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The danger with a film like Inception is when writer-director Christopher Nolan comes along and tells you exactly what happened, he would only be destroying the ambiguity he purposefully built into possibly the best film this year. Inception is a masterpiece in film making. In the latest issue of Wired [issue 18.12], via a "filmblog" the director provides a little clarification on some of the hottest issues about his film, but doesn't spoil the whole thing. Wired lays out the article as a chart with different arguments about the text ["The Entire Movie Is a Dream", "Just the Ending is a Dream"] and the sub-text ["The Movie is a Meditation on Architecture", "It's About Movie-Making"].
What's happening in the movie: After the first extraction fails, Cobb spins his top to check if he is in a dream. It falls over."The Ending Is Not a Dream"
Argument: This establishes context for the audience—the movie is not all a dream.
Nolan's Comment: "This gives Cobb a base-line reality. But he's an untrustworthy narrator."
What's happening in the movie: Saito says he'll clear Cobb's name if he takes the job. He asks Cobb to take "a leap of faith."
"The Entire Movie Is a Dream" Argument: The phrase "leap of faith" occurs over and over. It's an artifact of Cobb's subconscious.
Nolan's Comment: "I don't think I'm going to tell you about this."
What's happening in the movie: Cobb starts assembling his team and trains Ariadne in dreamweaving.
"Actually, It's About Movie-Making" Argument: All the roles correspond. Cobb: director. Ariadne: writer. Eames: art director. Saito: producer. Fischer: audience.
Nolan's Comment: "I didn't intend to make a film about film-making, but I gravitated toward the creative process that I know."
What's happening in the movie: Cobb goes to Mombasa to get Eames the forger and Yusuf the chemist.
"Or Maybe It's a Meditation on Architecture" Argument: A beautiful pan across the rooftops of Mombasa.
Nolan's Comment: "I wanted to show the potential for the real world to have analogies to the dream world. The mazelike city of Mombasa does that."
"Actually, It's About Movie-Making" Argument: Smash cuts, mysterious chases, implausible coincidences—the grammar of film is the grammar of dreams.
Nolan's Comment: "I wouldn't say that I tried to use the grammar of the film to tell the audience what is dream and what is reality."
What's happening in the movie: Cobb confronts Mal in limbo, and Fischer is incepted in the hospital.
"The Entire Movie Is a Dream" Argument: Mal challenges Cobb's reality. Faceless corporations? Chased around the globe? Really?
Nolan's Comment: "For the ambiguity at the end to work, you need to see that Cobb's world and the dream world are very similar. And you need to doubt Cobb."
What's happening in the movie: Cobb washes up on the beach (full circle with beginning).
"Just the Ending Is a Dream" Argument: Saito honors his agreement. They build limbo to be their reality together.
Nolan's Comment: "Uh…that's not how I would have read the movie."
What's happening in the movie: Arriving home, Cobb finally sees his children's faces.
"The Entire Movie Is a Dream" Argument: The kids haven't aged! And they're in the same clothes! This is clearly all a dream.
Nolan's Comment: "The kids are not wearing the same clothes at the end! And they do age! We were working with two sets of kids."
"Or Maybe It's a Meditation on Architecture" Argument: It's the golden-lit craftsman dream home…with a house made of blocks on the dining table.
Nolan's Comment: "The film is about architects. It's about builders."
What's happening in the movie: Cobb spins the top—it's still spinning when the movie cuts to black.
"The Entire Movie Is a Dream" Argument: The top doesn't matter—Cobb can finally see his children's faces.
Nolan's Comment: "The important thing is that Cobb's not looking at the top. He doesn't care."
"Or Maybe It's a Meditation on Architecture" Argument: The top itself is constructed—topologically, it's a pseudosphere, every point curving away.
Nolan's Comment: "The prop guys just made a top that would spin for a long time."
"Actually, It's About Movie-Making" Argument: The audience has to "take a leap of faith." Nolan uses ambiguity as a storytelling tool. There isn't just one answer.
Nolan's Comment: "Oh no, I've got an answer…"


