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The pain is debilitating. The only option: smoking medical marijuana. That's the reality for many hepatitis C patients whose road to health includes a liver transplant. Although Canadian transplant centres are more willing than those in the United States, not everyone says yes to liver patients who smoke marijuana, and a University of Alberta researcher says that decision-making process is unacceptable.
Karen Kroeker, along with three other students at various universities, sent out surveys to a number of transplant clinics across the United States and Canada. Results found that the difference between the two countries were obvious in some patient groups: around 60 per cent of Canadian centres would either do the surgery or consider it for a liver transplant patient who smoked marijuana, while 70 per cent of U.S. transplant programs said absolutely not. Kroeker also found that patients in both countries, who have no social support—meaning they have no family, friends or a social worker—aren't likely to receive the organ they need.
The problem Kroeker has with these results: the lack of literature to support the surgeons' decision. As a result of her findings, which will be published in the November issue of Liver International, Kroeker says physicians need to determine eligibility criteria for liver-transplant patients that pertains directly to the likelihood of a patient rejecting the organ and is based only on empirical medical evidence.
When a patient is being reviewed for eligibility, whether they smoke marijuana shouldn't be a factor, she says. "If we have evidence to say the patients don't do well, then I think that's a reason to exclude people," Kroeker said.
She cites alcohol use as an example. When transplants first began to be performed, those who drank alcohol weren't eligible for a new liver. Kroeker's study found, however, that surgeons conducted studies on the topic of abstinence and liver health and, as a result of that research, transplant rules changed. If the patient has been sober for six months, 94 per cent of the clinics in North America will now consider transplantation.
The same goes for HIV-positive patients. "When they first started transplanting, HIV was an absolute contraindication. No one even considered transplantation because the disease was a death sentence at that time." Kroeker adds that's no longer the case and that there is research being conducted on post-transplant HIV-patients that will help determine the viability of transplants in HIV-positive patients.
In reference to her findings, Kroeker said, "I think there should be a large-scale study," because too-little research is available on post-transplant patients whose eligibility may currently be in question.
"Unless you actually perform transplants for those people, how would you know how they do?"
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Materials provided by University of Alberta. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
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Except as provided in subsections (a) and (b) below, no person shall in any matter pursue, catch, injure, kill, trap, or molestany wildlife within the boundaries of District Facilities. Furthermore, except as also providedin subsection (a) and (b) below, no person shall remove or take any wildlife from the boundaries of District Facilities.
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Except as provided in subsections (a) and (b) below, no person shalldestroy, alter, damage, injure,or remove any real or personal property which belongs to the District, or any vegetation, ruins,relics, or geological formationsfound within the boundaries of any District Facility.
The use of metal detectors shall be restricted to persons who hold a valid District Metal Detector Permit authorizing such use and who operate the detector in conformity with the provisions of such permit.
No person shall use, explode, discharge, display,or possess any fireworks within the boundaries of District Facilities, except for persons who have previously obtained, and who are in accordance with, the terms and conditions of a valid District Special Event contract.
Buildingof fires shall be restricted to privately owned ovens, grills, stoves, and to ring pits and grills that are provided by the District. No open flameshall be left unattended. The Director, Chief of Police, or Superintendent of Parks and Golf Courses, or that person's designee, may prohibit building of fires by the posting of signs.
Except as provided in subsection (a) below, the riding of bicycles shall be restricted to paved roads and to areas and trails specifically designated for such purpose, except as otherwise authorized by a District Permit.
No person shall transport any refuse into any District Facility for the purpose of disposal therein.
Only those persons who hold valid District Amplified Sound Permits, Special Use Permits,or Special Event contracts andwho are acting in conformity with the termsand conditions of such permits or contractsshall be allowed to set up or use amplified sound equipment within the boundaries of any District Facility; provided, however, that the set up or use of amplified sound equipment shall be prohibited within the boundaries of Antioch Park, Thomas S. Stoll Memorial Park, Ernie Miller Nature Parkand the Streamway Parks System except as may be necessary for conducting official District business. Amplified live music requires a Special Eventcontract to be approved by the District Board.

subset: commoncrawl


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This e-forum focused on creating MARC records for e-books using standards such as AACR2, Provider-Neutral Guidelines, and RDA, as well as issues related to managing those records. Topics included the appropriate application of standards, specific MARC fields, batch processing and workflow, hybrid and merged records, macros, and customization. We intend for this to be a productive dialog involving libraries and consortia, authors of standards, and vendors in order to understand how each approaches the characteristics of e-books and resolves cataloging issues they may generate.
Amy Bailey is a Catalog Librarian at ProQuest. The cataloging department creates full, I-level MARC records for a variety of microform and digital products including e-books. Prior to joining ProQuest, Amy worked in cataloging, institutional repository metadata, interlibrary loan, and circulation at academic and public libraries.
Becky Culbertson is Electronic Resources Cataloging Librarian for the California Digital Library housed at the University of California, San Diego. She gathers, catalogs, fixes, replaces, and distributes online serial, monographic, and integrating resource records for the ten University of California campuses. She was a co-editor of the task group that developed the PCC Provider-Neutral Guidelines (both AACR2 and now RDA) and currently is the chair of the PCC Standing Committee on Standards. Her main interest and professional goal is in promoting cataloging standards of all kinds. She attended library school at the University of Michigan and has previously worked as a cataloger at the University of Michigan and the University of Georgia.
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You must register your email address to subscribe to or access an electronic discussion list on ALA's Mailing List Service. Find instructions for subscribing online.
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(Permission to rebroadcast in whole or in part is hereby granted. A courtesy super or CG crediting the Mackinac Center would be appreciated.)
Full transcript below:
Thank you for inviting me. I'm Ken Braun, a policy analyst for the Mackinac Center for Public Policy, and I've given you a couple handouts here with some of our ideas. The article forms the basis of quite a few of the remarks in the "101 Recommendations." I'll touch on a couple of those, but obviously we're not going to go through a hundred items today.
Your committee is charged with how it should reform, restructure and reinvent state government. Another document that I hope you all do have somewhere in your office that I didn't hand out to you is the state Constitution, and it's a good place to start with what you should be doing. It's not a perfect document — I'd make some changes to it if I could wave a magic wand, and I'm sure all of you would, too — but generally speaking, it charges state government with protecting life, property and individual liberty and individual rights from aggression. It says government should enforce contracts, pave roads, fund schools and do a few other very limited things. It does not say what is the method to provide these things, and it does not assume that one method is superior at all times and all places. And most profoundly, it does not equate high costs with superior outcomes.
It doesn't say, for example, that you should take the tax dollars of Michigan citizens and fund film studios. We're the Mackinac Center for Public Policy; pur mission is to come here and remind you what the purpose of state government is. And that is to stick to those core constitutional functions that I just mentioned — and to do no more.
Find out what those missions are and do them well, do them as efficiently as possible. And when you're done, go back again and try to find how to do them more efficiently. This is our advice to you in any era, but right now you don't have a choice in the matter. Measured in terms of gross domestic product, Michigan was ranked 21st in 2000, about a decade ago. Today we're 41st, literally one of the 10 poorest states in America.
The reason isn't hard to see; we all know the numbers, we've lost more than 15 percent of our employment base during that decade. That's around 800,000 jobs lost. Our new governor believes we must ask ourselves what we can afford as we try to reinvent and restructure state government. Well, it's pretty clear that we can't afford the government that we've had, and we can't afford to adopt tax policies that are going to cost us any more jobs.
Some may come before this committee as you go through these issues and remind you that the state is well under the Headlee revenue cap, or that the general fund is down, or any number of supposed arguments for how you can fix some of these problems simply by throwing more cash at them. I'm sure you've read their opinions in newspapers, and they've doubtlessly sent advice to your offices as well.
Well, unless they come before you with a way that they're going to bring those 800,000 jobs back real fast, then you should probably ignore a lot of that advice. Because you can't blast that huge of a hole through this state's economy, and then expect to bring more money out of it to fund state government. That perverse thinking is what Ronald Reagan used to call the status quo, which he defined as Latin for "the mess we're in."
The largest single expenditure of state government is K-12 education. We spent about $11 billion on it last year. Nearly three-quarters of that cash went to pay for public school employees — or their compensation, I should say. It's no exaggeration to say that the people who work in your local schools represent the most expensive thing that state government does. You have no choice: You must take a hard look at this expenditure and make your biggest reforms right here.
The most recent data from the U.S. Department of Education shows that Michigan's public school teachers have the 10th highest average salaries in the nation, and there are 96,000 of them here. And that's before you talk about the 50,000 support staff that go on top of that. (By the way, what I'm going through now is in the article that has been passed out before you.)
Remember what I said about GDP per capita? Michigan is a top 10 state for teacher pay, and a bottom 10 state for its ability to pay those teachers. Walk any further down this dark tunnel, and you won't be seeing light at the end of it, and you should be running in the other direction. Here's what that other direction looks like.
As noted, Michigan is now ranked as the 10th poorest state in the nation. You should ask yourselves, what are the states ranked closest to us in GDP per capita doing about their teacher salaries? They're the ones whose ability to pay their teachers is most comparable to ours. If you look at that, you'll find that they're all paying considerably less. And nearly all of them are getting better results, according to one commonly used standardized test.
The average annual teacher pay of those 10 other states ranked closest to us in ability to pay is $10,584 per teacher annually less money. This is a public versus public comparison. Ten other states, similar in wealth to Michigan, buying the same government service and getting the same or better results for less. If we just took the average of the way those 10 other states do it and paid at that rate, we have $1 billion less per year in spending. Rich states have the option of paying that extra billion dollars, poor states don't.
