text:
Born: April 14, 1891
Died: December 6, 1956
Achievements: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was elected as the chairman of
the drafting committee that was constituted by the Constituent Assembly
to draft a constitution for the independent India; he was the first Law
Minister of India; conferred Bharat Ratna in 1990.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is viewed as messiah of dalits and downtrodden in
India. He was the chairman of the drafting committee that was
constituted by the Constituent Assembly in 1947 to draft a constitution
for the independent India. He played a seminal role in the framing of
the constitution. Bhimrao Ambedkar was also the first Law Minister of
India. For his yeoman service to the nation, B.R. Ambedkar was bestowed
with Bharat Ratna in 1990.
Dr.Bhimrao Ambedkar was born
on April 14, 1891 in Mhow (presently in Madhya Pradesh). He was the
fourteenth child of Ramji and Bhimabai Sakpal Ambavedkar. B.R. Ambedkar
belonged to the "untouchable" Mahar Caste. His father and
grandfather served in the British Army. In those days, the government
ensured that all the army personnel and their children were educated and
ran special schools for this purpose. This ensured good education for
Bhimrao Ambedkar, which would have otherwise been denied to him by the
virtue of his caste.
Bhimrao Ambedkar experienced caste discrimination right from the
childhood. After his retirement, Bhimrao's father settled in Satara
Maharashtra. Bhimrao was enrolled in the local school. Here, he had to
sit on the floor in one corner in the classroom and teachers would not
touch his notebooks. In spite of these hardships, Bhimrao continued his
studies and passed his Matriculation examination from Bombay University
with flying colours in 1908. Bhim Rao Ambedkar joined the Elphinstone
College for further education. In 1912, he graduated in Political
Science and Economics from Bombay University and got a job in Baroda.
In 1913, Bhimrao Ambedkar lost his father. In the same year Maharaja of
Baroda awarded scholarship to Bhim Rao Ambedkar and sent him to America
for further studies. Bhimrao reached New York in July 1913. For the
first time in his life, Bhim Rao was not demeaned for being a Mahar. He
immersed himself in the studies and attained a degree in Master of Arts
and a Doctorate in Philosophy from Columbia University in 1916 for his
thesis "National Dividend for India: A Historical and Analytical
Study." From America, Dr.Ambedkar proceeded to London to study
economics and political science. But the Baroda government terminated
his scholarship and recalled him back.
The Maharaja of Baroda appointed Dr. Ambedkar as his political
secretary. But no one would take orders from him because he was a Mahar.
Bhimrao Ambedkar returned to Bombay in November 1917. With the help of
Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur, a sympathizer of the cause for the upliftment
of the depressed classes, he started a fortnightly newspaper, the "Mooknayak"
(Dumb Hero) on January 31, 1920. The Maharaja also convened many
meetings and conferences of the "untouchables" which Bhimrao
addressed. In September 1920, after accumulating sufficient funds,
Ambedkar went back to London to complete his studies. He became a
barrister and got a Doctorate in science.
After completing his studies in London, Ambedkar returned to India. In
July 1924, he founded the Bahishkrit Hitkaraini Sabha (Outcastes Welfare
Association). The aim of the Sabha was to uplift the downtrodden
socially and politically and bring them to the level of the others in
the Indian society. In 1927, he led the Mahad March at the Chowdar Tank
at Colaba, near Bombay, to give the untouchables the right to draw water
from the public tank where he burnt copies of the 'Manusmriti' publicly.
In 1929, Ambedkar made the
controversial decision to co-operate with the all-British Simon
Commission which was to look into setting up a responsible Indian
Government in India. The Congress decided to boycott the Commission and
drafted its own version of a constitution for free India. The Congress
version had no provisions for the depressed classes. Ambedkar became
more skeptical of the Congress's commitment to safeguard the rights of
the depressed classes.
When a separate electorate was announced for the depressed classes
under Ramsay McDonald 'Communal Award', Gandhiji went on a fast unto
death against this decision. Leaders rushed to Dr. Ambedkar to drop his
demand. On September 24, 1932, Dr. Ambedkar and Gandhiji reached an
understanding, which became the famous Poona Pact. According to the pact
the separate electorate demand was replaced with special concessions
like reserved seats in the regional legislative assemblies and Central
Council of States.
Dr. Ambedkar attended all the three Round Table Conferences in London
and forcefully argued for the welfare of the "untouchables".
Meanwhile, British Government decided to hold provincial elections in
1937. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar set up the "Independent Labor Party"
in August 1936 to contest the elections in the Bombay province. He and
many candidates of his party were elected to the Bombay Legislative
In 1937, Dr. Ambedkar introduced a Bill to abolish the "khoti"
system of land tenure in the Konkan region, the serfdom of agricultural
tenants and the Mahar "watan" system of working for the
Government as slaves. A clause of an agrarian bill referred to the
depressed classes as "Harijans," or people of God. Bhimrao was
strongly opposed to this title for the untouchables. He argued that if
the "untouchables" were people of God then all others would be
people of monsters. He was against any such reference. But the Indian
National Congress succeeded in introducing the term Harijan. Ambedkar
felt bitter that they could not have any say in what they were called.
In 1947, when India became independent, the first Prime Minister Pt.
Jawaharlal Nehru, invited Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, who had been elected as
a Member of the Constituent Assembly from Bengal, to join his Cabinet as
a Law Minister. The Constituent Assembly entrusted the job of drafting
the Constitution to a committee and Dr. Ambedkar was elected as Chairman
of this Drafting Committee. In February 1948, Dr. Ambedkar presented the
Draft Constitution before the people of India; it was adopted on
November 26, 1949.
In October 1948, Dr. Ambedkar submitted the Hindu Code Bill to the
Constituent Assembly in an attempt to codify the Hindu law. The Bill
caused great divisions even in the Congress party. Consideration for the
bill was postponed to September 1951. When the Bill was taken up it was
truncated. A dejected Ambedkar relinquished his position as Law
On May 24, 1956, on the occasion of Buddha Jayanti, he declared in
Bombay, that he would adopt Buddhism in October. On 0ctober 14, 1956 he
embraced Buddhism along with many of his followers. On December 6, 1956,
Baba Saheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar died peacefully in his sleep.


text:
To the Editor: Letters
Sheet music cover for Lion Tamer Rag. | |
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Sites for D-Lib Magazine: The Corporation for National Research Initiatives, Reston, Virginia, U.S.A. (originating site) UKOLN: The UK Office for Library and Information Networking, Bath, England (mirror site) The Australian National University Sunsite, Canberra, Australia (mirror site) State Library of Lower Saxony and the University Library of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany Universidad de Belgrano, Buenos Aires, Argentina (mirror site) Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan (mirror site) Masthead | Guidelines for Authors | Access Terms Subscriptions | Privacy Policy | D-Lib Forum D-Lib Magazine is produced by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) and is sponsored by DARPA on behalf of the Digital Libraries Initiative under Grant No. N66001-98-8908. Please send questions or comments to: [email protected] Copyright© 2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives D-Lib has been registered to CNRI in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. DOI: 10.1045/september2001-contents |

subset: commoncrawl


text:
Picture courtesy of the Edgar Welchman collection.
The only downside to this is that we had to move in with my parents at the end of September, we are very lucky as it means we are saving up whilst doing up our new house. The above photo is of our house in 1910, we have tried to replicate the windows that were in there then. Very costly but they do look good even without glass in them at present. The house renovations are very slow as hubbo is doing the majority now the roof/extension/building work has been complete . Hopefully for us and my parents we are trying to be in by March at the lastest, but lets not hold our breath.


text:
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text:
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)
With its decisions in the cases of Mapp v. Ohio, 1961, Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963, and Escobedo v. Illinois, 1964, the Warren Court handed down the bases of what it called the "fundamentals of fairness" standard. At both the State and federal level, the Court sent a clear signal to law enforcement and criminal justice officials. Convictions not made in conformity with the "fairness" standard would likely be overturned. Constitutional guarantees of due process for the accused had to be upheld.
The Court heard a number of similar cases at the same time that it heard Miranda, but since this case was listed first on the docket, we have come to know the Court's collective judgment by this name. The Miranda decision distilled the several "fundamental fairness" standards into one succinct statement of the due process rights of the accused. Thanks to television police shows, the Miranda warning has become a statement of a citizen's rights familiar to many Americans.
A kidnapping and sexual assault occurred in Phoenix, Arizona, in March 1963. On March 13 Ernesto Miranda, 23, was arrested in his home, taken to the police station, identified by the victim, and taken into an interrogation room. Miranda was not told of his rights to counsel prior to questioning. Two hours later, investigators emerged from the room with a written confession signed by Miranda. It included a typed disclaimer, also signed by Miranda, stating that he had "full knowledge of my legal rights, understanding any statement I make may be used against me," and that he had knowingly waived those rights.
Two weeks later at a preliminary hearing, Miranda again was denied counsel. At his trial he did have a lawyer, whose objections to the use of Miranda's signed confession as evidence were overruled. Miranda was convicted of kidnapping and rape, and received a 20-year sentence.
Was a confession an admissible document in a court of law if it was obtained without warnings against self-incrimination and without legal counsel-rights guaranteed to all persons by the 5th and 6th amendments? With whom does the burden of proof rest for determining whether a defendant has legally "waived" his or her rights? What is the standard for judging whether "voluntary confessions" should be deemed admissible? When should an attorney be appointed for a person if he or she cannot afford one?
For Miranda: The police clearly violated Miranda's 5th Amendment right to remain silent, and his 6th Amendment right to legal counsel. Arizona ignored both the Escobedo rule (evidence obtained from an illegally obtained confession is inadmissible in court) and the Gideon rule (all felony defendants have the right to an attorney) in prosecuting Miranda. His confession was illegally obtained and should be thrown out. His conviction was faulty, and he deserved a new trial.
For Arizona: Ernesto Miranda was no stranger to police procedures. He negotiated with police officers with intelligence and understanding. He signed the confession willingly. The prosecution was proper, his conviction was based on Arizona law, and his imprisonment was just. The Supreme Court should uphold his conviction and should not further cripple the work of police.
By a 5-4 margin, the Court voted to overturn Miranda's conviction. Writing for the majority, Chief Justice Warren declared that the burden is upon the State to demonstrate that "procedural safeguards effective to secure the privilege against self-incrimination" are followed. "The current practice of 'incommunicado' [unable to communicate with the world] interrogation is at odds with one of our Nation's most cherished principles-that the individual may not be compelled to incriminate himself."
Warren then summarized the case, measuring it against the "fundamental fairness" standards the Court had established. "[I]t is clear," he wrote, "that Miranda was not in any way apprised of his right to consult with an attorney and to have one present during the interrogation, nor was his right not to be compelled to incriminate himself effectively protected in any other manner. Without these warnings [his] statements were inadmissible. The mere fact that he signed a statement which contained a typed-in clause stating that he had 'full knowledge' of his 'legal rights' does not approach the knowing and intelligent waiver required to relinquish constitutional rights."
Turning to the standard for a valid waiver of rights, Warren wrote: "[A] valid waiver will not be presumed simply from the silence of the accused after warnings are given or simply from the fact that a confession was in fact eventually obtainedâ¦. Moreover, any evidence that the accused was threatened, tricked or cajoled into a waiver will, of course, show that the defendant did not voluntarily waive his privilege."
Warren then spelled out the rights of the accused and the responsibilities of the police. Police must warn a suspect "prior to any questioning that he has the right to remain silent, that anything he says can be used against him in a court of law, that he has the right to the presence of an attorney, and that if he cannot afford an attorney one will be appointed for him prior to any questioning if he so desires."
The creation of the Miranda Warning put on the shoulders of the police the burden of informing citizens subject to questioning in a criminal investigation of their rights to "due process." Ernesto Miranda, retracting his confession, was tried again by the State of Arizona, found guilty, and sent to prison. His retrial, based on a prisoner's successful appeal, did not constitute "double jeopardy."
Source: ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Used by permission.
- Members of the Supreme Court of the United States
- U.S.Supreme Court Justices: Biographies
- The Supreme Court: Justices, Landmark Decisions, Timelines
- Supreme Court Facts
- Encyclopedia: Supreme Court, United States
- Milestone Cases in Supreme Court History
- Ten Important Supreme Court Decisions in Black History
Information Please®, ©2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.


