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Israel tel aviv jaffa haifa land of creation 4k
Jaffa or Yafo (Hebrew: יפו, Yāfō ; Arabic: يَافَا, also called Japho or Joppa), is the southern and oldest part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, an ancient port city in Israel. Jaffa is famous for its association with the biblical stories of Jonah, Solomon and Saint Peter as well as the mythological story of Andromeda and Perseus.
- Israel tel aviv jaffa haifa land of creation 4k
- Map of Jaffa Tel Aviv Yafo Israel
- Etymology
- Early antiquity
- Bronze Age
- Iron Age
- Hellenistic to Byzantine periods
- Medieval period
- Ottoman period
- British Mandate
- Boundary demarcation of Tel Aviv Jaffa
- Urban development
- Economy
- Demography
- Socioeconomic and political problems
- Sights and museums
- Churches and monasteries
- Mosques
- Archaeology
- Education
- Transportation
- Notable residents
- References
Map of Jaffa, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
The town was mentioned in Egyptian sources and the Amarna letters as Yapu. Mythology says that it is named for Japheth, one of the sons of Noah, the one who built it after the Flood. The Hellenist tradition links the name to Iopeia, or Cassiopeia, mother of Andromeda. An outcropping of rocks near the harbor is reputed to have been the place where Andromeda was rescued by Perseus. Pliny the Elder associated the name with Iopa, daughter of Aeolus, god of the wind. The Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi referred to it as Yaffa.
Early antiquity
The tell of Jaffa rises to a height of 40 metres (130 ft), with a broad view of the coastline, giving it a strategic importance in military history. The accumulation of debris and landfill over the centuries made the hill even higher. Archaeological evidence shows that Jaffa was inhabited roughly 7500 BCE.
Bronze Age
The natural harbour of Jaffa has been in use since the Bronze Age.
Jaffa is mentioned in an Ancient Egyptian letter from 1440 BCE, glorifying its conquest by Pharaoh Thutmose III, whose general, Djehuty hid armed Egyptian warriors in large baskets and sent the baskets as a present to the Canaanite city's governor.
The city is also mentioned in the Amarna letters under its Egyptian name Ya-Pho, ( Ya-Pu, EA 296, l.33). The city was under Egyptian rule until around 800 BCE.
Iron Age
Jaffa is mentioned four times in the Hebrew Bible, as a city opposite the territory given to the Hebrew Tribe of Dan (Book of Joshua 19:46), as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for Solomon's Temple (2 Chronicles 2:16), as the place whence the prophet Jonah embarked for Tarshish (Book of Jonah 1:3) and again as port-of-entry for the cedars of Lebanon for the Second Temple of Jerusalem (Book of Ezra 3:7). Jaffa is mentioned in the Book of Joshua as the territorial border of the Tribe of Dan, hence the modern term "Gush Dan" for the center of the coastal plain. The tribe of Dan did not manage to dislocate the Philistines from Jaffa, but many descendants of Dan lived along the coast and earned their living from shipmaking and sailing. In the "Song of Deborah" the prophetess asks: "דן למה יגור אוניות": "Why doth Dan dwell in ships?"
After Canaanite and Philistine dominion, King David and his son King Solomon conquered Jaffa and used its port to bring the cedars used in the construction of the First Temple from Tyre.
The city remained in Israelite hands even after the split of the united Kingdom of Israel. In 701 BCE, in the days of King Hezekiah (חזקיהו), Sennacherib, king of Assyria, invaded the region from Jaffa. After a period of Babylonian occupation, under Persian rule, Jaffa was governed by Phoenicians from Tyre.
Hellenistic to Byzantine periods
Alexander the Great's troops were stationed in Jaffa. It later became a port of the Seleucid Empire until it was taken over by the Maccabees (1 Maccabees x.76, xiv.5) and ruled by the Hasmonean dynasty.
During the First Jewish–Roman War, Jaffa was captured and burned by Cestius Gallus. The Roman Jewish historian Josephus (Jewish War 2.507–509, 3:414–426) writes that 8,400 inhabitants were massacred. Pirates operating from the rebuilt port incurred the wrath of Vespasian, who razed the city and erected a citadel in its place, installing a Roman garrison there.
The New Testament account of Saint Peter bringing back to life the widow Dorcas (recorded in Acts of the Apostles, 9:36–42, takes place in Jaffa, then called in Greek Ἰόππη (Latinized as Joppa). Acts 10:10–23 relates that, while Peter was in Jaffa, he had a vision of a large sheet filled with "clean" and "unclean" animals being lowered from heaven, together with a message from the Holy Spirit telling him to accompany several messengers to Cornelius in Caesarea Maritima. Peter retells the story of his vision in Acts 11:4-17, explaining how he had come to preach Christianity to the gentiles.
In Midrash Tanna'im in its chapter Deuteronomy 33:19, reference is made to Jose ben Halafta (2nd century) traveling through Jaffa. Jaffa seems to have attracted serious Jewish scholars in the 4th and 5th century. The Jerusalem Talmud (compiled 4th and 5th century) in Moed Ketan references Rav Acha of Jaffa; and in Pesachim chapter 1 refers to Rav Phineas of Jaffa. The Babylonian Talmud (compiled 5th century) in Megillah 16b mentions Rav Adda Demin of Jaffa. Leviticus Rabbah (compiled between 5th and 7th century) mentions Rav Nachman of Jaffa. The Pesikta Rabbati (written in the 9th century) in chapter 17 mentions R. Tanchum of Jaffa.
During the first centuries of Christianity, Jaffa was a fairly unimportant Roman and Byzantine locality, which only in the 5th century became a bishopric. A very small number of its Greek or Latin bishops are known.
Medieval period
In 636 Jaffa was conquered by Arabs. Under Islamic rule, it served as a port of Ramla, then the provincial capital. Jaffa was captured in June 1099 during the First Crusade, and was the centre of the County of Jaffa and Ascalon, one of the vassals of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. One of its counts, John of Ibelin, wrote the principal book of the Assizes of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. During the period of the Crusades, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela (1170) sojourned at Jaffa, and found there just one Jew, a dyer by trade.
Saladin conquered Jaffa in 1187. The city surrendered to King Richard the Lionheart on 10 September 1191, three days after the Battle of Arsuf. Despite efforts by Saladin to reoccupy the city in July 1192 (Battle of Jaffa) the city remained in the hands of the Crusaders. On 2 September 1192, the Treaty of Jaffa was formally signed, guaranteeing a three-year truce between the two armies. Frederick II fortified the castle of Jaffa and had two inscriptions carved into city wall, one Latin and the other Arabic. The inscription, deciphered in 2011, describes him as the "Holy Roman Emperor" and bears the date "1229 of the Incarnation of our Lord Jesus the Messiah." In 1268, Jaffa was conquered by Egyptian Mamluks, led by Baibars.
In the 14th century, the city was completely destroyed for fear of new crusades. According to the traveller Cotwyk, Jaffa was a heap of ruins at the end of the 16th century.
Ottoman period
In 1515, Jaffa was conquered by the Ottoman sultan Selim I. The 17th century saw the beginning of the re-establishment of churches and hostels for Christian pilgrims en route to Jerusalem and the Galilee. During the 18th century, the coastline around Jaffa was often besieged by pirates and this led to the inhabitants relocating to Ramla and Lod, where they relied on messages from a solitary guard house to inform them when ships were approaching the harbour. The landing of goods and passengers was notoriously difficult and dangerous. Until well into the 20th century, ships had to rely on teams of oarsmen to bring their cargo ashore.
On 7 March 1799 Napoleon captured the town in what became known as the Siege of Jaffa, ransacked it, and killed scores of local inhabitants as a reaction to his envoys being brutally killed when delivering an ultimatum of surrender. Napoleon ordered the massacre of thousands of Muslim soldiers who were imprisoned having surrendered to the French. Napoleon's deputy commissioner of war Moit described it thus:
On 10 March 1799 in the afternoon, the prisoners of Jaffa were marched off in the midst of a vast square phalanx formed by the troops of General Bon... The Turks, walking along in total disorder, had already guessed their fate and appeared not even to shed any tears... When they finally arrived in the sand dunes to the south-west of Jaffa, they were ordered to halt beside a pool of yellowish water. The officer commanding the troops then divided the mass of prisoners into small groups, who were led off to several different points and shot... Finally, of all the prisoners there only remained those who were beside the pool of water. Our soldiers had used up their cartridges, so there was nothing to be done but to dispatch them with bayonets and knives. ... The result ... was a terrible pyramid of dead and dying bodies dripping blood and the bodies of those already dead had to be pulled away so as to finish off those unfortunate beings who, concealed under this awful and terrible wall of bodies, had not yet been struck down.
Many more died in an epidemic of bubonic plague that broke out soon afterwards. The governor who was appointed after these devastating events, Muhammad Abu-Nabbut, commenced wide-ranging building and restoration work in Jaffa, including the Mahmoudiya Mosque and Sabil Abu Nabbut. During the 1834 Peasants' revolt in Palestine, Jaffa was besieged for forty days by "mountaineers" in revolt against Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt.
Residential life in the city was reestablished in the early 19th century. In 1820, Isaiah Ajiman of Istanbul built a synagogue and hostel for the accommodation of Jews on their way to the holy cities of Jerusalem, Hebron, Tiberias and Safed. This area became known as Dar al-Yehud (Arabic for "the house of the Jews"); and was the basis of the Jewish community in Jaffa. The appointment of Mahmud Aja as Ottoman governor marked the beginning of a period of stability and growth for the city, interrupted by the 1832 conquest of the city by Muhammad Ali of Egypt.
By 1839, at least 153 Sephardi Jews were living in Jaffa. The community was served for fifty years by Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi of Dubrovnik. In the early 1850s, HaLevi leased an orchard to Clorinda S. Minor, founder of a Christian messianic community that established Mount Hope, a farming initiative to encourage local Jews to learn manual trades, which the Messianics did in order to pave wave for the Second Coming of Jesus. In 1855, the British Jewish philanthropist Moses Montefiore bought the orchard from HaLevi, although Minor continued to manage it.
American missionary Ellen Clare Miller, visiting Jaffa in 1867, reported that the town had a population of "about 5000, 1000 of these being Christians, 800 Jews and the rest Moslems".
By the beginning of the 20th century, the population of Jaffa had swelled considerably. A group of Jews left Jaffa for the sand dunes to the north, where in 1909 they held a lottery to divide the lots acquired earlier. The settlement was known at first as Ahuzat Bayit (Hebrew: אחוזת בית), but an assembly of its residents changed its name to Tel Aviv on 21 May 1910. Other Jewish suburbs to Jaffa were founded at about the same time. In 1904, rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook (1864–1935) moved to Palestine and took up the position of Chief Rabbi of Jaffa. In 1917, the Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation resulted in the Ottomans expelling the entire civilian population. While Muslim evacuees were allowed to return before long, the Jewish evacuees remained in camps (and some in Egypt) until after the British conquest.
During the course of their campaign through Palestine and the Sinai against the Ottomans, the British took Jaffa in November 1917 although it remained under observation and fire from the Ottomans. The battle of Jaffa in late December 1917 pushed back the Ottoman forces securing Jaffa and the line of communication between it and Jerusalem (which had been taken on December 11 in the Battle of Jerusalem).
British Mandate
During the British Mandate, tension between the Jewish and Arab population increased. A wave of Arab attacks during 1920 and 1921 caused many Jewish residents to flee and resettle in Tel Aviv, initially a desolate and marginal Jewish neighborhood north of Jaffa. The Jaffa riots in 1921, (known in Hebrew as Meoraot Tarpa) began with a May Day parade that turned violent. Arab rioters attacked Jewish residents and buildings killing 47 Jews and wounding 146 Jews. The Hebrew author Yosef Haim Brenner was killed in the riots. At the end of 1922, Jaffa had 47,799 residents and Tel Aviv, 15,000. By 1927, the population of Tel Aviv was up to 38,000.
Still, during most of the 1920s Jaffa and Tel Aviv maintained peaceful co-existence. Most Jewish businesses were located in Jaffa, some Jewish neighbourhoods paid taxes to the municipality of Jaffa, many young Jews who could not afford the housing costs of Tel Aviv resided there, and the big neighbourhood of Menashiya was by and large fully mixed. The first electric company in Palestine, although owned by Jewish shareholders, had been named the Jaffa Electric Company. In 1923, both Jaffa and Tel Aviv had begun a rapid process of wired electrification through a joint grid