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Classic folklore and stunning landscapes make Scotland a compelling destination for historians, those looking to explore their Scottish roots, and pop culture fiends who follow famous TV shows that film here. This seven-day tour takes you through all the best cultural highlights with visits to important Jacobite sites in Inverness like Culloden Moor and picturesque spots (like the Glenfinnan Viaduct) along with moments to soak in the country's natural beauty in Cairngorms National Park. In between, you'll have the opportunity to try traditional Scottish fare (yes, we're talking about haggis!) and learn about how whisky is made with a tour and tasting. It's the best way to satiate your inner history and whisky aficionado, in equal measure.
What's Included : Your Welcome Moment: Welcome Meeting - Meet Your CEO and Group. Edinburgh orientation walk. Loch Ness cruise and Urquhart Castle visit. Culloden Moor visit. Dunvegan Castle and gardens visit. Whisky distillery tour and tasting. Glenfinnan Viaduct viewpoint. Ben Nevis forest walk. Glencoe visit. All transport between destinations and to/from included activities.
Highlights : Follow the historic Jacobite rising in Inverness, Learn about whisky-making with a tasting and guided tour, Opt to kayak among beautiful Scottish landscapes in Cairngorms National Park, Catch a glimpse of the highest mountain in the British Isles — Ben Nevis, See the viaduct in Glenfinnan made famous by Harry Potter, Uncover the legend of Loch Ness
Dossier Disclaimer : The information in this trip details document has been compiled with care and is provided in good faith. However it is subject to change, and does not form part of the contract between the client and the operator. The itinerary featured is correct at time of printing. It may differ slightly to the one in the brochure. Occasionally our itineraries change as we make improvements that stem from past travellers, comments and our own research. Sometimes it can be a small change like adding an extra meal along the itinerary. Sometimes the change may result in us altering the tour for the coming year. Ultimately, our goal is to provide you with the most rewarding experience. Please note that our brochure is usually released in November each year. If you have booked from the previous brochure you may find there have been some changes to the itinerary. VERY IMPORTANT: Please ensure that you print a final copy of your Trip Details to review a couple of days prior to travel, in case there have been changes that affect your plans.
Itinerary Disclaimer : While it is our intention to adhere to the route described below, there is a certain amount of flexibility built into the itinerary and on occasion it may be necessary, or desirable to make alterations. The itinerary is brief, as we never know exactly where our journey will take us. Due to our style of travel and the regions we visit, travel can be unpredictable. The Trip Details document is a general guide to the tour and region and any mention of specific destinations or wildlife is by no means a guarantee that they will be visited or encountered. Aboard expedition trips visits to research stations depend on final permission. Additionally, any travel times listed are approximations only and subject to vary due to local circumstances.
Important Notes : ACCOMMODATION NOTE: Please be aware that properties we stay in with only two stories may not have elevators installed and climbing the stairs with your luggage will be necessary. Please note that if Edinburgh Castle is on your must-see list, we highly recommend purchasing your tickets online several weeks prior to your trip. Advance tickets can be reserved online through sites like: https://www.edinburghcastle.scot/plan-your-visit/tickets. Same-day entrance to Edinburgh Castle cannot be guaranteed without advance tickets.
Group Leader Description : This G Adventures group trip is accompanied by one of our group leaders, otherwise known as a Chief Experience Officer (CEO). The CEO will be the group manager, leader and driver - this person is experienced in the routes travelled and will organize and lead the meal preparations and has experience in cooking a variety of local and international dishes for large groups. As the group coordinator and manager, the aim of the CEO is to take the hassle out of your travels and to help you have the best trip possible. While not being guides in the traditional sense, you can expect them to have a broad general knowledge of the countries visited on the trip, including historical, cultural, religious and social aspects. They will also offer suggestions for things to do and to see, recommend great local eating venues and introduce you to our local friends. We also use local guides where we think more specific knowledge will add to the enjoyment of the places we are visiting - we think it's the best of both worlds.
Group Size Notes : Max 16, avg 12
Meals Included : 6 breakfasts
Meals : Eating is a big part of traveling. Travelling with G Adventures you experience the vast array of wonderful food that is available out in the world. Generally meals are not included in the trip price when there is a choice of eating options, to give you the maximum flexibility in deciding where, what and with whom to eat. It also gives you more budgeting flexibility, though generally food is cheap. Our groups tend to eat together to enable you to taste a larger variety of dishes and enjoy each other's company. There is no obligation to do this though. Your CEO will be able to suggest favourite restaurants during your trip. On truck trips in Africa, aboard the M/S Expedition or our Galapagos yachts, while trekking in remote regions etc. food is included, plentiful and made of fresh local ingredients. The above information applies to G Adventures group trips. For Independent trips please check the itinerary for details of meals included. For all trips please refer to the meals included and budget information for included meals and meal budgets.
Transport : Train, private vehicle, walking.
Solo Travellers : We believe solo travellers should not have to pay more to travel so our group trips are designed for shared accommodation and do not involve a single supplement. Single travellers joining group trips are paired in twin or multi-share accommodation with someone of the same sex for the duration of the trip. Some of our Independent trips are designed differently and solo travellers on these itineraries must pay the single trip price.
Accommodation : Hotels (6 nts).
My Own Room : Please note that if you have booked the "My Own Room" option for this tour, you will receive your own single room for all night stops. Please be aware that single room accommodations in European hotels are often smaller, and may not be to the same service level as double-occupancy rooms.
About Accommodation : On this trip you can expect to stay in small family-run hotels or pensions (with the exception of the start and finish hotels, which are often larger city hotels), which will vary a little in standard and facilities: some may not have elevators, air-conditioning or English-speaking staff, but most importantly all are locally-run, with some traditional character, and in excellent central locations to give you maximum time for exploring the sights. You can expect to find clean, safe, simple accommodation in convenient locations. Note that most accommodation in Europe does not have air conditioning units in rooms. Air conditioning is not routinely installed in European homes and workplaces. However, nearly all hotels will provide a standing or desk fan for your room on hot nights. If you do not already have one in your room, please ask your CEO to organize one for you with reception.
Joining Hotel : For details of your joining hotel please refer to your tour voucher, G Account, the G Adventures App or contact your travel agent.
Joining Instructions : The Airport bus 100 or the tram from Edinburgh Airport to Haymarket train station where the hotel is just a short walk from the hotel. Alternatively there is also a direct tram from the Airport to Edinburgh City centre which stops at Haymarket Station. By taxi you can expect to pay £30 - £40 GBP depending on the traffic. To arrange an arrival or departure transfer, we recommend you book through our preferred transfer provider - HolidayTaxis - by copying the link below into your web browser: https://partner.holidaytaxis.com/?ref=GADVE Choose from a range of transport options including both private and shared transfers at a discounted rate. We advise that you book both your arrival and departure transfers in advance. Please make sure you have the following details before booking: - Flight number - Flight Arrival Time and Date - Flight Departure Time and Date - Passenger's Name - Number of Passengers - Email - Valid Mobile Telephone Number - Drop off and/or Pick Up Address
Arrival Complications : We don't expect any problems, and nor should you, but if for any reason you are unable to commence your trip as scheduled, please refer to the emergency contact details provided in this dossier and contact us as soon as possible. If you have a pre-booked transfer, and you have not made contact with our representative within 30 minutes of clearing customs and immigration, we recommend that you make your own way to the Starting Point hotel, following the Joining Instructions. Please apply to your travel agent on your return for a refund of the transfer cost if this occurs.
Emergency Contact : Should you need to contact us during a situation of dire need, it is best to first call our G Adventures Local Office. If for any reason you do not receive an immediate answer, please leave a detailed message and contact information, so they may return your call and assist you as soon as possible. EMERGENCY CONTACT NUMBERS G Adventures UK office (manned UK 8am - 8pm) +44 (0) 2072439878 If you are unable for any reason to contact our local office, please call the numbers listed below which will connect you directly with our Sales team who will happily assist you. Hours of operation by region can be found here. Toll-free, from calls within North America only: 1 888 800 4100 Calls from within UK: 0344 272 0000 Calls from within Germany: 0800 365 1000 Calls from within Australia: 1 300 796 618 Calls from within New Zealand: 0800 333 307 Outside North America, Australia, New Zealand, Germany and the UK: +1 416 260 0999 For absolute emergencies after office hours please contact +44 7817 262559
What to Take : We recommend using a backpack for your convenience, or a medium-sized suitcase if you prefer. A daypack is also essential for carrying everyday items. Space is limited on transportation, so there is a limit of one main piece of luggage per person. You will be responsible for carrying your own luggage. You must be prepared to carry your luggage up and down stairs, on and off transportation, and to hotels (max 15-20 mins.)
Packing List : Documents: • Flight info (required) (Printouts of e-tickets may be required at the border) • Insurance info (required) (With photocopies) • Passport (required) (With photocopies) • Required visas or vaccination certificates (required) (With photocopies) • Vouchers and pre-departure information (required) Essentials: • Binoculars (optional) • Camera (With extra memory cards and batteries) • Cash, credit and debit cards • Day pack (Used for daily excursions or short overnights) • Ear plugs • First-aid kit (should contain lip balm with sunscreen, sunscreen, whistle, Aspirin, Ibuprofen, bandaids/plasters, tape, anti-histamines, antibacterial gel/wipes, antiseptic cream, Imodium or similar tablets for mild cases of diarrhea, rehydration powder, water purification tablets or drops, insect repellent, sewing kit, extra prescription drugs you may be taking) • Flashlight/torch (Headlamps are ideal) • Fleece top/sweater • Footwear • Hat • Locks for bags • Long pants/jeans • Moneybelt • Outlet adapter • Personal entertainment (Reading and writing materials, cards, music player, etc.) • Reusable water bottle • Shirts/t-shirts • Sleepwear • Small travel towel • Sunglasses • Toiletries (Preferably biodegradable) • Watch and alarm clock • Waterproof backpack cover • Windproof rain jacket Health & Safety: • Face masks (required) • Hand sanitizer (required) • Pen (Please bring your own pen for filling out documents.) • Quick Covid Test/Antigen Test Warm Weather: • Sandals/flip-flops • Shorts/skirts (Longer shorts/skirts are recommended) • Sun hat/bandana • Swimwear