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As we know all too well by now, the pernicious next step from Hollywood's culture of sequels has been a culture dominated by remakes and "reboots" and "reimaginings." This commercial imperative has made stylists like Tim Burton very much in demand to bring fresh perspectives to shopworn stories. So when Disney decided to dust off Alice in Wonderland for another go—recognizing the concept has been done to death in every medium—the studio opted for a 3D romp, Burton-style.
It couldn't have been too hard a sell: mega-bucks to burn and choice, tailor-made parts for Burton's two most frequent screen partners: Johnny Depp and Helena Bonham Carter (also Burton's offscreen life partner). But despite Depp's Mad Hatter and Carter's Red Queen, the "inspiration" on display feels, well, "old hat." Here again are the gnarled trees, blasted landscapes, and coterie of weird characters, except more garish and lacking in the narrative vitality needed to complement the design. Too much of this Alice in Wonderland flies on autopilot, turbulence and all, to an ill-at-ease destination (this Alice faces a capitalist fate that leaves an unpleasant aftertaste).
Screenwriter Linda Woolverton (Beauty and the Beast) takes a similar approach to Hook, Steven Spielberg's revisit of Peter Pan: a time jump and convenient amnesia allow an older hero—in this case Mia Wasikowska's nineteen-year-old Alice—to rediscover the childhood adventures depicted in Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. This young-adult Alice is a runaway bride of sorts, taking "a moment" away from the marriage proposal of a Victorian prig; in short order, she tumbles down the ol' rabbit hole (the film's one notably effective 3D sequence). In the chamber below, she reenacts Carroll's pre-feminist puzzle of body consciousness to gain entry into Wonderland.
Thus begins an unconvincing mashup of The Wizard of Oz and, oh, let's say Beetle Juice. Depp's carrot-topped, Kabuki-faced Mad Hatter is a partly effective, insane but sweet stand-in for the Scarecrow (Alice will miss the Mad Hatter most of all, don'cha know), while the Red Queen and White Queen (Anne Hathaway) have a Wicked Witch of the West, Good Witch of the North thing going on. It doesn't help that Hathaway charmlessly acts as if lost in a druggy haze, and that the literary Alice's defining characteristic, her precocious impertinence, becomes somewhat lost in Wasikowska's sleepy translation.
Woolverton replaces the quaint charm of Carroll's set pieces with a flop-sweat plot built around the "Jabberwocky" poem from Through the Looking-Glass. A magic parchment known as the "Oraculum" lays out Wonderland's day-at-a-time destiny, predicting "the frabjous day" when Alice will assume the "vorpal sword" and slay the Red Queen's agent of destruction, the Jabberwock. It's a (rote) journey to self-discovery of a throw-down woman-warrior role, complete with suit of armor.
It's all more tiresome than entertaining, especially with mind-numbing CGI exhaustion setting in early. Only one element consistently fires on all cylinders: the spot-on Red Queen. Carter has a grand old time emotionally abusing everyone in her path and, of course, ordering beheadings. In the film's most artful use of digital effects, Carter's head balloons into a wide-angle without the lens; her noggin is the one part of the film you'll be glad to find overblown.
[This review first appeared in Palo Alto Weekly.]
Disney serves up one of the year's biggest hits in a 3-Disc Blu-ray + DVD + Digital Copy Combo Pack edition. The Blu-ray hi-def transfer is spectacular, reference-quality stuff, razor-sharp in its clarity and detail, nicely textured, and spot on in color and contrast with nice, deep blacks. The amazing image is backed by an equally impressive, state-of-the-art DTS-HD Master Audio 6.1 mix that maximizes surround capabilities and delivers robust music and effects that never overwhelm the dialogue.
The bonus features are a bit disappointing, truth be told. Director Tim Burton doesn't provide a commentary, and there are no galleries of production design art. Instead we get two decent if perfunctory featurettes. The first is "Wonderland Characters" (27:56, HD with "Play All" option), subdivided into "Finding Alice," "The Mad Hatter," "The Futterwacken," "The Red Queen," "Time-Lapse: Sculpting the Red Queen" (the make-up process with commentary) and "The White Queen." Participants include Burton, Helena Bonham Carter, Johnny Depp, Mia Wasikowska, Anne Hathaway, Mairi Ella Challen, costume designer Colleen Atwood, makeup artist Joel Harlow, visual effects supervisor Carey Villegas, makeup artist Patty York, associate producer Derek Frey, dancer David "Elsewhere" bernal, makeup designer Valli O'Reilly, makeup and hair designer Paul Gooch, property master Doug Harlocker, producer Joe Roth, Matt Lucas, screenwriter Linda Woolverton, director of photography Dariusz Wolski and producer Richard D. Zanuck. Learn at last the secrets behind Depp's alternating accent as the Mad Hatter and the terrifying dance the Hatter performs (but not Depp—he was doubled!).
The second featurette is "Making Wonderland" (19:29, HD with "Play All" option), divided into "Scoring Wonderland," "Effecting Wonderland," "Stunts of Wonderland," "Making the Proper Size," "Cakes of Wonderland" and "Tea Party Props." Joining Burton, Carter, Depp, Wasikowska, Villegas, Frey and Harlocker are composer Danny Elfman, co-producer Tom Peitzman, senior visual effects supervisor Keb Ralston, Crispin Glover, visual effects supervisor Sean Phillips, CG supervisor Kee-Suk Ken Hahn, animation supervisor David Schaub, character designer/illustrator Michael Kutsche, stunt coordinator Garrett Warren, art director Andrew L. Jones, cake designers Joan Spitler and Leigh Grode, production designer Robert Stromberg and set decorator Karen O'Hara. The best of set here is a glimpse at how Carter, Depp, and Glover's performances were computer enhanced.
Of course, the presence on a second disc of a DVD copy and on a third disc of a Digital Copy add value to this edition, though separate Blu-ray and DVD editions are also available.
Review gear: |
Panasonic Viera TC-P55VT30 55" Plasma 1080p 3D HDTV
Oppo BDP-93 Universal Network 3D Blu-ray Disc Player
Denon AVR2112CI Integrated Network A/V Surround Receiver
Pioneer SP-BS41-LR Bookshelf Speaker (2)
Pioneer SP-C21 Center Speaker
Pioneer SW-8 Subwoofer


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How far across is the Milky Way?
At a given time how can one locate the center of our galaxy as we orbit the Sun and the Sun orbits the galaxy? Is our solar system moving away from the center of the galaxy? How many years does it take the Sun to orbit the center of the galaxy? Specifically, where in the universe can our solar system be found?
The Milky Way galaxy is the home of the Sun and our solar system. There are 200 billion other stars in the Milky Way galaxy too. Our galaxy is a spiral galaxy, with a bulged center and arms that start in the center and form a flat pinwheel shape. The galaxy is about 90,000 light-years across. The Sun is located about two-thirds of the way out from the center in the Orion Arm.The Sun (and our solar system) is revolving around the center of the Galaxy at a speed of half a million miles per hour, but it still takes 200 million years for it to go around once. As far as we can tell, the Sun and the solar system are not moving away from the center of the galaxy. The Sun has made less than 25 trips around the galaxy in its lifetime.
The center of our galaxy is located about 28,000 light-years away, beyond the constellation Sagittarius (actually just beyond the border of Sagittarius and Scorpio). So, if you can locate these two constellations in the sky, you'll be looking toward the center of our galaxy!
The Milky Way is part of a set of galaxies known as the Local Group, which includes several dozen different galaxies within 3 million light-years. Only one of these, the Andromeda galaxy, is close to the size of the Milky Way. This Local Group is part of a supercluster, known as the Virgo supercluster, which has at least 5,000 member galaxies and is roughly 100 million light-years across. Beyond this level of organization, not much is known about our position in the universe.