The 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine inflicted great economic and infrastructural damage on Jaffa. It began on 19 April 1936 with a riot remembered as "the Bloody Day in Jaffa", which ended with 9 Jews killed and "scores" injured. The Arab leadership declared a general strike which began in the Jaffa Port, a place that which had already become a symbol of Arab resistance. Military reinforcements were brought in from Malta and Egypt to subdue the rioting which spread throughout the country. The Old City, with its maze of homes, winding alleyways and underground sewer system, provided an ideal escape route for the rioters fleeing the British army.
In May, municipal services were cut off, the old city was barricaded, and access roads were covered with glass shards and nails. In June, British bombers dropped boxes of leaflets in Arabic requesting the inhabitants to evacuate that same day. On the evening of 17 June 1936, 1500 British soldiers entered Jaffa and a British warship sealed off escape routes by sea. The British Royal Engineers blew up homes from east to west, leaving an open strip that cut through the heart of the city from end to end. On 29 June, security forces implemented another stage of the plan, carving a swath from north to south. The mandatory authorities claimed the operation was part of a "facelift" of the old city.
In 1945, Jaffa had a population of 101,580, of whom 53,930 were Muslims, 30,820 were Jews and 16,800 were Christians. The Christians were mostly Greek Orthodox and about one-sixth of them were members of the Eastern Catholic Churches. One of the most prominent members of the Arab Christian community was the Greek Orthodox Issa El-Issa, publisher of the newspaper Falastin.
In 1947, the UN Special Commission on Palestine recommended that Jaffa be included in the planned Jewish state. Due to the large Arab majority, however, it was instead designated as part of the Arab state in the 1947 United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine.
Following the inter-communal violence which broke out following the passing of the UN partition resolution the mayors of Jaffa and Tel Aviv tried to calm their communities. One of the main concerns for the people of Jaffa was the protection of the citrus fruit export trade which had still not reached its pre-Second World War highs. Eventually the bilateral orange-picking and exporting of both sides continued although without a formal agreement.
At the beginning of 1948 Jaffa's defenders consisted of one company of around 400 men organised by the Muslim Brotherhood. As in Haifa, the irregulars intimidated the local population.
On 4 January 1948 the Lehi detonated a truck bomb outside the 3-storey 'Serrani', Jaffa's Ottoman built Town Hall, killing 26 and injuring hundreds. The driver was reported to be wearing the uniform of the Royal Irish Fusiliers.
In February Jaffa's Mayor, Yussuf Haykal, contacted David Ben-Gurion through a British intermediary trying to secure a peace agreement with Tel Aviv. But the commander of the Arab militia in Jaffa opposed it.
On 25 April 1948, the Irgun launched an offensive on Jaffa. This began with a mortar bombardment which went on for three days during which twenty tons of high explosive were fired into the town. On 27 April the British Government, fearing a repetition of the mass exodus from Haifa the week before, ordered the British Army to confront the Irgun and their offensive ended. Simultaneously the Haganah had launched Operation Hametz, which overran the villages east of Jaffa and cut the town off from the interior.
The population of Jaffa on the eve of the attack was between 50,000 and 60,000, with some 20,000 people having already left the town. By 30 April, there were 15,000–25,000 remaining. In the following days a further 10,000–20,000 people fled by sea. When the Haganah took control of the town on 14 May around 4,000 people were left. The town and harbour's warehouses were extensively looted.
The city surrendered to the Haganah on 14 May 1948 and shortly after the British police and army left the city. The 3,800 Arabs who remained in Jaffa after the exodus were concentrated in the Ajami district and subject to strict martial law.
Boundary demarcation of Tel Aviv-Jaffa
The boundaries of Tel Aviv and Jaffa became a matter of contention between the Tel Aviv municipality and the Israeli government during 1948. The former wished to incorporate only the northern Jewish suburbs of Jaffa, while the latter wanted a more complete unification. The issue also had international sensitivity, since the main part of Jaffa was in the Arab portion of the United Nations Partition Plan, whereas Tel Aviv was not, and no armistice agreements had yet been signed. On 10 December 1948, the government announced the annexation to Tel Aviv of Jaffa's Jewish suburbs, the Arab neighborhood of Abu Kabir, the Arab village of Salama and some of its agricultural land, and the working class Jewish area of Hatikva. On 25 February 1949, the depopulated Arab village of Sheikh Muanis was also annexed to Tel Aviv. On 18 May 1949, the Arab neighborhood of Manshiya and part of Jaffa's central zone were added, for the first time including land that had been in the Arab portion of the UN partition plan. The government decided on a permanent unification of Tel Aviv and Jaffa on 4 October 1949, but the actual unification was delayed until 24 April 1950 due to concerted opposition from Tel Aviv's mayor Israel Rokach. The name of the unified city was Tel Aviv until 19 August 1950, when it was renamed as Tel Aviv-Yafo in order to preserve the historical name Jaffa.
Urban development
From the 1990s onwards, efforts have been made to restore Arab and Islamic landmarks, such as the Mosque of the Sea and Hassan Bek Mosque, and document the history of Jaffa's Arab population. Parts of the Old City have been renovated, turning Jaffa into a tourist attraction featuring old restored buildings, art galleries, theaters, souvenir shops, restaurants, sidewalk cafes and promenades. Many artists have moved their studios from Tel Aviv to the Old City and its surroundings, such as the Jaffa port, the American–Germany Colony and the flea market. Beyond the Old City and tourist sites, many neighborhoods of Jaffa are poor and underdeveloped. However, real-estate prices have risen sharply due to gentrification projects in al-Ajami, Noga, and Lev Yafo. The municipality of Tel Aviv-Jaffa is currently working to beautify and modernize the port area.
In the 19th century, Jaffa was best known for its soap industry. Modern industry emerged in the late 1880s. The most successful enterprises were metalworking factories, among them the machine shop run by the Templers that employed over 100 workers in 1910. Other factories produced orange-crates, barrels, corks, noodles, ice, seltzer, candy, soap, olive oil, leather, alkali, wine, cosmetics and ink. Most of the newspapers and books printed in Palestine were published in Jaffa.
In 1859, a Jewish visitor, L.A. Frankl, found sixty-five Jewish families living in Jaffa, 'about 400 soul in all.' Of these four were shoemakers, three tailors, one silversmith and one watchmaker. There were also merchants and shopkeepers and 'many live by manual labour, porters, sailors, messengers, etc.'
Until the mid-19th century, Jaffa's orange groves were mainly owned by Arabs, who employed traditional methods of farming. The pioneers of modern agriculture in Jaffa were American settlers, who brought in farm machinery in the 1850s and 1860s, followed by the Templers and the Jews. From the 1880s, real estate became an important branch of the economy. A 'biarah' (a watered garden) cost 100,000 piastres and annually produced 15,000, of which the farming costs were 5,000: 'A very fair percentage return on the investment.' Water for the gardens was easily accessible with wells between ten and forty feet deep. Jaffa's citrus industry began to flourish in the last quarter of the 19th century. E.C. Miller records that 'about ten million' oranges were being exported annually, and that the town was surrounded by 'three or four hundred orange gardens, each containing upwards of one thousand trees'. Shamuti oranges were the major crop, but citrons, lemons and mandarin oranges were also grown. Jaffa had a reputation for producing the best pomegranates.
According to a census conducted in 1922 by the British Mandate authorities, Jaffa had a population of 47,799, consisting of 20,699 Muslims, 20,152 Jews and 6850 Christians., increasing to 51,866 in the 1931 census, residing in 11,304 houses.
Modern Jaffa has a heterogeneous population of Jews, Christians, and Muslims. Jaffa currently has 46,000 residents, of whom 30,000 are Jews and 16,000 are Arabs. The 2010 film Port of Memory explores these themes. Tabeetha School in Jaffa was founded in 1863. It is owned by the Church of Scotland. The school provides education in English to children from Christian, Jewish and Muslim backgrounds.
Socioeconomic and political problems
Jaffa suffers from drug problems, high crime rates and violence. Some Arab residents have alleged that the Israeli authorities are attempting to Judaize Jaffa by evicting Arab residents from houses owned by the Amidar government-operated public housing company. Amidar representatives say the residents are illegal squatters. The 2010 film Port of Memory explores these themes.
Sights and museums
The Clock Square with its distinctive clocktower was built in 1906 in honor of Sultan Abdul Hamid II. The Saraya (governor's palace) was built in the 1890s. Andromeda rock is the rock to which beautiful Andromeda was chained in Greek mythology. The Zodiac alleys are a maze of restored alleys leading to the harbor. Jaffa Hill is a center for archaeological finds, including restored Egyptian gates, about 3,500 years old. Jaffa Lighthouse is an inactive lighthouse located in the old port.
The Jaffa Museum of Antiquities is located in an 18th-century Ottoman building constructed on the remains of a Crusader fortress. In 1811, Abu Nabout turned it into his seat of government. In the late 19th century, the governmental moved to the "New Saraya," and the building was sold to a wealthy Greek-Orthodox family who established a soap factory there. Since 1961, it has housed an archaeological museum, which is currently closed to the general public.
The Libyan Synagogue (Beit Zunana) was a synagogue built by a Jewish landlord, Zunana, in the 18th century. It was turned into a hotel and then a soap factory, and reopened as a synagogue for Libyan Jewish immigrants after 1948. In 1995, it became a museum.
Other museums and galleries in the area include the Farkash Gallery collection.
Churches and monasteries
The Greek Orthodox Monastery of Archangel Michael (Patriarchate of Jerusalem) near Jaffa Port also has Romanian and Russian communities in its compound. Built in 1894, the Church of St. Peter and St. Tabitha serves the Russian Orthodox Christian community, with services in Russian and Hebrew; underneath the chapel nearby there is what is believed to be the tomb of St Tabitha.
St. Peter's Church is a Franciscan Roman-Catholic basilica and hospice built in 1654 on the remains of a Crusaders fortress, and commemorates St Peter, as he brought the disciple Tabitha back from the dead; Napoleon is believed to have stayed there.
Immanuel Church, built 1904, serves today a Lutheran congregation with services in English and Hebrew.
The Saint Nicholas Armenian Monastery was built in the 17th century.
Al-Bahr Mosque, lit. the Sea Mosque, overlooking the harbour, is depicted in a painting from 1675 by the Dutch painter Lebrun. It may be Jaffa's oldest existing mosque, although the original date of construction is unknown and changes to the structure have been made since then, such as the addition of a second floor and reconstruction of the upper part of the minaret. It was used by fishermen and sailors frequenting the port, and residents of the surrounding area. According to local legend, the wives of sailors living in Jaffa prayed there for the safe return of their husbands. The mosque was renovated in 1997.
Mahmoudia Mosque was built in 1812 by Abu Nabbut, governor of Jaffa from 1810 to 1820. Outside the mosque is a water fountain (sabil) for pilgrims.
Nouzha Mosque on Jerusalem Boulevard is Jaffa's main mosque today.
The majority of excavations in Jaffa are salvage in nature and are conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority since the 1990s. Excavations on Rabbi Pinchas Street, for example, in the flea market have revealed walls and water conduits dating to the Iron Age, Hellenistic period, early Islamic period, Crusader period and Ottoman era. A limestone slab (50 cm × 50 cm or 20 in × 20 in) engraved with a menorah discovered on Tanchum Street is believed to be the door of a tomb.
Additional efforts to conduct research excavations at that site included those of B. J. Isserlin (1950), Ze'ev Herzog of Tel Aviv University (1997-1999), and most recently the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project (since 2007), directed by Aaron A. Burke (UCLA) and Martin Peilstocker (Johannes-Gutenberg University).
Collège des Frères de Jaffa, a French international school, is in Jaffa.
Jaffa is served by the Dan Bus Company, which operates buses to various neighborhoods of Tel Aviv and Bat Yam.
The Red Line of the planned Tel Aviv Light Rail will cross Jaffa north to south along Jerusalem Boulevard.
Jaffa Railway Station was the first railway station in the Middle East. It served as the terminus for the Jaffa–Jerusalem railway. The station opened in 1891 and closed in 1948. In 2005–09, the station was restored and converted into an entertainment and leisure venue marketed as "HaTachana", Hebrew for "the station" (see homepage here:).


