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Books / Digital Text
Part Four: Catallactics or Economics of the... > Chapter XVII. Indirect Exchange
11. The Money-Substitutes
Claims to a definite amount of money, payable and redeemable on demand, against a debtor about whose solvency and willingness to pay there does not prevail the slightest doubt, render to the individual all the services money can render, provided that all parties with whom he could possibly transact business are perfectly familiar with these essential qualities of the claims concerned: daily maturity as well as undoubted solvency and willingness to pay on the part of the debtor. We may call such claims money-substitutes, as they can fully replace money in an individual's or a firm's cash holding. The technical and legal features of the money-substitutes do not concern catallactics. A money-substitute can be embodied either in a banknote or in a demand deposit with a bank subject to check ("checkbook money" or deposit currency), provided the bank is prepared to [p. 433] exchange the note or the deposit daily free of charge against money proper. Token coins are also money-substitutes, provided the owner is in a position to exchange them at need, free of expense and without delay, against money. To achieve this it is not required that the government be bound by law to redeem them. What counts is the fact that these tokens can be really converted free of expense and without delay. If the total amount of token coins issued is kept within reasonable limits, no special provisions on the part of the government are necessary to keep their exchange value at par with their face value. The demand of the public for small change gives everybody the opportunity to exchange them easily against pieces of money. The main thing is that every owner of a money-substitute is perfectly certain that it can, at every instant and free of expense, be exchanged against money.
If the debtor--the government or a bank--keeps against the whole amount of money-substitutes a 100% reserve of money proper, we call the money-substitute a money-certificate. The individual money-certificate is--not necessarily in a legal sense, but always in the catallactic sense--a representative of a corresponding amount of money dept in the reserve. The issuing of money-certificates does not increase the quantity of things suitable to satisfy the demand for money for cash holding. Changes in the quantity of money-certificates therefore do not alter the supply of money and the money relation. They do not play any role in the determination of the purchasing power of money.
If the money reserve kept by the debtor against the money-substitutes issued is less than the total amount of such substitutes, we call that amount of substitutes which exceeds the reserve fiduciary media. As a rule it is not possible to ascertain whether a concrete specimen of money-substitutes is a money-certificate or a fiduciary medium. A part of the total amount of money-substitutes issued is usually covered by a money reserve held. Thus a part of the total amount of money-substitutes issued is money certificates, the rest fiduciary media. But this fact can only be recognized by those familiar with the bank's balance sheets. The individual banknote, deposit, or token coin does not indicate its catallactic character.
The issue of money-certificates does not increase the funds which the bank can employ in the conduct to its lending business. A bank which does not issue fiduciary media can only grant commodity credit, i.e., it can only lend its own funds and the amount of money which its customers have entrusted to it. The issue of fiduciary media enlarges the bank's funds available for lending beyond these limits. [p. 434] It can now not only grant commodity credit, but also circulation credit, i.e., credit granted out of the issue of fiduciary media.
While the quantity of money-certificates is indifferent, the quantity of fiduciary media is not. The fiduciary media affect the market phenomena in the same way as money does. Changes in their quantity influence the determination of money's purchasing power and of prices and--temporarily--also of the rate of interest.
Earlier economists applied a different terminology. Many were prepared to call the money-substitutes simply money, as they are fit to render the services money renders. However, this terminology is not expedient. The first purpose of a scientific terminology is to facilitate the analysis of the problems involved. The task of the catallactic theory of money--as differentiated from the legal theory and from the technical disciplines of bank management and accountancy--is the study of the problems of the determination of prices and interest rates. This task requires a sharp distinction between money-certificates and fiduciary media.
The term credit expansion has often been misinterpreted. It is important to realize that commodity credit cannot be expanded. The only vehicle of credit expansion is circulation credit. But the granting of circulation credit does not always mean credit expansion. If the amount of fiduciary media previously issued has consummated all its effects upon the market, if prices, wage rates, and interest rates have been adjusted to the total supply of money proper plus fiduciary media (supply of money in the broader sense), granting of circulation credit without a further increase in the quantity of fiduciary media is no longer credit expansion. Credit expansion is present only if credit is granted by the issue of an additional amount of fiduciary media, not if banks lend anew fiduciary media paid back to them by the old debtors.