Visas and Entry Requirements : All countries require a valid passport (with a minimum 6 months validity). Contact your local embassy or consulate for the most up-to-date visa requirements, or see your travel agent. It is your own responsibility to have the correct travel documentation. Visa requirements for your trip will vary depending on where you are from and where you are going. We keep the following information up to date as far as possible, but rules do change and sometimes without warning. While we provide the following information in good faith, it is vital that you check the information yourself and understand that you are fully responsible for your own visa requirements. Visa information specific to your destination and nationality can be found in our Important Pre-Departure Information page here Please note that the UK and Ireland are NOT part of the Schengen agreement.
Spending Money : Every traveller is different and therefore spending money requirements will vary. Some travellers may drink more than others while other travellers like to purchase more souvenirs than most. Please consider your own spending habits when it comes to allowing for drinks, shopping and tipping. Please also remember the following specific recommendations when planning your trip.
Emergency Fund : Please also make sure you have access to at least an additional USD $200 (or equivalent) as an 'emergency' fund, to be used when circumstances outside our control (ex. a natural disaster) require a change to our planned route. This is a rare occurrence!
Tipping : While conventions can vary from country to country, tipping is customary in Europe. A general rule is 10% of the bill for wait staff, and a smaller amount (€1 or €2) for other service providers. Tipping is an expected - though not compulsory - component of your tour program, and an expression of satisfaction with the persons who have assisted you on your tour. Although it may not be customary to you, it is of considerable significance to the people who will take care of you during your travels. There are several times during the trip where there is opportunity to tip the local guides. You may do this individually, or your CEO will offer to collect the money and tip as a group. Recommendations for tipping local guides would range from €3-5 per day, depending on the quality and length of the service; ask your CEO for specific recommendations based on the circumstances and culture. At the end of each trip, if you felt your G Adventures CEO did an outstanding job, tipping is expected and appreciated. The precise amount is a personal preference, however €30-€40 per person, per week can be used as a guideline.
Optional Activities : Edinburgh - Ghost Tours of Edinburgh - Edinburgh Gin Distillery - Traditional Cèilidh and Dinner - Edinburgh Food Tour - Edinburgh Castle Visit (19.50GBP per person) Cairngorms National Park - Loch Morlich Beach Kayaking & Canoeing - Glenmore Forest Hike - Cairngorms Reindeer Hill Trip Glenfinnan - Glenfinnan Monument Glasgow City - Glasgow Bike Tour (30-35GBP per person) - Brewery Tour (10GBP per person) - Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum
Safety and Security : Many national governments provide a regularly updated advice service on safety issues involved with international travel. We recommend that you check your government's advice for their latest travel information before departure. We strongly recommend the use of a neck wallet or money belt while travelling, for the safe keeping of your passport, air tickets, travellers' cheques, cash and other valuable items. Leave your valuable jewelery at home - you won't need it while travelling. Many of the hotels we use have safety deposit boxes, which is the most secure way of storing your valuables. A lock is recommended for securing your luggage. When travelling on a group trip, please note that your group leader has the authority to amend or cancel any part of the trip itinerary if it deemed necessary, due to safety concerns. Your Chief Experience Officer (CEO) will accompany you on all included activities. During your trip you will have some free time to pursue your own interests, relax and take it easy and explore at your leisure. While your CEO will assist you with options available in a given location, please note that any optional activities you undertake are not part of your itinerary, and we offer no representations about the safety of the activity or the standard of the operators running them. Please use your own good judgement when selecting an activity in your free time. Although the cities visited on tour are generally safe during the day, there can be risks to wandering throughout any major city at night. It is our recommendation to stay in small groups and to take taxis to and from restaurants, or during night time excursions. Water based activities have an element of danger and excitement built into them. We recommend only participating in water based activities when accompanied by a guide(s). We make every reasonable effort to ensure the fun and adventurous element of any water based activities (in countries with varying degrees of operating standards), have a balanced approach to safety. It is our policy not to allow our CEOs to make arrangements on your behalf for water based activities that are not accompanied by guide(s). Swimming, including snorkeling, is always at your own risk. Read more about travel safety for ways to further enhance your personal safety while traveling.
A Couple of Rules : Illegal drugs will not be tolerated on any trips. Possessing or using drugs not only contravenes the laws of the land but also puts the rest of the group at risk. Smoking marijuana and opium is a part of local culture in some parts of the world but is not acceptable for our travellers. Our philosophy of travel is one of respect towards everyone we encounter and in particular the local people who make the world the special place it is. The exploitation of people in the sex trade is completely contrary to this philosophy. Our CEOs have the right to expel any member of the group if drugs are found in their possession or if they utilize the services of paid sex workers, in any capacity.
Travel Insurance : Travel insurance is compulsory in order to participate on any of our trips. When travelling on a group trip, you will not be permitted to join the group until evidence of travel insurance has been sighted by your leader, who will take note of your insurance details. When selecting a travel insurance policy we require that at a minimum you are covered for medical expenses including emergency evacuation and repatriation. A minimum coverage of USD200,000 is required. G Adventures can provide you with the appropriate coverage. We strongly recommend that the policy also covers personal liability, cancellation, curtailment and loss of luggage and personal effects. Some tours include adventure activities that require extra coverage (e.g. crampon use); please review your itinerary and make sure that you are covered for all included activities. If you have credit card insurance we require proof of purchase of the trip (a receipt of credit card statement) with a credit card in your name. Contact your bank for details of their participating insurer, the level of coverage and emergency contact telephone number.
Planeterra Foundation - the non-profit partner of G Adventures : Planeterra International Foundation is a non-profit organization committed to turning travel into impact by helping local communities earn an income from tourism. Planeterra connects underserved local communities to the benefits of tourism by developing and supporting small community-owned businesses. These businesses support Indigenous people, empower women, grant youth access to employment opportunities, and protect the environment. Planeterra also works to ensure these businesses have a thriving customer base by integrating their projects into G Adventures' itineraries globally. G Adventures is Planeterra's largest corporate donor, covering all operating costs, so 100% of your donation will bring opportunity to people in need. G Adventures Dollar-a-day Program - Make Every Day Count - Turn your travel into impact with Planeterra Foundation. Did you know? Most communities around the world do not benefit from tourism. Give back to the places you visit on your travels by creating opportunities for local people to earn an income, and protect the environment. Make every day count by donating $1/day for the length of your trip, and join us in empowering the communities you will visit when you travel. 100% of your donation goes directly to Planeterra projects.
Feedback : After your travels, we want to hear from you! Your feedback information is so important to us that we'll give you 5% off the price of your next G Adventures trip if your feedback is completed on-line within 30 days of finishing your trip. Your tour evaluation will be e-mailed to you 24 hours after the conclusion of your trip. If you do not receive the tour evaluation link in the days after your tour has finished, please drop us a line at email@example.com and we will send it on to you.
Newsletter : Our adventure travel e-newsletter is full of travel news, trip information, interesting stories and contests. To avoid missing out on special offers and updates from G Adventures, subscribe at www.gadventures.com/newsletters/ Stay current on how our company invests in our global community through our foundation – Planeterra. Sign up for Planeterra's monthly news to learn more about how to give back and support the people and places we love to visit.
Minimum Age : You must be 18 to travel unaccompanied on a G Adventures tour. For minors travelling with a guardian over 21 years old, the minimum age is 12.
International Flights : Check-in times and baggage allowances/restrictions vary by airline and can change at any time. For the most up-to-date information for your flight, please contact your airline. We recommend checking in online in advance to avoid potential delays at the airport.
Group Leader : CEO (Chief Experience Officer) throughout, local guides.
Max Pax : Max pax 16
Arrive at any time.
Enjoy an orientation walk of Edinburgh ending in the heart of the city, the Royal Mile. Opt to visit Edinburgh Castle, or explore the city on your own. In the afternoon, hop on a private transfer to the Highlands.
Welcome to the Highlands of Scotland. This morning, opt to visit Cairngorms National Park and enjoy a CEO-led hike in Glenmore Forest, ending in Loch Morlich Beach. Or, consider a kayaking excursion or a visit to a reindeer farm with a ranger. After lunch, board a cruise towards Loch Ness. Experience the infamous "loch" by boat and learn about the history (and legend) surrounding its mysterious lake creature. Explore Urquhart Castle before returning to Inverness. En route, visit Culloden Moor, famous for the Jacobite rising of 1745.
Discover the beautiful Isle of Skye. Enjoy a scenic drive to the Isle, stopping at the iconic Eilean Castle while en route for a snap of the old fortress. Once on the Isle, visit Sligachan, where you can spot the Black Cullin mountains in the background. Head north to visit Dunvegan Castle and its Gardens. In the evening, take a Ferry Armadale to Mallaig and enjoy some free time in Fort William.
Visit the famous Glenfinnan Viaduct made famous by Harry Potter. Settle back at the viewpoint in time to see the Jacobite Steam train cross over the viaduct. Afterwards, stretch your legs with a forest walk in Ben Nevis followed by a distillery tour and whisky tasting at Ben Nevis Distillery. Continue on to explore Glencoe and learn about this key valley and its importance in Scotland's history.
Head south towards Glasgow. Enjoy some free time to explore Scotland's largest city. Take time to explore this port city by visiting its museums, joining a brewery tour or jumping on a bike tour of the city.
Depart at any time.
If you're interested in this tour, please fill out this form and I'll get back to you ASAP!

