court deems appropriate."
Coastal has had ongoing discussions with AMHA's liability insurers over the last two years, according to Greg Tucker, one of the company's lawyers. He said the matter was not going to be solved within the two-year limit for litigation and the lawsuit was therefore necessary.
"No one wants to sue unless they have to. Resolution is always preferable," Tucker wrote in an email.
He said that whether the hotel's insurance covered the damages, and to what extent, is irrelevant to the claim.
"There is a legal principle known as subrogation under which, where a claim is covered by property insurance, the insurer, subject to certain exceptions, steps into the shoes of the insured with respect to any rights of recovery that the insured has," Tucker wrote.
The claims have not been proven in court. Representatives from AMHA have not responded to phone calls and emails.
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Zara Realty has acquired a five-building portfolio of apartment buildings in Queens for $39 million from the large residential real estate owner Urban American.
Ken Subraj, an executive and principal at Zara, confirmed the deal and said that his company was drawn to the buildings because they are both similar and closely located to the company's existing holdings.
"Two of the building are side by side and the other is a good golf shot away from another one of our buildings," Mr. Subraj said, explaining that he often visits the company's properties, especially new buildings that it plans to upgrade, and that the firm prefers to keep its holdings in close proximity.
Mr. Subraj, who operates Zara with his brothers Jay and George, the founder and president of the firm, said the acquisition, which totals about 350 units, would bring the company's holding to about 2,400 units, a residential empire the brothers have built over three decades in eastern Queens neighborhoods like Jamaica and Hollis.
The buildings are located at 191-11 Woodhull Avenue and 91-59 191st Street in Hollis and 148-48 88th Avenue, 88-09 148th Street and 88-25 148th Street in Jamaica. A team from the real estate brokerage company Massey Knakal, led by the firm's chairman Bob Knakal and Brian Sarath, a director of sales who specializes in Queens, handled the deal for Urban American. Mr. Knakal couldn't be reached for comment.
Mr. Subraj said the purchase price equated to a roughly 6 percent return, a going rate of return for property investments in the city. The company he said would invest about $2 million into the portfolio to make various improvements he said, such as renovate lobby space and vacant apartments as they come available. He said that the firm did the investment was done with a long term strategy in mind because it will take years to do all the renovations, due to the natural turnover rate of the apartments and because basic infrastructure in the buildings such as boilers, elevators, roofing and facades, were all in good condition and did not yet need replacement.
"There's really very little to do going forward," Mr. Subraj said. "These capital improvements, they are going to take a minimum of 15 to 25 years to do. You do a boiler every 25 years. We really looked at this an opportunity for the future."
Mr. Subraj said that his brother George came to the U.S. in the early 1970s from the brothers' home country of Guyana.
"George started here working in an appliance store and when he was looking for an apartment to rent, he realized how hard it was to get a clean, comfortable," Mr. Subraj said. "He said I can do this business myself so he started as a residential broker selling homes."
Mr. Subraj and his brother Jay eventually joined George in the business and they began buying apartment buildings.
"In those days, you could put down half a million dollars for a 50-unit building," Mr. Subraj said. "In those days, a building sold for three times the rent roll. Today it's like 10 or 11 times the rent roll. Its not that easy to make a profit."
Mr. Subraj said that rents ranged in the new portfolio from about $950 for a studio to $1600 for a two bedroom.


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Mr. GOVr. MORRIS moved to add to the clause empowering the Legislature to vary the Representation according to the principles of wealth & number 1 of inhabts. a "proviso that taxation shall be in proportion to Representation."
Mr. BUTLER contended again that Representation Sd.. be according to the full number of inhabts. including all the blacks; admitting the justice of Mr. Govr. Morris's motion.
Mr. MASON also admitted the justice of the principle, but was afraid embarrassments might be occasioned to the Legislature by it. It might drive the Legislature to the plan of Requisitions.
Mr. GOVr. MORRIS, admitted that some objections lay agst. his motion, but supposed they would be removed by restraining the rule to direct taxation. With regard to indirect taxes on exports & imports & on consumption, the rule would be inapplicable. Notwithstanding what had been said to the contrary he was persuaded that the imports & consumption were pretty nearly equal throughout the Union.
General PINKNEY liked the idea. He thought it so just that it could not be objected to. But foresaw that if the revision of the census was left to the discretion of the Legislature, it would never be carried into execution. The rule must be fixed, and the execution of it enforced by the Constitution. He was alarmed at what was said yesterday, *2 concerning the negroes. He was now again alarmed at what had been thrown out concerning the taxing of exports. S. Carola. has in one year exported to the amount of £600,000 Sterling all which was the fruit of the labor of her blacks. Will she be represented in proportion to this amount? She will not. Neither ought she then to be subject to a tax on it. He hoped a clause would be inserted in the system, restraining the Legislature from a 3 taxing Exports.