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The last time a Democrat was elected to statewide office in Texas, pagers were still cool.
The era of Ann Richards and beepers may be long gone now. But 20 years, and a generation of smart phones later, Democrats are plotting a resurgence.
And leading the charge are two women, Wendy Davis and Leticia Van de Putte, at the top of the Democratic ticket running for governor and lt. governor respectively.
Republicans, however, are fighting hard to keep alive the rotary phone days with a cast of ultra conservative white males seeking to defeat Davis and her running mate.
The likely GOP candidate for governor, Attorney General Greg Abbott is as conservative as they come. A close friend to Republican Sen. Ted Cruz, Abbott too has made waves on the national stage. He has stood out in curtailing the voice of minority communities. Before the Supreme Court struck down Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, Abbott was at the helm of defending Texas' strict voter ID law.
And then there's his fight against Texas' Planned Parenthood clinics. In 2011 the state legislature banned Planned Parenthood's participation in the state's Women's Health Program that serves low income women. When that ban went into effect a year later, a federal appeals court judge issued an emergency stay blocking the law. Abbott promptly appealed, successfully that time.
Last month, Abbott appealed another stay involving women's reproductive health. After the Texas abortion ban went into effect a stay for some parts of the law was put in place but within 72 hours Abbott saw that the stay was lifted.
Abbott's possible running mate is state Senator Dan Patrick, who kicked off his campaign with an ad touting how tough he would be on immigration. Shortly thereafter the rest of the GOP lt. governor hopefuls jumped on the anti-immigrant bandwagon so as to not be left behind.
The top of the Republican ticket will be one that not only seeks to maintain the status quo but one that is for aggressively tamping down attempts to challenge the status quo.
Texas today is a majority-minority state, with Hispanics making up around one-third of the state. But the Republican Party still thinks it is the last century, when non-Hispanic whites were the majority population. Or perhaps more troubling, the GOP recognizes that there has been a demographic change but they think they can keep that change from affecting political representation.
While the demographics of the state have shifted, the leadership has not. It's an old conservative boy's club over at the pink dome. But this old style has come into stark relief with next year's gubernatorial election pitting the old against the new.
Davis, the Democratic gubernatorial candidate, and Van de Putte, by definition are not part of the old boy's club. But more importantly, they represent the interests of those not in the old boy's club – women, the poor, veterans, minorities, young folks, undocumented immigrants, etc.
State senator Davis' abortion bill filibuster highlighted the growing voice of women. In Texas, men more than women believe that abortion should not always be legal and available.
A University of Texas/Texas Tribune poll found that 22% of independent men believe that abortion should always be legal and available while 41% of Independent women support that right. Even among Republicans in the state, it is men who are the strongest in opposition to abortion in comparison to their GOP female counterparts.
For Latinos, Van de Putte has become is a leading voice in the state and nationally. Close to 4 out of 10 Texans is Latino, yet there has never been a Latino elected to statewide office.
In the old America, men decided what was best for women. In the new America, women speak for themselves.
It may be that a Governor Davis and Lt. Governor Van de Putte can pull Texas into the 21st Century. And at the very least their strong electoral run will push Texas closer to catching up with the interests and needs of the new America.

subset: commoncrawl


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As I wrote in the pedagogical, recently paperbacked anthology Youth in Crisis: What Everyone Should Know About Growing Up Gay (edited by Mitchell Gold), I was 18 when I came out to my Orthodox Jewish parents in an 18-page, college-ruled, handwritten letter (with additional reading materials in the back). In this letter, which I made copies of and read out loud to my family, I quoted an article my late aunt had given to me from the right-wing newspaper The Jewish Press called "The Plague of the Gays." Before I was ready to come out and accept myself, I had read this article, which argued that "gays" are the causes of disease and the potential destruction of civilization. I quoted this in my coming-out letter so my family would better understand how difficult it is to be gay within the Orthodox community. Since I've come out, I have made it my artistic mission to be an example for gay youth who feel the isolation and fear of growing up gay in intensely religious or homophobic environments.
Almost 20 years later, last week, as I was hopping into a cab outside a gay club, a 22-year-old man named Chaim Levin stopped me to tell me how much my music and what I had written in Youth in Crisis had helped pave the way for him. He told me that he had recently written an op-ed published in The Jewish Press about surviving bullying and torment within the frum community (which means "observant," "religious," or "Orthodox" Jewish community). I was happy and surprised to hear that The Jewish Press would publish an article from the perspective of a gay man.
Only after I got home did I realize that Chaim was the same person I had seen just days before in a YouTube video. In the video, he said he had been sexually abused by a religious leader when he was 19 and undergoing conversion therapy to rid himself of his homosexuality. This happened under the watch of an organization named JONAH (Jews Offering New Alternatives to Homosexuality), at which my own parents attended meetings until recently to reconcile their religious beliefs with the fact that their son is gay and perhaps to see if there is any hope for me to live a "normal" life.
I remember my mother calling me after her first meeting there a few years ago, saying that the head of the organization told her that his son was a big fan of mine. He told my mother that I was a leader and role model for these gay Jewish kids—for them, I was a gay icon, and thus it would be futile to try and change me or make me straight. My parents, being what I call "show Jews," enjoyed feeling like the parents of a celebrity, and I think that's why they continued to stay involved. From their perspective, JONAH was doing the right thing because it was not forcing anyone to be straight but offering another "alternative." They were not aware of the kind of "reparative therapy" that JONAH put Chaim and other boys through—a therapist who was making men and boys take off their clothes in front of him in order to get in touch with their masculinity so they could be straight.
After meeting Chaim, I read his heartbreaking article, which was completely respectful of the Orthodox community in which he grew up and is still personally and actively connected to. Chaim wrote, "I now have a sense of pride about who I am. However, I understand the concept of 'pride' as combating the years of self-shame and instead promoting a sense of personal self worth … I know that 'being gay' does not express anything about personal intimate behavior; it merely expresses an orientation."
Chaim had written his piece because the "It Gets Better" video he participated in got attacked in The Jewish Press last June by one of its op-ed writers. In this first piece, author Elliot Resnick accused Jewish homosexuals of being self-indulgent, and stated, "But many Orthodox homosexuals seem uninterested in attaining spiritual greatness or in struggling with their feelings like so many of their brethren. Instead, they declare that we must recognize them. We must acknowledge their desires. We must affirm their feelings."
On Tuesday, Prop 8, California's ban on gay marriage, was called unconstitutional by a federal appeals court. But we're still not even close to being truly accepted. This past week, the editorial board of The Jewish Press published yet another article, called "The Jewish Press Won't Be Silenced," defending its decision to publish Chaim's op-ed—some of its advertisers had threatened the publication, it turned out. The Jewish Press wrote, "We did not run this article to promote homosexuality. We did not run this article to condone anti-halachic behavior. We did not run this article to intimate that homosexual behavior could be a Jewish life choice … We ran this article because, whether one wants to admit it or not, there is a serious problem that some members of our religious community face—day in and day out."
In order to get space in The Jewish Press to engage in any conversation about sexuality, you have to maintain that you are still "religious"—if you don't accept certain terms (like the Torah was written by God, for example), there is no use in having the conversation from their perspective. In Chaim's blog, Gotta Give 'Em Hope (getting his title from the famous Harvey Milk speech), he defends himself from the words of hate spewed by the frum community of which he is a part and debates them on their terms.
As someone who grew up Orthodox and went to yeshiva (although not nearly as fundamentalist as Chaim's upbringing), I feel humbled and touched that Chaim told me I inspired him and even helped him through a time when he thought of taking his own life. I can completely relate to his struggle of not wanting to disavow his Jewish identity for the sake of his gay identity. What Chaim is doing in his personal life requires tremendous courage. Coming out within the ultra-Orthodox community on YouTube and in The Jewish Press is downright heroic.
I refused to talk, sing, or write about my sexuality in Orthodox terms years ago. I think that's why I ended up on the cutting-room floor of Sandi Dubowski's important 2001 film Trembling Before G-d, which, as far as I know, was the first time there was even any kind of public discussion of homosexuality within the Orthodox community outside of talking about it as "sin." But now I am promoting, condoning, and endorsing the "homosexual lifestyle"; I want to lead my fellow Jews to a life of less restriction, shame, and prohibition and more sexual freedom and liberty. For me, that doesn't mean abandoning my Jewish ritual and culture—I cherish the rich spiritual and historical customs that I grew up practicing on a daily basis. However, I choose not to follow halacha, or Jewish law, as determined by the Orthodox community (or as they would say, as determined by the Torah and God).
If I put on tefillin (phylacteries), I can't help but remember staring at the other boys, praying beside me, bound in leather straps around their bulging biceps. I grew up being told that Jews aren't allowed to be buried in Jewish cemeteries if they have a tattoo, but I got one anyway. (Mine is the number 18. I got it when I was 18, to symbolize the age I was when I came out and the Hebrew numerology for the word chai, which means life.) I wear my tzitzit and my chai necklace proudly in photographs.
Will my endorsement of homosexual "perversion" turn innocent Jewish children gay, as these fundamentalists would like people to think? No, it won't. But it could make people more comfortable with all of who they are, and possibly save lives. Acceptance and liberation affect everyone—straight people, too. This journey of discovering the balance between the spirit and the flesh is "attaining spiritual greatness" for me. This is my favorite religion, and I've worked hard and searched long to find it.