subset: commoncrawl


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Peace movement
Peace and War in the 20th Century Welcome The twentieth century has been a century of war. It began with the Boer War in South Africa and ended with the Gulf War in Kuwait and Iraq. This tragic legacy suggests that citizens of the twenty-first century have a shared responsibility to attempt to understand how and why these conflicts occurred and to discover how peace efforts contributed to the resolution of international conflicts. The work of understanding, conscientiously conducted, must draw on primary sources of many kinds, including oral histories, newspapers, contemporary journals, government documents, regimental histories, and archives. Archival resources provide us with a direct link to the past.


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Jewish Doctor Who Founded Paralympics
The Paralympics, the quadrennial competition for athletes with disabilities that follows the Olympics, will draw some 4,200 participants to London in late August to vie for medals before 1.5 million ticket-holders, 5,600 journalists, countless television viewers — and, for the first time, a bronze bust of the bespectacled physician and refugee from Nazi Germany who started it all.
Sir Ludwig Guttmann, whose groundbreaking treatments for traumatic paraplegia provided the platform for what has become the Paralympics, is getting some long-delayed official recognition at last.
The bust of Guttmann that will be on display at the London Paralympics was presented to the International Paralympic Committee's president, Sir Philip Craven, last June by supporters of Guttmann. It will be lent out for display at all future Paralympic Games, as well, to visibly memorialize the father of what has become an enormous worldwide movement.
"We wanted to create a lasting legacy of Professor Guttmann's contribution to the initiation of Paralympic sport," said Mike Mackenzie, chairman of the Poppa Guttmann Trust, which commissioned the bust. The trust, established in 2010 to promote awareness of the history of spinal cord treatment, also commissioned a full-sized statue of Guttmann that will stand outside the National Spine Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital, in Aylesbury, where Guttmann worked.
Born in 1899 to a Jewish family in Tost, Germany, Guttmann grew up in the coal-mining town of Königshütte. It was there, as a 17-year-old hospital volunteer, that he saw his first paraplegic patient, a coal miner who wasted away and died after a fracture of the spine. As a medical student in Freiburg, Guttmann was an active member of his Jewish fraternity, where he worked against anti-Semitism in German universities. At the same time, the young doctor exhorted his fellow Jewish students to play sports and train physically, building not just bodily strength, but also self-confidence, and taking pride in their identity.
By 1930, after getting his medical degree and working as a neurosurgeon at Hamburg University, Guttmann had a job in Breslau as assistant to the country's top neurologist. But just three years later he was fired: With the ascension to power of the Nazis at that time, Jews were barred from practicing medicine at Aryan institutions.
Unwilling to flee despite the rising Nazi threat, Guttmann immediately took over the neurological and neurosurgical departments at the Jewish Hospital in Breslau. In 1938, on the eve of Kristallnacht, Guttmann, now the hospital's medical director, ordered staff to admit any male patient seeking admission in defiance of laws that mandated the hospital treat only Jews. The following morning, he was called to justify the presence of 64 new hospital patients in front of the Gestapo commissar.
"He took the Gestapo from bed to bed, justifying each man's medical condition," his daughter Eva Loeffler recalled in an interview with the Mandeville Legacy project. "Apparently he also pulled faces and grimaced at the patients from behind the Gestapo's back, signaling to them to pull the same expressions and then saying 'Look at this man: he's having a fit.'"
Though he managed to keep all but three of his charges from the concentration camps that day, Guttmann decided soon afterwards that the time had come to leave Germany. With the help of the Council for Assisting Refugee Academics, he arrived in England in March 1939 with a wife, two children and no money.
The mortality rate for spinal injury in the British and American armies at that time was so high as to be a de facto death sentence: Only one in five victims of traumatic paraplegia would survive, according to the Poppa Guttmann Trust. Those who did were crippled beyond recovery, living an average of only three painful months longer, unwanted by society and largely unaided by medicine. But Guttmann's work spurred the creation of a new center for their treatment, and he accepted the position of inaugural director of Aylesbury's Stoke Mandeville Hospital, on the condition that he was free to employ his medical philosophy uncompromised and unhindered.
There, Guttmann set out a radical therapeutic approach for recovery: intensive physical training, including sports training, to rebuild not just the physical, but also the psychological strength of his patients.
"He would say, 'Your lazy time is over,'" Philip Lewis, a former patient of Guttmann, told Britain's Channel 4 News in a June television interview. Lewis, today a member of the Poppa Guttmann Trust, recalled a training regimen that would be intense for anybody. "I'd start with archery, which is very good for the shoulders to strengthen muscles; then I'd be in the hydrotherapy pool, then into the gym. From 4 to 5 p.m. was table tennis, and there was also occupational therapy."
In July 1948, just as the Olympic Games were opening in London, 16 men and women shot at archery targets on the lawns of the hospital. They were now competitors in formal games for wheelchair athletes — the first of their kind.
Guttmann wanted the Stoke Mandeville Games to become an international competition, alongside the Olympics, with equal dedication from, and prestige for, its athletes.
It was a vision that fast became reality. The scope of competitors broadened in 1952 with a visiting team of Dutch war veterans, and by 1960 the first quadrennial Paralympic Games were held in Rome, right after the Olympic Games there, featuring a roster of 350 athletes from 24 countries.
As they continued to grow, the games — and Guttmann — attracted praise from sportsmen and diplomats alike. Guttmann received the Fearnley Cup, an award for outstanding contributions to the Olympic ideal, in 1956, and Queen Elizabeth II knighted him 10 years later. In 1968, Guttmann accepted an offer from Israel to hold the Paralympic Games in Tel Aviv as a celebration of the country's 20th anniversary of independence, an event that drew 10,000 spectators.
The crowds for the games continued to grow. But Guttmann died of heart failure in 1980, eight years before the Paralympic games in Seoul would officially institute the practice of following the Olympics (as the Greek word "para," or "beside," represents). Today, the Paralympics comprises some 20 summer sports, including cycling, judo and wheelchair fencing.
Though he was driven from his homeland as a Jew, Guttmann never lost his drive to push the boundaries of medicine, creating impressive athletes where others saw only weakness. Lewis, who represented England in table tennis at the 1964 Tokyo Paralympics, emphasized the importance of recognizing the movement's beginning. "The whole thing evolved, but it had to start," he said in his interview with Channel 4 News. "And it started at Stoke Mandeville hospital, on a little patch of grass in 1948."
Contact Blair Thornburgh at [email protected]