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Story highlights
NEW: Mother says family is having 'difficult time'
19-year-old woman met a man online who said he was an ISIS fighter in Syria
She was about to board an overseas flight when the FBI arrested her
U.S. Marshals have her in custody, a DOJ spokesman says
A Colorado woman was arrested at the Denver airport in April and charged with conspiracy to provide material support to terrorists, according to court documents that were unsealed Wednesday.
Shannon Maureen Conley, 19, allegedly told FBI agents before her arrest that she was going to be with a member of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, or ISIS, that she had met through the Internet.
"It's a difficult time for us," her mother, Ana Conley, told CNN on Wednesday.
Conley's attorney, Robert William Pepin, said he had no comment.
His client was arrested on a jetway while trying to board a flight to Germany on April 8, according to a criminal complaint. She told investigators she was going to Turkey to await word from her suitor.
Conley, a certified nurse aide, had told FBI agents she was going to be the man's wife and a nurse in a ISIS camp near the Turkish border, documents showed.
Conley first came to the attention of authorities after the pastor and the security director at a church in Arvada, Colorado, called police and said she was acting suspiciously. Authorities interviewed her seven times over the course of five months before arresting her at the airport.
Jeff Dorschner, a Department of Justice spokesman, said there was a June 26 status hearing at which the judge ordered the documents in the case to be unsealed.
Conley's next court date has not been scheduled. She is in the custody of U.S. Marshals.
Conley faces up to 15 years in prison if convicted.
Texas man pleads guilty to attempting to join ISIS' jihad in Syria
CNN's Sara Weisfeldt contributed to this story.


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Combine parts for most combine models are sold for most of the parts that wear relatively quickly. As the combine is a multitude of moving parts, maintenance issues is an ongoing event.
Combine parts for the threshing sections includes impeller blade kit, grate adjusting channel, concaves (center, rear, front, and middle) sections. Rock Trap beater fins , flat bars, rotor housing, key stock grate, rotor cone vane, rotor bars with spike, and rotor bars without spike and slotted grate are some of the other combine parts for the threshing area.
The separator area will need chaffer frames & shoes, chaffers (long top, short top, sieves, hubs and bearings, PTO shafts, PTO drive shaft, hydraulic cylinders, jack shaft, pulleys (some variable speed), chaffer rails (right hand side and left hand side), and variable speed sheaves.
Sitting for hours in the combines can be an uncomfortable experience, thus, proper seats will be necessary. Complete combine seats are available, in red, blue, black, and in both fabric and vinyl. Depending on availability, there are also cushions that that be used to replace worn cushions, thus saving on replacing an entire seat.
Combine parts are sectioned as discharge area, grain handling area, hay tool parts, headers, platforms, feeder house, separator area, sickles, threshing area, and in some sections that are similar to tractors, such as bearings, belts, radiator and cooling sections, and axle and engine parts


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Pot plays big on TV in 'Glee,' 'Parenthood,' and 'Mad Men'
The abundance of marijuana on television suggests that a long-subterranean appreciation for the plant is growing, even thriving, above ground.
Whereas 2005′s "Weeds" famously featured Mary-Louise Parker as a suburban mom dealing pot to maintain her upscale lifestyle, and Dave Chappelle's "Half-Baked" celebrated the subculture with comedy, pot is steadily making its way into more polite (even prime-time) company.
» "Parenthood," "Parks and Recreation," "Glee" and other big network favorites have featured pot stories.
» Whoopi Goldberg demonstrated how to roll a joint (oregano, they called it) on a recent edition of Bravo's "Watch What Happens Live."
» A number of nonfiction efforts have documented Colorado's pot culture, notably CNBC's "Marijuana Inc.," CNN's "Weed," National Geographic Channel's "Drugs Inc."
When socially conservative groups like the Parents Television Council protest, Allen St. Pierre, the executive director of NORML has an easy answer. He wrote on his blog, "an evaluation of the story plot lines on these shows in question will often find it is the prohibition of the herb that creates the narrative friction, plot-line tensions or character conflicts—not the cannabis use per se."
The days of marijuana being walled off in a discrete corner of the entertainment universe, the province of Cheech and Chong or Adult Swim, are long gone. Increasingly pot consumption is shown on TV without judgment.
There was a time, in the '60s, say, when a pot reference by the Smothers Brothers was cryptic, intended to be missed by most of the audience. By the '70s, "Laugh-In" was more daring, even venturing into psychedelic allusions. In the '80s, "Roseanne" cleverly showed the high times and potentially negative repercussions of smoking weed. Even "Diff'rent Strokes" ventured into the topic, careful to include warnings alongside jokes.
More recently, dramas from "Mad Men" to "Homeland," and comedies from "The Office" to "Hot in Cleveland" have indulged. But the "very special episode" approach has been abandoned; the hazard warnings dropped.
As usual, television articulated the nation's relationship with the subject long before it emerged as a ballot issue. Weed is a well-understood reference point, a casual sideline, a recreational outlet for fully functional characters.
Pot still has a different role from alcohol. It continues to translate to something vaguely counter-cultural. Marijuana is not slipped into scripts like glasses of scotch on "The Good Wife" or bourbon on "Nashville," a cue to characters confronting one another or sorting out their feelings. (There is not yet product-placement opportunity.)
But rather than serve as a sign of radical rebellion, pot on TV these days often acts as a sign of an artistic nature or the pursuit of personal freedom.
"I smell creativity," says "Mad Men's" Don Draper as the drug's aroma wafts through the halls of his advertising agency.
On TV as in life, a change in pot's status is in the air.
Colorado's pot news » Meanwhile, the national media have a bad case of the giggles lately whenever the words "Colorado" and "marijuana" combine in a sentence.
So far, interviews on cable TV have devolved into juvenile jokes — the kind Colorado residents were making a year or two ago when the prospect of legalized weed first arose.
CNN missed an opportunity when Don Lemon hosted The Denver Post's pot editor Ricardo Baca on his "11th Hour" show this month. Rather than look into the range of tricky subjects now on the horizon for a mainstream newspaper covering a once-illegal drug, Lemon treated the idea as a giant goof, inviting bad stoner puns and generalizations.
On Fox News, Bill O'Reilly expressed outrage at the idea that the Post would hire a pot editor. "This is promoting the use of an intoxicant by the Denver Post!" (His panelists disagreed.)
"Saturday Night Live" weighed in with a throwaway ("The Denver Post this week announced that they're looking for a marijuana editor for their website. They have one. They're just looking for him.") Stephen Colbert on Comedy Central used Baca as a straight man while the onscreen graphic identified his location variously as "Bongistan," "Stanksylvania" and "Spleef Meadows." Jay Leno, Jimmy Fallon and others have taken shots at Colorado's new experiment with the drug.
Granted, they're not serious news shows. On CBS News' "60 Minutes" Steve Kroft did a serious report on the "fascinating green rush going on in Colorado," with a look at infused snacks, tinctures, elixirs and such.
Upcoming television interviews may get over the initial snickers and, like The Denver Post intends to do, delve into the many social, economic, cultural and legal issues presented by the new status of pot.


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Praise be to Allah.
It is not permissible for a woman to travel without a mahram, whether she is travelling to do an act of worship such as Hajj or visiting her parents in order to honour them and be kind to them, or travelling for permissible purposes such as going on vacation etc. The evidence for that is as follows:
1 – The general meaning of the words of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him): "No woman should travel unless she has a mahram with her, and no man should enter upon her unless her mahram is present." A man stood up and said: "O Messenger of Allaah, my wife has gone out for Hajj, and I want to go out with such and such an army." He said: "Go and do Hajj with your wife." Narrated by al-Bukhaari, 1862.
Muslim (1339) narrated from Abu Hurayrah that the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "It is not permissible for a woman who believes in Allaah and the Last Day to travel one day's distance without a mahram." There are many ahaadeeth which forbid a woman to travel without a mahram; they are general in meaning and apply to all kinds of travel.
2 – It is well known that travel involves exhaustion and difficulty. Because of her weakness, a woman needs someone to help her and look after her. Things may happen to her that make her panic and act out of character if there is no mahram present. This is well known nowadays when there are so many car accidents and other kinds of transportation accidents. Moreover, travelling alone exposes her to temptation, especially since there is so much corruption. Men who do not fear Allaah may sit neat her, and haraam actions may become attractive to her. Similarly if she is travelling alone in her car, she is exposed to other kinds of danger, if the car breaks down or if evil people conspire against her, and so on. It is perfectly wise that she should be accompanied by a mahram when travelling, because the purpose behind the mahram's presence is to protect her and look after her, especially if something bad happens. Travel exposes her to such things regardless of how long it takes.
Al-Nawawi (may Allaah have mercy on him) said: The point is that whatever is known as travelling, women are forbidden to travel without a husband or a mahram.
The Standing Committee was asked whether it is permissible for a woman to travel to Hajj without a mahram. They replied as follows: It is not permissible for a woman to travel for Hajj or for any other purpose without a mahram.
Fataawa al-Lajnah al-Daa'imah, 11/97
Thus it should be clear that Islam is the foremost system when it comes to protecting women and taking care of them, and respecting and honoring them, and regarding them as precious jewels that must be guarded against evil.


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Balloon Mortgages
Balloon loans have a short-term maturity but can be amortized for a longer term. Typically if the borrower has paid the loan as agreed, the loan can be renewed at maturity. The interest rate is fixed for the balloon term, however when the loan is renewed the interest will change to the present rate. Most balloon terms are 5 years.


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EU rules mean 400 Britons go without liver
Thanks to EU rules European Union citizens can come to this country and get healthcare. While 400 britons could have a new liver now they don't. Instead Greek and Cypriot patients have them.
If you are on the waiting for a liver and you are probably going to wait years you know who to blame. If you want to get treated as soon as possible you should dump Labour and the EU.