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Engineering and Geoscience Activities
These activities have been submitted by faculty from a range of disciplines. The activities use a wide array of pedagogic approaches to address integrating geoscience and engineering.
Grade Level
Results 1 - 17 of 17 matches
Using GPS data to analyze crustal strain -or- Where is the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates?
Laurel Goodell, Princeton University
Students determine and interpret crustal strain along the Pacific/North American plate boundary in southern California. They do this by using GPS time series data to plot strain ellipses in the study area, first by hand (to understand how the method works) and then by using provided Matlab code.
Assessing Water Resource Demand in New York City
Kyle Monahan, Clarkson University
An exercise assessing the water demand of New York City and population dynamics underlying that demand is provided. Visualization of first order water resource estimates using precipitation data and a known water storage volume are used to draw conclusions about drought risk and the sustainability of NYC water supplies.
Runoff Generation from Varying Land Surfaces
Freddi-Jo Bruschke, California State University-Fullerton
Experimental lab activity and lesson exploring runoff generation from different types of land surfaces.
Examining your Earthquake Hazard
Eric Baer, Highline Community College
An exercise for helping students determine and understand their seismic hazard.
Finding Soil Material for a Construction Project
Tej Gautam, Marietta College
For this activity, students will prepare soil maps and data tables. Using 'Web Soil Survey (WSS)', a small area around Marietta City will be chosen and possible sites for acquiring soil as a construction material for an engineering project will be determined.
Hyporheic Board Game
Susa Stonedahl, Saint Ambrose University
The Hyporheic Game is an ideal board game for introductory geoscience, environmental, or chemistry courses. This game introduces students to concepts of hyporheic exchange and the nitrogen cycle.
Using Real World Data to Study Soil Foundation Structure Interaction
Thalia Anagnos, San Jose State University
Soil-Foundation-Structure-Interaction (SFSI) is an important consideration when studying the impact of earthquakes on structures. A video and an online module introduce students to some basics concepts of SFSI.
Numerical Algebraic Modeling of Earth's Atmosphere using MSExcel
Mookesh Dhanasar, North Carolina A & T State University
This activity was designed to incorporate Mathematical Modeling, Algorithm Development, Scientific Programming, Data Visualization and Analysis in a High School STEM activity to model the Earth's Atmospheric Model.
Evaluating Reuse Opportunities for Recovered Building Materials
John Duggan, Wentworth Institute of Technology
Students investigate opportunities to reuse recycled building materials as a substitute for the use of virgin materials through comparative life cycle assessment and consider regulatory acceptance and market feasibility issues.
Think Like a Geologist Field Trip to Downtown San Jose
LeAnne Teruya, San Jose State University
Urban geology fieldtrip designed for civil engineering students taking an introductory geology class.
Data analyses for water resources design parameter
Manoj Jha, North Carolina A & T State University
Students use historical time series of streamflow data and perform statistical analyses to develop flow duration curve and other relevant analyses. Finally, they interpret the usefulness of these analyses to use in the design of water resources structures.
How to Create a Well Log for Use in Geothermal Bore Field Design
Kevin Amende, Montana State University-Bozeman
This activity is intended to provide a foundation in soil classification and well log creation for mechanical engineers who would like to design geothermal bore fields. Having an understanding of geoscience allows mechanical engineers to make educated decisions when trying to associate soil thermal properties for these designs.
Mohr Circles
Dan Morgan, Vanderbilt University
This lab will give students practice plotting Mohr circles, interpreting experimental data for creating new fractures and pre-existing cracks, and how pore-pressure and earthquakes affect materials.
Air and Water Quality Optimization Related to Open Pit Mining
Mark Koopman, University of Utah
The module is not sufficiently developed to be summarized.
Learning to integrate geophysics into engineering projects using a comprehensive set of interactive, online, scenario-based resources
Francis Jones, University of British Columbia
This online activity is a four part interactive learning scenario involving application of geophysics in a groundwater contamination and site characterization setting. Learning objectives focus on decision making about designing, interpreting and contributing the geophysical components for a complex geologic / geotechnical project.
Simulating Mineral Industry Drilling and Processing Lab
Joel Aquino, University of North Georgia / Hall County Schools
Students simulate two processes applied by the mineral industry - drilling and mineral processing. In the drilling activity, students create a 3D model of a hidden object inside a shoebox by using bamboo skewers as their drilling machines. The second activity on mineral processing challenges the students to design and implement a flowchart on how to separate the individual components of a water-oil laden mineral mixture.
Physical model of the failure of an unreinforced structure during an earthquake
Vince Cronin, Baylor University
This activity allows students to explore one of the principal reasons why so many people are injured or killed during an earthquake. Through the failure of a small model building on a simple shake table and comparison with photographs of actual buildings destroyed in earthquakes, students pursue an understanding of how to prevent these disasters through better building practices.