And incidentally, consider the case of South Dakota, dead last in average teacher salary in the nation, but now the 18th wealthiest state in the union in the terms of GDP per capita. A richer state than we are, paying a lot less for the same educational service. South Dakota's fourth graders who are eligible for free or reduced priced meals scored above the national average in reading on national standardized tests. Michigan's fourth graders on the same test scored below the national average.
South Dakota is spending a lot less and getting more from it. If we paid the average South Dakota teacher's salary, the annual savings to the state budget would be $1.8 billion. Paying for public education is in the Constitution. Paying more than you can afford for it — than just about everybody else — isn't in here.
We have famously identified at the Mackinac Center, a $5.7 billion gap between what the average public-sector worker receives for their fringe benefits and what private-sector workers are given. And that's in that "101" ideas brochure — and more of it is on our website, by the way. That's just benefits, incidentally — it's not salary. Public school employees account for $2.5 billion of that $5.7 billion difference.
So you need not even look to just teacher salaries to find a billion dollars in this budget; there are other options you can go after. Those benefits, for example: Increase the co-pays on the health insurance policies — they pay significantly less than private sector workers do; allow for more competition in health insurance benefits — some of that is already done by the previous Legislature.
And go after much more. For example, think about the 50,000 support staff. Contracting out for non-instructional services, such as busing, food and custodial work, is saving significant amounts of money in many districts, yet only about half of the districts in the state seek outside help for even one of these three services. Yet based on savings we have seen and documented in other districts, these savings could be well into nine figures if every district in Michigan were required to competitively bid for all of these services. $100 million or more in savings just there.
I'll move on from public schools to a few other reforms in a moment, but I want to leave you with an idea that applies to this and every other area that you look at. Don't be shy about exploring your legal options and pushing for them in making these reforms.
For example, regarding the teacher salaries, is it possible for the Legislature to mandate a cut to every collective bargaining contract in every school district in the state, if you just walk in and say, "We can only afford to pay you so much, and your collective bargaining contract will be reduced across the board by X percent in order to meet that cost" — can you tell them that? Can you tell them this is how much money you'll get and pay will be reduced accordingly? I'm not sure what the answer is to that. I have a lawyer that thinks it's a distinct possibility. You've all got more lawyers at your disposal than I do. You should find out, because it offers you an intriguing opportunity.
You could give the districts the choice of two options: that first one I just named, simply cut the collective bargaining contract by a percentage necessary to reach the new revenue level, or, district, if you don't want to take that option, I bet this would cause a lot of districts and their unions to get together and begin looking at a lot of other options — ideas like outsourcing their food services, their busing services and their custodial services. Or reforming those benefit costs, or many other options.
And if they don't want to do this, then you've made the choice for them and saved the taxpayers a ton of money without laying off a single teacher, or closing a single building or changing really anything about the way they operate. If you can be creative with your solutions with things like this — and you doubtlessly have other ideas to explore on how to push these reforms through — it will inspire more creative solutions from school districts and many of the other local governments down-line from your spending.
Prisoners in Michigan are another huge expense of state government. I've heard some of the groups you've had before me up here, so I'm sure you've heard this before, but this is another place where the costs and results don't align for a poor state that can't afford to over-pay any longer. It is a significant cost of state government, and even modest percentage changes can yield great big savings. States that get on the wrong side of their corrections costs generally get there for one of two reasons: reason A, they lock up too many people or they do it for too long; reason B, they pay too much for each person they lock up. In Michigan, we've been very creative — we chose option C, all of the above.
Addressing the first side of this while working for a previous governor, the "lock up too many people side," the spokesman for the Michigan Department of Corrections made the following wise observation: He said we need to decide whether we lock people up because we're afraid of them, or because we're mad at them. The point of this is that not every crime needs a very costly cage as punishment. Non-violent crimes can be addressed in other ways and less costly ways. And even in ways that create better restitution for the victim. Those should be aggressively considered by you. Locking people up because we're afraid of them, that's definitely in the Constitution. That's a public safety issue. Locking them up because we're mad at them, isn't in there, and you should think about a different way of doing it.
To costly option B, the cost per prisoner, I will note that the previous governor essentially ended Michigan's experiment with privatizing prisons. The evidence from other states indicates that this is a significant cost-saver. If you can just privatize one prison, it encourages the other public prisons and their unionized employees to adjust their costs, so as to compete and prevent further privatizations. Competition can wonderfully concentrate the mind regarding what the Constitution requires and what it does not.
Whether corrections or schools or much else, one unavoidable consideration behind much of what I'm saying today is the influence of public-sector unions. We have civil service protections in place already, but also collective bargaining for public employees. It doesn't have to be like this. In fact, it isn't in other places.
You should be exceptionally bold in reforming the Public Employee Relations Act, and even consider repealing it. Likewise for Public Act 312 — if you don't want to go aggressively at removing public-sector unions, then perhaps you should require arbitrators to consider, first and foremost, the ability of municipal governments to pay their bills when mediating disputes with public-sector unions.
Emergency financial managers need more teeth in their authority when they're dealing with distressed cities and bankrupt cities. Teacher tenure should be boldly reformed, allowing administrators and school boards to get rid of really bad teachers, to mandate improvements for modestly bad ones and to provide rewards for the many good ones. Teachers themselves, who understandably wish to be thought of as professionals, should have the right, like most of the rest of us, to negotiate their own individual employment terms and not be forced to join a union and pay its dues.
And when one of those unions calls an illegal teacher strike, as the Detroit Federation of Teachers did a few years ago, the law prohibiting those strikes that we already have on the books, needs real teeth and real punishments. That union didn't even get a slap on the wrist under the current law, even though the future of their students got slugged with a baseball bat and the future of that district was put in even greater peril that it still hasn't recovered from.
There's a common theme to much what I've said already: These are areas where Michigan is doing the same things as other states, but doing them worse or and more costly. If the name of this new committee means anything at all, it is that you will all be held, when this is done, individually responsible for whether you make an effort to correct this imbalance and whether you succeed.
There are a few other items representative of the challenge that you need to aggressively pursue. Abolish the Michigan business tax and replace it with some of the cuts that we're talking about here that are in that "101 Recommendations." I won't belabor this point, because our fiscal policy director, Michael LaFaive, is going to carry that message to the Senate Finance Committee this afternoon.
The Department of Environmental Quality — regulations are also taxes, and this particular department has been allowed too many over-steps to count over the last eight years — many of those over-steps made possible by this Legislature. For example, just a few days ago, on our news website, Michigan Capitol Confidential, we posted a story about a Michigan entrepreneur who is in a bunch of other businesses, but for the last several years, he's been wanting to start a new business based on the idea of pulling logs out of lakes — big, huge trunks of trees out of lakes, which he sells the wood for furniture and musical instruments and whatnot.
The DEQ has been blocking the creation this business because they were insisting that this man give them a GPS coordinate for every single log that he pulled out of every single lake. They were literally demanding messages from space before he could try to make a buck. When our reporter started asking questions about this for that story, the DEQ told us that they were getting rid of this regulation. And that's good, and it's about time; the man's been waiting for years to start a business.
It shouldn't take a new governor and a nosy news website to make them do the right thing. A Michigan entrepreneur with a dream and a willingness to take a risk, should be enough. And this is just one example of stupid rules and regulations that are special to Michigan. Repeal of the item-pricing law is already on your agenda, and that is laughably overdue for similar reasons. We should become the kind of state where entrepreneurial risk-takers with capital, like that guy who wants to pull the logs out of the lakes, can say: "I can make money here. And this government isn't going to drive me nuts when I try and do it." If you get that done, then those 800,000 jobs, they might start coming back.
These are some of the biggest items that should be on your agenda, and examples of some of the many smaller ones. There are too many of them to name them all in the time we have, because Michigan government has unfortunately become very special for a lot of very bad reasons.
The big point that I want to get across is: You can't be too bold in addressing these issues. No matter how far you go, history will probably judge you as not having done all that you could have. That's the nature of representative democracy. You may even hear me criticize you in a few years. But it shouldn't be an excuse for you to hide from taking big chances at big reforms.
Speaking of excuses I'd like to leave you with this. When I'm done, there will be those who will find reasons to say that some of what I've said isn't a fair comparison of this or a fair comparison of that, or that this state isn't this, or that or whatnot. And you're seeing the governor get some of this criticism already with his public employment document in the "apples to apples" matter that's going forth right now.
Well here's an example of what you need to remember when you look at that. I have two teenage sons, one of whom doesn't bring home the grades that he should, and he's always got an excuse. The geometry teacher didn't do this fairly, or the kids in his science group didn't turn in their joint assignment or his English teacher doesn't explain the book properly, and so forth.
He's a really clever kid, and each individual excuse sounds quite plausible and reasonable on its own merits. But I wouldn't be doing my job as a parent if I didn't back up and look at the big picture, and recognize that Kyle has a vested interest in coming up with the best excuses possible for why his grades aren't where they should be.
This government is broke. We don't have the economy to pay anything close to what we once did for this government. There are countless examples of how to do things better that we could have tried to emulate and didn't.
Those are some bad grades. You're not doing your job listening to the excuses being made for them.
With that, thank you very much for having me, and I'll try to answer any questions.
The Mackinac Center for Public Policy is a nonprofit research and educational institute that advances the principles of free markets and limited government. Through our research and education programs, we challenge government overreach and advocate for a free-market approach to public policy that frees people to realize their potential and dreams.