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Affordable Adult Diapers for Incontinent Nursing Home Residents
Affordable Adult Diapers for Incontinent Nursing Home Residents
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1 http://www.hpm.umn.edu/nhregsplus/NHRegs_by_State/California/CA%20Complete%20Regs.pdf
2 http://www.tranquilityproducts.com/medical_professionals/index.htm
3 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2492984/

subset: commoncrawl


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Organic sector pinched by GMO tainting in seed and feed, Organic Valley CEO says
The CROPP Cooperative (more commonly known by its brands Organic Valley and Organic Prairie) is distributing the grants through an organization called Farmers Advocating for Organics (FAFO)— which the group says is the only farmer-funded and -governed granting program in the nation.
GMOs and organics
The GMO question has two facets for organic farmers: What happens in Washington and what happens at the seed supplier, said Organic Valley CEO George Siemon. Of the recent grants, $100,000 went toward the Just Label It campaign that advocates for GMO labeling.
"It's two GMO subjects – how GMO affects organics and GMOs themselves. It's two different fields but often the same person is involved," Siemon told FoodNavigator-USA.
"GMO is a frustrating subject because it is a favored technology in Washington DC and there are really not any regulations for it and there is a flood of GMOs coming onto the market. I'm involved in GMO activism. I don't believe that an honest conversation is happening in Washington. They are using a 1950s regulation to regulate a 21st Century technology," he said.
"My first thing in GMOs is about choice. For people who really don't believe in GMOs they should be able to choose not to buy them."
The GMO grant is the biggest individual piece of the funding pie, but the lion's share of the grants is going toward education and research. But even here, genetically modified crops are making their presence felt. Organic farmers, and especially organic dairy producers, suffer from an inadequate supply of seed and feed that can be proven to be free of GMOs, he claimed.
"We are really trying to work positively with providers of foundation seed so that people who grow organic can get clean seed. The people who grow organic seed can't always seem to get an assurance that they are getting clean seed that is free from GMO," Siemon said.
"Our co-op has a policy that all the seed our producers buy has to have been tested for GMOs. Most of the (GMO) contamination in the crops we grow comes from the seed, not from pollen drift or anything like that."
Ethanol constraints
So the growth of the organic sector, especially organic diary, is being held back by what Siemon sees as a pro-GMO stance in Washington. But another federal government initiative is serving to restrict supply, too, he said.
"Organics is limited in part by the supply. Any effort to increase the market share of organics has to be coordinated with how we manage supply. The ability to get feed has been altered by the ethanol boom that has gone on, and that has affected the price of rent, the price of land, the ability to get long-term contracts. All that has changed significantly in the last five years," Siemon said.
The seed question is part of a longer-term focus in the FAFO grants program, which includes a focus on soil health. One of the strongest arguments in favor of organic agriculture is the superior results it shows in soil health and retention.
"We have a focus on seed and soil. We try to have themes and stick to them," Siemon said. "We have a wide community of people, some who are brand new to (organic farming) who are jumping off a cliff to take this chance and we have people who have been doing this for 25 years and have had fantastic results.
"We want to make sure that farmers understand how important soil mineralization is. It all starts with the soil. We need to make sure we are advocating for that. We now have an agronomist on staff."
10% growth rate
Even with the limits on the supply end, Siemon said he foresees a healthy rate for the organic sector.
"Historically things have happened 'organically 'and the supply has kept with demand one way or the other. Right now the growth of organic dairy is being held back by the lack of supply of feed.
"I think it's realistic that we are going to see a 10% growth rate. Certainly if we were like Europe and we were in a more supportive government environment we could grow faster. But a 10% growth rate is a healthy growth rate and that means the organic sector will double in 10 to 12 years," he said.