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Livestream Concert Calendar
Looking for an online concert to watch? Browse our free calendar to find a show! Submit ConcertThis resource is available for free to everyone in the folk music community, whether a fan or part of the industry. It is updated and maintained by the staff of Folk Alliance International. If you'd like to support FAI in continuing to providing free community resources like this, we invite you to make a tax-free donation here.
- This event has passed.
Singer, Guitarist, Songwriter David Noll's Thursday Night Live Streaming House Concert
March 25, 2021 @ 8:00 PM - 9:00 PM CDT
|Recurring Events (See all)
An event every week that begins at 8:00 PM on Thursday, repeating until December 25, 2031
Wisconsin Singer, Guitarist, Songwriter David Noll singing original songs
Listen to some examples here https://davidnollmusic.org/music


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Nothing brings me more joy than being at Walt Disney World with my family. It only seems fitting that my Christmas wishes for all that celebrate include photos of the parks from last year when we visited. Wishing all of my friends a wonderful and very Merry Christmas. Enjoy the time making magical memories with those that you love.
Be sure to stop by Focused on the Magic by clicking on the button above to join in the Disney magic this week.


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Pituitary Gland
Anatomy of the pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is sometimes called the "master" gland of the endocrine system because it controls the functions of many of the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland is no larger than a pea, and is located at the base of the brain. The gland is attached to the hypothalamus (a part of the brain that affects the pituitary gland) by nerve fibers and blood vessels. The pituitary gland itself consists of 2 major structures:
Anterior lobe
Posterior lobe
Functions of the pituitary gland
Each lobe of the pituitary gland makes certain hormones.
Anterior lobe
Growth hormone
Prolactin (to stimulate milk production in the female breast)
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone which regulates the adrenal glands )
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone which regulates the thyroid gland )
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone which regulates the ovaries and testes)
LH (luteinizing hormone which regulates the ovaries or testes)
Posterior lobe
ADH (antidiuretic hormone is actually produced in the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland; it increases absorption of water by the kidneys. It also increases blood pressure)
Oxytocin (to contract the uterus during childbirth and stimulate the release of milk during breastfeeding)


