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The Theory of the Leisure Class by Thorstein Veblen - 1899
Introductory The institution of a leisure class is found in its best development at the higher stages of the barbarian culture; as, for instance, in feudal Europe or feudal Japan. In such communities the distinction between classes is very rigorously observed; and the feature of most striking economic significance in these class differences is the distinction maintained between the employments proper to the several classes. The upper classes are by custom exempt or excluded from industrial occupations, and are reserved for certain employments to which a degree of honour attaches. Chief among the honourable employments in any feudal community is warfare; and priestly service is commonly second to warfare. If the barbarian community is not notably warlike, the priestly office may take the precedence, with that of the warrior second. But the rule holds with but slight exceptions that, whether warriors or priests, the upper classes are exempt from industrial employments, and this exemption is the economic expression of their superior rank. Brahmin India affords a fair illustration of the industrial exemption of both these classes. In the communities belonging to the higher barbarian culture there is a considerable differentiation of sub-classes within what may be comprehensively called the leisure class; and there is a corresponding differentiation of employments between these sub-classes. The leisure class as a whole comprises the noble and the priestly classes, together with much of their retinue. The occupations of the class are correspondingly diversified; but they have the common economic characteristic of being nonªindustrial. These non-industrial upper-class occupations may be roughly comprised under government, warfare, religious observances, and sports. At an earlier, but not the earliest, stage of barbarism, the leisure class is found in a less differentiated form. Neither the class distinctions nor the distinctions between leisure-class occupations are so minute and intricate. The Polynesian islanders generally show this stage of the development in good form, with the exception that, owing to the absence of large game, hunting does not hold the usual place of honour in their scheme of life. The Icelandic community in the time of the Sagas also affords a fair instance. In such a community there is a rigorous distinction between classes and between the occupations peculiar to each class. Manual labour, industry, whatever has to do directly with the everyday work of getting a livelihood, is the exclusive occupation of the inferior class. This inferior class includes slaves and other dependents, and ordinarily also all the women. If there are several grades of aristocracy, the women of high rank are commonly exempt from industrial employment, or at least from the more vulgar kinds of manual labour. The men of the upper classes are not only exempt, but by prescriptive custom they are debarred, from all industrial occupations. The range of employments open to them is rigidly defined. As on the higher plane already spoken of, these employments are government, warfare, religious observances, and sports. These four lines of activity govern the scheme of life of the upper classes, and for the highest rank -- the kings or chieftains these are the only kinds of activity that custom or the common sense of the community will allow. Indeed, where the scheme is well developed even sports are accounted doubtfully legitimate for the members of the highest rank. To the lower grades of the leisure class certain other employments are open, but they are employments that are subsidiary to one or another of these typical leisure-class occupations. Such are, for instance, the manufacture and care of arms and accoutrements and of war canoes, the dressing and handling of horses, dogs, and hawks, the preparation of sacred apparatus, etc. The lower classes are excluded from these secondary honourable employments, except from such as are plainly of an industrial character and are only remotely related to the typical leisure-class occupations. If we go a step back of this exemplary barbarian culture, into the lower stages of barbarism, we no longer find the leisure class in fully developed form. But this lower barbarism shows the usages, motives, and circumstances out of which the institution of a leisure class has arisen, and indicates the steps of its early growth. Nomadic hunting tribes in various parts of the world illustrate these more primitive phases of the differentiation. Any one of the North American hunting tribes may be taken as a convenient illustration. These tribes can scarcely be said to have a defined leisure class. There is a differentiation of function, and there is a distinction between classes on the basis of this difference of function, but the exemption of the superior class from work has not gone far enough to make the designation "leisure class" altogether applicable. The tribes belonging on this economic level have carried the economic differentiation to the point at which a marked distinction is made between the occupations of men and women, and this distinction is of an invidious character. In nearly all these tribes the women are, by prescriptive custom, held to those employments out of which the industrial occupations proper develop at the next advance. The men are exempt from these vulgar employments and are reserved for war, hunting, sports, and devout observances. A very nice discrimination is ordinarily shown in this matter. This division of labour coincides with the distinction between the working and the leisure class as it appears in the higher barbarian culture. As the diversification and specialisation of employments proceed, the line of demarcation so drawn comes to divide the industrial from the non-industrial employments. The man's occupation as it stands at the earlier barbarian stage is not the original out of which any appreciable portion of later industry has developed. In the later development it survives only in employments that are not classed as industrial, -- war, politics, sports, learning, and the priestly office. The only notable exceptions are a portion of the fishery industry and certain slight employments that are doubtfully to be classed as industry; such as the manufacture of arms, toys, and sporting goods. Virtually the whole range of industrial employments is an outgrowth of what is classed as woman's work in the primitive barbarian community. The work of the men in the lower barbarian culture is no less indispensable to the life of the group than the work done by the women. It may even be that the men's work contributes as much to the food supply and the other necessary consumption of the group. Indeed, so obvious is this "productive" character of the men's work that in the conventional economic writings the hunter's work is taken as the type of primitive industry. But such is not the barbarian's sense of the matter. In his own eyes he is not a labourer, and he is not to be classed with the women in this respect; nor is his effort to be classed with the women's drudgery, as labour or industry, in such a sense as to admit of its being confounded with the latter. There is in all barbarian communities a profound sense of the disparity between man's and woman's work. His work may conduce to the maintenance of the group, but it is felt that it does so through an excellence and an efficacy of a kind that cannot without derogation be compared with the uneventful diligence of the women. At a farther step backward in the cultural scale -- among savage groups -- the differentiation of employments is still less elaborate and the invidious distinction between classes and employments is less consistent and less rigorous. Unequivocal instances of a primitive savage culture are hard to find. Few of these groups or communities that are classed as "savage" show no traces of regression from a more advanced cultural stage. But there are groups -- some of them apparently not the result of retrogression -- which show the traits of primitive savagery with some fidelity. Their culture differs from that of the barbarian communities in the absence of a leisure class and the absence, in great measure, of the animus or spiritual attitude on which the institution of a leisure class rests. These communities of primitive savages in which there is no hierarchy of economic classes make up but a small and inconspicuous fraction of the human race. As good an instance of this phase of culture as may be had is afforded by the tribes of the Andamans, or by the Todas of the Nilgiri Hills. The scheme of life of these groups at the time of their earliest contact with Europeans seems to have been nearly typical, so far as regards the absence of a leisure class. As a further instance might be cited the Ainu of Yezo, and, more doubtfully, also some Bushman and Eskimo groups. Some Pueblo communities are less confidently to be included in the same class. Most, if not all, of the communities here cited may well be cases of degeneration from a higher barbarism, rather than bearers of a culture that has never risen above its present level. If so, they are for the present purpose to be taken with the allowance, but they may serve none the less as evidence to the same effect as if they were really "primitive" populations. These communities that are without a defined leisure class resemble one another also in certain other features of their social structure and manner of life. They are small groups and of a simple (archaic) structure; they are commonly peaceable and sedentary; they are poor; and individual ownership is not a dominant feature of their economic system. At the same time it does not follow that these are the smallest of existing communities, or that their social structure is in all respects the least differentiated; nor does the class necessarily include all primitive communities which have no defined system of individual ownership. But it is to be noted that the class seems to include the most peaceable -- perhaps all the characteristically peaceable -- primitive groups of men. Indeed, the most notable trait common to members of such communities is a certain amiable inefficiency when confronted with force or fraud. The evidence afforded by the usages and cultural traits of communities at a low stage of development indicates that the institution of a leisure class has emerged gradually during the transition from primitive savagery to barbarism; or more precisely, during the transition from a peaceable to a consistently warlike habit of life. The conditions apparently necessary to its emergence in a consistent form are: (1) the community must be of a predatory habit of life (war or the hunting of large game or both); that is to say, the men, who constitute the inchoate leisure class in these cases, must be habituated to the infliction of injury by force and stratagem; (2) subsistence must be obtainable on sufficiently easy terms to admit of the exemption of a considerable portion of the community from steady application to a routine of labour. The institution of leisure class is the outgrowth of an early discrimination between employments, according to which some employments are worthy and others unworthy. Under this ancient distinction the worthy employments are those which may be classed as exploit; unworthy are those necessary everyday employments into which no appreciable element of exploit enters. This distinction has but little obvious significance in a modern industrial community, and it has, therefore, received but slight attention at the hands of economic writers. When viewed in the light of that modern common sense which has guided economic discussion, it seems formal and insubstantial. But it persists with great tenacity as a commonplace preconception even in modern life, as is shown, for instance, by our habitual aversion to menial employments. It is a distinction of a personal kind -- of superiority and inferiority. In the earlier stages of culture, when the personal force of the individual counted more immediately and obviously in shaping the course of events, the element of exploit counted for more in the everyday scheme of life. Interest centred about this fact to a greater degree. Consequently a distinction proceeding on this ground seemed more imperative and more definitive then than is the case to-day. As a fact in the sequence of development, therefore, the distinction is a substantial one and rests on sufficiently valid and cogent grounds. The ground on which a discrimination between facts is habitually made changes as the interest from which the facts are habitually viewed changes. Those features of the facts at hand are salient and substantial upon which the dominant interest of the time throws its light. Any given ground of distinction will seem insubstantial to any one who habitually apprehends the facts in question from a different point of view and values them for a different purpose. The habit of distinguishing and classifying the various purposes and directions of activity prevails of necessity always and everywhere; for it is indispensable in reaching a working theory or scheme of life. The particular point of view, or the particular characteristic that is pitched upon as definitive in the classification of the facts of life depends upon the interest from which a discrimination of the facts is sought. The grounds of discrimination, and the norm of procedure in classifying the facts, therefore, progressively change as the growth of culture proceeds; for the end for which the facts of life are apprehended changes, and the point of view consequently changes also. So that what are recognised as the salient and decisive features of a class of activities or of a social class at one stage of culture will not retain the same relative importance for the purposes of classification at any subsequent stage. But the change of standards and points of view is gradual only, and it seldom results in the subversion of entire suppression of a standpoint once accepted. A distinction is still habitually made between industrial and non-industrial occupations; and this modern distinction is a transmuted form of the barbarian distinction between exploit and drudgery. Such employments as warfare, politics, public worship, and public merrymaking, are felt, in the popular apprehension, to differ intrinsically from the labour that has to do with elaborating the material means of life. The precise line of demarcation is not the same as it was in the early barbarian scheme, but the broad distinction has not fallen into disuse. The tacit, common-sense distinction to-day is, in effect, that any effort is to be accounted industrial only so far as its ultimate purpose is the utilisation of non-human things. The coercive utilisation of man by man is not felt to be an industrial function; but all effort directed to enhance human life by taking advantage of the non-human environment is classed together as industrial activity. By the economists who have best retained and adapted the classical tradition, man's "power over nature" is currently postulated as the characteristic fact of industrial productivity. This industrial power over nature is taken to include man's power over the life of the beasts and over all the elemental forces. A line is in this way drawn between mankind and brute creation. In other times and among men imbued with a different body of preconceptions this line is not drawn precisely as we draw it to-day. In the savage or the barbarian scheme of life it is drawn in a different place and in another way. In all communities under the barbarian culture there is an alert and pervading sense of antithesis between two comprehensive groups of phenomena, in one of which barbarian man includes himself, and in the other, his victual. There is a felt antithesis between economic and non-economic phenomena, but it is not conceived in the modern fashion; it lies not between man and brute creation, but between animate and inert things. It may be an excess of caution at this day to explain that the barbarian notion which it is here intended to convey by the term "animate" is not