text:
Libyan leader Moammar Gadhafi says anti-government protests will not force him out, and that he expects to die a "martyr" in Libya.
Mr. Gadhafi spoke on Libyan state television Tuesday in his first detailed address to the country since the bloody wave of demonstrations began. He urged his supporters to help defend Libya against people he called "gangs" and "terrorists." Clenching a green book that appeared to be a guide to his political philosophy, he threatened the death penalty for anyone who takes up arms against Libya or engages in espionage.
Also Tuesday, one of Mr. Gadhafi's closest associates, Interior Minister Abdel Fattah Younis, announced his defection and support for the "February 17 revolution." Speaking to Al Jazeera television from the protester-held eastern city of Benghazi, Younis urged other armed forces to join the people and their "legitimate demands."
Numerous high-level Libyan officials, including ministers, diplomats and military officers, have abandoned the regime and announced their support for the rebellion.
Meanwhile, U.N. Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs Lynn Pasco, said United Nations staff in Libya have seen aircraft and helicopters flying but could not confirm attacks against civilians. Lynn Pasco, speaking in New York, said the U.N. fears crimes against humanity have been committed in the North African nation and that the situation is deteriorating.
Libya's ambassador to the U.N. said the country's air force has not attacked civilians, but he acknowledged that most of Libya's eastern provinces are under the control of anti-regime forces. Abdurrahman Shalgham also said Libya's public prosecutor has begun an investigation into the deaths of protesters.
Witnesses in Tripoli say Libyan helicopter gunships and warplanes struck civilian areas Monday, while African mercenaries and pro-Gadhafi gunmen opened fire indiscriminately to terrorize the population. Human Rights Watch said it has received reports of at least 62 deaths in Tripoli since Sunday, on top of its previous toll of 233 dead, mostly in the country's eastern provinces.
The reports could not be independently confirmed because Libya has barred the entry of foreign journalists and cut some communication networks in the country.
The administration of U.S. President Barack Obama on Tuesday offered its condolences to the victims. White House spokesman Jay Carney condemned Libyan authorities for practicing "appalling violence" against the population.
Libyan diplomats in several countries say they have severed relations with Mr. Gadhafi to protest attacks by his forces on protesters. Libya's ambassador to the United States, Ali Aujali, called on the Libyan leader to step down. The Libyan ambassadors to India and Indonesia and a senior diplomat in China have all resigned.
Libya's embassies in Malaysia and Australia said they no longer represent Mr. Gadhafi. His Justice Minister Mustafa Abdel-Jalil resigned Monday in protest at the crackdown, while two Libyan fighter pilots flew their jets to Malta, saying they had defected after being ordered to attack demonstrators.
The protests represent the greatest challenge to Mr. Gadhafi's rule since he took power in 1969.
Some information for this report was provided by AP, AFP and Reuters.


text:
"Seek the Blessings of the Church," Ensign, May 1988, 10
Seek the Blessings of the Church
My beloved brothers and sisters, I love you very much. A few days ago, I attended a program celebrating the 146th anniversary of the Relief Society established by the Prophet Joseph Smith, Jr. Until then, I did not have a feeling or inspiration about what I wanted to say at conference. As I sat in that meeting attended by over three hundred sisters and saw the outstanding presentation—the choir of mothers and children singing and the testimonies of half a dozen of those sisters about the joys and goodness that had come into their lives because of Relief Society—I knew what I wanted to say to you today. And that is to seek the blessings of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Listen to some of their comments in that meeting about the Church and its organization.
One sister said, "I will never forget the first time the missionaries took me to church in the little branch in my home town of Santa Rosa, Philippines. I had never heard of Relief Society before, but those dear sisters encircled me in the arms of love."
Another sister said, "Sisterhood has taken on a whole new meaning for me. Several years ago my husband died suddenly, and I felt as if my world had collapsed around me. But just as suddenly, I was surrounded by a wonderful circle of sisters who helped bear my burden. They are always there. Our weekly trips to the temple bring such peace and comfort into my life. I rejoice in this sweet sisterhood."
Truly, they were no more strangers, but fellow citizens with the Saints (see Eph. 2:19). They were members of His church—the kingdom of God on earth.
As I sat in that meeting, I thought about what the Church had done for me, my wife, my family, the people in wards I had lived in, the poor and the needy among us, and the whole human race. Those few minutes that day touched my spirit, and I felt like a child who had discovered a treasure. There were feelings within me that I cannot fully explain, but I recognized what the Church had done to bless my life and everyone around me who had truly accepted it and become involved in it.
Central to everything that Christ would have us understand and receive is the great power that comes to us when we draw close to Him through our acts, our compassion, and our personal change in becoming like Him. Our passage here on this earth is a proving ground, a period of growth and choice, and a time "to prepare to meet God" (Alma 12:24). He has given us His Spirit to guide us and His truth and His church to influence us to recognize these powers and use them. One great man in Book of Mormon days who fought against these principles and teachings of the church was Alma the Younger, who was struck dumb and, after the Church spent days of fasting and prayer, was revived and spoke these words:
"For, said he, I have repented of my sins, and have been redeemed of the Lord; behold I am born of the Spirit.
"And the Lord said unto me: Marvel not that all mankind, yea, men and women, all nations, kindreds, tongues and people, must be born again; yea, born of God, changed from their carnal and fallen state, to a state of righteousness, being redeemed of God, becoming his sons and daughters;
"And thus they become new creatures; and unless they do this, they can in nowise inherit the kingdom of God" (Mosiah 27:24–26).
Alma had become a new creature, born of the spirit. He then went forth with conviction to build the kingdom of God upon the earth through the teachings of Christ and the establishment of His church—the very Church of Christ that he had condemned and ridiculed. The Church is necessary to help us to change our lives, to become new creatures.
As I contemplate the blessings of the Church in the lives of the sons and daughters of God, a hundred memories flood through my mind—memories such as—
The times I personally spent in Primary, Sunday School, priesthood, MIA, and seminary with young men and women growing up where activities were always within the bounds the Lord had established and where eternal truths were taught and retaught to strengthen and to truly provide us with a means to measure truth and error.
The time, years ago, when we lived in a large ward with many young families—an area called Morningside Heights. (We actually renamed it Morning Sickness Heights because there were so many young families.) As bishop, I had the blessing of interviewing between sixty and seventy eight-year-old children for baptism. I don't remember one child who didn't love the Savior or who didn't understand and live the law of tithing. This was one of the blessings bestowed by faithful parents and wonderful teachers from Primary and Sunday School in the Church.
The time I heard about an LDS police chief who was honored as the outstanding police officer in California, who said, "All I know about organization is what I've learned in the Church. I've organized my police force just like my stake. I have a high council and bishoprics organized all over the city. I don't call them by that name, but they are there just the same."
The experiences in the Church when I saw my wife and daughter and dozens of other women go into a home on a regularly scheduled basis to help an autistic child learn how to crawl.
The time I saw a weeping father, who had been activated, stand in our stake conference with his arms around two sons and say, "Where would we be without the Church?"
On and on and on it goes. The Church of Jesus Christ is the organization that the Savior established when He personally walked upon the earth in Palestine and later in America and in 1830 when He reestablished it upon the earth to perfect and exalt all mankind. The Church and its functions are indispensable to the plan of God.
The Church provides all of the teachings of the Savior.
The Church exercises the authority from heaven, beginning with a prophet of God and extending down to every family.
The Church provides the saving ordinances of the gospel, including holy, eternal endowments and sealings in the house of God, a fulness of all that the Father has.
The Church provides brotherhood and sisterhood with others, wherever they are upon this earth. A member of the Church is immediately a part of a community of God with friends. It is a refuge from the world, with watchcare and accountability for every member.
The Church helps us to overcome selfishness and uncertainty by serving others in dozens of ways over a lifetime. Some of our fondest memories go back to those associations we have had in service together.
The Church is a way of life and has established organizations and cultural and developmental opportunities for ourselves and our children that are the envy of this world. Loving leaders and teachers provide warmth, security, activities, music, theater, and athletics, as well as the teachings of the Savior to help us to learn how to love Him, to try to be like Him, and to serve others. Our seven-year-old grandson has, through the Primary and the example of his father, found the wonder and blessing of the New Testament and now carries his little edition around, reading it often.
Our young women are trying to put faith, prayer, individual worth, knowledge, choice, accountability, integrity, the divine nature, and good works into their lives to get understanding about their future roles in this world and forever. Through many service projects they share their lives, their testimonies, and their influence to help others come unto Christ.
A young man in Michigan several years ago fell in love with an LDS girl. He was told forthrightly and with great love that she wanted the power of the priesthood in her home and the blessings of an eternal family, and she would only marry someone who could give her those blessings. The teachings she had received had taken root, and the seeds of faith, knowledge, and choice had grown, and she knew that they were true. The young man felt her spirit and agreed to be taught the gospel.
And after he had learned that the gospel was true, his father would not approve his baptism. A great shepherd, a bishop of the young girl, went to the father and helped him to see the value of that young woman, her standards, the Church, and the really truly important things in life. The father was touched that day as he attended the baptism and saw about twenty young men and women of the Church. Following the service, he asked that the missionaries come teach him. A young woman had taken on the divine nature and was able to share the priceless truths with others.