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Suspected Taliban militants blew up a bridge early Tuesday in the border region between Pakistan and Afghanistan, suspending NATO supply lines.
The blast occurred about 6 a.m. Tuesday in the Khata Kushta area of Jamrod in the Khyber Agency in Pakistan Federally Administered Tribal Areas. The bridge connected Landi Kotal and Jamrod. Transport has been suspended, and authorities are assessing damages. Engineers also are on location and work is under way to open a temporary route. Details were unclear on the size of the blast, but most of the iron bridge was destroyed, local officials said. No deaths or injuries were immediately reported. Authorities are looking for alternate supply routes for NATO supply trucks and traffic going from Pakistan to Afghanistan, because the route is the main one between the two countries. All vehicles must cross the bridge when going from Peshawar toward the crossing point into Afghanistan. This is the first time militants have targeted a bridge or roadway in efforts to disrupt NATO supplies, a local official said. Previously, militants have targeted truck depots where supply convoys wait to cross into Afghanistan or have attacked trucks on their way through Pakistan and into the Khyber Agency.
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On Monday, at least 35 suspected militants were killed as part of ongoing operations in the Swat Valley, the Pakistan military confirmed to CNN. Government security forces engaged 70 to 80 suspected militants with artillery and attack helicopters about 11 p.m., after observing their movements in the Khwaza Khela District of the Swat Valley, the military said. Though only 35 militants were confirmed dead, many more were injured in the attack and the death toll was expected to rise, the military said. Also on Monday, a Taliban FM radio sermon announced that militants had killed 16 Pakistan army soldiers in the Swat Valley. Officials at the Swat media center said that report was false.


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I have spent so much time on the road during my life that I can rightfully be accused of trying to simplify life by comparing it to driving.
A single Mercedes speeding by us recently triggered this post.
We were on Route 70 between Interstate 540 and Interstate 85 near Durham, NC. As is often the case with roads, there was some road construction, and there were lots of signs warning about the two lanes of traffic merging into the one left lane.
As I pulled over into the left lane, I could see a long line of traffic in front of me that had already merged into the left lane in an orderly fashion. Then a flash of black and chrome in my rear view mirror caught my eye. A Mercedes driver that had merged over must have decided that being at the back of the line was not for him.
I saw him quickly shoot over into the right lane and zoom down to the head of the line. It happens to be one of those things that challenge my patience and make me wish things that I shouldn't. Someone trying to get to the head of the line ends up slowing down the line because a kind soul has to to stop and let our impatient driver back into the lane.
My assumptions from this point on have nothing to do with the fact that this particular driver was driving a Mercedes. I know some very nice people who drive the same vehicle. Whether or not a higher percentage of Mercedes drivers compared to Volvo drivers try to get to the head of the line is another post.
It occurred to me that the folks who choose to try to get around everyone else in a merging lane situation are people who know exactly what they are doing and how they are inconveniencing other folks.
Yet they are willing to take advantage of others in order to meet their own needs. In a certain sense they believe they are above the rules that govern most people. In their minds it is okay for them to behave contrary to the accepted norm because they believe they are more important or special than everyone else.
It might be easy to say these people are just in a hurry, and their behavior is not indicative of the way that they might handle other things in their life. As someone who has been the leader of a number of teams, I would have to disagree. I have been in the car with Apple reps working for me and seen them pull a stunt like trying to get around a line of traffic.
It turns out that the people who I have observed zooming around traffic have all been very self centered people who tend to use other people to get what they want.
A little later in our trip, I was on a two lane road doing about 60 miles per hour when an old truck pulled out in front of me. I didn't have to slam on my brakes, but I did have to slow down to 25 miles per hour as the truck made its way one half mile down the road and turned off.
Actually it was a little more dramatic than that since there were five other vehicles behind me all doing 60 miles per hour.
In this case, the driver inconvenienced some people for a short time, but I am convinced that he was oblivious to what he had done. I didn't see whether it was an old driver or a young driver. He pulled out in front of traffic and never knew that with a little bad timing he could have been in a wreck.
My third person is the lady or fellow who is kind enough to stop and let you drive by his parking place without backing out in front of you. This is a person who is trying to do the right thing and doesn't mind adding a few seconds to his or her journey in order to not inconvenience another person.
I might use these categories to decide where to put my votes this November. I would rather have as a leader the fellow trying to do the right thing. Certainly someone who thinks he is better than the rest of us would be a poor choice for a leader.
We've already tried an oblivious leader in the not too distance past so I am not interested in voting for one of those.