the same as would be conveyed by the word "living". The term does not cover all living things, and it does cover a great many others. Such a striking natural phenomenon as a storm, a disease, a waterfall, are recognised as "animate"; while fruits and herbs, and even inconspicuous animals, such as house-flies, maggots, lemmings, sheep, are not ordinarily apprehended as "animate" except when taken collectively. As here used the term does not necessarily imply an indwelling soul or spirit. The concept includes such things as in the apprehension of the animistic savage or barbarian are formidable by virtue of a real or imputed habit of initiating action. This category comprises a large number and range of natural objects and phenomena. Such a distinction between the inert and the active is still present in the habits of thought of unreflecting persons, and it still profoundly affects the prevalent theory of human life and of natural processes; but it does not pervade our daily life to the extent or with the far-reaching practical consequences that are apparent at earlier stages of culture and belief. To the mind of the barbarian, the elaboration and utilisation of what is afforded by inert nature is activity on quite a different plane from his dealings with "animate" things and forces. The line of demarcation may be vague and shifting, but the broad distinction is sufficiently real and cogent to influence the barbarian scheme of life. To the class of things apprehended as animate, the barbarian fancy imputes an unfolding of activity directed to some end. It is this teleological unfolding of activity that constitutes any object or phenomenon an "animate" fact. Wherever the unsophisticated savage or barbarian meets with activity that is at all obtrusive, he construes it in the only terms that are ready to hand -- the terms immediately given in his consciousness of his own actions. Activity is, therefore, assimilated to human action, and active objects are in so far assimilated to the human agent. Phenomena of this character -- especially those whose behaviour is notably formidable or baffling -- have to be met in a different spirit and with proficiency of a different kind from what is required in dealing with inert things. To deal successfully with such phenomena is a work of exploit rather than of industry. It is an assertion of prowess, not of diligence. Under the guidance of this naive discrimination between the inert and the animate, the activities of the primitive social group tend to fall into two classes, which would in modern phrase be called exploit and industry. Industry is effort that goes to create a new thing, with a new purpose given it by the fashioning hand of its maker out of passive ("brute") material; while exploit, so far as it results in an outcome useful to the agent, is the conversion to his own ends of energies previously directed to some other end by an other agent. We still speak of "brute matter" which something of the barbarian's realisation of a profound significance in the term. The distinction between exploit and drudgery coincides with a difference between the sexes. The sexes differ, not only in stature and muscular force, but perhaps even more decisively in temperament, and this must early have given rise to a corresponding division of labour. The general range of activities that come under the head of exploit falls to the males as being the stouter, more massive, better capable of a sudden and violent strain, and more readily inclined to self assertion, active emulation, and aggression. The difference in mass, in physiological character, and in temperament may be slight among the members of the primitive group; it appears, in fact, to be relatively slight and inconsequential in some of the more archaic communities with which we are acquainted -- as for instance the tribes of the Andamans. But so soon as a differentiation of function has well begun on the lines marked out by this difference in physique and animus, the original difference between the sexes will itself widen. A cumulative process of selective adaptation to the new distribution of employments will set in, especially if the habitat or the fauna with which the group is in contact is such as to call for a considerable exercise of the sturdier virtues. The habitual pursuit of large game requires more of the manly qualities of massiveness, agility, and ferocity, and it can therefore scarcely fail to hasten and widen the differentiation of functions between the sexes. And so soon as the group comes into hostile contact with other groups, the divergence of function will take on the developed form of a distinction between exploit and industry. In such a predatory group of hunters it comes to be the able-bodied men's office to fight and hunt. The women do what other work there is to do -- other members who are unfit for man's work being for this purpose classed with women. But the men's hunting and fighting are both of the same general character. Both are of a predatory nature; the warrior and the hunter alike reap where they have not strewn. Their aggressive assertion of force and sagacity differs obviously from the women's assiduous and uneventful shaping of materials; it is not to be accounted productive labour but rather an acquisition of substance by seizure. Such being the barbarian man's work, in its best development and widest divergence from women's work, any effort that does not involve an assertion of prowess comes to be unworthy of the man. As the tradition gains consistency, the common sense of the community erects it into a canon of conduct; so that no employment and no acquisition is morally possible to the self respecting man at this cultural stage, except such as proceeds on the basis of prowess -- force or fraud. When the predatory habit of life has been settled upon the group by long habituation, it becomes the able-bodied man's accredited office in the social economy to kill, to destroy such competitors in the struggle for existence as attempt to resist or elude him, to overcome and reduce to subservience those alien forces that assert themselves refractorily in the environment. So tenaciously and with such nicety is this theoretical distinction between exploit and drudgery adhered to that in many hunting tribes the man must not bring home the game which he has killed, but must send his woman to perform that baser office. As has already been indicated, the distinction between exploit and drudgery is an invidious distinction between employments. Those employments which are to be classed as exploit are worthy, honourable, noble; other employments, which do not contain this element of exploit, and especially those which imply subservience or submission, are unworthy, debasing, ignoble. The concept of dignity, worth, or honour, as applied either to persons or conduct, is of first-rate consequence in the development of classes and of class distinctions, and it is therefore necessary to say something of its derivation and meaning. Its psychological ground may be indicated in outline as follows. As a matter of selective necessity, man is an agent. He is, in his own apprehension, a centre of unfolding impulsive activity -- "teleological" activity. He is an agent seeking in every act the accomplishment of some concrete, objective, impersonal end. By force of his being such an agent he is possessed of a taste for effective work, and a distaste for futile effort. He has a sense of the merit of serviceability or efficiency and of the demerit of futility, waste, or incapacity. This aptitude or propensity may be called the instinct of workmanship. Wherever the circumstances or traditions of life lead to an habitual comparison of one person with another in point of efficiency, the instinct of workmanship works out in an emulative or invidious comparison of persons. The extent to which this result follows depends in some considerable degree on the temperament of the population. In any community where such an invidious comparison of persons is habitually made, visible success becomes an end sought for its own utility as a basis of esteem. Esteem is gained and dispraise is avoided by putting one's efficiency in evidence. The result is that the instinct of workmanship works out in an emulative demonstration of force. During that primitive phase of social development, when the community is still habitually peaceable, perhaps sedentary, and without a developed system of individual ownership, the efficiency of the individual can be shown chiefly and most consistently in some employment that goes to further the life of the group. What emulation of an economic kind there is between the members of such a group will be chiefly emulation in industrial serviceability. At the same time the incentive to emulation is not strong, nor is the scope for emulation large. When the community passes from peaceable savagery to a predatory phase of life, the conditions of emulation change. The opportunity and the incentive to emulate increase greatly in scope and urgency. The activity of the men more and more takes on the character of exploit; and an invidious comparison of one hunter or warrior with another grows continually easier and more habitual. Tangible evidences of prowess -- trophies -- find a place in men's habits of thought as an essential feature of the paraphernalia of life. Booty, trophies of the chase or of the raid, come to be prized as evidence of pre-eminent force. Aggression becomes the accredited form of action, and booty serves as prima facie evidence of successful aggression. As accepted at this cultural stage, the accredited, worthy form of self-assertion is contest; and useful articles or services obtained by seizure or compulsion, serve as a conventional evidence of successful contest. Therefore, by contrast, the obtaining of goods by other methods than seizure comes to be accounted unworthy of man in his best estate. The performance of productive work, or employment in personal service, falls under the same odium for the same reason. An invidious distinction in this way arises between exploit and acquisition on the other hand. Labour acquires a character of irksomeness by virtue of the indignity imputed to it. With the primitive barbarian, before the simple content of the notion has been obscured by its own ramifications and by a secondary growth of cognate ideas, "honourable" seems to connote nothing else that assertion of superior force. "Honourable" is "formidable"; "worthy" is "prepotent". A honorific act is in the last analysis little if anything else than a recognised successful act of aggression; and where aggression means conflict with men and beasts, the activity which comes to be especially and primarily honourable is the assertion of the strong hand. The naive, archaic habit of construing all manifestations of force in terms of personality or "will power" greatly fortifies this conventional exaltation of the strong hand. Honorific epithets, in vogue among barbarian tribes as well as among peoples of a more advance culture, commonly bear the stamp of this unsophisticated sense of honour. Epithets and titles used in addressing chieftains, and in the propitiation of kings and gods, very commonly impute a propensity for overbearing violence and an irresistible devastating force to the person who is to be propitiated. This holds true to an extent also in the more civilised communities of the present day. The predilection shown in heraldic devices for the more rapacious beasts and birds of prey goes to enforce the same view. Under this common-sense barbarian appreciation of worth or honour, the taking of life -- the killing of formidable competitors, whether brute or human -- is honourable in the highest degree. And this high office of slaughter, as an expression of the slayer's prepotence, casts a glamour of worth over every act of slaughter and over all the tools and accessories of the act. Arms are honourable, and the use of them, even in seeking the life of the meanest creatures of the fields, becomes a honorific employment. At the same time, employment in industry becomes correspondingly odious, and, in the common-sense apprehension, the handling of the tools and implements of industry falls beneath the dignity of able-bodied men. Labour becomes irksome. It is here assumed that in the sequence of cultural evolution primitive groups of men have passed from an initial peaceable stage to a subsequent stage at which fighting is the avowed and characteristic employment of the group. But it is not implied that there has been an abrupt transition from unbroken peace and good-will to a later or higher phase of life in which the fact of combat occurs for the first time. Neither is it implied that all peaceful industry disappears on the transition to the predatory phase of culture. Some fighting, it is safe to say, would be met with at any early stage of social development. Fights would occur with more or less frequency through sexual competition. The known habits of primitive groups, as well as the habits of the anthropoid apes, argue to that effect, and the evidence from the well-known promptings of human nature enforces the same view. It may therefore be objected that there can have been no such initial stage of peaceable life as is here assumed. There is no point in cultural evolution prior to which fighting does not occur. But the point in question is not as to the occurrence of combat, occasional or sporadic, or even more or less frequent and habitual; it is a question as to the occurrence of an habitual; it is a question as to the occurrence of an habitual bellicose from of mind -- a prevalent habit of judging facts and events from the point of view of the fight. The predatory phase of culture is attained only when the predatory attitude has become the habitual and accredited spiritual attitude for the members of the group; when the fight has become the dominant note in the current theory of life; when the common-sense appreciation of men and things has come to be an appreciation with a view to combat. The substantial difference between the peaceable and the predatory phase of culture, therefore, is a spiritual difference, not a mechanical one. The change in spiritual attitude is the outgrowth of a change in the material facts of the life of the group, and it comes on gradually as the material circumstances favourable to a predatory attitude supervene. The inferior limit of the predatory culture is an industrial limit. Predation can not become the habitual, conventional resource of any group or any class until industrial methods have been developed to such a degree of efficiency as to leave a margin worth fighting for, above the subsistence of those engaged in getting a living. The transition from peace to predation therefore depends on the growth of technical knowledge and the use of tools. A predatory culture is similarly impracticable in early times, until weapons have been developed to such a point as to make man a formidable animal. The early development of tools and of weapons is of course the same fact seen from two different points of view. The life of a given group would be characterised as peaceable so long as habitual recourse to combat has not brought the fight into the foreground in men's every day thoughts, as a dominant feature of the life of man. A group may evidently attain such a predatory attitude with a greater or less degree of completeness, so that its scheme of life and canons of conduct may be controlled to a greater or less extent by the predatory animus. The predatory phase of culture is therefore conceived to come on gradually, through a cumulative growth of predatory aptitudes habits, and traditions this growth being due to a change in the circumstances of the group's life, of such a kind as to develop and conserve those traits of human nature and those traditions and norms of conduct that make for a predatory rather than a peaceable life. The evidence for the hypothesis that there has been such a peaceable stage of primitive culture is in great part drawn from psychology rather than from ethnology, and cannot be detailed here. It will be recited in part in a later chapter, in discussing the survival of archaic traits of human nature under the modern culture.