And what about our young men, all men actually, as they learn how to exercise the priesthood of God? George Romney, former governor of Michigan and former president of American Motors, once said this to young men in a stake conference:
"Boys, I want to tell you something. I have never had a degree in business administration from any business school. What success I have had in the business world I owe to the training I have received in this church."
Recently, we learned a very valuable lesson from our President, Ezra Taft Benson, about the value of the Church in his own life and in the lives of boys. He spent many years early in his married life teaching our young boys as a Scoutmaster, learning and sharing with them in a hundred ways. And we saw the results a few months ago as nearly all of those Scouts he had led assembled and stood in this Tabernacle—a witness of what had been done for them in this church. Yes, the Church is the instrumentality of God. It is essential to the salvation of mankind.
Listen to what President David O. McKay said about the Church: "Every phase of [the Church] seems to me applicable to the welfare of the human family. When I consider the quorums of priesthood, I see in them an opportunity for developing that fraternity and brotherly love which is essential to the happiness of mankind. In these quorums and in the auxiliaries of the Church, I see opportunities for intellectual development, for social efficiency. In the judicial phase of the Church I see ample means of settling difficulties, of establishing harmony in society, of administering justice, and of perpetuating peace among individuals and groups. In the ecclesiastical organization, I see an opportunity for social welfare such as cannot be found in any other organization in the world.
"Thus does Christ and His Church become my ideal, my inspiration in life. I think it is the highest ideal for which man can strive. …
"I know of nothing else in the world that can even approach Christ's Church as an anchor for the soul" (Treasures of Life, comp. Clare Middlemiss, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1962, pp. 3–4).
Now, may I invite all within the sound of my voice to seek the blessings of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints—its important, eternal blessings, its programs and activities, its opportunities to serve and to be of one heart and one mind—and to seek the peace the Savior promised. The First Presidency has extended a special invitation to all who, for whatever reason, may have gone astray from the Church, to come back, to come home, for you are needed and we love you. The Lord and His church will bless you and your families—even into eternity.
Let us all seize every opportunity to serve in His church, with full intent and with great desire, for that is what expands and perfects and sanctifies the soul. The words of the Lord given in February 1829 capture the spirit and heart of how to serve in the Church:
"Therefore, O ye that embark in the service of God, see that ye serve him with all your heart, might, mind and strength, that ye may stand blameless before God at the last day" (D&C 4:2).
Beloved brothers and sisters, this is the Lord's church, to which we are highly privileged to belong. We are part of it. It blesses our lives. May we capture the true spirit intended by the Lord and be anxiously engaged with others in seeking the blessings of the Church. I know with all the strength of my soul that it is true, that it is God's instrument to help us to become like His Son, in the name of Jesus Christ, amen.

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Bresol Syrup®
What is this herbal product?
Bresol Syrup® – a potent herbal combination of Tulasi, Vasaka and Haridra. Bresol is an Ayurvedic medicine for chronic respiratory disorders, allergies.
What it does:
Combats respiratory disorders: The natural ingredients in Bresol synergistically act to provide symptomatic relief in allergic respiratory conditions. Its antihistaminic property manages symptoms associated with respiratory disorders. The mucolytic (reducing the viscosity of mucus) and bronchodilatory (decreasing resistance in the breathing airways) properties of Bresol are helpful in liquefying and relieving nasal and bronchial congestion. Its antimicrobial action combats infections caused by gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
- Allergic rhinitis (stuffy nose)
- Allergic bronchitis
- Bronchial asthma
- Pollen allergy
Key ingredients:
Ayurveda texts and modern research back the following facts:
Turmeric (Haridra) contains curcumin, a chemical constituent which blocks NF-kappa B, a protein complex that is linked to allergy and asthma.
Holy Basil (Tulasi) possesses potent antihistaminic properties, which protect against pollen-induced bronchospasms. Holy Basil inhibits the production of nitric oxide, which renders the herb its antioxidant property. This is helpful in treating allergic respiratory disorders.
Malabar Nut (Vasaka) is widely used as a mucolytic, which thins mucus sputum and alleviates cough. Alkaloids found in the herb enhance its bronchodilatory property. This function improves breathing in respiratory disorders.
Directions for use:
Please consult your physician to prescribe the dosage that best suits the condition.
Available as a tablet or syrup.
Side effects:
Bresol is not known to have any side effects if taken as per the prescribed dosage.


text:
Ford Motor will formally tap Mark Fields as its next CEO and reveal a formal retirement date for CEO Alan Mulally, according to published reports.
The automaker has signaled that Fields would take the helm for some time now. Fields was named chief operating officer in November 2012, and has been handling many of the day-to-day management operations since then. At the same time, Ford announced that Mulally would stay as CEO through 2014.
The company does not have any updates to those earlier statements, said spokeswoman Susan Krusel, and it won't discuss details of its succession plans or comment on speculation. No announcement was imminent, she added.
Bloomberg News first reported Monday that a decision has been made.
Related: Ford boosts Mulally pay
Mulally has been CEO since 2006, and came to the automaker from Boeing (BA). Last year he was widely reported to be a contender for the top job at Microsoft (MSFT), but in January he quashed those rumors, saying he will stay put at Ford at least through this year.
Mulally, 68, is widely credited with saving Ford Motor from the bankruptcy and federal bailout that felled its rivals General Motors (GM) and Chrysler Group in 2009. And the company has enjoyed a tremendous turnaround under his tenure, shedding weaker brands such as Volvo, Land Rover and Mercury, and concentrating on its core Ford and Lincoln nameplates.
Related: Ford unveils aluminum F-150
Ford earned $7.2 billion in 2013, up 26% from a year earlier. Profits were strong enough to pay all the hourly factory workers a record profit-sharing bonus of about $8,800 each.
The company recaptured its position as the No. 2 automaker in terms of U.S. sales from Japanese rival Toyota Motor (TM) during his tenure, putting it behind only GM in its home market. Last year Ford boosted its U.S. market share more than any other automaker.
The automaker is also taking steps to increase sales in Asia, particularly in China, which is now the world's largest market for car sales.
Fields has worked at Ford for 25 years. Prior to being named chief operating officer, he served for seven years as president of the Americas for the company, transforming its money-losing North American operations to the most profitable it's ever been. He also served as CEO of Mazada Motors from 2000 to 2002 when that Japanese automaker was owned by Ford.
Shares of Ford (F) are up about 3% so far this year, outperforming Toyota Motor and GM, which have each seen shares slide more than 10% this year.


text:
- Different types of resources belong in different subdirectories of
- Alternative resources provide configuration-specific resource files
- Always include default resources so your app does not depend on specific device configurations
In this document
- Grouping Resource Types
- Providing Alternative Resources
- Providing the Best Device Compatibility with Resources
- How Android Finds the Best-matching Resource
- Known Issues
See also
You should always externalize application resources such as images and strings from your code, so that you can maintain them independently. You should also provide alternative resources for specific device configurations, by grouping them in specially-named resource directories. At runtime, Android uses the appropriate resource based on the current configuration. For example, you might want to provide a different UI layout depending on the screen size or different strings depending on the language setting.
Once you externalize your application resources, you can access them
using resource IDs that are generated in your project's R
class. How to use
resources in your application is discussed in Accessing
Resources. This document shows you how to group your resources in your Android project and
provide alternative resources for specific device configurations.
Grouping Resource Types
You should place each type of resource in a specific subdirectory of your project's
directory. For example, here's the file hierarchy for a simple project:
MyProject/ src/ MyActivity.java res/ drawable/ icon.png layout/ main.xml info.xml values/ strings.xml
As you can see in this example, the res/
directory contains all the resources (in
subdirectories): an image resource, two layout resources, and a string resource file. The resource
directory names are important and are described in table 1.
Directory | Resource Type |
animator/ |
XML files that define property animations. |
anim/ |
XML files that define tween
animations. (Property animations can also be saved in this directory, but
the animator/ directory is preferred for property animations to distinguish between the two
types.) |
color/ |
XML files that define a state list of colors. See Color State List Resource |
drawable/ |
Bitmap files (
See Drawable Resources. |
layout/ |
XML files that define a user interface layout. See Layout Resource. |
menu/ |
XML files that define application menus, such as an Options Menu, Context Menu, or Sub Menu. See Menu Resource. |
raw/ |
Arbitrary files to save in their raw form. To open these resources with a raw
However, if you need access to original file names and file hierarchy, you might consider
saving some resources in the |
values/ |
XML files that contain simple values, such as strings, integers, and colors. Whereas XML resource files in other Because each resource is defined with its own XML element, you can name the file whatever you want and place different resource types in one file. However, for clarity, you might want to place unique resource types in different files. For example, here are some filename conventions for resources you can create in this directory:
See String Resources, Style Resource, and More Resource Types. |
xml/ |
Arbitrary XML files that can be read at runtime by calling Resources.getXML() . Various XML configuration files
must be saved here, such as a searchable configuration.
Caution: Never save resource files directly inside the
directory—it will cause a compiler error.
For more information about certain types of resources, see the Resource Types documentation.