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If there's any subject that gets a stronger reaction than most, it's math. Love it or hate it, some students find it one of the most difficult subjects in all of their academic experience. With increased focus on STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), educators know that in order to compete post-graduation, how well students learn math must factor into the equation. Can learning math actually be fun? This company seems to think so. They just may be right. Carl Malartre (yes, that's him above in cartoon form) is the Director of Projects at Scolab, Inc., the creators of an exciting mathematics learning tool that's generating some, well—buzz.
Victor: Why did you create BuzzMath?
Carl: BuzzMath was created to give students a better experience than a traditional textbook, as they practice their math skills. We believe that students learn better if they are enjoying what they are doing.
Victor: What does the name mean?
Carl: BuzzMath represents fun and excitement. When you think of BuzzMath, you think of entertaining math activities!
Victor: What is it? Who created it?
Carl: BuzzMath is an engaging tool to help students practice and learn math skills, and to allow teachers to track the progress of their students. It is currently geared to middle school students.
Claude Laverdure is the mastermind behind the idea. He is a teacher and programmer, a rare combination. At Scolab Inc. (a name derived from School Lab), we are a team of programmers and designers who enjoy creating memorable online experiences, and most of all, who love to work with educators. We want to find the most efficient way to learn on the web.
Victor: What does it do? What are the benefits?
Carl: BuzzMath allows students to develop and reinforce their math skills while having fun. They receive immediate feedback to help them improve these skills. Students benefit by learning and practicing their math skills in an entertaining and non-intimidating environment, which promotes learning and retention.
Victor: How is it unique from other similar products/services? What companies do you see as in the same market?
Carl: I think our approach is fresh and visual. We are effective in implementing real math manipulatives, and in generating random values in our questions. Students can manipulate 3-D objects, vectors on a graph, create graphic displays, and so much more. Furthermore, the interface is visually appealing. The objects that we use are superior to many other companies; for example, when students type a slash for a fraction, a real fraction bar appears. BuzzMath is also helpful at home and engaging on the SMART Board. It can be utilized in the classroom, at home, a library, or anywhere there is Internet access.
Pearson's MathXL, Aleks, Study Island, Carnegie Learning, and MangaHigh are currently on my radar. A lot of these services favor multiple choice questions because this type of question is typically easier to develop. We prefer math objects that can be manipulated, even if they are more complex to develop.
I think that BuzzMath has the right mix of ingredients to keep the student's interest as he or she learns. BuzzMath is also intuitive to use and is more visual than most of the competitors.
Victor: When was it developed? What is something interesting or relevant about its development history?
Carl: BuzzMath started as NetMaths about five years ago. Claude, the developer of NetMaths, is colorblind and likes two main colors: grey and turquoise. He began creating a learning software that his middle school students found quite fun and interesting. I thought "Wow, even with all these weird colors, the idea is solid!".
Victor: Where did it originate? Where can you get it now?
Carl: BuzzMath is brand new and this is the fourth iteration, but the original software was developed five years ago in Montreal, Canada. You can get BuzzMath in the U.S. and in Canada.
Victor: How much does it cost? What are the options?
Carl: For a school, the price is between $10 and $20 per student per year depending on the number of grade levels a teacher or school subscribes. For a family, it is $20 per month.
For your readers, we are offering BuzzMath free for this school year to the first three schools who contact us before September 15. We only ask that they give us feedback on the product.
Victor: What are some examples of it in action?
Carl: There are currently students in Massachusetts using BuzzMath and we have more than 50,000 students in Canada.
Victor: Who is it particularly tailored for? Who is it not for?
Carl: We have created a great practice tool and optimized it for teachers who are looking for the best options to guide and motivate their students at the middle school level. It is not for high school students who are working at or above their grade level.
Victor: What are your thoughts on education these days?
Carl: A lot of elementary teachers have difficulty with math. I'd like to help them practice their own skills so they feel comfortable teaching math.
Also, with Netbooks, the iPad and other low cost mobile platforms, we are not far from being able to have Negroponte's dream of One Laptop Per Child.
Victor: What sort of formative experiences in your own education helped to inform your approach to creating BuzzMath?
Carl: Claude was always doing card tricks and math magic that impressed me. I think BuzzMath needs to impress the students, and I believe it does!
Victor: How does BuzzMath address some of your concerns about education? Carl: With such a hectic school day, teachers need better and more efficient tools to help their students. BuzzMath is more fun and efficient because it can report student progress that a conventional practice book cannot. It is nearly autonomous, which gives the teacher more time to focus on other areas of teaching.
Victor: What is your outlook on the future of education?
Carl: Education could benefit from a community atmosphere, where teachers and students are able to share dynamic content and knowledge. Teachers could also receive live feedback in class about their students' understanding of the concepts they are teaching.
Victor: What else can you tell educators and other leaders in and around education about the value of BuzzMath? What makes you say that?
Carl: If you need to engage your student in math and save time, BuzzMath is the best website for that. Check out the videos to understand why and contact us if you want to be one of the three schools to get a free subscription for the remainder of this school year!
– – –
Do the math yourself at BuzzMath.com. What do you think—does it actually add up to better learning in the classroom and at home?
Victor Rivero tells the story of 21st-century education transformation. He is the editor-in-chief of EdTech Digest, a magazine about education transformed through technology. He has written white papers, articles and features for schools, nonprofits and companies in the education marketplace. Write to: email@example.com


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According to the latest round of Radeon rumors, AMD plans to release new graphics cards based on the Tahiti LE GPU on November 27th.
HT4U.net also noted that AIB partners will have a green light to make its own versions of the graphics card, as there is no need for AMD-reference reference design. This way AIB partners will be able to use existing Radeon HD 7900 series designs.
As rumored earlier, AMD decided to market the Tahiti LE as a part of the HD 7800 series rather than the HD 7900 series graphics card. The new SKU should be priced somewhere between the Radeon HD 7870 and the Radeon HD 7950 graphics cards.
The new SKU will be a limited edition product aimed at certain markets and the upcoming Christmas shopping season.
More here.


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January 8th, 2012 will be the first SQL Saturday for 2012. 104 SQL Saturdays is an amazing number for our community. I will be presenting on Dimensional Modeling based on the Kimball books. Database design and the planning for them has been a necessary start for successful projects.
I selected Colorado Springs because I have not been skiing in 3 years. My girlfriend and I will be skiing on Friday before the event. There is a planned skiing trip for Sunday with the event, but we have to get back work on Monday. She will be visiting a friend while I am attending/speaking at this great event.
There are 3 Pre Cons on tap for Friday, which is well worth the $100 for a day of training from MVPs and SQL Server experts. I would be at one if not for skiing.
1. "Scaling SQL Server" (Glenn Berry)
2. "Data Warehouse Dimensional Design and Architecture Planning" (Erik Veerman)
3. "What's In Your Utility Belt?" (Chris Shaw and TJay Belt)
The Saturday schedule is pack full of great sessions. I will probably will go over my presentation first thing in the morning in the Speaker room, then I am up at the second BI session of the day at 9:30AM. Next, I will stay in the BI room and watch Doug Lane with some report service info.
The other tracks have sessions from MVPs Tim Ford, Grant Fritchey and Jason Strate, all great and knowledgable speakers. There is also Thomas LaRock, Karen Lopez and William Pearson. It is amazing to be around these people in the SQL community willing to speak at these Free Saturdays. Joe Sack will be there from SQLSkills and Colorado local Carlos Bossy and Austin man Jim Murphy have some SQL Server 2012 sessions.
I will probably hang out in the BI track, wondering over to DBA sessions and enjoying the lunch. It sounds like there will a great Friday night speaker/sponsor event that is great for networking and thanking the sponsor.
If you live around Colorado Springs, come hang out with some SQL Server geeks getting some SQL learning on!!!
God Bless, Thomas