Please consider contributing to our work to advance a freer and more prosperous state.
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Iran has released at least some of the people who appeared in a music video for a song by American pop artist Pharrell Williams.
The video, set to the Williams tune "Happy," showed people dancing on rooftops of the capital of Tehran.
The original video received more than 250 million views on YouTube, and spawned numerous alternate versions.
It is not clear if all of the people arrested for making the Tehran-based video have been released or if they later will be put on trial. Their release was contingent upon posting a hefty bail sum, reports suggest.
"It is beyond sad that these kids were arrested for trying to spread happiness," Williams tweeted this week.
[Source: The Guardian]
China Bans Windows 8 on Government Computers
China will not allow new government computers to use Microsoft's Windows 8 operating system.
Interestingly, and confusingly, the ban was presented as part of a notice on the use of energy-efficient products; the link between Windows 8 and energy savings was not thoroughly explained. Later, Chinese news agency/government mouthpiece Xinhua cited security concerns (while making no mention of energy savings).
The ban could have something to do with Microsoft's discontinuation of support for the older Windows XP, which took effect in April. The decision to pull the plug on XP was particularly problematic for the Middle Kingdom, where the shift to newer versions of Windows has been molasses-paced.
Microsoft was surprised by the decision, saying that it had been "working proactively" with Beijing to smooth the transition from XP to modern day.
China has been a tricky market for Microsoft. The company long has dealt with piracy problems there, and in 2012 pleaded for government agencies to quit using pirated software.
In 2011, then-CEO Steve Ballmer said that Microsoft earned more money from the Netherlands (population 17 million) than China (population 1.3 billion) because of the piracy epidemic.
[Source: Reuters]
Uber Launches in Saudi Arabia
Ride-sharing app Uber launched in Saudi Arabia on Thursday following three months of beta testing.
Saudi Arabia is a unique and potentially fertile market for a ride-sharing app. The nation is somewhat bereft of public transportation, for starters, plus women are not allowed to drive.
What's more, many of the regular cabs in big cities are a bit on the decrepit side — e.g., broken meters — and operated by foreign drivers who can't read Arabic streets signs.
Other ride-facilitating apps like Dubai-based Careem and Brazil's Easy Taxi recently began offering services in Saudi Arabia.
[Source: The Wall Street Journal]
Under Martial Law, Thailand Bans Social Media Sites
In Thailand, where martial law is now in effect, a half-dozen websites have been blocked, with hundreds more being monitored.
However, this is not censorship, insisted Thakorn Tanthasit, a commissioner for the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission. Rather, it is "a blockade of only content or websites which may contravene to public morality and cause conflict and unrest and threat to national security."
That comment was made after the NBTC talked shop with more than 100 Thai Internet service providers.
The Thai army reportedly also has seized 14 satellite TV channels, as well as 300 community radio networks.
[Source: Tech In Asia, Asian Correspondent]


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An industry leading top server manufacturer contacted CTrends for assistance with a constrained component for one of their new server projects. Through CTrends' proprietary software, it was immediately apparent that the component was in the obsolescence life cycle phase. To avoid future constraints and threat of production down time, CTrends proactively offered a full BOM (Bill of Materials) Scrub on the entire build.
The BOM Scrub report concluded that 4% of all components for the new server had already reached the end of their life cycle or presented other high risk factors to the manufacturer's supply chain. CTrends was able to provide information for drop in replacements and suitable crosses. New parts were immediately designed in to provide continuity of supply. CTrends partnered with the engineering team to perform a BOM scrub analysis on all current projects.
The manufacturer has partnered with CTrends to provide BOM Scrubbing services each quarter on existing projects since to ensure continuation of the continuity of supply. Each new project is also put through the BOM Scrub process during the introduction phase while in engineering design. The CTrends BOM Scrub service has become a vital step in the manufacturer's process to provide data on the life cycle stage and risk analysis of each component. The engineering team uses this data to make more informed decisions on approved components.
CTrends takes BOM Scrubbing to the next level providing your engineering team everything they need to make informed decisions in regards to component choices. Contact CTrends today to learn more about the proprietary BOM Scrubbing service.


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WASHINGTON – In the perfect hindsight of history, Watergate's "what ifs" are still tantalizing.
What if a security guard hadn't noticed tape on a door latch outside Democratic headquarters at the Watergate office building.
What if a calculating president hadn't taped his private words for posterity?
And perhaps most intriguing: What if Richard Nixon had simply come clean about the break-in and cover-up and apologized?
Forty years of investigation, reporting, trials, debate and historical research have yielded no simple answer to the central riddle of how a clumsy raid that Nixon's spokesman termed a "third-rate burglary" became a titanic constitutional struggle that ultimately expelled him from office.
"The shame of it all is that it didn't have to be," Stanley Kutler, the dean of Watergate historians, told The Associated Press in an interview. "Had he been forthcoming, had he told his men, 'This is crazy, who ordered this?' ... (He) wouldn't have had this problem."
Of course, Watergate would never have happened had officials at Nixon's re-election campaign committee not responded to his ceaseless demands for dirt on the opposition by hiring E. Howard Hunt and G. Gordon Liddy. The ex-CIA and ex-FBI operatives presented an outline — codenamed Operation Gemstone — that included bugging and rifling the files at Democratic National Committee headquarters.
"I was one of those who tried to throw cold water on Gordon Liddy's plans to break in — and thought I had done so," recalled former White House counsel John Dean. "But I hadn't killed the plans. It came back to haunt us."
Liddy and four others were caught red-handed early on the morning of June 17, 1972 — actually, the second of two break-ins at the DNC — when security guard Frank Wills, seeing the taped latch, summoned police.
"The insanity of it and the stupidity of it have never ceased to amaze me," Dean, who's now 73, said in an AP interview. Hunt died in 2007. Liddy, now a conservative radio host, declined an interview request.
While there's no evidence Nixon knew of the burglary plot beforehand, within days he was neck-deep in a conspiracy to hide the burglars' ties to his campaign and the White House. Meeting with top aides, he readily agreed to paying hundreds of thousands of dollars in hush money and urged that the CIA intervene to block an FBI investigation.
Following the money trail eventually led investigators to the truth — and began a more than two-year legal war involving grand juries, Congress and the Supreme Court and ending when Nixon, facing certain impeachment, resigned from office on Aug. 8, 1974.
With the remove of four decades, it's hard to remember or even imagine the hysteria and high drama of those months, with each twist and turn unleashing a flurry of subpoenas and headlines. One highlight: Nixon telling a news conference "I'm not a crook." Another: the day a White House aide told a televised congressional hearing that Nixon had a recording system that taped phone calls and meetings in the Oval Office and elsewhere.
Former Watergate prosecutor Richard Ben-Veniste says if Nixon hadn't been forced by the Supreme Court to hand over his tapes, with their "smoking gun" of self-incrimination, things might have turned out differently.
"The system worked," Ben-Veniste said. "But the system would not have worked had not the president taped himself."
Why did he do it? In his memoirs, Nixon said he wished his administration to be "the best chronicled in history." But without doubt he also wanted evidence in case someone attacked his decisions or motives.
What the system did, however, is capture him ordering Chief of Staff H.R. Haldeman to get CIA Director Richard Helms to claim national security grounds in blocking block the probe. "Play it tough," Nixon instructed.
The president spent months battling disclosure of conversations like that. But Kutler wonders what if instead, early on, he had adopted a different strategy and made a clean breast of things. Might America have forgiven him?
"One of the mysteries of Watergate is why didn't Richard Nixon come on television, look the camera in the eye — he was a master of that — and say, to us, the American people, 'Yes, I had knowledge of this?'," said Kutler, who, after Nixon's death, won a lawsuit for the release of thousands of hours of tapes.
Dean, not knowing he was being recorded, confronted Nixon over the cover-up, warning of a "cancer" devouring the presidency. He cited escalating money demands from the burglars, perhaps $1 million.
"I thought that would stun him. It didn't at all," Dean recalled. "He said I know where we can get that." Dean threw up his hands and went to prosecutors.
In the end, 43 people, many of them senior officials, were either indicted, tried or went to jail because of Watergate. The roster included Nixon's attorney general, chief of staff and domestic policy chief.
Yet the political criminality under Nixon went far beyond the break-in and cover-up. It included enemies lists, tapping the phones of aides and reporters, campaign dirty tricks and even a break-in at the psychiatrist's office of Daniel Ellsberg, leaker of the "Pentagon Papers" study of official lying over the Vietnam War.
Egil "Bud" Krogh Jr., who led the White House "Plumbers" unit and did jail time for the 1971 Ellsberg caper, is convinced that break-in (also carried out by Hunt and Liddy) was the real secret Nixon sought to cover up during Watergate. In retrospect, Krogh wishes that on hearing about Watergate he'd shown "the moral courage ... to go and tell the president what had happened the year before."
"It was a major breakdown in integrity," he said.
Indeed, looking through history's lens it's astonishing that so many top officials, many of them lawyers, did so many illegal things. Burglary. Theft. Conspiracy. Obstruction of justice. "We got across the line not really noticing it," said Dean. Asked what he'd do differently, Dean said he never had a criminal lawyer on his White House staff — and should have. Every administration since Watergate has.
Yet would any of these roads not taken have saved Nixon? Kutler has his doubts.
In the end, the best — and only — explanation for why Watergate led to his downfall may be the president's brooding personality.
"When all the journalists, all the president's men and even the president's enemies fade into the mists of history, we have Richard Nixon left," he said. "That's what we remember."