The resources that you save in the subdirectories defined in table 1 are your "default" resources. That is, these resources define the default design and content for your application. However, different types of Android-powered devices might call for different types of resources. For example, if a device has a larger than normal screen, then you should provide different layout resources that take advantage of the extra screen space. Or, if a device has a different language setting, then you should provide different string resources that translate the text in your user interface. To provide these different resources for different device configurations, you need to provide alternative resources, in addition to your default resources.
Providing Alternative Resources
Almost every application should provide alternative resources to support specific device configurations. For instance, you should include alternative drawable resources for different screen densities and alternative string resources for different languages. At runtime, Android detects the current device configuration and loads the appropriate resources for your application.
To specify configuration-specific alternatives for a set of resources:
- Create a new directory in
named in the form<resources_name>-<config_qualifier>
is the directory name of the corresponding default resources (defined in table 1).<qualifier>
is a name that specifies an individual configuration for which these resources are to be used (defined in table 2).
You can append more than one
. Separate each one with a dash.Caution: When appending multiple qualifiers, you must place them in the same order in which they are listed in table 2. If the qualifiers are ordered wrong, the resources are ignored.
- Save the respective alternative resources in this new directory. The resource files must be named exactly the same as the default resource files.
For example, here are some default and alternative resources:
res/ drawable/ icon.png background.png drawable-hdpi/ icon.png background.png
The hdpi
qualifier indicates that the resources in that directory are for devices with a
high-density screen. The images in each of these drawable directories are sized for a specific
screen density, but the filenames are exactly
the same. This way, the resource ID that you use to reference the icon.png
or background.png
image is always the same, but Android selects the
version of each resource that best matches the current device, by comparing the device
configuration information with the qualifiers in the resource directory name.
Android supports several configuration qualifiers and you can add multiple qualifiers to one directory name, by separating each qualifier with a dash. Table 2 lists the valid configuration qualifiers, in order of precedence—if you use multiple qualifiers for a resource directory, you must add them to the directory name in the order they are listed in the table.
Configuration | Qualifier Values | Description |
MCC and MNC | Examples:mcc310
mcc208-mnc00 etc. |
The mobile country code (MCC), optionally followed by mobile network code (MNC)
from the SIM card in the device. For example, If the device uses a radio connection (GSM phone), the MCC and MNC values come from the SIM card. You can also use the MCC alone (for example, to include country-specific legal resources in your application). If you need to specify based on the language only, then use the language and region qualifier instead (discussed next). If you decide to use the MCC and MNC qualifier, you should do so with care and test that it works as expected. Also see the configuration fields |
Language and region | Examples:en fr en-rUS fr-rFR fr-rCA etc. |
The language is defined by a two-letter ISO
639-1 language code, optionally followed by a two letter
3166-1-alpha-2 region code (preceded by lowercase "
The codes are not case-sensitive; the This can change during the life of your application if the user changes his or her language in the system settings. See Handling Runtime Changes for information about how this can affect your application during runtime. See Localization for a complete guide to localizing your application for other languages. Also see the |
smallestWidth | sw<N>dp Examples: sw320dp sw600dp sw720dp etc. |
The fundamental size of a screen, as indicated by the shortest dimension of the available
screen area. Specifically, the device's smallestWidth is the shortest of the screen's available
height and width (you may also think of it as the "smallest possible width" for the screen). You can
use this qualifier to ensure that, regardless of the screen's current orientation, your
application's has at least For example, if your layout requires that its smallest dimension of screen area be at
least 600 dp at all times, then you can use this qualifer to create the layout resources, The smallestWidth of a device takes into account screen decorations and system UI. For example, if the device has some persistent UI elements on the screen that account for space along the axis of the smallestWidth, the system declares the smallestWidth to be smaller than the actual screen size, because those are screen pixels not available for your UI. Thus, the value you use should be the actual smallest dimension required by your layout (usually, this value is the "smallest width" that your layout supports, regardless of the screen's current orientation). Some values you might use here for common screen sizes:
When your application provides multiple resource directories with different values for the smallestWidth qualifier, the system uses the one closest to (without exceeding) the device's smallestWidth. Added in API level 13. Also see the For more information about designing for different screens and using this qualifier, see the Supporting Multiple Screens developer guide. |
Available width | w<N>dp Examples: w720dp w1024dp etc. |
Specifies a minimum available screen width, in When your application provides multiple resource directories with different values for this configuration, the system uses the one closest to (without exceeding) the device's current screen width. The value here takes into account screen decorations, so if the device has some persistent UI elements on the left or right edge of the display, it uses a value for the width that is smaller than the real screen size, accounting for these UI elements and reducing the application's available space. Added in API level 13. Also see the For more information about designing for different screens and using this qualifier, see the Supporting Multiple Screens developer guide. |
Available height | h<N>dp Examples: h720dp h1024dp etc. |
Specifies a minimum available screen height, in "dp" units at which the resource
should be used—defined by the When your application provides multiple resource directories with different values for this configuration, the system uses the one closest to (without exceeding) the device's current screen height. The value here takes into account screen decorations, so if the device has some persistent UI elements on the top or bottom edge of the display, it uses a value for the height that is smaller than the real screen size, accounting for these UI elements and reducing the application's available space. Screen decorations that are not fixed (such as a phone status bar that can be hidden when full screen) are not accounted for here, nor are window decorations like the title bar or action bar, so applications must be prepared to deal with a somewhat smaller space than they specify. Added in API level 13. Also see the For more information about designing for different screens and using this qualifier, see the Supporting Multiple Screens developer guide. |
Screen size |
small normal large xlarge
Note: Using a size qualifier does not imply that the resources are only for screens of that size. If you do not provide alternative resources with qualifiers that better match the current device configuration, the system may use whichever resources are the best match. Caution: If all your resources use a size qualifier that
is larger than the current screen, the system will not use them and your
application will crash at runtime (for example, if all layout resources are tagged with the Added in API level 4. See Supporting Multiple Screens for more information. Also see the |
Screen aspect |
long notlong
Added in API level 4. This is based purely on the aspect ratio of the screen (a "long" screen is wider). This is not related to the screen orientation. Also see the |
Screen orientation |
port land
This can change during the life of your application if the user rotates the screen. See Handling Runtime Changes for information about how this affects your application during runtime. Also see the |
UI mode |
car desk television |
Added in API level 8, television added in API 13. This can change during the life of your application if the user places the device in a
dock. You can enable or disable some of these modes using |
Night mode |
night notnight
Added in API level 8. This can change during the life of your application if night mode is left in
auto mode (default), in which case the mode changes based on the time of day. You can enable
or disable this mode using |
Screen pixel density (dpi) |
ldpi mdpi hdpi xhdpi nodpi tvdpi
There is a 3:4:6:8 scaling ratio between the four primary densities (ignoring the tvdpi density). So, a 9x9 bitmap in ldpi is 12x12 in mdpi, 18x18 in hdpi and 24x24 in xhdpi. If you decide that your image resources don't look good enough on a television or other certain devices and want to try tvdpi resources, the scaling factor is 1.33*mdpi. For example, a 100px x 100px image for mdpi screens should be 133px x 133px for tvdpi. Note: Using a density qualifier does not imply that the resources are only for screens of that density. If you do not provide alternative resources with qualifiers that better match the current device configuration, the system may use whichever resources are the best match. See Supporting Multiple Screens for more information about how to handle different screen densities and how Android might scale your bitmaps to fit the current density. |
Touchscreen type |
notouch finger
Also see the |
Keyboard availability |
keysexposed keyshidden keyssoft
If you provide This can change during the life of your application if the user opens a hardware keyboard. See Handling Runtime Changes for information about how this affects your application during runtime. Also see the configuration fields |
Primary text input method |
nokeys qwerty 12key
Also see the |
Navigation key availability |
navexposed navhidden
This can change during the life of your application if the user reveals the navigation keys. See Handling Runtime Changes for information about how this affects your application during runtime. Also see the |
Primary non-touch navigation method |
nonav dpad trackball wheel
Also see the |
Platform Version (API level) | Examples:v3 v4 v7 etc. |
The API level supported by the device. For example, Caution: Android 1.5 and 1.6 only match resources with this qualifier when it exactly matches the platform version. See the section below about Known Issues for more information. |
Note: Some configuration qualifiers have been added since Android
1.0, so not all versions of Android support all the qualifiers. Using a new qualifier implicitly
adds the platform version qualifier so that older devices are sure to ignore it. For example, using
a w600dp
qualifier will automatically include the v13
qualifier, because
the available-width qualifier was new in API level 13. To avoid any issues, always include a set of
default resources (a set of resources with no qualifiers). For more information, see the
section about Providing the Best Device Compatibility with
Qualifier name rules
Here are some rules about using configuration qualifier names:
- You can specify multiple qualifiers for a single set of resources, separated by dashes. For
applies to US-English devices in landscape orientation. - The qualifiers must be in the order listed in table 2. For
- Wrong:
- Correct:
- Wrong:
- Alternative resource directories cannot be nested. For example, you cannot have
. - Values are case-insensitive. The resource compiler converts directory names to lower case before processing to avoid problems on case-insensitive file systems. Any capitalization in the names is only to benefit readability.
- Only one value for each qualifier type is supported. For example, if you want to use
the same drawable files for Spain and France, you cannot have a directory named
. Instead you need two resource directories, such asdrawable-rES/
, which contain the appropriate files. However, you are not required to actually duplicate the same files in both locations. Instead, you can create an alias to a resource. See Creating alias resources below.