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While the amygdala is associated with many emotions, there is growing evidence that it is closely associated with fear and fear-related conditioning in nonhuman animals and humans. First, while bilateral damage to the amygdala produce general emotional deficits in humans1, bilateral amygdala lesions are specifically associated with deficits in fear conditioning and produce severe deficits in the recognition of fearful faces2 and vocal intonation3 associated with fear relative to deficits in recognizing those displaying or expressing other emotions (e.g., happiness). Several imaging studies have also observed increased amygdala activation during fear conditioning4, as well as the recognition of fearful faces5, and the visual or cognitive6 representation of fearful stimuli. It's pretty clear, then, that the amygdala is a central part of the system that produces fear recognition and conditioning in humans.
Another line of research, born of the controversy surrounding the claim that the Implicit Association Test (IAT) may reveal implicit racial attitudes, has investigated the neural activity underlying such attitudes. In one study7, researchers presented participants with photos of unfamiliar white and black faces while they were in an fMRI machine. They also gave the participants the IAT, as well as another implicit measure (startle eyeblink), and asked them to describe their attitudes toward African Americans. They found that activation in the amygdala increased for black faces, and was correlated with implicit attitudes (more activation in the amygdala corresponded to more negative associations with African Americans), but not with explicitly expressed attitudes8.
A second study presented white and black participants with photos of white and black faces while they were in an fMRI, and measured amygdalar activation over time9. For ingroup faces (white faces for white participants, black faces for black participants), amygdala activation decreased over time as several ingroup faces were viewed. For outgroup faces, no such decrease in activation was observed. Thus, after the presentation of several ingroup and outgroup faces, amygdala activation was low for ingroup faces but high for outgroup faces.
In a third imaging study, participants were again presented with white and black faces, this time for two different durations, short (30ms) and long (525 ms)10. This study also showed higher amygdala activation for black faces than white faces for white participants, but only for the short durations. At longer durations, there was no difference in amygdala activation between white and black faces, while there was increased activation for black faces in cortical areas associated with conscious control. The researchers argue that this explains the findings from the first study, claiming that initially, implicit attitudes are activated, but longer exposure allows conscious, or explicit attitudes to be activated and to inhibit the implicit associations.
OK, so I told you all of that to tell you about this. These three studies indicate that the processing of faces from members of racial outgroups results in activation in the amygdala. This may indicate that fear responses and racial attitudes share neural systems. There is in fact some behavioral evidence for this. According to terror management theory, which has produced a ton of supporting data over the last decade or so, fear (especially fear of death), produces exaggerated ingroup-outgroup responses11. In particular, negative evaluations of outgroup members are heightened, as are positive evaluations of ingroup members. These findings motivated a just-published study on the relationship between fear conditioning and racial attitudes12. The researchers presented white and black participants with white and black faces, as in the imaging studies, but added a twist. During the presentation of either the black or white faces (varying which face across participants), the participants also received a mild electric shock. After a few trials, they exhibited a conditioned response (measured by skin conductance) to the faces associated with the shock, but not to the faces that were not associated with a shock. After the conditioning phase, the participants were again presented with the faces, but without any shock. The result of interest was the extinction rates for ingroup vs outgroup faces. For some stimuli (the researchers mention snakes and spiders), fear responses seem to elicit prepared conditioning responses, so that when those stimuli are paired with an aversive experience (like electric shocks), extinction takes longer than it does for stimuli that aren't preconditioned to be associated with fear (they use butterflies and birds). If the extinction of conditioned fear responses take longer for racial outgroup faces than for ingroup faces, it would indicate that there is a preconditioned association with fear for those faces. This is in fact what they found: for white participants, the fear responses took significantly longer to extinguish for black faces than white faces, and the opposite was observed for black participants. The only participants who didn't, on average, show this effect were those who had a lot of interracial dating experience (i.e., positive experience with racial outgroup members).
All of this information taken together presents a fairly clear picture: fear and negative racial attitudes are closely associated. However, the authors of the last study make it clear that they don't believe their data implies an innate fear of racial outgroup members, as some have argued such prepared responses to snakes, spiders, and other fear-related stimuli indicate. Here is how they put it:
In other words, because of its relatively recent emergence as an important dimension in human social interaction, race inherently cannot be the basis of the outgroup preparedness result. Instead, it is likely that sociocultural learning about the identity and qualities of outgroups is what provides the basis for the greater persistence of fear conditioning involving members of another group. Most notably, individuals acquire negative beliefs about outgroups according toStudies like these will can help people in combating negative racial attitudes. The empirical evidence I've discussed here shows that conscious attitudes can inhibit implicit (likely unconscious) negative racial attitudes, and that positive exposure to members of racial outgroups (as in those participants who had interracial dating experience in the last study) can create positive implicit attitudes towards the members of other races. This means that people are less likely to act on implicit negative attitudes towards members of other races when they have the time and cognitive resources to allow their explicit attitudes to take control. It also means that negative associations can be combated through positive exposure to members of other races. In other words, diversity is important, because it allows for positive exposure to the members of other races. Hopefully future research will find other ways to diminish the fear-related emotional responses to other races as well.
their local cultures, and few reach adulthood without considerable knowledge of these prejudices and stereotypes. It is plausible that repeated exposure to information about outgroups might prepare individuals to fear newly encountered outgroup members.
1 Aggleton, J.P. (1992). The functional effects of amygdala lesions in humans: A comparison with findings from monkeys. In J.P. Aggleton (ed.), The Amygdala: Neurobiological Aspects of Emotion, Memory, and Mental Dysfunction. New York: Wilely-Liss, 485-503.
2 Calder, A.J., Young, A.W., Rowland, D., Perrett, D.I., Hodges, J.R., Etcoff, N.L. (1996). Facial emotion recognition after bilateral amygdala damage: differentially severe impairment of fear. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 13, 699-745.
3 Scott, S.K., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Hellawell, D.J., Aggleton, J.P., Johnson, M. (1997). Impaired auditory recognition of fear and anger following bilateral amygdala lesions. Nature, 385(6613), 254-257.
4 Quirk G.J., Armony, J.L. & LeDoux, J.E. (1997). Fear conditioning enhances different temporal components of tone-evoked spike trains in auditory cortex and lateral amygdala. Neuron, 19, 613-624; LaBar, K.S. Gatenby, J.C., Gore, J.C., LeDoux, J.E., & Phelps, E.A. (1998). Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed trial fMRI study. Neuron 20, 937-945.
5 Morris, J.S., Frith, C.D., Perrett, D.I., Rowland, D., Young, A.W., Calder, A.J., Dolan, R.J. (1996). A differential neural response in the human amygdala to fearful and happy facial expressions.
6 Phelps, E.A., O'Connor, K.J., Gatenby, C., Gore, J.C., Grillon, C., & Davis, M. (2001). Activation of the left amygdala to a cognitive representation of fear. Nature Neuroscience, 4, 437-441.
7 Phelps, E.A., O'Connor, K.J., Cunningham, W.A., & Funayama, E.S. (2000). Performance on indirect measures of race evaluation predicts amygdala activation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12(5), 729-738.
8 Interestingly, in their second experiment, they used familiar (famous) and positively regarded black faces. In this case, they didn't observe increased amygdalar activation to black faces. This confirms the "safe black person" phenomenon that is so common these days.
9 Hart, A.J., Whalen, P.J., Shin, L.M., McInerney, S.C., Fischer, H., & Rauch, S.L. (2000). Differential response in the human amygdala to racial outgroup vs ingroup face stimuli. NeuroReport, 11(11).
10 Cunningham, W.A., Johnson, M.K., Raye, C.L., Gatenby, J.C., Gore, J.C., & Banaji, M.R. (2004). Separable neural components in the processing of black and white faces. Psychological Science, 15(12), 806-813.
11 Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Schimel, J., Arndt, J., & Pyszczynski, T. (in press). Human awareness of death and the evolution of culture. In M. Schaller and C. Crandal (eds.), The psychological foundations of culture. Erlbaum.
12 Olsson, A., Ebert, J.P., Banaji, M.R., & Phelps, E.A. (2005). The role of social groups in the persistence of learned fear. Science, 309, 785-787.