Associated Press writers Bill Gorman in Washington, Carrie Antlfinger in Verona, Wis., and John Mone and Ryan Pearson in Los Angeles contributed to this report.


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The Nisga'a Lisims Government is seeking a gag order against its internet technology manager, Andre Cardinal, and says the executive has authorized an independent investigation into the caustic allegations he levelled against senior staff earlier this month.
"The integrity of NLG and its employees have been compromised," wrote NLG President Eva Clayton in a communique to members of the northern B.C. nation May 25. "Because the integrity of the Nisga'a Nation is in question, and on advice from the Council of Elders to conduct a thorough independent investigation, the NLG Executive unanimously passed a motion to take a special committee to oversee the investigation by an independent investigator with no ties to NLG."
READ MORE: Nisga'a celebrate 19 years of government
It's alleged that Cardinal photographed financial documents from the desk of NLG chief financial officer Terry Holt and copied sensitive emails from other staff through a fake email account. In a lengthy message emailed to members of the Nisga'a Nation, Cardinal also made "malicious" accusations against the NLG and its senior employees "that strike at the heart of our community and our government," according to a previous May 17 communique from Clayton.
Clayton asked members to delete the message and refrain from speculating on the allegations.
The NLG is not releasing the content of Cardinal's message and is asking the BC Supreme Court to seal an affidavit in which the message can be read.
Cardinal has been placed on administrative leave while the NLG is also seeking an injunction from the BC Supreme Court to stop him from revealing further information.
The court actions however are not keeping Cardinal quiet. On Facebook Thursday, in what he said is the first of several short articles to come, he alluded to significant power imbalances and nepotism impacting the nation's democracy in a post explaining the structure and hierarchy of the Nisga'a Lisims Government.
"I want to educate my Nisga'a friends on how their system of government works, its power structure, and how it can be co-opted, robbing the average citizen of participation," he wrote.
"My personal view of these new treaty systems of government, is that it is preventing Indigenous peoples from thriving on their own lands, because a lack of true transparency and accountability which is the corner stone of a truly functioning democracy."
None of Cardinal's accusations have been proven in court.
The Nisga'a Treaty, signed in 1998, is celebrated as B.C.'s first modern day treaty. It went into effect in 2000, giving the new nation autonomy from the federal government and control over their land and resources.
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WASHINGTON (AP) -- A federal court in Louisiana is rejecting transactions by The Dow Chemical Co. that created $1 billion in what the U.S. Justice Department calls "phony tax deductions."
Justice said Wednesday that the tax-reduction scheme was created by Goldman Sachs and the law firm of King & Spalding.
It involved creating a partnership that Dow operated out of its European headquarters in Switzerland.
Justice said Chief Judge Brian Jackson ruled correctly in saying that the tax benefits created by the scheme were artificial and that the corporate structure was created to exploit weaknesses in the tax code, not for legitimate business reasons.
The judge also imposed unspecified penalties.
Assistant Attorney General Kathryn Keneally praised the decision, calling the tax-avoidance scheme "offensive to all taxpayers who pay their fair share."


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Many TVs take advantage of smartphone functionality to have their own control apps alongside the traditional remote. Samsung has gone even further with the 8000 series, including this UE40ES8000, adding motion gesture and voice control to the list of ways you can navigate your set.
MORE: Samsung 2013 plasma TV review
While these new control methods work fine, the novelty soon wears off. We were happier using either of the two remotes – a traditional unit with a backlight, and a Smart Touch Control, both of which work efficiently.
Samsung UE40ES8000: Tech specs
This set has a camera built in – useful for Skype video calls. It also uses face recognition software to sign in to personalised apps/accounts such as Twitter.
Samsung's user interface is slick and it makes the Smart Hub and Smart Apps portals fun to use. There are loads of features, from the regular film, TV and music-on-demand services such as YouTube, BBC iPlayer and Acetrax, to Samsung's own family and lifestyle apps.
You can also access media stored on NAS devices, computer, smartphones or USB stick over a home network via the built-in wi-fi or ethernet connection.
The Samsung UE40ES8000's thin-bezel frame and curved stand make for an elegant set.
Samsung UE40ES8000: Picture quality
Even more impressive is the picture quality. This TV comes equipped with both Freesat and Freeview HD tuners; while Freesat channels are crisper, Freeview HD looks good as well, with BBC HD looking clean and sharp.
Fine details are dug out of every image, a trait even more evident when you play Blu-ray discs. Colours are rich and textured without straying too far into overblown territory, while the contrast between deep blacks and sharp whites is strong.
The Panasonic TX-P42GT50 still has better low-level detail without compromising the depth of black, but in brighter scenes the Samsung edges ahead at displaying tiny details.
Samsung UE40ES8000: 3D performanceThis detail helps when watching in 3D, where great depth levels and stable motion make this active 3D set easy viewing. Two pairs of lightweight active glasses are included.
We play the Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol DVD to test the set's upscaling. It's a surprisingly faltering performance: it's a decent picture, but there's a hint of graininess and the colours aren't as exciting or convincing compared with its handling of Blu-rays – or with the upscaling talents of the Sony set. We'd leave the upscaling duties to a decent Blu-ray player.
Sound is on the usual thin side, with dialogue unclear until you increase the volume. There are sound modes to try: Clear Voice enhances dialogue but surrounding noise is then compromised, while Amplify aims to make a bigger, punchier sound, although things get a bit too harsh. There are different picture modes too, but we saw no real benefit in using them.
Samsung UE40ES8000: Verdict
The 40ES8000 is one of the more expensive sets we've tested at this size, but it is bristling with features. Its comparatively poor showing with DVD upscaling gives other sets a certain edge, but it's a gorgeous screen that certainly sets a high standard.


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Since 1995, Sandi's is a name synonymous with peace in motion. A decade has zipped past us in our relentless quest to provide unmatched services to our customers. Some say we are in the business of providing complete mobility solutions, we say our business is to ensure peace of mind for the customers who choose to travel with us.
When we started off with providing door to door Limousine service between Pune and Mumbai International Airports, little did we imagine that our endeavours to keep our customers happy by all means will pay us such rich dividends. Today, Airport Authority of India has entrusted us with the Authorised City Coach Service counter at Lohegaon International Airport, in Pune- an extended avenue to serve you faster and an apt testimony to our honest efforts.
Travel has become the fourth necessity of the modern world. Whatever may be your reason to travel- a well deserved yearly vacation, a child flying out to live a cherished dream or a Business meeting that will change your fortunes for better, our customised services and a "pleased to see you" mannered staff will go that extra mile to make your every journey with us special.
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"The long and winding road is just starting. A Russia-China-driven peace process, Taliban included. Stable Afghanistan. Islamabad as guarantor. All-Asian solution. No Western invaders welcome."
In the "graveyard of empires," Afghanistan never ceases to deliver geopolitical and historical twists. Last week in Moscow, another crucial chapter in this epic story was written when Russia pledged to use its diplomatic muscle to spur peace efforts in the war-torn country.
Flanked by Afghan representatives and their Taliban rivals, Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov talked about "working together with Afghanistan's regional partners and friends who have gathered at this table."
"I am counting on you holding a serious and constructive conversation that will justify the hopes of the Afghan people," he said.
Back in the 1980s, the Soviet Union launched a disastrous war in the country. Thirty years later, Russia is now taking the lead role of mediator in this 21st-century version of the Great Game.
The line-up in Moscow was diverse.
Four members of the High Peace Council, which is responsible for attempting a dialogue with the Taliban, took part in the talks. Yet the Afghan foreign ministry went the extra mile to stress that the council does not represent the Afghan government.
Kabul and former Northern Alliance members, who form a sort of "protective" circle around President Ashraf Ghani, in fact refuse any dialogue with the Taliban, who were their mortal enemies up to 2001.
The Taliban for their part sent a delegation of five, although spokesman Zabiullah Mujahid was adamant there wouldn't be "any sort of negotiations" with Kabul. This was "about finding a peaceful solution to the issue of Afghanistan."
Diplomats in Pakistan confirm the Taliban will only negotiate on substantial matters after a deal is reached with the United States on a timetable for complete withdrawal.
Russian foreign ministry spokeswoman Maria Zakharova stressed this was the first time a Taliban delegation had attended such a high-level international meeting. The fact that the Taliban is classified by Moscow as a "terrorist organization" makes it even more stunning.
Moscow also invited China, Pakistan, India, Iran, the five Central Asian "stans" and the US. Washington sent just a diplomat from the American Embassy in Moscow, as an observer. The new US special envoy for peace in Afghanistan, Zalmay Khalilzad, widely known in the recent past as "Bush's Afghan", has not exactly made much progress in his meetings with Taliban officials in Qatar in the past few months.
India – not exactly keen on a Pakistan-encouraged "Afghan-led peace" process – sent an envoy at a "non-official level" and received a dressing down from Lavrov, along the lines of 'Don't moan, be constructive'.
Still, this was just the beginning. There will be a follow-up – although no date has been set.
Enduring so much freedom
Since the US bombing campaign and invasion of what was then Taliban-controlled Afghanistan 17 years ago, peace has proved elusive. The Taliban still has a major presence in the country and is essentially on a roll.
Diplomats in Islamabad confirm Kabul may exercise power over roughly 60% of the population, but the key fact is that only 55% of Afghanistan's 407 districts, and perhaps even less, submit to Kabul. The Taliban are on the ascendancy in the northeast, the southwest and the southeast.