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It's almost the 4th of July and that means I am headed to Telluride this week for the Plein Air Invitational. I have lost count which year this is- my sixth or seventh I think. But, anyway, it is always a treat and I welcome a few weeks in the cool mountain air. This year I am also teaching a workshop at the Ah Haa School of Art in Telluride after the show.
As in year's past, artists are invited to bring one studio piece with them, which can be sold along side the work produced during the week. This is mine. This is a small clearing I've passed many times on the way up to Woods Lake outside of Telluride. The evening light transforms the scene into something really special. This one was tough to photograph and the image doesn't convey the dark transparent richness of the foreground.
Aspen Twilight
18 x 24

subset: commoncrawl


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A leading member of the new generation of Italian actresses, as well as one of the country's undisputed television stars, Vittoria Puccini, winner of the L'Oréal Paris per il Cinema prize at the 67th Venice International Film Festival in 2010, will be the host of the 68th Venice International Film Festival's Opening and Closing nights.
The 68th Festival, directed by Marco Mueller and organized by la Biennale di Venezia, chaired by Paolo Baratta, will take place at the Lido from 31 August to 10 September 2011.
Puccini will open the 68th Festival during the inauguration ceremony on the evening of Wednesday August 31st on the stage of Sala Grande (Palazzo del Cinema), to be followed by the screening of the Festival's opening film (in competition) The Ides of March, written and directed by George Clooney.
On 10 September she will host the closing ceremony, during which the winners of the Golden Lions and the other jury prizes of the Festival's Venice 68 Competition will be announced.
Born in Florence, Vittoria Puccini made her film debut in 1999 Sergio Rubini's Tutto l'amore che c'è, and later worked with Umberto Marino in Sant'Antonio da Padova (2001), a two episode TV-movie. She returned to the world of cinema in Paz (2001) directed by Renato De Maria, a cult film admired by fans of Andrea Pazienza and his comic strips. The role that secured her fame, however, was the protagonist of Elisa di Rivombrosa by Cinzia TH. Torrini, a 13-episode television drama aired on Canale 5 that premiered in 2003 and continued in September 2005.
Vittoria returned to the silver screen in Ma quando arrivano le ragazze? (2004) directed by Pupi Avati, and continued her successful television career with Le ragazze di San Frediano (2006) directed by Vittorio Sindoni, La Baronessa di Carini (2007) by Umberto Marino, Tutta la verità (2008) by Cinzia TH. Torrini and Marco Turco's C'era una volta la città dei matti (2008). After a fine performance in Sergio Rubini's Colpo d'occhio (2007), she starred in the feature-films Baciami ancora (2009, the sequel to The Last Kiss) by Gabriele Muccino and La vita facile (2010) by Lucio Pellegrini.
Vittoria Puccini won the third edition of the L'Oréal Paris for Cinema Prize at the 67th Venice International Film Festival in 2010, a prize aiming to promote young and gifted Italian cinema actors, whose attractiveness and brilliant performances captured the attention of critics and public alike. The prize was assigned by a large popular jury that voted over the Internet.


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Hot code loading
From Openmoko
Contents |
To change a running Erlang system
For most of us it's a cool experience to be able to inject compiled code into a running VM and instantly watch the system change.
Start an erlang node on your neo
This is my /etc/X11/Xsession.d/80zhone. As you can see the erlang node's got a name "-name firstname.lastname@example.com" (a running erlang virtual machine is called an erlang node). And it's got a cookie "-setcookie SFEWRG34AFDSGAFG35235". This is all that's needed on the neo.
#!/bin/sh -e #zhone > /tmp/zhone.log 2>&1 & /home/root/cean/start.sh -setcookie SFEWRG34AFDSGAFG35235 -name firstname.lastname@example.com -noshell -pa /home/root/trunk -s main start > debug.txt renice -3 $! exit 0
Start an erlang node on your host
Every erlang node in your network should have a unique name, and a common cookie. Start an erlang node on your host PC with a unique name and the common cookie:
erl -setcookie SFEWRG34AFDSGAFG35235 -name 'firstname.lastname@example.com'
Once again - first make sure you can access your neo from the host with ping, ssh ,rcp etc. Then, from your host erlang console try
The response should be 'pong' if you have a successful connection - if not, the response is 'pang'
Then try the shell command
The response should be a list of all known nodes in your network.
HotLoad the code
Make sure erlang can find the compiled module 'your_modulename' on the local file system.
To carry out Hot Code Loading type (on your host erlang console):
net_adm:ping('email@example.com'). nl(your_modulename).
nl() is short for network_load and will remotely load a compiled erlang module on every connected node on your network.
Substitute your_modulename with the name of the module you want to load into the virtual machine on your neo. The response should be 'abcast' if sucessful. If not the response is 'error'.
The ping command is only necessary the first time to let your host node find your neo node. When you are finished, don't forget to copy the compiled erlang file to your neo, hot code loading does not copy your beam file to the remote file system.
Example Code
There is only one thing you must know when using hot code loading, and that is what makes your code reload. Every time the erlang VM finds a module_name:function_name() in your code it looks for (and uses) the most recent version it has loaded. So - just export your loop function and preface it in your calls with the module name or with the macro ?MODULE:
-export([start/0,loop/10]). loop(Pid,Display,Win,Buttons,Dbus,F_hash,Pos,Number,Spot,Hotspots) -> receive {event,_,configureNotify,_} -> ?MODULE:loop(Pid,Display,Win,Buttons,Dbus,F_hash,Pos,Number,Spot,Hotspots); {event,_, buttonPress, {_,X,Y,_,_}} -> Spot1 = finger_at({X,Y},Hotspots), Pid ! {touching,Spot1}, ?MODULE:loop(Pid,Display,Win,Buttons,Dbus,F_hash,Pos,Number,Spot1,Hotspots) end.