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What a difference a decade can make. Successful local entrepreneurs like Muddy's Bake Shop founder Kat Gordon, Hollywood Feed president Shawn McGhee, and executive chefs and owners Andy Ticer and Michael Hudman at Enjoy A|M Restaurant Group spent that time growing their small businesses into thriving enterprises over that time.
The 3rd Annual Annie Oakley & Buffalo Bill Super Sprint and Sprint Triathlons will be Saturday, June 23, at Shelby Farms Park (south of the intersection of Farm Road and Walnut Grove Road). The event includes four races: an all-women super sprint triathlon, an all-women sprint triathlon, an all-men super sprint triathlon, and an all-men sprint triathlon.
Planning for the new Tennessee College of Applied Technology satellite campus in Bartlett is moving forward, with a projected construction start date early next year.
The Greater Memphis Medical Device Council helped TCAT get the funding for the 48,000-square-foot campus, which will include a state-of-the-art medical device training center and the ability to train 350 to 400 students. Construction could get underway by next spring at the northwest corner of Appling Road and Brother Boulevard.
The growth of e-commerce has been one of the most transformative trends in real estate over the past few years and Memphis' unique geography has it poised to reap the benefits.
While the more traditional industrial projects like Amazon's proposed 615,440-square-foot receiving center at 3292 Holmes Road or DHL's planned 580,000-square-foot distribution facility less than a mile to the south come to mind, the ripple effects of this can be felt in other areas as well, such as in typical brick-and-mortar retail operations.
Two new development projects will get underway later this year along Cooper Street in Midtown, following their approval for 11-year PILOTs on Tuesday, Oct. 10.
Both projects received the payment-in-lieu-of-taxes incentives by the Downtown Memphis Commission's Center City Revenue Finance Corp. board.
From the nationwide study "Arts and Economic Prosperity V" came overwhelming evidence that the arts make a financial impact. But of all the data accumulated in a yearlong collection effort launched by Americans for the Arts, one number leaped out at Elizabeth Rouse, who is president and CEO of ArtsMemphis: in 2015 in Shelby County, the arts supported 6,138 jobs (full-time equivalent).
The Malco Powerhouse Cinema proposed for Downtown's South Main Historic Arts District is still a go, despite delays that have already pushed it well past its expected opening day.
But the roughly $8 million project is going to look a little different than initially proposed, Malco officials disclosed recently, due to projected costs that came back much too high.
Commercial real estate firm Colliers International has announced the owner of Clark Tower, In-Rel Properties, has finished an $8 million renovation of the iconic East Memphis office building. Details on that and other top deals in this week's Real Estate Recap...
160th annual Mid-South Fair & Rodeo will be held Friday, Sept. 23, through Oct. 2 at the Landers Center, 4560 Venture Drive in Southaven. Enjoy midway rides and games, fair food, demonstrations, concerts on two stages, and special fair days with discounted admission and other deals. Visit midsouthfair.com for ticket packets and event schedule.
Tennessee has never been at the forefront of alternative energy. If California is the cool kid tapped in on all the latest advances, we could be considered the behind-the-times cousin always trying to play catch up.
Before Lakeland became a city, it was the Lakeland Amusement Park. A California-based developer is bringing back that original flair with his proposal for The Lake District, a 165-acre mixed-use development.
It's 6 a.m. on a rainy Wednesday morning. Outside, the sun has not yet risen. But inside Victory Bicycle Studio, they're already playing Rihanna. "We're gonna start with some two-minute openers," shouts Clark Butcher, over the thump of the music. "I want you at 70 percent of your max. Let's go!"
Order has been restored in Vol Nation, at least for now.
Tennessee's football team restored it with a 38-31 victory over then-No. 19 Georgia last Saturday at Neyland Stadium.
UT's rally from a 24-3 deficit has much of the fan base back on board with Vols coach Butch Jones and his staff after a precarious week leading up to the game.
The identity of the Memphis City Council that will take office in January with six new members was still in flux at the end of a very long and frustrating Oct. 8 election night.
The races for four of those six open seats and the seat now held by an appointee to the council are going to a Nov. 19 runoff election – one week before Thanksgiving.
Memphis Botanic Garden and World Forum Nature will celebrate International Mud Day Monday, June 29, from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. at MBG, 750 Cherry Road. Make mud crafts, including a take-home planting, mud mask and mud paintings. Cost is $3 plus MBG admission. Visit memphisbotanicgarden.com.
Editor's Note: This column will appear weekly throughout April in honor of Memphis and Shelby County's Sustainability Month.
This Earth Day, the City of Memphis has much to celebrate. Over the last several years, we have seen a growing demand for walkable, healthy neighborhoods, vibrant public spaces, access to fresh foods, and energy efficient buildings. As mayor, I have worked to meet this demand and position Memphis to lead by example in environmental sustainability. This work is being recognized nationally as Memphis-Shelby County was recently designated a 4-STAR sustainable community, in the same company as places like Austin, Texas, and Portland, Ore.
6277 Lake Arbor Drive and 6206 Knight Arnold RoadMemphis, TN 38115Sale Amount: $18.5 million
The upswing in the industrial real estate sector that started in 2012 and gained momentum in 2013 continued in 2014 and the Memphis market, fueled by several large transactions late in the year, should top 2013's level of around 3.2 million square feet of absorption.
People with an eye for inexpensive yet great vacation or short getaway destinations are likely to land in Knoxville.
Knoxville ranks ninth in the nation on hotel search trivago.com for Best Value City with a ranking of 91.59, coming in between Springfield, Mo., and Little Rock, Ark.
Trucking industry representatives and employees packed the spacious Tennessee Ballroom at Hilton Memphis, the gleaming glass hotel in East Memphis, for Carnival Memphis' salute to the trucking industry.
After graduating from the University of Mississippi in 1962, Ed Gatlin started a successful automotive chemicals business.
Gatlin sold that business, Ig-lo Products Corp., to Valvoline Oil Co. in 1985 and remained as CEO for two more years. After leaving that venture, Gatlin's desire to succeed in business burned as strong as ever and he still had a few trucks and trailers.
7444 Winchester Road, 7464 Winchester RoadMemphis, TN 38125Sale Amount: $3.1 million
Whether the rest of the country wants to admit it or not, the SEC has survived early and notable non-conference losses. In fact, the league is front and center for Week 3 of the college football season.
A local pumping equipment manufacturer is increasing its presence in the Collierville market.
J-Line Pump Co., doing business as American-Marsh Pumps, bought the 81,260-square-foot warehouse on 12.4 acres at 550 E. South St. for $1.4 million. This will be in addition to the adjoining 110,000-square-foot warehouse at 185 Progress Road the company has occupied since 1999.
200 acres in Frayser Sale Amount: $2.2 million
Sale Date: Jan. 24, 2013
Buyer: Nike TN Inc.
J-Line Pump Co. has paid $1.4 million for the manufacturing/processing mill at 550 South St. in Collierville.
Ray Rico Freelance has inked a lease for 550 square feet in the heart of the Cooper-Young Historic District after working for six years as a freelancer out of his nearby home and hiring strictly contract labor.
For the last year and a half, bookkeeping has been on Kevin Dean's mind as much as books.
The executive director of Literacy Mid-South said that sweeping changes announced for 2013 will increase the organization's foot print while stabilizing its finances.
4049 E. Raines RoadMemphis, TN 38118
Sale Amount: $2.3 million
Sale Date: Aug. 3, 2012
6100 Macon RoadMemphis, TN 38134
Sale Amount: $2 million
Sale Date: July 13, 2012
Goodlettsville, Tenn.-based Dollar General Corp. has paid $3.2 million to buy three recently completed stores from Ware Properties LLC, the company that built them.
2781 Democrat RoadMemphis, TN 38118Permit Amount: $10.8 million
Permit Date: Applied April 2011Owner: FedExTenant: FedExContractor: Flintco Inc.
The Alliance for Nonprofit Excellence will hold a workshop Wednesday from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. at its office, 5100 Poplar Ave., Suite 502. Participants will learn about the fundamentals of nonprofit communications. Cost is $99 for members, $150 for nonmembers and $89 for those in the Program for Nonprofit Excellence. For more information, call 684-6605 or visit www.npexcellence.org.
The 2011 Memphis International Auto Show rolls into town Friday through Sunday, giving car enthusiasts a chance to check out more than 250 of the latest cars, trucks, SUVs and hybrids, along with many other special attractions at the automotive extravaganza.
Cary Rotter's goal is simple: to provide elderly clients and their families with the best possible in-home care.
But the Memphis Comfort Keepers president and owner said he faces many challenges in bringing that goal to fruition, the greatest of which is hiring the right people.
After winning a tax break last month to support the development of a new business campus, American Esoteric Laboratories of Memphis now is seeking approval of design plans for the project.AEL, a provider of clinical laboratory services to hospitals and doctors throughout the region, has proposed building a one-story, 70,000-square-foot office building near Whitten Road and Interstate 40. The development is slated for the north side of Century Center Drive, west of Whitten, and the plans are on tap to be voted on at Thursday's Memphis-Shelby County Land Use Control Board meeting.The board's meeting starts at 10 a.m. in the City Council chambers at City Hall, 125 N. Main St.
Graham's Lighting will host two seminars for design professionals on light control and sustainable residential design today at its Midtown location, 550 S. Cooper St. The first seminar will be at 9 a.m. and the second at noon. James Copple of Lutron Lighting Controls will conduct both one-hour sessions. Registration is required. To register, call 274-6780 or e-mail firstname.lastname@example.com.
The Alliance for Nonprofit Excellence will hold a workshop titled "Human Resources 101" today from 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. at the Alliance office, 5100 Poplar Ave., Suite 502. The facilitator will be Tiffany Chisnall, who will discuss how to manage human resources for a nonprofit organization. For more information or reservations, call 684-6605 or visit www.npexcellence.org.
The Dixon Gallery and Gardens will host Talks on the Terrace with Mike Berkley today from noon to 1:30 p.m. at the Dixon, 4339 Park Ave. Berkley is the co-owner of GroWild Inc. Cost is $15 for members and $25 for nonmembers. Reservations and pre-payment are required. For more information, call 761-5250.
The Dixon Gallery and Gardens will host Talks on the Terrace with Mike Berkley Tuesday from noon to 1:30 p.m. at the Dixon, 4339 Park Ave. Berkley is the co-owner of GroWild Inc. Cost is $15 for members and $25 for nonmembers. Reservations and pre-payment are required. For more information, call 761-5250.
The Memphis Chapter of the Society of Information Management will present its annual Strategy Series for Executives today from 7:30 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. at the Esplanade Conference Complex, 901 Cordova Station. The theme of the series is "Charting a Course Through Challenging Times." For more information or to register, visit www.hmgstrategy.com/events.
The celebration of Barack Obama becoming president today transcends political slogans and mass-marketed collectibles for people like Charlie Dyer.
The Memphis Advertising Federation will hold a "Seminar on Trademarks and Intellectual Properties" by Alan G. Crone of Crone & Mason PLC today from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. at the University Club of Memphis, 1346 Central Ave. Cost is $30 for members and $40 for guests. For reservations, contact Pam Routh at 550-2114 or firstname.lastname@example.com. For more information, visit www.memphisadfed.org.
The Tennessee Department of Revenue will hold its free bimonthly new business workshop today from 9 a.m. to noon at the Renaissance Business Center, 555 Beale St. The workshop is free and is designed to assist people encountering business-related taxes for the first time. To register, visit www.tennessee.gov/revenue/bustaxworkshops/.
Talk Shoppe will present "Plan for Small Business Success in 2009" today from 9 a.m. to 10 a.m. at the Better Business Bureau of the Mid-South, 3693 Tyndale Drive. Business coach Mark van Stolk of Calaveras Business Coaching LLC will speak. The event is free. For more information, call 753-3753.
The Memphis Rotary Club will meet today at noon in Ballroom B of the Memphis Cook Convention Center, 255 N. Main St. State Sen. Jim Kyle, D-Memphis, will address the financial problems currently facing Tennessee. Lunch is $18 per person, payable at the door. For reservations, e-mail Taylor Hughes at email@example.com.
The Memphis Rotary Club will meet Tuesday at noon in Ballroom B of the Memphis Cook Convention Center, 255 N. Main St. State Sen. Jim Kyle, D-Memphis, will address the financial problems currently facing Tennessee. Lunch is $18 perperson, payable at the door. For reservations, e-mail Taylor Hughes at firstname.lastname@example.com.
YogaFit will hold Level 1 Teacher Training workshops Saturday and Sunday from 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. at Eccentric Studios, 2810 Bartlett Road, Suite 1. Cost is $369. To register, visit www.yogafit.com. For more information, call Rachael Vint at 282-5504.
Girls Inc. of Memphis will recognize winners of its annual Strong, Smart and Bold Awards at the 18th Anniversary Celebration Luncheon today from 11:30 a.m. to 1 p.m. at Bridges, 477 N. Fifth St. For reservations, contact Meghan Cloud at firstname.lastname@example.com or 523-0217.
Take Steps for Crohn's & Colitis Music City Walk and Festival will be held today from 4 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. at Shelby Farms Park & Conservancy. Take Steps is the nation's largest event dedicated to finding a cure for digestive diseases. For more information, call Nicole or Drew at 615-356-0444 or visit www.cctakesteps.org.
Five addressesIn MillingtonLoan Amount: $7 million
Loan Date: July 25, 2007
Maturity Date: July 25, 2008
5015 Citation DriveMemphis, TN 38118Sale Amount: $19.3 million
Sale Date: June 27, 2007
Buyer: Distribution I TL Owner LLC
It was only 50 years ago that DeSoto County was a collection of small, sleepy agrarian communities. But over half of a century, things have changed dramatically. And just in the past year, development has continued at a breakneck pace.
In the last 10 years, it's seemed like more and more older citizens are being diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.
But the reality of it is Alzheimer's has been around forever. Before the mid-1990s, the dementia and other symptoms associated with Alzheimer's were just thought of as "old age."
The Memphis chapter of the National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) meets today at 6 p.m. at Fox Ridge Pizza, 1769 N. Germantown Parkway. For more information, call Jill Rayman at 550-0487.
Oct. 10
The Memphis Bar Association presents "Entertaining Motions" from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. at Buckman Performing Arts Center, 60 Perkins Road Extended. The production is a parody of legal life featuring music and skits by and for the Memphis legal community. Call 527-3573 for more information.
Rivertown Gallery presents "Memphis Carriages" through Oct. 31 at 119 S. Main St. The exhibition will feature paintings depicting horses and carriages, as well as local scenes. Gallery hours are Monday through Friday from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. and Saturday from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. For more information, call 527-7573 or visit www.rivertowngallery.net.
The Center City Revenue Finance Corp. Board meets today at 9:30 a.m. at the CCC, 114 N. Main St. A payment-in-lieu-of-taxes (PILOT) lease for HBG Real Estate LLC in connection with property at 100-104 S. Front St. and 110-114 S. Front St. will be discussed at the meeting. For more information, call 575-0540.
The Memphis chapter of the National Association of Women in Construction (NAWIC) meets Tuesday at 6:30 p.m. at Jim's Place East, 5560 Shelby Oaks Drive. At this month's meeting, the new officers will be installed. Call Jill Rayman at 550-0487 for more information.
The Cadillac Invitational Golf Tournament is Monday at 12:30 p.m. at Ridgeway Country Club, 9800 Poplar Ave. Proceeds benefit the National Kidney Foundation of West Tennessee. More than 100 tournaments will be held nationwide, and the local winners will compete in the national finals in January. Cost is $250, which includes cart, green fees, lunch and dinner, golf glove and more. For information or to register, call the National Kidney Foundation of West Tennessee at 683-6185.
The Tennessee Realtors Land Institute holds its monthly meeting today at 11 a.m. in the Martin Edwards Jr. Education Center at the Memphis Area Association of Realtors (MAAR), 6393 Poplar Ave. E-mail firstname.lastname@example.com for reservations.
The Mid-South chapter of the Alzheimer's Association presents "Introduction to Alzheimer's and Dementia" from 5:30 p.m. to 7 p.m. at 3475 Central Ave. Admission is free. Call (800) 237-3225 or 565-0011 to register.
July 31
The Memphis Bar Association presents "The Life & Law of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg" from 1:30 p.m. to 4:45 p.m. in the MBA conference room at Brinkley Plaza, 80 Monroe Ave. Attendees will have the chance to learn more about Ginsburg from Trevor Morrison, a former law clerk to the U.S. Supreme Court justice. Ginsburg is scheduled to speak at The Peabody Hotel at noon Sept. 11. Call 527-3573 or visit www.memphisbar.org to register. .
The Memphis City Council meets today at 3:30 p.m. at City Hall, 125 N. Main St. Call 576-6786 for details.
The National Association of Women in Construction meets today at 6 p.m. at Las Trancas Mexican Restaurant Bar & Grill, 1625 N. Germantown Parkway, Ste. 104. Call Jill Rayman at 550-0487 for more information.
The Mid-South Quality Productivity Center (MSQPC) offers "Auditing for Improved Performance" today through Wednesday from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. at the Memphis Regional Chamber, 22 N. Front St., Ste. 200. Cost is $535 for members and $595 for non-members. For more information, contact Alexis Burgman at 543-3530 or firstname.lastname@example.com.
July 3
The Town of Collierville holds an Independence Day Celebration from 6 p.m. to 10 p.m. in H.W. Cox Jr. Park, 440 W. Powell Road. A fireworks show is scheduled to begin at 9:30 p.m. For more information, call 853-3225.
The National Association of Women in Construction meets today at 6 p.m. at Fox Ridge Pizza, 1769 N. Germantown Parkway. Call Jill Rayman at 550-0487 for more information.
The Association for Women Attorneys sponsors a judicial reception today from 6 p.m. to 9 p.m. at the Benjamin L. Hooks Public Library, 3030 Poplar Ave. The event will offer all judicial candidates a forum to express their views and offer the community a chance to meet the candidates. Call 523-8822, Ext. 420, for more information.
June 13
The Center City Commission Revenue Finance Corp. meets at 9:30 a.m. in the CCC conference room, 114 N. Main St. Call 575-0540 for details.
The Small Business Chamber holds a free Cellular South workshop called "Customer Relationship Management (CRM)" from 5:30 p.m. to 7:30 p.m. in the boardroom of Agricenter International, 7777 Walnut Grove Road. Cost is free, but registration is required. Contact Robert Staub at 870-6934 for more information.
June 5
The University of Memphis' Cecil C. Humphreys School of Law hosts "Drive for Downtown" Golf Classic, which starts at 8 a.m. at Spring Creek Ranch, 380 S. Collierville-Arlington Road. The tournament begins with breakfast and registration at 8 a.m. followed by a golf clinic at 9 a.m. and a shotgun start at 10 a.m. Proceeds from the tournament will benefit the law school. Contact Will Zoccola at 526-8382 or Leah Prost at 678-4299 for more information.
The Mid-South Small Business Chamber holds its monthly membership meeting breakfast and seminar Tuesday from 7:30 a.m. to 11:30 a.m. at the Holiday Inn Select at 5795 Poplar Ave. Keynote speaker Jim Blasingame, syndicated columnist and award-winning host of "The Small Business Advocate," radio show, presents his "Small Business Survival Course." Members pay $20 for breakfast only and $47 for breakfast and seminar. Non-members pay $25 for breakfast only and $75 for breakfast and seminar. Call 259-1093 or visit www.smallbusinesschamber.com to register.
Not since the first quarter of 2004 has the Memphis retail real estate market shown such unimpressive numbers - vacancies are up while lease rates, construction and quarterly absorption are down from last year.
FaxonGillis Plans Downtown Condos
Carolina Lofts to bring new life to former industrial area
The Daily News
In the 1920s, Downtowns South Main District was booming with trade. Today, ...
The Memphis and Shelby County Port Commission meets at noon today in the commission office, 1115 Riverside Drive. Call 545-4588. ...
An event promoting womens equality and the right to earn equal pay for equal work runs from 2:30 p.m. to 3:30 p.m. today...
This Week in Memphis Nov. 3-9 Community Foundation Hosts Charity Update
November 3
The Community Foundation of Greater Memphis presents The Year for Charities in the Courts, Treasury and the IRS from 8:30 a.m. to 10:30 a.m. at the ...
Calendar of events Nov. 26-Dec. 2
Nov. 26
Flying Colors Cancer Resource Center, 1068 Cresthaven, Suite 550, hosts Movement Without, Movement Within at 12:30 p.m. Jean Sullivan leads a 30-minute session focused on slow...