It took a long time for a new head of US and NATO operations, General Austin Scott Miller, to admit the absolutely obvious. "This is not going to be won militarily … This is going to a political solution," he said.
The world's most formidable military force simply cannot win the war.
Still, after no less than 100,000 US and NATO troops plus 250,000 US-trained Afghan army and police failing over the years to prevent the Taliban from ruling over whole provinces, Washington seems determined to blame Islamabad for this military quagmire.
The US believes Pakistan's covert "support" for the Taliban has inflamed the situation and destabilized the Kabul government.
No wonder the Russian presidential envoy for Afghanistan, Zamir Kabulov, went straight to the jugular. "The West has lost the war in Afghanistan … the presence of the US and North Atlantic Treaty Organization [NATO] hasn't only failed to solve the problem, but exacerbated it."
Lavrov, for his part, is quite concerned by the expansion of Daesh, known regionally as ISIS-Khorasan. He warned, correctly, that "foreign sponsors" are allowing ISIS-K to "turn Afghanistan into a springboard for its expansion in Central Asia". Beijing agrees.
A grand plan by China-Russia
It's no secret to all the major players that Washington won't abdicate from its privileged Afghan base in the intersection of Central and South Asia for a number of reasons, especially monitoring and surveillance of strategic "threats" such as Russia and China.
In parallel, the eternal "Pakistan plays a double game" narrative simply won't vanish – even as Islamabad has shown in detail how the Pakistani Taliban have been consistently offered safe-havens in eastern Afghanistan by RAW (Indian intelligence) operatives.
That does not alter the fact that Islamabad has a serious Afghan problem. Military doctrine rules that Pakistan cannot manage the South Asian geopolitical chessboard and project power as an equal of India without controlling Afghanistan in "strategic depth."
Add to it the absolutely intractable problem of the Durand Line, established in 1893 to separate Afghanistan and the British India empire. A hundred years later, Islamabad totally rejected Kabul's appeal to renegotiate the Durand line, according to a provision in the original treaty. For Islamabad, the Durand line shall remain in perpetuity as a valid international border.
By the mid-1990s, the powers in Islamabad believed that by supporting the Taliban they would end up recognizing the Durand line and on top of it essentially dissolve the impetus of Pashtun nationalism and the call for a "Pashtunistan".
Islamabad was always supposed to drive the narrative. History, though, turned it completely upside down. In fact, it was Pashtun nationalism plus hardcore Islamism of the Deobandi variety that ended up contaminating Pakistani Pashtuns.
Yet Pashtuns may not be the major actors in the, perhaps, final season of this Hindu Kush spectacular. That may turn out to be China.
What matters most for China is Afghanistan becoming part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). That's exactly what Chinese envoy Yao Jing told the opening session of the 4th Trilateral Dialogue in Islamabad earlier this week between China, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
"Kabul can act as a bridge to help expand connectivity between East, South and Central Asian regions," Jing said.
Pakistani Senator Mushahid Hussain Sayed said: "The Greater South Asia has emerged as a geo-economic concept, driven by economy and energy, roads and railways and ports and pipelines, and Pakistan is the hub of this connectivity due to CPEC."
For Beijing, CPEC can only deliver its enormous potential if Pakistan and India relations are normalized. And that road goes right through Afghanistan. China has been aiming for an opening for years. Chinese intel operatives have met the Taliban everywhere from Xinjiang to Karachi and from Peshawar to Doha.
The China card is immensely alluring. Beijing is the only player capable of getting along with all the other major actors: Kabul, the Taliban, the former Northern Alliance, Iran, Russia, Central Asia, the US, the EU, Saudi Arabia, Turkey and – last but not least – "all-weather" brothers Pakistan.
The only problem is India. But now, inside the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), they are all on the same table – with Iran and Afghanistan itself as observers. Everyone knows that an Afghan Pax Sinica would involve tons of investment, connectivity and trade integration. What's not to like?
So this is the ultimate goal of the ongoing Moscow peace talks. It's part of a concerted SCO strategy that has been discussed for years. The long and winding road is just starting. A Russia-China-driven peace process, Taliban included. Stable Afghanistan. Islamabad as guarantor. All-Asian solution. No Western invaders welcome.
Our commenting rules: You can say pretty much anything except the F word. If you are abusive, obscene, or a paid troll, we will ban you. Full statement from the Editor, Charles Bausman.
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Sometimes you have to wonder what is Donald Trump smoking. This week he has been heavily promoting himself as a likely vice-presidential candidate for Mitt Romney. Trump is taking it seriously if no one else quite is.
"Donald Trump would be the best bet" he told Newsmax magazine this week referring to himself in the third person.
Does his ignorance know no bounds?
On an appearance on 'The View" last week, he said, "I was doing fantastically in the polls, but I really became friendly with Mitt Romney and liked what he was saying about China, about OPEC and all the other institutions around the world that are 'ripping us off.'"
He's lying of course. Polls showed no such thing. They showed he had no hope of the GOP nomination, never mind the White House.
That has not stopped the perpetually self-obsessed Donald speaking out about his amazing attributes.
If Romney picked him it would be a worse bet than Sarah Palin in 2008 which destroyed John McCain.
He has several bankruptcies behind him, has three marriages, has a string of damaging self-aggrandizing claims the length of a Bible.
He would be destroyed and of course Romney knows that too.
But he will play along with the Queens clown, who was handed most of his fortune by his father Fred Trump in the first place and almost managed to lose it.
But it serves no one's aims to dismiss Trump out of hand, which is why Romney would rather have him inside the tent rather than outside.
But vice president? He makes George McGovern's pick from 1972, Thomas Eagleton, who later admitted psychiatric problems, look like a genius call.


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Tiger Woods' Divorce -- Cheaper than You Thought
Tiger's Divorce Cheaper Than You Heard
TMZ has learned ... Tiger Woods will be a single man by the end of day tomorrow ... and he ain't payin' anywhere close to $750 mil.
Sources connected with the golfer tell TMZ his divorce from Elin Nordegren is a done deal, except for the official filing with the court.
We're told Elin will not get near the reported $750 million in the settlement. As one source put it, "Tiger isn't even worth that much."
The source added, however, "She'll do a lot better than she would have under the prenup."
In May, 2009, Forbes estimated Tiger's worth at $600 million.


text: Celebrations, DIY, Kid Eats, Kids Crafts, My Work, Printables Chinese New Year Family Tradition: We Are a Fortunate Family Felt Fortune Cookies I love to create new holiday traditions with my family and today's project is in honor of the Chinese New Year! To celebrate, I am sharing a tutorial on how to make felt fortune cookies and a free printable that can be placed on a jar for a special Chinese New Year tradition. I have partnered with Walmart on this project to showcase a fun project that you can do in honor of the holiday. All supplies for this project can be found at their store! What is Chinese New Year? Chinese New Year is the longest and most important celebration in the Chinese calendar. The Chinese year 4712 begins on Jan. 31, 2014. A fun fact for this year is that this is the year of the horse. New Year festivities traditionally start on the first day of the month and continue until the fifteenth, when the moon is brightest. In China, people may take weeks of holiday from work to prepare for and celebrate the New Year. Can you just imagine? According to the Chinese legend, Buddha arranged a meeting and asked all the animals to meet him on Chinese New Year. Twelve animals came and Buddha named a year after each one. If you were born in certain years, your personality is supposedly aligned with your animal. Those born in horse years are cheerful, skillful with money, perceptive, witty, talented and good with their hands. Since this is the year of the horse, if you have a child born this year, it sounds like you will have quite a talented and delightful child. There are many great traditions around this holiday that include wearing red clothes which symbolizes fire and drives away bad luck, and a lantern festival, and one thing that Americans really seem to get behind is… The FEASTING. We are a Fortunate Family Since the Chinese New Year is about feasting and family, I wanted to create a craft that would work for these two elements of the holiday. I love that many elements of this holiday focus on luck & good fortune. Incorporating this element, today we are making felt fortune cookies, but instead of filling them with predicted fortunes, we are going to fill them with all we are so fortunate for. Because we are a FORTUNATE family. I love gratitude projects and thankfulness for all we have around the dinner table is definitely a tradition that I want my family to embrace. Supplies Needed (All Available at Walmart) Felt Sheets (any color) 3/8″ grosgrain ribbon Floral Wire Wire Clippers Large Mason Jar Scissors Hot Glue Gun & Glue Sticks 1 piece of heavy cardstock 1 piece of white paper & pencil How to Make Felt Fortune Cookies 1. Using your ribbon spool or the bottom of your mason jar, trace a circle with a pencil or marker. Cut out your circle. 2. Snip a piece of floral wire, approximately the length of your circle, with your wire cutters. Add a line of hot glue, and place the wire in the center of the glue. 3. Snip grosgrain ribbon the approximate length of your circle and then secure over the wire with a little additional glue. 4. Fold your circle in half and then bend like a fortune cookie. Repeat the process until you have a jar full of fortune cookies. You can enlist your helpers to help make your fortune cookies. Since we have had UNLIMITED SNOW DAYS THAT NEVER END, I have many helping hands. Ahem. The best part though, is involving them in the gratitude portion of this project. Using the writing prompt, "I'm Fortunate For…" Have children write down all the things that make their family special. Emily said, "I'm Fortunate For…that my family are GRATE dancers." What can I say? She comes from a long lineage of family members that just BRING IT on the dance floor! Mom & Dad can get in on the fortune cookie writing prompt too. Hopefully your husband doesn't read this aloud and then ELABORATE endlessly on his AMAZINGNESS. Awkward. My husband designed this fantastic printable that you can attach to a jar. I just dabbed a little glue on my jar and attached this side. You could also print this on label paper or attach with a little double-sided tape to finish your project. (Grab the printable at the bottom of this post!) If you are looking for dinner options, here are couple of great ones that I can recommend! This delicious gluten-free orange chicken would make a fantastic meal! These Peanut Ginger Chicken Noodles are always a big hit! And this Weeknight Chicken Lo Mein is fast & easy to prepare! However you celebrate this holiday, I hope this post offers some inspiration for fun ways to celebrate with your family. Grab Our FREE "We Are a Fortunate Family," printable. Pin It Published January 27, 2014 by: Amy Allen Clark is the founder of MomAdvice.com. You can read all about her here.