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Tuesday, January 22, 2013
Agreement in Error and Common Origin
For instance, take co-blogger Michael Holmes's text of 1 Clemens ("To the Corinthians") in his Apostolic Fathers. On page 28 of my 1999 edition the text has a misspelling in the Greek text μελαγοπρεπες which should be μεγαλοπρεπες (the -λ- and -γ- have swapped places). Lightfoots's printed edition does not have this error, and neither has the TLG online, based on Jaubert's text.
For my Greek teaching I use the opening paragraphs of 1 Clemens. And at the time when I prepared my handout I was still working from the now defunct CD-ROM version of the TLG. When one of those clever students (yes, the same one as here) pointed out that μελαγοπρεπες in my handout looked like a misprint, I checked Holmes, found the same spelling, and initially thought that Holmes and me could not both be wrong. Till I realised that I had simply cut and pasted from the CD-ROM text, which might have been the same thing Michael had been doing. And rather than asking him (we are scholars after all, we don't talk), I checked the preface and found Holmes's acknowledgement of the technical assistance provided by the TLG, signed off in 1992, way before the online edition.
Agreement in error can point to common origin.
[This is the relevant word in Codex Alexandrinus, difficult to read, but in the correct spelling]
3 comments
Dirk wrote,
"I checked the preface and found Holmes's acknowledgement of the technical assistance provided by the TLG, signed off in 1992, way before the online edition."
--And also before the CD-ROM edition! When work was begun in 1990 on the Greek-English edition published in 1992, Baker acquired on behalf of the project the electronic version of the Apostolic Fathers from the TLG folks. It came on magnetic tape, in Beta Code format, in which each Greek character, accent, diacritical, etc., was represented by a corresponding character on an English typewriter keyboard--e.g., alpha = a, beta = b, omega = w (I think), acute accent = / (again, I think; it's been a while since I looked at raw Beta code). I then imported the Beta code into Nota Bene, which in those days had a clever utility that converted the Beta code into Nota Bene's Greek font. Thus I was able to edit the Greek text on-screen.
Having access to the TLG Beta code text was a great advantage. It was remarkably accurate, while very good, was not perfect, and I recall sending the occasional note to the TLG folks in Irvine suggesting corrections. I missed, however, as Dirk notes, the μελαγοπρεπες in 1 Clem. 1.2. It has now been corrected in the TLG, my third edition (as Peter graciously noted), and, presumably, Dirk's notes.
So we do indeed have here a verifiable case of agreement in error pointing to a common origin (the original TLG database), accessed via different means (magnetic tape, CD-ROM), neither of which are still in circulation.


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Check out the mustache! |
One day he will look enthusiastic about getting his photo taken. One day. |
He enjoyed yelling out "Trick or treat!" |
The bounce house. He LOVED it! It was so funny how when kids would fall from bouncing too hard William would ask them "Are you okaaay?!" and when William would fall he would yell out "I'm okaaaay!" |


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Artworks and T-shirt designs by pigboom . A self-taught artist who loves to draw geeky, cyberpunk, anime, pop culture and random stuff. Designs are based on a hit-or-miss philosophy. Pigboom may randomly hit good and clever designs or miss completing them. Oink! Go Buy some Pigboom Tees.
Alle Designs anzeigen