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The following is a summary of the "TULIP" of classic Calvinism, set against the backdrop of its origins and compared to the Baptist Faith and Message, with the full recognition that Scripture is the final authority on all beliefs and doctrinal systems.
TULIP's Origins and Emphasis
After the death of John Calvin, Theodore Beza and other Calvinist theologians reformed their doctrine around predestination in the matter of salvation and developed their various "doctrines of grace." Their major emphasis on divine sovereignty led to theological assertions that caused division in the Reformed theological community. Jacob Arminius, a Dutch student of Beza, countered some Calvinist teaching. In 1610, the "Arminians" crafted five articles which affirmed the election of believers but disagreed with the Calvinists' interpretation of election. In 1618, the Calvinists of the Dutch Reformed Church convened the Synod of Dort in order to condemn the Arminians and their five points. Dort's "five heads" of doctrine were later rearranged under the acronym TULIP.
Total Depravity
Calvinists at Dort viewed man not simply as sinful, but argued that every aspect of man's being is affected by sin, including his will. Some of Calvin's later followers went so far as to say that God actually decreed humans to become sinners. On the basis of Scripture (Romans. 3:23), Southern Baptists have consistently affirmed that all humans are sinners by nature and by choice, but have generally rejected extreme views of post-Dort Calvinists that man is incapable of moral action and that God is ultimately responsible for human sin. The Baptist Faith and Message states, "By his free choice man sinned against God and brought sin into the human race …. Therefore, as soon as they are capable of moral action, they become transgressors and are under condemnation."1
Unconditional Election
Followers of Calvin argued that God decreed from eternity to elect some to salvation. Subsequent followers posited a more extreme view that in conjunction with God's election in eternity past of some to salvation, He also condemned others to damnation, a teaching otherwise known as "double predestination." Most Southern Baptists would counter that it is God's revealed will that all people experience salvation, citing texts such as: The Lord … is patient with you, not wanting any to perish, but all to come to repentance (emphasis added, 2 Peter 3:9) and God our Savior … wants everyone to be saved and to come to the knowledge of the truth (emphasis added, 1 Timothy 2:4). In response, Calvinists argue their system is part of God's "secret will," not His "revealed will." but the source of their knowledge of this "secret will" is unclear.2
Further, Southern Baptists generally reject as unscriptural the teaching that God arbitrarily chooses individuals to be damned before they are born.
The Baptist Faith and Message, in simple accord with Scripture, states: "Election is the gracious purpose of God" which "is consistent with the free agency of man."3 Southern Baptists affirm diverse understandings of divine election (cf. Romans 8:29-30; Ephesians 1:5-11), but most would likely reject the view of those Calvinists who narrowly define unconditional election as double predestination. E.Y. Mullins, Herschel Hobbs, and Adrian Rogers were the three pastor-theologians who served as chairmen of the committees which created or revised the Baptist Faith and Message in 1925, 1963, and 2000. All three of these founding Confessors held views contrary to classical Calvinism. Mullins objected to the errors of Calvinists, whose doctrines are based on a "false premise" about God's character, leading them to proceed "by a rigid logic to their false conclusions." Mullins concluded, "God elects men to respond freely." Hobbs decried the "error that election relates to certain individuals, with some destined to salvation and others to damnation." Rogers, a well-known opponent of "wine and cheese" theology, wrote a pamphlet aptly titled, Predestined for Hell? Absolutely Not!4
Limited Atonement
Arminians correctly concluded that Christ "died for all men."5 They cited scriptures such as 1 John 2:2: He Himself (Jesus) is the propitiation for our sins; and not for ours only, but also for those of the whole world (emphasis added , cf. John 3:16). Some Calvinists have countered with the assertion that Christ died only for those who were chosen to salvation from eternity past. In this view, the atonement is limited to the elect.
The vast majority of Southern Baptists would disagree with those who claim that Christ's death on the cross was only intended for "the elect." Complying with the Scripture's silence in this regard, Southern Baptists did not use the word elect in the related portion of the Baptist Faith and Message, which simply states: "in His substitutionary death on the cross He made provision for the redemption of men from sin."6
Irresistible Grace
Early Arminians affirmed that God begins, continues, and finishes our salvation. However, because Stephen said that unbelieving Jews "resist the Holy Spirit" (Acts 7:51), Arminians concluded that men could resist God's grace. The Calvinists of Dort disagreed, saying that God's grace is ultimately irresistible, that divine election works unfailingly, and that the depraved and fallen human will is not exercised in conversion. When the converted human will is later exercised, it is only because God "powerfully bends" it.7 Avoiding this concept of irresistible grace, the Baptist Faith and Message states that salvation is a "change of heart wrought by the Holy Spirit through conviction of sin, to which the sinner responds in repentance toward God and faith in the Lord Jesus Christ," and adds: "Repentance and faith are inseparable experiences of grace."8
Perseverance of the Saints
The Arminians equivocated with regard to the eternal security of believers. The Calvinists, however, concluded that God "preserves true believers" from apostasy.9 Based upon texts like John 10:28 — neither shall anyone snatch them out of My hand — our Baptist confession states, "All true believers endure to the end" and "will never fall away."10 Consequently, this may be the only doctrine from the Synod of Dort which the overwhelming majority of Southern Baptists support.
The Dort Debate and Baptists
The Synod of Dort condemned the Arminians. Early followers of Calvin also condemned many Baptist beliefs and perversely argued for the covenantal baptism of infants.11 Although Jacob Arminius tried to revise Calvinism's extreme predestinarian doctrines, he also rejected Baptist beliefs. It could be successfully argued that that the Calvinist-Arminian debate is, at root, a Presbyterian argument, not a Baptist one. Yet early English Baptists were also divided over the debate, with General Baptists identifying more with Arminians and Particular Baptists with Calvinists. These two streams eventually merged and flowed into Southern Baptist life. Consequently, there is a fair amount of diversity on the "doctrines of grace" among Southern Baptists.
Final Admonition
Today, few Southern Baptists would accept all five points of Calvinism's original TULIP. In fact, the original points of TULIP have been largely redefined, redesigned, and repackaged by some Baptists. It is not unusual to hear the label "modified Calvinist" embraced by some within our Southern Baptist family. These would largely ignore the historical foundations and outright reject some of the original meanings associated with the five points. What is disturbing, however, is the recent tendency to grade one another on how a person lines up with a particular presentation of TULIP and make agreement a test of fellowship. As Dr. Paige Patterson rightly observed, "There's plenty of room under the [Southern Baptist] umbrella for anyone who is anything from a one- to five-point Calvinist."12
Finally, the greatest tragedy is when adherence to TULIP leads to division in churches and prevents them from cooperation in, and urgency for, a passion toward fulfilling the Great Commission. The greatest safeguard is for Southern Baptists to remain close to the heart of Jesus whose mission was "to seek and save those who are lost" (Luke 19:10) and to draw our doctrines from inerrant Scripture — not from a man-made system. Southern Baptists are first, last, and always followers of Jesus Christ, not John Calvin.
1 Baptist Faith and Message: A Statement Adopted by the Southern Baptist Convention (Nashville: LifeWay, 2000), art. iii.
2 "The Canons of the Synod of Dort," First Head, art. vi; John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, III.xxi-xxiii, especially III.xxiii.1; Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994), 213-16, 683-84.
3 Baptist Faith and Message, art. v.
4 Edgar Young Mullins, The Christian Religion in its Doctrinal Expression (Philadelphia: Judson, 1917), 339, 347; Herschell H. Hobbs, Fundamentals of our Faith (Nashville: Broadman, 1960), 90-91; Adrian Rogers, Predestined for Hell? Absolutely Not! (Memphis: Love Worth Finding, [n.d.]).
5 "The Five Arminian Articles," art. ii.
6 Baptist Faith and Message, art. ii.b.
7 "Articles," art. iv; "Canons," Third and Fourth Heads, arts. viii, x, xii.
8 Baptist Faith and Message, art. iv.a..
9 "Articles," art. v; "Canons," Fifth Head, art. iv.
10 Baptist Faith and Message, art. v.
11 "Canons," First Head, art. xvii. Cf. Dort's affirmation of the Belgic Confession (art. 34) and the Heidelberg Catechism (Lord's Day 27 and 28).
12 "Patterson, Pressler caution Baptists against detractions from evangelism," Baptist Press, November 15, 1999.
Editor's note: One of the breakout sessions at the SBC Pastors' Conference in Greensboro, North Carolina, June 12, will address the differing views of election, featuring seminary presidents Dr. R. Albert Mohler, Jr and Dr. Paige Patterson. It is our hope that these articles will help prepare the way for the discussion in Greensboro.


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Pick Six: QBs not the only transfers expected to make impact
Most of the attention surrounding transfers this offseason justifiably has focused on the high-profile quarterbacks who have switched schools.
Two former College Football Playoff starting quarterbacks are at new places. Jalen Hurts, the 2016 Southeastern Conference offensive player of the year, has moved from Alabama to Oklahoma. Kelly Bryant has left Clemson for Missouri.
And the last two Heisman Trophy winners were quarterback transfers, with Oklahoma landing 2017 winner Baker Mayfield from Texas Tech and 2018 recipient Kyler Murray from Texas A&M.
But the first college football season since the arrival of the transfer portal also will feature plenty of impact performers at other positions – even though players and coaches are still adapting to the new system.
Athletes no longer have to seek permission from their current school to be contacted by other programs when they decide to transfer. They only have to notify their schools of intent to transfer and have their names placed in an NCAA portal.
Players in the portal can be recruited by any school. Entering the portal doesn't force a player to transfer, as he simply can remove his name from it and stay at his current school. Even under the new system, transfers who haven't graduated still must sit out a season unless the NCAA grants them a waiver allowing them to play for their new teams immediately.
"I think there's a lot of a learning curve that goes on and will continue to be a lot of learning curve for both players, coaches and administrations within the transfer portal for the next couple of years until everybody adapts to it," Florida coach Dan Mullen said. "There's going to be a new norm in college football. It's going to be very different than it's been."
Mullen's team added a potential impact performer to its defense by landing pass rusher Jonathan Greenard from Louisville. Here's a look at Greenard and some of the non-quarterback transfers who bear watching this season. Their former schools are included in parentheses.
Texas OG Parker Braun (Georgia Tech)
Notes: Braun is from Hallsville, Texas, but he began his college career at Georgia Tech and made 32 starts for the Yellow Jackets over the last three seasons. Braun earned first-team all-Atlantic Coast Conference honors last year after being a second-team all-ACC selection in 2017. Braun's a graduate transfer who should step immediately into a starting role at Texas.
Georgia WR Lawrence Cager (Miami) And Miami WR K.j. Osborn (Buffalo)
Notes: We're including these two graduate transfers as a package item because one could be filling a void created by the other's departure. Cager left Miami after catching 21 passes for 374 yards and six touchdowns. Georgia has lost its top five receivers from last year, so Cager will have plenty of opportunity to make an impact. Osborn caught 53 passes for 892 yards and seven touchdowns for Buffalo last season and may be the best of Miami's numerous transfers. Other transfers on the Hurricanes' roster include quarterback Tate Martell (Ohio State), safety Bubba Bolden (Southern California) and defensive end Trevon Hill (Virginia Tech).
Kansas State RBs James Gilbert (Ball State) And Harry Trotter (Louisville)
Notes: One of the major offseason tasks facing new Kansas State coach Chris Klieman was finding a running back to replace Alex Barnes, who rushed for 1,355 yards and 12 touchdowns as a senior. Klieman found a solid candidate in Gilbert, a graduate transfer who ran for 2,806 yards and 30 touchdowns in 38 games at Ball State. Gilbert ran for 1,332 yards to earn first-team all-Mid American Conference honors in 2016, but played just three games due to injury in 2017 before running for a team-high 659 yards last season. Another possibility is Trotter, who had just four carries for Louisville in 2017 before sitting out last season due to NCAA transfer rules.
Florida LB Jonathan Greenard (Louisville)
Notes: Greenard collected 15 1/2 tackles for loss and seven sacks for Louisville in 2017 before breaking his wrist in the 2018 season opener and sitting out the rest of the year. Greenard headed to Florida as a graduate transfer and should step right into a pass-rushing role for a defense that must replace New York Jets third-round draft pick Jachai Polite, who led the Gators in tackles for loss (17 1/2) and sacks (11) last season.
Ohio State OGg Jonah Jackson (Rutgers)
Notes: Jackson's a versatile and experienced lineman who started five games at center in 2017 and made 11 starts at right guard for Rutgers last season. Big Ten coaches and media made him an honorable mention all-conference pick last year. The graduate transfer should step right into a featured role on an Ohio State offensive line that lists left tackle Thayer Munford as its only returning starter.
Oregon WR Juwan Johnson (Penn State)
Notes: Johnson caught 25 passes for 352 yards and one touchdown last season but was more productive in 2017, when he had 54 receptions for 701 yards. He graduated in December and now heads to Oregon, where he could have a big season catching passes from potential first-round draft pick Justin Herbert. Johnson participated in Oregon's spring practice and caught three passes for 32 yards and a touchdown in the spring game.