After you save alternative resources into directories named with these qualifiers, Android automatically applies the resources in your application based on the current device configuration. Each time a resource is requested, Android checks for alternative resource directories that contain the requested resource file, then finds the best-matching resource (discussed below). If there are no alternative resources that match a particular device configuration, then Android uses the corresponding default resources (the set of resources for a particular resource type that does not include a configuration qualifier).
Creating alias resources
When you have a resource that you'd like to use for more than one device configuration (but do not want to provide as a default resource), you do not need to put the same resource in more than one alternative resource directory. Instead, you can (in some cases) create an alternative resource that acts as an alias for a resource saved in your default resource directory.
Note: Not all resources offer a mechanism by which you can
create an alias to another resource. In particular, animation, menu, raw, and other unspecified
resources in the xml/
directory do not offer this feature.
For example, imagine you have an application icon, icon.png
, and need unique version of
it for different locales. However, two locales, English-Canadian and French-Canadian, need to
use the same version. You might assume that you need to copy the same image
into the resource directory for both English-Canadian and French-Canadian, but it's
not true. Instead, you can save the image that's used for both as icon_ca.png
name other than icon.png
) and put
it in the default res/drawable/
directory. Then create an icon.xml
file in res/drawable-en-rCA/
and res/drawable-fr-rCA/
that refers to the icon_ca.png
resource using the <bitmap>
element. This allows you to store just one version of the
PNG file and two small XML files that point to it. (An example XML file is shown below.)
To create an alias to an existing drawable, use the <bitmap>
For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <bitmap xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" android:src="@drawable/icon_ca" />
If you save this file as icon.xml
(in an alternative resource directory, such as
), it is compiled into a resource that you
can reference as R.drawable.icon
, but is actually an alias for the R.drawable.icon_ca
resource (which is saved in res/drawable/
To create an alias to an existing layout, use the <include>
element, wrapped in a <merge>
. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <merge> <include layout="@layout/main_ltr"/> </merge>
If you save this file as main.xml
, it is compiled into a resource you can reference
as R.layout.main
, but is actually an alias for the R.layout.main_ltr
Strings and other simple values
To create an alias to an existing string, simply use the resource ID of the desired string as the value for the new string. For example:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <resources> <string name="hello">Hello</string> <string name="hi">@string/hello</string> </resources>
The R.string.hi
resource is now an alias for the R.string.hello
Other simple values work the same way. For example, a color:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <resources> <color name="yellow">#f00</color> <color name="highlight">@color/red</color> </resources>
Providing the Best Device Compatibility with Resources
In order for your application to support multiple device configurations, it's very important that you always provide default resources for each type of resource that your application uses.
For example, if your application supports several languages, always include a values/
directory (in which your strings are saved) without a language and region qualifier. If you instead put all your string files
in directories that have a language and region qualifier, then your application will crash when run
on a device set to a language that your strings do not support. But, as long as you provide default
resources, then your application will run properly (even if the user doesn't
understand that language—it's better than crashing).
Likewise, if you provide different layout resources based on the screen orientation, you should
pick one orientation as your default. For example, instead of providing layout resources in layout-land/
for landscape and layout-port/
for portrait, leave one as the default, such as
for landscape and layout-port/
for portrait.
Providing default resources is important not only because your application might run on a
configuration you had not anticipated, but also because new versions of Android sometimes add
configuration qualifiers that older versions do not support. If you use a new resource qualifier,
but maintain code compatibility with older versions of Android, then when an older version of
Android runs your application, it will crash if you do not provide default resources, because it
cannot use the resources named with the new qualifier. For example, if your minSdkVersion
is set to 4, and you qualify all of your drawable resources using night mode (night
or notnight
, which were added in API
Level 8), then an API level 4 device cannot access your drawable resources and will crash. In this
case, you probably want notnight
to be your default resources, so you should exclude that
qualifier so your drawable resources are in either drawable/
or drawable-night/
So, in order to provide the best device compatibility, always provide default resources for the resources your application needs to perform properly. Then create alternative resources for specific device configurations using the configuration qualifiers.
There is one exception to this rule: If your application's minSdkVersion
is 4 or
greater, you do not need default drawable resources when you provide alternative drawable
resources with the screen density qualifier. Even without default
drawable resources, Android can find the best match among the alternative screen densities and scale
the bitmaps as necessary. However, for the best experience on all types of devices, you should
provide alternative drawables for all three types of density. If your minSdkVersion
less than 4 (Android 1.5 or lower), be aware that the screen size, density, and aspect
qualifiers are not supported on Android 1.5 or lower, so you might need to perform additional
compatibility for these versions.
Providing screen resource compatibility for Android 1.5
Android 1.5 (and lower) does not support the following configuration qualifers:
- Density
, andnodpi
- Screen size
, andlarge
- Screen aspect
These configuration qualifiers were introduced in Android 1.6, so Android 1.5 (API level 3) and lower does not support them. If you use these configuration qualifiers and do not provide corresponding default resources, then an Android 1.5 device might use any one of the resource directories named with the above screen configuration qualifiers, because it ignores these qualifiers and uses whichever otherwise-matching drawable resource it finds first.
For example, if your application supports Android 1.5 and includes drawable resources for
each density type (drawable-ldpi/
, drawable-mdpi/
, and drawable-ldpi/
and does not include default drawable resources (drawable/
), then
an Android 1.5 will use drawables from any one of the alternative resource directories, which
can result in a user interface that's less than ideal.
So, to provide compatibility with Android 1.5 (and lower) when using the screen configuration qualifiers:
- Provide default resources that are for medium-density, normal, and notlong screens.
Because all Android 1.5 devices have medium-density, normal, not-long screens, you can place these kinds of resources in the corresponding default resource directory. For example, put all medium density drawable resources in
(instead ofdrawable-mdpi/
), putnormal
size resources in the corresponding default resource directory, andnotlong
resources in the corresponding default resource directory. - Ensure that your SDK Tools version
is r6 or greater.
You need SDK Tools, Revision 6 (or greater), because it includes a new packaging tool that automatically applies an appropriate version qualifier to any resource directory named with a qualifier that does not exist in Android 1.0. For example, because the density qualifier was introduced in Android 1.6 (API level 4), when the packaging tool encounters a resource directory using the density qualifier, it adds
to the directory name to ensure that older versions do not use those resources (only API level 4 and higher support that qualifier). Thus, by putting your medium-density resources in a directory without themdpi
qualifier, they are still accessible by Android 1.5, and any device that supports the density qualifer and has a medium-density screen also uses the default resources (which are mdpi) because they are the best match for the device (instead of using theldpi
Note: Later versions of Android, such as API level 8, introduce other configuration qualifiers that older version do not support. To provide the best compatibility, you should always include a set of default resources for each type of resource that your application uses, as discussed above to provide the best device compatibility.
How Android Finds the Best-matching Resource
When you request a resource for which you provide alternatives, Android selects which alternative resource to use at runtime, depending on the current device configuration. To demonstrate how Android selects an alternative resource, assume the following drawable directories each contain different versions of the same images:
drawable/ drawable-en/ drawable-fr-rCA/ drawable-en-port/ drawable-en-notouch-12key/ drawable-port-ldpi/ drawable-port-notouch-12key/
And assume the following is the device configuration:
Locale = en-GB
Screen orientation = port
Screen pixel density = hdpi
Touchscreen type = notouch
Primary text input method = 12key
By comparing the device configuration to the available alternative resources, Android selects
drawables from drawable-en-port
The system arrives at its decision for which resources to use with the following logic:
- Eliminate resource files that contradict the device configuration.
directory is eliminated, because it contradicts theen-GB
locale.drawable/ drawable-en/
drawable-fr-rCA/drawable-en-port/ drawable-en-notouch-12key/ drawable-port-ldpi/ drawable-port-notouch-12key/Exception: Screen pixel density is the one qualifier that is not eliminated due to a contradiction. Even though the screen density of the device is hdpi,
is not eliminated because every screen density is considered to be a match at this point. More information is available in the Supporting Multiple Screens document. - Pick the (next) highest-precedence qualifier in the list (table 2). (Start with MCC, then move down.)
- Do any of the resource directories include this qualifier?
- If No, return to step 2 and look at the next qualifier. (In the example, the answer is "no" until the language qualifier is reached.)
- If Yes, continue to step 4.
- Eliminate resource directories that do not include this qualifier. In the example, the system eliminates all the directories that do not include a language qualifier:
- Go back and repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 until only one directory remains. In the example, screen
orientation is the next qualifier for which there are any matches.
So, resources that do not specify a screen orientation are eliminated:
drawable-en/drawable-en-port/drawable-en-notouch-12key/The remaining directory is
drawable/drawable-en/ drawable-en-port/ drawable-en-notouch-12key/drawable-port-ldpi/drawable-port-notouch-12key/
Exception: If the qualifier in question is screen pixel density, Android selects the option that most closely matches the device screen density. In general, Android prefers scaling down a larger original image to scaling up a smaller original image. See Supporting Multiple Screens.