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Saturated fatty acids lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance
Excessive levels of certain saturated fatty acids cause mitochondria to fragment, leading to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, a precursor of type 2 diabetes, according to a paper in the January issue of the journal Molecular and Cellular Biology. This is the first time mitochondrial fragmentation has been implicated in insulin resistance, says corresponding author Yau-Sheng Tsai, of the College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Mitochondria are the intracellular machines that turn sugar into energy, and skeletal muscle is packed with them. Normally, cells respond to insulin, a hormone, by importing glucose from the bloodstream. Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, a cellular impairment in glucose uptake.
The new research offers an explanation for this phenomenon. "Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics may underlie the pathogenesis of muscle insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes," says Tsai. That explanation suggests a hypothetical treatment. "Manipulating mitochondrial morphology may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes," says Tsai. In the study, the research showed that inhibiting mitochondrial fission in mouse models reduced the insulin resistance, he says.
The study also supports previous research suggesting that reducing saturated fats in the diet would reduce insulin resistance, says Tsai. "It has been well documented that saturated fatty acids can lead to insulin resistance in humans and rodents." Palmitate, a particularly harmful saturated fatty acid, "is very abundant in lard, butter, and margarine," says Tsai.
"Most studies of mitochondria and diabetes have focused on mitochondrial quantity, and they all agree that increasing mitochondrial biogenesis does help mitochondrial function and cellular metabolism," says Tsai. "Our study showed that maintaining the balance of mitochondrial dynamics is also important for mitochondria to maintain normal function."
More information: H.-F. Jheng, et al., 2012. Mitochonrial fission contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Mol. Cell. Biol. 32:309-319


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A new study has found that parental control directly influences whether a child will develop a harmonious or obsessive passion for their favorite hobby. Conducted by Professor Geneviève Mageau, of the Université de Montréal's Department of Psychology, the study will be published this fall edition of the Journal of Personality.
Mageau focused on 588 musicians and athletes between the ages of six and 38 who practice their hobby at different levels (beginner, intermediate and expert). Mageau used a Likert-type scale to measure how parents support the autonomy of their child.
She also evaluated the psychological well being of the child regarding their hobby, which in this case was piano, saxophone, skiing or swimming.
"The more controlling parents are, the harder it is for the child to have a harmonious passion for their favorite activity," says Mageau. Her concept of supporting autonomy means allowing a child to face up to his or her responsibilities, while considering the child's point of view and also providing answers to their questions without being authoritative.
"Youngsters with a harmonious passion had parents or an entourage that supported them, while those with an obsessive passion were raised in an oppressive environment," she says.
According to Mageau, adults often admit exercising abusive authority over their children and sometimes forcing their offspring to pursue an activity against their will. "The child learns that by obeying their parents they will be loved," she says. "The risk is that as adults they continue to pursue the activity to maintain their self-esteem."
Story Source:
Materials provided by University of Montreal. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.
Cite This Page:


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Simulink Support Package for LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 Hardware
Run models on LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3
Simulink® Support Package for LEGO® MINDSTORMS® EV3 Hardware enables you to create and run Simulink models on LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 hardware. The support package includes a library of Simulink blocks for configuring and accessing LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3 sensors, actuators, and communication interfaces. It also enables you to interactively monitor and tune algorithms developed in Simulink as they run on the LEGO MINDSTORMS EV3.
Setup and Configuration
Install hardware support, update firmware, configure hardware connection
Prepare model for hardware connection, add blocks to support hardware protocols
Run on EV3 Hardware
Run model on LEGOMINDSTORMS EV3 hardware


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The Destiny of Velious saga continues as adventurers breach the barriers of the Withered Lands seeking entrance to Skyshrine, the glorious ancient dragon city!
The great citadel of Skyshrine has long housed the Claws of Veeshan dragons behind its massive walls and arcane protections. Now, the unthinkable has happened -- it has become besieged by powerful forces. Battle and befriend dragons and their wurmkin in the forbidden city of Dracur. Explore the past to unravel mysterious events that transformed the formidable draconic city into a battlefield full of daunting challenges, fearful foes and unimaginable treasures!
Far below Skyshrine a different battle rages on. The Withered Lands, once known as the Wakening Land, was a majestic Plane of Growth-touched valley. Today it is oddly overgrown and overrun by a sickly magic. This strange corruption has touched and twisted many of the creatures that thrived here, including the legendary caretakers of the forest. Turned to a dark purpose, the caretakers cultivate the afflicted plants and animals. And deep in the creeping woods, chaotic storms drench the forest and singe the gnarled treetops where an angry dragon flies overhead!
Save the forest from corruption, aid the armies of Norrath in reaching Skyshrine, explore the intrigues of dragon kind and save their embattled city!
To reach the Withered Lands, please seek out the New Combine Griffon Tamer located at the Thurgadin Harbor in the Great Divide.
Destiny of Velious Content Updates Include: *
- Level cap raised to 92
- Withered Lands outdoor zone with over 100 quests and solo, small group, and raid content
- Play YOUR way in Skyshrine instances with normal and Challenge group modes or choose to solo
- Experience storyline events with Heroic Group and Raid endgame instances
- Earn prestige abilities to build on the power of your character
- All new tradeskill quests and items woven into the story arc
- New Drake mounts
Age of Discovery Additions: **
- Poet's Palace Dungeon Maker theme and items
- New Dungeon Maker adventurers
- Tradeskill apprentices with new recipes (one Elite!)
- One all new elite mercenary and three dragon golem ones
- New creatures to tame for Beastlords
*Requires Destiny of Velious expansion
**Requires Age of Discovery expansion


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AJAX is something lots of ASP.NET developers are interested in, but there are a number of AJAX libraries and solutions out there - so which one do you go for?
When looking myself, the criteria I used were:
Having looked at the various AJAX libraries out there (including Atlas), I noticed that the ASP.NET forums were using a library I hadn't seen before (and it's not Atlas!). Web searches led me to Jason Diamond's MyAjax.net which has recently been redesigned and launched on SourceForge.Net as Anthem.NET, so it's now an official OpenSource project. There are also some discussion forums.
Note: It was pointed out in the comments that I had not addressed the issue of cross-browser compatibility, which is obviously quite important! I'm glad to report that Anthem.NET works on IE, FireFox, and Safari (reportedly much better than Atlas, as I write). The developer has even put work into making sure it runs under Mono as well.
First, you need to download Anthem.NET 1.0, which you will find from the links on the main page here. Unfortunately, the DLL is not precompiled in the snapshots, so you will need to extract the projects and compile them to get the DLL.
There are two versions of Anthem, one each for VS2003, and one for VS2005. You'll also find that the Anthem snapshot has a demonstration website included in the file, that demos the various controls and how to use them.
Assuming you've done this and have created the DLL, all you need to do to install Anthem.NET in a web application is add the DLL as a reference to your web application. You can then make the Anthem controls available by creating a new tab in the Toolbox, and use the right-click menu "Choose Items" - click Browse and locate the Anthem DLL.
All the Anthem controls are essentially subclassed ASP.NET controls, so you can use them on a web page just as you would a normal ASP control. In general, if you don't need AJAX functionality, it's better to use the normal ASP.NET controls, as these won't have the HTML overhead.
In our first demo page, we are going to use Default.aspx which should have been created for you when you created the website. Let's say, we want to have a "login" button on this page, but we don't want to redirect to another page which shows the login control, we want to unhide a login control so that the response is faster. If we use a traditional ASP.NET postback, the whole page has to be reloaded to make this visible.
To do this with Anthem, we need two Anthem controls: a LinkButton and a Panel. Drag these from your *Anthem* toolbox. Set the 'Text' property of LinkButton1 to "Login". Now, drag an ASP.NET login control from the ASP.NET 'Login' tab, and place it inside Panel1. Using an Anthem Panel control is the simplest way of providing AJAX updates to non-Anthem controls, if needed. Set Panel1's property Visible to false, so that it isn't visible by default.
Now the magic! Double-click the LinkButton on the designer. You should now be in the code editor, with a template LinkButton1_Click function. This is not a postback but a callback function.
Anthem will:
Not only this but you have full viewstate, page and control states loaded. Indeed, you can treat Anthem callbacks exactly like a postback, with only one exception: the only client controls updated are those you specify. To do this, you have to set the Anthem controls' UpdateAfterCallBack property to 'true'. If the control contains other non-Anthem controls (as our Panel1 does), then this will be updated. You can also pre-specify a control as UpdateAfterCallback=true in the designer, if you always want it to update.
Back to our demo - we add the following code to make the Panel1 visible and also update this back in the callback result:
protected void LinkButton1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { // toggle Panel1 visibility this.Panel1.Visible = ! this.Panel1.Visible; // tell Anthem to update this control this.Panel1.UpdateAfterCallBack = true; }
Now, try running this. The page comes up with just the login link. Click the login link, and the callback is sent to the server, which makes Panel1 visible, and returns the updated Panel1 control. Presto, the login control appears without a postback. Look ma, no JavaScript!
To show we have control states passed back, let's try another test. Back in the designer, drag a normal ASP.NET TextBox control onto the web page (below the Panel1 is fine). We will copy the value of this control into the UserName field of the login control when we make it visible, so amend the LinkButton code as follows:
protected void LinkButton1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { // set username from textbox this.Login1.UserName = this.TextBox1.Text; // toggle Panel1 visibility this.Panel1.Visible = ! this.Panel1.Visible; // tell Anthem to update this control this.Panel1.UpdateAfterCallBack = true; }
When you run the code this time, enter some text in the textbox before you click Login. Note, this is passed back in the viewstate, and is available to our callback code.
Another refinement: what if we have a slow connection? the user might click Login to get the page, but a second or two's delay might make them think nothing has happened (especially if the server is loaded). They might click it again, and cause the login control to flick on/off. It's similar to the Order Submit problem where you only want the user to click the Submit button once. Anthem controls like LinkButton and Button have two useful properties: TextDuringCallBack and EnabledDuringCallBack. If we set EnabledDuringCallback to false, the button is disabled during the callback processing time. To give the user some feedback, you can also set TextDuringCallBack=Wait so they know something's happening. If you run this on a local IIS, it's so quick you won't see it, so let's add a delay so it's easier to see:
protected void LinkButton1_Click(object sender, EventArgs e) { // simulate network delay with 2 sec delay System.Threading.Thread.Sleep(2000); // set username from textbox this.Login1.UserName = this.TextBox1.Text; // toggle Panel1 visibility this.Panel1.Visible = ! this.Panel1.Visible; // tell Anthem to update this control this.Panel1.UpdateAfterCallBack = true; }
I hope this article has whetted your appetite. Anthem.NET is the library that Microsoft should have written, and having looked at Atlas, I found it too complex. It's such an easy way to add AJAX functionality to an ASP.NET website that I'm sure you'll find it as useful as I am already doing!
This article, along with any associated source code and files, is licensed under The Code Project Open License (CPOL)