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Effective Date: 3/1/2016
The following definitions apply under this Article:
(a) Statement. "Statement" means a person's oral assertion, written assertion, or nonverbal conduct, if the person intended it as an assertion.
(b) Declarant. "Declarant" means the person who made the statement.
(c) Hearsay. "Hearsay" means a statement that:
(1) the declarant does not make while testifying at the current trial or hearing; and
(2) a party offers in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted in the statement.
(d) Statements That Are Not Hearsay. A statement that meets the following conditions is not hearsay:
(1) A Declarant-Witness's Prior Statement. The declarant testifies and is subject to cross-examination about a prior statement, and the statement:(A) is inconsistent with the declarant's testimony and, if offered in a criminal proceeding, was given under penalty of perjury at a trial, hearing, or other proceeding or in a deposition;(B) is consistent with the declarant's testimony and is offered:(2) An Opposing Party's Statement. The statement is offered against an opposing party and:(i) to rebut an express or implied charge that the declarant recently fabricated it or acted from a recent improper influence or motive in so testifying; or(ii) to rehabilitate the declarant's credibility as a witness when attacked on another ground; or(C) identifies a person as someone the declarant perceived earlier.(A) was made by the party in an individual or representative capacity;(B) is one the party manifested that it adopted or believed to be true;(C) was made by a person whom the party authorized to make a statement on the subject;(D) was made by the party's agent or employee on a matter within the scope of that relationship and while it existed; or(E) was made by the party's coconspirator during and in furtherance of the conspiracy.
The statement must be considered but does not by itself establish the declarant's authority under (C); the existence or scope of the relationship under (D); or the existence of the conspiracy or participation in it under (E).
Rule 801 was amended, effective July 1, 1981; March 1, 1990; March 1, 2014; March 1, 2016.
The definition of hearsay contained in this rule is dependent, in part, upon the definition of a statement contained in subdivision (a). In this regard, it should be noted that nonverbal conduct, to be a statement, and thus hearsay, must be intended by the party to be an assertion.Nonassertive conduct is not a statement and therefore not objectionable as hearsay. Thus, pointing out a suspect in response to the question, "Who did it?" is assertive conduct and, if it otherwise falls within the definition, hearsay. Conversely, the act of opening an umbrella is not intended to be assertive, is not hearsay, and may be offered as substantive evidence that rain was falling at a certain place and time.
Hearsay is defined in subdivision (c) as a statement made by a declarant, other than one made at the trial or hearing offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. This definition is of two distinct parts. The first is that the statement is one not made at the trial in which it is offered.
The second is that the statement must be offered to prove the truth of its content, i.e., the matter asserted in the statement. If offered for other purposes, e.g., to show that the declarant in fact made a statement any statement and, thus, was conscious at a particular time, the statement is not objectionable as hearsay. The reason for this requirement is that it is only when a statement is offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted that there is a lack of the safeguards used to insure credibility of the declarant. It is this lack of an oath and cross-examination of the declarant that warrants the exclusion of evidence as hearsay.
Subdivision (d) exempts from the hearsay definition, and allows as substantive evidence, two types of statements which are technically hearsay. The reason for the exemptions are that the dangers normally attendant to receiving hearsay statements are at least partially removed in the exempted situations. In paragraph (d)(1), the opportunity to cross-examine the declarant is present. In paragraph (d)(2), the nature of the adversary system strengthens the reliability of a statement by an opposing party.
Paragraph (d)(1) follows Rule 801, Uniform Rules of Evidence, allowing prior inconsistent statements always to be used as substantive evidence in civil cases and, if the prior statement was made under oath in criminal cases. This varies from Rule 801 of the Federal Rules of Evidence, which requires that the prior statement be made under oath in all cases. See the discussion of Rule 801, Federal Rules of Evidence, in State v. Igoe, 206 N.W.2d 291 (N.D. 1973).
Subparagraph (d)(1)(B) was amended, effective March 1, 2016, to allow use of a prior consistent statement to rehabilitate the declarant's credibility as a witness when attacked on another ground. The change was based on the 2014 amendment to Fed.R.Ev. 801.
Subparagraph (d)(1)(C) was added [effective July 1, 1981] to comply with the federal rule.This provision was omitted from the original promulgation of the Federal Rules of Evidence but was added soon thereafter.
Rule 801 was amended, effective March 1, 1990. The amendment is technical in nature and no substantive change is intended.
Rule 801 was amended, effective March 1, 2014, in response to the December 1, 2011, revision of the Federal Rules of Evidence. The language and organization of the rule were changed to make the rule more easily understood and to make style and terminology consistent throughout the rules. There is no intent to change any result in any ruling on evidence admissibility.
SOURCES: Joint Procedure Committee Minutes of April 23-24, 2015, page 27; September 27, 2012, page 21; March 24-25, 1988, pages 15-16; December 3, 1987, pages 6-7 and 15; May 21-22, 1987, pages 6-7; February 19-20, 1987, pages 10-17;September 18-19, 1980, pages 18-20; March 27-28, 1980, pages 11-12; January 29, 1976, page 18; October 1, 1975, page 6; Fed.R.Ev. 801; Rule 801, SBAND proposal.


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Photographs unless otherwise indicated by Robert Freidus. Text by Jacqueline Banerjee. Perspective corrections and formatting by George P. Landow. Click on images to enlarge them. You may use these images without prior permission for any scholarly or educational purpose as long as you (1) credit the photographer and (2) link your document to this URL in a web document or cite the Victorian Web in a print one. ]
. Day Nursery, Cardiff Castle, Cardiff, Wales. Designed by William Burges. Photograph by the author.
The 3rd Marquess of Bute and his wife Gwendolen had four children, Lady Margaret (whose bedroom can be seen at Castell Coch), his first son John, who would inherit his title, and John's younger brothers Lord Ninian and Lord Colum. The nursery at Cardiff Castle, in the Guest Tower, is perhaps the brightest and most welcoming of the castle's smaller rooms, certainly the prettiest. It has some of the usual appurtenances of the Victorian nursery, including a rocking horse and a table for lessons and meals, but is splendidly decorated.
Stencilling abounds, while a broad frieze of tiles hand-painted by H. W. Lonsdale runs round the wall (see Herbert and Huggins 230). This depicts fairytale episodes from such stories as "The Invisible Prince" (just showing some trees with a bird in one of them, and thus labelled underneath), Robinson Crusoe, "Jack and the Beanstalk," "Aladdin," and "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves." On the chimneypiece is a representation of Fame, inspired by Chaucer's House of Fame — Lady Gwendolen's sitting room in the Octagon Tower is decorated in a Chaucerian theme. Here in the nursery, a kingly figure sits enthroned above an angel with puffed cheeks, who is blowing vigorously on a golden trumpet for good repute, but also has another black one ready to blow, for notoriety. This must have served both as encouragement and warning to the children. Note that the lamp-shades visible at the outer edges of the photograph above, like paper-lanterns in style, have nursery-rhyme themes, though these were added later. By the turn of the century, much more interest was being taken in how nurseries should be decorated: "It is the children's realm, and deserves a good deal more artistic consideration than is generally shown to it," wrote H. J. Jennings, author of Our Homes and How to Beautify Them (240), in 1902.
Illustrations of fairy and other tales — left to right: (a)
. (b) . (c) . Photograph at right by the author.Left to right: (a) Pelican.
. (b) . (c) Note the coat of arms, kettle, and pelican holding a fish in its beak. DetailOther Views of Cardiff Castle and Related Material
- The castle exterior
- The Winter Smoking Room
- The Bachelor Bedroom and bathroom (in the Clock Tower)
- The Summer Smoking Room
- The Arab Room and the Banqueting Hall
- The Library
- The Rooftop Garden
- Lord Bute's bedroom and bath
- "The Eclecticism of William Burges"
Herbert, Tony, and Kathryn Huggins. The Decorative Tile in Architecture and Interiors. London: Phaidon, 1995.
Jennings, H. J. Our Homes and How to Beautify Them. London: Phaidon, 1902. Internet Archive. Web. 8 January 2012.
Person Page 2387 (for the Marquess's family). thePeerage.com.. Web. 8 January 2012.
Last modified 9 January 2012


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On Wednesday, Sept. 25, the Randolph County Housing Authority will begin accepting applications for the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher program, which provides rental assistance to households with lower incomes. "The sequester required us to cut staff earlier this year, but we now have funds available for rental assistance and are happy to be able to accept applications once more," said Karen Jacobson, Executive Director. Anyone can apply between 9am and 12 noon this Wednesday at the RCHA office and on each Wednesday thereafter. Seniors and disabled people can apply by phone.