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5 Accessories Silicone Case Anti Lost Strap Eartips Carabiner Buckle for Apple AirPods Earphone
Reference: 1344313
Security policy (edit with Customer reassurance module)
Delivery policy (edit with Customer reassurance module)
Return policy (edit with Customer reassurance module)
AirPods protective Case:
1,Protect your AirPods against bumps, drops and shock without adding bulk to your charging case, provides full protection for your AirPods Charging Case
2,Made of durable impact-resistant silicone rubber. It brings super thin feelings, and offers wonderful grip. The case will not get deformed after taking it off and putting it back on many times because it is highly flexible and can against bumps.
3,Flexible wrap-around design for an easy, user-friendly installation. It Perfectly matches with your AirPods shape. Plus with anti-slip bars on the two sides. It is the most secure and slim way to carry your AirPods around.
4,Easy access to the charging port.
Carabiner hook:
Aluminum alloy hook,meet your requirement of going out and Anti-Lost.
1,made of silicone, soft and comfortable.
2,Lightweight, easy to carry.
3,Don't worry about headset dropping, enjoying sports.
4, Thickness only 0.5 mm. Applicable to for airpods and for iPone6-X. Comfortable to wear, no damage to you skin.
Anti-Lost Strap:
1,Simply connect your for Airpods to the strap.
2,you will find this anti-lost strap helps a lot in your daily commuting, walking, running, sports ect.
Anti-Lost Holder:
Easy to use and grips your Airpods safely.
Designed to fit for Apple AirPods and EarPods.
Made of durable, soft silicone material for long lasting comfort.
The detachable leather cord snap attach your Airpod holder to carrying bags, pants and secure against drops, shock, loss and thefts, you can also wear your airpods around your neck or on your smart watch band.
Take your AirPods with you during all activities: running, jogging, skating, snowboarding, cycling, fitness, gym, hiking, climbing, skiing, fishing, camping and more!
1,Suit for: For Airpods Earphone
2,Material: Made Of High Quality Soft Silicone
3,Function:Protection Shock-Proof + Scratch-Resistant + Dust-proof + Waterproof
Package included:
1x Silicone protective case for Airpods
1x Anti-lost Strap for Airpods
1x Anti-lost Holder for Airpods
1x Silicone Eartips
1x Carabiner Buckle
Note:AirPods is not included
100 Items
Specific References
New product


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Construction Equipment Guide
470 Maryland Drive
Fort Washington, PA 19034
Wed January 02, 2013 - National Edition
BILLINGS, Mont. (AP) Energy companies behind the oil boom on the Northern Plains are increasingly turning to an industrial-age workhorse — the locomotive — to move their crude to refineries across the U.S., as plans for new pipelines stall and existing lines can't keep up with demand.
Delivering oil thousands of miles by rail from the heartland to refineries on the East, West and Gulf coasts costs more, but it can mean increased profits — up to $10 or more a barrel — because of higher oil prices on the coasts. That works out to roughly $700,000 per train.
The parade of mile-long trains carrying hazardous material out of North Dakota and Montana and across the country has experts and federal regulators concerned. Rail transport is less safe than pipelines, they say, and the proliferation of oil trains raises the risk of a major derailment and spill.
Since 2009, the number of train cars carrying crude hauled by major railroads has jumped from about 10,000 a year to a projected 200,000 in 2012. Much of it has been in the Northern Plains' Bakken crude patch, but companies say oil trains are rolling or will be soon from Texas, Colorado and western Canada.
"This is all occurring very rapidly, and history teaches that when those things happen, unfortunately, the next thing that is going to occur would be some sort of disaster," said Jim Hall, a transportation consultant and former chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board.
Rail companies said the industry places a priority on safety and has invested heavily in track upgrades, provided emergency training and taken other measures to guard against accidents. There have been no major oil train derailments from the Bakken, according to federal regulators.
Union Pacific Railroad CEO Jack Koraleski said hauling oil out of places like North Dakota will be a long-term business for railroads because trains are faster than pipelines, reliable and offer a variety of destinations.
"The railroads are looking at this as a unique opportunity, a game-changing opportunity for their business," said Jeffery Elliot, a rail expert with the New York-based consulting firm Oliver Wyman.
BNSF Railway Co., the prime player in the Bakken, has bolstered its oil train capacity to a million barrels a day and expects that figure to increase further. To accommodate the growth, in part, the railroad is sinking $197 million into track upgrades and other improvements in Montana and North Dakota.
BNSF is also increasing train sizes, from 100 oil cars per train to as many as 118.
Larger trains are harder to control, and that increases the chances of something going wrong, safety experts said. State and local emergency officials worry about a derailment in a population center or an environmentally sensitive area such as a river crossing.
Rail accidents occur 34 times more frequently than pipeline ones for every ton of crude or other hazardous material shipped comparable distances, according to a recent study by the Manhattan Institute, a conservative think tank. The Association of American Railroads contends the study was flawed but acknowledges the likelihood of a rail accident is double or triple the chance of a pipeline problem.
For oil companies, the embrace of rail is a matter of expediency. Oil-loading rail terminals can be built in a matter of months, versus three to five years for pipelines to clear regulatory hurdles and be put into service, said Justin Kringstad of the North Dakota Pipeline Authority. Although more pipelines are in the works, he said moving oil by rail will continue.
The surge comes at the right time for railroads: Coal shipments — a mainstay of the rail industry — have suffered because of competition from cheap natural gas.
In the eastern U.S., CSX and Norfolk Southern railroads haven't seen as much growth because oil from the Marcellus Shale area of Pennsylvania, Ohio and New York is close enough to refineries that trucks haul the crude.
Yet BNSF is beginning to haul Bakken crude east to Chicago, where it hands off the tank cars to CSX or Norfolk Southern for delivery to Eastern refineries. It has also sent oil to the West Coast, a trend that could increase if Alaska crude production falters, as some industry observers are predicting.
The growth will require significant upgrades to already congested rail lines, industry analysts said.
Overall, crude oil shipments still represent less than 1 percent of all carloads. And there are far more dangerous materials aboard the nation's trains, including explosives, poisonous gases and other industrial chemicals.
But emergency officials are increasingly wary of major accidents involving oil trains, which carry far more cargo than some other hazardous-material trains.
While oil is not as volatile as some other products, a rupture of just one car can spill 20,000 to 30,000 gallons, said Sheldon Lustig, a rail expert who consults with local governments on accidents and hazardous materials.
Recognizing the risks, Houston-based Musket Corp., an operator of oil train terminals in North Dakota, Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and Oklahoma, has donated spill equipment and provided training to fire officials.
"You want to be a good steward in that community," said Musket managing director JP Fjeld-Hansen.
Federal Railroad Administration officials said they have coordinated hazardous-material training seminars and sought more law enforcement patrols for rail crossings to increase safety.
Federal law requires railroads to select hazardous-material routes after analyzing the potential for accidents in heavily populated areas and environmentally sensitive spots. Those analyses are confidential for security reasons.
Lustig said the railroads have considerable sway over the process.
"Under federal guidelines, the railroad makes the analysis, the railroad decides what they want to do, and the railroad does it," he said. "There is no public accountability."
Funk reported from Omaha, Neb. Associated Press writer James MacPherson in Bismarck, N.D., contributed to this report.


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TAMPA -- The inactive for the Dolphins today are Dimitri Patterson, Pat Devlin, Mike Gillislee, Koa Misi, David Arkin, Dallas Thomas and Jonathan Martin.
The loss of Patterson means Nolan Carroll starts at cornerback. The loss of Misi mean Jason Trusnik starts at outside linebacker.
We have a live blog.
And as you know, there is the other news. I will add that to another post if you're interested.
Join me for the live blog.


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British rock band Coldplay's latest music video has triggered a debate in India over its portrayal of the country with critics accusing its producers of showing stereotypical images of India with Hindu holy men, peacocks and colorful festivals.
Coldplay featured Beyonce in their Super Bowl half-time show Sunday, but they didn't perform their new collaboration, "Hymn for the Weekend."
The four-minute video of the song shows Coldplay being chased and pelted with color as residents celebrate Holi, the Indian festival of color.
Many Indians say it stereotypes India as the land of holy men and pagan festival rituals. They say the video ignores changes in India following the economic boom that has changed the face of Indian cities and towns.
The music video, shot almost entirely in India's entertainment capital, Mumbai, also has a two-second appearance by Sonam Kapoor, an up-and-coming Bollywood actress.
The video has triggered as debate among India's English-speaking elite about cultural appropriation as Beyonce appears dressed in typical Indian wedding finery, on billboards and in a bioscope painted in many hues.
Most criticism was on social media.
"Why does the white man not get it? India 2016 is not a land of snake-charmers, sadhus and nagins. Stereotype," Zakka Jacob, a television anchor at CNN-IBN tweeted.
"It seems they are in love with all the cliches about India. Just missing a snake charmer!" Nidhi Kapur, a human resource professional, said in a tweet.
In 2008, Danny Boyle's multiple-Oscar winning film, "Slumdog Millionaire," also faced similar criticism for its portrayal of poverty and corruption in India, with critics saying the film showed the country in its worst light.
But the video had its admirers, too.
"Amazing India. Exotic India. Captured so beautifully in the latest @coldplay video Hymn for the Weekend," tweeted Pritish Nandy, an Indian lawmaker and poet.