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The CONCACAF is back in action tonight with Mexico visiting the United States, Honduras hosting Panama and Costa Rica squaring off against Jamaica.
With three qualifiers to play and only seven points separating fifth place from first place, it's still all to play for. Below we preview all the CONCACAF qualifying action and remember to check back with NBC Sports Pro Soccer Talk for plenty of coverage on all the international games.
United States vs. Mexico
It doesn't get any bigger than this.
The U.S. enters the match fresh off a 3-1 loss to Costa Rica where almost everything seemed to go wrong. From Michael Bradley's injury in warm-ups, to the yellow card accumulations of Matt Besler, Geoff Cameron and Jozy Altidore, the Stars & Stripes find themselves in tight circumstances against a formidable opponent.
That being said, boss Jurgen Klinsmann has done wonders to strengthen the depth of the squad and with a victory, coupled with Honduras avoiding defeat to second to last placed Panama, the Americans will qualify for Brazil with two matches to spare.
If the U.S. comes in limping, Mexico comes in on their knees. El Tri find themselves in a bona fide crisis after losing 2-1 to Honduras at home last week. The second home loss in their 77 game qualifying history was enough for Mexico to dismiss coach Jose Manuel Chepo de la Torre and hire Luis Fernando Tena, who guided the country to its gold medal success in the London Olympics.
Making matters worse for fourth place Mexico is absence of Gerardo Torrado, who is out due to suspension. The last time Mexico won World Cup qualifier on U.S. soil?
September 10, 1972 in Los Angeles, California.
Honduras vs. Panama
Hot off their 2-1 victory over Mexico last week, third place Honduras will look to continue their upward trend with a victory over second from bottom Panama on Tuesday night.
Los Catrachos return home to the friendly confines of the Estadio Olimpico where they're undefeated in the Hexagonal. With a victory, Luis Fernando Suarez's men could go even on points with the Americans if Mexico wins in Columbus.
After a four match unbeaten streak in the Hex, which included a 2-0 win over Honduras and a 0-0 draw with Mexico, Panama have managed only a single point in their last three matches. If Los Canaleros are to preserve hope of sneaking into a qualifying spot, taking a point in this match will be crucial.
Jamaica vs. Costa Rica
Could be an interesting matchup in the Caribbean tonight.
For Jamaica, the scenario is straightforward - win or be eliminated. It's something the Reggae Boyz have yet to do in the Hex, let alone at home. But as the U.S. found out in September 2012, Kingston can be a might difficult place to play and perhaps new coach Winfried Schaefer can spark a rally for the ages.
Costa Rica, however, will be riding a tidal wave of confidence. The Ticos knocked off the U.S. 3-1 last Friday, avenging last March's 1-0 loss in the Snow Bowl. The victory put Costa Rica on fourteen points and first in the group meaning a victory on Tuesday will see them through to next summer's World Cup.


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Crystals for a Long Life
Almost everyone desires to live a long and healthy life full of love, laughter, and happiness. It is a true that we will never know when our number will be up, but we can do things today to help extend our lives long into the future. While eating right and exercising can help you live a long life, crystals can help too!
Living a long and full life can be aided by many factors, did you know that crystals can be one? Specifically, indigo colored crystals can help you live a long life. Indigo is a soft color ray that is made for introspection, and crystals of this color can help you immensely in your quest for wisdom. Indigo is the color of virtue and maturity. Indigo colored crystals are also associated with the brow chakra. Use one to see clearly and help understand what you see.
Indigo Crystals Bring You Wisdom, Truth, Dignity, and Spiritual Mastery
Indigo Crystals Bring You Wisdom, Truth, Dignity, and Spiritual Mastery
Indigo colored stones combine the intuition of the violet ray with the trust of the pure blue ray. They can help you find your way to a higher plane of consciousness. The indigo crystals are beautiful and powerful stones that will bring you reflexive awareness and comprehension of complex relationships. Indigo is also the color of judgment and long life.
When looking for an aid to assist in a long life we recommend the gorgeous indigo colored Iolite. Like a crisp, dark winter sky, Iolite, in shifting shades of violet-blue carries the spirit of journey, of dreams and intuition, of exploration and illumination. It is known as the Vikings' Compass, and provides the vision to move us, physically and spiritually, from one realm to the next. A stone of judgment and long life, it promotes introspection and can result in profound wisdom when used well.
In a similar shade of indigo, Purple Jade can assist you in living a long life as well. Purple Jade is cherished as a protective talisman, assuring long life and a peaceful death, and is considered a powerful healing stone. An amulet of good luck and friendship, Jade signifies wisdom gathered in tranquility, dispelling the negative and encouraging one to see oneself as they really are. A piece of Jade kept in a pocket or on a pendant to stroke from time to time recharges energy, and traditionally guards against illness.
Iolite examines the inner path of the deep self. It assists in letting go of the belief that one needs to control inner experiences, and dissolves fear of the unknown or suppressed parts of the psyche. It increases the capacity to move forward, and allows for the understanding that the examination of one's wounds is the most direct path to healing. It is a stone of inner treasure, helping to uncover the lost parts of oneself, and in receiving the peace one's spiritual journey brings.
Purple Jade
Jade has a restorative property, allowing for both the cellular and skeletal systems to re-bind themselves, and assists in the removal of pain associated with the body's healing of itself. Purple Jade opens the Crown and Third-Eye Chakras, and powerfully links them with the Earthstar Chakra below the soles of the feet, allowing for the regulation of energy throughout the body and aura.
What Authors Say About Crystals
Michael Gienger suggests Rose Quartz which strengthens empathy, sensitivity, and aids in the acceptance of necessary change.
Rose Quartz activates the human heart chakra-also links one's personal heart to the heart of the Earth and the Heart of the Universe. Its love vibrations can penetrate down to the cellular level, reprogramming the cells for joy and longevity rather than despair and death. This reprogramming capacity is the source of the healing potential of Rose Quartz.
Melody recommends Blue Sapphire which is a stone of wisdom and royalty, of prophecy and Divine favor.
The sapphire is known as a "stone of prosperity", sustaining the gifts of life, eliminating frustration, and fulfilling the dreams and the desires of the consciousness. Blue Sapphire assists in healing all parts of the body. It assists in providing strength to the user and helps on in endeavors of diversification.
There are many ways and ideas out today that can help you live a long life. The proper diet with exercise, not smoking, and only drinking occasionally are just some of the advice offered by many doctors. While we recommend those suggestions as well, we all suggest you add another healing property to add to longevity in your life, the healing powers of crystals such as Iolite and Purple Jade. You can also try crystals other authors recommend such as Rose Quartz and Blue Sapphire.


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Attention passengers of special flights to/from New York and Barcelona!
Please note that the Aiports' terminal changes have taken place!
Ukraine International will operate Kyiv – New York (as of March 25 and 27) and New York – Kyiv (as of March 26 and 28) special flights to/from Terminal T8 John F. Kennedy International Airport.
As well as, starting March 27, UIA flights will be arriving and departing from Terminal T1 Barcelona El Prat International Airport.
Make time adjustments with due allowance for these changes.