Though this procedure is executed for each resource requested, the system further optimizes some aspects. One such optimization is that once the device configuration is known, it might eliminate alternative resources that can never match. For example, if the configuration language is English ("en"), then any resource directory that has a language qualifier set to something other than English is never included in the pool of resources checked (though a resource directory without the language qualifier is still included).
When selecting resources based on the screen size qualifiers, the system will use resources
designed for a screen smaller than the current screen if there are no resources that better match
(for example, a large-size screen will use normal-size screen resources if necessary). However, if
the only available resources are larger than the current screen, the system will
not use them and your application will crash if no other resources match the device
configuration (for example, if all layout resources are tagged with the xlarge
but the device is a normal-size screen).
Note: The precedence of the qualifier (in table 2) is more important
than the number of qualifiers that exactly match the device. For example, in step 4 above, the last
choice on the list includes three qualifiers that exactly match the device (orientation, touchscreen
type, and input method), while drawable-en
has only one parameter that matches
(language). However, language has a higher precedence than these other qualifiers, so
is out.
To learn more about how to use resources in your application, continue to Accessing Resources.
Known Issues
Android 1.5 and 1.6: Version qualifier performs exact match, instead of best match
The correct behavior is for the system to match resources marked with a version qualifier equal to or less than the platform version on the device, but on Android 1.5 and 1.6, (API level 3 and 4), there is a bug that causes the system to match resources marked with the version qualifier only when it exactly matches the version on the device.
The workaround: To provide version-specific resources, abide by this behavior. However, because this bug is fixed in versions of Android available after 1.6, if you need to differentiate resources between Android 1.5, 1.6, and later versions, then you only need to apply the version qualifier to the 1.6 resources and one to match all later versions. Thus, this is effectively a non-issue.
For example, if you want drawable resources that are different on each Android 1.5, 1.6,
and 2.0.1 (and later), create three drawable directories: drawable/
(for 1.5 and lower),
(for 1.6), and drawable-v6
(for 2.0.1 and later—version 2.0, v5,
is no longer available).


text:
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Online Learning | Feature
As demand rises--and technology and course design improve--distance-learning programs are taking off at traditional brick-and-mortar schools.
Whoever said "Distance education begins in the 10th row" was taking a jab at the comatose kids at the back of his classroom, but the comment also taps into the old image of distance learners as disengaged themselves. That was then. Today, distance-learning programs are booming, in part due to demographic realities but also because recent advances in online technologies have markedly improved the distance-learning experience. What once was the province of isolated students in far-off outposts has morphed into learning systems that are increasingly seen not only as a rival to face-to-face instruction but also as a valuable complement.
Indeed, the time has probably come to retire the term "distance learning." Today, online courses are, in some cases, as relevant to students living on campus as they are to learners in remote locations. And for those students not on campus, the appeal of online learning has as much to do with scheduling as it does with distance. The majority of online learners today are not traditional college-age students--they work, have families--and flexibility is of paramount importance.
Not surprisingly then, many new online programs are focusing on postgraduate studies. What is different, though, is that many of these new entrants are brand-name, brick-and-mortar universities that are prepared to stake their reputations on their programs. Certainly, it's not a decision to be taken lightly. After all, criticism about the academic value of for-profit online degrees has generated big headlines in the past couple of years. However, the new entrants believe that if they maintain the same instructional quality online as they do on campus, prospective students will discern and appreciate the difference.
"We, or any university, cannot risk putting something out that would damage or cheapen our brand," explains Don Chaney, assistant dean for distance education and outreach in the College of Health and Human Performance at the University of Florida. "Our online programs at UF have exactly the same entrance requirements, internship rules, et cetera, as our on-campus programs. Our online students do not cut any corners. They just take their courses from a different location."
Technology Improvements So what has given these universities the belief that they can deliver an online product that is as effective as their on-campus instructional programs? For starters, the technology has--at last--caught up with the vision.
"In these online programs, you might not meet with other students or go for coffee with the professors afterward--which, let's face it, doesn't happen that often anyway--but you have a richer experience in some ways," notes Susan Metros, associate vice provost and associate CIO for technology-enhanced learning at the University of Southern California. "These are sophisticated platforms."
Metros cites the prevalence today of broadband networks, videoconferencing systems, webcasts, and live-chat applications, all of which are designed to increase interaction and collegiality--an aspect on which USC places a great deal of emphasis. "A lot of our courses are designed for cohorts, so you might go through the entire program with the same group of people," she explains. "I've heard from students and faculty who say that this creates a closer bond among students than they experience in the classroom."
"We get that kind of feedback fairly often," adds Michael Eddy, assistant dean for administration and planning at Purdue University's (IN) Extended Campus. "In fact, we're trying to create courses where that kind of interaction is built in, where students have lots of opportunities to interact with each other online, and to get more virtual face time with their professors."
Face time does not mean spending hours watching a lecturer on screen, however. Such sleep-inducing approaches are what gave online learning a bad name in the first place, and they are rapidly being phased out. "We're trying to get away from the talking-head approach, where you film a lecture and make it available online," explains Eddy. "We're trying to get much more interactive. That's the new model of online education."
As in the classroom, however, the online technology is only as good as the instructor and the course design. "It's definitely a better experience for the students and the professors, thanks to the tech," says James Eddy, professor of public health education at the University of North Carolina at Greensboro. "But the real advance is the ability of teachers to use the technology effectively. Distance learning is getting better because people are weaving in the instructional-design piece."
Eddy (no relation to Purdue's Michael Eddy) directs the school's Office of Academic Outreach and has been involved with distance learning since 1976. "Back then, distance learning was about driving 35 miles to Altoona," he jokes.
In "The Context of Distance Learning Programs in Higher Education: Five Enabling Assumptions," a paper penned in 2010 with Don and Elizabeth Chaney, Eddy wrote: "The technology exists to communicate with students in myriad ways. The challenge for the distance-learning program planner is not to infuse the course of study with all the latest and most sophisticated technology, but rather to select the technology that best meets the unique needs and interests of the learners and the instructors…."
Course Design Is Key In the past, too many faculty assumed that whatever worked in the classroom would work online, usually with poor results. However, schools are now realizing that effective online courses require specialized approaches and knowledge, whether it comes from the institution's instructional design group or an outside vendor.
In 2010, for example, USC partnered with two online integrators, 2tor and EmbanetCompass, to produce a new master's curriculum. The school launched six programs based on that collaboration in 2010, and plans to launch another five by 2013.
One of its first degree programs was the Master of Arts in Teaching. From an initial class of 80 students, it has grown to more than 1,200 students today. "There are more students in the online version than in the entire School of Education," notes Metros. In total, some 3,000 students are currently enrolled in USC's online professional master's programs, and all graduates receive degree certificates no different from those awarded to students studying on campus.
Indeed, as an indicator of USC's confidence in the quality of its online content, some learning modules are poised to migrate to its on-campus programs. "We negotiated with the third-party vendors so that the materials they developed for our online programs--the learning modules--could be used in residential courses," says Metros.
Like USC, Purdue is determined that its online programs should be worthy of the school name. To that end, the school decided to focus on postgraduate studies because it's extremely difficult to build an effective online undergraduate program. A typical undergraduate program consists of about 120 hours of courses, including electives, while a typical master's degree consists of 30 hours of "very lock-step" courses, in which everyone proceeds in a cohort, taking the same courses at the same time. Simply put, online graduate programs are much easier to develop and administer.
But online programs may also be better suited to older, more mature students. "It's a very different type of student," says Mary Sadowski, dean of Purdue's Extended Campus. "There's a level of maturity and discipline that's required to take classes where you don't have to appear in front of a professor at a specific time on specific days every week."
Maturity aside, there's an equally compelling business reason for pursuing the postgraduate market: a big pool of potential students who can't attend classes on campus for whatever reason--work, family, or location. With their ability to offer these prospective students a name-brand degree online, traditional universities may have a competitive advantage over online-only and for-profit schools. And they can potentially generate large amounts of revenue with minimal operational costs.
That's certainly how Purdue views the opportunity. According to Michael Eddy, Purdue intends to "increase its participation at the graduate level" by recruiting adults who are working full time and need a master's degree to advance their careers. "We're bringing in new students--students with a different profile--who would probably never come to campus, who will be pursing their degrees as they work. We think we can grow that business in a significant way."
Purdue now offers several executive master's programs completely online. Additionally, the school runs distance graduate-degree programs for the employees of the Rolls-Royce facility in Indianapolis and Cummins Engine, also in Indiana.
But can these schools use their online programs to secure a new segment of students without also stealing students who might otherwise have attended in person? "That was, in fact, one of the concerns of our faculty," recalls Metros. "Would we be cannibalizing our own residential programs? But it has been almost the opposite. If anything, the residential programs have grown, because now they're more visible."
Purdue is not taking any chances, though. Its online programs accept only students who can demonstrate that they can't attend classes on campus. "We're not cannibalizing the base here at all," claims Eddy, "but bringing in a different kind of student and actually expanding the pool of potential students."
He cites the example of Purdue students serving in the National Guard whose academic careers were interrupted when they were called up to serve in the Iraq war. "They patrolled the streets of Baghdad by day and took their Purdue courses online at night," he recalls. "It allowed them to continue to progress toward their degrees, and maybe not feel so disconnected from their lives back here in the States."