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Smart app to help defuse fire danger
Electrical Fire Safety Week - 23rd -29th January 2012 As shocking statistics show that half of all accidental house fires were caused by faulty…
Electrical Fire Safety Week - 23rd -29th January 2012
As shocking statistics show that half of all accidental house fires were caused by faulty or misused electrical equipment in 2010/11, the Fire Kills campaign is highlighting a smartphone app from the Electrical Safety Council which will help people defuse the danger in their homes.
From faulty fridges and forgotten irons, to overloaded plugs and dodgy wiring - electrical equipment can be an unnoticed fire hazard in the home. And with the recent cold weather, many sockets could still be overloaded with additional space heaters and electric blankets.
In 2010-11, accidental fires in the home caused by faulty or misused electrical products resulted in nearly 40 deaths across the country. As part of Electrical Fire Safety Week - 23 - 29 January - we're asking people to look around their homes, identify all the potential risks and take extra care when using electricity.
The Electrical Safety Council's app helps people identify risks in their home and offers advice on resolving them.
The Government's Chief Fire and Rescue Adviser Sir Ken Knight said:
Electrical equipment is an inescapable part of all our lives, from essentials like heating and lights to luxuries like entertainment systems or beauty products. Half of all accidental fires begin with an electrical appliance, so it's really important to be sure that your electrics are in good working order and are used properly.
Most electrical fires start in the kitchen, so be extra careful with cooking equipment. Fire in the home can be devastating, but many of these fires are preventable. By following some simple steps, you can help keep you and your loved ones safe from fire.
Lorraine Carney Senior Campaigns Manager at the Electrical Safety Council said:
With electricity such an integral part of our lives it is understandable that people tend to take it for granted. But that doesn't mean we can forget basic safety precautions. There is a worrying gap between the public's perception of electrical danger and the reality, with people making simple yet potentially fatal errors that can be easily prevented
The ESC's free 'Home Electrical Safety Check' app was designed to bridge that gap. We wanted to create something which people would find simple to use and hope that they will download it, check their homes and take corrective action".
Every individual can take steps to help themselves by checking that the electrical equipment they use everyday is in good shape and is operated properly:
- Don't overload plug sockets
- Regularly check for worn or frayed wires
- Unplug appliances when not in use
- Keep appliances clean and in good working order
- Consider using a Residual Current Device which works like a circuit breaker to protect against electric shocks and reduces the risk of electrical fires.
The Electrical Safety Council advises that heaters should be kept clear from curtains and furniture and should never be used for drying clothes. Your electric blanket should be unplugged before you go to bed, unless it has a thermostat for safe all-night use.
Notes to Editors
- The Electrical fire safety council has launched a smartphone app to help people identify and resolve any safety issues in their home. Download the app from: www.esc.org.uk/public/news-and-campaigns/press-releases/news/article/millions-in-uk-risking-lives-with-basic-electrical-blunders/ (external link).
2. For more information on fire safety please visit: www.facebook.com/firekills (external link) or speak to your local Fire and Rescue Service.
3. For more information on the Electrical Safety Council, please visit: www.esc.org.uk (external link). The website also holds information on their 'Plug Into Safety' campaign.
4. A residual current device - known as an RCD - is a life-saving device which is designed to prevent you from getting a fatal electric shock if you touch something live, such as a bare wire. It provides a level of protection that ordinary fuses or circuit-breakers cannot provide. Residual current device protection is particularly important when using electrical equipment outdoors.
Keep up to date with the Department by following us on Twitter (external link).
Media enquiries
Visit our newsroom contacts page for media enquiry contact details.


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Day four on Windstar's Star Pride took us to my dad's favorite port, Monte Carlo! Monaco is located on the French Riviera in western Europe. It's bordered by France on three sides, with one side bordering the Mediterranean Sea. Its center is about 16 kilometers from Italy and is only 13 kilometers northeast of Nice, France. My dad's lifelong dream was to go to Le Casino and this trip he was able to tick it off the ol' bucket list!
Fortunately, I've been to Monte Carlo several times (here's my 16 Reasons to Visit Monaco) so I made a phone call to my PR friends at Monte-Carlo SBM and they arranged one of the most incredible lunches we've ever had. It was at Monte-Carlo Beach Hotel's Elsa Restaurant. Chef Paolo Sari uses all organic and locally sourced ingredients in his cuisine, influenced by the foods of both the French and Italian Rivieras. Last time I was here I had the golden risotto and would you believe it actually had gold leaf in it?! This time his creations looked so good I didn't know if I should eat them or hang them on the wall (see photos below).
Good to know: Since most cruise ships internet is really slow and expensive go to Stars' N' Bars and sit at the bar and order a drink (I had a 2euro coffee) and use their free WiFi (you won't be the only one). During the day it's quiet but at night it's loud and crowded.
Warning: Do NOT get suckered like I did and purchase the Monaco Telecom WiFi which was showing up in my cabin when we docked. I spent almost an hour trying to get it work and then to get my money refunded. Their representative said it was all taken care of but the $19 fee is still on my credit card.
Electric Ferry: Since my dad can't walk that much we cut across the harbor in Monaco's electric solar ferry (2 euro per person). It operates 7 days a week to both harbor shorelines of the "Port Hercule", from the "Quai Kennedy" to the land strip "Fort Antoine" and back, every 20 minutes starting at 8 am to 7:50pm. The service is suspended in bad weather conditions.


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Pendulums seem fairly simple, right? You take some mass, you take some string, throw them in a gravitational field, and bam! It goes back an forth, back and forth, back and forth. Without any kinds of friction, this will continue forever!
But, what if you take a pendulum, and then stick a pendulum on the end of that pendulum? Well basically, things get incredibly more complicated. For a single pendulum, especially one that has a small angle of oscillation, you can predict exactly where it will be in its cycle virtually infinitely far into the future. However for even a double pendulum, this becomes impossible, without calculating every single intermediate state of the pendulum. And the motion of multi-pendulum systems is incredibly complicated in and of itself - for an n-pendulum system, one must solve an n-dimensional system of equations do calculate the motion of each pendulum, involving the momenta, kinetic energy, and potential energy of each of the individual components of the system. Basically, multi-pendulums are hard.
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_pendulum
Another property of these systems is that they are so-called "chaotic," meaning that a small change in the initial conditions can lead to large changes in the end result of the system, especially as time goes on. For instance, say you have two double pendulums set up. You start them both at just about the same place, but offset the second one by a single degree from the first one. Initially they may follow very similar paths, but as time goes on, it will seem as if they could have started from completely different initial conditions. Chaos appears all over nature and mathematics.


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The wine is called "WAH". The company says it was co-created with leading 4th generation Japanese sushi chef and owner of Michelin-star sushi restaurant Ginza Sushi Kou, Mamoru Sugiyama, from Tokyo's fashionable Ginza district.
WAH was created as the Jacob's Creek brand owners saw an opportunity to develop a wine that was specially crafted to compliment sushi/sashimi.
The wine is available in selected retailers and sushi restaurants in Japan only.
Pernod's Australian wine division, Orlando Wyndham said work on WAH began with the arrival of Mamoru Sugiyama in Australia. After a visit to the local fish market to buy the freshest ingredients, Sugiyama-san prepared a selection of sushi pieces at the Jacob's Creek facility in the Barossa Valley.
Jacob's Creek winemaker Rebekah Richardson said, "WAH is designed to work in synergy with any Japanese dish using dashi or soy sauce, in particular with most sushi. Sugiyama-san taught us that the sushi dining experience is as much about taste – in terms of the balance of sweet, sour and salty - as it is all about the texture of the food."
Richardson said, "WAH has the necessary texture and palate weight required to match the oily richness of tuna and salmon. WAH's aromatic components also lighten the palate so the wine doesn't overwhelm delicate sushi and also contributes additional layers of taste."
On being involved in the project Sugiyama-San said, "I am very proud of WAH, and am excited to introduce the wine to the people of Japan. I was involved in the process from beginning to end and am looking forward to consumers enjoying WAH with Japanese cuisine".
WAH is said to exhibit "lifted fruit aromas and subtly melded flavours of pear, peach and citrus. The palate is crisp, with softened corners that yield a lovely refreshing yet smooth mouth-feel".
The company explains: "The character for WAH has many meanings including Japan itself, Japanese cuisine, story-telling and is also the first syllable in the word 'wine'".
The recommended retail price of WAH is ¥1,680 (approximately USD$17 per bottle).