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Revista Peruana de Medicina Experimental y Salud Publica
Print version ISSN 1726-4634
LOPEZ-QUINTERO, Catalina and NEUMARK, Yehuda. Barras bravas membership and its influence on drug use. Rev. perú. med. exp. salud publica [online]. 2012, vol.29, n.1, pp.21-27. ISSN 1726-4634.
Objectives. To identify the factors associated with barras bravas (soccer fans clubs) membership, the incidence in drug use and the association between membership and drug use. Materials and methods. This report analyzed data from 1303 adolescent scholars who participated in two stages (T1 and T2) of a longitudinal study done in 23 schools of Bogota during 2006- 2007, selected through a probabilistic sampling stratified by clusters. Logistic regression models were implemented in order to evaluate the associations of interest. Results. In T1, 8,2% of the surveyed students reported barras bravas membership. After one year of follow-up, 14,2% of barras bravas members, and 4,6% of non-members, initiated drug use. The association between barras bravas membership and drug use onset remained significant after adjusting for multiple confounding factors (ARR=2,4; 95%CI=1,2-4,7). Sex-stratified analysis indicated that this association remained statistically significant only for females (ARR=6,1; 95%CI=2,5-15,3). Conclusions. Barras bravas membership increases the risk of drug use onset, particularly among females. The findings imply that preventive efforts should be focused on females in these contexts
Keywords : Substance-Related Disorders; Marijuana; Cocaine; Sports equipment; Soccer; Vandalism.


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Are you ready for some pumpkins, witches, and ghosts… oh my?! Halloween is my favorite. There are so many spooktacular things to make and do. It's a DIYers dream to have 31 whole days to craft up something festive and fabulous leading up to Halloween. We've crafted 31 frightastic Halloween crafts for you here at Make and Takes to make all month long. You could craft something everyday until Halloween.
31 Days of Halloween Crafts
Pumpkin Crafts
1. Pumpkin Man Halloween Countdown
2. Gilded Pumpkin Display
3. Jack-0-Lantern Cookie Pops
4. Mix and Match Pumpkins
5. Thumbprint Pumpkin Stamps
Spooky Spiders
6. Pipe Cleaner Pom Pom Spider
7. Glittered Plastic Rings
8. Embroidery Hoop Spider Web
9. Spider Snow Hat
10. Spooky Spider Foam Hat
Wicked Witches
11. Pipe Cleaner Mini Witch Brooms
12. Candy Pretzel Witch Brooms
13. Witch Hair Halloween Countdown
14. Halloween Paper Bag Puppets
15. Witch Potion Bottles
Party Crafts and Activities
16. Classroom Party Ideas
17. Bat-tastic Cards
18. Chalkboard Gift Tags
19. Halloween Coloring Pages
20. Halloween Painted Gift Wrap
21. Printable Finger Puppets
Costumes for the Kids
22. Despicable Me Minions
23. Witch Hat Yarn Hair
24. Megamind Costume Idea
25. Princess Pipe Cleaner Crown
26. Robot DIY Hats
Night of Fright
27. Monster and Goblin Crispy Treats
28. Googly Eyed Green Blobs
29. Halloween Night Luminaries
30. Make Candy Haunted Houses
31. Halloween Spooky Storybooks
Share what fun DIY Halloween crafts you're mixing up over the next 31 days!
5 More Halloween Crafts We're Making:
- Countdown to Halloween Printable – kids will love to count down the days until Halloween.
- Paper Weaving Pumpkin Craft – what a fun classic weaving craft for kids.
- Boo-Tastic Paper Plate Witch – this witch is super crafty!
- Jack o' Lantern Watercolor – have fun with watercolors and this craft.
- Spooky Halloween Watercolor Gift Tags – make spooky gift tags to add to your Halloween presents.


text: Step 1: Start. Go to Step 2 Step 2: Does your institution want to obtain a Federalwide Assurance (FWA) so that it may receive federal support for research involving human subjects? If Yes, go to Step 3. If No, go to Step 7. Step 3: Your FWA must use an institutional review board (IRB) that is registered with OHRP. Have you identified a registered IRB that will review proposed research for your institution? If Yes, go to Step 4. If No, go to Step 6. Step 4: Have the IRB registration number ready for use in completing the FWA submission, and then: Go to Step 5 Step 5: Submit information for the FWA to OHRP at http://ohrp.cit.nih.gov/efile/FwaStart.aspx. Step 6: Will your institution rely on a registered IRB operated by another organization? If Yes, go to Step 8. If no, go to Step 7 Step 7: Does your institution want to register an institutional review board (IRB)? If Yes, go to Step 10. If No, go to Step 9. Step 8: Does your institution have an authorization agreement with the organization that operates the IRB? If Yes, go to Step 4. If No, go to Step 11. Step 9: Stop! You do not need to use this system. Step 10: Register your institution's IRB at http://ohrp.cit.nih.gov/efile/IrbStart.aspx and then either: (1) Go to Step 4 and use the IRB registration number in obtaining your institution's FWA, or (2) Arrange to provide IRB review for another institution, by going to Step 11 Step 11: Establish an IRB Authorization Agreement with the IRB organization/IRB that will review proposed research for your institution, or with the institution that will rely on your organization's IRB for its FWA. (A model agreement is available here) Then the institution obtaining the FWA should: Go to Step 4.