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Welcome to the Bay Area Alliance for Youth and Family Services
We are so happy you have found our website. The Bay Area Alliance for Youth and Family Services (B.A.A.Y.F.S) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit Public Benefit Agency that was founded in January 2002, to provide quality residential, educational, and support services for adolescent girls who have been removed from their family home due to abuse and neglect. In 2010 BAAYFS also began providing foster family placement services for children [girls AND boys ages infant to 17] in approved and certified homes of individuals desiring to serve as a foster parent for a child.
The philosophy of our agency is based on the work of three influential educators: Viktor Frankl's "Man's Search for Meaning", Benjamin Singer's "The Future Focused Role Image", and Frederick Polak's "The Image of the Future". Frankl's message is based on his prison experiences at Auschwitz during World War II where he discovered that it is essential to find purpose and meaning in life. Polak's research maintains that a child with a vision is empowered to succeed while a child without vision is at risk. Singer identified that the power of a child's sense of connection and belonging to a loving and caring community can motivate a child to succeed and overcome adversity and hardship.
Our mission is to foster a life of meaning, significance, purpose and belonging for each child we serve.
Thank you for visiting.


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Day 28
Love Makes Sacrifices
He laid down His life for us. We should also lay down our lives for our brothers. – 1 John 3:16 HCSB
Life can be hard. But what we usually mean is that our life can be hard. We're the first to feel it when we're the ones being mistreated or inconvenienced. We're quick to sulk when we're the ones who feel deprived or unappreciated. When life is difficult for us, we notice.
But too often the only way we notice that life is hard for our mate is when they start complaining about it. Then instead of genuinely caring or rushing in to help, we might think they just have a bad attitude. The pain and pressure they're under don't register with us the way it does when it's our pain and pressure. When we want to complain, we expect everyone to understand and feel sorry for us.
This doesn't happen when love is at work. Love doesn't have to be jarred awake by your mate's obvious signs of distress. Before worries and troubles have begun to bury them, love has already gone into action mode. It sees the weight beginning to pile up and it steps in to help. That's because love wants you to be sensitive to your spouse.
Love makes sacrifices. It keeps you so tuned in to what your spouse needs that you often respond without being asked. And when you don't notice ahead of time and must be told what's happening, love responds to the heart of the problem.
Even when your mate's stress comes out in words of personal accusation, love shows compassion rather than becoming defensive. Love inspires you to say "no" to what you want, in order to say "yes" to what your spouse needs.
That's what Jesus did. "He laid down His life for us" to show us that "we should also lay down our lives" for others. He taught us that the evidence of love is found in seeing a need in others, then doing all we can to satisfy it. "For I was hungry and you gave Me something to eat; I was thirsty, and you gave Me something to drink; I was a stranger, and you invited Me in; naked, and you clothed Me; I was sick, and you visited Me; I was in prison, and you came to Me" (Matthew 23:35-36).
These are the types of needs you should be looking for in your wife or husband. Instead of sitting around upset that they're not treating you the way you think they should, let love pick you up out of your self-pity and turn your attention to their needs.
Is he "hungry" – needing you sexually, even when you don't feel like it?
Is she "thirsty" – craving the time and attention you seem to be able to give everyone else?
Does he feel like a "stranger" – insecure in his work, needing home to be a refuge and sanctuary?
Is she "naked" – frightened or ashamed, desperate for the warm covering of your loving affirmation?
Is he feeling "sick" – physically tired and needing you to help guard him from interruptions?
Does she feel in "prison" – fearful and depressed, needing some safety and intervention?
Love is willing to make sacrifices to see that the needs of your spouse are given your very best effort and focus. When your mate is overwhelmed and under the gun, love calls you to set aside what seems so essential in your own life to help, even if it's merely the gift of a listening ear.
Often all they really need is just to talk this situation out. They need to see in your two attentive eyes that you truly care about what this is costing them, and you're serious about helping them seek answers. They need you to pray with them about what to do, and then keep following up to see how it's going.
The words "How can I help you?" need to stay fresh on your lips.
The solutions may be simple and easy for you to do, or they may be complex and expensive, requiring time, energy and great effort. Either way, you should do whatever you can to meet the real needs of the one who is a part of who you are. After all, when you help them, you are also helping yourself. That's the beautiful part of sacrificing for your spouse. Jesus did it for us. And He extends the grace to do it for others.
When the New Testament believers began to walk in love, their lives together were marked by sharing and sacrifice. Their heartbeat was to worship the Lord and to serve His people. "All those who had believed were together and had all things in common; and they began selling their property and possessions and were sharing them with all, as anyone might have "need" (Acts 2:44-45). As Paul said to one of these churches in a later decade, "I will most gladly spend and be expended for your souls" (2 Corinthians 12:15). Lives that have been raised from death by Jesus sacrifice should be ready and willing to make daily sacrifices to meet the needs of others.
Today's Dare
What is one of the greatest needs in your spouse's life right now? Is there a need you could lift from their shoulders today by a daring act of sacrifice on your part? Whether the need is big or small, purpose to do what you can to meet the need.
Bear one another's burdens, and thereby fulfill the law of Christ. (Galatians 6:2)
Click here to buy a copy of the Love Dare book.
Material taken from The Love Dare by Stephen and Alex Kendrick, copyright © 2009 by B&H Publishing Group. Used by permission. Unauthorized reproduction in any format is strictly prohibited by law.
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First Pics of Lindsay in Utah
TMZ has obtained these pictures of a smiling and happy Lindsay Lohan as she takes a break from rehab at the Cirque Lodge in Orem, Utah.
The actress walked around the town yesterday, took in the gorgeous scenery and hit up Beaches Tanning Center before making her way back to the Lodge. We're told that Lindsay bought a $20 spray-on tan from Beaches, in addition to several more $16 tans. Lindsay was "very nice" to the folks there.
We're told she went to the mini mall to work out at the Gold's Gym, which is contracted out by Cirque. The Tanning Center is right next door.
As TMZ first reported, Lohan has been a "model patient" in rehab and is currently working on her sobriety at the world-renowned Mormon facility.
You go, girl.


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Linda Chase is a composer and improvising flutist who teaches interdisciplinary arts, composition, improvisation, and the transformational power of music from traditions around the world. She recently collaborated with world-renowned poet Jane Hirshfield, composing music to Hirshfield's poetry, and finished a CD of their performance at NEC, Hope is the Hardest Love We Carry.
In 2012 she was an artist-in-residence at the Grand Canyon, and composed several pieces for chamber ensemble and voice that speak of conservation and reverence. In 2011 she received a fellowship from the Japan Foundation to explore the relationship between sound and silence, and composed music based on Japanese tanka poems.
Chase's interest in interdisciplinary arts has led her to write a book on musical collaboration called Painting Music, Dancing Poems. She is currently working on her Ph.D. in Sustainability through Music Education, focusing on Ecomusicology, and holds degrees from Evergreen State College, Berklee College of Music and New England Conservatory of Music. She is the founder and director of her own collaborative new music group, Wild Garden Chamber Ensemble, which seeks to transcend traditional boundaries of composition, improvisation, poetry, and visual expression.
Chase is currently composing pieces for chamber groups to bring light to issues of environmental and social injustice. She has written extensively for chamber combinations, choir, spoken word, jazz songs, and has recorded 6 CDs of original music. Chase won the Kaji Aso Composer's Prize for her composition, Tanabata Star Festival, based on poetry of Japanese poet and artist Kaji Aso. Poetic Reflections, her chamber music incorporating Rumi poetry, was supported by a Berklee Faculty Fellowship. She composed an original score for Tartuffe, performed at the ART in Cambridge, and her choral music has had numerous performances at the Old Cambridge Church, where she also performs at the Jazz Mass. She was awarded two artist residencies at the Morris Graves Institute in Northern California to compose pieces based on the redwood forest, and also leads women's music and nature retreats.
Diploma, Berklee College of Music. B.A., Expressive Arts, Evergreen State College. M.M., Contemporary Musical Arts, New England Conservatory. Studies with Ran Blake, Michael Gandolfi, and Peter Row. Also faculty of Berklee College of Music.
Leave of absence: Fall 2020