Undergraduate Potential When it comes to undergraduate online degrees, schools probably face a greater danger of cannibalizing their residential programs. But many university administrators also believe that online-only programs are not the correct educational approach for dealing with young adults.
"USC staunchly believes that the undergraduates' curriculum should be a residential curriculum," notes Metros. "We want you to come here. We have so many international students, the cultural diversity is phenomenal--more so than at any other school in the US. Plus, when you're an undergrad you have a lot of learning to do outside the classroom: doing your laundry, learning to study, making all the good and bad decisions you need to make between ages 18 and 24. Our administration believes that undergraduates should have that experience."
That's not to say that online learning won't play a significant role in undergraduate studies. Indeed, the concept of blended learning--a mix of in-person and online learning--is gaining traction fast among both undergraduate and graduate programs.
Both the USC and Purdue distance-learning programs offer opportunities for face-to-face interactions. A USC student in the online Master of Arts in Teaching program, for example, must meet with his teacher adviser in the same school where he will complete his student teaching--one of 2,700 K-12 schools around the world. In fact, administrators at each university expect online-only programs to evolve over time into something closer to blended programs.
"We're a real bricks-and-mortar kind of campus," says Purdue's Sadowski, "and we think students get a lot out of working together and getting to know each other in the real world. We think the combination of online courses and face-to-face interactions--whether students are coming to our campus or meeting somewhere else--is what really works best."
UF's Chaney agrees. "Traditional education is definitely undergoing a shift to the blended model," he notes. "The shift enables us to reach our students outside the traditional classroom. Students are becoming more and more reliant on technology, and we can't continue to have them 'power down' when they walk into a classroom. Our educational system must evolve into more online and mobile environments."
And in this era of budget constraints, the move toward blended learning on campuses may make more than just pedagogical sense. It also comes down to dollars and cents--for schools and students alike.
"Whenever you have an economic downturn, budgets at colleges and universities are cut, and they have fewer professors teaching fewer courses," explains Chaney. "What they often give up is the second, third, and fourth sections of a course. It's those sections that provide the flexibility students need to build a schedule."
Without that flexibility, students who have to work a job or have scheduling conflicts are more likely to drop out or take longer to graduate. "But if that course is offered asynchronously through a distance-learning program," continues Chaney, "it shortens the time to the degree and allows students to carry a full load."
Given that universities typically charge the same tuition for online courses as for on-campus equivalents, it's fair to ask whether online degrees--even from traditional universities--will carry the same status in the wider world.
"In 13 years of being involved in distance-education programs, I have never had a student come back to me and state that he didn't get a job because of taking online courses," says Chaney. "I look at it as a strong suit that these students are learning how to use multiple technologies in addition to the programmatic content. There will always be a segment of the population that cannot go back to a college campus, and online programs are the only way those students are going to be able to further their education."
As far as Metros is concerned, there is no distinction in quality between online and on-campus learning. "At the end of the day, it's a USC degree, and it doesn't say on your diploma that it's an online degree," she says. "You're alumni of USC. You're a member of the Trojan family."
Competing for a Slice of the PieForget the old image of distance learning as the domain of isolated, bored students. Competition is heating up in this space, and the learning experience is becoming richer and more interactive.
Indeed, recent surveys indicate that students like the online classes currently being delivered by traditional colleges and universities. For the 2011 National Online Learners Priorities Report, consulting firm Noel-Levitz asked 99,040 students from 108 institutions about their online experiences from the fall of 2008 through the spring of 2011. A quarter of those students reported that their experience met expectations, while 63 percent felt that it exceeded them. Overall, 73 percent of online learners surveyed were satisfied or very satisfied with their experience, and 76 percent indicated that they would probably or definitely reenroll in the program if they had to do it over again.
Given such high levels of satisfaction, it's no surprise that online enrollments are up. When the nonprofit Sloan Consortium conducted its first survey back in 2002, researchers found that 1.6 million college students were taking at least one online course. By 2009, that number had grown to 5.6 million. In "Going the Distance: Online Education in the United States, 2011," the Babson Survey Research Group, which took over the Sloan Consortium survey, found that online enrollment increased by nearly a million students between 2008 and 2009 alone.
It must be noted, however, that many of these gains have been achieved at online-only and for-profit schools. Indeed, so meteoric has been the rise of these schools that it has prompted speculation that traditional brick-and-mortar colleges are ultimately doomed.
Not so fast, says Michael Eddy, assistant dean for administration and planning at Purdue University's (IN) Extended Campus. "There's been so much talk about whether the traditional universities are going to be able to survive the onslaught from the Phoenixes and the Capellas and all these online institutions," he notes. "Purdue has 150 years or so of experience developing brand recognition. As the traditional institutions gear up to do this online thing, we're going to be very competitive. We can compete on a cost basis, but also with brand-name firepower and the expertise of our faculty. That seems to us like a winning combination in the long term."
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text:
September, all glorious with gold, as a king
In the radiance of triumph attired,
Outlightening the summer, outsweetening the spring,
Broods wide on the woodlands with limitless wing,
A presence of all men desired.
Far eastward and westward the sun-coloured lands
Smile warm as the light on them smiles;
And statelier than temples upbuilded with hands,
Tall column by column, the sanctuary stands
Of the pine-forest's infinite aisles.
Mute worship, too fervent for praise or for prayer,
Possesses the spirit with peace,
Fulfilled with the breath of the luminous air,
The fragrance, the silence, the shadows as fair
As the rays that recede or increase.
Ridged pillars that redden aloft and aloof,
With never a branch for a nest,
Sustain the sublime indivisible roof,
To the storm and the sun in his majesty proof,
And awful as waters at rest.
Man's hand hath not measured the height of them; thought
May measure not, awe may not know;
In its shadow the woofs of the woodland are wrought;
As a bird is the sun in the toils of them caught,
And the flakes of it scattered as snow.
As the shreds of a plumage of gold on the ground
The sun-flakes by multitudes lie,
Shed loose as the petals of roses discrowned
On the floors of the forest engilt and embrowned
And reddened afar and anigh.
Dim centuries with darkling inscrutable hands
Have reared and secluded the shrine
For gods that we know not, and kindled as brands
On the altar the years that are dust, and their sands
Time's glass has forgotten for sign.
A temple whose transepts are measured by miles,
Whose chancel has morning for priest,
Whose floor-work the foot of no spoiler defiles,
Whose musical silence no music beguiles,
No festivals limit its feast.
The noon's ministration, the night's and the dawn's,
Conceals not, reveals not for man,
On the slopes of the herbless and blossomless lawns,
Some track of a nymph's or some trail of a faun's
To the place of the slumber of Pan.
Thought, kindled and quickened by worship and wonder
To rapture too sacred for fear
On the ways that unite or divide them in sunder,
Alone may discern if about them or under
Be token or trace of him here.
With passionate awe that is deeper than panic
The spirit subdued and unshaken
Takes heed of the godhead terrene and Titanic
Whose footfall is felt on the breach of volcanic
Sharp steeps that their fire has forsaken.
By a spell more serene than the dim necromantic
Dead charms of the past and the night,
Or the terror that lurked in the noon to make frantic
Where Etna takes shape from the limbs of gigantic
Dead gods disanointed of might,
The spirit made one with the spirit whose breath
Makes noon in the woodland sublime
Abides as entranced in a presence that saith
Things loftier than life and serener than death,
Triumphant and silent as time.
Pine Ridge: September 1893.


text:
New Delhi: The Tata Group has retained its place as the country's most valuable brand at US $ 21 billion, while the total worth of top-100 Indian brands now stands at US $ 92.6 billion, says a new study.
State-run insurance behemoth LIC is ranked second with a brand value of US $ 4.1 billion, followed by public sector bank SBI (US $ 4 billion), Bharti Airtel (US $ 3.8 billion) and Reliance (US $ 3.5 billion).
The brand value of Tata Group has risen by US $ 3 billion in the past one year, primarily led by its international diversification strategy and the flagship firm TCS, as per consulting firm Brand Finance India's annual study.
"Despite the fact that some divisions within the group have been underperforming, the brand should benefit from the recently outlined plans to invest US $ 35 billion over the next three years and should go some way towards meeting the goal of the Tata chairman, Cyrus Mistry to be amongst the 25 most admired brands globally," it said.
Brand value has increased among the top 50 by 10 per cent compared to 2013 with brands such as Tata, Godrej, HCL, and L&T leading the way, said the Brand Finance India 100 list that was released today.
Banking firms fared the worst collectively with majority of brands losing value or remaining stagnant due to generally poor governance and weak credit controls especially at the government-owned institutions, Brand Finance said.
State Bank of India has seen its value drop by (US $ 1.9 billion) as poorer revenue forecasts and bad-loans dampened earnings, it said.
HCL Technologies has seen an increase in brand value of 51 per cent by US $ 649 million as its successful strategy has seen the brand win 50 transformational engagements with contract values of US $ 5 billion in the past year distributed across all service lines and geographies.
"Indian brands have benefitted from the rapid economic growth seen over the past ten years," said Brand Finance's Savio D'Souza.
"Indian brands must take advantage of the improving business sentiment and invest in brand related activities like customer engagement, sponsorships, employee satisfaction and brand tracking to drive the next phase of growth in order for more Indian companies to join the global club of internationally recognised brands," he added.