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Cord blood and cord tissue are rich in powerful stem cells and can only be collected at birth for potential future use.
Stem cells can be used now for medical treatments, and there is an expanding range of new therapies being researched that anticipate using cord blood and tissue in the future, eg. type 1 diabetes, cerebral palsy and autism.
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Today, parents of more than 200,000 babies have stored with the Cell Care group.
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Contact our dedicated team of specialists for further information or advice.


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If you are seeking articles published prior to 2003, these are now available through Mira Digital Publishing as Archives Online. If you are seeking articles from 2003 onwards, these are available through Ingenta, our online journal host. Members of AsMA—Please log onto the Members Only page using the login at the top right hand side of this page to access the Journal Online and the Archives. Students and journalists receive reprints at no charge. However, students or student research teams are limited to up to five individual reprints. Beyond that, they must pay the applicable fee for each article. Please contact Stella Sanchez (703) 739-2240, ext. 101, to request reprints. News Articles: Articles from the news section of the journal are available at no charge. The news sections from 2003-2014 are available on the News Archive page and for 2020 onwards, can be found on the Newsletters page. For earlier pages, please contact the Journal Department.
Authors who wish to order copies of their articles should use the form provided with their proofs. If you do not have a copy of the form, you may click here for a pdf version (updated April 2023) with instructions. Alternatively, authors may contact Stella Sanchez for a copy of the form and instructions. Purchasing the PDF file is the best way to receive the published version of a manuscript for depositing in an institutional repository or at the National Library of Medicine.


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Middle-earth Role Playing (2nd edition, hardcover)
Middle-earth Roleplaying Hardbound Collector's Edition Rulebook | |
Author | S. Coleman Charlton |
Publisher | Iron Crown Enterprises |
Released | 1993 |
Format | Hardcover |
Pages | 272 |
ICE stock no. | 2000 |
Middle-earth Role Playing (2nd edition, hardcover) contains the basic rules and system for Middle-earth Role Playing, 2nd Edition.
- Cover art: Angus Mc Bride
Cover/Jacket Text[edit | edit source]
The Fantasy Role Playing Game set in J.R.R. Tolkien's World
" Their eyes fell on him and pierced him, as they rushed towards him. Desperate, he drew his own sword and it seemed to him that it flickered red, as if it was a firebrand. Two of the figures halted. The third was taller than the others... In one hand, he held a long sword, and in the other a knife; both the knife and the hand that held it glowed with a pale light. He sprang forward and bore down on Frodo." - The Fellowship of the Ring.
In a role playing game, you assume the role of a character in a "living novel. Middle-earth Role Playing (MERP) and its companion sourcebooks provide the structure and framework for role playing in the greatest fantasy setting of all time... J.R.R. Tolkien's Middle-earth.
Middle-earth Role Playing is the next step up for those who have already experienced the thrill of ICE's introductory role playing game, the Lord of the Rings Adventure Game. It is also perfect for more experienced gamers who are looking for a realistic, easy-to-play fantasy role playing game.
Middle-earth Role Playing, 2nd Edition includes:
- Middle-earth Character Templates for those who want interesting, fully developed characters in a flash.
- A complete Character Development System covering Hobbits, Elves, Dwarves, Humans, Orcs, Trolls, etc.
- A Magic System with simple yet comprehensive rules that reflect the unique nature of the use of magic and power in Middle-earth.
- A flavorful Combat System that is realistic, fast, and playable.
- Gamemaster Guidelines that cover travel, encounters, weather, random events, healing, poisons, magic items, and much more.
- Detailed information on Creatures and Peoples that covers the major beasts, monsters, and cultures of Middle-earth.
- An expanded set of secondary skills, background options, and professions.
- A complete Sample Adventure set in the Trollshaws, complete with layouts.


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This article is more than 1 year old
Amazon blames hardware – not hackers – for European outage
Anonymous denies Grinch-style attack on Xmas shoppers
Problems with Amazon's systems in Europe over the weekend were down to hardware failure rather than hackers, the e-commerce giant said on Sunday.
Christmas shoppers trying to complete purchases from Amazon's online stores in the UK, France, Germany, Austria and Italy were locked out for around half an hour on Sunday. Amazon famously withdrew services from whistle-blower website Wikileaks at the start of the month, a move that potentially made it a target for attacks from Anonymous.
However, Amazon said the temporary outage was caused by "hardware failure" at a Dublin-based hosting facility that serves the sites. Web services monitoring firm Netcraft confirmed this diagnosis, adding that the affected sites were affected by around half an hour of downtime at around 21.15 GMT on Sunday.
A statement from Anonymous denied launching an attack against Amazon, arguing that such a move would be counterproductive, in PR terms, as well as difficult in practice. Amazon's distributed system makes it more resilient against distributed denial of service attacks, if not hardware failure.
"While it is indeed possible that Anonymous may not have been able to take Amazon.com down in a DDoS attack, this is not the only reason the attack never occurred," the group said, the BBC reports.
"After the attack was so advertised in the media, we felt that it would affect people such as consumers in a negative way and make them feel threatened by Anonymous.
"Simply put, attacking a major online retailer when people are buying presents for their loved ones would be in bad taste," it added.
Anonymous launched a denial of service attack against Amazon last week in retaliation for terminating WikiLeaks' web-hosting services, but the assault failed. Instead of launching a follow-up attack on Amazon over the weekend, activists from the Anonymous collective were concentrating on a second wave of attacks against Mastercard.
In a statement on its Mastercard.com website, the credit card giant acknowledged the attack on its website, but denied any suggestion that this would have an impact on credit card transaction processing. "MasterCard has made significant progress in restoring full-service to its corporate website," said the multinational. "Our core processing capabilities have not been compromised and cardholder account data has not been placed at risk. While we have seen limited interruption in some web-based services, cardholders can continue to use their cards for secure transactions globally."
Anonymous' Operation:Payback Campaign has targeted the websites of firms which severed commercial ties with Wikileaks over the last week. The withdrawal of payment services to the whistle-blower website spawned attacks against Paypal and Visa as well as Mastercard. The Swedish Prosecutor's website was also hit by Anonymous over its decision to issue a European arrest warrant for Wikileaks founder Julian Assange in relation to sexual assault allegations. Assange denies the charges. ®


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Dust La Rock "Joking Victim" Opens In Los Angeles 4/14
Posted on Apr 5th, 2011
Hot on the heels of his BK Scum exhibit, our own Dust La Rock brings a brand-new collection of work to the West Coast for "Joking Victim," a very special gallery show at HVW8 in Los Angeles. RSVP for the opening reception on Thursday, 4/14 from 7-10pm, featuring music by Jokers Of The Scene. Read More


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Thamsanqa Jantjie said in a 45-minute interview with The Associated Press that his hallucinations began while he was interpreting and that he tried not to panic because there were "armed policemen around me." He added that he was once hospitalized in a mental health facility for more than one and a half years.
The statements by Jantjie also raise serious security issues for Obama, other heads of state and United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon who stood next to Jantjie as they made speeches at FNB Stadium in Soweto, Johannesburg's famed black township. The ceremony honored Mandela, the anti-apartheid icon and former president who died on Dec. 5.
A South African deputy Cabinet minister, Hendrietta Bogopane-Zulu, later held a news conference to announce that "a mistake happened" in the hiring of Jantjie. However, many questions remain, including who in the government hired the company that contracted Jantjie, how much money the government paid the company and Jantjie's own involvement with the company - and even whether it really exists.
AP journalists who visited the address of the company that Jantjie provided found a different company there, whose managers said they knew nothing about SA Interpreters. A woman who answered the phone at a number that Jantjie provided confirmed that she worked at the company that hired him for the memorial service but declined comment and hung up.
Government officials said they have tried to track down the company that provided Jantjie but the owners "have vanished into thin air," said Bogopane-Zulu, deputy minister of Women, Children and People with Disabilities.
She apologized to deaf people around the world who were offended by Jantjie's incomprehensible signing and said an investigation is under way to determine how Jantjie was hired and what vetting process, if any, he underwent for his security clearance.
The deputy minister said the translation company offered sub-standard services and the rate they purportedly paid the translator, $77 a day, is far below the usual rate of up to $164 an hour.
Ordinarily, sign language interpreters in South Africa are switched every 20 minutes to maintain their concentration levels, she said. Jantjie was on the stage for the entire service that lasted more than four hours.
The deputy minister declined to say who in South Africa's government was responsible for contracting the company that provided the bogus translator, or how those rules were flouted.
"It's an interdepartmental responsibility," she said. "We are trying to establish what happened."
Jantjie insisted in the AP interview that he was doing proper sign-language interpretation of the speeches of world leaders. But he also apologized for his performance that has been dismissed by many sign-language experts as gibberish.
"I would like to tell everybody that if I've offended anyone, please, forgive me," Jantjie said in his tidy cement house outfitted with a big-screen TV and with two late-model cars in the carport on the outskirts of Soweto. "But what I was doing, I was doing what I believe is my calling. I was doing what I believe makes a difference."
"What happened that day, I see angels come to the stadium ... I start realizing that the problem is here. And the problem, I don't know the attack of this problem, how will it comes. Sometimes I react violent on that place. Sometimes I will see things that chase me," Jantjie said.
"I was in a very difficult position," he added. "And remember those people, the president and everyone, they were armed, there was armed police around me. If I start panicking I'll start being a problem. I have to deal with this in a manner so that I mustn't embarrass my country."
Asked how often he had become violent, he said "a lot" while declining to provide details.
Jantjie said he was due on the day of the ceremony to get a regular six-month mental health checkup to determine whether the medication he takes was working, whether it needed to be changed or whether he needed to be kept at a mental health facility for treatment.
He said he did not tell the company that contracted him for the event that he was due for the checkup, but said an owner of SA Interpreters in Johannesburg was aware of his condition - which he says goes back nine years already.
A medical expert with University College London cautioned that Jantjie's unusual sign language didn't look like it was caused by schizophrenia or another psychosis.
"The disruption of sign language in people with schizophrenia takes many forms but this does not look like anything I have seen in signers with psychosis," said Jo Atkinson, who is a clinical psychologist and researcher at the Center for Deafness, Cognition and Language.
He added: "There were many features of (his) signing that do not chime with the typical presentation of disordered signing caused by a psychotic episode."
Jantjie said he is officially classified as disabled by the government because of his schizophrenia, and that his longest period in a mental institution was in 2006, when he had a stay of one year and seven months.
Jantjie said he received one year of sign language interpretation training at a school in Cape Town. He said he has previously interpreted at many events without anyone complaining. The Deaf Federation of South Africa said it filed a complaint about his interpreting last year at an appearance that included President Jacob Zuma and other top governing African National Congress members.
The AP showed Jantjie video footage of him interpreting on stage at the Mandela memorial service.
"I don't remember any of this at all," he said.
Oscar-winning deaf U.S. actress Marlee Matlin found a positive aspect to the whole incident, saying that it had made sign language a top news story across the world. "Sign went global today," she wrote on her Twitter account. "Wow thank you South Africa," she wrote in a second tweet.
Associated Press writer Ray Faure in Johannesburg contributed to this report.