"There are several myths about the "Section 8" or "HUD" program," said Lisa Shaffer, Section 8 Program Manager, "that may keep people from applying for the help they could really use. For instance, one doesn't need to have children to be eligible, many people who are working still have incomes low enough to qualify, and the assistance can be used in any of the five counties served by RCHA."
The Section 8 program pays the difference between a market rent and the rent a household can afford to pay, typically not more than 30% of their monthly income. This can make a huge difference to a household or single person living on a fixed income, ensuring there is sufficient money at the end of the month for food and medicine. For working families it can provide a 'hand-up' to a more stable living situation. Working families are eligible to join the Family Self-Sufficiency program as well, which helps them set and reach employment goals and move off of the program altogether.
Those applying will be entered onto a waiting list, on which the elderly, disabled and veterans will be given preference. For more information, please see www.rchawv.org.


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Looking Back at the Glencoe Rain Garden
Mar 3, 2014 at 9:20 AM 1 Comment
All this heavy rain lately is making us think about the Glencoe Rain Garden in SE Portland. In 2013, we celebrated the 10th anniversary of its installation, and 10 years since fixing a difficult problem.
In the 1990's and early 2000's, residents of the Mount Tabor neighborhood along SE 53rd Avenue were experiencing frequent sewage flooding in their basements. Environmental Services studied the problems with the sewer system in that area and found that the pipes, built in 1937, were not large enough. Too much stormwater was running off area streets and parking lots and into the pipes, causing sewage to backup in the basements of homes along the block.
Pre- construction photos, 2002
There were two solutions to the problem - replace and enlarge the pipes in the area, or construct facilities on the surface to slow and retain the runoff so it doesn't reach the sewer pipes. After extensive analysis, the City partnered with Portland Public Schools and Glencoe Elementary School to design an innovative bioswale and rain garden that captures runoff, slows it down, and keeps it from entering the sewer and contributing to back up.. (See the project fact sheet here). The project was completed in 2003.
Post-construction photos, 2004
Now, 10 years later, the facility continues to do its job! Here's what we know:
- No basement backups in the area have been reported in 10 years
- The plants and soils in the facility are soaking up 85% of the annual volume of runoff, and reducing the annual peak flow by 80% (it's doing very well)
- The native soil and plants used in the facility are performing well
- By design, any pollutants from the street runoff are concentrated at the forebay of the facility (where the water first enters). This is keeping these pollutants out of our sewer system and rivers, and we closely monitor the levels in the soil to make sure it stays safe
In addition to providing residents and students with access to a pleasant, park-like setting, the rain garden serves as an extension of the school's outdoor classroom and butterfly garden.
1 Comment
Colleen Cunningham
This is so beautiful! My favorite City program.
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The "Butt" in this road, in South Yorkshire, probably refers to a container for collecting water.
We recently found this in the Europe edition of The New York Times...
No Snickering: That Road Sign Means Something Else
By SARAH LYALL
Published: January 22, 2009
CRAPSTONE, England — When ordering things by telephone, Stewart Pearce tends to take a proactive approach to the inevitable question "What is your address?"
He lays it out straight, so there is no room for unpleasant confusion. "I say, 'It's spelled "crap," as in crap,' " said Mr. Pearce, 61, who has lived in Crapstone, a one-shop country village in Devon, for decades.
Disappointingly, Mr. Pearce has so far been unable to parlay such delicate encounters into material gain, as a neighbor once did.
"Crapstone," the neighbor said forthrightly, Mr. Pearce related, whereupon the person on the other end of the telephone repeated it to his co-workers and burst out laughing. "They said, 'Oh, we thought it didn't really exist,' " Mr. Pearce said, "and then they gave him a free something."
In the scale of embarrassing place names, Crapstone ranks pretty high. But Britain is full of them. Some are mostly amusing, like Ugley, Essex; East Breast, in western Scotland; North Piddle, in Worcestershire; and Spanker Lane, in Derbyshire.
Others evoke images that may conflict with residents' efforts to appear dignified when, for example, applying for jobs.
These include Crotch Crescent, Oxford; Titty Ho, Northamptonshire; Wetwang, East Yorkshire; Slutshole Lane, Norfolk; and Thong, Kent. And, in a country that delights in lavatory humor, particularly if the word "bottom" is involved, there is Pratts Bottom, in Kent, doubly cursed because "prat" is slang for buffoon.
As for Penistone, a thriving South Yorkshire town, just stop that sophomoric snickering.
"It's pronounced 'PENNIS-tun,' " Fiona Moran, manager of the Old Vicarage Hotel in Penistone, said over the telephone, rather sharply. When forced to spell her address for outsiders, she uses misdirection, separating the tricky section into two blameless parts: "p-e-n" — pause — "i-s-t-o-n-e."
Several months ago, Lewes District Council in East Sussex tried to address the problem of inadvertent place-name titillation by saying that "street names which could give offense" would no longer be allowed on new roads.
"Avoid aesthetically unsuitable names," like Gaswork Road, the council decreed. Also, avoid "names capable of deliberate misinterpretation," like Hoare Road, Typple Avenue, Quare Street and Corfe Close.
(What is wrong with Corfe Close, you might ask? The guidelines mention the hypothetical residents of No. 4, with their unfortunate hypothetical address, "4 Corfe Close." To find the naughty meaning, you have to repeat the first two words rapidly many times, preferably in the presence of your fifth-grade classmates.)
The council explained that it was only following national guidelines and that it did not intend to change any existing lewd names.
Still, news of the revised policy raised an outcry.
"Sniggering at double entendres is a loved and time-honored tradition in this country," Carol Midgley wrote in The Times of London. Ed Hurst, a co-author, with Rob Bailey, of "Rude Britain" and "Rude UK," which list arguably offensive place names — some so arguably offensive that, unfortunately, they cannot be printed here — said that many such communities were established hundreds of years ago and that their names were not rude at the time.
"Place names and street names are full of history and culture, and it's only because language has evolved over the centuries that they've wound up sounding rude," Mr. Hurst said in an interview.
Mr. Bailey, who grew up on Tumbledown Dick Road in Oxfordshire, and Mr. Hurst got the idea for the books when they read about a couple who bought a house on Butt Hole Road, in South Yorkshire.
The name most likely has to do with the spot's historic function as a source of water, a water butt being a container for collecting water. But it proved to be prohibitively hilarious.
"If they ordered a pizza, the pizza company wouldn't deliver it, because they thought it was a made-up name," Mr. Hurst said. "People would stand in front of the sign, pull down their trousers and take pictures of each other's naked buttocks."
The couple moved away.
The people in Crapstone have not had similar problems, although their sign is periodically stolen by word-loving merrymakers. And their village became a stock joke a few years ago, when a television ad featuring a prone-to-swearing soccer player named Vinnie Jones showed Mr. Jones's car breaking down just under the Crapstone sign.
In the commercial, Mr. Jones tries to alert the towing company to his location while covering the sign and trying not to say "crap" in front of his young daughter.
The consensus in the village is that there is a perfectly innocent reason for the name "Crapstone," though it is unclear what that is. Theories put forth by various residents the other day included "place of the rocks," "a kind of twisting of the original word," "something to do with the soil" and "something to do with Sir Francis Drake," who lived nearby.
Jacqui Anderson, a doctor in Crapstone who used to live in a village called Horrabridge, which has its own issues, said that she no longer thought about the "crap" in "Crapstone."
Still, when strangers ask where she's from, she admitted, "I just say I live near Plymouth."
If you're smirking at this sign, you're mispronouncing the town's name. It's PENNIS-tun.


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One jolt hit in the middle of the night. Another caught fishermen at a nearby beach. Then the ground shook at supper. And then again, and again: More than 170 tremors were felt in Navidad in just five weeks. The strongest struck during a funeral, and sent panicked mourners fleeing into the street.
Navidad, a coastal farming town of 5,500 people, has become one of the shakiest spots in one of the world's shakiest countries. And seismologists can't say whether these were aftershocks from Chile's devastating quake two years ago, or warnings of another huge disaster to come.
Navidenos, though, have learned to take quakes in stride.
In this town whose name means Christmas, some decorate Christmas trees with quakes in mind, wiring ornaments to the branches or taking extra efforts to secure the base. Restaurant owners nail wood railings panels to their shelves to keep glasses and liquor from crashing down. Some now use canned beer, shunning bottles as too risky.
Children at public schools practice drills every day and everyone seems to have a quake bag with flashlights and food ready.
"We were born, grew up and were raised with earthquakes," acting Mayor Rodrigo Soto said. "It seems like the world for the first time has discovered Navidad. Everyone asks us if we're scared and all we can say is that we need to be prepared."
Still, no amount of preparation can avoid that panicky feeling when the ground really rumbles. There's no way to know at that moment whether the shaking will pass quickly, or become frighteningly worse.
While the ground shook under the pews at the funeral, the faces of the mourners turned pale like the dead. Despite appeals for calm, the church swayed so much that people panicked and ran outside.
"People were terrorized," said Carolina Jeria, recalling that 5.9-magnitude quake on Nov. 21.
"In a moment like that, you lose control. We're very worried about the quakes because the big one in 2010 caught us unprepared."
Soto says the town still has an inadequate tsunami alert system – a siren that sounds like a car alarm and lacks the volume needed to reach all the townspeople. But after so many tremors, he says Navidenos know in their bones when to run.
They know they'll barely feel a magnitude-2, but a magnitude-7 will knock them off their feet and that's a sign to scramble for high ground in case there's a tsunami.
Aside from the quakes, life is slow in Navidad. Many farmers still use oxen to plow their land, while others cater to tourists who come for the Pacific beaches from Chile's capital of Santiago, 100 miles northeast of town. Yet people are often on edge.