Mr. WILSON approved the principle, but could not see how it could be carried into execution; unless restrained to direct taxation.
Mr. GOVr. MORRIS having so varied his Motion by inserting the word "direct." It passd. nem. con. as follows "provided the always that direct taxation ought to be proportioned to representation."
Mr. DAVIE, said it was high time now to speak out. He saw that it was meant by some gentlemen to deprive the Southern States of any share of Representation for their blacks. He was sure that N. Carola. would never confederate on any terms that did not rate them at least as 3/5 . If the Eastern States meant therefore to exclude them altogether the business was at an end.
Dr. JOHNSON, thought that wealth and population were the true, equitable rule 4 of representation; but he conceived that these two principles resolved themselves into one; population being the best measure of wealth. He concluded therefore that ye. number of people ought to be established as the rule, and that all descriptions including blacks equally with the whites, ought to fall within the computation. As various opinions had been expressed on the subject, he would move that a Committee might be appointed to take them into consideration and report thereon.
Mr. GOVr. MORRIS. It has 5 been said that it is high time to speak out, as one member, he would candidly do so. He came here to form a compact for the good of America. He was ready to do so with all the States. He hoped & believed that all would enter into such a Compact. If they would not he was ready to join with any States that would. But as the Compact was to be voluntary, it is in vain for the Eastern States to insist on what the Southn. States will never agree to. It is equally vain for the latter to require what the other States can never admit; and he verily believed the people of Pena. will never agree to a representation of Negroes. What can be desired by these States more than has been already proposed; that the Legislature shall from time to time regulate Representation according to population & wealth.
Genl. PINKNEY desired that the rule of wealth should be ascertained and not left to the pleasure of the Legislature; and that property in slaves should not be exposed to danger under a Govr. instituted for the protection of property.
The first clause in the Report of the first Grand Committee was postponed.
Mr. ELSEWORTH. In order to carry into effect the principle established, moved to add to the last clause adopted by the House the words following "and that the rule of contribution by direct taxation for the support of the Government of the U. States shall be the number of white inhabitants, and three fifths of every other description in the several States, until some other rule that shall more accurately ascertain the wealth of the several States can be devised and adopted by the Legislature."
Mr. BUTLER seconded the motion in order that it might be committed.
Mr. RANDOLPH was not satisfied with the motion. The danger will be revived that the ingenuity of the Legislature may evade or pervert the rule so as to perpetuate the power where it shall be lodged in the first instance. He proposed in lieu of Mr. Elseworth's motion, "that in order to ascertain the alterations in Representation that may be required from time to time by changes in the relative circumstances of the States, a census shall be taken within two years from the 1st. meeting of the Genl. Legislature of the U.S., and once within the term of every year afterwards, of all the inhabitants in the manner & according to the ratio recommended by Congress in their resolution of the 18th day of Apl. 1783; [rating the blacks at 3/5 of their number] and, that the Legislature of the U.S. shall arrange the Representation accordingly." He urged strenuously that express security ought to be provided for including slaves in the ratio of Representation. He lamented that such a species of property existed. But as it did exist the holders of it would require this security. It was perceived that the design was entertained by some of excluding slaves altogether; the Legislature therefore ought not to be left at liberty.
Mr. ELSEWORTH withdraws his motion & seconds that of Mr. Randolph.
Mr. WILSON observed that less umbrage would perhaps be taken agst. an admission of the slaves into the Rule of representation, if it should be so expressed as to make them indirectly only an ingredient in the rule, by saying that they should enter into the rule of taxation: and as representation was to be according to taxation, the end would be equally attained. He accordingly moved & was 2ded. so to alter the last clause adopted by the House, that together with the amendment proposed the whole should read as follows provided always that the representation ought to be proportioned according to direct taxation, and in order to ascertain the alterations in the direct taxation which may be required from time to time by the changes in the relative circumstances of the States. Resolved that a census be taken within two years from the first meeting of the Legislature of the U. States, and once within the term of every years afterwards of all the inhabitants of the U.S. in the manner and according to the ratio recommended by Congress in their Resolution of April 18. 6 1783; and that the Legislature of the U. S. shall proportion the direct taxation accordingly."