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This article introduces the topic of classic camera shutters. Subsequent postings will explore in more detail the protean topic of clockwork leaf shutters, followed by discussions of pneumatic shutters and the various types of classic curtain shutters.
There are two ways of controlling the amount light used in exposing a glass plate or sheet of photographic film: the area of the lens opening, known as the aperture or f-stop, and the length of the exposure. In the early days, when plates were wet and emulsions were deadly slow, life was simple – the photographer merely removed his hat, placed it over the lens, removed the dark slide, and then uncovered the lens for the desired number of seconds.
As emulsions increased in speed, life became more complicated, and the need arose for a mechanical device to control short exposures. The first known shutter, a "drop" or "guillotine" shutter consisting of a board with a hole in it moving past the lens opening, was used in1845 by the French physicists Fizeau and Foucault for photographing the sun. A similar shutter was used by Matthew Brady, the great civil war photographer, in 1850.
Shutters became more common between 1850 and 1880, but slow emulsions made them more of a handy accessory than a necessity. Many shutters consisted of pivoted lens covers or
variations on the simple flap. After 1880, the advent of hand-held cameras and the development of faster films increased the need for a way of controlling short exposure times and led to a period of rapid technological advancement. By 1890, the early forms of all of the common shutters used in the 20th century had been developed.
Overall, shutters fall into three main categories: Rotary or "sector" shutters, leaf shutters, and curtain-type shutters. In their simplest form, sector shutters may be considered to represent a rotary version of the guillotine or drop shutter, consisting of a pivoting metal plate with a round or kidney-shaped opening exposing the lens as it rotates. Leaf shutters, also now frequently called "between the lens shutters", consist of a set of blades that rotate to uncover the lens opening.
Early versions were air-driven, while the majority of later models were spring-driven with a pneumatic or clockwork timing mechanism. Curtain-type shutters may be divided into focal plane shutters, situated next to the film plane and used until the 1990s on millions of 35mm cameras and the famous Speed Graphic large format cameras, and "Rouleau" or roller blind shutters, situated behind or in front of the lens and represented by the highly successful Thorton-Pickard shutters common before 1915.
Common to all three types is the need for an accurate and reproducible timing mechanism. Until the 1880s, shutter timing was very crude, depending on the tension of a spring or rubber band or the retarding effect of a leather brake. The rubber band-powered Lancaster Rotary shutter from 1885, frequently found on Instantograph cameras, is an
example of this type of shutter. The first major advance in shutter timing occurred in 1886, when Arthur S. Newman developed a shutter with a pneumatic cylinder retarding mechanism, thus introducing a new era in shutter accuracy and setting the stage for the dominance of pneumatic shutter timing for the next quarter century. This was followed in the early twentieth century by clockwork time delay systems, and finally, in the late twentieth century, by electronic timers.
In the late 1800s, a variety of sector shutters were in use. While many, like the Lancaster shutter, were of simple design, some, like the Newman and Guardia of 1895, were complex
devices with pneumatic timing that were capable of a number of speeds from 1/2 to 1/100 second. Unfortunately, these sophisticated models were abandoned in favor of leaf and curtain shutters, and the sector shutter was relegated to the cheapest form of photographic technology, the box camera. However, in this role, the sector shutter found its true home, and millions of
these cheap and durable devices were produced for the consumer market by Eastman Kodak and other manufacturers well into the 1960s.
The first leaf shutter was probably constructed by Mann in 1862. Another early model with only two blades, the Sands' Patent Shutter, was designed by C. Sands of Sands, Hunter and Company
in 1881. A major milestone in shutter development and manufacture occurred in 1890 when Bausch & Lomb, one of the most famous of the early Rochester optical and camera companies,
entered the shutter business in 1890 with their pneumatic "Iris Diaphragm" shutter. This was a "self-diaphragming" shutter, a precursor to the modern shutter with its separate aperture and shutter blades, in which one set of blades opened to a preset aperture, then closed at the the end of the exposure. Later B&L pneumatic shutters such as the Victor had both shutter blades and an iris diaphragm.
Like many technological advances, the concept of the pneumatically-timed shutter sprouted in more than one site; in the same year, Voigtlander independently introduced in Germany the four-bladed "Verschluss" pneumatic shutter (see Reiss' site on Compur shutters).
Bausch and Lomb was, and still is, one of the main pillars of the American optical industry. Yet in the story of the pneumatic shutter, it was as important for those who left the company as it was for its own accomplishments. In 1878, Ernst Gundlach, reputed to be a difficult individual, left the company and eventually founded the Gundlach Optical Company. In its several manifestations with and without Ernst Gundlach this company manufactured the well-known Gundlach cameras, together with shutters, and other optical equipment until 1972. In 1899, Andrew Wollensak, who designed the Iris Diaphragm and other shutters, left Bausch and Lomb and founded the Wollensak Optical Company, manufacturing a line of high quality, reasonably-priced shutters.
The famous pneumatic "Optimo" shutter was designed by Wollensak in 1909 and was sold extensively until 1930. It was joined by the popular Betax, Alphax, and Rapax shutters. Production of lenses began in 1902, with production in subsequent years of shutters and lenses for all of the major camera manufacturers. The Wollensak lens and shutter catalog from 1919 is worth reviewing both as art in its own sake and as a piece of
history with fascinating images of the time. The company existed in various forms through the war years, manufacturing such well-known items as the Optar lenses and Graphex shutters for the Graphic press cameras, until it finally closed its doors in 1972.
One fascinating historical tidbit is that the Wollensak factory stood abandoned and essentially undisturbed, an undiscovered time
capsule, until 2007, when the building was put up for sale. At that time, an explorer from the Urban Landscape entered the building, found it virtually untouched since the day the last employee left,
photographed its interior, and posted his photographs on the Internet. They can be viewed at The Urban Exploration Forum site. The entire building and its contents finally sold for $85,000.
Unfortunately, the maximum accurate speed of a purely pneumatic shutter is limited to 1/100 sec or less. Later models, such as the Optimo and Koilos, achieved a greater range with a combination of pneumatic regulation for slow speeds and spring-driven timing for faster speeds. However, the advent of faster films with their requirement for very fast shutter speeds, together with the development of a simpler alternative, doomed the pneumatically braked shutter.
This advance was to come from a third offshoot of Bausch and Lomb: Ilex. In 1910, two Bausch and Lomb shutter designers, Rudolph Klein and Theodor Brueck (Brueck had designed the "Volute" shutter in 1902), invented a revolutionary shutter delay mechanism, involving a rotating gear and a rocking pallet (U.S. Pat. 1,092,110). This mechanism, similar to that used for regulating clocks, made possible a compact mechanism allowing a shutter's slow speeds to be accurate independent of temperature and atmospheric conditions. The original patent is reproduced in its entirety in the post "Shutters – A Landmark Patent!".
Klein and Brueck left Bausch and Lomb and set up their own business, initially called the "XL Manufacturing Company", to manufacture the new shutter. However, they soon discovered that C. P. Goerz was also making a line named the "X excel L" shutters, so to avoid confusion they renamed their shutter the "Ilex," and in 1911 renamed their firm the "Ilex Manufacturing Company" and later the "Ilex Optical Company". Shortly thereafter, Friedrich Deckel of Munich bought the rights to use their delay mechanism on a royalty basis in his famous line of Compur shutters. Ilex had one other major contribution to twentieth-century photography: the invention of the self-contained internal flash synchronization mechanism during World War II.
In addition to shutters, Ilex produced many quality lenses under the Paragon name. Ilex lenses and shutters were sold and used in large numbers until well after World War II, and are readily available on the used market today.
The invention of a slow-speed braking system that was compact, durable, and accurate under all conditions was a springboard for shutter development for the next half century. Prior to Klein and Brueck's invention of the clockwork slow-speed escapement, non-pneumatic, variable-speed shutters for handheld cameras had been around for a number of years, the most notable being the indestructible Kodak Ball-Bearing Shutter. However, these either lacked slow speeds, depending on varying spring tension to vary shutter speeds and, like the Kodak, being restricted to speeds faster than 1/25 second, or depending on a variety of exotic braking systems to regulate slow speed exposures. Valentin
Linhof, manufacturer of the famed Linhof technical cameras, actually launched his career as a shutter manufacturer, with his first models of 1887 using a leather brake to control slow speeds. Later, Kenngott used a similar mechanism in the first Koilos shutters. In fact, a leather brake was in use as late as 1902 in Steinheil's "Universal Automatic Shutter Model C", designed by Christian Bruns. Klein and Brueck's compact device changed the direction of photographic innovation.
After Ilex sold the rights to the clockwork slow-speed escapement, the spotlight on shutter development shifted to Germany. One of the giants of the German optical industry in the late 19th century was the firm of C. A. Steinheil, a major manufacturer of astronomical and optical equipment as well as photographic lenses and shutters. Both Friedrich Deckel and Christian Bruns were employed by Steinheil. Deckel left to found his own establishment in 1898, and was joined by Bruns in 1903; the resulting company was eventually named F. Deckel. Their cooperation produced in 1905 the famous Compound pneumatic shutter. This was the longest-lived of the pneumatic shutters, being
produced continuously until 1970. It longevity can be attributed to its large size and dependability; some of the these shutters are still in use today, being the best choice for the largest of classic large format lenses.