It's not just the ground's trembling that reminds people of earthquake risks here. Alongside the highway into town, wildflowers grow around tsunami warning signs that urge residents to build their homes high or be prepared to run for higher ground.
So far, the recent tremors have not caused damage or injuries, but they're a frequent reminder of the 8.8-magnitude quake and tsunami in 2010 that devastated much of Chile's coast, including Navidad. That quake killed 551 people, destroyed 220,000 homes and washed away docks and seaside resorts, costing Chile $30 billion, or 18 percent of its annual gross domestic product.
No Navidenos died, but nearly 200 homes were lost or severely damaged, and most townspeople had no power or water for a month.
"During the 2010 quake, the rupture zone reached all the way to Navidad. That's why seismologists at the Universidad de Chile indicate that these could be late aftershocks," Miguel Ortiz, national chief of the early alert center at Chile's ONEMI Emergency Office. He also said the recent shaking could be a harbinger of another huge quake to come.
A team of international scientists said the chance of a big, or even great, quake could have increased along a wide expanse of Chile's coast because of the 2010 quake. Their report in the journal Nature Geoscience last year concluded that it relieved only some of the stress accumulating underground since an 1835 quake that was witnessed and documented by British naturalist Charles Darwin.
Just off Chile's long coast, the Nazca tectonic plate plunges beneath the South American continent, pushing the towering Andes to ever-higher altitudes. The 2010 quake was so strong it changed time, shortening the Earth's day slightly by changing the planet's rotation. The strongest earthquake ever recorded also happened in Chile, a magnitude-9.5 in 1960 that struck about 500 miles south of Navidad and killed more than 5,000 people.
"What strikes me most about Chile is its beauty but also great potential for disasters- from large earthquakes to volcanic eruptions, much like in California," said Paul Caruso, a geophysicist with the U.S. Geological Service.
"The big faults are responsible for the big earthquakes but also for beautiful mountains, active volcanoes, and a range of climates – from very cold to deserts," Caruso said. "It's a fascinating place, especially for a geophysicist."
Navidenos have different ways of coping.
Retiree Carmen Delgado is so haunted by the 2010 disaster that she often stays awake trembling, anxiously waiting for the sun to rise so she can volunteer as a waitress at a local restaurant to keep her mind busy.
"People are afraid because in the past weeks it shook so much," said Karen Contreras, 18, a waitress at La Boca restaurant, near the mouth of a river that runs down to the ocean from the green hills surrounding the town.
"It's still trembling, but at least people know where to evacuate if it's strong," she added.
At the Divina Gabriela public school, children rush out of classrooms and line up at the sound of a rusty white bell each day. There's also an annual earthquake drill.
"I keep canned goods, a flashlight and batteries, because we're scared about these daily quakes," said Valentina Villagran, 11. "Every kid here knows they should run for the hills."
Evelyn Perez, 31, who's studying to become a teacher, was seven months pregnant when she was jarred awake in 2010. She dragged three kids up cold, dark streets without any emergency supplies. Now she keeps a quake bag at her door.
From his porch overlooking the Pacific, Hernan Cepeda, 82, recalls how the tsunami rolled toward him that night. He ended up clinging to the roots of bushes and losing his dentures, almost swallowed by the sea.
"I didn't return here until last year and now the tremors have brought back memories," Cepeda said. "It seemed like it didn't shake as much before. No one can tell what will happen next, but all you hear is that the next one will be an even bigger quake."
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One still hears the name Edward R. Murrow when today's commentators bemoan the state of modern journalism. Every once in a while we might see a library clip of the TV newsman, an intense-looking fellow holding a cigarette and arching one eyebrow as he addresses the camera directly. Murrow even shows up in 1960's Sink the Bismarck! as himself, broadcasting the war news from London.
The Edward R. Murrow Collection is a series of shows put together by CBS early in the 1990s to commemorate the legacy of the man credited with inventing the concept of television journalism. It comes in three parts, preceded by a fourth that encapsules Murrow's entire story in a little under two hours. The other three discs concentrate on his career high points with as little editing as possible. Together, the four-disc set comprises a prime-source resource excellent as entertainment and serious historical study.
This Reporter (disc 1, 113 minutes) is organized as a conventional documentary showing Murrow's childhood and early career before becoming a CBS European radio correspondent. He first became famous covering the German takeover of Austria with a tense, on-the-spot journalistic personality that added drama to the facts. He didn't exactly editorialize, but he communicated a strong impression that the events he covered were extremely important.
This phase of his career peaked in London in 1940, where he became a broadcasting legend by setting up a microphone on the roof of the BBC building to give a running account of what it was like for London to take the nightly air raid bombardments. Murrow became Our Man in London, even when he reported from a bomber plane on a mission to Berlin.
Interspersed with the archive footage are interviews with collaborators and correspondents who knew Murrow in these early days. They remember a flamboyant leader who inspired great loyalty in his team. He also built a legend around himself that would cause problems when CBS later preferred less controversy in their broadcasts.
After the war, Murrow suffered through two years as a broadcast executive until he got back into production just as the new television age began. This Reporter gives a brief look at Murrow's major television work as it charts his eventual fall from his position at the top of CBS news. In developments driven by the sponsor-controlled network, Murrow's power was withdrawn by executives that wanted to exert more editorial control over content.
The Best of "See It Now" (disc 2, 111 minutes) shows nothing less than the discovery of television as a new medium. Murrow as much as admits that he's learning as he goes, and some of the first images from his first broadcast show him directing cameras set up in San Francisco and New York, so audiences can look at both oceans at the same time. Soon Murrow is sending back reports from Korea, making the conflict the first televised war. Other large chunks of original broadcasts show Murrow and his correspondents interviewing ordinary southerners right after the Supreme Court's landmark integration decision. We also see profiles of Grandma Moses (a spunky lady) and Louis Armstrong.
The McCarthy Years (disc 3, 114 minutes) is one of the greatest media showdowns of the century. We hear of and talk about McCarthy all the time but this collection of broadcasts allows us to see just what the man was like and how he operated. After watching the junior congressman get away with character assassination and wholesale demagoguery, Murrow finally used his television pulpit as an editorial base to strike back, a choice that is an excellent debate topic - when should journalists stop reporting the news and do something about it? Ever? Murrow's quoted philosophy was that the news should speak for people who cannot, which sounds great until men of lesser ethics get into the racket; since the 60s every politician right and left has claimed to be speaking for some unheard majority.
The McCarthy disc starts with two lengthy segments showing Murrow coming to the defense of a lieutenant dismissed from the Air Force because his sister and father were politically suspect. Even granting that the military has a higher need for absolute trust in its soldiers, the show demonstrates the wave of paranoia that the Commie hunt had engendered; it's a great relief to hear the lieutenant's neighbors and townspeople (even a drunken American Legion veteran) come to his defense on camera.
The second segment shows a televised committee hearing that proves to be as outrageous as the 'parodies' we see in movies like The Manchurian Candidate. Claiming to have uncovered a massive Communist conspiracy in the Army, McCarthy and his associates can only produce one harmless-looking black Army employee who appears to have been subpoena'ed through a name mixup. As soon as the coward McCarthy realizes that he's not going to get anywhere, he pretends he has another meeting to attend and leaves others to cross-examine the woman. By the end of the hearing, senators (we see Bobby Kennedy but don't hear him) are making speeches for the woman and the right of Americans not to be persecuted in this way, offering her jobs, etc.
The last two segments are Murrow's historical direct televised denouncement of McCarthy, a brilliant video document presented uncut, and McCarthy's insulting response, also uncut. McCarthy doesn't address any of Murrow's charges, preferring to give us a 25-cent history lesson of the spread of Communism. Without discussing any of his methods of fighting the supposed horrid plague of infiltration he claims is threatening the USA, he instead launches into an attack on Murrow, who he suddenly decides is the ringleader behind the Commie treachery.
Unlike today's 'I gotcha,' gotta-have-the-last-word pundits, Murrow allows McCarthy to say his piece without counter-rebuttal. Happily, the blow to the senator's credibility was the beginning of his swift decline. Even Eisenhower was slow to critcize McCarthy; TV and Murrow cut short a nefarious career that could have lasted several more years.
Harvest of Shame (55 minutes) contains the entire famous CBS Reports show from Murrow's waning years, when he was stripped of his leadership and only occasionally given the ability to do assignments of his choosing. This equally legendary broadcast launched national awareness of the migrant farm workers, who at the beginning of the prosperous 1960s were still stuck in a Grapes of Wrath dilemma. Broadcast on a Thanksgiving weekend, the show hit home with the message that life for many in America was anything but just, as the working and living conditions in the California fields "wronged the dignity of man." The debate on this one is still going on as well.
Docu Rama's DVD of the Edward R. Murrow Collection is well mastered and the original kinescopes and 16mm sources look as good as they can, which is often quite good (and better than I remember TV reception from the middle 1950s). Each disc has a biography and timeline for Murrow's life. This is an obvious must-buy for Television history classes and stands up as good entertainment as well. It's nice to see broadcast friends like the late Charles Kuralt again, as well as glimpses of the NBC commentators Huntley and Brinkley, who supplanted Murrow as television staples.
On a scale of Excellent, Good, Fair, and Poor, The Edward R. Murrow Collection rates: Movie: Excellent Video: Excellent Sound: Excellent Supplements: Murrow bio and timeline Packaging: 4 Keep cases in card box Reviewed: June 16, 2005
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