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The purpose of this statement is to define the City of Los Angeles' policy with regards to the collection and use of personally identifiable information (PII - any information relating to an identified or identifiable individual who is the subject of the information).
Information Collected:
The City of Los Angeles collects two kinds of user information – Anonymous Information and Personally Identifiable Information (PII).
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information that does not identify specific individuals and is automatically transmitted by your browser. This information can consist of:
This information is used to help improve our web site. None of the information can be linked to any individual.
Personally Identifiable Information (PII) is
information that could include:
The City will make every reasonable effort to protect your privacy. It restricts access to your personal identifiable information to those employees that will respond to your request. The City does not intentionally disclose any personal information about our users to any third parties inside or outside the City except as required by law.
The City only collects personally identifiable information that is required to provide service. You can decline to provide us with any personal information on any site on the Internet at any time. However, if you should choose to withhold requested information, we may not be able to provide you with the online services dependent upon the collection of that information.
Access to Personally Identifiable Information
Access to personally identifiable information in public records at state and local levels of government in Los Angeles is controlled primarily by the California Public Records Act (Government Code Section 6250, et seq.). Information that is generally available under the Public Records Act may be posted for electronic access through the City's web site. While the Public Records Act sets the general policies for access to City records, other sections of California code as well as federal laws also deal with confidentiality issues.
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E-mail addresses obtained through the web site will not be sold or given to other private companies for marketing purposes. The information collected is subject to the access and confidentiality provisions of the Public Records Act, other applicable sections of the California code as well as federal laws. E-mail or other information requests sent to the City web site may be maintained in order to respond to the request, forward that request to the appropriate agency within the City, communicate updates to the City page that may be of interest to citizens, or to provide the City web designer with valuable customer feedback to assist in improving the site. Individuals can cancel any communications regarding new service updates at any time.
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You can refuse cookies by turning them off in your browser. However, they may be required to use some of the web applications on the City's site.
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Some City applications use Google Analytics cookies to log user sessions and help us understand traffic and behavior. This helps us analyze data about web page traffic and improve our website in order to tailor it to customer needs. We only use this information for statistical analysis purposes.
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Please note that updates to your browser or operating system may affect the functionality of the opt-out add-on. The latest versions of Internet Explorer sometimes load the Google Analytics opt-out add-on after sending data to Google Analytics. Therefore, if you are using Internet Explorer, the add-on will set cookies on your computer. These cookies ensure that any collected data is immediately deleted from the collection server. Please make sure that third party cookies aren't disabled for your Internet Explorer browser. If you delete your cookies, the add-on will, within a short timeframe, reset these cookies to ensure that your Google Analytics browser add-on remains fully functional.
The following chart is a detailed list of Google Analytics cookies that would be used.
Minor's Privacy Policy
Any information collected by any City site from children under 13 are subject to the same guidelines as the general City privacy policy. In addition, the following guidelines will be followed for any information collected by or for any child under 13:
The City of Los Angeles is committed to data security and the data quality of personally identifiable information that is either available from or collected by our web site and has taken reasonable precautions to protect such information from loss, misuse or alteration.
The City operates "secure data networks" protected by industry standard firewalls and password protection systems. Only authorized individuals have access to the information provided by our users.
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Unless otherwise prohibited by state or federal law, rule or regulation you will be granted the ability to access and correct any personally identifiable information. We will take reasonable steps to verify your identity before granting access to review or make corrections to your information. Each City service that collects personally identifiable information will allow for review and update of that information. See individual requests for information for specifics.
Non City Web Sites
Non-city web sites may be linked through the City's web site. Many non-city sites may or may not be subject to the Public Records Act and may or may not be subject to other sections of California Code or federal law. Visitors to such sites are advised to check the privacy statements of such sites and to be cautious about providing personally identifiable information without a clear understanding of how the information will be used. Visitors may also wish to consult privacy guidelines such as those recommended by the Online Privacy Alliance.


text: Hello Maurice, > With regards to your message at 10:01 AM 1/15/02, > beowulf-request at beowulf.org. Where you stated: > >Message: 6 > >Date: Mon, 14 Jan 2002 14:41:20 -0600 (CST) > >From: Steven Timm <timm at fnal.gov> > >To: Steve Gaudet <SGaudet at turbotekcomputer.com> > >cc: <beowulf at beowulf.org> > >Subject: RE: Boards for Fastest Intel Processors > > > >Steve--thanks for the note. > >Isn't the new Xeon package going to be 478 pins, same as the > >"Northwood" version of the P4? or am I getting confused here. > > > >Will the supermicro boards such as the P4DC6+ or P4DCE+ support > >the new,"prestonia" xeons or just the old ones? > >I am seeing vendors that claim the boards will but on > >the board spec sheet itself it only talks about the 603-pin package > >which I assume is the older "foster" package. Is that right? > > > >Steve Timm > > You are right. > The 860 chipset is designed for 603 style packages.. > Maybe they ARE coming out with faster XEONs, but so far I > have seen nothing > from Intel indicating this for this socket.. And we are an > Intel OEM and > server builder program member. Intel has on their web site news about the new 2.2Ghz Xeon. Intel® Xeon(tm) Processor Performance, Scalability, and Value for Dual-Processor-Based Workstations The Intel® Xeon(tm) processor with Intel® NetBurst(tm) microarchitecture is Intel's newest, most advanced 32-bit microarchitecture for workstations. Designed to deliver superior performance, scalability, and reliability, the Intel Xeon processor is ideally suited for the most demanding workstation applications. The Intel Xeon processor extends the bandwidth and performance-enhancing features of the Intel NetBurst microarchitecture with dual-processor support, providing even greater performance for multi-threaded applications and multitasking environments. Intel Xeon processor-based workstations deliver exceptional floating-point performance for enhanced 3D visualization and intensive scientific calculations. The World's Most Technologically Advanced IA-32 Workstation Systems Today Dual-processor workstations based on the Intel® Xeon(tm) processor are the most advanced, powerful systems in the IA-32 family. Intel Xeon processors are designed to deliver performance, headroom, and scalability for existing and emerging workstation applications, especially multi-threaded and multitasking applications. Intel Xeon processors maximize performance, productivity, and reliability with the following features: Dual-processor support 512K L2 advanced transfer cache memory Intel® NetBurst(tm) microarchitecture 400-MHz data bus frequency On-die thermal sensor System management bus Intel® 860 chipset support >>>>>>>>>603-pin µPGA Package with Dual-Processor Support There's more but didn't want to bore everyone. Cheers, Steve Gaudet Linux Solutions Engineer ..... <(©¿©)> =================================================================== | Turbotek Computer Corp. tel:603-666-3062 ext. 21 | | 8025 South Willow St. fax:603-666-4519 | | Building 2, Unit 105 toll free:800-573-5393 | | Manchester, NH 03103 e-mail:sgaudet at turbotekcomputer.com | | web: http://www.turbotekcomputer.com | ===================================================================