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Have you ever just really needed to rub one out? Yeah…me neither. 😉
Bloggers and authors – share your hottest scenes and posts. Feel free to use this week's picture as a prompt but don't feel obligated. Write what turns you on!
Readers – check out the different posts to find something that makes you want to get off.
How Masturbation Monday Works
Check here for the full rules but here it is in a nutshell:
- Write a steamy hot post on your blog about masturbation or anything else that gets you and your readers turned on.
- Between Thursday and Monday of each week, come to the current week's post and input your link information in the form above this section.
- Make sure to include a Masturbation Monday badge or banner on your post and a link back to the main Masturbation Monday page or the current week.
- Click here to grab a badge or banner for your Masturbation Monday post.
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In car show-rooms, shopping centers, department stores and retail chain outlets, service takes top priority in retailing. This includes not only attentive sales staff but also faultlessly clean, customer-friendly sales rooms.
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California exhibit paints Ed Hardy as artist, tattoo pioneer
When people hear the name Ed Hardy, they likely think of the flashy, tiger- and skull-emblazoned clothing that rocketed to popularity in the 2000s, appearing on the likes of Paris Hilton, Britney Spears and cast members from the reality TV show "Jersey Shore."
Others recognize Hardy as a trailblazing tattooer whose unique designs were licensed for use on apparel and merchandise, and whose legacy transcends the brand's current notoriety. But few know him as a prolific fine artist.
"The clothing was one little blip on his whole career, which was staggering," said Mary Joy Scott, a tattoo artist who apprenticed under Hardy and works at the San Francisco shop he founded, Tattoo City.
Eight kilometers southwest of Tattoo City, a lively exhibition at the de Young Museum sheds light on Hardy as wide-ranging artist and tattoo pioneer. Through 300 paintings, prints, drawings and objects, "Ed Hardy: Deeper than Skin" is the first retrospective of his work and shows how Hardy intertwined fine art with tattooing to push both forward.
"Ed Hardy's mission (was) to elevate the tattoo form from its subculture status back in the 1960s at least to a level of a folk art. I think he surpassed that," said curator Karin Breuer. "Here it is in museum culture."
The exhibition, which follows Hardy's donation of 152 prints to the museum, bursts with color as it tracks the 74-year-old artist's evolution.
It features crayon drawings of sample tattoos Hardy made as a 10-year-old, when he set up a tattoo shop for friends in his Southern California neighborhood of Corona del Mar. Prints from his college days at the San Francisco Art Institute are displayed alongside lithographs and etchings by the likes of Rodolphe Bresdin and Gordon Cooke, who inspired Hardy.
"I'm part of a continuum," Hardy said of his art idols. "There's a lot more to my life than tattooing."
One of the first pieces in "Deeper than Skin" is a 1967 print entitled "Future Plans," in which a then-undergraduate Hardy, with only a few tattoos, portrays himself as fully inked. The exhibition comes full circle with its final image, a blown-up 2009 photo of a bare-chested, tattoo-covered Hardy, now a full-fledged artist retired from tattooing thanks to the financial windfall of the clothing brand.
Visitors can get a projected animation of a Hardy tattoo design "applied" to their skin. They can also walk along a snaking, 186-square-meter scroll suspended from the ceiling on which Hardy painted 2,000 dragons in the year 2000.
"Ed Hardy is the only tattooer in the Western world who could merit a show of this kind," said Matt Lodder, a University of Essex professor who studies the history of tattoo as art. "Tattooers of a particular mode are all working, whether they know it or not, in a kind of pattern Ed Hardy was the first to lay down."
When Hardy began tattooing in 1967 after abandoning plans to attend Yale art school, he was one of the few American tattoo artists with a fine arts background. Hardy was also the first Western tattoo artist to study traditional Japanese tattooing abroad. When he returned stateside, Hardy blended those techniques with the American sailor and military tattoo types to develop his signature style: colorful hearts, clouds, dragons, daggers, roses and ribbons with bold, black outlines.
In 1974, Hardy moved away from offering pre-designed "flash" tattoos toward made-to-order work, an approach that's now the norm. Before Hardy, no other tattoo shop operated that way. The exhibition displays Hardy's custom pencil sketches and watercolors beneath photographs of the works inked on human bodies.
"It's rather shocking to some people that we can jump from an exhibition of Monet paintings to an exhibition of a tattoo artist," Breuer said.
The de Young offers discounts for tattooed visitors in an attempt to attract a wider demographic. The retrospective, which runs through Oct. 6, marks changing sensibilities in the art world as museums embrace tattoo as fine art.
An overlapping exhibition at San Francisco's Asian Art Museum showcases tattoos in Japanese prints.
"It's a terrific affirmation, not only for myself, but for a lot of the old bandits and pirates that helped me in the business," Hardy said. "They operated outside polite society, outside of the structure that controls what people think of as art."


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Ratchet and Clank are back! The beloved duo return with an original single-player epilogue to the acclaimed Tools of Destruction and A Crack in Time. Ratchet & Clank®: Into the Nexus is a story-driven platform adventure with humor and heart; featuring outrageously upgraded weapons; extreme planet hopping and brand new worlds begging to be explored. Into the Nexus marks a true return to form for the acclaimed series.
After one of the most infamous manhunts in galactic history results in the capture of Vendra Prog; Ratchet and Clank offer to escort the dangerous criminal to the Vartax Detention Center. After a daring orbital jailbreak at the forgotten edge of the galaxy; Ratchet and Clank find themselves lost in an abandoned sector. There; in deepest space; they uncover an inter-dimensional event that threatens the universe-and forces Ratchet to decide whats really important.
- A return to the Future – Series protagonists; Ratchet and


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Surface Features of Mercury
The surface of Mercury has numerous interesting features, including a variety of craters, ridges, and terrains ranging from heavily cratered to nearly crater free. These features, and their location across the known planet surface, helps us to understand the evolution of the planet. Craters on Mercury are named mainly after artists, while plains have generally been named after mythological and religious figures. Several features are named after famous astonomers and observatories. Several different types of craters can be seen, including young craters in otherwise smooth terrain, new craters on top of old craters, craters with peaks in the center, and craters with lines or "rays" of bright material pointing out from the central crater. Craters ranging in sizes from 100 meters to 1300 km across can be seen in the Mariner 10 images. Although volcanoes have not been identified, the smooth plains on Mercury indicate that molten material at various times in the past filled in low lying areas. The wrinkle ridges that are scattered across the planet suggest that the planet cooled down and shrunk in the past, causing squeezing and lifting of the surface. The Caloris basin is the largest single feature on the planet, probably caused by the impact of a large meteorite. It's interesting to note that one side of the planet seems to be more heavily cratered than the other side, where relatively smooth plains (near the Caloris Basin) are more common.