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Dezeen's top ten: hotels
Dezeen's top ten: our latest top ten features the most clicked-on Dezeen stories about hotels. In first place, it's that air ship again...
1: once again, French designer Jean-Marie Massaud's flying hotel Manned Cloud makes it into the top ten.
2: second most popular is Future Hotel Room by LAVA, which includes anti-jet-lag lighting.
3. Tree hotel by Tham + Videgard Hansson Arkitekter consists of reflective structures hidden in the trees.
4: fourth most-visited is the temporary Ice Hotel in Jukkasjärvi, Sweden, created from snow and ice each winter.
5: the cross-shaped Helsinki Waterfront Hotel by architects Herzog & de Meuron is fifth most popular.
6: in sixth place is Limes Hotel by Brisbane designer Alexander Lotersztain.
7: the Strata Hotel/extension to Residence Königswarte by Plasma Studio comes in seventh.
8: Mondrian South Beach by Marcel Wanders is in eighth place.
9. in ninth place, Helix hotel by Leeser Architecture has a glass-bottomed swimming pool on the roof, visible eight floors below.
10: and finally, Rough Luxe Hotel by Rabih Hage is at number ten.
That's it for now - another coming up next month.
See also:
Dezeen's top ten: animals
Dezeen's 2008 review
Dezeen's top ten: glamorous girls
Dezeen's top ten: Japanese projects
Dezeen's top ten: student projects
Dezeen's top ten: interiors
Dezeen's top ten: stories with most comments
Dezeen's top ten: Milan 2008
Dezeen's top ten: houses
Dezeen's top ten: skyscrapers
Top ten Dezeen stories from December 2007
Most popular stories during our first twelve months


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1. Bring a cell phone and order a pizza when the judge starts talking. 2. Bring a zip-lock bag full of grapes and launch a few at the defendant when the judge isn't looking. 3. Giggle uncontrollably when they show the evidence, if any blood is present. 4. If they ever bring up the possibility of an accomplice, duck your head and quiver. 5. Stand up and yell "OBJECTION!" to everything the judge says. EVERYTHING. 6. If you're the defendant, wait until the judge starts talking about you. Proceed to hide under your table. 7. If anybody attempts to communicate with you in any way, stare off into space and blow spit bubbles. 8. Sing "The Song That Never Ends" incessantly. 9. Get the judge to look at you. Lick your lips and motion that you'll "call him" 10. Actually call him 11. Bring a kazoo. 12. Act like you're doing something important, and ask them to "keep it down" 13. Every time the judge uses the gavel, keel over backwards and act like you've been shot. 14. Bring a Gameboy and leave the volume at full. 15. Wait until everybody is completely focused on the trial, then blow a referee's whistle as loud as you can. Point to the person next to you and tell him to "stop it!" 16. Pretend you turn into a pig when you get wet. Douse yourself in cold water and act like one. 17. Call the judge a wuss when he issues the death penalty. When he accuses you of contempt of the court, look puzzled and ask him what it means. When he answers, object. 18. Dress up like Santa Claus 19. Drink all of your lawyer's water, then ask for more. Then ask to go to the bathroom. 20. Hiccup every time somebody says the word "the" 21. Change your plea every five minutes 22. If you're the judge, call the defendant the plaintiff, the plaintiff a lawyer, the witness a juror, and the jurors defendants. Call the lawyers "Barney" 23. Gurgle into the microphone. 24. Complain aloud about that nasty wedgie you have, then take a poll of others in the audience if they too have a nasty wedgie.
25. If in traffic court, when asked to stand, walk over to the judge and issue him a parking ticket on his desk.
26. When asked to produce evidence, pick your nose, smear the snot on the table, point to it and say, "From this it is obvious, I am not guilty!"
27. Wear those X-Ray vision glasses from Halloween, when someone walks past, stare them up and down then shake head in dismay.
28. Popcorn and a large coke, if anyone asks about it, show them your ticket and say "I'm a paying customer!".
29. Fart, pause momentarily, and comment under your breath, "I've done better..."
30. Fart again later on, take a deep breath and state enthusiastically "Now that's more like it!".
31. Bring a Lego replica of the courtroom, including Lego people, and imitate everything happening, including voices!
32. When pronounced guilty, reply "How about we try that again, this time Rock, Scissors, Paper - best of three!"
33. Bring toaster and wave a box of "Tropical Sprinkles Pop Tarts" around while asking "Where's a damn plug around here!".
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Standard HttpResponse objects are static structures. They are provided with a block of pre-rendered content at time of construction, and while that content can be modified, it isn't in a form that makes it easy to perform modifications.
However, it can sometimes be beneficial to allow decorators or middleware to modify a response after it has been constructed by the view. For example, you may want to change the template that is used, or put additional data into the context.
TemplateResponse provides a way to do just that. Unlike basic HttpResponse objects, TemplateResponse objects retain the details of the template and context that was provided by the view to compute the response. The final output of the response is not computed until it is needed, later in the response process.
The name of the template to be rendered. Accepts a Template object, a path to a template or list of template paths.
Example: ['foo.html', 'path/to/bar.html']
The context data to be used when rendering the template. It can be a dictionary or a context object.
Example: {'foo': 123}
The current rendered value of the response content, using the current template and context data.
A boolean indicating whether the response content has been rendered.
Instantiates a SimpleTemplateResponse object with the given template, context, MIME type and HTTP status.
Converts context data into a context instance that can be used for rendering a template. Accepts a dictionary of context data or a context object. Returns a Context instance containing the provided data.
Override this method in order to customize context instantiation.
Resolves the template instance to use for rendering. Accepts a path of a template to use, or a sequence of template paths. Template instances may also be provided. Returns the Template instance to be rendered.
Override this method in order to customize template rendering.
Add a callback that will be invoked after rendering has taken place. This hook can be used to defer certain processing operations (such as caching) until after rendering has occurred.
If the SimpleTemplateResponse has already been rendered, the callback will be invoked immediately.
When called, callbacks will be passed a single argument – the rendered SimpleTemplateResponse instance.
If the callback returns a value that is not None, this will be used as the response instead of the original response object (and will be passed to the next post rendering callback etc.)
Sets response.content to the result obtained by SimpleTemplateResponse.rendered_content.
render() will only have an effect the first time it is called. On subsequent calls, it will return the result obtained from the first call.
TemplateResponse is a subclass of SimpleTemplateResponse that uses a RequestContext instead of a Context.
Instantiates an TemplateResponse object with the given template, context, MIME type and HTTP status.
Before a TemplateResponse instance can be returned to the client, it must be rendered. The rendering process takes the intermediate representation of template and context, and turns it into the final byte stream that can be served to the client.
There are three circumstances under which a TemplateResponse will be rendered:
A TemplateResponse can only be rendered once. The first call to SimpleTemplateResponse.render() sets the content of the response; subsequent rendering calls do not change the response content.
However, when response.content is explicitly assigned, the change is always applied. If you want to force the content to be re-rendered, you can re-evaluate the rendered content, and assign the content of the response manually:
# Set up a rendered TemplateResponse
>>> t = TemplateResponse(request, 'original.html', {})
>>> t.render()
>>> print t.content
Original content
# Re-rendering doesn't change content
>>> t.template_name = 'new.html'
>>> t.render()
>>> print t.content
Original content
# Assigning content does change, no render() call required
>>> t.content = t.rendered_content
>>> print t.content
New content
Some operations -- such as caching -- cannot be performed on an unrendered template. They must be performed on a fully complete and rendered response.
If you're using middleware, the solution is easy. Middleware provides multiple opportunities to process a response on exit from a view. If you put behavior in the Response middleware is guaranteed to execute after template rendering has taken place.
However, if you're using a decorator, the same opportunities do not exist. Any behavior defined in a decorator is handled immediately.
To compensate for this (and any other analogous use cases), TemplateResponse allows you to register callbacks that will be invoked when rendering has completed. Using this callback, you can defer critical processing until a point where you can guarantee that rendered content will be available.
To define a post-render callback, just define a function that takes a single argument -- response -- and register that function with the template response:
def my_render_callback(response):
# Do content-sensitive processing
def my_view(request):
# Create a response
response = TemplateResponse(request, 'mytemplate.html', {})
# Register the callback
# Return the response
return response
my_render_callback() will be invoked after the mytemplate.html has been rendered, and will be provided the fully rendered TemplateResponse instance as an argument.
If the template has already been rendered, the callback will be invoked immediately.
A TemplateResponse object can be used anywhere that a normal HttpResponse can be used. It can also be used as an alternative to calling render_to_response().
For example, the following simple view returns a TemplateResponse() with a simple template, and a context containing a queryset:
from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
def blog_index(request):
return TemplateResponse(request, 'entry_list.html', {'entries': Entry.objects.all()})
Dec 26, 2011


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Pavel Belyayev
Pavel Belyayev was a cosmonaut who was born on June 26, 1925, in Chelishchevo, Russia.
Belyayev became a cosmonaut in 1960. He has spent over 1 day in space on a single spaceflight. In 1965, Belyayev commanded Voskhod 2. This mission marked the first human to walk in space, fellow cosmonaut Alexei Leonov. The flight only lasted a day due to a failure of the automatic guidance system.
Belyayev died in 1970 of a stomach ulcer. A crater on the moon and an asteroid are named after him.