Mr. KING. Altho' this amendment varies the aspect somewhat, he had still two powerful objections agst. tying down the Legislature to the rule of numbers. 1. 7 they were at this time an uncertain index of the relative wealth of the States. 2. 7 if they were a just index at this time it can not be supposed always to continue so. He was far from wishing to retain any unjust advantage whatever in one part of the Republic. If justice was not the basis of the connection it could not be of long duration. He must be shortsighted indeed who does not foresee that whenever the Southern States shall be more numerous than the Northern, they can & will hold a language that will awe them into justice. If they threaten to separate now in case injury shall be done them, will their threats be less urgent or effectual, when force shall back their demands. Even in the intervening period, there will 8 no point of time at which they will not be able to say, do us justice or we will separate. He urged the necessity of placing confidence to a certain degree in every Govt. and did not conceive that the proposed confidence as to a periodical readjustment, of the representation exceeded that degree.
Mr. PINKNEY moved to amend Mr. Randolph's motion so as to make "blacks equal to the whites in the ratio of representation." This he urged was nothing more than justice. The blacks are the labourers, the peasants of the Southern States: they are as productive of pecuniary resources as those of the Northern States. They add equally to the wealth, and considering money as the sinew of war, to the strength of the nation. It will also be politic with regard to the Northern States, as taxation is to keep pace with Representation.
Genl. PINKNEY moves to insert 6 years instead of two, as the period computing from 9 1st. meeting of ye. Legis within which the first census should be taken. On this question for inserting six 10 instead of "two" in the proposition of Mr. Wilson, it passed in the affirmative
Masts. no. Ct. ay. N. J. ay. Pa. ay. Del. Divd. Mayd. ay. Va. no. N.C. no. S.C. ay. Geo. no. 11
On a 12 question for filling the blank for ye. periodical census with 20 years, it it passed in the negative.
Masts. no. Ct.ay. N.J.ay. P.ay. Del.no. Md.no. Va.no. N.C.no. S.C.no. Geo.no. 13
On a 12 question for 10 years, it passed in the affirmative.
Mas. ay. Cont.no. N.J.no. P.ay. Del.ay. Md.ay. Va. ay. N.C.ay. S.C.ay. Geo.ay. 14
On Mr. Pinkney's motion for rating blacks as equal to Whites instead of as 3/5
Mas.no. Cont.no. [Dr Johnson ay] N.J.no. Pa.no. [3 agst. 2.] Del.no. Md.no. Va.no. N.C.no. S.C.ay. Geo ay. 15
Mr. RANDOLPH's proposition as varied by Mr. Wilson being read for 16 question on the whole.
Mr. GERRY, urged that the principle of it could not be carried into execution as the States were not to be taxed as States. With regard to taxes in 17 imports, he conceived they would be more productive. Where there were no slaves than where there were; the consumption being greater
Mr. ELSEWORTH. In case of a poll tax there wd. be no difficulty. But there wd. probably be none. The sum allotted to a State may be levied without difficulty according to the plan used by the State in raising its own supplies. On the question on ye. whole proposition; as proportioning representation to direct taxation & both to the white & 3/5 of 18 black inhabitants, & requiring a Census within six years & within every ten years afterwards.
Mas.divd. Cont.ay. N.J.no. Pa.ay. Del.no. Md.ay. Va.ay. N.C.ay. S.C.divd. Geo.ay. 19, 20
1. The transcript uses the word "number" in the plural.
*2. By Mr. Govr. Morris.
3. The word "a" is omitted in the transcript.
4. The transcript uses the word "rule" in the plural.
5. The word "had" is substituted in the transcript for "has."
6. The date "April 18" is changed to "the eighteenth day of April" in the transcript.
7. The figures "1" and "2" are changed to "first" and "secondly" in the transcript.
8. The word "be" is here inserted in the transcript.
9. The word "the" is here inserted in the transcript.
10. The word "years" is here inserted in the transcript.
11. In the transcript the vote reads: "Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, South Carolina, aye 5; Massachusetts, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, no 4; Delaware, divided."
12. The word "the" is substituted in the transcript for "a".
13. In the transcript the vote reads: "Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, aye 3; Massachusetts, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, no 7."
14. In the transcript the vote reads: "Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, aye 8; Connecticut, New Jersey, no 2."
15. In the transcript the vote reads: "South Carolina, Georgia, aye 2; Massachusetts, Connecticut, [Doctor Johnson, aye], New Jersey, Pennsylvania, [3 against 2] Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, no 8."
16. The words "taking the" are here inserted in the transcript.
17. The word "on" is substituted in the transcript for "in."
18. The word "the" is here inserted in the transcript.
19. In the transcript the vote reads: "Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, aye 6; New Jersey, Delaware, no 2; Massachusetts, South Carolina, divided."
20. The word "Adjourned" is here inserted in the transcript.
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