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This is probably one for the football fans! I know that many football stadiums offer tours around, generally during the day. Quite a few offer conference facilities, and I can attest that a coffee break between sessions is a lot more refreshing when you can go to to sit outside on the terraces!
For the next step on from that - are there any stadiums where you can stay overnight?


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HEALDSBURG, Calif. (AP) — Sometimes visitors to MacMurray Ranch, the 1,500-acre (600-hectare) spread owned by movie and TV actor Fred MacMurray for a half-century, want to know: Where's the heliport? Where's the screening room?
Kate MacMurray, Fred's daughter, just smiles.
"This was our home," she explains.
What visitors will find at the ranch is a place that's not much different than when the MacMurray family lived there, right down to the rocking chair with the wide flat arms just right for holding the actor's drink as he sat reading the paper in the evening, close enough to the window to keep an eye on the Black Angus cattle he raised.
MacMurray and his wife, actress June Haver, bought the ranch in 1941 from the Porter family, pioneers who established the farmstead in the 1850s — their old wagon still stands in front of the house. The MacMurrays used it for diversified farming during World War II and later raised cattle.
The MacMurray Ranch is now owned by the Gallo wine family and open to the public only during the Sonoma Wine Country Weekend in August, but it's one of several California wineries with celebrity connections, including wineries owned by "Godfather" director Francis Ford Coppola, the late "Davy Crockett" star Fess Parker, and the late "Perry Mason" star Raymond Burr.
MacMurray, star of such classics as "Double Indemnity" and "The Apartment," and later the star of the popular TV series "My Three Sons," spent his free time at the ranch and was deeply involved in the local agricultural scene. Photographs displayed in the property's refurbished barn show the couple with their prize cattle (owners and beast looking very spiffy). There are also a series of historical photographs following the evolution of the ranch from hops and prunes to livestock and now vines.
"If you held a mirror up to our ranch what would reflect back is the whole history of agriculture in Northern California," MacMurray points out. "It's quite remarkable."
The MacMurray family sold the ranch to the Gallos in 1996, a few years after Fred MacMurray's death, and the land — in a prime area of Sonoma County's renowned Russian River Valley appellation — now has 425 acres of vines, mostly pinot noir grapes which go into Gallo's MacMurray Ranch Russian River Valley Pinot Noir and Russian River Valley Reserve Pinot Noir. The ranch also supplies grapes for the MacMurray Ranch Pinot Gris, a zippy white wine.
When she turned the keys over in August 1996, Kate MacMurray thought "that chapter in our family life was closed," but in 2000 Bob Gallo, son of wine pioneer Julio Gallo, asked her to work with the family as a brand ambassador. MacMurray, a striking figure with a rich laugh and a cascade of copper curls, lives in a small house near the property and travels the world promoting MacMurray Ranch wines.
Although the winery is open to the public only once a year, wine club members get to visit at special events held four times a year. Visitors who go have a chance to see photographs of Fred MacMurray and some of his famous friends, like golfing buddy Bing Crosby, as well as the memorabilia from MacMurray's other hobbies which included skeet shooting, leatherwork and painting.
MacMurray never was nominated for an Oscar or Emmy, but the good-natured actor told his daughter that if she wanted to put an award out, to make it the one he got from an outfit called Popcorn Village USA commending him for making pictures that sold the most popcorn. "He adored popcorn," MacMurray says with a laugh.
Here are more wineries that could leave you with stars in your eyes.
FRANCIS FORD COPPOLA WINERY: Part resort, part winery, this property in Sonoma County has a lot of extras including a swimming pool, cabines (cabanas) equipped with showers for rent, bocce courts and two places to eat including RUSTIC, which has an outdoor patio with a great view of the Alexander Valley. These days, wines from the director of such classics as "The Godfather" are well-established, including the winery's the popular Diamond Collection. His film career is on display here as well with the Movie Gallery featuring lots of memorabilia, including several Academy Awards, Don Corleone's desk from "The Godfather," and the original automobile from "Tucker: The Man and His Dream."
FESS PARKER WINERY & VINEYARD: This winery in California's Central Coast wine growing region has two claims to celebrity fame. It was founded by the late Fess Parker, star of the "Davy Crockett" and "Daniel Boone" TV series and was also featured, under the name Frass Canyon, in the 2004 wine road trip movie "Sideways." (It's where Paul Giamatti's character, Miles, has his meltdown with the spit bucket — funny onscreen, highly inadvisable in real life.) You'll find memorabilia like coonskin caps at the winery gift store, and you can also stay at the Fess Parker Wine Country Inn & Spa, an upscale retreat.
RAYMOND BURR VINEYARDS: The star of TV's "Perry Mason" and "Ironside" also had a passion for wine, which is still celebrated at this small winery in Sonoma County's Dry Creek Valley. There are lots of old photos, "TV Guide" covers and awards in the small tasting room and guests can take their glasses outside to the deck and enjoy sweeping views of the vineyards.