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Arlington Heights, Bay View, Bluemound Heights, Borchert Field, Brunwood, Caples Park, Clarke Square, Columbus Park, Elmhurst, Enderis Park, Forest Park, Franklin Heights, Franksville, Goldman Park, Gra-Ram


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As many of you may already know, my website was hijacked and deleted while it was down, I was directing everybody back here to my Blogspot site until I could get a new one built.
I'm super excited to say that new website is up and running!
At my new site you can...
-Order CeCe Caldwell Paint in my new online shop
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My Website was Hijacked! a cautionary tale...
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Cluster growth
Those whose memories extend back further than the latest Nobel award may recall that since at least 1960, cosmic rays have been repeatedly invoked as causing cloud formation and thus driving climate change. This conceit has been knocked down innumerable times but keeps arising. While on its face it is reasonable to think that ionization of molecules by cosmic rays will drive formation of small aerosols, there has been very little (and here Eli considerably exaggerates) on the relative importance of ionized aerosols and neutral ones.
Now comes Markku Kulmala, Ilona Riipinen, Mikko Sipilä, Hanna E. Manninen, Tuukka Petäjä, Heikki Junninen, Miikka Dal Maso, Genrik Mordas, Aadu Mirme, Marko Vana, Anne Hirsikko, Lauri Laakso, Roy M. Harrison, Ian Hanson, Carl Leung, Kari E. J. Lehtinen, Veli-Matti Kerminen in Science 318 (5847), 89 - 92 (2007) who have hiked into the Finnish forest sherpaing a large amount of new instrumentation including a Neutral Cluster–Air Ion Spectrometer (NAIS), a UF-02proto Condensation Particle Counter and a Grimm nanoDMA and Faraday Cup Electrometer preceded by a unipolar charger and emerged to write on Toward Direct Measurement of Atmospheric Nucleation.
Atmospheric aerosol formation is known to occur almost all over the world, and the importance of these particles to climate and air quality has been recognized. Although almost all of the processes driving aerosol formation take place below a particle diameter of 3 nanometers, observations cover only larger particles. We introduce an instrumental setup to measure atmospheric concentrations of both neutral and charged nanometer-sized clusters. By applying the instruments in the field, we come to three important conclusions: (i) A pool of numerous neutral clusters in the sub–3 nanometer size range is continuously present; (ii) the processes initiating atmospheric aerosol formation start from particle sizes of 1.5 nanometers; and (iii) neutral nucleation dominates over the ion-induced mechanism, at least in boreal forest conditions.If the rate of cosmic ray driven ionized nuclei formation is much too low to drive aerosol (and thus cloud) formation then cloud formation will not depend on cosmic ray fluxes. This result is from a forest, and will certainly be followed up on
Recently it was suggested that the formation of new atmospheric aerosol particles is connected with the existence of thermodynamically stable 1- to 2-nm clusters, formed in the atmosphere by some nucleation mechanism. From a physical standpoint, two very different cluster types in the sub–3 nm size range can be distinguished: charged (air ions or ion clusters) and neutral species. The existence of atmospheric ion clusters as small as 0.5 to 1 nm in diameter has been known for decades, and measurements with ion spectrometers, such as the Air Ion Spectrometer (AIS) and Balanced Scanning Mobility Analyzer (BSMA), have demonstrated that such clusters are present almost all the time. The production rates of ion clusters are, however, generally too low to explain the observed aerosol-formation rates.
In view of the insufficient numbers of ion clusters, the keyto understanding atmospheric aerosol formation is clearly the presence of neutral clusters.


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There are many excellent reasons to adopt a vegetarian diet. By not eating meat one helps to discourage the cruel treatment of cows, pigs, chickens, and other animals on factory farms and the wasteful diversion of grain crops for consumption by farmed animals rather than by poor humans. One also helps to improve the environment, insofar as factory farms are major sources of water and air pollution, including gasses that contribute to global warming. And by not eating meat one helps oneself, since a vegetarian diet is far healthier for humans than a diet based on meat.
In recent decades, increasing numbers of people in North America, Europe, and Israel have been moved by considerations like these to become vegetarians. Among vegetarians who are Jewish, some have been led to their decision by their own faith. They have come to view vegetarianism not merely as a choice that is good for animals, the environment, and themselves but also as an expression of Jewish values, especially the values of compassion toward animals, avoidance of waste, and the preservation of health. Indeed, many prominent rabbis from Orthodox and Conservative as well as Reform congregations have used these and other principles to argue that meat eating is inconsistent with Jewish dietary law (kashrut). For example, Rabbi David Rosen, the former of chief rabbi of Ireland, argues that the conditions of animals raised for their meat on factory farms and the risks to human health posed by a meat-based diet render meat eating "halachically [according to Jewish law] unacceptable."
This article briefly summarizes the main "Jewish reasons to go vegetarian," as described in the essay "A Case for Jewish Vegetarianism," by Aaron Gross, M.T.S., Richard H. Schwartz, Ph.D., Roberta Kalechofsky, Ph.D., and Jay Levine, M.D. The essay is published by PETA.
Tsa'ar Ba'alei Chayim
The principle of tsa'ar ba'alei chayim, which prohibits the cruel treatment of animals, including the infliction of unnecessary suffering on them, is recognized as a fundamental mitzvah (commandment) of the Torah. Although the specific actions it forbids have been a matter of interpretation, many recent scholars have held that any reasonable understanding of the principle must rule out modern methods of factory farming, which involve animal suffering on a scale unimaginable to ancient rabbis. It also seems clearly at odds with scriptural passages that compare God's kind treatment of humans with human kindness toward animals (Psalms 23:1—3) and with the Jewish principle of imitatio dei, or the ethical emulation of God. As a "Good Shepherd," God would not treat humans in the way humans treat animals on factory farms.
Bal Tashchit
Vegetarianism is supported by the principle of bal tashchit, or the avoidance of wasting or destroying something of value. Indeed, it is hard to imagine a meaning for this principle if it does not apply to the incredible waste of grain crops and land and water resources involved in the industrial-scale production of meat. This system is massively inefficient, since vastly more people could be fed by the grain crops now consumed by beef cattle than can be fed by the beef cattle themselves. The diversion of grain crops to animal agriculture has decreased the supply, and therefore raised the price, of grains available for human consumption and thereby contributed to a world food crisis in which hundreds of millions of people face daily hunger or starvation.
Preserving health
The Torah's mandate to preserve health logically dictates that believing Jews should avoid smoking. And yet dietary factors, including the consumption of animal fats and meat, account for a greater proportion of cancer cases in the United States than smoking does. The adoption of vegetarianism is also consistent with the traditional Jewish approach to medicine, which emphasizes preventing disease over curing it. As the great Jewish philosopher Maimonides observed: "The ability of a physician to prevent illness is a greater proof of his skill than his ability to cure someone who is already ill."
Eden, the messianic era, and human dominion over animals
Many scholars have found additional support for vegetarianism in the fact that the Hebrew Bible clearly portrays the paradise of Eden and the redemption following the coming of the Messiah as not involving the eating of meat. Thus, they argue, God originally intended for humans to be vegetarian.
The covenant between Noah and God as portrayed in Genesis did allow humans to eat meat. But, according to this view, this represented only a grudging concession on the part of God, who saw "how corrupt the earth was, for all flesh had corrupted its ways on earth" (6:12). The many commandments regarding meat eating and animal sacrifice that follow, including the prohibition against eating "flesh with its life-blood in it" (9:4), are not an endorsement of meat eating but a means of curtailing and regulating what by then had become an entrenched practice. As the Jewish scholar Jacob Milgrom pointed out, the sacrificial system described in Leviticus functions to limit the number of animals killed and to expiate the guilt that humans incur by killing. In truth, in the Torah meat eating is linked with degeneracy and corruption and is not portrayed as an ideal. It is noteworthy in this connection that the kashrut does not restrict the eating of plant food except when it is contaminated with animal products and that there are specific blessings for bread, fruit, wine, and vegetables but not for meat.
Finally, although God granted humans "dominion" over animals in Genesis, he certainly did not have in mind a dominion of exploitation, torture, and enslavement, as now exists in the system of modern factory farming. As Abraham Kook, the first chief rabbi of pre-state Israel, observed:
No intelligent, thinking person could suppose that when the Torah instructs humankind to dominate … it means the domination of a harsh ruler, who afflicts his people and servants merely to fulfill his personal whim and desire, according to the crookedness of his heart. It is unthinkable that the Torah would impose such a decree of servitude, sealed for all eternity, upon the world of God, Who is "good to all, and His mercy is upon all His works" (Psalms 145:9), and Who declared, "The world shall be built upon kindness" (Psalms 89:3).
—Brian Duignan
To Learn More
- A Case for Jewish Vegetarianism hosted by GoVeg.com
- Jewish Vegetarians of North America
- The Schwartz Collection on Judaism, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights hosted by Jewish Vegetarians of North America
- Humane Kosher
- Jewish Vegetarian and Ecological Society