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Saving the Arctic
Posted on 11 April 2011
We're helping Arctic animals adapt to a rapidly changing climate
We're helping Arctic animals adapt to a rapidly changing climateWhen you see the Arctic on TV, its frozen seas and vast expanses of ice and snow look like they belong on another planet.
But the damage climate change is causing to the region could have catastrophic consequences much closer to home.
What's at stake?
As the Earth warms up, melting Arctic ice will lead to rising sea levels, which will play havoc with our coasts.And global warming in the Arctic may release huge reserves of methane, a powerful greenhouse gas.
These could speed up the effects of climate change everywhere if they're released.
What happens in the Arctic directly affects the rest of the planet. That's one reason why we've made protecting this amazing place, and the animals that make it their home, a priority.
The story so far
We've been active in the Arctic for decades.Back in 1973, we helped convince the five governments of the region to sign a treaty to protect polar bears.
Controls on hunting were so successful that 10 years later the number of bears in Norway had doubled. And in 1974, WWF worked with the Greenland.
We've highlighted some of the most compelling stories of climate change to emerge from the Arctic, from Greenland's melting ice sheet, to a new ocean emerging from the frozen cocoon of Arctic sea ice.
At the same time we're protecting unique habitats and wildlife, such as polar bears, walruses and bowhead whales. More than 350,000 sq km of the Arctic is now protected from threats such as mining and oil drilling.
Did you know?
Polar bears are so well insulated that they have to move slowly to avoid overheating.Facts and stats
- >10% - rate at which summer sea ice is disappearing per decade, threatening species like polar bears
- ¼ - estimated proportion of the world's untapped oil and gas reserves found in the Arctic. As the ice moves out, oil companies are moving in.
- 25,000 – polar bears in the wild today
What next?
Today, climate change is the biggest threat facing the Arctic and its wildlife. Polar bears, for example, depend on summer sea ice to hunt seals. As the Earth heats up and the ice disappears, scientists estimate that two-thirds of polar bears could be wiped out by 2050.We're researching how climate change is affecting Arctic ecosystems, and how we can help them adapt and survive. Our research into the effects of warming in the Arctic is also helping to influence international action on climate change.
We're also supporting research on climate change and work with communities living in the Arctic, to help people get to grips with reality of climate change and its local and global effects.
At the same time, we're working with governments and companies to reduce their impact on the Arctic. We need to give Arctic animals both the time and space to adapt.
WWF in action
"Species like polar bears represent the Arctic ecosystem, which is responsible for moderating global climate," says Geoff York, who co-ordinates our work on polar bears and other Arctic species."Conserving these species and their habitat protects us from a warming climate. Arctic species are also a critically important aspect of indigenous cultures essential to the food security of those living in the region.
"Recently, WWF successfully lobbied Arctic governments to recognize climate change as the primary threat to the survival of the polar bear. These governments are now responsible for taking a lead on reducing global greenhouse gas emissions. They have publicly committed to the conservation of a species that depends on it."
What you can do
- Reducing your carbon emissions and dependence on fossil fuels can help save the Arctic.
- Discover practical ways you can make a difference, from joining our campaigns to shopping greener at the supermarket and making your home energy efficient.
- Tell your government you want them to back green energy – to fight climate change and stop the rush to exploit Arctic energy resources.
- Find out more about our work in the Arctic
- Follow polar bears in the wild with the WWF-Canon Polar Bear Tracker
Join the myWWF Action Center
Be part of a global community of activists ready to take simple online actions that can help save wildlife and people. Sign up today!


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to the Historical Ballinrobe website, wherever you are in the world.
We hope you enjoy browsing through the photographs, the memories and the information generously shared by members of the community both here and abroad.
Please contact: Averil, who holds a M.A [Research] in Tourism & Heritage Studies at firstname.lastname@example.com if you have any comments or queries.
If you have any genealogical queries please contact Ger Delaney M.A. of the South Mayo Family Research Center http://www.historicalballinrobe.com/page_id__265.aspx
Did you know that Ballinrobe, Co. Mayo is only 31 min (31.8 km) via R330 and N84 from The Greenway and The Wild Atlantic Way?.


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This article is more than 1 year old
Happy 20th Birthday, IBM/Lenovo ThinkPad
The laptop, yes - but NOT the brand
The ThinkPad is 20 today. Sort of. Launched by IBM and now made by Lenovo, the familiar black-clad, red-nippled laptop family quickly established itself as an icon, in many ways re-establishing Big Blue's reputation as a PC maker after years in the shadow of the clone manufacturers.
The first three clamshell-styled ThinkPads, the 300, 700 and the 700C, were formally launched on 5 October 1992. They got their first truly public outing at the Comdex Fall computer show on 16-20 November 1992.
20 years old: the IBM ThinkPad 700C
The 700 was based on a 25MHz Intel 486SLC processor backed by 4MB of memory and offered with a choice of 80MB or 120MB hard drive. Its screen was a 9.5in, 640 x 480 monochrome job, physically smaller than the 10.4in, 640 x 480 active-matrix colour screen fitted to the premium-priced 700C. The higher-end model had the same processor as the 700, but a removable 120MB hard drive came as standard. Buyers could choose either 4MB, 8MB or 16MB of memory.
Both machines contained nickel metal hydride batteries good for almost four hours' use, IBM claimed at the launch. The 700C weighed in at 3.5kg (7.6lb), while the 700 was 3kg (6.5lb). The price was no less hefty: $4,350. That sum meant a lot more then than it does now. In terms of 2012 spending power, that price is equivalent to more than $7000 now. The 80MB 700 cost $2750, the 120MB version $2950 at the time.
Those specs don't show any great innovation, but the ThinkPad did introduce - or at least popularise - the TrackPoint controller, a tiny joystick built into the keyboard between the G and H keys, in place of a touchpad or, in those days, a touchball.
The 700 and 700C could each be connected to a specific version of the 3550 Expansion Unit, a docking unit IBM introduced on the same day. The 3550 allowed users to connect SCSI devices, and added VGA, keyboard and mouse ports, along with serial and parallel connectors.
Advertising the ThinkPad 300
The ThinkPad 300 was actually made by Zenith Data Systems. It was powered by a 25MHz 386SL processor and fitted with a monochrome 640 x 480 display. Again, it shipped with 4MB of memory and a choice of 80MB or 120MB hard drive. And it too had an Ethernet port.
If the 700 series' selling point was performance, the 300's was battery life. The laptop was said to be capable of running for up to ten hours - impressive even by today's standards. The suggested retail price for the 80MB ThinkPad 300 was $2375, while the model with the 120MB drive cost $2575.
The ThinkPads 300, 700 and 700C defined the core design of the laptop line, defining the way their successor would look right up to the present day. That arguably makes them the first true ThinkPads as we understand the brand name today. But they weren't the first IBM machines to carry the ThinkPad moniker.
That honour goes to the IBM 2521 ThinkPad - known at the time as the ThinkPad - a pen-operated portable that Big Blue actually announced on 17 April 1992, but which didn't ship until the following July. It was based on a 20MHz 386SX processor and equipped with 4MB or 8MB of memory; a 10in, 640 x 480 monochrome display; and a built-in 2.4Kb/s modem. Serial and parallel ports, and connectors for an external floppy drive and a keyboard, were part of the spec too.
Left: IBM's ThinkPad 300, slower than the 700 but longer-running. Right: the first ThinkPad, the IBM 2521
Amazingly, in an era long before the current debate over the future of hard drive technology and the emergence of Flash-based alternatives, the 2521 incorporated a 20MB solid state drive. The 2521 ran PenPoint, an tablet-oriented operating system from Go Corporation.
Come 5 October and the launch of the three clamshells, IBM renamed the 2521 the ThinkPad 700T to bring its naming into line with the three new laptop models. It also tweaked the design slightly to make it more robust.
The following year, on 4 May, IBM rolled out the ThinkPad 720 and 720C, upping the original 700-series models' 25MHz processor with a 50MHz version.
On 16 June 1993, Big Blue announced the ThinkPad 500, described at the time as its first sub-notebook. Retailing for $1999 and measuring 253 x 188 x 40mm, it was based on a 50MHz 486SLC2 processor and offered with a choice of 85MB or 170MB hard drive - for an extra $500. The AC adaptor was built in to allow the 500 to be connected directly to the mains, saving users from having to lug around a power brick too.
The 350 and 350C built on the original 300, upping the CPU to a 25MHz 486SL from the earlier machine's 386-class chip and increasing the choice of storage capacities to 125MB and 250MB. The two 350s cost $1999 and $2499, while the two 350Cs were priced at 2599 and 2999.
1993 and the years to come would see further tweaks to these models, alongside some curious variations: the ThinkPad 220 compact sub-notebook in 1993, followed by the 800 series of PowerPC-based laptops in 1995. That year also saw the introduction of the ThinkPad PC110, handheld PC only made available to Japanese buyers.
The PC110 was based around a 4.7in 640 x 480 passive matrix colour display and featured a 33MHz 486-class processor, 20MB of memory and an internal 4MB Flash card for permanent storage. It also had a 2.4Kbps modem. It even had side-mounted LCD strip to display battery status information and the like.
The 220 was also intended for Asian buyers. Measuring 22.6 x 16.6 x 3.2cm, it packed in a 16MHz 386SL processor, 2MB of memory, an 80MB hard drive, a PCMCIA slot and a 7.7in 640 x 480 display. It was powered by six AA batteries. ®


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Watch the Stars of the National Tour of Memphis Perform 'Underground' Numbers in Rehearsal
October 26th, 2012 | By Jesse North
Hockadoo! After winning four Tony Awards, including Best Musical, the national tour of Memphis will arrive in Boston on December 11 and run through December 23. The musical centers on the birth of rock 'n' roll and the passionate DJ that crossed race lines for the love of good music. We met up with headliners Bryan Fenkart and Felicia Boswell and watched the energetic company sing two of the show's liveliest numbers: "Underground" and "Steal Your Rock 'n' Roll." Check out the video, then be sure to catch Memphis!