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Cervical Spine
The neck is part of a long flexible column, known as the spinal column or backbone, which extends through most of the body. The cervical spine (neck region) consists of seven bones (C1-C7 vertebrae), which are separated from one another by intervertebral discs. These discs allow the spine to move freely and act as shock absorbers during activity.
Attached to the back of each vertebral body is an arch of bone that forms a continuous hollow longitudinal space, which runs the whole length of the back. This space, called the spinal canal, is the area through which the spinal cord and nerve bundles pass. The spinal cord is bathed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and surrounded by three protective layers called the meninges (dura, arachnoid, and pia mater).
At each vertebral level, a pair of spinal nerves exit through small openings called foraminae (one to the left and one to the right). These nerves serve the muscles, skin and tissues of the body and thus provide sensation and movement to all parts of the body. The delicate spinal cord and nerves are further supported by strong muscles and ligaments that are attached to the vertebrae.
Cervical Disc Disease
Patients may be referred to a neurosurgeon because of problems in their neck, shoulders, arms and/or hands. They may have experienced pain, numbness, tingling and/or weakness in any or all of these locations.
Neck pain may be caused by disc degeneration, narrowing of the spinal canal, arthritis, and, in rare cases, cancer or meningitis. For serious neck problems, a primary care physician and often a specialist, such as a neurosurgeon, should be consulted to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe treatment.
You should consult a neurosurgeon for neck pain if
- It occurs after an injury or blow to the head
- Fever or headache accompanies the neck pain
- Stiff neck prevents touching chin to chest
- Pain shoots down one arm
- There is tingling, numbness or weakness in arms or hands
- Neck symptoms associated with leg weakness or loss of coordination in arms or legs
- Neck and/or shoulder pain do not improve after four weeks, or sooner if weakness develops
Age, injury, poor posture or diseases such as arthritis can lead to degeneration of the bones or joints of the cervical spine, causing disc herniation or bone spurs to form. Sudden severe injury to the neck may also contribute to disc herniation, whiplash, blood vessel destruction, vertebral bone or ligament injury and, in extreme cases, permanent paralysis. Herniated discs or bone spurs may cause a narrowing of the spinal canal or the small openings through which spinal nerve roots exit.
Pressure on the spinal cord in the cervical region can be a very serious problem because virtually all of the nerves to the rest of the body have to pass through the neck to reach their final destination (arms, chest, abdomen, legs). This can potentially compromise the function of many important organs.
Cervical stenosis
Cervical stenosis occurs when the spinal canal narrows and compresses the spinal cord, and is most frequently caused by aging. The discs in the spine that separate and cushion vertebrae may dry out. As a result, the space between the vertebrae shrinks, and the discs lose their ability to act as shock absorbers. At the same time, the bones and ligaments that make up the spine become less pliable and thicken. These changes result in a narrowing of the spinal canal. In addition, the degenerative changes associated with cervical stenosis can affect the vertebrae by contributing to the growth of bone spurs that compress the nerve roots. Mild stenosis can be treated conservatively for extended periods of time as long as the symptoms are restricted to neck pain. Severe stenosis requires referral to a neurosurgeon.
- Neck or arm pain
- Numbness and weakness in both hands
- Unsteady gait when walking
- Muscle spasms in the legs
- Loss of coordination
Diagnosis is made by a neurosurgeon based on history, symptoms, a physical examination and results of tests, including the following:
- Computed tomography scan (CT or CAT scan): A diagnostic image created after a computer reads and combines a multitude of thin-cut X-rays; can show the shape and size of the spinal canal, its contents and the structures around it, especially bones.
- Electromyogram and Nerve Conduction Studies (EMG/NCS): These tests measure the electrical impulse along nerve roots, peripheral nerves and muscle tissue. This will indicate whether there is ongoing nerve damage, if the nerves are in a state of healing from a past injury or whether there is another site of nerve compression.
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): A diagnostic test that produces images of body structures using powerful magnets and computer technology; can show the spinal cord, nerve roots and surrounding areas, as well as enlargement, degeneration and tumors.
- Myleogram : An X-ray of the spinal canal following injection of a contrast material into the surrounding cerebrospinal fluid spaces; can show pressure on the spinal cord or nerves due to herniated discs, bone spurs or tumors.
- X-ray : Application of radiation to produce a film or picture of a part of the body can show the structure of the vertebrae and the outline of the joints.
Nonsurgical treatment is the first approach in patients with common neck pain not involving trauma. For example, many patients with cervical disc herniations improve with conservative treatment and time and do not require surgery. Conservative treatment includes time, medication, brief bed rest, reduction of physical activity and physical therapy. A doctor may prescribe medications to reduce the pain or inflammation and muscle relaxants to allow time for healing to occur. An injection of corticosteroids may be used to temporarily relieve pain.
The patient may be a candidate for surgery if
- Conservative therapy is not helping
- Progressive neurological symptoms involving arms and/or legs
- Difficulty with balance or walking
- In otherwise good health
There are several different surgical procedures that can be utilized, the choice of which is influenced by the severity of the case. In a small percentage of patients, spinal instability may require that spinal fusion be performed, a decision that is generally determined prior to surgery. Spinal fusion is an operation that creates a solid union between two or more vertebrae. Various devices (like screws or plates) may be used to enhance fusion and support unstable areas of the cervical spine. This procedure may assist in strengthening and stabilizing the spine and may thereby help to alleviate severe and chronic neck pain.
Anterior Cervical Discectomy
This operation is performed on the neck to relieve pressure on one or more nerve roots or on the spinal cord. The cervical spine is reached through a small incision in the anterior (front) of the neck. If only one disc is to be removed, it will typically be a small horizontal incision in the crease of the skin. If the operation is more extensive, it may require a slanted or longer incision. After the soft tissues of the neck are separated, the intervertebral disc and bone spurs are removed. The space left between the vertebrae may be left open or filled with a small piece of bone or device through spinal fusion. In time, the vertebrae may fuse or join together.
Anterior Cervical Corpectomy
This operation is performed in conjunction with the anterior cervical disectomy. The corpectomy is often done for multi-level cervical stenosis with spinal cord compression caused by bone spur formations. In this procedure, the neurosurgeon removes a part of the vertebral body to relieve pressure on the spinal cord. One or more vertebral bodies may be removed including the adjoining discs. The incision is generally larger. The space between the vertebrae is filled using a small piece of bone or device through spinal fusion. Because more bone is removed, the recovery process for the fusion to heal and the neck to become stable is generally longer than with anterior cervical discectomy. The surgeon may select to use a metal plate that is screwed into the front of the vertebra to help the healing process.
Posterior Microdiscectomy
This procedure is performed through a vertical incision in the posterior (back) of your neck, generally in the middle. This approach may be considered for a large soft disc herniation that is located on the side of the spinal cord. A high speed burr is used to remove some of the facet joint, and the nerve root is identified under the facet joint. The nerve root needs to be gently moved aside to free up and remove the disc herniation.
Posterior Cervical Laminectomy
This procedure requires a small incision in the middle of the neck to remove the lamina (the back bony part of the vertebrae). Removal of the section(s) of bone is done to allow for of thickened ligament, bone spur formation or disc material that may be pushing on the spinal cord and/or nerve roots. The foramen, the passageway in the vertebrae through which the spinal nerve roots travel, may also be enlarged, to allow the nerves to pass through.
Risks and Outcome
Although complications are fairly rare, as with any surgery, the following risks may be associated with cervical spine surgery:
- Infection
- Excessive bleeding, which may require blood transfusion
- An adverse reaction to anesthesia
- Chronic neck or arm pain
- Inadequate symptom relief
- Damage to the nerves and nerve roots
- Damage to the spinal cord (about 1 in 10,000), resulting in paralysis
- Spinal instability
- Damage to the esophagus, trachea or vocal cords
- Injury to the carotid or vertebral arteries, which could result in stroke
- Fusion that does not
- Instrumentation breakage and/or failure
- Persistent swallowing or speech disturbance
- Leakage of cerebral spinal fluid
The benefits of surgery should always be weighed carefully against its risks. Although a large percentage of cervical spine patients report significant pain relief after surgery, there is no guarantee that surgery will help every individual.
The doctor will give specific instructions postsurgery and usually prescribe pain medication. The doctor will help determine when the patient can resume normal activities such as returning to work, driving and exercising. Some patients may benefit from supervised rehabilitation or physical therapy after surgery. Discomfort is expected while the patient gradually returns to normal activity, but pain is a warning signal that he or she might need to slow down.
Source: https://www.aans.org/
The AANS does not endorse any treatments, procedures, products or physicians referenced in these patient fact sheets. This information is provided as an educational service and is not intended to serve as medical advice. Anyone seeking specific neurosurgical advice or assistance should consult his or her neurosurgeon, or locate one in your area through the AANS' Find a Board-certified Neurosurgeon"online tool.
- Domagoj Gajski, Alicia R. Dennis, Kenan I. Arnautović: Surgical anatomy of microsurgical 3-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion C4–C7, BJBMS, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2020.4895. Published: 20 June 2020
- Mullins, J; Pojskic, M; Boop, FA; Arnautovic, KI, Retrospective single-surgeon study of 1,123 consecutive cases of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A comparison of clinic, outcome parameters, and costs between outpatient and inpatient surgery groups with a literature review, Journal of Neurosurgery Spine, June 2018, 630-641.
- Muzevic, D; Spavski B; Boop FA; Arnautovic, KI, Anterior cervical discectomy with instrumented allograft fusion: Lordosis restoration and comparison of functional outcomes among patients of different age groups, World Neurosurgery October: pii: 21878-8750 (17) 31662-5. doi 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.146, e1049-1062, 2016
- Arnautovic, KI, Olinger, R.G., Anterior Cervical Diskectomy, Drainage and Non-instrumented Cortico-Cancellous Allograft Fusion: A Treatment Option for Ventral Cervical Spinal Epidural Abscess. Medical Archives 66: 194-197, 2012.
- Pait TG, Al-Mefty O, Boop FA, Arnautovic KI, Rahman S, Ceola W. Inside-outside technique for occipital and posterior cervical spine instrumentation and stabilization: Preliminary results. Journal of Neurosurgery (Spine) 90: 1-8, 1999 (Cover Article)
- Pait T G, Arnautovic KI, Borba L A B. Microsurgical anatomy of the atlantoaxial region. Perspectives in Neurological Surgery 7: 91-98, 1997
- Pait T G, Killefer J A, Arnautovic KI. Surgical anatomy of the anterior cervical spine: The disc space, vertebral artery, and associated bony structures. Neurosurgery 39: 769-777, 1996.
- Kadic N, Custovic K, Arnautovic KI. Operative treatment of the cervical disc lesions using anterior approach without intervertebral fusion. Medicinski Arhiv 42: 281-285, 1988.