The average brand value to enterprise value (BV/EV) for India's top 100 brands is 12 per cent.
However, some of the largest PSUs have an average ratio of 3 per cent.The BV/EV ratio shows the proportion of a company's value accounted for by the brand.
Copyright © 2009 - 2024 Franchise India Holdings Ltd


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Lady Gaga, whose legal name is Stefani Germanotta, made a media splash from a lawsuit brought on by her former personal assistant, Jennifer O'Neill, who alleged that the pop star owes her overtime for her round-the-clock work from early 2009 until March 2011. O'Neill is suing for $393,000, which includes 7,168 hours of unpaid overtime plus damages. Her salary was $75,000 per year.
Lawsuits between A-listers and their assistants and overtime disputes outside the entertainment industry are far from unusual.
In another recent overtime case that didn't generate the media attention of Gaga's legal woes, the Washington Supreme Court ruled that about 1,200 registered nurses at a Washington hospital were due overtime pay for time they worked during 15-minute rest breaks mandated by a collective bargaining agreement. Under state law, the court determined that the passed breaks extended the workweek beyond 40 hours and triggered overtime requirements.
According to most recent data published by the U.S. Department of Labor, more than 197,000 employees received a total of $140.2 million in minimum wage and overtime back wages in 2008 as a result of Fair Labor Standards Act, or FLSA, violations.
So, is GaGa's ex- aide entitled to overtime pay as the registered nurses in Washington were?
"Overtime laws distinguish between exempt and nonexempt employees," says Frank Clark, Esq., Partner ofClark & Krevsky, LLC, an employment law firm in Lemoyne, Pa.
"It's the nonexempt employees who actually get the protections of the overtime laws."
Clark explains that classifications for exempt and nonexempt workers are based on salary, position, tasks and responsibilities.
Exempt employees who are not entitled to overtime pay as mandated by law meet one of three criteria — they are paid on a salary rather than an hourly basis; they earn at least $455 per week, and they are paid full salary for any workweek, regardless of how much time they work.
"And oftentimes, but not always, managers will be exempt from the overtime laws," says Clark.
Other characteristics of exempt employees include managing the enterprise or a recognized department or subdivision, conducting key business operations, or supervising employees and having significant influence over hiring decisions.
Unlike exempt employees, nonexempt employees who work over forty hours in a week are entitled to overtime wages.
Clark also points out that laws can be tricky, and employee classifications aren't always so simple.
O'Neill had a salary of $75,000 per year. According to the Huffington Post, her duties included keeping Gaga on schedule, presenting a towel after showers, and unpacking her boss' suitcases.
Were such duties key business operations, causing her to be classified as exempt from overtime laws? It's up to the court to decide.


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Picture this, you are a medium-sized organization, have just started out on your business, grappling with day-to-day activities. You deal with an online shopping portal for clothes and fashion accessories. With more than 1000 stock keeping units to handle, one can imagine the amount of data that the portal has to deal with.
As if the load of setting up the new business itself was not enough, there is an additional database to be managed with details of every transaction that took place or is going to take place. With online transactions, comes the additional requirement of keeping a record of the payment modes and related data. A meticulous data entry is to be maintained at all times for each of the items in stock, the items that leave the warehouse and the ones that are to be procured. Such a data management calls for a system that can not only store this data but also help process it for future use.
This is where many of the small and medium sized business are tempted to maintain a center of their own. However, they underestimate the efforts and the cost of managing such voluminous data when they start. When the system turns out to be a white elephant, the organization starts to wish there were help for the data mangle.
This is where data center outsourcing services come into picture. When one is in need of the infrastructure but is not sure how to manage the same, the best thing to do is to outsource it to the experts. It helps reduce infrastructure complexity, operating costs, controlling the staff turnover risks and improve utilization.
At times of economic downturns, outsourcing equips companies to achieve high performance and sustained profitability. With all your data requirements being taken care of, one can respond to market changes quickly, jump start growth, and improve efficiencies. Cost efficient, flexible and scalable infrastructure model ensures that one can concentrate on their core competency to achieve higher scales.
Reliability is one concern for many businesses that want to venture into data center or infrastructure outsourcing, but the high security and agility with which the systems are handled can keep all kinds of qualms at bay.
Making use of Cloud computing platforms can empower a business to select the resources required, instances of operating systems, amount of storage, memory and the processing power according to one's requirement. Achieving economies of scale thus becomes much easier for companies with ancillary functions taken care of.
Thus to sum up the advantages of the data center services, one can avail the following end to end management facilities:-
- Systems monitoring and management
- Instant and anytime access to data
- Data security and confidentiality
- Database administration
- Storage management
- Technical services
- 24/7 Support
- Predictable pricing
- Disaster recovery
- Quick adoption of new technology
- Flexibility and agility
Thus it is a wise option to break free from the tangles of the humongous data by letting the data experts handle it all for you. This way one ends up making informed decisions and operating efficiently too.


text: International Standard Bible Encyclopedia MOAB; MOABITESmo'-ab, mo'-ab-its (Moab, mo'abh, Moabite Stone, M-'-B; Greek (Septuagint) Moab, he Moabeitis, Moabitis; Moabite, mo'abhi; Moabites, bene mo'abh): Greek 904. Balak -- Balak, a king of the Moabites ... Balak, a king of the Moabites. Part of Speech: Proper Noun, Indeclinable Transliteration: Balak Phonetic Spelling: (bal-ak') Short Definition: Balak Definition ... //strongsnumbers.com/greek2/904.htm - 6k Strong's Hebrew 3645. Kemosh -- a god of the Moabites... 3644, 3645. Kemosh or Kemish. 3646 . a god of the Moabites. Transliteration: Kemosh or Kemish Phonetic Spelling: (kem-oshe') Short Definition: Chemosh. ... /hebrew/3645.htm - 6k 4124. Moab -- a son of Lot,also his desc. and the territory where ... 4125. Moabi -- descendant of Moab 6204. Orpah -- sister-in-law of Ruth Library How Our People Served the Moabites Eighteen Years, and were Then ... How Joram and Jehoshaphat Made an Expedition against the Moabites ... How David Fled to Ahimelech and Afterwards to the Kings of the ... How David Brought under the Philistines, and the Moabites, and the ... The Kingdom Op Judah. From Kadesh to the Death of Moses. Balaam's Prophecy. (Numb. xxiv. 17-19. ) The Pioneer's Influence Upon a Nation's Ideals. The Antiquities of the Jews The Nations of the South-East ATS Bible Dictionary MoabitesDescendants of Moab the son of Lot, Genesis 19:30-38. The land of Moab lay east and southeast of the Dead Sea, and chiefly south of the river Arnon. At one period, however, it extended north as far as the Jabbok, and for a long time the region beyond the Jordan opposite Jericho retained the name of "the plains of Moab," Numbers 22:1 De 1:5 29:1 Jos 13:32. The Moabites had dispossessed a race of giants called Emin, De 2:11, and had themselves been expelled by the Amorites from the territory north of the Arnon, Numbers 21:13,26 Jud 11:13-18, which was again conquered by Moses, and assigned to the tribe of Reuben. On the approach of Israel from Egypt, the Moabites acted with great inhumanity, Numbers 22:1-24:25 De 2:8-9; and though God spared them from conquest, he excluded them and their seed even to the tenth generation form the peculiar privileges of his people, De 23:3-6. They were gross idolaters, worshipping Chemosh and Baalpeor with obscene rites, Numbers 25:1-18 2 Kings 3:27. See MOLOCH. At times, as in the days of Ruth, there was peace between them and Israel; but a state of hostility was far more common, as in the time of Eglon, Jud 3:12-30; of Saul, 1 Samuel 14:47; of David, 2 Samuel 8:2,12; of Joram and Jeroboam, 2 Kings 3:13,20 14:25. They aided Nebuchadnezzar against the Jews, 2 Kings 24:2 Ezekiel 25:6-11; and after these began to be carried captive, appear to have regained their old possessions north of the Arnon, Isaiah 15:1-16:14. The Jewish prophets recorded many threatenings against these hereditary enemies of God and his people, Numbers 24:17 Psalm 60:12 83:6 Jeremiah 25:9-21 48:1-47 Am 2:1-3; and all travelers concur in attesting the fulfillment of these predictions. Desolation and gloom, brood over the mountains of Moab, and its fruitful valleys are for the most part untilled. It is under Turkish government, but is inhabited chiefly by migratory Arabs, Zephaniah 2:8-9. Few travelers have ventured to traverse it in modern times. They describe it as abounding in ruins, such as shattered tombs, cisterns walls, temples, etc., proving that it was once densely populated. See "KEITH ON PROPHECY." Thesaurus Moabites (26 Occurrences)... Int. Standard Bible Encyclopedia MOAB; MOABITES. ... and tall, as the Anakim." When these were deposed by the Moabites we do not know. ... /m/moabites.htm - 28k Chemosh (8 Occurrences) Ammonite (22 Occurrences) Moabite (13 Occurrences) Zidonians (11 Occurrences) Invaded (20 Occurrences) Emims (2 Occurrences) Mesha (4 Occurrences) Jehoshaphat (79 Occurrences) Jehoram (27 Occurrences) Bible Concordance Moabites (26 Occurrences)Genesis 19:37 The firstborn bore a son, and named him Moab. He is the father of the Moabites to this day. Numbers 22:4 And Moab said unto the elders of Midian, Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass of the field. And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time. Deuteronomy 2:9 And the LORD said unto me, Distress not the Moabites, neither contend with them in battle: for I will not give thee of their land for a possession; because I have given Ar unto the children of Lot for a possession. Deuteronomy 2:11 these also are accounted Rephaim, as the Anakim; but the Moabites call them Emim. Deuteronomy 2:29 as the children of Esau who dwell in Seir, and the Moabites who dwell in Ar, did to me; until I shall pass over the Jordan into the land which Yahweh our God gives us." Judges 3:28 He said to them, "Follow me; for Yahweh has delivered your enemies the Moabites into your hand." They followed him, and took the fords of the Jordan against the Moabites, and didn't allow any man to pass over. Judges 3:29 And they killed at that time about ten thousand of the Moabites, all strong, able-bodied men; not a man escaped. 