After receiving rights to Ilex's design, Friedrich Deckel wasted no time in putting the slow-speed delay escapement into production, and the first of the famous Compur shutters appeared in 1912. It is interesting to note that the Compur was not actually a new shutter, but rather a modification of the Compound. In designing the Compur shutter, Deckel apparently took the Compound shutter and replaced the pneumatic cylinder with Klein and Brueck's clockwork slow speed escapement, thus simplifying and expediting the new design. The name "Compur" reflects this genesis from the Compound shutter, being a fusion of "Compound" and "Uhrwerk", the German word for "clockwork" (see Reiss). Consequently, the Compur is actually a "Clockwork Compound" shutter.
It should be noted that the actual relationship between Deckel, Bruns and the development of the Compur shutter is somewhat murky; Bruns stayed with Deckel for only a short time, but continued to work on shutter design after severing his legal relationship with him. The majority of the design work was done not by Deckel, but by Bruns. Carl Zeiss owned a portion of F. Deckel and may have obtained the Compur patent from Bruns in order to share it with Deckel. Zeiss also quietly owned stock in the German Gauthier shutter factory and in Bausch and Lomb, and may have facilitated use of this design by both companies (see Reiss). Zeiss was in turn obligated to use Compur shutters in the majority of their cameras.
The original Compur shutters were set by a dial at the top of the
shutter and have become known as "Dial-Set Compurs", as opposed to the more familiar "Rim-Set Compurs", introduced in 1927, with their speeds set by rotating an outer ring.
Independent of Deckel and the Compound/Compur branch of the evolutionary tree, the brothers Alfred and Gustav Gauthier established a shutter factory at Calmbach in the Black Forest region of southwestern Germany in 1902 This produced the the well-known pneumatic Koilos shutter, followed by a long line of less expensive leaf shutters that were, by agreement with Zeiss, mostly equipped with fewer speeds and destined for cheaper cameras. However, the Gauthier factory did produce one professional-quality shutter, the Prontor, in 1935. This became Gauthier's star product, with a daily production of 10,000 Prontor shutters by 1960.
Until the patents on the Compur and the clockwork slow speed escapement expired, Germany largely controlled shutter production. Part of the impetus for the development of American shutters such as the the Kodak Supermatic was an effort to find an alternative to the monopoly held by German manufacturers such as Deckel, and Gauthier.
By the late 1950s, the majority of photography was done with 35mm cameras, and Zeiss and other German camera manufacturers were riding a tide of success based on the concept of a small, eye level camera with an interlens leaf shutter and interchangeable front lens elements. These were of excellent quality, but expensive to produce and mechanically complicated. Because of the leaf shutter mechanism surrounding the lens opening, the maximum aperture of the lens was limited. Starting in 1953 with Zeiss' Contaflex, a number of single lens reflex cameras with leaf
shutters were developed, including the Retina Reflex, the Voigtlander Bessamatic, and the Wirgen Edixa (1962). However, these required coordination of a flip-up mirror, the leaf shutter, and a focal-plane baffle plate, making the mechanism complex.
Caught up in their success, German manufacturers ignored the growing popularity of the simpler and less expensive Japanese designs based on interchangeable, high quality lenses of large aperture combined with focal plane shutters. The collapse of the German camera industry was inevitable, and during the 1960s and 1970s, Zeiss and the majority of the other German manufacturers ceased production. The effect on the leaf shutter industry was predictable, and by the the mid 1970s, production at Deckel and Gauthier was a mere trickle, primarily devoted to Hasselblad and large format lenses. Ironically, the East German camera manufacturers, based in Dresden, embraced the Japanese concept and achieved excellent success with the Exakta and Practika lines based on focal plane shutters and interchangeable lenses. The East German camera industry collapsed not because of lack of vision, but because of the collapse of the Soviet-type German Democratic Republic in 1989.
The best known of the curtain shutters is the focal plane shutter, consisting of a moving curtain with a transverse slit that moves across immediately in front of the film, exposing it in a sequential fashion. The first known use of a focal plane shutter is thought to be by the famous English photographer William England in 1861, whose camera employed a drop shutter with adjustable slit width located at the focal plane. He is therefore credited with the invention of this type of shutter.
There are two ways of controlling the exposure using a focal plane shutter: curtain speed and slit width. Early curtain shutters, both behind the lens and focal plane, used a combination of both methods. The typical early focal plane shutter consisted of a rubberized fabric curtain driven by a clockwork mechanism. Increasing the tension in the driving spring drove the curtain faster, thus effectively increasing shutter speed; however, top speeds were limited by the strength of the curtain material. Slit width was adjusted by using two half-curtains linked by chains or tapes that allowed the spacing between the curtains to be adjusted. In early shutters, changing the curtain spacing meant opening the camera to manually adjust the shutter mechanism; later models used tapes that could be adjusted from outside the camera.
Functional focal plane shutters reminiscent of those used on modern film cameras came on the market around 1890. Thornton-Pickard marketed a focal plane shutter in 1891 in addition
to their behind-the-lens shutters; this was produced in improved versions into the early part of the 20th century. As early as 1902,
Newman and Guardia created a two-blind focal plane shutter whose shutter speed varied by controlling slit width and which achieved speeds of 1/10 – 1/800 second.
In 1925, Leitz, manufacturer of the Leica, introduced the dual-curtain focal plane shutter. This was a major technological breakthrough, eliminating precut slits and the need for adjustable spring tension. The slit is formed by opening the first curtain; as it opens, it is followed by the second curtain after a delay timed by a clockwork escapement mechanism. The curtains move at a single, predetermined speed across the film. Faster shutter speeds are provided by changing the delay between the opening of the first curtain and the closing of the second, thus effectively varying the slit width Dual curtain focal plane shutters are also self-capping, as the curtains are designed to overlap as the shutter is cocked to prevent double exposure. This mechanism formed the basis for the focal plane shutters in most 35mm single lens reflex cameras until the advent of lightweight metal vertical blinds in the 1980s.
The evolution and mechanism of focal plane shutters has been carefully and extensively described on the Early Photography web site at http://www.earlyphotography.co.uk/site/shutterm.html.
Each shutter type has its advantages and disadvantages. Leaf shutters can synchronize with most flashes at any speed, and tend to be quieter and more compact than focal plane shutters. However, unlike focal plane shutters, their mechanical complexity typically limits them to speeds of 1/500 sec. or less. Having interchangeable lenses necessitates a shutter in each lens, like the Hasselblad 500, a behind the lens shutter, like the Paxette, or lens arrangements where only the front half of the lens can be exchanged, like the many German rangefinder cameras of the 1960s. Today, between-lens leaf shutters' one remaining stronghold is in large format photography.
Focal plane shutters, mounted immediately in front of the film plane, readily allow for interchangeable lenses and are capable of very fast shutter speeds. However, they are noisy, less durable than well-crafted leaf shutters, and, when combined with the bounce of a reflex mirror flipping upward, cause a significant degree of camera shake. In addition, the progressive movement of the curtain slit across the film results in distortion of the shape of a fast-moving object, which is actually in a different position as the curtain exposes different parts of the film. Modern designs, with vertically-traveling lightweight shutter blades, have partially remedied these problems. Finally, care must be taken not to leave cameras with focal plane shutters uncovered in the sun, as the sun's image focused on the curtain can actually burn holes in the curtain.
Some of the historical data on shutter development is covered in more detail in Rudolf Kingslake's excellent article on the Rochester, NY camera companies. Many superb photographs of early shutters and vintage cameras can be viewed on the "Early Photography" web site and on Wagner Lungov's site. The Early Photography site is one of the best on the internet and has excellent discussions of shutter mechanics and function. Images from this site are designated (EP). Special thanks are in order to both of these authors for use of images of antique shutters. Klaus-Eckhard Reiss' web site is a rich and insightful analysis on the development of the Compur shutter and the demise of the German camera industry.
For aficionados of vintage cameras, one site that must not be missed is David Tristram Ludwig's "Antique Cameras" collection (http://www.dtristramludwig.com). David's collection is one of the finest in the world, and his photographic images are excellent. David was kind enough to allow me to use his images of the American Optical camera with the Sands Hunter Shutter and the Bausch and Lomb 1891 Diaphragm Shutter (after he had reminded me tartly that I forgotten to cite him – I do get it right most of the time!).
This article provides a survey of the development of the photographic shutter. Pneumatic shutters, clockwork leaf shutters, and curtain shutters will be described in more detail in subsequent postings.
Cosens, Robert. "Photographers of Great Britain and Ireland 1840 – 1940: William England." http://www.cartedevisite.co.uk/photographers-category/biographies/england-william/.
"Diaphragm or Leaf Shutter." Living Image Camera Museum article. http://licm.org.uk/livingImage/Shutters-Leaf.html
"Early Photography." http://www.earlyphotography.co.uk/index.html.
"Exposure." Wikipedia Article. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_%28photography%29.
Kingslake, Rudolf. "A History of the Rochester, NY Camera and Lens Companies." http://www.nwmangum.com/Kodak/Rochester.html#Ilex.
"Leaf Shutter." Camerapedia article. http://www.camerapedia.org/wiki/Leaf_shutter
Ludwig, David Tristram. "Antique Cameras." http://www.dtristramludwig.com.
Lungov, Wagner. "Photographs of my Family and Other Adventures." http://www.lungov.com/wagner/index.html.
Purdum, Ernest. Online posting for Large Format Photography Forum. 2006. http://www.largeformatphotography.info/shutters-history-and-use.html.
Reiss, Klaus-Eckhard. "Up and Down with Compur: The Development and Photo-Historical Meaning of Leaf Shutters." http://www.kl-riess.dk/compur.eng.html.
"Reprinted Company Catalogs." Craig Camera Web Page. http://www.daguerreotype.com/lit_catalogreprints.htm.
Urban Exploration Forum. "Wollensak, the Time capsule." http://www.uer.ca/forum_showthread_archive.asp?fid=14&threadid=44384.
Wikipedia article. "Focal Plane Shutters." http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal-plane_shutter.
"Wollensak Lenses and Shutter Catalog, 1919." http://www.cameraeccentric.com/html/info/wollensak_13.html.