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whyLookah seahorse ceramic coils are best
Unlike a traditional cigarette, an E-cigarette is just an inhaler that can easily vape by heating. So there is the list of company that is making e-cigarette with their brand. Like Lookah, the manufacturing compies had claimed he had made the number one and safest. Lookah has introduced two types of coils quartz and ceramic. Lookah seahorse ceramic coils are more demanding. Because it has a list of vaper production instead of taste variation. Here is a point E-cigarette harm total to your health. Let have a look at ceramic coils. Use of Lookah seahorse ceramic coils Lookah is manufacturing the dab pen technology that extraordinary revolution in the market of e-cigarette. The Dab wax pen has four parts. Looking like a light wait pen has a mouthpiece, rechargeable battery to preheat the coil. Glass pipe or CBD cartridge, and quartz or ceramic coil.Suppose some want a very calm and smooth vape. First, however, you need to turn on the three or five presses according to the temperature h


text:
I'd like to format my captions of figures. The main source of the problem is in my native language, Hungarian I need to reverse the figure number and the word 'figure'. My current code:
\renewcommand{\thefigure}{\textbf{\arabic{figure}. ábra}}
And it looks like this, under the figures (ábra means figure):
1. ábra: The caption.
This is exactly what I want there, but this code has side effects.
First of it. When I refer to a figure with the code
, it will look like this:
You can see it on the figure 1.
And I don't want it to be bold in the reference.
Second. With this code, the list of figure look like this:
So it is also bold, contains the word 'figure' and overlapped with the caption. I know this is due to my renewcommand codes...
And the last one, which is the least important, and I think I need to write a macro to it.
When I refer to a figure I'd need to add a suffix to the word 'figure' in Hungarian, in order to get the meaning ON the figure. This thing is more complicated because the suffix has 3 forms according to the number. So I'd need to check if the number is 1 or 2 then the refered word would be this and if it is 3 or 6... then another.
My question about it: Is this possible to achieve at all? If not I will use another sentence when I refer, which is acceptable, but not so elegant. :)
Thank you in advance, Greg


text:
Android malware masquerading as Google+ app
Discovered by researchers at Trend Micro, the new flavor of malware hides itself as Google+ and tries to steal instant messages, GPS location, and other user data.
A new flavor of Android malware is disguising itself as a Google+ app in an attempt to capture instant messages, GPS, location, call logs, and other sensitive data.
Uncovered by the team at Trend Micro, the new malware known as ANDROIDOS_NICKISPY.C can also automatically answer and record phone calls. To capture data, the app loads at boot-up and runs certain services that can monitor messages, phone calls, and the user's location, thereby stealing e-mail and other content.
Detailing its findings in a blog Friday, Trend Micro said it discovered that the malicious app tries to trick people by installing itself under the name Google++.
But instead of providing access to Google's new social network, the app sends its stolen user data to a remote site where presumably cybercriminals can grab it. Unlike some malware in the past that masqueraded as legitimate apps through Google's Android Market, this particular one must be downloaded by an unsuspecting user from a malicious Web site and then manually installed.
And even if installed, the app can be uninstalled from an Android device by selecting Settings > Application > Manage applications, choosing Google++ and then clicking Uninstall, according to Trend Micro.
Trend Micro gives the app a low-risk rating, but it's still something that Android owners should be sure to avoid.
Android users concerned about security can learn how to better protect themselves through Trend Micro's online guide "5 Simple Steps to Secure Your Android-Based Smartphones."


text:
What's New
• Fixed a potential crash when restoring purchases, if an earlier transaction was improperly interrupted.
• "Manual" button added to the in-game button bar, allowing you to go from in-game directly to the manual and back again.
• The app now remembers your frequently viewed Manuals, Maps and Feelies where you last scrolled and zoomed, until you view a different item.
• Reset game timer when a new game started, so that you can improve on your best time.
• Other minor enhancements
App Description
***"Lost Treasures of Infocom is a wonderfully nostalgic, superbly presented, and impressively comprehensive package.
A real labour of love, then, and a beautiful reminder that a picture isn't always preferable to a thousand words." - Pocket Gamer***
***"The part that's blowing my mind is just how well these games have made the translation to iOS" - Touch Arcade***
Enter the world of master storytellers. Before there were state-of-the-art consoles, tablets and PCs capable of amazing graphics, gamers had to use their imagination and wit, to solve intricate puzzles and progress through these text-only adventure gaming classics.
The Lost Treasures of Infocom brings these classic works of interactive fiction to life for the first time on iPad, Phone & iPod Touch. This definitive collection of 27 adventure games spanning fantasy, sci-fi, mystery, horror & more, places you in the center of immersive, richly-detailed interactive worlds full of interesting locations, engaging puzzles & surprising twists & turns. You're more than just a passive reader as you engage directly with the story by typing actions through your keyboard. Use your imagination to come up with creative solutions to puzzles with multiple solutions as you progress through each adventure and bring these stories to life!
• Download today & get the all-time adventure classic that started it all, Zork I: The Great Underground Empire, for FREE! Plunge beneath the surface of the earth in search of the long lost Treasures of Zork. Starting from a field west of the iconic White House, Zork beckons you into a world fraught with danger & discovery.
• Collect & play the original Infocom text adventure library with 27 games in all, including The Zork™ Series, Planetfall®, The Enchanter Trilogy, Leather Goddesses of Phobos® & many more!
• Interact with all of the original classic Infocom collectables, from the packaging & game manuals to the in-box "feelies", all faithfully reproduced for fans of the series
• Access special interactive versions the original InvisiClues hint books, & full game maps for each title, accessible from within the games themselves
• Learn about the rise & fall of Infocom, with an exclusive history article written exclusively for the app
• Showcase your adventure game accomplishments to your friends with full GameCenter leaderboard support
• Also includes the exclusive, never-before-published text adventure "Zork: The Undiscovered Underground", written by original Infocom designers
• Re-live these brilliant & imaginative adventure titles with over 350 hours of gameplay
Complete your collection and keep these classic games alive for generations to come. Players can purchase five bundle packs with 5 games each for $2.99 per pack; OR own the entire game collection PLUS all game maps AND the exclusive, never-published bonus adventure "Zork: The Undiscovered Underground", for just $9.99.
Games Available:
• A Mind Forever Voyaging
• Ballyhoo
• Border Zone
• Cutthroats
• Deadline
• Enchanter
• Hollywood Hijinx
• Infidel
• Leather Goddesses of Phobos
• The Lurking Horror
• Moonmist
• Planetfall
• Plundered Hearts
• Seastalker
• Sorcerer
• Spellbreaker
• Starcross
• Stationfall
• Suspect
• Suspended: A Cryogenic Nightmare
• The Witness
• Trinity
• Wishbringer
• Zork 1: The Great Underground Empire (FREE with free initial download)
• Zork 2 : The Wizard of Frobozz
• Zork 3 : The Dungeon Master
• Zork: The Undiscovered Underground (bonus game for purchasing the Complete Collection)
©2012 Activision Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. All trademarks and trade names are the properties of their respective owners.
App Changes
- December 24, 2012 Initial release
- January 24, 2013 New version 1.0.2


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Cop Saves Starving Boy Who Tried to Sell Teddy Bear for Food
No child should be forced to take this kind of action.
A police officer in Franklin, Ohio came to the aid of a 7-year-old boy who was trying to sell his teddy bear to get money for food.
Officer Steve Dunham found the boy after responding to a call the boy was outside of a drugstore trying to sell the bear. Seeing the child "broke my heart," Dunham said. "He told me he was trying to sell his stuffed animal to get money for food because he hadn't eaten in several days."
Dunham whisked the boy away to a Subway for some food before they returned to the police station. An investigation revealed the boy and his four brothers were living in utter filth: the home was filled with cat urine, human urine, liquor and trash.
The parents have been charged with child endangering, while the kids are now staying with relatives.
Franklin Police Chief Russ Whitman said, "(Police) treated them like their own kids, and that's exactly what law enforcement does in situations like this. How would we want someone to treat our kids? Hopefully, these officers' actions change these kids' lives and maybe change the lives of the parents to become better parents."
Dunham, meanwhile, says he was only doing his job. "(We) would like to go home at the end of the day feeling like (we've) done something positive and, you know, had some kind of positive impact," he said.