2 Samuel 8:2 He struck Moab, and measured them with the line, making them to lie down on the ground; and he measured two lines to put to death, and one full line to keep alive. The Moabites became servants to David, and brought tribute. 2 Samuel 8:12 of the Syrians, and of the Moabites, and of the children of Ammon, and of the Philistines, and of the Amalekites, and of the spoil of Hadadezer, the son of Rehob, king of Zobah. 1 Kings 11:1 Now king Solomon loved many foreign women, together with the daughter of Pharaoh, women of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Sidonians, and Hittites; 1 Kings 11:7 Then did Solomon build a high place for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, on the hill that is before Jerusalem, and for Molech the abomination of the children of Ammon. 1 Kings 11:33 Because that they have forsaken me, and have worshipped Ashtoreth the goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh the god of the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the children of Ammon, and have not walked in my ways, to do that which is right in mine eyes, and to keep my statutes and my judgments, as did David his father. 2 Kings 3:18 This is but a light thing in the sight of Yahweh. He will also deliver the Moabites into your hand. 2 Kings 3:21 Now when all the Moabites heard that the kings had come up to fight against them, they gathered themselves together, all who were able to put on armor, and upward, and stood on the border. 2 Kings 3:22 They rose up early in the morning, and the sun shone on the water, and the Moabites saw the water over against them as red as blood. 2 Kings 3:24 When they came to the camp of Israel, the Israelites rose up and struck the Moabites, so that they fled before them; and they went forward into the land smiting the Moabites. 2 Kings 3:25 Pulling down the towns, covering every good field with stones, stopping up all the water-springs, and cutting down all the good trees; they went on driving Moab before them till only in Kir-hareseth were there any Moabites; and the fighting-men went round the town raining stones on it. 2 Kings 13:20 Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the Moabites invaded the land at the coming in of the year. 2 Kings 23:13 And the high places that were before Jerusalem, which were on the right hand of the mount of corruption, which Solomon the king of Israel had builded for Ashtoreth the abomination of the Zidonians, and for Chemosh the abomination of the Moabites, and for Milcom the abomination of the children of Ammon, did the king defile. 2 Kings 24:2 Yahweh sent against him bands of the Chaldeans, and bands of the Syrians, and bands of the Moabites, and bands of the children of Ammon, and sent them against Judah to destroy it, according to the word of Yahweh, which he spoke by his servants the prophets. 1 Chronicles 8:8 And Shaharaim became the father of children in the country of the Moabites after driving out Hushim and Beerah his wives; 1 Chronicles 11:22 Benaiah son of Jehoiada, son of a man of valour, of great deeds, from Kabzeel: he hath smitten the two lion-like Moabites, and he hath gone down and smitten the lion in the midst of the pit, in the day of snow. 1 Chronicles 18:2 He struck Moab; and the Moabites became servants to David, and brought tribute. 1 Chronicles 18:11 Them also king David dedicated to Jehovah, with the silver and the gold that he had brought from all the nations: from the Edomites, and from the Moabites, and from the children of Ammon, and from the Philistines, and from the Amalekites. 2 Chronicles 20:1 And it came to pass after this, that the children of Moab, and the children of Ammon, and with them some of the Ammonites, came against Jehoshaphat to battle. Ezra 9:1 Now when these things were done, the princes drew near to me, saying, The people of Israel, and the priests and the Levites, have not separated themselves from the peoples of the lands, doing according to their abominations, even of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the Egyptians, and the Amorites. Subtopics Moabites are a Snare to the Israelites Moabites are Given To, As a Possession Moabites with Midian Send for Balaam to Curse Israel Moabites: Alarmed at the Number of Israel Moabites: Always Hostile to Israel Moabites: Benaiah Slew Two Champions of Moabites: Called the People of Chemosh Moabites: Called: Children of Lot Moabites: Called: People of Chemosh Moabites: Calls for Balaam to Curse Israel Moabites: Conquered by Israel and Judah Moabites: David Takes Refuge Among, from Saul Moabites: Deprived of a Large Part of Their Territories by the Amorites Moabites: Descendants of Lot Through his Son Moab Moabites: Excluded from the Congregation of Israel Forever Moabites: Expelled the Ancient Emims Moabites: Gave an Asylum to David's Family Moabites: Harassed and Subdued by Saul Moabites: Israel and Judah Joined Against Moabites: Israelites had War With Moabites: Israelites: Enticed to Idolatry By Moabites: Israelites: Forbidden to Make Leagues With Moabites: Israelites: Forbidden to Spoil Moabites: Israelites: Sometimes Intermarried With Moabites: Joined Babylon Against Judah Moabites: King of, Sacrificed his Son to Excite Animosity Against Moabites: Land of, not Given to the Israelites As a Possession Moabites: Made Tributary to David Moabites: Miraculously Deceived by the Colour of the Water Moabites: Paid Tribute of Sheep and Wool to the King of Israel Moabites: Possessed Many and Great Cities Moabites: Prophecies Concerning Judgments Upon Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: Desolation and Grief Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: Inability to Avert Destruction Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: Restoration from Captivity Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: Subjugation to Israel Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: Subjugation to Messiah Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: Terror on Account of Israel Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: Their Desolation As a Punishment for Their Hatred of Israel Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: To be Captives in Babylon Moabites: Prophesies Respecting: To Destroyed in Three Years Moabites: Prosperous and at Ease Moabites: Refuse Passage of Jephthah's Army Through Their Territory Moabites: Refused to Let Israel Pass Moabites: Revolted from Israel After the Death of Ahab Moabites: Separated from the Amorites by the River Arnon Moabites: The People of Israel Commanded not to Distress the Moabites Moabites: The Territory East of the Jordan River, Bounded on the North by the Arnon River Related Terms Water-springs (12 Occurrences) Links Bible Concordance • Bible Dictionary • Bible Encyclopedia • Topical Bible • Bible Thesuarus |


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A cut catch is used when you need to get passed a defender into open space. Keep a consistant pace as you're running and don't get ahead of yourself. As you approach the defender, force them to adjust their stance. You will then tap the ball with your non dribbling foot to your other foot. Then catch the ball and simply tap it through the defender's legs or into open space and chase after the ball.
The close range chip is perfect for scoring when a goalkeeper charges you. First you need to read the goalkeeper and decide if they are diving low or standing tall. The timing of the chip is imperative to scoring. To chip the ball, keep your ankle locked and make contact underneath the ball with the top of your toes. Lionel Messi's mastery of the chip is one of many reasons he is the best player in the world.
This skill is perfect for when you are alone 1 on 1 versus the goalkeeper. First, give the impression that you are still dribbling down field. Then catch the goalkeeper off guard by striking the ball in stride. Aim towards the inside of the far post where there is an opening. Slice across the ball while keeping your toe down and in to create a curl while you shoot, and focus on placement as opposed to power.


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This PDF chord sheet is written in 3 levels so that Beginner, Intermediate and Advanced musicians can benefit from it. That way if you know only major and minor chords or if you know all the way up to your 13th chords, you will still be able to benefit from our chord sheets. Instant download upon purchase. You are also emailed a link to download the pdf file. These songs do not belong to us and are meant for educational purposes only.
Click Here to See a Sample Chord Sheet!
(Written in 3 Levels)


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USBView is a GTK program that displays the topography of the devices that are plugged into the USB
bus on a Linux machine. It also displays information on each of the devices. This can be useful
to determine if a device is working properly or not.
Requirements USBView uses GTK+ 3.x and requires that USB support to be compiled into your kernel. It successfully runs on development kernel versions greater than 2.3.18 and the 2.2.18 stable kernel. The Linux-USB homepage can help you out getting USB running on Linux. Screenshot Here is the obligitory screenshot: Download Source for usbview-3.1 Git tree The git tree for usbview can be browsed here.
Linux USB Serial Converter Drivers
As of kernel version 2.3.20 my USB Serial converter driver is in the main kernel tree. Please use this version.
HandSpring Visor USB Driver The USB Serial driver currently supports the HandSpring Visor. See the project page for detailed information on how to HotSync your Visor using this driver. Inside Out (Digi) Edgeport USB Driver See this page for more information about this driver.
Contacting me
If you have any questions or comments about USBView or the USB serial converter driver, my email
address is firstname.lastname@example.com